Part 1
# Calendar history of the Kiowa Indians. (1898 N 17 / 1895-1896 (pages 129-444)) ### By Mooney, James
---
CALENDAR HISTORY OF THE KIOWA INDIANS
BY
JAMES MOONEY
Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895--96, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 129--444
CONTENTS
Page Introduction 141 Age of aboriginal American records 141 Aboriginal American calendars 141 The Walam Olum of the Delawares 142 The Dakota calendars 142 Other tribal records 142 The Kiowa calendars 143 Annual calendars of Dohásän, Poläñ´yi-katón, Set-t'an, and Anko 143 The Anko monthly calendar 145 Comparative importance of events recorded 145 Method of fixing dates 146 Scope of the memoir 147 Acknowledgments 147
Sketch of the Kiowa tribe 148 Tribal synonymy 148 Tribal sign 150 Linguistic affinity 150 Tribal names 152 Genesis and migration 152 Early alliance with the Crows 155 The associated Kiowa Apache 156 The historical period 156 Possession of the Black Hills 156 The extinct K'úato 157 Intercourse with the Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa 158 Recollections of other northern tribes 160 Acquirement of horses 160 Intercourse and war with the Comanche 161 Peace with the Comanche 162 Confederation of the two tribes 164 Neutral attitude of New Mexicans 165 Relations with other southern tribes 165 First official American notices, 1805--1807 165 Explanation of "Aliatan" and "Tetau" 167 Unsuccessful overtures of the Dakota 167 Smallpox epidemic of 1816 168 The Kiowa in 1820 168 The Osage massacre and the dragoon expedition, 1833-34 168 The treaty of 1837 169 Catlin's observations in 1834 171 Traders among the Kiowa 171 First visit to Fort Gibson 172 Smallpox epidemic of 1839-40--Peace with Cheyenne and Arapaho 172 Texan Santa Fé expedition 172 Cholera epidemic of 1849 173 Fort Atkinson treaty in 1853 173 Depredations in Mexico--Mexican captives 173 Defeat of allied tribes by Sauk and Fox, 1854 174 Hostile drift of the Kiowa 175 Defiant speech of Dohásän 175 Smallpox epidemic of 1861-62 176 Indian war on the plains, 1864 176 Vaccination among the plains tribes--Set-t'aiñte 177 The little Arkansas treaty in 1865 178 Death of Dohásän 180 Kiowa raids continued 181 The treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867, and its results 181 Renewed hostilities 186 Battle of the Washita--Removal to the reservation 187 Further insolence of the Kiowa--Raids into Texas 188 Intertribal peace council, 1872 190 Joint delegation to Washington, 1872 190 Thomas C. Battey, first teacher among the Kiowa, 1872 193 Report of Captain Alvord 193 Release of Set-t'aiñte and Big-tree, 1873 195 Haworth's administration, 1873-78 197 First school established by Battey 198 The outbreak of 1874-75 199 Causes of the dissension 199 The Comanche medicine-man 201 Apache and Arapaho friendliness 202 Further defiance 202 Battle of Adobe Walls 203 Friendlies collected at Fort Sill 203 Fight at Anadarko, the Wichita agency 204 Set-t'aiñte 206 Progress of the campaign 210 Surrender of the Cheyenne 212 Prisoners sent to Florida 213 The Germaine family 213 Surrender of the Comanche 214 Proposition to deport hostile tribes 214 Kicking-bird 216 Changed conditions 218 Epidemics of measles and fever in 1877--First houses built 218 Agency removed to Anadarko--The last of the buffalo 218 Threatened outbreak instigated by Dátekâñ 219 Epidemic of 1882--Beginning of church work 219 Leasing of grass lands 219 Pá-iñgya, the medicine man and prophet 220 Indian court established 220 Intertribal council of 1888 221 Death of Sun-boy--The last sun dance 221 Ghost dance inaugurated--Äpiatañ's journey in 1890 221 Enlistment of Indians as soldiers 223 Measles epidemic of 1892--Grass lands leased 223 Commission for allotment of lands--Protest against decision 224 Present condition--Agents in charge of confederate tribes 225 Summary of principal events 226 Sociology of the Kiowa 227 Absence of the clan system 227 Local divisions 227 Subtribes 227 The camp circle 228 Military organization--Yä`´pähe warriors 229 Heraldic system 230 Name system 231 Marriage 231 Tribal government 233 Character 233 Population 235 Religion of the Kiowa 237 Scope of their belief 237 The sun 237 Objects of religious veneration 238 Tribal medicines of other Indians 242 The sun dance 242 The Nadíisha-dena or Kiowa Apache 245 Tribal synonymy 245 Tribal sign 246 Origin and history 246 First official American notice 251 Treaties 251 Delegation to Washington, 1872--Friendly disposition 251 Progress toward civilization--Death of Pacer, 1875 252 Recent history and present condition 252 Population 253 The annual calendars, 1833--1892 254 1832-33. Money captured from American traders 254 1833. Massacre by the Osage and capture of the _taíme_--Pedestrian war parties--Beheading 257 1833-34. Meteoric display 260 1834. Dragoon expedition--First official intercourse--Trade established 261 1834-35. Bull-tail killed by Mexicans 269 1835. Cat-tail rush sun dance--Capture of Bóiñ-edal and Cynthia Parker 270 1835-36. Big-face or Wolf-hair killed in Mexico 270 1836. Wolf creek sun dance--Kiñep visit Crows--Battle with Cheyenne 271 1836-37. K`iñähíate killed in Mexico 271 1837. Cheyenne massacred on upper Red river 271 1837-38. Head-dragging winter 272 1838. Kiowa and allies defeat Cheyenne and Arapaho 273 1838-39. Battle with the Arapaho 273 1839. Peninsula sun dance 274 1839-40. Smallpox ravages the plains tribes 274 1840. Red-bluff sun dance--Peace with Cheyenne and Arapaho 275 1840-41. Hide-quiver war expedition--Expeditions against Mexico 276 1841. Pawnee massacred on the South Canadian 276 1841-42. Encounter with Texan Santa Fé expedition--´dalhabä´k`ia killed 277 1842. Repeated sun dance 279 1842-43. Crow-neck died 280 1843. Nest-building sun dance--Encounter with Texans 280 1843-44. Woman stabbed--Raid into Mexico--Trading post on South Canadian 280 1844. Dakota sun dance--Dakota visit Kiowa 281 1844-45. Great expedition against Mexico--Ä´tahá-ik`i killed 282 1845. Stone necklace sun dance 283 1845-46. Bent establishes trading post on South Canadian.--Allison's post on the Arkansas 283 1846. Págunhéñte initiated--The Ka´itséñk`ia 283 1846-47. Mustache-shooting winter--Fight with the Pawnee 285 1847. Fight with the Santa Fé traders; Red-sleeve killed 286 1847-48. Camp on upper South Canadian 287 1848. Kâ´itséñko initiated 287 1848-49. Antelope drive on the Arkansas; the ceremonies 287 1849. Cholera on the plains--Treaty negotiations postponed 289 1849-50. Fight with the Pawnee--The scalp dance 290 1850. Chinaberry sun dance on Beaver creek 292 1850-51. Tañgíapa killed in Mexico 292 1851. Dusty sun dance--Treachery of the Pawnee 293 1851-52. Woman elopes and is frozen--"Stealing" a woman 294 1852. Allied tribes defeated by Pawnee--Iron-shirt killed 294 1852-53. Race horse stolen by Pawnee boy 295 1853. Showery sun dance--_Taíme_ sacrilege 295 1853-54. Raid into Mexico, Päñgyägíate killed 296 1854. Medicine-lodge creek sun dance--Confederated tribes defeated by Sauk and Fox 297 1854-55. Gyaí`koaóñte killed by the Älähó 299 1855. Sitting summer; horses worn out 300 1855-56. Big-head kills an Älähó--Raid into Mexico 300 1856. Prickly-pear sun dance 301 1856-57. Tipis seized by the Cheyenne 301 1857. Forked-stick-sprouting sun dance--Expeditions against El Paso and the Sauk--Story of the _ä´poto_ 301 1857-58. Horses stolen by the Pawnee 305 1858. Timber-circle sun dance 305 1858-59. Gúi-k`áte killed by Mexicans--Expedition against the Ute 306 1859. Cedar-bluff sun dance 306 1859-60. Gíaká-ite abandoned to die 307 1860. Attacked by troops with Indian allies--Increasing hostility 308 1860-61. Crazy bluff winter--Revenge upon Caddo--Raid into Texas--The _zótă´_ or driveway 309 1861. Horse sacrificed at sun dance--Sacrilege against _taíme_--The lost war party 310 1861-62. Smallpox--Effect of gold discovery in Colorado 311 1862. Sun dance after the smallpox 311 1862-63. Expedition against Texas--The echo in the tree tops--The Guadagya or travel song 312 1863. Sun dance on No-arm's river 313 1863-64. Death of Big-head and Kills-with-a-gun--Anko calendar begins 313 1864. Ragweed sun dance--Kiowa stampede horses from Fort Larned; general war upon the plains 313 1864-65. Muddy travel winter--Kiowa repel Kit Carson 314 1865. Peninsula sun dance 317 1865-66. Death of Dohásän and Tä´nkóñkya--Smith's trading party 318 1866. German-silver sun dance--Whitacre the trader--Trade in silver with Mexicans 318 1866-67. Attack on Texas emigrants; Ä´pämâdalte killed--Andres Martinez captured 319 1867. Horses stolen by the Navaho--Kâitséñko initiated 319 1867-68. Medicine Lodge treaty--Expedition against the Navaho 320 1868. Sun dance on Medicine-lodge creek--Disastrous expedition against the Ute--The _taíme_ captured 322 1868-69. Tängúădal killed; his medicine lance--Burial expedition 325 1869. War-bonnet sun dance--Expedition against the Ute 326 1869-70. Bugle stampede--The Cheyenne on the warpath 326 1870. Plant-growing sun dance 327 1870-71. Set-äñ´gya brings home his son's bones--Drunken fight--Negroes killed in Texas--Death of Ansó`te 328 1871. Koñpä´te killed--Arrest of Set-t'aiñte and other chiefs--Tragic death of Setäñgya--The Kâitséñko death song--Set-äñgya and Set-t'aiñte 328 1871-72 (1872-73). Peace with the Pawnee; removal to Indian Territory 333 1872. Bíako shot by whites in Kansas 335 1872-73. Visit of the Pueblos--Dohásän's tipi burned--Kiowa heraldic system 336 1873. Sun dance on Sweetwater creek--Gui-badái's wife stolen 336 1873-74. Set-t'aiñte released--Lone-wolf's son killed 337 1874. Sun dance on North fork--Set-t´aiñte gives his medicine lance to Ä´`to-t'aiñ 338 1874-75. Fight at Anadarko--Gi-edal killed--Prisoners sent to Florida 339 1875. Sun dance at Love-making spring--Escorted by troops 339 1875-76. Sheep and goats issued to Indians--Stock losses by outbreak 339 1876. Sun dance on North fork--Sun-boy's horses stolen--Dóhéñ´te dies 340 1876-77. A`gábaí killed by her husband--Enlistment of scouts 340 1877. Sun dance on Salt fork of Red river--Ravages of measles 341 1877-78. Buffalo hunt--Fever epidemic--Houses built for chiefs 342 1878. Repeated sun dance--Buffalo hunt under soldier escort 343 1878-79. Hunting party attacked by Texans; Ä´`to-t'aiñ killed 343 1879. Horse-eating sun dance--Last of the buffalo--Boy shot 344 1879-80. "Eye-triumph winter"--Expedition against the Navaho--The talking owl 345 1880. No sun dance--Päbóte dies--Dead names tabooed 346 1880-81. Zoñtam's (?) house built--Last visit by the Pueblos 346 1881. Hot or hemorrhage sun dance--Instances of malformation 347 1881-82. The _dó-á_ contest--The _dó-á_ game--Dátekâñ's medicine tipi 347 1882. No sun dance because no buffalo--Stumbling-bear's daughter dies--Dátekâñ, the prophet 349 1882-83. Bót-édalte dies--Talk of grass leases 350 1883. Nez Percés visit Kiowa--The Nez Percé war--Taimete succeeds to the _taíme_ 351 1883-84. House built by Gákiñăte--Children taken to Chilocco--Visited by Sioux 352 1884. No sun dance--Kiowa haul freight 352 1884-85. House building--Woman stolen 353 1885. Little Peninsula sun dance--First grass money 353 1885-86. T'ébodal's camp burned 354 1886. No sun dance--Anko a policeman--Grass payment 354 1886-87. Suicide of Peyi 354 1887. Buffalo bought for sun dance--Grass payment--Name changes 355 1887-88. Cattle received for grass leases 355 1888. Permission for sun dance refused--Excitement caused by the prophet Pá-iñgya 356 1888-89. Sun-boy dies--Anko splits rails 357 1889. No sun dance--Grass payment 358 1889-90. Grass payment--The _Íâm_ dance 358 1890. Last attempt at sun dance; stopped by troops 358 1890-91. Ghost dance inaugurated; Ä´piatañ's mission--Schoolboys frozen 359 1891. P´ódaläñte killed--The Cheyenne visit the Kiowa 361 1891-92. P´ódaläñte killed--Enlistment of Indian soldiers 362 1892. Terrible ravages of measles--Large grass payment--Delegation to Washington--Appropriation for house building 362 Kiowa chronology 365 Terms employed 365 The seasons 366 Kiowa moons or months 367 Moons or months of other tribes 369 The Anko monthly calendar: August, 1889--July, 1892 373 T´águñótal P´a Sän (August, 1889); no event 373 T´águñótal P´a; no event 373 Gákiñăt´o P´a; woman whipped 373 Ä`gâ´nti; no event 373 Tépgañ P´a; wagon stalled 373 Gañhíña P´a (January? 1890); annuity issue 374 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän; mares foal 374 Ka`guăt P´a; split rails 374 Aideñ P´a; horses lost 374 Pai Ä`gâ´nti; visit Cheyenne 374 Pai Tépgañ P´a; visit Cheyenne again--first ghost dance 374 Pai Gañhíña P´a (July, 1890); sun dance stopped--grass payments 375 T´águñótal P´a Sän; no event 375 T´águñótal P´a; Äpiatañ goes to the messiah 375 Gákiñăt´o P´a; Sitting-bull comes 375 Ä`gâ´nti; no event 375 Tépgañ P´a; boys frozen 376 Gañhíña P´a (January? 1891); annuity issue 376 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän (February, 1891); Ä´piatañ returns 376 Ka`gúăt P´a; wire issue 376 Aídeñ P´a; no event 376 Pai Ägâ´nti (June, 1891); Caddo and Wichita agreement 376 Pai Tépgañ P´a (July, 1891); Fourth of July races 376 Pai Gañhíña P´a; Setk`opte's wife stolen 377 T´águñótal P´a Sän; the Pueblo dance 377 T´águñótal P´a; P´odalä´ñte killed 377 Gákiñat´o P´a; made medicine--cut wood 377 A`gâ´nti (November, 1892); lunar eclipse 377 Tépgañ P´a; no event 378 Gañhíña P´a (January? 1892); annuity issue 378 Ka`gúăt P´a Sän; wire issue 378 Ka`gúăt P´a: move camp--late frost 378 Aídeñ P´a (April, 1892); emigrant to Cheyenne country 378 Pai Ä`gâ´nti: Íatäkía dies--grass payment 378 Pai Tépgañ P´a; measles epidemic--grass payment 379 Pai Gañhíña P´a (July, 1892); Fourth of July races 379 T´águñótal P´a Sän (August, 1892); visit of Cheyenne and Arapaho 379 Military and trading posts, missions, etc 381 The Kiowa language 389 Characteristics 389 Kiowa-English glossary 391 English-Kiowa glossary 430 Authorities cited 440
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
PLATE LVII. Range of the Kiowa and neighboring tribes (map) 141
LVIII. Gui-pägo or Lone-wolf, principal chief, 1866--1874 189
LIX. Tseñ-t'aiñte or White-horse 190
LX. Gui-k`áte or Sleeping-wolf (Wolf-lying-down) and wife 192
LXI. Quanah Parker, principal chief of the Comanche 202
LXII. Inside of Set-t'aiñte's shield 208
LXIII. Outside of Set-t'aiñte's shield 210
LXIV. Set-ĭmkía or Stumbling-bear (Pushing-bear) 219
LXV. Paí-tälyí or Sun-boy 221
LXVI. Andres Martinez ("Än´dali") 236
LXVII. The Porcupine in the tree, and flight of the Sun-woman 238
LXVIII. Peyote plant and button 241
LXIX. The _taíme_ 242
LXX. Arapaho sun-dance lodge, 1893 244
LXXI. Pacer (Peso), former head-chief of the Kiowa Apache 245
LXXII. Daha, a Kiowa Apache subchief 246
LXXIII. Kiowa migration route 249
LXXIV. Goñk`oñ or Apache John, a Kiowa Apache subchief 251
LXXV. The Sét-t'an annual calendar 254
LXXVI. Bóhon-kóñkya, "Quayhamkay," Gunpäñdâmä, and "Kotsatoah" (after Catlin) 268
LXXVII. Sand mosaic of the Hopi Antelope priests 296
LXXVHI. Lawrie Tatum, with group of rescued captives 331
LXXIX. The Do-gíägyä-guat or tipi of battle pictures 337
LXXX. The Anko calendar 373
LXXXI. Anko 374
FIGURE 43. Zépko-eétte or Big-bow 151
44. Dohásän or Little-bluff, principal chief, 1833--1866 175
45. Set-t'aiñte (Satanta) or White-bear 178
46. Set-ängya (Satank) or Sitting-bear 189
47. Tseñ-t'aiñte or White-horse 191
48. Ä´do-eétte or Big-tree 192
49. "Ka-ati-wertz-ama-na--A brave man, not afraid of any Indian" 195
50. T'ené-angópte or Kicking-bird 196
51. Gui-pägo or Lone-wolf, present head-chief of the Kiowa 200
52. Ä´piatañ or Wooden-lance 222
53. H. L. Scott, Captain, Seventh, cavalry, U. S. A. 224
54. A group of Kiowa 225
55. The Kiowa camp circle 229
56. Mäñyí-tén or Woman-heart, a typical Kiowa 232
57. Gaápiatáñ (_alias_ Haitsĭki) or Feathered-lance, a typical Kiowa 234
58. Gray-eagle, a Kiowa Apache subchief 247
59. Tsáyădítl-ti or White-man, present head-chief of the Kiowa Apache 249
60. Dävéko, "The-same-one," a Kiowa Apache subchief and medicine-man 250
61. Sét-t'án or Little-bear 254
62. Winter 1832-33--Money captured 255
63. Summer 1833--They cut off their heads 258
64. Winter 1833-34--The stars fell 261
65. The star shower of 1833 (from the Dakota calendars) 261
66. Summer 1834--Return of Gunpä´ñdamä´ 261
67. Meeting of the dragoons and the Comanche (after Catlin) 264
68. Kĭ´tskûkătû´k, the Wichita village on North fork in 1834 267
69. Winter 1834-35--Bull-tail killed 269
70. Summer 1835--Cat-tail rush sun dance 269
71. Winter 1835-36--Big-face killed 270
72. Summer 1836--Wolf-river sun dance 271
73. Winter 1836-37--Ki´ñähíate killed 271
74. Summer 1837--Cheyenne massacred 271
75. Battle pictures (from the Dakota calendars) 272
76. Winter 1837-38--Head dragged 273
77. Summer 1838--Attacked by Cheyenne 273
78. Winter 1838-39--Battle with Arapaho 274
79. Summer 1839--Peninsula sun dance 274
80. Winter 1839-40--Smallpox 274
81. Smallpox (from the Dakota calendars) 275
82. Summer 1840--Red-bluff sun dance 275
83. Winter 1840-41--Hide-quiver war expedition 276
84. Summer 1841--Pawnee fight 276
85. Winter 1841-42--´dalhabä´k`ía killed 277
86. Summer 1842--Repeated sun dance 279
87. Winter 1842-43--Crow-neck died 280
88. Summer 1843--Nest-building sun dance 280
89. Winter 1843-44--Woman stabbed 281
90. Summer 1844--Dakota sun dance 281
91. Winter 1844-45--Ä´tahá-ik`í killed 282
92. Giving the war pipe (from the Dakota calendars) 282
93. Summer 1845--Stone-necklace sun dance 283
94. Winter 1845-46--Wrinkled-neck's trading post 283
95. Summer 1846--Hornless-bull initiated 284
96. Dog-soldier initiated (?) (from the Dakota calendars) 285
97. Winter 1846-47--Mustache shooting 286
98. Summer 1847--Red-sleeve killed 286
99. Winter 1847-48--Winter camp 287
100. Summer 1848--Initiation sun dance 287
101. Winter 1848-49--Antelope drive 287
102. Antelope drives (from the Dakota calendars) 288
103. Summer 1849--Cholera sun dance 289
104. Cholera (from the Dakota calendars) 290
105. Winter 1849-50--Dance over slain Pawnee 292
106. Summer 1850--Chinaberry sun dance 292
107. Winter 1850-51--Buck-deer killed 293
108. Summer 1851--Dusty sun dance; flag stolen 293
109. Winter 1851-52--Woman frozen 294
110. Summer 1852--Iron-shirt killed 294
111. Winter 1852-53--Gúădaltséyu stolen 295
112. Summer 1853--Showery sun dance 295
113. Rain symbols (Chinese, Hopi, and Ojibwa) 296
114. Winter 1853-54--Pä´ñgyägíate killed 296
115. Summer 1854--Black-horse killed 297
116. Winter 1854-55--Gyai`koaóñte killed 299
117. Summer 1855--Sitting summer 300
118. Winter 1855-56--Big-head kills an Ä´lähó 300
119. Summer 1856---Prickly-pear sun dance 301
120. Winter 1856-57--Tipis left 301
121. Summer 1857--Forked-stick-sprouting sun dance 302
122. Winter 1857-58--Horses stolen 305
123. Summer 1858--Timber-circle sun dance 306
124. Winter 1858-59--Gúi-k`ate killed 306
125. Summer 1859--Cedar-bluff sun dance 306
126. Winter-1859-60--Gíaká-ite died 307
127. Summer 1860--Bird-appearing killed 308
128. Winter 1860-61--Crazy-bluff winter 309
129. Summer 1861--Pinto left tied 310
130. Winter 1861-62--Smallpox 311
131. Summer 1862--Sun dance after smallpox 311
132. Winter 1862-63--Tree-top winter 312
133. Summer 1863--No-arm's-river sun dance 313
134. Winter 1863-64--Big-head dies; Hâ´ñzephó`da dies 313
135. Summer 1864--Ragweed sun dance; soldier fight 314
136. Winter 1864-65--Ute fight 315
137. Summer 1865--Peninsula sun dance 317
138. Winter 1865-66--Tän-kóñkya died; Dohásän died 318
139. Summer 1866--German-silver sun dance 319
140. Winter 1866-67--Äpämâ´dalte killed 319
141. Summer 1867--Black-ear stolen; the Kâ´itséñko 320
142. Winter 1867-68--Medicine Lodge treaty; Navaho killed 320
143. Summer 1868--Ute fight 322
144. Winter 1868-69--Tängúadal killed 325
145. Summer 1869--War-bonnet sun dance 326
146. Winter 1869-70--Bugle scare 326
147. Summer 1870--Plant-growing sun dance; dusty sun dance 327
148. Winter 1870-71--Set-ängya's bones brought home; drunken fight; negroes killed 327
149. Summer 1871--Set-t'aiñte arrested; Kóñpäte killed 328
150. Set-taíñte in prison 330
151. Winter 1871-72(1872-73)--Pawnee visit; camp on Long-tree creek 333
152. Summer 1872--Viejo shot 335
153. Winter 1872-73--Pueblo visit; battle tipi burned 336
154. Summer 1873--Pa-kóñkya's horses killed 337
155. Winter 1873-74--Set-t'aiñte returns; Lone-wolf's son killed 337
156. Summer 1874--The medicine lance; Bluff-end sun dance 338
157. Winter 1874-75--Gi-edal killed; Kiowa imprisoned 339
158. Summer 1875--Love-making spring sun dance 339
159. Winter 1875-76--Sheep and goats issued 339
160. Summer 1876--Horse-stealing sun dance 340
161. Winter 1876-77--A'gábaí killed; scouts enlisted 341
162. Summer 1877--Measles sun dance 341
163. Winter 1877-78--Camp at Signal mountain; hunt on Pecan creek 342
164. Summer 1878--Repeated sun dance 343
165. Winter 1878-79--Ä'to-t´áiñ killed 343
166. Summer 1879--Horse-eating sun dance; boy shot 344
167. Winter 1879-80--Eye-triumph winter 345
168. Summer 1880--No dance; Päbóte died 346
169. Winter 1880-81--House built; Pueblo visit 347
170. Summer 1881--Hemorrhage or hot sun dance 347
171. Winter 1831-82--Dó-á game; medicine tipi 348
172. Summer 1882--Buffalo medicine; Pä´tso`gáte died 349
173. Winter, 1882-83--Bot-édalte dies; grass leases; camp on Pecan creek 350
174. Summer 1883--Nez Percé sun dance 351
175. Winter 1883-84--House built; children taken; Sioux dances 352
176. Summer 1884--No sun dance; hauled freight 352
177. Winter 1884-85--Winter camp; Tónak`a's elopement 353
178. Summer 1885--Little Peninsula sun dance; grass payment 353
179. Winter 1885-86--Camp burned 354
180. Summer 1886--No sun dance; policemen; grass payment 354
181. Winter 1886-87--Peyi commits suicide 354
182. Summer 1887--No sun dance (?); grass payment 355
183. Winter 1887-88--Cattle payment 355
184. Summer 1888--Sun dance (?); Pá-iñgya's prophecy 356
185. Winter 1888-89--Winter camp; Sun-boy died; split rails 358
186. Summer 1889--No sun dance; grass payment 358
187. Winter 1889-90--Winter camp; grass payment; _Íâm_ dance 358
188. Summer 1890--Unfinished sun dance 359
189. Winter 1890-91--Sitting-bull comes; Ä´piatañ; boys frozen 359
190. Summer 1891--P'ódalä´ñte killed; visit Cheyenne 361
191. Winter 1891-92--Soldiers enlisted; P'ódalä´ñte killed 362
192. Summer 1892--Measles; grass payment 362
193. T'águñótal P'a Sän 373
194. T'águñótal P'a 373
195. Gakíñat'o P'a--Woman-whipped 373
196. Ä`gâ´nti 373
197. Tépgañ P'a--Wagon stalled 373
198. Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue 374
199. Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Mares foal 374
200. Ka`gúăt P'a--Split rails 374
201. Ai-deñ P'a--Horses lost 374
202. Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Visit Cheyenne 374
203. Pai Tépgañ P'a--Ghost dance 374
204. Pai Gañhíña P'a--Sun dance stopped; grass payment 375
205. T'aguñótal P'a Sän 375
206. T'aguñótal P'a--Ä´piatañ 375
207. Gákiñăt´o P'a--Sitting-bull 375
208. Ä`gâ´nti 375
209. Tépgañ P'a--School-boys frozen 376
210. Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue 376
211. Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Ä´piatañ returns 376
212. Ka`gúăt P'a--Wire issue 376
213. Ai-deñ P'a 376
214. Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Treaty sale 376
215. Pai Tépgañ P'a--Races 377
216. Pai Gañhíña P'a--Woman stolen 377
217. T'aguñótal P'a Sän--Pueblo dance 377
218. T'aguñótal P'a--P'odalä´ñte killed 377
219. Gákíñat'o P'a--Made medicine; cut wood 377
220. Ä`gâ´nti--Lunar eclipse 378
221. Tépgañ P'a 378
222. Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue 378
223. Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Wire issue 378
224. Ka`gúăt P'a--Move camp 378
225. Ái-deñ P'a--Immigrants arrive 378
226. Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Íatäkía dies; grass payment 378
227. Pai Tépgañ P'a--Measles; grass payment 379
228. Pai Gañhíña P'a--Fourth of July races 379
229. T'águñótal P'a Sän--Cheyenne dance 379
CALENDAR HISTORY OF THE KIOWA INDIANS
By JAMES MOONEY
INTRODUCTION
AGE OF ABORIGINAL AMERICAN RECORDS
The desire to preserve to future ages the memory of past achievements is a universal human instinct, as witness the clay tablets of old Chaldea, the hieroglyphs of the obelisks, our countless thousands of manuscripts and printed volumes, and the gossiping old story-teller of the village or the backwoods cabin. The reliability of the record depends chiefly on the truthfulness of the recorder and the adequacy of the method employed. In Asia, the cradle of civilization, authentic history goes back thousands of years; in Europe the record begins much later, while in America the aboriginal narrative, which may be considered as fairly authentic, is all comprised within a thousand years.
ABORIGINAL AMERICAN CALENDARS
The peculiar and elaborate systems by means of which the more cultivated ancient nations of the south recorded their histories are too well known to students to need more than a passing notice here. It was known that our own tribes had various ways of depicting their mythology, their totems, or isolated facts in the life of the individual or nation, but it is only within a few years that it was even suspected that they could have anything like continuous historical records, even in embryo.
The fact is now established, however, that pictographic records covering periods of from sixty to perhaps two hundred years or more do, or did, exist among several tribes, and it is entirely probable that every leading mother tribe had such a record of its origin and wanderings, the pictured narrative being compiled by the priests and preserved with sacred care through all the shifting vicissitudes of savage life until lost or destroyed in the ruin that overwhelmed the native governments at the coming of the white man. Several such histories are now known, and as the aboriginal field is still but
## partially explored, others may yet come to light.
THE WALAM OLUM OF THE DELAWARES
East of the Mississippi the most important and best known record is the _Walam Olum_ or "red score" of the Delawares, originally discovered in 1820, and published by Dr D.G. Brinton in 1885. It consists of a series of pictographs designed to fix in memory the verses of a genesis and migration chant which begins with the mythic period and comes down to the advent of the whites about the year 1610. It appears to be genuine and ancient, although the written chant as we find it contains modern forms, having of course been reduced to writing within a comparatively recent period.
It is said that the Cherokee seventy years ago had a similar long tribal tradition which was recited by the priests on ceremonial occasions. If so, it was probably recorded in pictographs, but tradition and record alike are now lost.
THE DAKOTA CALENDARS
West of the Mississippi the first extended Indian calendar history discovered was the "Lone-dog winter count," found among the Dakota by Colonel Garrick Mallery, and first published by him in 1877. This history of the Dakota was painted on a buffalo robe by Lone-dog, of the Yanktonai tribe of that confederacy, and extends over a period of seventy-one years, beginning in 1800. Subsequent investigation by Colonel Mallery brought to light several other calendars in the same tribe, some being substantially a copy of the first, others going back, respectively, to 1786, 1775, and the mythic period.