CHAPTER II

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THE COUNCIL OF CLERMONT.

Influence of Roman imperialism on the early popes 20

Schemes and motives of Gregory VII. 22

1074 His circular letter to the faithful 22

1081 The Normans in Italy 23

1095 Council of Piacenza 24

Council of Clermont 25

1093 Pilgrimage of the hermit Peter to Jerusalem 26

1094 The mission and preaching of the hermit 27

1095 Decrees of the council of Clermont prohibiting private wars and confirming the Truce of God 29

Speech of Urban II. before the people 30

The assent of the multitude 31

The cross and the vow of the crusaders 32

Motives of the crusaders 32

Financial effects of the crusades 34

Effects of the crusades on the power of the pope and the clergy 35

Dispensing power of the pope 35

Tendency of the crusades to break up the feudal system 35

Increasing wealth of the pope and the clergy 36

Alienation, and pledging or mortgaging, of lands 36

The crusades not national enterprises 37

1085 Condition of Europe in the time of Urban II. 38

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