CHAPTER XV
.
THE SEQUEL OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS.
[Sidenote: Gradual decay and extinction of the crusading spirit.]
The crusades had come to an end. The embers smouldered on: but it was to the last degree unlikely that they would be rekindled. The great military orders withdrew to seek a field for their energies elsewhere; the Teutonic knights to the dreary regions of Lithuania and Poland,—the knights of the Hospital first to Cyprus, then to Rhodes where, after many a hard fight with Greeks and Saracens, they achieved the conquest of the whole island and settled down to repose in their earthly paradise. The dream of returning to Palestine still haunted the mind of Edward I., who by his will left 30,000_l._ for the equipment and maintenance of the knights who were to bear his heart to the Holy Land; but probably the last reflection of the old fire is seen in the words by which Henry V. in his dying moments asserted the bounden duty of princes to build the walls of Jerusalem, and declared that, had he been spared for a longer life, or had he lived in quieter times, he would have undertaken this task of restoration. Even now, perhaps, the task was one of no insuperable difficulty. Its practicability had been shown more than once by its accomplishment; but it was one which must be taken in hand in the spirit of that wise and tolerant statesmanship which seeks to further the interests of the subject population, and to make one people of the conquerors and the conquered. This idea was, as we have seen, deliberately rejected by the first crusaders, and, with the single exception of the emperor Henry at Constantinople (p. 170), by all who followed them. There is no reason to suppose that the English Henry V. would have been animated by a wiser spirit and a larger charity than the companions of Godfrey and Tancred.
[Sidenote: Persecution and suppression of the Knights Templars.]
[Sidenote: A. D. 1309.]
[Sidenote: A. D. 1314.]
The soil of Palestine had been watered abundantly with the blood both of Christians and of infidels. The soil of Europe, chiefly that of France, was to drink the blood of that haughty but valiant order which had done as much to destroy as to maintain the hold of Latin Christendom on Palestine. Among all the monstrous iniquities which perjured kings and godless statesmen have ever perpetrated, the lies and cruelties, the persistent and diabolical injustice which attended the suppression of the Knights Templars must hold very nearly the first place. These men may have, nay undoubtedly they had, committed enormous crimes themselves; but these were crimes done in the sight of the sun and shared by all crusaders of every generation, the saintly Louis of France forming, it would seem, the solitary exception. Now, when their services were no longer needed or could no more be of use in Palestine, the benefits to be derived from a confiscation of their properties became patent to Philip the Fair, the brutal tyrant, the profligate murderer, the unscrupulous thief, who bullied the pope, Clement V., into a recognition of charges which at first he had rightly cast aside as absurd, extravagant, and impossible. False witness, tortures, hunger, thirst, darkness, filth, and disease in sunless dungeons, were all used with consummate skill and pertinacity to subdue the warriors who in the field had never quailed. Taken one by one, some made confessions which were drawn from them by excruciating agonies, and which, when these agonies ceased, were indignantly withdrawn. With his remaining comrades the last grand-master died, solemnly asserting the innocence of his order—an innocence unquestionably real, if we confine ourselves to the charges brought against them by Philip and his myrmidons; and the kings of France, made wealthier by their iniquities, laid up another count for the great indictment to be brought against their luckless representative in the French revolution. In England the proceedings against the Templars, shameful though they were, fell infinitely short of the disgrace which covered the king and the judges of France: but in both countries it was seen what might be done by malignant lies uttered boldly under the plea of maintaining the truth and the righteousness of God.
[Sidenote: A. D. 1208-1249. The Albigensian crusades.]
In this process we see, in fact, the legitimate result of the crusades. The unbelief of the Saracen was a sufficient reason for wresting from him a country which was regarded as the inalienable heritage of Christendom: the alleged unbelief or profanity of Templars was a sufficient reason for hounding on judges to their destruction; and the heresies truly or falsely alleged against any persons whatsoever would be a thorough warrant for carrying fire and sword through their land, if gentler means failed to extort submission. The lesson had been soon learnt; and while Dandolo and Baldwin were laying the foundations of the short-lived Latin empire at Constantinople, Innocent was preaching a crusade against the peaceable, although perhaps not strictly orthodox, subjects of count Raymond of Toulouse. The attempt to put down error by force was producing its natural fruits; and men like Bernard and Innocent were brought to consider every means lawful, every weapon hallowed, against the wretched enemies of Christ and of his Church. Horrible miscreants, like the inquisitors Fulk of Marseilles and Arnold of Amaury, could without a pang of remorse involve in one common slaughter the aged and the young, the mother and the infant; and Simon of Montfort, cased in the triple armour of a heart harder than the nether millstone, could exult with savage joy over the massacres of his sword and the torments of the Inquisition. In this awful chaos Frederick II., the enemy of the pope, the friends of Saracenic philosophers, of Moslem women, joined furiously in the fray. Near in its ideal, and similar in some points of its development, as was the careless society of the troubadour to his own luxurious civilization in Sicily, yet not a sign is there to show that he regarded with the least emotion its rapid and terrible catastrophe. His appreciation of their Gay Science, of their art, their refinement, and their luxury, was chilled and quenched by the thought of the vile crowd of Petrobrussians and other vulgar heretics, by whom these careless voluptuaries were surrounded. Well may it be said that never in any history were the principles of justice, the faith of treaties, common humanity so trampled under foot as in the Albigensian crusade, ‘Slay on; God will know his own,’ was the cry of the papal legate before the walls of Beziers; and this easy method of settling a long controversy was the moral logically drawn from the preaching of the hermit Peter and of Bernard of Clairvaux.
[Sidenote: The children’s crusades.]
[Sidenote: A. D. 1212.]
It is possible that the historian who seeks to account for all the characteristics which mark the era of the crusades may connect these expeditions with some events which should be traced to other causes. The impulses which bring vast crowds together for any purpose are always more or less contagious: and the middle ages exhibit, throughout, a series of enthusiastic risings. The outbreak of the Pastoureaux, or Shepherds (so called from their supposed simplicity), which for a time led astray even Blanche of Castile (p. 196), took place, perhaps only by an accidental coincidence, while Louis IX. was a captive in Egypt: but it was only one of a thousand instances of what has well been termed superstition set in motion. To this class belong probably the expeditions known as the Children’s crusades, although these were started with the idea of recovering the Holy Cross from the infidel. A few words may suffice to tell the miserable story how in France under the boy Stephen 30,000 children encamped around Vendome; how 10,000 were lost or had strayed away before they reached Marseilles a month later; how there they waited under a conviction that the waters of the Mediterranean would be cloven asunder to give them a passage on dry land; how at length two merchants offered ‘for the cause of God and without charge’ to convey them in ships to Palestine; and how the 5,000 children, who sailed from the harbour chanting the hymn _Veni Creator Spiritus_, found themselves at the end of their voyage in the slave markets of Alexandria and Algiers. A pendant to this woful tale is found in the sufferings of the 20,000 German boys and girls who set out in the same year from Cologne under the peasant lad Nicholas 20,000 strong, and of whom 5,000 only reached Genoa. Of the rest some had returned home: some marched to Brindisi, and, setting sail for Palestine, were never heard of more. The fortune of those who found their way to Genoa was more happy. Invited to settle there by the senate, many became wealthy, and not a few, rising to distinction, founded some of the noblest families in the state.
[Sidenote: Indirect results of the crusades.]
But as the motives which led to the crusades were complex, so their results were complex also. The picture must not be presented only in its darker aspects. We have seen the effect which they produced on the growth of the temporal power of the popes. We must not forget that by rolling back the tide of Mahomedan conquest from Constantinople for upwards of four centuries they probably saved Europe from horrors the recital of which might even now make our ears tingle; that by weakening the resources and the power of the barons they strengthened the authority of the kings acting in alliance with the citizens of the great towns; that this alliance broke up the feudal system, gradually abolished serfdom, and substituted the authority of a common law for the arbitrary will of chiefs who for real or supposed affronts rushed to the arbitrament of private war. Worthless in themselves, and wholly useless as means for founding any permanent dominion in Palestine or elsewhere, these enterprises have affected the commonwealths of Europe in ways of which the promoters never dreamed. They left a wider gulf between the Greek and the Latin churches, between the subjects of the Eastern empire and the nations of Western Europe; but by the mere fact of throwing East and West together they led gradually to that interchange of thought and that awakening of the human intellect to which we owe all that distinguishes our modern civilization from the religious and political systems of the middle ages.
INDEX.
Abbasside caliphs of Bagdad, 15
Abelard, 88
Abubekr, 13
Acre, siege of, 127; surrender of, 133
Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, 80
Adelais, 120
Adhemar, bishop of Puy, 44, 58, 69, 70
Albigensians, crusades against the, 222
Alexander II., pope, 2, 21
Alexandria, surrender of, to Almeric, 100
Alexios, brother of Isaac Angelus, 153, 159
Alexios emperor of the East, 17, 24, 51; extorts the homage of the crusaders, 53; his conduct to the crusaders, 54; fails to aid them, 71; benefited by the crusaders, 81; death of, 83
Alexios, son of Isaac Angelus, 153, 156, 161
Alexios Strategopoulos, 180
Alfonso, king of Gallicia, 38
Almeric, king of Jerusalem, 98
Almeric of Lusignan, king of Cyprus and titular king of Jerusalem, 144, 183
Amalfi, merchants of, 18
Andrew, king of Hungary, 176, 186
Anna Comnena, 50, 54
Antioch, siege of, 60; betrayed to Bohemond, 65; fall of, 69
Arnold, chaplain of Bohemond, 68, 73
Arnold of Amaury, 221
Arthur of Brittany, 129
Artois, count of, 210
Ascalon, Battle of, 77; fall of, 98
Assize of Jerusalem, 78, 170
Augustine, St., 8
Austria, Leopold, duke of, 133
Azan the Bulgarian, 179
Azotus, battle of, 132
Baghasian, 60, 63, 65
Baldwin I., brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, 43, 59
Baldwin II., emperor of the East, 175
Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, 84
Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, 85
Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, 104
Baldwin V., king of Jerusalem, 104
Baldwin du Bourg, 84
Baldwin, lord of Edessa, 59; king of Jerusalem, 80, 84
Baldwin of Flanders, emperor of the East, 163, 173
Baldwin of Hainault, 70
Barbarossa [Frederick I.]
Bela, king of Hungary, 121
Berengaria, 129, 130
Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, 70
Bernard, St., 86 _et seq._
Bertrand of Toulouse, 81
Blanche of Castile, 203, 223
Blondel, 138
Bodin, 53
Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard, 23, 45, 52, 81
Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, 152, 172, 175
Bouvines, battle of, 189
Brienne, constable of Apulia, 23
Brienne, John of, 184, 199
Bulgarians, 173
Calo John, 173, 175
Charles of Anjou, 217
Charles the Great, 21
Chivalry, cause and effect of, 46
Chosroes [Khosru]
Christianity, the, of the first century, 3; influence of paganism upon, 5; modified by the Roman imperial tradition, 20
Cid, the, 38
Clement IV., pope, 215
Clement V., pope, 220
Cogni [Iconium]
Conrad, bishop of Hildesheim, 142
Conrad, emperor of Germany, 90, 92, 142
Conrad of Tyre, 110, 127, 134
Constantia, heiress of Sicily, 125, 128
Constantine, church of, at Jerusalem, 8
Constantinople, first siege of, by the Latins, 158; second siege and conquest of, 162; Latin emperors of, 168; Baldwin I., 163, 174; Henry, brother of Baldwin, 175; Peter of Courtenay, 176; Robert, 177; John of Brienne, 178; Baldwin II., 179; Latin empire of, 168; recovery of, by the Greeks, 181
Coradin, sultan of Syria, 186
Council of Clermont, 29
Council of Lyons, 217
Council of Nice, 17
Council of Piacenza, 24
Councils of Lateran, 116, 185
Courtenay, Joceline of, 84, 97
Courtenay, Peter of, 176, 177
Courtesy, 48
Courts of Love, 95
Cross, discovery of the true, 7; recovery of, 12
Crusaders, numbers of the, 56; ferocity of the, 75
Crusades, causes tending to, 1 _et seq._; financial effects of, 34; effects of, on the power of the pope and the clergy, 35; on the feudal system, 36; not national enterprises, 37; against the Albigensians, 222; the Children’s, 222; indirect results of the, 224
Daimbert, patriarch of Jerusalem, 78
Damascus, siege of, 95
Damietta, 116, 186, 209
Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, 163, 168, 172
Dargham, 98
David [Kilidje Arslan]
Demetrius, lord of Thessalonica, 178
Dorylaion, battle of, 58
Durazzo, 23, 81, 173
Edessa, conquest of, by Baldwin, 59; by Zenghis, 85
Edward I., of England, 216, 217, 218, 219
Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Louis VII., 88, 92, 95; marries Henry of Normandy, afterwards Henry II. of England, 95; writes to Cælestine III., 138
Eleanor, wife of Edward I., 216
Emico, count of Leiningen, 40
Engelbert of Tournay, 74
Eugenius III., pope, 89
Eustace, count of Boulogne, 43
Fatimite sultans of Egypt, 14, 62, 98, 99, 102
Ferentino, treaty of, 190
Frederick I., Barbarossa, 124, 125
Frederick II., grandson of Barbarossa, 183 _et seq._, 207, 222
Fulk of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, 85, 117
Fulk of Marseilles, 221
Fulk of Neuilly, 148
Genghis Khan, 201
Geoffrey, archbishop of York, 120
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, 150, 172, 175
Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem, 198
Godfrey of Bouillon, 43, 49, 66, 72; baron and defender of the Holy Sepulchre, 77; reign and death of, 80
Gotschalk, the monk, 40
Greeks and Latins, antagonism between, 56, 168, 180
Gregory I., the Great, 10, 20
Gregory VII., pope [Hildebrand]
Gregory VIII., pope, 118
Gregory IX., pope, 191, 193, 200
Gregory X., pope, 217
Guelf, duke of Bavaria, 39
Guibert, abbot, 33
Guido, abbot of Vaux Cernay, 155
Guiscard, Robert, 24
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, 104; of Cyprus, 134
Hakem, 15
Harun-al-Reschid, 25
Helena, church of, at Bethlehem, 8
Henry II., king of Cyprus, 218
Henry II. of England, 117, 119, 120, 121
Henry IV., emperor, 25, 43
Henry V. of England, 219
Henry VI., emperor, 134, 138, 139, 140
Henry, Latin emperor of the East, 175, 176, 219
Henry of Champagne, titular king of Jerusalem, 134
Heraclius, emperor of the East, 11, 12
Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 117
Herakleios [Heraclius]
Herman of Salza, 127, 195, 197
Hildebrand [Gregory VII.], 2, 21 _et seq._
Hohenstaufen, house of, 188
Holy Land, growth of local traditions in the, 7
Honorius III., pope, 177, 189, 202
Hospitallers, or knights of St. John, 101, 108, 113, 141, 214, 217
Hugh III., king of Cyprus, 217
Hugh of Vermandois, 43, 49, 69, 83
Hungary, conversion of, 16
Iconium, sultan of, 58, 82
Ingulf, 16
Innocent II., pope, 88
Innocent III., pope, 145, 165, 189
Innocent IV., pope, 202
Isaac Angelus, emperor of the East, 119, 153
Isaac of Cyprus, 130
Isabella, sister of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, 127, 178, 183
James du Chastel, 211
Jerome, St., at Bethlehem, 9
Jerusalem, Assize of, 78, 170; Latin kingdom of, 77; Latin kings of, 77; Godfrey, 77; Baldwin I., 80; Baldwin II., 84; Fulk of Anjou, 85; Baldwin III., 85; Almeric, 98; Baldwin IV., 104; Baldwin V., 104; Guy of Lusignan, 104; Henry of Champagne (titular), 134; Almeric of Lusignan (titular), 144
Jerusalem, captured by the Persians, 10; by Omar, 12; by Hakem, 15; by the Seljukian Toucush, 17; by the first crusaders, 72; by Saladin, 105; by Kameel, 196
Jews, persecution of the, 40, 91, 122
Jews, plunder of the, 119
Joanna, sister of Richard I., 128, 134
Joceline of Courtenay, 84, 97
John Comnenos, 50
John of Brienne, 178
John of England, 135
John, St., Hospital of, 18
John the monk, 96
Joinville, 206 _et seq._
Kameel, sultan of Egypt, 186; treaty of, with Frederick II., 196, 200; takes Jerusalem, 201
Kerboga, 66, 68, 69
Khosru II., 10
Khosru Nushirvan, 11
Kilidje Arslan, 42, 58, 66, 69
Knighthood, 47
Knights Hospitallers, 101, 108, 113, 141, 214, 218
Knights Templars, 90, 113, 214
Knights, Teutonic, 127, 214, 218
Korasmians, 202
Lance, discovery of the holy, 67
Lateran, councils of, 116, 185
Latin empire of Constantinople, 168; kingdom of Jerusalem, 77; emperors of Constantinople, 169; kings of Jerusalem, 77, 144
Latins and Greeks, antagonism between, 55, 168, 181
Leo III., pope, 21
Letold of Tournay, 74
Lothair, cardinal [Innocent III.]
Louis VI., the Fat, 88
Louis VII., king of France, 92, 117
Louis IX., king of France, 203 _et seq._; death of, 215
Lusignan, Almeric of, 144, 183; Guy of, 104, 134
Lyons, council of, 217
Mahomed, embassy from, to Khosru II., 11
Mamelukes, 218
Manuel, emperor of the East, 93, 102
Marra, siege of, 71
Mary, niece of Baldwin IV., king of Jerusalem, 184
Maynard, nephew of Conrad of Tyre, 137
Merovingian kings of France, 98
Moadhin, sultan of Damascus, 196
Montferrat, marquis of, 152
Montfort, Simon of, 150, 155, 158
Montfort, Simon of, earl of Leicester, 203
Morosini, Thomas, patriarch of Constantinople, 165, 167, 171
Mostadhi, caliph of Bagdad, 100
Mourzoufle, 161, 162, 173
Nicæa, Nikaia [Nice]
Nice, Seljukian sovereigns of, 17; siege of, 57
Nicephorus III., emperor, 23
Nicolas IV., pope, 218
Nicolas, the child crusader, 223
Nineveh, battle of, 11
Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo, 98, 99, 103
Omar, the caliph, 12
Oriflamme, the, 208
Otho of Brunswick, emperor, 188
Pascal II., pope, 78
Pastoureaux, 222
Pelagius, bishop of Albano, 185
Peter Barthelemy, 68
Peter of Blois, 138
Peter of Capua, 154, 157
Peter the Chanter, 148
Peter of Courtenay, Latin emperor of the East, 176
Peter the Hermit, 26 _et seq._, 38, 62, 68, 73, 75
Philip Augustus, king of France, 119, 138, 171
Philip I., king of France, 25, 43, 81
Philip IV., the Fair, king of France, 220
Philip of Namur, 177
Philip of Swabia, 154, 156
Philip [titular], Latin emperor of the East, 181
Piacenza, council of, 24
Pilgrimage, growth of, 8
Pilgrims, tax on, at Jerusalem, 15
Phirouz, the renegade, 63
Placentia, council of, 24
Pontius, son of Bertrand of Toulouse, 81
Raymond, count of Toulouse, 45, 53
Raymond of Tripoli, 104
Rhazates, 12
Richard, earl of Cornwall, 197, 201
Richard I’st of England, 114, 117; at Messina, 128; at Rhodes, 130; at Acre, 130; retreats from Bethlehem, 135; at Jaffa, 136; imprisonment, 137; return of, to England, 140
Robert, count of Flanders, 44
Robert, count of Paris, 52
Robert duke of Normandy, 44, 60, 63
Robert, Latin emperor of the East, 177
Robert of Courcon, 185, 186
Rodolph of Hapsburg, 217
Rodolph the Monk, 91
Roger, successor of Tancred, 82
Saadi, 183
Saladin tax or tithe, 119
Saladin, 99, 102; enters Jerusalem, 110; death of, 141
Samosata, 60
San Germano, treaty of, 191
Saphadin, 136, 141; takes Jaffa, 143; offers peace, 183; death of, 186
Seljukian Turks, 17
Shawer, 98, 102
Shepherds of Pastoureaux, 222
Shiracouh, 98, 102
Sibylla, 104, 127
Sidon, conquest of, 84
Simon of Montfort, 150, 155, 158
Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, 203
Siroes, 12
Siward, 84
Sophronios, patriarch of Jerusalem, 12
Stephen, apostle of Hungary, 16
Stephen, count of Chartres, 44, 66, 80
Stephen Harding, 87
Stephen, the child crusader, 223
Tancred, 45, 59, 69, 75, 81
Tancred, son of Roger of Apulia, 129, 141
Tatikios, 62, 71
Templars, knights, 90, 113, 214, 218, 221
Teutonic knights, 127, 214, 218
Theobald, archdeacon of Liege, 218
Theobald, count of Champagne, 89, 150
Theodore Lascaris, 173
Thierry, count of Flanders, 95
Thoron, siege of, 142
Tiberias, battle of, 105
Toucush, 18
Trebizond, empire of, 173
Tristan, 211
Truce of God, 30, 47
Turan Shah, 212
Tyre, conquest of, 84
Ugolino [Gregory IX.]
Urban II., pope, at Piacenza, 24; at Clermont, 25, 30; death of, 78
Urban III., pope, 118
Vataces, John, emperor of Nicæa, 178, 179
Venice, growth of the power of, 164
Victor III., pope, 24
Villehardouin, Geoffrey of, 150, 174, 175
Vorylas, 175
Walter of Brienne, 150
Walter the Penniless, 40, 42
William Longchamp, bishop of Ely, 138
William Longsword, bishop of Salisbury, 201, 209
William Longsword, earl of Salisbury, 186
William of Melun, 62
William of Scotland, 117, 122
William of Tyre, 119
William the Conqueror, 2, 21
William Rufus, 39
Zara, expedition to, 153, 155
Zenghis, sultan of Aleppo, 85
Ziani, doge of Venice, 168
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“This volume covers the period between the disasters of Athens at the close of the Pelopenesian war and the rise of Macedon. It is a very striking and instructive picture of the political life of the Grecian commonwealth at that time.”—_The Churchman._
“It is singularly interesting to read, and in respect to arrangement, maps, etc., is all that can be desired.”—_Boston Congregationalist._
=THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE—Its Rise and Culmination to Death of Alexander the Great.= By A. M. CURTEIS, M.A.
“A good and satisfactory history of a very important period. The maps are excellent, and the story is lucidly and vigorously told.”—_The Nation._
“The same compressive style and yet completeness of detail that have characterized the previous issues in this delightful series, are found in this volume. Certainly the art of conciseness in writing was never carried to a higher or more effective point.”—_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
⁂ _The above five volumes give a connected and complete history of Greece from the earliest times to the death of Alexander._
=EARLY ROME—From the Foundation of the City to its Destruction by the Gauls.= By W. IHNE, Ph.D.
“Those who want to know the truth instead of the traditions that used to be learned of our fathers, will find in the work entertainment, careful scholarship, and sound sense.”—_Cincinnati Times._
“The book is excellently well done. The views are those of a learned and able man, and they are presented in this volume with great force and clearness.”—_The Nation._
=ROME AND CARTHAGE—The Punic Wars.= By R. BOSWORTH SMITH.
“By blending the account of Rome and Carthage the accomplished author presents a succinct and vivid picture of two great cities and people which leaves a deep impression. The story is full of intrinsic interest, and was never better told.”—_Christian Union._
“The volume is one of rare interest and value.”—_Chicago Interior._
“An admirably condensed history of Carthage, from its establishment by the adventurous Phœnician traders to its sad and disastrous fall.”—_New York Herald._
=THE GRACCHI, MARIUS, AND SULLA.= By A. H. BEESLEY.
“A concise and scholarly historical sketch, descriptive of the decay of the Roman Republic, and the events which paved the way for the advent of the conquering Cæsar. It is an excellent account of the leaders and legislation of the republic.”—_Boston Post._
“It is prepared in succinct but comprehensive style, and is an excellent book for reading and reference.”—_New York Observer._
“No better condensed account of the two Gracchi and the turbulent careers of Marius and Sulla has yet appeared.”—_New York Independent._
=THE ROMAN TRIUMVIRATES.= By the Very Rev. CHARLES MERIVALE, D.D.
“In brevity, clear and scholarly treatment of the subject, and the convenience of map, index, and side notes, the volume is a model.”—_New York Tribune._
“An admirable presentation, and in style vigorous and picturesque.”—_Hartford Courant._
=THE EARLY EMPIRE—From the Assassination of Julius Cæsar to the Assassination of Domitian.= By Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A.
“It is written with great clearness and simplicity of style, and is as attractive an account as has ever been given in brief of one of the most interesting periods of Roman History.”—_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“It is a clear, well-proportioned, and trustworthy performance, and well deserves to be studied.”—_Christian at Work._
=THE AGE OF THE ANTONINES—The Roman Empire of the Second Century.= By Rev. W. WOLFE CAPES, M.A.
“The Roman Empire during the second century is the broad subject discussed in this book, and discussed with learning and intelligence.”—_New York Independent._
“The writer’s diction is clear and elegant, and his narration is free from any touch of pedantry. In the treatment of its prolific and interesting theme, and in its general plan, the book is a model of works of its class.”—_New York Herald._
“We are glad to commend it. It is written clearly, and with care and accuracy. It is also in such neat and compact form as to be the more attractive.”—_Congregationalist._
⁂ _The above six volumes give the History of Rome from the founding of the City to the death of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus._
EPOCHS OF MODERN HISTORY.
_A SERIES OF BOOKS NARRATING THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND EUROPE AT SUCCESSIVE EPOCHS SUBSEQUENT TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA._
_Edited by_
EDWARD E. MORRIS.
Eighteen volumes, 16mo, with 74 Maps, Plans, and Tables.
Sold separately. Price per vol., $1.00.
The Set, Roxburgh style, gilt top, in box, $18.00.
=THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES—England and Europe in the Ninth Century.= By the Very Rev. R. W. CHURCH, M.A.
“A remarkably thoughtful and satisfactory discussion of the causes and results of the vast changes which came upon Europe during the period discussed. The book is adapted to be exceedingly serviceable.”—_Chicago Standard._
“At once readable and valuable. It is comprehensive and yet gives the details of a period most interesting to the student of history.”—_Herald and Presbyter._
“It is written with a clearness and vividness of statement which make it the pleasantest reading. It represents a great deal of patient research, and is careful and scholarly.”—_Boston Journal._
=THE NORMANS IN EUROPE—The Feudal System and England under the Norman Kings.= By Rev. A. H. JOHNSON, M.A.
“Its pictures of the Normans in their home, of the Scandinavian exodus, the conquest of England, and Norman administration, are full of vigor and cannot fail of holding the reader’s attention.”—_Episcopal Register._
“The style of the author is vigorous and animated, and he has given a valuable sketch of the origin and progress of the great Northern movement that has shaped the history of modern Europe.”—_Boston Transcript._
=THE CRUSADES.= By Rev. G. W. COX.
“To be warmly commended for important qualities. The author shows conscientious fidelity to the materials, and such skill in the use of them, that, as a result, the reader has before him a narrative related in a style that makes it truly fascinating.”—_Congregationalist._
“It is written in a pure and flowing style, and its arrangement and treatment of subject are exceptional.”—_Christian Intelligencer._
=THE EARLY PLANTAGENETS—Their Relation to the History of Europe; The Foundation and Growth of Constitutional Government.= By Rev. W. STUBBS, M.A.
“Nothing could be desired more dear, succinct, and well arranged. All parts of the book are well done. It may be pronounced the best existing brief history of the constitution for this, its most important period.”—_The Nation._
“Prof. Stubbs has presented leading events with such fairness and wisdom as are seldom found. He is remarkably clear and satisfactory.”—_The Churchman._
=EDWARD III.= By Rev. W. WARBURTON, M.A.
“The author has done his work well, and we commend it as containing in small space all essential matter.”—_New York Independent._
“Events and movements are admirably condensed by the author, and presented in such attractive form as to entertain as well as instruct.”—_Chicago Interior._
=THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK—The Conquest and Loss of France.= By JAMES GAIRDNER.
“Prepared in a most careful and thorough manner, and ought to be read by every student.”—_New York Times._
“It leaves nothing to be desired as regards compactness, accuracy, and excellence of literary execution.”—_Boston Journal._
=THE ERA OF THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION.= By FREDERIC SEEBOHM. With Notes, on Books in English relating to the Reformation, by Prof. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D.
“For an impartial record of the civil and ecclesiastical changes about four hundred years ago, we cannot commend a better manual.”—_Sunday-School Times._
“All that could be desired, as well in execution as in plan. The narrative is animated, and the selection and grouping of events skillful and effective.”—_The Nation._
=THE EARLY TUDORS—Henry VII., Henry VIII.= By Rev. C. E. MOBERLEY, M.A., late Master in Rugby School.
“Is concise, scholarly, and accurate. On the epoch of which it treats, we know of no work which equals it.”—_N. Y. Observer._
“A marvel of clear and succinct brevity and good historical judgment. There is hardly a better book of its kind to be named.”—_New York Independent._
=THE AGE OF ELIZABETH.= By Rev. M. CREIGHTON, M.A.
“Clear and compact in style; careful in their facts, and just in interpretation of them. It sheds much light on the progress of the Reformation and the origin of the Popish reaction during Queen Elizabeth’s reign; also, the relation of Jesuitism to the latter.”—_Presbyterian Review._
“A clear, concise, and just story of an era crowded with events of interest and importance.”—_New York World._
=THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR—1618-1648.= By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.
“As a manual it will prove of the greatest practical value, while to the general reader it will afford a clear and interesting account of events. We know of no more spirited and attractive recital of the great era.”—_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“The thrilling story of those times has never been told so vividly or succinctly as in this volume.”—_Episcopal Register._
=THE PURITAN REVOLUTION; and the First Two Stuarts, 1603-1660.= By SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.
“The narrative is condensed and brief, yet sufficiently comprehensive to give an adequate view of the events related.”—_Chicago Standard._
“Mr. Gardiner uses his researches in an admirably clear and fair way.”—_Congregationalist._
“The sketch is concise, but clear and perfectly intelligible.”—_Hartford Courant._
=THE ENGLISH RESTORATION AND LOUIS XIV., from the Peace of Westphalia to the Peace of Nimwegen.= By OSMUND AIRY, M.A.
“It is crisply and admirably written. An immense amount of information is conveyed and with great clearness, the arrangement of the subjects showing great skill and a thorough command of the complicated theme.”—_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“The author writes with fairness and discrimination, and has given a clear and intelligible presentation of the time.”—_New York Evangelist._
=THE FALL OF THE STUARTS; and Western Europe.= By Rev. EDWARD HALE, M.A.
“A valuable compend to the general reader and scholar.”—_Providence Journal._
“It will be found of great value. It is a very graphic account of the history of Europe during the 17th century, and is admirably adapted for the use of students.”—_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
“An admirable handbook for the student.”—_The Churchman._
=THE AGE OF ANNE.= By EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.
“The author’s arrangement of the material is remarkably clear, his selection and adjustment of the facts judicious, his historical judgment fair and candid, while the style wins by its simple elegance.”—_Chicago Standard._
“An excellent compendium of the history of an important period.”—_The Watchman._
=THE EARLY HANOVERIANS—Europe from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.= By EDWARD E. MORRIS, M.A.
“Masterly, condensed, and vigorous, this is one of the books which it is a delight to read at odd moments; which are broad and suggestive, and at the same time condensed in treatment.”—_Christian Advocate._
“A remarkably clear and readable summary of the salient points of interest. The maps and tables, no less than the author’s style and treatment of the subject, entitle the volume to the highest claims of recognition.”—_Boston Daily Advertiser._
=FREDERICK THE GREAT, AND THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR.= By F. W. LONGMAN.
“The subject is most important, and the author has treated it in a way which is both scholarly and entertaining.”—_The Churchman._
“Admirably adapted to interest school boys, and older heads will find it pleasant reading.”—_New York Tribune._
=THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, AND FIRST EMPIRE.= By WILLIAM O’CONNOR MORRIS. With Appendix by ANDREW D. WHITE, LL.D., ex-President of Cornell University.
“We have long needed a simple compendium of this period, and we have here one which is brief enough to be easily run through with, and yet
## particular enough to make entertaining reading.”—_New York Evening Post._
“The author has well accomplished his difficult task of sketching in miniature the grand and crowded drama of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire, showing himself to be no servile compiler, but capable of judicious and independent criticism.”—_Springfield Republican._
=THE EPOCH OF REFORM—1830-1850.= By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.
“Mr. McCarthy knows the period of which he writes thoroughly, and the result is a narrative that is at once entertaining and trustworthy.”—_New York Examiner._
“The narrative is clear and comprehensive, and told with abundant knowledge and grasp of the subject.”—_Boston Courier._
IMPORTANT HISTORICAL WORKS.
=THE DAWN OF HISTORY. An Introduction to Pre-Historic Study.= New and Enlarged Edition. Edited by C. F. KEARY. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
This work treats successively of the earliest traces of man; of language, its growth, and the story it tells of the pre-historic users of it; of early social life, the religions, mythologies, and folk-tales, and of the history of writing. The present edition contains about one hundred pages of new matter, embodying the results of the latest researches.
“A fascinating manual. In its way, the work is a model of what a popular scientific work should be.”—_Boston Sat. Eve. Gazette._
=THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS.= By Professor GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. 12mo, with maps, $1.00.
The first part of this book discusses the antiquity of civilization in Egypt and the other early nations of the East. The second part is an examination of the ethnology of Genesis, showing its accordance with the latest results of modern ethnographical science.
“A work of genuine scholarly excellence, and a useful offset to a great deal of the superficial current literature on such subjects.”—_Congregationalist._
=MANUAL OF MYTHOLOGY. For the Use of Schools, Art Students, and General Readers. Founded on the Works of Petiscus, Preller, and Welcker.= By ALEXANDER S. MURRAY, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. With 45 Plates. Reprinted from the Second Revised London Edition. Crown 8vo, $1.75.
“It has been acknowledged the best work on the subject to be found in a concise form, and as it embodies the results of the latest researches and discoveries in ancient mythologies, it is superior for school and general purposes as a handbook to any of the so-called standard works.”—_Cleveland Herald._
“Whether as a manual for reference, a text-book for school use, or for the general reader, the book will be found very valuable and interesting.”—_Boston Journal._
=THE HISTORY OF ROME, from the Earliest Time to the Period of Its Decline.= By Dr. THEODOR MOMMSEN. Translated by W. P. DICKSON, D.D., LL.D. Reprinted from the Revised London Edition. Four volumes, crown 8vo. Price per set, $8.00.
“A work of the very highest merit; its learning is exact and profound; its narrative full of genius and skill; its descriptions of men are admirably vivid.”—_London Times._
“Since the days of Niebuhr, no work on Roman History has appeared that combines so much to attract, instruct, and charm the reader. Its style—a rare quality in a German author—is vigorous, spirited, and animated.”—Dr. SCHMITZ.
=THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. From Cæsar to Diocletian.= By THEODOR MOMMSEN. Translated by WILLIAM P. DICKSON, D.D., LL.D. With maps. Two vols., 8vo, $6.00.
“The author draws the wonderfully rich and varied picture of the conquest and administration of that great circle of peoples and lands which formed the empire of Rome outside of Italy, their agriculture, trade, and manufactures, their artistic and scientific life, through all degrees of civilization, with such detail and completeness as could have come from no other hand than that of this great master of historical research.”—Prof. W. A. PACKARD, Princeton College.
=THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.= Abridged from the History by Professor THEODOR MOMMSEN, by C. BRYANS and F. J. R. HENDY. 12mo, $1.75.
“It is a genuine boon that the essential parts of Mommsen’s Rome are thus brought within the easy reach of all, and the abridgment seems to me to preserve unusually well the glow and movement of the original.”—Prof. TRACY PECK, Yale University.
“The condensation has been accurately and judiciously effected. I heartily commend the volume as the most adequate embodiment, in a single volume, of the main results of modern historical research in the field of Roman affairs.”—Prof. HENRY M. BAIRD, University of City of New York.
=THE HISTORY OF GREECE.= By Prof. Dr. ERNST CURTIUS. Translated by Adolphus William Ward, M.A., Fellow of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge, Prof. of History in Owen’s College, Manchester. Five volumes, crown 8vo. Price per set, $10.00.
“We cannot express our opinion of Dr. Curtius’ book better than by saying that it may be fitly ranked with Theodor Mommsen’s great work.”—_London Spectator._
“As an introduction to the study of Grecian history, no previous work is comparable to the present for vivacity and picturesque beauty, while in sound learning and accuracy of statement it is not inferior to the elaborate productions which enrich the literature of the age.”—_N. Y. Daily Tribune._
=CÆSAR: a Sketch.= By JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE, M.A. 12mo, gilt top, $1.50.
“This book is a most fascinating biography and is by far the best account of Julius Cæsar to be found in the English language.”—_The London Standard._
“He combines into a compact and nervous narrative all that is known of the personal, social, political, and military life of Cæsar; and with his sketch of Cæsar includes other brilliant sketches of the great man, his friends, or rivals, who contemporaneously with him formed the principal figures in the Roman world.”—_Harper’s Monthly._
=CICERO. Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero.= By WILLIAM FORSYTH, M.A., Q.C. 20 Engravings. New Edition. 2 vols., crown 8vo, in one, gilt top, $2.50.
The author has not only given us the most complete and well-balanced account of the life of Cicero ever published; he has drawn an accurate and graphic picture of domestic life among the best classes of the Romans, one which the reader of general literature, as well as the student, may peruse with pleasure and profit.
“A scholar without pedantry, and a Christian without cant, Mr. Forsyth seems to have seized with praiseworthy tact the precise attitude which it behooves a biographer to take when narrating the life, the personal life of Cicero. Mr. Forsyth produces what we venture to say will become one of the classics of English biographical literature, and will be welcomed by readers of all ages and both sexes, of all professions and of no profession at all.”—_London Quarterly._
VALUABLE WORKS ON CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
=THE HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE. From the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius.= With Chronological Tables, etc., for the use of Students. By C. T. CRUTTWELL, M.A. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
Mr. Cruttwell’s book is written throughout from a purely literary point of view, and the aim has been to avoid tedious and trivial details. The result is a volume not only suited for the student, but remarkably readable for all who possess any interest in the subject.
“Mr. Cruttwell has given us a genuine history of Roman literature, not merely a descriptive list of authors and their productions, but a well elaborated portrayal of the successive stages in the intellectual development of the Romans and the various forms of expression which these took in literature.”—_N. Y. Nation._
=A HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE. From the Earliest Period of Demosthenes.= By FRANK BYRON JEVONS, M.A., Tutor in the University of Durham. Crown 8vo, $2.50.
_UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE._
The author goes into detail with sufficient fullness to make the history complete, but he never loses sight of the commanding lines along which the Greek mind moved, and a clear understanding of which is necessary to every intelligent student of universal literature.
“It is beyond all question the best history of Greek literature that has hitherto been published.”—_London Spectator._
“With such a book as this within reach there is no reason why any intelligent English reader may not get a thorough and comprehensive insight into the spirit of Greek literature, of its historic development, and of its successive and chief masterpieces, which are here so finely characterized, analyzed, and criticised.”—_Chicago Advance._
TRANSLATIONS OF PLATO.
=THE DIALOGUES OF PLATO. Translated into English, with Analysis and Introductions.= By B. JOWETT, M.A., Master of Balliol College, Oxford. A new and cheaper edition. Four vols., crown 8vo, per set, $8.00.
“The present work of Professor Jowett will be welcomed with profound interest, as the only adequate endeavor to transport the most precious monument of Grecian thought among the familiar treasures of English literature. The noble reputation of Professor Jowett, both as a thinker and a scholar, is a valid guaranty for the excellence of his performance.”—_New York Tribune._
=SOCRATES. A Translation of the Apology, Crito, and parts of the Phædo of Plato.= Containing the Defence of Socrates at his Trial, his Conversation in Prison, with his Thoughts on the Future Life, and an Account of his Death. With an Introduction by Professor W. W. Goodwin, of Harvard College. 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
=TALKS WITH SOCRATES ABOUT LIFE. Translations from the Gorgias and the Republic of Plato.= 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
=A DAY IN ATHENS WITH SOCRATES. Translations from the Protagoras and the Republic of Plato.= Being conversations between Socrates and other Greeks on Virtue and Justice. 12mo, cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
“Eminent scholars, men of much Latin and more Greek, attest the skill and truth with which the versions are made; we can confidently speak of their English grace and clearness. They seem a ‘model of style,’ because they are without manner and perfectly simple.”—W. D. HOWELLS.
“We do not remember any translation of a Greek author which is a better specimen of idiomatic English than this, or a more faithful rendering of the real spirit of the original into English as good and as simple as the Greek.”—_New York Evening Post._
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, 743 and 745 Broadway, New York.