C.

Calabria, geological description of, 474. ----, earthquake of 1783 in, 471. ----, tertiary strata of, 74.

Calanna, lava of Etna turned from its course by hill of, 409, 410. ----, valley of, 402, 404.

Calcareous springs, 239.

Calcutta, artesian well at, 280.

Caldcleugh, Mr., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, 453. ----, on eruption of Coseguina, 349.

California, volcanoes in, 349.

Callao town destroyed by sea, 502. ----, changes caused by earthquakes at, 501, 761.

Camels, carcasses of, imbedded in drift sand, 727.

Campagna di Roma, calcareous deposits of, 242.

Campania, aqueous lavas in, 728.

Camper, on facial angle, 608.

Canada, earthquakes frequent in, 470. ----, climate of, 582. ----, probably colder in newest tertiary period, 125.

Canary Islands, eruptions in, 436.

Cannon in calcareous rock, 759. ----, account of one taken up near the Downs, 726.

Canoes drifted to great distances, 661. ----, fossil, 759.

Cape May, encroachment of sea at, 332. ----, of Good Hope, icebergs seen off, 100.

Capocci, M., on temple of Serapis, 518.

Caraccas, earthquakes in, 465, 470.

Carang Assam volcano, 465.

Carbonated springs, 248.

Carbonic acid, supposed atmosphere of, 248. ----, gas, its effects on rocks, 249.

Carboniferous series, 115, 137. ----, era, predominance of ferns in, 87. ----, era, climate in, 87. ----, flora, knowledge of, recently acquired, 126. ----, period, vast duration of, 249. ----, _See_ Coal.

Cardiganshire, tradition of loss of land in, 324.

Cardium, locomotive powers when young, 652.

Caribbean Sea, tides in, 342.

Carpenter, Dr., observations on Mississippi R., 272. ----, on encroachment of sea at Lyme Regis, 321.

Carrara marble, 177.

Cashmere, temples buried in freshwater strata, 762.

Caspian, Pallas on former extent of, 45. ----, evaporation of the, 260. ----, its level, 156, 692.

Catalonia, devastation of torrents in, 713.

Catania, in part overwhelmed by lava, 400, 728. ----, destroyed by earthquakes, 503. ----, tools discovered in digging a well at, 753.

Catastrophes, theories respecting, 7.

Catcott, on deluges in different countries, 42.

Cattegat, devastations caused by current in the, 331.

Cautley, Capt., on buried Hindoo town, 731. ----, on fossil quadrumana, 144. ----, on bones in ancient wells, 740.

Caves, organic remains in, 732. ----, alternations of, and stalagmite in, 736. ----, on Etna, 401.

Celestial Mountains, 77, 355.

Celsius, on diminution of Baltic, 33, 521.

Central America, volcanoes of, 349. ----, Asia, volcanic line from, to the Azores, 354. ----, France, lavas excavated in, 213. ----, France, comparison between the lavas of Iceland and, 426, 427.

Centres, specific doctrine of, 630.

Centrifugal force, 534, 544.

Cephalonia, earthquakes in, 474. ----, infusoria in submarine caverns in, 389.

Cesalpino, on organic remains, 22.

Cetacea, geographical range of, 635. ----, migrations of the, 642. ----, imbedding of, in recent strata, 770. ----, fossil, absence of in secondary rocks, 145. ----, fossil in New Jersey chalk, 145. ----, rarity of in secondary rocks, 145.

Chagos coral isles, 783.

Chaluzet, calcareous spring at, 239. ----, volcanic cone of, 248.

Chambers, Robert, cited, 530.

Chamisso, M., on coral islands, 781.

Chamouni, glaciers of, 223.

Chara, growing in lakes of N. America, 768.

Charae, fossilized, 767.

Charlevoix, chart of coast of Gulf of Mexico, 272.

Charpentier, M., on glaciers, 223, 227.

Cheirotherium, in old red sandstone and coal, 136.

Chemical theory of volcanoes, 542, 546.

Chepstow, rise of the tides at, 291.

Cheshire, brine springs of, 247. ----, waste of coast of, 324.

Chesil bank, 320.

Chesilton, overwhelmed by sea, 320.

Chili, earthquakes in, 65, 347, 357, 453, 457. ----, numerous volcanoes in, 346. ----, coast of, upheaved, 170, 172, 347, 455, 457.

Chiloe, 349.

Chimborazo, height of, 102.

China, climate of, 95. ----, earthquakes in, 355.

Chinese deluge, 7.

Chines, or narrow ravines, described, 319.

Chittagong, earthquakes at, 476.

Chockier, cave at, 736.

Chonos archipelago, rise of land in, 453.

Christchurch Head promontory, 319.

Christie, Mr., on plasticity of ice, 226.

Christol, M. de, on fossils in caves, 738, 739.

Chronology of Hebrew Scriptures, 659. ----, of Dr. Hales, 659.

Cimbrian deluge, 331.

Cisterna on Etna, how formed, 414.

Cities engulfed, 173.

Civita Vecchia, springs at, 243.

Clarke, Dr., on lava in motion, 377.

Cleavage, or slaty structure, 176.

Clermont, calcareous springs at, 239.

Climate of Europe, Raspe on former, 43. ----, changes of 75, 86. ----, change of, in northern hemisphere, 73, 123. ----, on causes of vicissitudes in, 92. ----, astronomical causes of fluctuations in, 126. ----, its influence on distribution of plants, 613. ----, effect of changes in, on range of species, 696. ----, influence of vegetation on, 713.

Climates, insular and excessive, 94.

Coal, modern, at mouths of Mackenzie, 743. ----, ancient beds, formed of plants, 90. ----, ancient, formed in deltas, 116. ----, fields, American, 115. ----, formed by plants which grow on the spot, 115. ----, period, warmth, moisture, &c. of climate, 126. ----, formation, fossil plants of the, 88, 115, 133. ----, climate indicated by, 91. ----, reptilian fossils in, 136. ----, _See_ Carboniferous.

Colchester, Mr. W., on fossil quadrumana, 144.

Colebrooke, Mr. H. T., on age of Vedas, 4. ----, on crocodiles of the Ganges, 277. ----, Major R. H., on the Ganges, 277.

Colle, travertin of, 240.

Colombia, earthquakes in, 456.

Colonna, on organic remains, 23.

Columbia, R., submerged forest in, 270.

Conception, earthquakes at, 453, 456, 499, 761.

Conglomerates, now formed by rivers, &c., 289. ----, volcanic, 411, 438.

Coniferae of coal, 133. ----, Araucarian, in coal, 88.

Consolidation of strata, 175.

Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on Lister, 26. ----, on landslip near Axmouth, 321, 322.

Cook, Captain, on drifting of canoes far, 661. ----, on highland near the South Pole, 98, 99.

Copaic lake, 735.

Copernican theory, edicts against, repealed at Rome, 56.

Copiapo, earthquakes at, 347. ----, raised banks of shells at, 458.

Coral islands, 775, 776, 793. ----, origin of their circular form, 783. ----, linear direction of, 782. ----, rate of growth, 776. ----, downward movement slow and uniform, 791. ----, absence of, in Atlantic, &c., 796.

Coralline crag fossils, 142.

Corda, on palm wood in Bohemian coal, 88. ----, cited, 133.

Cordier, M., on rate of increase of heat in mines, 538, 539. ----, his theory on central heat and fluidity, 540. ----, on tides in the internal melted ocean, 541.

Cordilleras shaken by earthquakes, 457, 466. ----, parallel ridges successively upheaved, 170.

Corinth, decomposition of rocks in, 733.

Cornwall, waste of cliffs of, 323. ----, land inundated by drift-sand in, 727. ----, temperature of mines in, 538.

Coromandel, inundations of sea on coast of, 730.

Coseguina volcano, great eruption of, 347.

Cosmogony distinct from geology, 3. ----, of the Hindoos, 4. ----, Egyptian, 8. ----, of the Koran, 18.

Cosmopolite shells, 650.

Coste, Capt., on elevation caused by earthquakes, 453.

Cotopaxi, 348, 560.

Covelli, M., on hot spring in Ischia, 456. ----, on Vesuvian minerals, 385.

Cowper, the poet, on age of earth, 55.

Crag strata, fossils of the, 142.

Craters of elevation, theory of, 371, 380, 415.

Crawfurd, Mr., his discovery of fossils in Ava, 28. ----, on eruption in Sumbawa, 106, 464, 465. ----, on drifting of canoes, 662.

Creation, supposed centres or foci of, 667. ----, epoch of, difference of opinion on, 660.

Cremona, lakes filled up near, 255.

Crocodiles imbedded by a river inundation in Java, 503, 748.

Cromer, waste of cliffs of, 306.

Cropthorn, fossils found at, 76.

Cruickshanks, Mr. A., on Chilian earthquake, 457.

Cuba, fossils in caves of, 741.

Culver, cliff, 318.

Cumana, earthquake of, 470.

Cunningham, Major, on buried temples of Cashmere, 764.

Cupressus thyoides, 725.

Currents from equatorial regions, 96. ----, from the pole to the equator, 107. ----, causes and velocity of, 293. ----, polar and tropical, direction of, 295. ----, destroying and transporting power of, 297, 340. ----, in estuaries, their power, 337. ----, in the Straits of Gibraltar, 333.

Currents, reproductive effects of, 337. ----, on the British shores, 339. ----, convey species from Antarctic to Arctic Ocean, 622.

Curtis, Mr., on ravages caused by aphides, 674. ----, on power of the Tipulae to cross the sea, 657. ----, on number of British insects, 705. ----, on fossil insects, 748.

Curves of the Mississippi, 265.

Cutch, changes caused by earthquake of 1819 in, 469, 761.

Cuvier on durability of bones of men, 147, 757. ----, on crocodiles of Ganges, 277. ----, on variability in species, 583, 584. ----, on fish not crossing the Atlantic, 647. ----, on identity of Egyptian mummies with living species, 586. ----, on number of fishes, 705.

Cuvier, M. F., on aptitude of some animals to domestication, 593. ----, on influence of domestication, 595.

Cypris, fossil and living, 768.