CHAPTER I
. HISTORICAL NOTICE 1
II. CELLULOSE AND PAPER-MAKING FIBRES 20
III. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER FROM RAGS 47
IV. ESPARTO AND STRAW 72
V. WOOD PULP, AND WOOD PULP PAPERS 95
VI. BROWN PAPERS AND BOARDS 126
VII. SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPER 137
VIII. CHEMICALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING 153
IX. THE PROCESS OF "BEATING" 175
X. THE DYEING AND COLOURING OF PAPER PULP 199
XI. PAPER MILL MACHINERY 214
XII. THE DETERIORATION OF PAPER 229
XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 253
INDEX 273
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGE
1. SHEET OF PAPYRUS, SHOWING THE LAYERS CROSSING ONE ANOTHER 3
2. AN EARLY PAPER MILL (FROM "KULTURHISTORISCHEN BILDERBUCH," A.D. 1564) 10
3. THE PAPER MILL OF ULMAN STROMER, A.D. 1390 (SUPPOSED TO BE THE OLDEST KNOWN DRAWING OF A PAPER MILL) 12
4. THE FIRST PAPER MACHINE, A.D. 1802. PLAN AND ELEVATION 17
5. THE IMPROVED PAPER MACHINE OF A.D. 1810 18
6. A RAG SORTING HOUSE 47
7. A RAG DUSTER 49
8. A RAG CUTTER 50
9. INTERIOR OF PAPER MILL FOR HAND-MADE PAPER (R. BATCHELOR & SONS) 51
10. VIEW OF A RAG BOILER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS 52
11. A BREAKING AND WASHING ENGINE 54
12. OETTEL AND HAAS' APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTROLYTIC BLEACH LIQUOR 58
13. THE "HOLLANDER" BEATING ENGINE 59
14. THE HAND MOULD, SHOWING FRAME AND DECKLE 61
15. APPARATUS FOR SIZING PAPER IN CONTINUOUS ROLLS 63
16. A SUPERCALENDER 65
17. THE FIRST WATERMARK IN PAPER 67
18. COTTON 69
19. LINEN 70
20. AN ESPARTO DUSTER 74
21. SINCLAIR'S "VOMITING" ESPARTO BOILER 75
22. A PORION EVAPORATOR 76
23. SCOTT'S MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR 79
24. A PRESSE-PÂTE FOR ESPARTO PULP 85
25. ESPARTO PULP 88
26. A CYLINDRICAL DIGESTER FOR BOILING FIBRE 89
27. STRAW 93
28. A PAIR OF BARKERS FOR REMOVING BARK FROM LOGS OF WOOD 98
29. VIEW OF HORIZONTAL GRINDER (A), WITH SECTION (B) 99
30. A VERTICAL GRINDER FOR MAKING HOT GROUND MECHANICAL WOOD PULP 101
31. CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP 102
32. SECTION OF CENTRIFUGAL SCREEN FOR WOOD PULP 103
33. WOOD PULP DIGESTER, PARTLY IN ELEVATION, PARTLY IN SECTION 106
34. VIEW OF ORDINARY SULPHUR-BURNING OVENS 108
35. SPRUCE WOOD PULP 114
36. MECHANICAL WOOD PULP 115
37. THE SCREENS FOR REMOVING COARSE FIBRES FROM BEATEN PULP 118
38. THE PAPER MACHINE (WET END SHOWING WIRE) 119
39. PAPER MACHINE SHOWING WIRE, PRESS ROLLS, AND DRYING CYLINDERS 123
40. SINGLE CYLINDER OR YANKEE MACHINE 130
41. SECTION OF WET PRESS, OR BOARD MACHINE 131
42. DOUBLE CYLINDER BOARD MACHINE 133
43. APPARATUS FOR MAKING PARCHMENT PAPER 138
44. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF PLANT FOR MAKING "ART" PAPER 143
45. SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF "COATING" PLANT 144
46. COTTON PULP BEATEN 8 HOURS 179
47. COTTON PULP BEATEN 37 HOURS 180
48. PLAN AND SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF A "HOLLANDER" 185
49. BEATING ENGINE WITH FOUR BEATER ROLLS 186
50. UMPHERSTON BEATER 188
51. SECTION OF UMPHERSTON BEATING ENGINE 189
52. NUGENT'S BEATING ENGINE WITH PADDLES FOR CIRCULATING THE PULP 190
53. A "TOWER" BEATING ENGINE WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FOR CIRCULATING PULP 191
54. WORKING PARTS OF A MODERN REFINING ENGINE 192
55. CONVENTIONAL DIAGRAM OF A WATER SOFTENING PLANT 216
56. AN "ENCLOSED" STEAM ENGINE 220
57. AN ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN PAPER MACHINE 222
58. DIAGRAM OF THE "EIBEL" PROCESS 223
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER
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