Part 61
=Buildings=, concrete, how made (illus.), 100
=Buttons=, on sleeves, 64
=Building=, tallest in the world (illus.), 395-508 what holds it up? 496
=Building foundations=, construction of, 496 compressed air, use of (illus.), 500 cutting piles with a hot flame (illus.), 498 driving steel piles, 496 piles filled with concrete (illus.), 499 piles, length of, 497 piles, sinking of (illus.), 497 use of oxyacetylene, 498
=Cable, laying= armoring machine (illus.), 437 arrived on other side, 433 bulge (illus.), 437 gear-paying-out (illus.), 431 Great Eastern, the, 434, 437 landing of (illus.), 433 machinery on cable ship (illus.), 431 paying-out machine (illus.), 431 shore end of (illus.), 429 storing of, aboard ship (illus.), 430 what they look like when cut in two (illus.), 428
=Cable, ocean=, Continental Morse Code, 438 how dropped (illus.), 432 how repaired (illus.), 435 inventor of, 434 laid, how, 429 man who made it possible, 434 pioneers of, 434 signals as received (illus.), 438 what is it made of, 429
=Cable, repairing=, grapnels (illus.), 435 how repaired, 435 on rocky shore, (illus.), 438 powerful engines used (illus.), 436 splicing of (illus.), 436
=Cable, service=, map of Trans-Atlantic, 439
=Cable, vault=, of telephone (illus.), 67
=Cabriolet=, 122
=Cacao, beans=, bags of (illus.), 388 how cured, 392 nibs, 392
=Cacao=, flaked, how made, 392 how gathered, 391 pods, how gathered, 391 free, discovery of, 388 and chocolate, difference between, 389
=Cackling=, why a hen, 233
=Calibre= of a gun, 53
=Calico=, name, where from, 123
=Camera=, 22 first moving picture, 375
=Can= a bee sting? 536
=Can= animals think? 194
=Candles=, did they come before lamps? 294 why it burns, 21 why it gives light, 21 why you can blow out, 21-36 when introduced, 296
=Candy=, why do children like? 409 why does eating candy make some people fat? 409
=Carbon=, 352
=Carbonate of Soda=, used in developing, 23
=Carburetor=, in gas engine, 184
=Carpets=, carding machine (illus.), 170 dyeing the yarn, (illus.), 170 examining and repairing (illus.), 173 how yarn is dyed, 170 manufacture of (illus.), 169 modern, how made, 169 packing for shipment (illus.), 173 processes, 169-170-171, 173 stamping designs, 173 view of factory (illus.), 172 weaving, by machine (illus.), 171 wool, packing machine (illus.), 169 wool sorting, 170
=Cartridges=, invention of, 48 types of (illus.), 49
=Cave=, man who invented ammunition, 40
=Cement=, alumina in, 95 amount used in United States, 95 arch, 95 bagging (illus.), 99 bridges, 95 bucket (illus.), 97 burned (illus.), 98 calcined (illus.), 98 clay in, 95 crusher (illus.), 97 dams, 95 fireproof, 95 grinders (illus.), 98 industry, 95 in water, 95 kiln (illus.), 98 lime in, 95 machine (illus.), 97 marl in, 95 mill (illus.), 96-98 mixing (illus.), 99 mortar, 99 on farms, 95 origin, 95 plastic, 95 Portland, 95 powder (illus.), 98 quarry (illus.), 96 reinforced, 95 rock (illus.), 95-97 sewers, 95 shale in, 95 shovel (illus.), 96 sidewalks, 95 silica in, 95 strength of, 95 subways, 95 tunnels, 95 walls, 95 what is it, 95 what made of, 95 what used for, 95 weighing (illus.), 99 where obtained (illus.), 97
=Chalk=, where it comes from, 18
=Chattering=, why do my teeth, 218
=China-making=, blungers, 404 clay, in making dishes, 405 decorating cups (illus.), 404-406 dishes, how shaped, 405 glazing plates (illus.), 404 grinders (illus.), 404 how the dishes are shaped, 405 molding (illus.), 405 pressing water from clay (illus.), 405 pulverizing materials, 404 pulverizing mill (illus.), 404 saggers (illus.), 406 taking the dishes from kiln (illus.), 406
=Chinese=, probable discovers of gun powder, 44
=Chocolate=, broma, what it is, 390 cacao beans (illus.), 388 cacao pods, (illus.), 391 cacao tree, discovery of, 388 cocoa butter, 390 cocoa mill (illus.), 390 cocoa roaster (illus.), 390 cocoa shells, 390 cracking mill, 389 cream mixing (illus.), 393 difference between and cacao, 394 dipping department, 394 finisher (illus.), 392 flaked cocoa, 392 heating machine (illus.), 393 how are chocolate candies made? 394 how made, 392 making, 393 milk, how made, 394 mill (illus.), 392 mixer (illus.), 393 shell separator (illus.), 389 what cocoa butter is, 390 wrapping individual, 394
=Cigars=, how they are made, 517
=Clay=, what is, 495
=Circles=, tendency to walk in, 91
=Clinking= glasses, how it originated? 232
=Clock=, age of, 319 largest in the world (illus.), 321 machinery which runs a big (illus.), 322 in Independence Hall (illus.), 323 in New York City Hall, 323
=Cloth=, beaming (illus.), 89 Burling (illus.), 88 Burr picker, 87 chloride of aluminum in making, 98 English cap spinning (illus.), 89 finished, ready for market (illus.), 90 finish perching (illus.), 90 fulling (illus.), 90 how made from wool, 85 how made perfect, 83 how woolen is dyed, 87 mending perching (illus.), 88 napping, 89 piece dyeing (illus.), 90 ring twisting (illus.), 89 sulphuric acid solution in making, 87 teasel, 89 weaving and scouring (illus.), 88 web, 86 woolen mule spinning (illus.), 89 worsted carding (illus.), 85 yarn inspecting (illus.), 89
=Clothes=, cost of wool in a suit of, 83 of wool, 80 wool in one suit of, 83
=Coal=, anthracite, 257, 258 anthracite seams (illus.), 260 breaker (illus.), 257 cars ready to go to surface (illus.), 260 dangers to the miners, 262 electric cap lamp (illus.), 264 firedamp, 262 gas illuminating from, 299 gases, 262 history of the safety lamp (illus.), 263 how the miners loosen the coal (illus.), 261 how the slate pickers work (illus.), 259 lamp which saves many lives, 263 man who invented the safety lamp, 264 mine workers that never see day light, 258 mules and their drivers (illus.), 258 peat, 262 safety lamp and firedamp, 262 seams (illus.), 260 shaft gate (illus.), 260 slate pickers (illus.), 259 soft, 259 spiral slate pickers (illus.), 259 stable underground (illus.), 258 undercutting with compressed air machines (illus.), 261 undercutting with pick (illus.), 261
=Cocoa=, see Cacao
=Cocoon=, description of, 115 completed (illus.), 116 from which moths have emerged (illus.), 117 how silk is reeled from, 118 moths emerging from (illus.), 117 number required to one pound of silk, 117 silkworm beginning of (illus.), 116 silkworm, preparing for making of (illus.), 116
=Coins=, gold, 266 in glass of water, 38 silver, 266
=Cohesion=, definition of, 219, 220
=Cold=, why some things are, 144
=Color=, exposed to light rays, 36 in paint, 229 what it is, 123
=Colors=, different in birds’ eggs, 233 in sunset, cause of, 253
=Color=, of rainbow, 253 red, why it makes a bull angry, 490
=Columbus=, brought first sheep to America, 80
=Comb honey=, development of (illus.), 529
=Compounds=, compared with elements, 349
=Compressed air=, method in building tunnels, 211
=Concrete=, buildings (illus.), 100 construction (illus.), 100 decay, 101 engineering, 102 forms (illus.), 100 houses (illus.), 101 loads (illus.), 100 mold, 101 ornamental (illus.), 100 practical uses of (illus.), 100 rusting, 100 Silo (illus.), 102 stable (illus.), 102 sun dial (illus.), 101 tensile strain, 104 tower (illus.), 102 walls (illus.), 100 water tower (illus.), 102 what it is, 95 wood, 102
=Confucius=, philosophy written with brush, 13
=Cooking=, when first used, 308
=Copper=, as a conductor of electricity, 267 wire, telegraph, 266
=Corn plant=, how pollen fertilizes, 170 why it has silk, 176
=Corn Silk=, what it is for, 176 baling presses (illus.), 476
=Cotton=, drawing frames (illus.), 472 slashers (illus.), 475 spinning frames (illus.), 473 warping machine (illus.), 474 what nation produces the most, 477 how much cloth will a pound of cotton make, 477 mill (illus.), 471 cloth, first steps in making, 472 putting fiber on bobbins (illus.), 473 cloth finished (illus.), 476 who discovered, 477 weave room, 475 where it comes from, 470 lapper machines, 471 card room (illus.), 472 bobbins (illus.), 473 dye-house (illus.), 474 beaming frames (illus.), 475 inspecting tables (illus.), 476 field a southern (illus.), 470 breaker machines (illus.), 471 slubber machines (illus.), 472 speeders (illus.), 473 spooling machine (illus.), 474 shipping (illus.), 476 what used for, 477 cloths, what are the principle, 477
=Counting=, man, himself, 19 in tens, 19 in twelves, 20
=Crying=, what makes us, 195 when hurt, why we, 93
=Cross-bow=, invention of, 44
=Crude rubber=, how treated, 378
=Culverins=, early type of, 45
=Cylinder in gas engine= (illus.), 184
=Darkness=, cats can see in, 91 some animals can see in, 91 why we cannot see in, 91 why we fear, 352
=Deep sea diving=, the telephone adjusting (illus.), 202 coming up (illus.), 204 cost of outfit, 203 helmet, putting on (illus.), 202 just before going down (illus.), 204 outfit, 202 shoes, putting on (illus.), 202 suit, putting on (illus.), 202 telephoning from bottom, 203 telephone, testing the (illus.), 203 testing, final (illus.), 203 water pressure at varying depths, 203 wealth recovered by diving, 204 weight of outfit, 203
=Deer-stalking with the cross-bow= (illus.), 42
=Detonators=, in firearms, 47
=Developer=, Pyro, in photography, 23
=Diamonds=, what made of, 351
=Did= candles come before lamps? 294
=Die=, why do we have to, 245
=Difference= in woolens and worsteds, 84
=Dimples=, what causes, 352
=Discovery= of gunpowder, 44
=Discovery= of stringed musical instruments, 479 telephone, 71
=Diver’s= task made easy (illus.), 284
=Diving, deep-sea=, the telephone adjusting, (illus.), 202 cost of outfit, 203 hats of divers, 204 just before going down (illus.), 204 helmet, putting on (illus.), 202 shoes, putting on (illus.), 202 suit, putting on the (illus.), 202 suit, what consists of, 202 telephone from bottom, 203 telephoning, testing the (illus.), 203 testing final (illus.), 203 water pressure at varying depths, 203 wealth recovered by diving, 204 weight of outfit, 203
=Dixie=, what name means, 124 where name originated, 123
=Does= air weigh anything, 398
=Does= the air surrounding the earth move with it? 400
=Does= thunder sour milk, 196
=Does= light weigh anything? 37
=Does= the sun revolve on its axis? 511
=Do= father and mother plants always live together? 176
=Do= the ends of the rainbow rest on land? 254
=Do= the stars really shoot down? 255
=Dog=, why he turns round before lying down, 229
=Dolls=, why girls like, 368
=Dom Pedro=, Emperor of Brazil, who saved the telephone, 73
=Do= plants breathe? 241
=Draft=, created by chimney, 37
=Dreams=, cause of, 366 nightmare, 367 what makes us? 366
=Drinking=, origin of clinking glasses, 232
=Driving shield=, airlock bulkhead (illus.), 210 erector (illus.), 210 in tunnel building (illus.), 208 inventor of, 209 tunnels, front view (illus.), 209
=Ducks=, why water runs off backs of, 233
=Dust=, in air, 38 what it is, 104
=Dyeing=, silk, 121
=Earache=, what causes, 410
=Earth=, how big it is, 124 light surrounding, 38
=Echo=, what makes an, 200 whispering gallery, 201
=Eggs=, birds why different colors, 233 silkworm, how imported, 111
=Egyptians=, how ancients wrote, 12
=Electric arc=, temperature of, 35
=Electric current=, what it is, 334
=Electricity=, conductors of, 331 current, 334 good conductors, 331 how discovered, 333 non-conductors, 331 what is, 329
=Electric lighting=, arc-light, 307 Edison’s first lamp (illus.), 306 incandescent carbon lamp (illus.), 306 Mazda lamp (illus.), 306 tantalum lamp (illus.), 306 Tungsten metal lamps, 305 when introduced, 305
=Elements=, carbon, 352 compared with compounds, 349 hydrogen, 349 nitrogen, 350 oxygen, 349 what an is, 349
=Elevator=, description of (illus.), 397 installation (illus.), 396 principal parts of, 396 why does not the car fall? 397
=Emperor=, saved the telephone, 73
=Emperor of Brazil=, receives first message over first telephone, 74
=Engine, gas= (illus.), 181-182 carburetor, 184 cylinder (illus.), 184 horse-power, of, 256
=Exchange=, first telephone, 75
=Exhibition=, of first telephone at Centennial, 74
=Experiments=, with mirror resultant in photograph, 22
=Exploding=, a submarine mine, 34
=Explosions=, how they break windows, 62 in gas engines (illus.), 182 of submarine mines (illus.), 34 what happens in, 205
=Explosives=, definition of, 205 blasting gelatin, 206 gun-cotton, 206 nitroglycerine, 206
=Eye=, of a submarine (illus.), 274
=Eyes=, closed, walking with, 91 hand quicker than, 376 help brain in walking, 91 in some pictures follow you, why, 36 keeping body balanced, 91 nature’s way of protecting, 38 protecting with tears, 38 sparkle when merry, why, 92 why we can’t sleep when open, 92 why we see stars when hit on, 268
=Eye-wash=, tears as an, 38
=Fabrics=, worsted, 85
=Fahrenheit=, what is meant by, 221 why so called, 221
=Fastest= camera in the world, 25
=Fathers and Mothers=, do plants have, 175
=Federal Government=, grazing fee paid to, 82
=Fertilization=, in birds, 179 how corn plant fertilizes, 176 of fishes, 177
=Fight=, of Merrimac and Monitor, 32
=Film=, before and after snapshot, 23 sensitive, 23
=Finger prints=, arch, (illus.), 520 composite (illus.), 521 of different people, 521 enlargements of, 524 how they identify us, 520 impressions of orang-outang (illus.), 522 loop (illus.), 520 palmary impressions (illus.), 522 specimen form of, record (illus.), 525 spike that caught a criminal (illus.), 524 thieves caught through their, 523 thumb imprint on bottle (illus.), 523 thumb impression on cash box (illus.), 523 thumb mark on a candle (illus.), 523 where first used, 522 whorl (illus.), 521
=Fingers=, why they hurt when cut, 143 why we have ten, 142
=Finger nails=, why we have, 142
=Fire=, alarms when first used, 308 first apparatus to fight, 308 first fire department, 308 first real, fire engine, 308 gases put out, 37 how man discovered, 289 how man learned to fight, 208 how man learned to make a, 289 mark, of civilization, 290 why it goes out, 37 why is it hot? 401 why put out by water, 222
=Fire making=, drilling (illus.), 289 drilling with bow string (illus.), 290 drilling, two persons (illus.), 290 first matches (illus.), 292 flint and pyrites (illus.), 290 flint, introduction of (illus.), 291 plowing (illus.), 290 pyrites (illus.), 290 rubbing sticks together, 42 sawing (illus.), 289 steel and flint (illus.), 291 tinder box (illus.), 291 tinder box, pistol (illus.), 291 with matches, 292
=Firedamp=, 262 explosion in safety lamp, 262
=Firearms=, first crude efforts of, 45 first real (illus.), 45 fuse of, 45 in early Chinese history, 44 first trigger of, 45
=Firing=, mortar, causes gas-rings, 27
=First= man-carrying aeroplane, 128 real telegraph, 421 stringed musical instrument, 480 telephone (illus.), 72 telephone line, 72 telephone switchboard (illus.), 74
=Fishes=, how they are born, 177 how they come to life, 177 motion in swimming, 233 what the eggs are, 177 why they cannot live in air, 232
=Flag=, made, how was American, 310 made, when was American? 310
=Flash pan=, early type, 45
=Flaxseed oil=, what it is, 227
=Flight=, of projectile, long, 30
=Flint-lock=, invented in seventeenth century, 46 invented by thieves, 46 still in use in Orient, 46
=Floor=, sounds through a, 79
=Flour=, bolters (illus.), 465 how made, 462 purifying machine (illus.), 463 sieves, 465
=Flowers=, why they have smells, 176
=Flying=, how birds learn, 178 boat, wonderful (illus.), 133 first Langley monoplane, 126 first successful aeroplane (illus.), 126 machine, first models, 127 some of the men who helped, 126 ten years of (illus.), 137
=Flying boat=, fun in (illus.), 135 gliding by, 137
=Flying boat=, interior arrangement (illus.), 134 monoplane type (illus.), 135 six-passenger hull (illus.), 134 speed of (illus.), 135 the wonderful, 133 views of (illus.), 133
=Flying machines=, 126 Bleriot flew in Europe (illus.), 129 Curtis biplane in flight (illus.), 136 Dr. Langley’s flying (illus.), 127 early types of, 127 first demonstrations, 130 first flight in Europe with, 129 first man-carrying aeroplane, 128 first models, 127 flying boat, 133 flying boat, exterior arrangement, 134 gliding experiments, 137 government interest in, 138 hull of flying boat, 134 interesting governments in, 138 Wright Bros., first flights, 130
=Focus=, in eye, 22
=Fog=, what it is, 105
=Food=, how we learned to cook, 308
=Foreign monoplanes=, some famous (illus.), 132
=Forsythe, LL.D. J.=, inventor of the primer, 47
=Freckles=, what makes them come, 125
=Fuse=, for firearms in early history, 45
=Funditor=, 42
=Gas=, acetylene, 305 definition, 348 first structure to be lighted by, 302 in coal mines, 262 water, 305
=Gas, illuminating=, Baltimore first city to use, 302 carbon in, 302 discovered, when, 302 first American house to use, 302 first practical demonstration of, 302 generator house (illus.), 299 holder (illus.), 298 how it gets into jet, 302 how it is purified, 303 how made, 303 how the meter works, 304 hydrogen in, 302 impurities removed from (illus.), 301 jet, the story in a, 303 made of, 302 meter, description, 304 purifying boxes (illus.), 301 removing tar from, 300 shaving scrubbers (illus.), 300
=Gasoline engine= (illus.), 181, 182
=Gases=, generated at gun muzzle, 27 how expelled in gun ingot, 55 hydrogen, 349 nitrogen, 350 oxygen, 349 tendency to put out fire, 37
=Gas-rings=, in firing motor, 27
=Gatling=, inventor of guns, 310
=Gelatine=, in photography, 23
=Gestures=, talking by, 18
=Ghosts=, what are they? 367
=Glad=, why do we laugh when, 92
=Glass=, why it cracks, 63 how long known, 247
=Glass, plate=, casting (illus.), 249 commercial, 246 plate and window glass compared (illus.), 252
=Glass, plate, making=, annealing, oven, 249 beveling, 247 blanketing, 252 clay mixing (illus.), 248 clay trampling (illus.), 248 clay used, 247 grinding table, 250 materials used in, 247 mercury, 253 nitrate of silver, 253 pots (illus.), 248 pots, drying of, 248 pots, length of usefulness, 248 silvering, 247 skimming the pot (illus.), 249 treading, 247
=Glow-worm=, why does it glow? 231
=Gold=, why is it called precious? 266
=Gong=, why does it stop when it has been sounded, 78
=Good luck=, why a horseshoe brings? 311
=Graphite= in lead pencils, 468
=Gravitation=, what is, 267
=Gravity=, center of, in gun, 61
=Gravity=, force of, 61
=Greek fire=, in early history, 44
=Growing=, why do we stop, 195
=Gun=, action at muzzle, 27 annealing a gun ingot, 57 assembling of, 48-54 arquebus of, 1537, 47 barrels, erosion of, 35 blow-holes, 56 bore searcher, 59 breech of a, 53 discharges, force of, 33 calibre of a, 53 elastic limit, 58 elongation, 58 forging a (illus.), 52 heat treatment, 58 hoops of a, 54 improvements in, 45 ingot, calibre of, 55 jacket of, 54 length of a, 53 liner of, 54 life of, 35 manufacture in America, 48 measuring inside diameter (illus.), 59 modern built-up (illus.), 54 mold for ingot, 55 muzzle of, 53 pressure generated in a big gun, 54 photography (illus.), 33 piping, 56 powder chamber of a, 53 rifling (illus.), 60 rifling of, 53 shrinking pit, 59 tensile strength of, 58 factory, testing materials, (illus.), 50 tube of, 54 tube, how it is tempered, 57 why called gatling, 310 wire-wound, 54
=Gun-barrels=, imported from England, 49 resisting pressure of, 34
=Gun-cotton=, in smokeless powder, 35, 206
=Gunpowder=, Chinese probable discovers of, 44 discoverer of, 44 experiments by Schwartz, 45 formula of Roger Bacon, 45 ingredients in, 205 manufactured in monasteries, 44 what causes the smoke? 206 smokeless, what made of, 206 why some is fine and others large grained, 206
=Gurgle=, in bottles, 63
=Hail=, what causes, 124
=Hair=, what causes baldness, 143 why it don’t hurt when cut, 143 why it keeps growing, 144
=Hand bombards=, early types, 45
=Hands=, shaking, why with the right, 231
=Hansom=, why so called, 122
=Have= plants fathers and mothers? 175
=Heart=, why beats during sleep, 191 why beats faster when scared, 191 why beats faster when running, 191
=Heat=, light wave changed into, 36 why a nail gets hot when hammered, 230 why some things are warm, 144 how we obtain, 231
=Hemp=, Manilla (illus.), 356
=Hobson’s choice=, how originated, 311
=Honey=, apiary in summer (illus.), 534 how produced, 527 worker comb (illus.), 532 manner of using German bee-brush, 533 finished product (illus.), 533 frame (illus.), 535 how to bump the bees off a comb (illus.), 533 bee-hat (illus.), 535 a study in cell-making (illus.), 532 bee sting, can a, 536 frame of bees (illus.), 535 comb, how bees build, 536
=Honey-bee=, poison-bag, 537 egg of queen, under microscope (illus.), 529 preparing for rearing, 531 living on combs in open air, (illus.), 527 the daily growth of larvæ (illus.), 532 effect of a sting (illus.), 536 worker-bee (illus.), 527 what the queen-bee does? 528 drone-comb (illus.), 532 clipping queen bees wings (illus.), 533 cucumber blossom with bee on it (illus.), 528 queen-bee (illus.), 527 the queen and her retinue (illus.), 529 queen-rearing, 531 queen-cells (illus.), 529
=Honeymoon=, why do they call it a? 311
=Horizon=, how far away is the, 245 what is it, 244 where is it, 244
=Horse-power=, a, what it is, 256
=Horseshoes=, why it is said to bring good luck? 311
=Hot box=, cause of, 368
=Houiller=, French gunsmith, 48
=Houses=, concrete (illus.), 101