CHAPTER IX

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NEW SWEDEN, OR THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE.

BY GREGORY B. KEEN,

_Late Professor of Mathematics in the Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Corresponding Secretary of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_.

THE honor of projecting the first Swedish settlement in foreign parts is due to Willem Usselinx,—a native of Antwerp, who resided for several years in Spain, Portugal, and the Azores, and was afterward engaged in mercantile pursuits in Holland, acquiring distinction as the chief founder of the Dutch West India Company.[907]

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Failing to obtain adequate remuneration for his services in the Netherlands, he visited Sweden, and succeeded in inducing Gustavus II. (Adolphus) to issue a _Manifest_ at Gottenburg, Nov. 10, 1624, instituting a general commercial society, called the Australian Company, with special privileges of traffic with Africa, Asia, and America. Authority was conferred on Usselinx to solicit subscriptions, and a contract of trade was drawn up to be signed by the contributors, the whole scheme being commended in a paper of great length by the projector of it. On the 14th of June, 1626, a more ample charter was conceded, which was confirmed in the Riksdag of 1627,[908] and followed by an order of the sovereign requiring subscribers to make their payments by May, 1628. The King himself pledged 400,000 daler of the royal treasure on equal risks, and other members of his family took stock in the Company, which embraced the Royal Council, the most distinguished of the nobility, officers of the army, bishops and other clergymen, burgomasters and aldermen of the cities, and many of the commonalty.

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It was believed that the enterprise would prove of great commercial benefit to Sweden, besides affording private individuals opportunity to recover fortunes lost through the disastrous wars of the period, and furnishing, in the colonies to be established, safe places of retreat for many exiles. By means of a union, in 1630, with the Ship Company, instituted by agreement of the cities of Sweden, at the Riksdag of the preceding year, the Australian—or, as it was now generally called, the South—Company acquired the control of sixteen well-equipped vessels, which they proceeded to send to sea. No advantage, however, was derived from any of the voyages made, and in 1632 four of the ships were taken by Spain.

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Meanwhile the momentous conflicts of the age diverted the attention of the monarch and drained the resources of the country, causing inevitable delay in carrying out the plans of the Company, until at last it was determined to seek the aid of foreign capital. Just before the battle of Lützen closed the earthly career of Gustavus, a new charter was prepared for his signature, extending the privileges of the former one to the inhabitants of Germany, and prolonging the enjoyment of them until the first day of January, 1646. This paper, which was already dated, was published by Axel Oxenstjerna, Chancellor of the Kingdom of Sweden,[909] at Heilbronn, April 10, 1633, and was confirmed, with certain modifications, by the Deputies of the four Upper Circles at Frankfort, Dec. 12, 1634.

Another, written at the same time and signed by the Chancellor May 1, 1633, recognized Usselinx as “Head Director of the New South Company,” with authority to receive subscriptions and promote the undertaking; in discharge of which duty the zealous Belgian issued a fresh defence of his project, addressed especially to the Germans, besides reprinting in their language the earlier documents on the subject. Nevertheless, no success attended even this well-advertised revival of the long-cherished enterprise, and subsequent appeals of Usselinx to France and England, the Hanse Towns, and the States-General appear to have been without result.[910]

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The first real advance towards the founding of New Sweden was made in 1635. In May of that year Chancellor Oxenstjerna visited Holland, and on his return home held correspondence upon the advantages of forming a Swedish settlement on the coast of Brazil or Guinea, with Samuel Blommaert, a merchant of Amsterdam and a member of the Dutch West India Company, who had participated five years before in an attempt to colonize the shores of the Delaware; and in the following spring he commissioned Peter Spiring, another Dutchman, dwelling in Sweden, to learn whether some assistance might not be obtained from the States-General. With this intent, proposals were made by Usselinx, now Swedish minister, to induce the States of Holland to found a “Zuid-Compagnie,” in conjunction with his Government; but the Assembly of the Nineteen (to whom the matter was referred) refusing their consent, the States postponed further action in the premises.

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Nevertheless, if failure attended this appeal to the rulers of the nation, Spiring’s intercourse with private individuals had a happier issue; and conversations with Blommaert introduced to his acquaintance Peter Minuit, or Minnewit, a native of Wesel, who had served the Dutch West India Company from 1626 to 1632 as Director-General of New Netherland,[911] living in New Amsterdam, and who was then once more residing in Cleves,—the person who was destined to conduct the first Swedish expedition to America.

In a letter dated at Amsterdam, June 15, 1636,[912] borne home by Spiring, Minuit offered “to make a voyage to the Virginias, New Netherland, and other regions adjoining, certain places well known to him, with a very good climate, which might be named Nova Suedia;” and this proposal, or one grounded on it, was read in the Swedish Råd, the 27th of September. Soon afterward Spiring was again sent out to Holland as minister; and on further consultation with Minuit and Blommaert, now Swedish Commissary (or consul-general) at Amsterdam, it was determined to form a Swedish-Dutch Company to carry on trade with, and establish colonies on, portions of the North American coast not previously taken up by the Dutch or English. The cost of the first expedition was estimated at twenty-four thousand (it actually amounted to over thirty-six thousand) Dutch florins, half of which was to be contributed by Minuit and Blommaert and their friends, and the remaining half to be subscribed in Sweden. Minuit was to be the leader of it, and Blommaert the commissioner in Amsterdam. After these stipulations had been concluded, in February, 1637, Minuit set out for Stockholm. The Government embraced the scheme, and promised to place two fully-equipped vessels at the disposal of the Company, while the contribution of money required from Sweden was subscribed by Axel Oxenstjerna, his brother Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstjerna, their cousin Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstjerna, and Clas Fleming (Royal Councillors and Guardians of Queen Christina), and Peter Spiring.

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Fleming, like the Chancellor, was a very zealous promoter of the project, and, as virtual chief of the admiralty (the head-admiral was aged and disqualified for service), obtained a commission to fit out the ships, concerting the details with Minuit and Blommaert, who procured an experienced crew and suitable cargo in Holland. The vessels were sent over to Gottenburg during the spring, when the expedition was to start. Delays occurred, however, and the vessels,—the “Kalmar Nyckel” (Key of Calmar), a man-of-war, under Captain Anders Nilsson Krober, and the sloop “Gripen” (the Griffin), Lieutenant Jacob Borben commander, both belonging to the United South and Ship Company,—did not receive their passports before the 9th of August, and were not ready to sail until late in the autumn. Soon after leaving, they encountered severe storms, and were obliged to put into the Dutch harbor of Medemblik for repairs and fresh provisions, but set out once more in December for their place of destination.

Here they arrived not later than March, 1638, Minuit exercising his discretion as commander of the expedition to direct his course to the River Delaware, with which, under the name of the South River of New Netherland, he had become acquainted during his former sojourn in America. According to Campanius, the colonists first landed on the west side of Delaware Bay, below the Mordare Kil (Murderkill Creek), at a place they called Paradis Udden (Paradise Point), “probably,” says he, “because it seemed so grateful and agreeable.” They afterward proceeded up the river, and on the 29th of March Minuit concluded a purchase of land from five chiefs of the Minquas (belonging to the great Iroquois race), appropriately rewarding them with articles of merchandise. The territory thus acquired embraced the west shore of the Delaware, from Bomtiens Udden (near Bombay Hook) northward to the River Schuylkill, no limit being assigned towards the interior.[913] At its boundaries Minuit erected posts bearing the insignia of his sovereign, designating the country as NEW SWEDEN, and immediately built a fort, called, in honor of the queen,[914] Christina, at a point of rocks about two miles from the mouth of the Minquas (now Christeen) Creek, to which stream he gave the name of Elbe.

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Soon after his arrival he despatched “Gripen” to Jamestown, in Virginia, for a cargo of tobacco to carry to Sweden free of duty,—a privilege which the governor declined to grant, out of regard to the instructions of the English king, while the Treasurer of the Province wrote to Sir Francis Windebanke, Principal Secretary to Charles I., suggesting the removal of the Swedes from the neighborhood of the Delaware, which he described as “the confines of Virginia and New England,” claiming it as appertaining to his sovereign. The sloop was suffered to remain “ten days, to refresh with wood and water,” and then returned to Minuit. Subsequently the Swedish commander sent her up the river for purposes of traffic, when he was summarily challenged by the Dutch at Fort Nassau, a stronghold built in 1623, by Cornelis Jacobsen Mey, at Timber Creek on the east side of the Delaware, which had afterward been abandoned and reoccupied several times, and was then in the possession of traders from New Amsterdam. The actions of Minuit were also reported by the Assistant-Commissary at that place to Willem Kieft, the Director-General of New Netherland, and were in turn communicated by Kieft, in a letter of the 28th of April, to the Directors of the West India Company in Holland, and were made the subject of a formal protest, addressed by Kieft to Minuit, the 6th of May, claiming jurisdiction over the South River for the Dutch. No heed was paid, however, to remonstrances of either Hollanders or English; and Minuit proceeded to improve his fort by building two log-houses in the inclosure for the accommodation of the garrison, while he stocked it plentifully with provisions, leaving a portion of his cargo to be used in barter with the Indians, “all whose peltries,” says Governor Kieft, “he had attracted to himself by liberal gifts.”

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The colonists who remained in New Sweden numbered twenty-three men, under the command of Lieutenant Måns Kling (the only Swede expressly named as taking part in this first expedition to the Delaware), who had charge of the military affairs, and Hendrick Huygen, a relative of Minuit, likewise born in Cleves, who was intrusted with the civil and economical duties of the direction. Minuit himself departed for the West Indies, probably in July, on board the “Kalmar Nyckel,” having sent “Gripen” thither before him. After disposing of his merchandise, and securing a cargo of tobacco at the Island of St. Christopher, while paying a visit to a Dutch ship lying near by, he perished by the destruction of that vessel in a sudden and violent storm. The “Kalmar Nyckel” had the good fortune to escape, and soon afterward sailed for Sweden, but was forced by November gales to take refuge in a port of Holland; while “Gripen” returned to the Delaware, and, obtaining a load of furs, acquired by traffic with the Indians, set out for Gottenburg, where she arrived at the close of May, 1639.

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A second expedition to New Sweden had already been projected, which Queen Christina and the Swedish partners in the South Company determined to render more national in character than that conducted by Minuit. Natives of Sweden were particularly invited to engage in it; and none volunteering to do so, the governors of Elfsborg and Värmland were directed to procure married soldiers who had evaded service or committed some other capital offence, who, with their wives and children, were promised the liberty of returning home at pleasure at the end of one or two years.

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Through the zeal of Fleming, the President of the College of Commerce, and his efficient secretary Johan Beier, a number of emigrants were at last assembled at Gottenburg, and put on board the “Kalmar Nyckel,” freshly equipped and provided with a new crew by Spiring and Blommaert in Holland, and commanded by a Dutch captain, Cornelis van Vliet, who had been for several years in the Swedish service. The vessel was also to carry out the second governor of New Sweden, Lieutenant Peter Hollender, commissioned July 1, 1639, who was probably, as his name indicates, a Dutchman, and (since he signed himself “Ridder”) doubtless a nobleman. The ship sailed in the beginning of autumn, but, springing a leak in the German Ocean, was obliged thrice to return to Holland for repairs, when the captain was finally discharged for dishonesty and negligence, and another, named Pouwel Jansen, was engaged to take his place. At length, on the 7th of February, 1640, the “Kalmar Nyckel” left the Texel, and reached Christina in safety the 17th of the following April.[915]

How the first settlers had fared since the departure of Minuit, we are unfortunately not informed by them; but it is testified by Governor Kieft that they succeeded in appropriating a large trade with the natives, which “wholly ruined” that of the Dutch. Still, according to the same authority, the arrival of the second colony was singularly opportune, since they had determined to quit the Delaware and remove the very next day to New Amsterdam. Such an intention was of course at once abandoned, and Governor Hollender strengthened his foothold on the river by securing a title from the Indians to the western bank of it as far north as Sankikan (near Trenton Falls), in spite of the protests of the Dutch Commissary, who even fired upon him as he sailed past Fort Nassau. A letter of remonstrance was sent to this officer by the Swedish governor, but his instructions requiring him to deal gently with the Hollanders, and his people being afterward treated by Governor Kieft “with all civility,” no serious collisions occurred between the rival nations during his direction of the colony. The “Kalmar Nyckel” was soon made ready for her return voyage, and, sailing in May, arrived in July at Gottenburg.

The constant intercourse of the Swedish authorities with prominent merchants of Amsterdam in founding the Colony of New Sweden had by this time attracted the attention of other Hollanders to the settlement now successfully established, and the liberality of the terms accorded the Swedish company induced Myndert Myndertsen van Horst, of Utrecht, to appeal to Queen Christina for the privilege of planting a Dutch colony within the limits of her territory, after the model of the patroonships of their own West India Company. This favor was conceded in a charter of the 24th of January, 1640, which was transferred by Van Horst to Hendrik Hoochcamer and other fellow-countrymen, granting the right to take up land on both sides of the Delaware, four or five German miles below Christina, to be held hereditarily under the Crown of Sweden, with freedom from taxation for ten years, but subject to the restriction that their trade be carried on in vessels built in New Sweden and confined to Swedish ports, and also assuring liberty for the exercise of their so-called Reformed religion. Simultaneously with the charter, a passport was issued for the ship “Fredenburg,” Captain Jacob Powelsen, to carry the emigrants, and a commission for Jost van Bogardt, as Swedish agent in New Sweden, with special authority over this colony. The latter was likewise the leader of the expedition, which was composed chiefly of persons from the province of Utrecht; and he arrived with it at the Delaware on the 2d of November, 1640. The Dutchmen appear to have seated themselves three or four Swedish miles from Christina. So little mention, however, is afterward made of this peculiarly constituted settlement,[916] it seems probable that it soon lost its individuality.

About this time occurred the first attempt on the part of the inhabitants of New England to obtain a foothold in New Sweden. Captain Nathaniel Turner is said to have bought land from the Indians “on both sides of Delaware Bay or River,” as agent of New Haven, in 1640; and in April, 1641, a similar purchase was made by George Lamberton, also of New Haven, notwithstanding one of the tracts acquired in this manner was comprised within that long before sold by the natives to the Swedish governors, while the other, extending from Cape May to Narraticons Kil (or Raccoon Creek), on the eastern shore of the Delaware, had been conveyed only three days earlier, by the same sachem, to Governor Hollender. Taking advantage of this nugatory title, and in contravention of engagements entered into with Director Kieft, some twenty English families, numbering about sixty persons, settled at Varkens Kil (now Salem Creek, New Jersey), whose “plantations” were pronounced, at a General Court held in New Haven, Aug. 30, 1641, to be “in combination with” that town.

Meanwhile preparations were making in Sweden to send forth a fresh expedition to America. On the 13th of July, 1640, the Governor of Gottenburg was enjoined to persuade families of his province to emigrate, “with their horses and cattle and other personal property.” On the 29th the Governor of Värmland and Dal was directed to enlist certain Finns, who had been forced to enter the army as a punishment for violating a royal edict against clearing land in that province by burning forests; and on the 30th the Governor of Örebro was instructed to induce people of the same race, roaming about the mining districts under his jurisdiction, to accompany the rest to the Transatlantic Colony. Lieutenant Måns Kling, who had returned in the “Kalmar Nyckel,” was also especially commissioned, on the 26th of the following September, to aid in this work in the mining regions and elsewhere, and particularly to procure homeless Finns, who were living in the woods upon the charity of the settled population of Sweden. In all these mandates the fertility of the new country and the advantages of colonists in it are clearly intimated; and in the last it is declared to be the royal aim that the inhabitants of the kingdom may enjoy the valuable products of that land, increase in commerce and in knowledge of the sea, and enlarge their intercourse with foreign nations. In May, 1641, the people collected by Kling accompanied him on the ship “Charitas” from Stockholm to Gottenburg, where they were joined by the others, who by that time were ready to set forth. On the 20th of February the Government had resolved to buy out the Dutch partners in their enterprise, instructing Spiring to pay them eighteen thousand gulden from the public funds, provided they abandoned all further claims. This, no doubt, was done; and thus the third Swedish expedition to New Sweden sailed under the auspices of a purely Swedish company. It comprised the well-tried “Kalmar Nyckel” and the “Charitas,” and arrived at its place of destination probably in the summer or autumn of 1641.[917]

Nothing is known with regard to New Sweden at this period; but in the spring of 1642 some of the colonists from New Haven, already spoken of, took possession of a tract of land, which they claimed to have purchased of the Indians on the 19th of April, on the west side of the Delaware, extending from Crum Creek a short distance above the Schuylkill, and proceeded to build a trading-house on the latter stream. This attracted the attention of Director Kieft, and on the 22d of May he despatched two sloops from New Amsterdam with instructions to Jan Jansen van Ilpendam, the Dutch commissary at Fort Nassau, to expel the English from the Delaware. His orders were promptly executed; and the settlements on the Schuylkill and (it is said) at Varkens Kil were broken up, partly through the aid of the Swedes, who had agreed with Kieft “to keep out the English,” the trespassers being taken to Fort Amsterdam, from whence they were sent home to New Haven. Lamberton, still persisting in trading on the Delaware, was arrested not long afterward at Manhattan, and compelled to give an account of his peltries, and to pay duties on his cargo. According to Governor John Winthrop, of Massachusetts, such “sickness and mortality” prevailed this summer in New Sweden as “dissolved” the plantations of the English, and seriously affected the Swedes.

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In Sweden the interest in the little American colony was now at its height; and in July and August, 1642, Spiring was consulted in the Råd and the Räkningekammår upon the question of appropriating the funds of the South and Ship Company for the expenses of another expedition across the ocean. This resulted in the formation of a new company, styled the West India, American, or New Sweden Company, although oftener known as the South Company, with a capital of thirty-six thousand riksdaler, half being contributed by the South and Ship Company, one sixth by the Crown, and the remainder by Oxenstjerna, Spiring, Fleming, and others. To it, also, was transferred the monopoly of the tobacco trade in Sweden, Finland, and Ingermanland, which had been granted to the South Company in 1641. On the 15th of August a third governor was commissioned to succeed Hollender in the direction of New Sweden; namely, Johan Printz, who had taken part in the Thirty Years’ War as Lieutenant-Colonel of the West Götha Cavalry, and, after his dismissal from the service for the capitulation of Chemnitz, was engaged in 1641 in procuring emigrants for the colony in Northern Finland. He had been restored to royal favor and ennobled in July. His “Instructions” were likewise dated Aug. 15, 1642, and were signed by Peter Brahe, Herman Wrangel, Clas Fleming, Axel Oxenstjerna, and Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstjerna, Councillors of the Kingdom and Guardians of Queen Christina, who was still in her minority. They are comprised in twenty-eight articles, endowing him with extensive authority in the administration of justice, and enjoining him to keep the monopoly of the fur-trade, and to pay particular attention to the cultivation of the soil,—especially for the planting of tobacco, of which he was expected to ship a goodly quantity on every vessel returning to Sweden,—as well as to have a care of the raising of cattle, of the obtaining of choice woods, of the growth of the grape, production of silk, manufacture of salt, and taking of fish. He was to maintain the Swedish Lutheran form of religion and education of the young, and treat the Indians “with all humanity,” endeavoring to convert them from their paganism, and “in other ways bring them to civilization and good government.” His territory was defined to include all that had been purchased of the natives by Minuit and Hollender, extending, on the west side of the Delaware, from Cape Hinlopen[918] northwards to Sankikan, and on the east from Narraticons Kil southwards to Cape May. Over the whole of this region he was commanded to uphold the supremacy of his sovereign, keeping the Dutch colony under Jost van Bogardt to the observance of their charter, and bringing the English settlers under subjection, or procuring their removal, as he deemed best. His relations with the Holland West India Company and their representatives at Manhattan and Fort Nassau were to be friendly but independent, and, in case of hostile encroachments, “force was to be repelled by force.” On the 30th of August a budget was adopted for New Sweden, specifying, besides the Governor, a lieutenant, sergeant, corporal, gunner, trumpeter, and drummer, with twenty-four private soldiers, and (in the civil list) a preacher, clerk, surgeon, provost, and executioner, their salaries being estimated at 3,020 riksdaler per annum. Fleming and Beier (this year appointed postmaster-general) had the chief direction of the enterprise, and special factors were designated for the Company’s service in Gottenburg and Amsterdam. At length all preparations were completed, and the fourth Swedish expedition to New Sweden, consisting of the ships “Fama” (Fame) and “Svanen” (the Swan), set sail from Gottenburg on the 1st of November, 1642, carrying Printz, with his wife and children, Lieutenant Måns Kling, the Rev. Johan Campanius Holm, and many others, among whom were a number of forest-destroying Finns, sent out as formerly by their respective governors.[919] They pursued the usual course through the English Channel and past the Canary Islands, spending Christmas with the hospitable Governor of Antigua; and, after encountering severe storms, towards the close of January entered Delaware Bay, and on the 15th of February, 1643, landed in safety at Fort Christina.

Unfortunately, the first and very full report of the new governor to the West India Company, dated April 13, 1643, and despatched on the return voyage of the “Fama,” appears to have been irrecoverably lost; but in letters addressed the day before and the day after, respectively, to Councillors Peter Brahe and Axel Oxenstjerna, still preserved in Sweden, Printz gives a favorable account of the country and an interesting description of the natives, and earnestly advises the sending out of more emigrants. Soon after his arrival he made a journey through his territory, sailing up the Delaware to Sankikan, and determined to take up his abode on the Island of Tennakong, or Tinicum, situated about fifteen miles above Christina. Here he built himself a house (Printzhof), and erected a fort of heavy logs, armed with four brass cannon, called Nya Göteborg (New Gottenburg),—a name also bestowed on the whole place in a patent from his sovereign of the 6th of the following November, granting it “to him and his lawful issue as a perpetual possession.” About twenty emigrants settled on this island, with their families, including Printz’s book-keeper and clerk, with his body-guard and the crew of a little yacht used by the Governor. A redoubt was likewise constructed “after the English plan, with three angles,” on the eastern shore, “close to the river,” by a little stream now known as Mill Creek, three or four miles below Varkens Kil, which was named Nya Elfsborg.

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It was defended by eight brass twelve-pounders, and committed to the charge of Lieutenant Sven Schute and Sergeant Gregorius van Dyck, with a gunner and drummer and twelve or fifteen common soldiers; and was already occupied in October, when a Dutch skipper, carrying David Pieterszen de Vries on his last voyage to the Delaware, was required to strike his flag in passing the place and give account of his cargo, although the noted patroon was afterward courteously entertained five days at Tinicum by Governor Printz, who bought “wines and sweetmeats” of his captain, and accompanied him on his return as far as Fort Christina.

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The latter post remained the chief place of deposit of the stores of the colony under Commissary Hendrick Huygen, and was settled by about forty persons and their families, including the Reverend Johan Campanius, a miller, two carpenters, a few sailors and soldiers, and a dozen peasants, who were occupied in the cultivation of tobacco. A tobacco plantation was also formed the same year on the west side of the Delaware, four or five miles below Tinicum, under the direction of Peter Liljehöck, assisted by an experienced tobacco-grower, specially hired for the service, with a dozen or more husbandmen, and received the name of Upland. About the same time another was begun by Lieutenant Måns Kling, with seven or eight colonists, on the Schuylkill. At first both of these places were destitute of forts, although log houses, strengthened by small stones, were built for the accommodation of the settlers.[920] A large quantity of maize was sown by Printz immediately after his arrival for the sustenance of the colony, but not yielding the results anticipated from certain statements of Governor Hollender, the deficiency was supplied by purchase of some cattle and winter rye at the Island of Manhattan. Provisions were also obtained from Dutch and English vessels which visited the Delaware. During the autumn, rye was planted in three places, and in the following spring some barley, which grew so well, says the Governor, “it was delightful to behold.” For greater convenience of communication between the scattered settlements two boats were built by the carpenters, one for the use of Elfsborg, the other for Christina.

Although the instructions to Governor Printz concerning his relations with the English were probably issued in ignorance of the attempt of Kieft to dislodge the latter from the Delaware, the success of the Dutch Director-General does not seem to have been so complete as to render them superfluous. Lamberton still visited the river for purposes of trade, and a few settlers from New Haven yet remained at Varkens Kil. Printz, therefore, “went to the houses” of these English families, and “forced some of them to swear allegiance to the crown of Sweden.” He also found opportunity of apprehending Lamberton, and brought him before a tribunal comprising Captains Christian Boije and Måns Kling, Commissaries Huygen and Jansen, and six other persons then on the Delaware, assembled in the name of the Swedish sovereign at Fort Christina, July 10, 1643. Printz met two protests made by the Englishman at his trial, claiming land on both sides of the river in virtue of purchases from the Indians, by showing that the territory in question was embraced in tracts already bought of the savages by Governors Minuit and Hollender. He also proved to the satisfaction of the court that Lamberton had traded with the natives in the vicinity even of Fort Christina without leave and in spite of repeated prohibitions, obtaining a quantity of beaver skins, for which the defendant was required by the tribunal to pay double duty. And, finally, Lamberton was accused by the Governor of bribing the Indians to murder the Swedes and Dutch,—a charge which was supported by several witnesses, who also testified that on the day agreed upon an unusual number of savages had assembled in front of Fort Christina, who were, however, frightened off before they could attain their purpose. In passing upon this grave indictment, the court preferred to treat the defendant with clemency “on this occasion,” and postponed action on the subject. These decisions naturally did not content Lamberton, and at a meeting of the Commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, held at Boston September 7, complaint was made by his associates, Governor Theophilus Eaton and Thomas Gregson, of “injuries received from the Dutch and Swedes at Delaware Bay;” when it was “ordered that a letter be written to the Swedish governor, expressing the particulars and requiring satisfaction,” to be signed by John Winthrop “as Governor of Massachusetts and President of the Commissioners.” This resolution was complied with, and a commission was given to Lamberton “to go treat with” Printz upon the subject, and “to agree with him about settling their trade and plantation” on the Delaware. Winthrop’s letter was answered by the Governor of New Sweden, Jan. 12, 1644, with a statement of the facts established at his court already mentioned, and a fresh examination of the matter was instituted on the 16th. This was likewise conducted at Fort Christina, in the presence of the Governor, Captains Boije, Kling, and Turner, Commissary Huygen, Sergeant Van Dyck, Isaac Allerton, and Secretary Carl Janson, and resulted in the exculpation of Printz from the offences charged against him. Copies of these proceedings and of all others relating to the New Haven people were transmitted to a General Court of Massachusetts which met at Boston in March, and Governor Winthrop, in acknowledging the receipt of them in a friendly letter to Governor Printz, promised “a full and particular response at the next meeting of the Commissioners of the United Colonies.” At the same time a fresh commission was issued to Governor Eaton, though “with a _salvo jure_, allowing him to go on with his plantation and trade in Delaware River,” accompanied by a copy of the Massachusetts patent, which he desired “to show the Swedish governor.” Certain merchants of Boston likewise obtained the privilege of forming a company for traffic in the vicinity of a great lake believed to be the chief source of the beaver trade, which was supposed to lie near the headwaters of the Delaware; and, to carry out their project, despatched a pinnace, well manned and laden, to that river, with a commission “under the public seal,” and letters from the Governor of Massachusetts to Kieft and Printz for liberty to pass their strongholds. “This,” says Winthrop, “the Dutch promised” to concede, though under “protest;” but “when they came to the Swedes, the fort shot at them ere they came up,” obliging them to cast anchor, “and the next morning the Lieutenant came aboard and forced them to fall lower down.” On complaint to Governor Printz, the conduct of that officer was repudiated, and instructions were sent to him from Tinicum not to molest the expedition. All further progress was, however, checked by the Dutch agent at Fort Nassau, who showed an order from his Governor not to let them pass that place; and since neither Printz nor Kieft would permit them to trade with the Indians, they returned home “with loss of their voyage.” The letter which Printz addressed to Winthrop, explaining his actions on this occasion, dated at Tinicum, June 29, 1644, is more amiable than truthful; for in the copy sent to the authorities in Sweden the Governor qualifies his intimation that he promoted the undertaking, with the statement that he took care that the Dutch at Fort Nassau brought it to nought, since it was the purpose of the persons who were engaged in it “to build a fort above the Swedish post at Sankikan, to be armed with men and cannon, and appropriate to themselves all the profits of the river.” Not less successful was the opposition of the Governor to an attempt to invade his territory by the English knight, Sir Edmund Plowden, who had recently come to America to take possession, in virtue of a grant from King Charles I. of England, of a large tract of land, in which New Sweden was included. For though certain of the retainers of this so-styled “Earl Palatine of New Albion,” who had mutinied and left their lord to perish on an island, were apprehended at Fort Elfsborg in May, 1643, and courteously surrendered to him by Printz, the latter refused to permit any vessels trading under his commission to pass up the Delaware, and so “affronted” Plowden that he finally abandoned the river.[921]

The relations between the Swedes and Dutch were seemingly more friendly. “Ever since I came here,” says Printz in his Report of 1644, “the Hollanders have shown great amity, particularly their Director at Manhattan, Willem Kieft, who writes to me very frequently, as he has opportunity, telling the news from Sweden and Holland and other countries of Europe; and though at the first he gave me to understand that his West India Company laid claim to our river, on my replying to him with the best arguments at my command, he has now for a long while spared me those inflictions.”

The Indians always exhibited the most amicable dispositions towards the Swedes, partly no doubt through timidity, but at least equally in consequence of the kind treatment habitually shown them by the colonists of that nation. Still, in the spring of 1644, influenced, it is presumed, by the example of their brethren in Virginia and Maryland and the vicinity of Manhattan, who had recently been provoked to fierce hostility against the Dutch and English, some of the savages massacred two soldiers and a laborer between Christina and Elfsborg, and a Swedish woman and her husband (an Englishman) between Tinicum and Upland. Printz, however, immediately assembling his people at Christina to defend themselves from further outrages, the natives “came together,” says he, “from all sides, heartily apologizing for, and denying all complicity in, the murderous deeds, and suing earnestly for peace.” This was accorded them by the Governor, but “with the menace of annihilation if the settlers were ever again molested.” Whereupon a treaty was signed by the sachems, and ratified by the customary interchange of presents, assuring tranquillity for the future and restoring something of the previous mutual confidence.[922]

During the six years now elapsed since the founding of New Sweden the colonists were compelled to undergo the privations which inevitably attend the first settlement of a wild and untitled country; and the frequent scarcity of food and insufficiency of shelter, combined with the novelty and uncertainty of the climate, and occasional seasons of disease, had the usual effect of diminishing their numbers. Especially fatal was the last summer, that of 1643, when no fewer than seventeen (between six and seven per cent) of the male emigrants died, among these being the Reverend Reorus Torkillus, the first pastor of the colony.

[Illustration]

The need, therefore, for fresh recruits to take the places of those who proved themselves unequal to the trials of their situation constantly presented itself to the survivors, and ought, surely, to have been appreciated by the authorities in Sweden. Nevertheless, the fifth Swedish expedition to the Delaware, which arrived at Christina on the “Fama,”[923] March 11, 1644, added very little to the numerical strength of the settlement;[924] while, through the carelessness of the agent at Gottenburg, some of the clothing and merchandise was shipped in a damaged condition.

[Illustration]

The principal emigrant on this occasion was Johan Papegåja, who had already been in New Sweden, and now returned, bearing letters of recommendation to the Governor from his sovereign and from Peter Brahe, President of the Royal Council, in consequence of which he was at once appointed to the chief command at Fort Christina. He was likewise accepted as a suitor for the hand of Printz’s daughter, Armgott, and not long afterward became the Governor’s son-in-law. Brahe acknowledged the receipt of Printz’s letter, before referred to, on the 18th of August; and congratulating him on his safe arrival at the Delaware he expresses the hope that he will “gain firm foothold there, and be able to lay so good a foundation _in tam vasta terra septentrionali_, that with God’s gracious favor the whole North American continent may in time be brought to the knowledge of His Son, and become subject to the crown of Sweden.” He particularly admonishes the Governor to cultivate friendship with “the poor savages,” instructing them, and endeavoring to convert them to Christianity. “Adorn,” says he, “your little church and priest after the Swedish fashion, with the usual habiliments of the altar, in distinction from the Hollanders and English, shunning all leaven of Calvinism,” remembering that “outward ceremonial will not the less move them than others to sentiments of piety and devotion.” He likewise enjoins “the use of the Swedish language in spoken and written discourse, in all its purity, without admixture of foreign tongues. All rivers and streams, forests, and other places should receive old Swedish names, to the exclusion of the nomenclature of the Dutch, which,” he has heard, “is taking root. In fine,” he adds, “let the manners and customs of the colony conform as closely as possible to those of Sweden.” To Printz’s reply to this letter we are indebted for the fullest account of the religious rites observed in the settlement which has been preserved to us. “Divine service,” says the Governor, “is performed here in the good old Swedish tongue, our priest clothed in the vestments of the Mass on high festivals, solemn prayer-days, Sundays, and Apostles’ days precisely as in old Sweden, and differing in every respect from that of the sects around us. Sermons are delivered Wednesdays and Fridays, and on all other days prayers are offered in the morning and afternoon; and since this cannot be done everywhere by our sole clergyman, I have appointed a lay-reader for each place, to say prayers daily, morning and evening, and dispose the people to godliness. All this,” he continues, “has long been witnessed by the savages, some of whom we have had several days with us, attempting to convert them; but they have watched their chance, and invariably run off to rejoin their pagan brethren,”—a statement not inconsistent with the testimony of Campanius, who admits that, although his grandfather held many conversations with the Indians, and translated the Swedish Lutheran catechism into their language[925] for their instruction in Christian doctrine, no more definite result was reached than to convince them of the relative superiority of the religion thus expounded.

In the course of three months a cargo was obtained for the return voyage of the “Fama,” consisting of 2,142 beaver skins, 300 of which were from the Schuylkill, and 20,467 pounds of tobacco, part being bought in Virginia, while the rest was raised by the Swedes and their English neighbors at Varkens Kil, Printz allowing a higher price for this, to encourage the cultivation of the plant and to induce immigration to New Sweden. The Governor also freighted the vessel with 7,300 pounds on his personal account. Five of the colonists embraced this opportunity to go back to Sweden, among whom were Captain Boije, the clergyman “Herr Israel,” and a barber-surgeon. The “Fama” set sail on the 20th of June, and reached Europe in the autumn, but putting into a Dutch harbor to revictual was detained there pending a long controversy as to the payment of duty between Peter Spiring, then Swedish Resident at the Hague, and the States-General, and did not arrive at Gottenburg till May, 1645.

At the date of Governor Printz’s second Report to the Swedish West India Company, which was sent home by the “Fama,” the colonists in New Sweden numbered ninety men, besides women and children. About half of these were employed, at stipulated wages, in the discharge of various civil and military functions on behalf of the Crown and Company. The “freemen” (_frimännen_)—so called because they had settled in the colony entirely of their own will, and might leave it at their option—held land granted them in fee, temporarily not taxed, which they cultivated for themselves, being aided also by the Company with occasional gifts of money, food, and raiment. Persons who had been compelled to immigrate, as elsewhere stated, in punishment for offences committed by them in Sweden, were required to till ground reserved to the Company, which fed and clothed them, or to perform other work, at the discretion of the Governor, for a few years, when they were admitted to the privileges of freemen, or assigned duty in the first class above mentioned.

In the autumn of 1644 a bark was sent by the merchants of Boston to trade in the Delaware, which passed the winter near the English plantation at Varkens Kil, and the following spring fell down the bay, and in three weeks secured five hundred skins of the Indians on the Maryland side. Just as the vessel was about to leave, she was treacherously boarded by some of the savages, who rifled her of her goods and sails, killing the master and three men, and taking two prisoners, who were brought six weeks afterward to Governor Printz, and were returned by him to New England.

On the 25th of November, 1645, a grievous calamity befell the colony in the burning of New Gottenburg, which was set on fire, between ten and eleven o’clock at night, by a gunner, who was tried and sentenced by Printz, and subsequently sent to Sweden for punishment. “The whole place was consumed,” says the Governor, “in a single hour, nought being rescued but the dairy;” the loss to the Company amounting to four thousand riksdaler. “The people escaped, naked and destitute; but the winter immediately setting in with great severity, and the river and creeks freezing, they were cut off from communication with the mainland,” and barely avoided starvation until relief arrived in March. Printz continued, however, to reside at Tinicum, and soon rebuilt a storehouse, to receive “provisions and cargoes to be sold on behalf of the Company.” He also erected a church upon the island, “decorating it,” says he, “so far as our resources would permit, after the Swedish fashion,” which, with its adjoining burying-ground, was consecrated by Campanius, Sept. 4, 1646.

[Illustration]

In the summer of the same year occurred the first outbreak of the jealousy which had existed from the beginning between the Swedes and Hollanders, however well it may have been concealed, especially during the need of concerted action against their common rival the English. On the 23d of June a sloop arrived at Fort Nassau with a cargo from Manhattan, to trade with the Indians, and was directed by Andries Hudde, the Dutch commissary who had succeeded Jan Jansen, “to go into the Schuylkill.” She was immediately commanded by the Swedes to leave the place,—an order which was repeated to Hudde, and reiterated the next day by Campanius. The result was a conference between the Dutch commissary and Commissary Huygen, Sergeant Van Dyck, and Carl Janson, on behalf of Printz; which was followed on the 1st of July by so menacing an admonition from the Governor, that Jurriaen Blanck the supercargo, fearing his vessel and goods might be confiscated, felt constrained to yield, and abandoned his enterprise. Soon afterward Hudde was prevented from executing a commission of Director Kieft, to search for minerals at Sankikan, through the opposition of the Indians, prompted by a report of the warlike intentions of the Hollanders circulated among the savages by Printz. And when, in September, in obedience to instructions from Manhattan, the Dutch commissary purchased from the natives land on the “west shore” of the Delaware, “distant about one league to the north of Fort Nassau” (within the limits of the present city of Philadelphia), and erected the arms of his West India Company upon it, these were pulled down “in a hostile manner,” on the 8th of October, by Commissary Huygen, and a protest against his action was delivered to him on the 16th by Olof Stille and Mans Slom, on the part of the Swedish governor. The latter likewise forbade his people to have any dealings with the Hollanders, and treated a counter-protest, sent to him by Hudde on the 23d, with such contempt as effectually completed the rupture.

It was now two years and three months since the “Fama” left the Delaware, during the whole of which time no letters were received in the colony either from Sweden or from Holland. This apparent neglect of her offspring by the mother country was accounted for by Chancellor Oxenstjerna through the occurrence of the war with Denmark, which absorbed the attention of the Government and cost the life of Admiral Fleming, who had been the chief administrator of the interests of the settlement. Not until the 1st of October, 1646, did the sixth Swedish expedition arrive in New Sweden, on the ship “Gyllene Hajen” (the Golden Shark), after a tempestuous voyage of four months, in which the vessel lost her sails, topmasts, and other rigging, and the crew almost to a man fell sick. Few, if any, emigrants came out on this voyage; but the cargo was valuable, comprising cloth, iron implements, and other goods, which supplied the needs of the settlers, with something to spare for sale in New England. Printz was also enabled to revive his languishing trade with the Indians. He “immediately despatched Commissary Hendrick Huygen, with Sergeant Gregorius van Dyck and eight soldiers, to the country of the Minquas, distant five German miles, who presented the savages with divers gifts, and induced them to agree to traffic with the Swedes as formerly, particularly,” says the Governor, “as the Commissary promised them higher prices than they could get from the Hollanders.” On the 20th of February, 1647, the vessel sailed on her return, carrying 24,177 pounds of tobacco, of which 6,920 pounds were raised on the Delaware, while the rest was purchased elsewhere. Lieutenant Papegåja went home in her, commissioned to execute some private behests of the colonists, and to present the Governor’s third Report to the Swedish West India Company.

In the document referred to, dated at New Gottenburg the day “Gyllene Hajen” left, Printz gives a very satisfactory account of the settlement, which, he says, at that time numbered one hundred and eighty-three souls. “The people,” he adds, “have always enjoyed good health, only two men and two young children having died” since the second Report. “Twenty-eight freemen were settled, and beginning to prosper; many more being willing to follow their example if they could be spared from the fortified posts.” Of these, Fort Elfsborg had been considerably strengthened; Fort Christina, which was quite decayed, repaired from top to bottom; and Fort Nya Korsholm, on the Schuylkill, was nearly ready for use. This last was doubtless the structure called by Campanius “Manaijung, Skörkilen,”[926]—“a fine little fort of logs, filled in with sand and stones, and surrounded by palisades with sharp points at the top.” “I have also built,” says Printz, “on the other side of Korsholm, by the path of the Minquas, a fine house called Wasa,[927] capable of defence against the savages by four or five men; and seven stout freemen have settled there. And a quarter of a mile farther up the same Indian highway I have erected another strong house, settling five freemen in the vicinity,—this place receiving the name of Mölndal, from a water-mill I have had constructed, which runs the whole year, to the great advantage of the country; especially,” adds he, “as the windmill, which was here before I came, was good for nothing, and never would work.” Both of these posts the natives were obliged to pass in going to Fort Nassau; and the Swedish governor hoped, by storing them with merchandise for barter, to intercept the traffic with the Dutch. Printz insists upon the need of getting rid of the latter, accusing them of ruining his trade, and supplying the savages with ammunition, and inciting them against the Swedes. “The English Puritans,” he continues, “who gave me a great deal of trouble at first, I have been able finally to drive away; and for a long time have heard nothing from them, except that last year Captain Clerk, through his agent from New England, attempted to settle some hundred families here under our flag, which I civilly declined to permit until further instructed in the matter by her Majesty.” The Governor earnestly solicits the sending of more people from Sweden, particularly “families to cultivate the country,” artisans and soldiers, “and, above all, unmarried women as wives for the unmarried freemen and others.” He likewise mentions the names of several officers who wished to be allowed to return home, and desires himself to be relieved, especially as he had been in New Sweden more than a year and a half beyond the term agreed upon.

Printz’s Report and Papegåja’s representations seem to have hastened the sending of another vessel to the Delaware, for on the 25th of September, 1647, the seventh expedition sailed from Gottenburg on “Svanen,” Captain Steffen Willemsen. Papegåja returned on the ship, bearing a letter of commendation from Queen Christina to Governor Printz, promising to consider a request of the latter for augmentation of his salary and a grant of “seventy farms,”[928] but requiring him to remain in the colony until his place could be supplied.

A great deal of the ammunition asked for by the Governor was sent out on this vessel, but very few emigrants,[929]—a circumstance which was explained, in a communication from Chancellor Oxenstjerna in reply to Printz’s Report, by the near approach of winter. Action was likewise taken some months later by the Crown making good the deficiency of the South Company through payment of the salaries of its officers in New Sweden,—a burden which had been temporarily assumed by it in consequence of the misappropriations, as well as insufficiency, of the tobacco excises which had been granted towards that object by statute of the 30th of August, 1642. And by the same royal letter, dated Jan. 20, 1648, merchandise coming from Holland for transportation to New Sweden was freed from duty, as also tobacco and furs which arrived in the kingdom from the colony. On the 16th of the following May “Svanen” set out again from the Delaware, and after a remarkably quick voyage arrived on the 3d of July at Stockholm. The clergyman Johan Campanius Holm returned in her, and Lieutenant Papegåja wrote to Chancellor Oxenstjerna, begging the favor of a position in Sweden, since the people in New Sweden were too inconsiderable for him to be of any service to the company where he was, and “the country was troublesome to defend, both on account of the savages and of the Christians, who inflict upon us,” says he, “every kind of injury.”

[Illustration]

This complaint is evidently directed against the Hollanders, who now began to strengthen their position on the Delaware. Willem Kieft, so amiably pacific in his comportment towards the Swedes, was superseded in the government of New Netherland in May, 1647, by Peter Stuyvesant,—a man of arbitrary and warlike character, who declared it to be his intention to regard as Dutch territory not only New Sweden, but all land between Cape Henlopen and Cape Cod. Meanwhile, Governor Printz persisted in a haughty demeanor towards the Dutch, continuing to impede or prevent their navigation of the “South River,” and he is charged with inciting suspicion of his rivals among both Indians and Christians,—actions which were protested against by Stuyvesant, to whom the Swedish governor made a reply which was transmitted to Manhattan by Commissary Hudde in December. During the winter Printz collected a great quantity of logs for the purpose of erecting more buildings at the Schuylkill; and when in the spring Hudde, instigated by the natives, constructed a fort called Beversrede at Passajung, Lieutenant Kling opposed the work, and ordered his men, some twenty-four in number, to cut down the trees around the spot. On news of this, and in consequence of a complaint of the Directors of the Dutch West India Company that the limits between the Swedes, English, and Hollanders were still unsettled, Councillors Lubbertus van Dincklagen and Johannes la Montagne, despatched by Stuyvesant on that mission in June, procured from the natives confirmation of a grant of land on the Schuylkill made to Arendt Corssen on behalf of the Dutch in 1633, and, visiting New Gottenburg, protested before the Governor against the actions of the Swedes. No attention was paid to this, however, and houses which two Dutchmen immediately began to build upon the tract were destroyed by Printz’s son (Gustaf Printz) and Sergeant Van Dyck. In September the Governor caused a house to be built within a dozen feet of Fort Beversrede, and directly between it and the river, while Lieutenant Sven Schute prevented the construction of houses by the Hollanders in November. Another Dutchman obtained permission from Director-General Stuyvesant to settle on the east side of the Delaware, at Mantaes Hoeck (near the present Mantua Creek, New Jersey), and solicited the aid of Governor Printz in carrying out his purpose. This was promised him, provided he acknowledged the jurisdiction of that officer; but, fearing some advantage might be taken of the concession by the Hollanders, Printz immediately bought from the Indians the land between this place and Narraticons Kil, which constituted the northern boundary of the purchase of Governor Hollender, and erected the Swedish arms upon it. According to Hudde, the Governor of New Sweden likewise endeavored to acquire from the natives territory about Fort Nassau, more completely to isolate that place from intercourse with Manhattan, but was anticipated by the Dutch, who secured it for themselves in April, 1649.

[Illustration]

Meanwhile, in the mother country an expedition was preparing, which but for its untimely fate would have furnished the colony with such ample means of security and self-defence as might very probably have postponed or even altogether prevented the ultimate subjugation of the latter by the Hollanders. On the 24th of March, 1649, Queen Christina issued orders to the College of the Admiralty to equip the “Kalmar Nyckel,” then lying at Gottenburg, for the projected voyage across the ocean; and finding it would take too long to get her ready, on the 13th of April her Majesty authorized the substitution of the ship “Kattan” (the Cat), under the command of Captain Cornelius Lucifer. A certain Hans Amundson Besk was appointed leader of this, the eighth, Swedish expedition to New Sweden, which comprised his wife and five children, and sixty-three other emigrants, including a clergyman, clerk, and barber-surgeon, many mechanics, and some soldiers, with sixteen unmarried women, designed no doubt as wives for the earlier settlers. The fact that three hundred Finns applied for the privilege of joining the party showed there was no lack of voluntary colonists. The cargo embraced implements of every sort, and a large quantity of the materials of war,—“two six-pounder brass cannon, two three-pounder, twelve six-pounder, and two four-pounder iron cannon, powder, lead, grenades, muskets, pistols,” and so forth, besides rigging for a ship to be built on the Delaware. The vessel sailed on the 3d of July from Gottenburg, and arrived in safety at the West Indies, where, through the carelessness of the captain, on the 26th of August she struck a rock near an island fourteen miles from Porto Rico. When ready to set out afresh, the emigrants were pillaged by the inhabitants, who were Spaniards, and were taken to the latter place, where certain of them permanently settled, while others contrived in the course of one or two years to get back to Sweden. Eighteen, only, determined to continue their voyage to the Delaware, leaving Porto Rico with that intention in a little bark which they were able to purchase, May 1, 1651. They were seized the very next day, however, by a frigate, which carried them to Santa Cruz, then in the possession of France, where they were most barbarously treated by the Governor and his people. In a few weeks all died but five, who were taken off by a Dutch vessel, of whom a single survivor finally reached Holland. Commander Amundson and his family were sent by the Governor of Porto Rico to Spain, where they arrived in July of the same year, and whence they afterward proceeded to Amsterdam, and at last returned to Sweden.

This expedition, therefore, effected nothing for the colonists on the Delaware, who must have been greatly depressed by the news of its calamities. This reached them, through a letter of Director-General Stuyvesant to Commissary Hudde, on the 6th of August, 1650 (N. S.).[930] Printz immediately wrote by a Dutch vessel to Peter Brahe, referring to the report, and giving some account of the settlement since the departure of “Svanen,” two years and three months before. “Most of the people,” says he, “are alive and well. They are generally supplied with oxen and cattle, and cultivate the land with assiduity, sowing rye and barley, and planting orchards of delicious fruit, and would do better if all had wives and servants. Last year the crops were particularly excellent, our freemen having a hundred tuns of grain to sell. In short, the governor who relieves me will find his position as good as any similar one in Sweden. I have taken possession of the best places, and still hold them. Notwithstanding repeated acts and protests of the Dutch, nothing whatever has been accomplished by them; and where, on several occasions, they attempted to build within our boundaries, I at once threw down their work: so that, if the new governor brings enough people with him, they will very soon grow weary and disgusted, like the Puritans, who were most violent at first, but now leave us entirely in peace. This year, however, they had all the trade, since we received no cargoes; and so long as this is the case we must entertain some fear of the savages, although as yet we have experienced no hostility from them.” Further details as to the condition of the colony were to be orally communicated to the authorities in Sweden by Lieutenant Sven Schute, who was sent home for that purpose. Printz earnestly renewed his appeal to be released, urging his age and great feebleness, and recalling the services he had rendered to his country during the past thirty years.

So determined had been the opposition of the Governor to the encroachments of the Hollanders, that the Directors of the Dutch West India Company now began to think of applying to Queen Christina for a settlement of limits between the rival jurisdictions,—a purpose they communicated to the Director-General of New Netherland in a letter of the 21st of March, 1651, meantime requiring him, however, to “endeavor to maintain the rights of the Company in all justice and equity.” In accordance with these instructions, and in consequence, it is likely, of Printz’s fresh interference in the spring with operations of the Dutch in the neighborhood of Fort Beversrede and on an island in the Schuylkill, the energetic Stuyvesant despatched “a ship, well manned and equipped with cannon,” from New Amsterdam, which made her appearance at the mouth of the Delaware on the 8th of the following May, and “dropping anchor half a (Swedish) mile below Fort Christina, closed the river to navigation of all vessels, large and small.”

[Illustration: VISSCHER’S MAP, 1651.

This is an extract from Visscher’s map as given by Campanius, and the date is fixed from the presence on it of Fort Casimir (built that year) and Fort Elfsborg (abandoned that year). The name above the latter one is a manuscript addition in the copy used in the reproduction. It is also reproduced in Dr. Egle’s _Pennsylvania_, p. 43.]

She was, to be sure, soon forced to withdraw by an armed yacht made ready by Printz; but her captain sending tidings of his situation to Manhattan, on the 25th of June Stuyvesant himself came overland, with a hundred and twenty men, being joined at Fort Nassau by eleven sail (including four well-furnished ships), and after proceeding up and down the river several times, with demonstrations of hostility, finally landed two hundred of his soldiers at a place on the west bank between Forts Christina and Elfsborg, called Sandhoeck (near New Castle, Delaware), where he built a small fort, to which he gave the name of Casimir. He likewise cut down the Swedish boundary posts, and sought by threats to compel the freemen to acknowledge the rule of the Hollanders. Abandoning and razing Fort Nassau, because of its less convenient position (too far up the stream), he stationed two men-of-war at his new fort, and collected toll of foreign vessels, even plundering and detaining several Virginia barques on account of duty demanded on their traffic in New Sweden for the previous four years. Printz was not strong enough to resist these acts by force; but when the Dutch director-general found some Indians ready to deny the rights of the Swedes, and even to undertake to sell to him the territory which he had seized, the Governor held a meeting on the 3d of July at Elfsborg with the heirs of the sachem who had conveyed to Governor Minuit the land between Christina and Bomtiens Udden, embracing the site of Fort Casimir, and obtained a confirmation of that grant, with a denial of the title of the savages who disposed of it to Stuyvesant. A protest was addressed to the latter from New Gottenburg on the 8th, claiming this region as well as that above Christina to Sankikan, and appealing for observance of “the praiseworthy alliance between her Royal Majesty of Sweden and the High and Mighty States-General.” Similar conferences were likewise held at New Gottenburg on the 13th and the 16th of the same month, resulting in still more explicit recognition, on the part of the natives, of the right of the Swedes to the territory on the Delaware; but neither this action of the savages nor a personal visit of Printz produced any effect on the Dutch director-general, although, it is said, at his departure the rival governors mutually promised to maintain “neighborly friendship and correspondence,” and to “refrain from hostile or vexatious deeds against each other.” The Governor of New Sweden related these events in letters of the 1st of August to Chancellor Oxenstjerna and Councillor Brahe, saying that he had been obliged to abandon all save his three principal posts (New Gottenburg, Nya Korsholm, and Christina), which he had strengthened and reinforced. In other respects the colony had prospered, reaping “very fine harvests at all the settlements, besides obtaining delicious crops of several kinds of fruit” that year. “Nothing is needed,” he adds, “but a much larger emigration of people, both soldiers and farmers, whom the country is now amply able to sustain.”

Although the Director-General of New Netherland had informed Printz that his invasion of New Sweden was authorized by the States of Holland, this was not precisely true; and the Directors of the Dutch West India Company, in a letter of the 4th of April, 1652, expressed considerable surprise at the boldness of his action, fearing it might be resented by her Swedish Majesty. The subject was, in fact, discussed by the Royal Council of Sweden on the 18th of March, when “the Queen declared it to be her opinion that redress might fairly be required of the States-General, and the Chancellor of the Kingdom deemed the question well worthy of deliberation.” Two days before, also, a consultation was held on the condition of New Sweden, at which were present, by special summons, Postmaster-General Beier (who, since the death of Admiral Fleming, acted as superintendent of the enterprise in Sweden), the book-keeper Hans Kramer (a zealous co-operator in the work), Henrik Gerdtson (only known as having been a resident of New Netherland), the assessor in the College of Commerce, and finally Lieutenant Schute, who gave a good report of the colony and the resources of the country, and attested the need of a greater number of emigrants. Of these, it was stated, plenty could be found “willing to go forth and settle;” and, in accordance with the judgment of the Queen and the sentiments of her Chancellor, it was resolved to commit the undertaking for the future to the care of the College of Commerce, and to order the Admiralty to prepare a vessel for another expedition to the Delaware. A few days later a ship was designated by her Majesty, namely, “Svanen,” but more than a whole year elapsed before the final execution of the project.

[Illustration]

The situation of the colony, meanwhile, awakened great anxiety in the mind of the Governor. Not since the arrival of “Svanen,” between four and five years before, had any message or letter been received from Sweden, and the emigrants naturally began to fear that they had been abandoned by their sovereign. Some of them, therefore, left the country, while others were disposed to do so on a more favorable opportunity. According to a letter from Printz to Chancellor Oxenstjerna, dated Aug. 30, 1652, forty Dutch families had settled on the east side of the Delaware, although, like the rest of their compatriots in New Sweden, they were miserably provided for the pursuit of agriculture, and could only sustain themselves by traffic with the savages. In the latter particular, however, both Hollanders and English had great advantages over the Swedes, who having no cargoes of their own were forced to buy merchandise for barter of their rivals at double prices, or entirely lose their trade. This year, unfortunately, “the water spoiled the grain;” still, says Printz, the country “was in tolerably good condition, the freemen, with their cattle and other possessions, doing well, and the principal places being occupied and fortified as usual.” A vessel also had been built, of ninety or a hundred läster,[931] and was only waiting for sails and rigging, and some cannon, which cost too dear to purchase there. On the 26th of April, 1653, the Governor again wrote to the Chancellor, saying,—

“The people yet living and remaining in New Sweden, men, women, and children, number altogether two hundred souls. The settled families do well, and are supplied with cattle. The country yields a fair revenue. Still the soldiers and others in the Company’s service enjoy but a very mean subsistence, and consequently seek opportunity every day to get away, whether with or without leave, having no expectation of any release, as it is now five years and a half since a letter was received from home. The English trade, from which we used to obtain a good support, is at an end, on account of the war with Holland; while the fur-trade yields no profit, particularly now that hostilities have broken out between the Arrigahaga and Susquehanna Indians, from whom the beavers were procured. The Hollanders have quit all their places on the river except Fort Casimir, where they have settled about twenty-six families. To attempt anything against them with our present resources, however, would be of no avail. More people must be sent over from Sweden, or all the money and labor hitherto expended on this undertaking, so well begun, is wasted. We have always been on peaceful terms with the natives so long as our cargoes lasted, but whenever these gave out their friendship has cooled; for which reason, as well as for the sustenance of our colonists, we have been compelled to purchase a small cargo, by drawing a bill to be paid in Holland, which we expect to discharge by bartering half of the goods for tobacco.”

Finally, on the 14th of July, Governor Printz wrote once more to Brahe concerning a speculation of the Dutch and English for supplying tobacco for Sweden, through the aid of a Virginia merchant sailing under a Swedish commission; and, to give further weight to his appeals on behalf of the colony, he sent home his son, Gustaf Printz, who had been a lieutenant in the settlement since 1648. The situation of the emigrants did not improve during the summer; and nothing yet being heard from Sweden, the Governor felt he could wait no longer, and determined to leave the country. When this resolution became known, some of the Swedes were inclined to remove to Manhattan and put themselves under the protection of Stuyvesant; but being refused permission by the Director-General until instructions should come from Holland, they seem to have abandoned the project. Before taking his departure, Printz promised the inhabitants that he would either himself return in ten months or send back a vessel and cargo, and appointed in his place, as Vice-Governor of the Colony, his son-in-law Johan Papegåja. In company with his wife and Hendrick Huygen, and some others of the settlers, he left the Delaware in the beginning of October, and, crossing the ocean in a Dutch vessel, by the 1st of December reached Rochelle, from whence he went to Holland early in 1654, and in April of that year at last arrived in Sweden.

[Illustration]

The reiterated appeals of Governor Printz to his superiors had begun at length to produce their effect, and Aug. 13, 1653, Queen Christina ordered the Admiralty to equip the ship “Vismar” for the expedition to New Sweden which had been projected (and for which “Svanen” had been selected) the previous year. Three hundred persons were to take part in it, and rigging was to be procured for the vessel which had been built on the Delaware. The same day, also, the College of War was enjoined to supply ammunition for the defence of the settlement. The College of Commerce, which was now fully organized, had, by her Majesty’s desire, assumed the direction of the colony, and the honor of restoring and

## actively conducting its affairs belongs to the President of that

College, Erik, son of Axel, Oxenstjerna.

[Illustration]

On the 25th of August Sven Schute was commanded to enrol fifty soldiers as emigrants, preferring such as possessed mechanical skill, sending them to Stockholm, besides two hundred and fifty persons, including some women, to be obtained in the forests of Värmland and Dal. Instead of the “Vismar,” the ship “Örnen” (the Eagle) was supplied by the Admiralty, which was ready to receive her cargo by autumn, and was put under the command of Johan Bockhorn, the mate of the ill-fated “Kattan;” while the West India Company fitted out “Gyllene Hajen,” which had borne the sixth expedition to New Sweden, to be commanded by Hans Amundson, who, as Captain of the Navy, was to superintend the construction of vessels and have charge of the defences of the colony. Schute was to accompany the expedition as “Captain in the country, and

## particularly over the emigrants to be sent out on ‘Örnen,’” both he and

Amundson having been granted patents for land on the Delaware.[932]

[Illustration]

Not aware that Printz had already left New Sweden, the Queen wrote a letter, December 12, permitting him to come home, but deprecating his doing so until arrangements could be made in regard to his successor; and the same day Johan Claesson Rising, the Secretary of the College of Commerce, was appointed Commissary and Assistant-Councillor to the Governor, at an annual salary of twelve hundred daler-silfver, besides receiving fifteen hundred daler-silfver for the expenses of his voyage, with the privilege of resuming his position in the College if he returned to Sweden.

[Illustration]

He was also granted as much land in New Sweden as he could cultivate with twenty or thirty peasants, and received a Memoir from his sovereign, as well as Instructions from the College of Commerce, in twenty-four articles, signed by Erik Oxenstjerna and Christer Bonde on the 15th, prescribing his duties in the colony. He was to aid Printz in the administration of justice and the promotion of agriculture, trade, fishing, and so forth; and to endeavor to extend the settlement, encouraging the immigration of worthy neighbors of other nations. The Dutch were to be peacefully removed from Fort Casimir and the vicinity, if possible, care being taken that the English did not obtain a foothold on the Delaware; and a fort might be built, if needed, at the mouth of the river. On the way to America another commission was to be executed by Captain Amundson, in obtaining from the Spaniards at Porto Rico compensation for “Kattan.”

[Illustration]

The final preparations for the departure of the ninth expedition to New Sweden were made under the directions of the book-keeper Hans Kramer, in Stockholm, and Admiral Thijssen Anckerhelm at Gottenburg, where “Örnen” remained for several months awaiting the arrival of “Gyllene Hajen” from the capital. This did not occur, however, until the close of January, 1654; and the ship having met with such disasters at Öresund as necessitated her stopping for repairs before she could continue her journey, “Örnen” was forced to sail alone. On the 27th of that month the emigrants, numbering (with women and children) three hundred and fifty souls, swore allegiance to their sovereign and to the West India Company, and on February 2 weighed anchor for the Delaware. No fewer than a hundred families, who had sold all their property in expectation of uniting in the expedition, were obliged to stay behind for lack of room. Besides Commissary Rising and Captain Schute, Elias Gyllengren, who had accompanied Governor Printz to New Sweden, sailed on this vessel, with the commission of lieutenant.

[Illustration]

Two Lutheran clergymen, Petrus Hjort and Matthias Nertunius, the latter of whom had embarked on the unfortunate “Kattan,” and Peter Lindström, a military engineer, from whose letters, journal, and maps we derive much information concerning the Swedish colony, likewise were of the company. After a very adventurous voyage, during which half of the travellers fell sick, and the ship was dismantled by a violent hurricane, and nearly captured by the Turks, “Örnen” arrived on the 18th of May in Delaware Bay, and two days afterward at Fort Elfsborg, now deserted and in ruins. On the 21st she cast anchor off Fort Casimir, then in charge of Gerrit Bikker and a dozen Dutch soldiers. Although in the general instructions of his superiors Rising was cautioned against engaging in hostilities with the Hollanders, such was not the personal counsel of Axel Oxenstjerna; and a letter of Erik Oxenstjerna, dated Jan. 18, 1654, expresses the opinion that the present was “an opportunity for action which it were culpable to neglect.” This probably accounts for the energy exhibited by the Commissary in inaugurating his administration of the affairs of the colony; for, immediately on reaching the Dutch post, he sent Captain Schute with twenty soldiers to demand the surrender of the garrison. Not receiving a satisfactory reply, the Captain ordered Lieutenant Gyllengren to enter the place, where the latter soon triumphantly displayed the Swedish flag. The stronghold was named anew from the day of its capture (Trinity Sunday), Trefaldighets Fort (Trinity Fort). The next day “Örnen” sailed up to Christina, and on the 23d the inhabitants of that region assembled to hear the commands of their sovereign, and the Dutch settlers who were permitted to remain on the Delaware took the oath of fealty to Sweden,—an act which, with the surrender of Fort Casimir, was at once reported in a letter from Rising to Stuyvesant.

[Illustration: TRINITY FORT.

This follows the sketch given in Campanius, p. 76, copied from Lindström.]

A meeting of the rest of the people for the same object was held at Tinicum on the 4th of June. Since the departure of Governor Printz the colonists had been greatly reduced in numbers through desertion and other causes, and Fort Nya Korsholm had been abandoned, and had afterwards been burned by the savages. Lieutenant Papegåja, therefore, cheerfully resigned the responsibility of the government to Commissary Rising, who retained him, however, as his counsellor, in conjunction with Captain Schute.

The new Governor spent several days in visiting the various settlements on the river, in company with Engineer Lindström, and on the 17th of June concluded a treaty of peace and friendship with the Indians, represented by ten of their sachems, at a council at Printzhof. The day after, “Lawrence Lloyd, the English commandant of Virginia,” took supper with Rising, and intimated the claim made by his nation to the Delaware, referring especially to the grant to Plowden, already spoken of. The Swedes defended their title to the territory by an appeal to the donations and concessions of the natives. The Virginians subsequently desiring to buy land and settle it with colonists, Rising, remembering the encroachments of the Puritans in New Netherland, felt constrained to deny their request until special instructions on the subject should be received from Sweden. On the other hand, an open letter was addressed by the Governor, July 3, to all Swedes who had gone to Virginia, inviting them to return to the Delaware, and promising that they should then be granted permission to betake themselves wherever they wished. On the 8th of the same month still further recognition of the Swedish dominion over the west shore of the river, from Fort Trinity to the Schuylkill, was obtained from two Indian chieftains, who met Rising for that purpose at Fort Christina. The relations with New England at this period were quite friendly, and a shallop was despatched thither, under the charge of Jacob Svenson, to procure a larger supply of food. At the same time an “Ordinance” was promulgated, determining many details “concerning the people, land, agriculture, woods, and cattle,” designed to promote the internal welfare of the colony. The progress made during the first two months of Governor Rising’s administration was very satisfactory; and hopeful letters were addressed by him, July 11 and 13, to Erik and Axel Oxenstjerna, respectively, and a full Report of measures recommended and adopted, bearing the latter date, was rendered to the College of Commerce. “For myself,” says the Governor, “thank God, I am very contented. There is four times more ground occupied at present than when we arrived, and the country is better peopled; for then we found only seventy persons, and now, including the Hollanders and others, there are three hundred and sixty-eight.” Some of the old freemen, induced by the immunity from taxation which had been accorded to persons who occupied new land, requested fresh allotments. These relinquished ground already cleared, which was purchased for the Company and settled with young freemen, who were supplied with seed and cattle, subject to an equal division with the Company of the offspring and of the crops. Rising also deemed it advisable to found a little town of artisans and mechanics, and for that purpose selected a field near Fort Christina, which Lindström laid out in lots, naming the place Christinahamn (Christina Haven), where he proposed “to build houses in the autumn;” and among sites for cities and villages he mentions Sandhoeck, or Trinity, where about twenty-two houses had been erected by the Hollanders. The Dutch fort at the latter spot, which he had captured, was reconstructed by Captain Schute, who armed it with four fourteen-pounder cannon taken from “Örnen.” In accordance with the permission granted, Rising selected for himself a piece of “uncleared land below Fort Trinity;” and since this was rather remote from his place of residence, Christina, he requested the privilege of cultivating “Timmerön (Timber Island), with the land to Skölpaddkilen (Tortoise-shell Creek).”

“Örnen” sailed from New Sweden in July, carrying home some of the older colonists, with Lieutenant Papegåja, who was deputed to give further information about the condition of the settlement. It was impossible to provide the vessel with a sufficient cargo, but Rising shipped some tobacco, which he had purchased in Virginia, to be sold on his private account in Sweden.

[Illustration]

We now know that news of Printz’s departure from the Delaware was received soon after “Örnen” had left Gottenburg for America; and on the 28th of February, 1654, Queen Christina commissioned Rising as temporary Governor of New Sweden. By the same royal letter Hans Amundson was removed from the supervision of “the defence of the land and the forts,” and this duty was intrusted to Sven Schute, in unwitting anticipation of a request in Rising’s report of the following July. In consequence of incapacity exhibited on the voyage of “Gyllene Hajen” from Stockholm to Gottenburg, he was likewise replaced in the command of his vessel on the 4th of March, by Sven Höök, subject to the superior orders of Henrich von Elswich, of Lübeck, who was deputed to succeed Huygen as commissary in the colony, taking care of the cargoes and funds, and keeping the books of the Company.

[Illustration]

In the hope of further developing the growth of the settlement, on the 16th of the same month Queen Christina granted a “_privilegium_ for those who buy land or traffic in New Sweden or the West Indies,” in accordance with which, whoever purchased ground of the Company or of the Indians, with recognition of the jurisdiction of her Majesty was assured allodial enfranchisement for himself and his heirs forever; while subjects who exported goods which had already paid duty in the kingdom or dependencies of Sweden, should be free from all imposts on the Delaware, and were required to pay only two per cent (and nothing in Sweden) on what they exported from that river. On the 15th of April “Gyllene Hajen” was at last able to leave Gottenburg, with a number of emigrants and a quantity of merchandise, and arrived at Porto Rico on the 30th of June. Commissary Elswich was kindly received by the Spanish governor of the island, Don Diego Aquilera, and on presenting letters from his Catholic Majesty and Antonio de Pimentelli, the Spanish ambassador to Sweden, with his claim for damages for “Kattan,” he was offered 14,030 Spanish dollars as compensation from the Governor, but not deeming that sum sufficient declined to accept it, in view of the good-will of the Spaniards and the prospect of more satisfactory negotiations on the subject in the future. Amundson, who had been permitted to accompany the expedition with his family, to press his personal demands at Porto Rico, and settle as a private individual upon the Delaware, died on the 2d of July, and was buried on the island. The ship continued her voyage in August, and arrived off the continent September 12, when, either through the rashness or the malice of the mate, she was conducted into a bay, believed to be the Delaware, which was in fact the present New York harbor,—an error not discovered till she had reached Manhattan. So favorable an opportunity to retaliate the seizure of Fort Casimir by the Swedish governor was not suffered to pass unimproved by the energetic Stuyvesant, who detained the vessel and cargo, and on the refusal of Rising to visit New Amsterdam, or restore or pay for the Dutch fort, the Dutch governor confiscated the goods, and equipped “Gyllene Hajen,” under the name of “Diemen,” for the Curaçoa trade, in the service of his West India Company. Most of the emigrants remained in New Netherland; and Commissary Elswich, who vainly protested against such hostile actions, did not arrive at the Delaware until the close of November.

On the occasion of the English Minister Whitelocke’s embassy to Sweden, in May, 1654, a convention was adopted for the observance of friendship between New Sweden and the English colonies in America, and for the adjustment of their boundaries. Probably in ignorance of this, during the ensuing summer the colonists of New Haven renewed their project of forming a settlement on the Delaware. By order of the General Court of July 5, Governor Theophilus Eaton addressed a letter on the subject to Governor Rising, to which the latter replied August 1, affirming the right of his sovereign to “all the lands on both sides Delaware Bay and River,” and referring to “a conference or treaty before Mr. Endicott, wherein New Haven’s right was silenced or suppressed.” This was deemed unsatisfactory by the Commissioners of the United Colonies, to whom the letters were submitted by Governor Eaton on the 23d of September, and the same day another letter was written by these gentlemen to the Governor of New Sweden, reciting their purchases of land from the Indians, and desiring explanations. These communications being read at a General Court at New Haven on the 2d of November, a committee was appointed to receive applications from persons willing to emigrate, a company of whom appealed to the Court for aid in their enterprise on the 30th of the following January. This was readily accorded, and one of the number visited the Delaware to ascertain the sentiment of the people residing there; but returning in March, announced “little encouragement in the Bay,” while “a report of three ships being come to the Swedes seemed to make the business more difficult.” Although the undertaking was favored by the town of New Haven both then and during April, no attempt appears to have been made to carry it on.

During the summer of 1654 occurred the abdication of Queen Christina and the death of her aged Chancellor, Axel Oxenstjerna; but these events entailed no diminution of interest on the part of Sweden in the welfare of her colony in America. Observing that the partners in the West India Company “had not entered into their work with proper zeal,” on the 23d of December King Charles X. (Gustavus) instructed the College of Commerce “to admonish them to do their duty, under penalty of forfeiting their share of future profits,” and for their encouragement renewed the privilege of the monopoly of the tobacco trade in Sweden and her dependencies, which had been withdrawn Oct. 25, 1649.

[Illustration]

In April, 1655, members of the Company, including Johan Oxenstjerna, son of the late chancellor, and Jöran Fleming, son of the late admiral, were summoned before the College of Commerce, now presided over by Olof Andersson Strömsköld, who at the same time became Director of the Company, to decide “whether they would contribute the capital needed to carry on the enterprise, or relinquish their pretensions.” The associates not relishing the latter alternative, the resolution was taken to disburse the last of their funds, and to try to induce other persons to join them in their work.

[Illustration]

It was even proposed to form a new company, enjoying proprietorship of the land subject to the Crown of Sweden, with increased privileges and immunities,—the scheme for this (dated in May) being still preserved in the Archives of the kingdom, although it does not seem to have been adopted, since it lacks the royal signature, and is not comprised in the registry. On the 30th of July Johan Rising was commissioned by the College of Commerce “Commandant” in New Sweden,—the budget for 1655 also embracing a captain, a lieutenant, an ensign, a sergeant, two gunners, a corporal, a drummer, and thirty-six soldiers, a provost, and an executioner, with three clergymen, a commissary, an assistant-commissary, a fiscal, a barber-surgeon, and an engineer, at an annual expense of 4,404 riksdaler for the colony. In addition, certain employés were occupied in Stockholm, at a charge of 834 riksdaler. The Company likewise succeeded in fitting out the tenth and last Swedish expedition to the Delaware, under the command of the former Commissary, Hendrick Huygen, including Johan Papegåja, a Lutheran minister called Herr Matthias, six Finnish families from Värmland, and other emigrants, numbering in all eighty-eight souls, a hundred more being turned away for want of room. The vessel selected on this occasion was the “Mercurius,” which was ready to receive her cargo, consisting chiefly of linen and woollen stuffs and salt, in July, but was obliged to wait for cannon and ammunition, and did not sail from Gottenburg until the 16th of October. She bore a letter to Rising promising that another ship should very soon follow.

The efforts of the last two years to strengthen the Swedish dominion on the Delaware were certainly sufficiently earnest to merit success; but they were made too late. Their inadequacy to the present extremity rather hastened the bursting of the storm which engulfed the political destiny of the settlement. The Dutch West India Company had never entirely abandoned their claim to jurisdiction over the shores of the “South River,” and in April, 1654, apparently apprehending danger from the expedition under Rising, determined to occupy Fort Casimir with a force of two hundred men, who had been enlisted for service in New Netherland against the English,—a duty for which they were not needed, in consequence of the recent conclusion of peace. The surrender of this fort by Bikker was severely censured by the Directors, who addressed letters to Stuyvesant, in November, authorizing and urging the immediate undertaking of an expedition projected by him, “to avenge this misfortune, not only by restoring matters to their former condition, but also by driving the Swedes at the same time from the river.” Documents were likewise called for, to be sent to Holland, confirmatory of the claim of the Dutch company to the territory on the Delaware, in anticipation, doubtless, of diplomatic controversies likely to arise between the governments of Sweden and the States-General. Before the receipt of these communications, however, Stuyvesant had gone on a voyage to the West Indies, whence he did not return to New Amsterdam until the middle of the following summer. Meanwhile the Dutch Directors wrote to him approving of his seizure of “Gyllene Hajen,” and informing him that they had chartered “one of the largest and best ships” of Amsterdam, carrying thirty-six guns and two hundred men, to unite in the enterprise against New Sweden, which was to be undertaken by the authorities of New Netherland immediately on her arrival, in view of the “great preparations making in Sweden to assist their countrymen on the South River.” At the same time the orders of November were modified, so that the Swedes might be permitted to retain the ground on which Fort Christina was built, “with a certain amount of garden-land for the cultivation of tobacco,” provided they considered themselves subjects of the Dutch “State and Company.”

The ship referred to, called “De Waag” (the Balance), reached New Amsterdam on the 4th of August, 1655, and Director-General Stuyvesant at once completed his preparations for the invasion of New Sweden. A small army of six or seven hundred men[933] was at length assembled, and distributed upon “De Waag,” commanded by the Director-General in person, and six other vessels, comprising a galiot, flyboat, and two yachts, each mounting four guns. The whole force sailed on the 26th of August, arriving off Delaware Bay the following afternoon, and casting anchor the day after before the old Fort Elfsborg. On the night of the 30th their presence was made known to the Swedes by a vigorous discharge of cannon, and by the capture of some colonists by a party who had landed at Sandhoeck. The next morning the Dutch appeared in front of Fort Trinity. In consequence of intimations received from the Indians, and confirmed by the testimony of two spies who had been sent by Rising to Manhattan, the advent of the Hollanders was not unexpected, and the garrison had been increased to forty-seven men, while orders had been issued by the Governor to Captain Schute, who still commanded at that post, to fire upon the Dutch in case they should attempt to pass. This fact was communicated by that officer to persons sent by Stuyvesant to demand the surrender of the fort; and in a personal interview with the Director-General, Schute solicited the privilege of transmitting an open letter to Rising asking for further instructions. This was peremptorily denied him, although a delay was afterward granted till the next morning, for a response to the summons. Nevertheless during the night Schute contrived to get word to Christina about his perilous situation, and nine or ten men were despatched to his relief. These were intercepted, however, by the Hollanders, two only escaping capture by retreating to their boat and returning to their fort. At the same time a mutiny occurred among the garrison of Fort Trinity, and fifteen or sixteen men were disarmed and put under arrest. Two others deserted and reported the condition of affairs to Stuyvesant. Resistance now seeming worse than useless, Schute met the Director-General on “De Waag,” on the 1st of September, and consented to capitulate, on promise of security for the persons and private property of the officers, and the restoration to Sweden of the four iron guns and five field-pieces constituting the armament of the redoubt. The captain accordingly marched forth, with a guard of twelve men and colors flying, and the place was occupied by the Dutch. In consequence of the omission to stipulate a point of retreat for the garrison, on the 7th most of these were sent by Stuyvesant, on his flyboat, to New Amsterdam. The day of the surrender of Fort Trinity Factor Elswich presented himself before the Director-General, on the part of Governor Rising, “to demand an explanation of his conduct, and dissuade him from further hostilities,” but was compelled to return without receiving satisfaction. Measures were therefore immediately taken for the defence of Fort Christina, all the people available being assembled at that place, where they “labored by night and by day, strengthening the ramparts and filling gabions.” On the 2d of September the Dutch appeared in force on the opposite bank of Christina Creek, and on the 3d seized a Swedish shallop, and threatened to occupy a neighboring house. Lieutenant Sven Höök was sent by Rising to inquire their purpose, but he was detained by Stuyvesant on “De Waag.” By the 4th the Hollanders had planted gabions about the house referred to, and under cover of these threw up a battery; and on the 5th landed on the north side of Christina Creek, and erected batteries on Timber Island, at Christinahamn, and on the west side of the fort. They completed their investment of the place by anchoring their ships at the mouth of the Fiske Kil, on the southeast. Some volleys of shot, fired over-head from either side, assured Rising that he was entirely surrounded; and on the 6th a letter was brought by an Indian from Stuyvesant, “arrogantly claiming the whole river,” and requiring all the Swedes to evacuate the country, except such as were willing to remain under the protection of the Dutch. A council of war was immediately held, at which it was determined not to begin hostilities, but to act on the defensive, and, if possible, to repel assaults.

[Illustration: SIEGE OF CHRISTINA FORT.

This follows the rude plan given in Campanius, p. 81, extracted from Lindström’s manuscript account of the affair.

A. Fort Christina. B. Christina Creek. C. Town of Christina Hamn. D. Tennekong Land. E. Fiske Kil (now Brandywine Creek). F. Snake Battery, of four guns. G. Gnat Battery, of six guns. H. Rat Battery, of five guns. I. Fly Battery, of four guns. K. Timmer Öland (Timber Island). L. Kitchen. M. Position of the besiegers. N. Harbor. O. Mine. P. Reed flats.

Comp., Compagn.,—Companies of Dutch soldiers.]

The next morning Factor Elswich, Sergeant Van Dyck, and Peter Rambo were sent to reply to Stuyvesant, with an assertion of the right of Sweden to the Delaware, exhorting him to refrain from acts which might lead to a breach between their sovereign and the States-General, and protesting his responsibility for all shedding of blood at Fort Christina. The Dutchman did not yield to their arguments, and on the 9th despatched a letter to Rising of similar import to that of the 6th, which was answered with a proposal that their boundaries be settled by their sovereigns, or by commissioners authoritatively appointed for that purpose. No regard was paid to this, however, by Stuyvesant, and the peculiar _quasi_ siege was still continued, although no attempt was made to harm the garrison, notwithstanding, says Rising, there was not a spot upon the walls where they could have stood with safety. Meanwhile the Swedish force, which numbered only about thirty men, some of whom were sick and others ill-affected, noting the progress of the works of the enemy, and anticipating the speedy exhaustion of their supplies, began to entertain thoughts of surrender.

[Illustration: LINDSTRÖM’S MAP, 1654-1655.

[This is a reduction from the map given in Campanius, which is in itself a reduction from an original draft of the Swedish engineer. It is likewise given in _Nouv. Annales des Voyages, Mars_, 1843; in Memoirs of _Pennsylvania Historical Society_, vol. iii. part i.; in Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, ii. 154, etc. Armstrong, in establishing the position of Fort Nassau, examined the following maps, which include, he thinks, all early maps of the bay and river: De Laet’s “Nova Anglia, Novum Belgium et Virginia,” 1633; Blaeu’s _Theatre du Monde_, 1645, marked “Nova Belgica et Anglica Nova,” which apparently follows De Laet. Also, the map of Virginia by Virginia Farrer (in Vol. III.), dated at London in 1651, and bearing this legend: “This River the Lord Ployden hath a Patten of, and calls it new Albion, but the Sweeds are planted in it and have a great trade of Furrs.” Lindström’s manuscript map of 1654, twenty-seven inches long, in the Swedish Royal Archives, of which Armstrong saw a copy in the library of the American Philosophical Society (and another copy of which, made for the late Joseph J. Mickley, has been engraved in Reynolds’s translation of Acrelius). The map of Visscher, without date (? 1654), “Novi Belgii, Novæque Angliæ necnon partis Virginiæ tabula.” Vanderdonck’s 1654, given in the preceding chapter. The map in Ogilby’s _America_, and in Montanus’s _Nieuwe Onbekende Weereld_, 1671, both from the same plate, “Novi Belgii ... delineatio,” which follows Visscher and Vanderdonck. Dancker’s “Novi Belgii,” etc. Ottens’s “Totius Neobelgii ... tabula,” following Visscher. A map, “Edita Totius Novi Belgii cura Matthæi Seutteri.” Another, “Nova Anglia ... a Baptista Homerus (Homans?).” Again, “Pennsylvania, ... cum regionibus ad flumen Delaware sitis ... per M. Scutterum.” Arent Roggeveen’s chart, 1675, which Armstrong calls the “first comparatively correct map of the bay and river.” The three types in these maps are Lindström’s, Visscher’s, and Roggeveen’s; the others are copies more or less closely. Armstrong did not, however, quite thoroughly scan the field. De Laet’s map of 1633 appeared earlier in his 1630 edition, and is given in fac-simile in Vol. III, where will also be found the map accompanying _The Relation of Maryland_, 1635. Blaeu’s map appeared earlier in his Nieuwe _Atlas_, 1635. There is also the map of the Mercator-Hondius series, reproduced in Hexham’s English translation in 1636. Sanson’s map of 1656 is also sketched in Vol. III. A map entitled _Pascaerte van Nieu Nederland_ is in Van Loon’s Atlas of 1661. There are also two maps showing the bay in Speed’s _Prospect of the most famous Parts of the World_, London, 1676, which very blindly follow the Dutch maps; and we do not get any better work till we come to Gabriel Thomas’s map of 1698, which is given in fac-simile in Vol. III.—ED.]]

On the 13th Rising and Elswich had an interview with Stuyvesant, and made a last appeal on behalf of the jurisdiction of their sovereign over the territory of New Sweden, but were answered as before by the Director-General. The Dutch now brought the guns of all their batteries to bear upon the fort, and the following day formally summoned the Swedish governor to capitulate within twenty-four hours,—a proposal to which the garrison unanimously acceded, and articles of surrender were drawn up on the 15th. In accordance with these, all artillery, ammunition, provisions, and other effects belonging to the Crown of Sweden and the South Company were to be retained by them; while officers, soldiers, ministers, and freemen were permitted to keep their personal goods and have liberty to go wherever they pleased, or remain upon the Delaware, protected in the exercise of their Swedish Lutheran religion. Such of the colonists as desired to return to their native country should be conveyed thither on suitable vessels, free of expense; while Rising and Elswich, by secret agreement, were to be landed in France or England. After accepting these conditions, the Governor of New Sweden was approached by the Director-General with a proposition singularly differing from that authorized, as stated, by the Directors of the Dutch West India Company; namely, that the Swedes should reoccupy their fort and maintain possession of the land higher up the river, while the Hollanders merely reserved for themselves that south of Christina Creek,—the two nations at the same time entering into an offensive and defensive alliance with one another. It is not easy to account for this action on the part of the victorious Dutchman, unless we attribute it to the news of the invasion of New Amsterdam by a large body of Indians, just learned through a letter from his Council, urging his speedy return home, and the fear lest the Swedes might take advantage of the predicament to retake all their territory. The unexpected offer was reduced to writing at the desire of Rising, and was made the subject of a consultation with his people, who rejected it, however, fearing duplicity on the part of Stuyvesant, and dreading to incur the animosity entertained by the English and the Indians towards the Hollanders. They also thought they might thereby compromise the claim of their sovereign to the whole territory of New Sweden, and preferred to leave it to their “most worthy superiors,” as the Governor expressed it, “to resent and redress their wrongs in their own time, and in such way and with such force as might be requisite.” The delivery of this answer to the Director-General terminated negotiations. As had been stipulated, Rising, Elswich, Lindström, and other officers were allowed to remain in Fort Christina, while the common soldiers were quartered on Timber Island, until the time allotted for their departure for Manhattan. Those of the colonists who determined to stay on the Delaware were required to take oaths of allegiance to the States-General and the Dutch West India Company, and to the Director-General and Council of New Netherland. An article of the capitulation provided for the trial of Captain Schute for his surrender of Fort Trinity. This took place presently, at a courtmartial held by Governor Rising on Timber Island. The Swedish officer denied the charges preferred against him; and there is no evidence that he ever suffered punishment for them. During Stuyvesant’s sojourn in New Sweden, and particularly while he was besieging Fort Christina, the Dutch soldiers committed ravages upon the settlers, not only in this vicinity and around Fort Trinity, but at New Gottenburg, Printzdorp, Upland, Finland, and other points along the river, which were estimated by Rising at over 5,000 florins, involving incidental losses very much greater. On the 1st of October the Governor of New Sweden and his companions, among whom were Engineer Lindström and Factor Elswich, with the clergymen Nertunius and Hjort, embarked on “De Waag,” and “bade farewell” to the Delaware. After arriving at New Amsterdam, they sailed on three merchantmen in the beginning of November. Among the incidents of their voyage was the unfortunate loss of Lindström’s chest of instruments, maps, and professional papers, which fell overboard through the carelessness of the sailors, and sank to the bottom of the sea. Rising landed at Plymouth, England, from whence he went to London, on the 22d of December, reporting the conquest of New Sweden to Johan Leyonberg, the Swedish ambassador, while Lindström and his associates continued their course to Holland. After suffering many hardships, both parties finally reached their own country, and on the 17th of April certain of them appeared before the College of Commerce, to render their accounts and make their claims for services. On inquiry into the manner of the overthrow of the colony, it was determined to present a detailed report of it to his Majesty, and the returned emigrants were instructed to appeal for the settlement of their demands to the Directors of the American Company. The funds of the latter were estimated, April 27, 1655, at 158,178 riksdaler, the chief items accredited, however, being “stock for building ships,” “the cargo of ‘Örnen,’” “damages for ‘Kattan,’” “the territory of New Sweden and its forts,”—securities which did not justify such a hopeful valuation. At the present period their indebtedness was stated at 19,311 riksdaler, their assets being augmented by claims against the Dutch West India Company for the seizure of “Gyllene Hajen,” and afterward by the receipts from the “Mercurius.” Their property was found to be insufficient to discharge their many obligations, and for several years demands continued to be presented on behalf of Printz, Rising, Anckerhelm, and others, which there is little reason to think were ever fully satisfied.

During the occurrence of these events the “Mercurius” was wending her way across the Atlantic, bearing the last hope of safety for the colony, whose subjugation by the Dutch was not learned by her passengers until their arrival in the Delaware, March 14, 1656. They were denied permission to land until commands were received from Director-General Stuyvesant, either to return at once to Sweden, or, in case they needed to lay in provisions and other commodities for a fresh voyage, to repair with their vessel to New Amsterdam. So unexpected a termination of their long and arduous journey was naturally most distasteful to the emigrants, and Commissary Huygen endeavored to change the purpose of the Dutch authorities by paying them a visit and addressing to them a petition on the subject. This was without avail, however, and he was obliged to order his ship, with people and cargo, to Manhattan. The command was disobeyed by the captain, who was compelled by Papegåja and other Swedes, who boarded the vessel, to put passengers and goods ashore on the Delaware, deterring the Hollanders from firing at them from Fort Casimir by carrying along some friendly Indians, whom the Dutch were afraid to hurt. On the 3d of May, therefore, two councillors were deputed to proceed to the South River on “De Waag,” accompanied by Huygen, to enforce the command of the latter; and in July the “Mercurius” was finally brought to New Amsterdam by the Commissary, who obtained leave to sell her cargo there by payment of a satisfactory duty. How many emigrants of this last Swedish expedition to the Delaware remained in New Sweden is not known.[934] The vessel bore back Herr Matthias, and probably Papegåja, and arrived at Gottenburg in September of the same year.

In conclusion, it remains for us to indicate, very briefly, the measures taken by the Government of Sweden to regain possession of their colony, or, at least, to obtain compensation for the loss of it. As early as March, 1656, the Swedish Minister (Harald Appelboom) presented a memorial to the States-General, demanding the re-establishment of the old situation on the Delaware or the payment of indemnity to the American Company; and on the 3d of the following June Governor Rising submitted to his sovereign a plan for the reconquest of that river, supported by an array of arguments maintaining the right of Sweden to her settlement.

[Illustration: MAP OF THE ATLANTIC COLONIES.

This is the curious map given in Campanius, p. 52. It was probably suggested by, although it does not follow, a detailed and interesting manuscript map of the Atlantic coast from Cape Henry to Cape Ann, by Peter Lindstrom, 19¼ x 6⅞ inches in size, including “Virginia,” “Nova Suecia,” “Nova Batavia,” and “Nova Anglia,” which will soon be printed by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [The New England region has some reminiscences of John Smith’s map of 1614, though that first explorer did not place Mount Massachusetts (Chevyot Hills,—that is, the modern Blue Hills of Milton) on the borders of Lake Champlain; but he did give the entities of London and Bristow to non-existing towns. The early Dutch maps are responsible for the curiously-shaped shoal off Cape Cod, and for the southern line of New England running west from Pye Bay (Nahant). There was, of course, a necessity of bringing “Massa Chuser” in some way above that line.—ED.]]

About this time, however, the King’s attention was absorbed by enterprises in Poland, and soon after by the first war with Denmark, and nothing was accomplished; but at a meeting of his Council, April 15, 1658, his Majesty “decided, _en passant_, that New Sweden was well worth endeavoring to recover;” and in a decree concerning the tobacco trade, of the 22d of May, the monopoly of the West India Company was further defined, “chiefly, that the important colony of New Sweden might be preserved now and hereafter to the great advantage” of the kingdom, “and that the settlements of subjects in that region be not entirely abandoned.” Still nothing was attempted on behalf of the colony, doubtless in consequence of the breaking out of the second war with Denmark. The Company was dissolved and the tobacco trade enfranchised in 1662. The next year a fruitless demand upon the States-General for damages was made by the Swedish Regency,[935] which was followed, on the rise of difficulties between England and Holland in 1664, by the issue of orders to Appelboom to give heed to the negotiations of these powers, and to protest against the formal relinquishing of New Sweden to either nation before the indemnification of his own. During the latter year attention was still further attracted to the colony by the arrival in the spring at Amsterdam, on a Dutch ship from Christiania, of a hundred and forty Finns from the region of Sundsvall, who had been encouraged to emigrate by letters from relatives and friends who were living on the Delaware. The Swedish Government, not knowing of this correspondence, and supposing the Finns had been enticed by secret emissaries from Holland, instructed Resident Peter Trotzig and Appelboom to remonstrate against the enterprise, and to demand that the people should be returned “at the cost of those who had deceived them.” Nevertheless, the emigrants sailed in June for New Sweden in a vessel furnished by the city of Amsterdam; and the Swedish authorities were obliged to content themselves with requiring strict surveillance on the part of the governors of certain provinces in Finland to prevent such actions in the future. The matter was not referred to in the memorials addressed by Appelboom to the States-General the same month, although these boldly claimed restitution of the territory of New Sweden to the Swedish West India Company, with reimbursement of all damages sustained by it,—in support of which demands the Government also solicited the countenance and aid of France and England. This topic was renewed on occasion of the embassy of Isbrandt to Sweden; and at a conference held Nov. 16, 1665, after some attempts to defend the conduct of his countrymen on the Delaware, the Dutch envoy actually proposed that Swedes and Hollanders should endeavor, “_junctis viribus_,” to retake the territory from the English, who then controlled it. Isbrandt afterward requested proofs of the Swedish claims, for presentation to his Government. On Dec. 24, 1666, the College of Commerce was commanded to furnish these evidences to Count Christoffer Delphicus von Dohna and Appelboom, who were appointed to treat with the States-General upon the subject. A paper was drawn up, therefore, by that body, Feb. 27, 1667, comprising the usual arguments and copies of documents, with specifications of the losses of the Swedish West India Company, including interest amounting to the sum of 262,240 riksdaler. On the other hand, the Dutch negotiators, among whom were Isbrandt and John de Witt, produced counter claims and complaints of the Dutch Company, and demanded that “the pretensions on both sides be reciprocally dismissed.” At the final convention at the Hague, July 18, it was “ordered and decreed” that these controversies “be examined as soon as possible by his Majesty’s envoy, according to the principles of justice and equity, and satisfaction then, immediately and without delay, be given to the injured party.” It could hardly be expected, however, that the Hollanders would pay claims on property no longer theirs, especially when the loss of New Netherland had well nigh ruined the Dutch West India Company, which ought, ordinarily, to have met the obligations thus incurred. That nothing was done is evident from the fact that the Swedish Government soon afterward exerted itself, with unrepining zeal, to obtain indemnity from the power now exercising dominion over their former territory. Before the terms of the Peace of Breda were known, instructions had been issued to Dohna “to inquire whether England or Holland was in possession of New Sweden, and treat with the proper nation for the restoration of it to Sweden;” and April 28, 1669, Leyonberg, still Swedish minister at London, was required, “without attracting attention, secretly, adroitly, and cautiously” to endeavor to discover what England designed to do with her new acquisition. Subsequently papers were drawn up, setting forth the grounds of the Swedish claim to the territory in dispute, and the English ambassador at Stockholm promised “to contribute his best offices with his sovereign” to procure its recognition. From a response of Leyonberg to his Swedish Majesty, dated July 24, 1669, we learn that the question had been mooted by him, but was always put aside with assertions of the rights of England, in view of the neglect of Sweden to demand her colony at the conclusion of peace. Concerning the condition of the settlement, he had heard great praise of “the diligence and industry, the alacrity and docility of the Swedes” then dwelling on the Delaware, and had been told “their lands were the best cultivated in all that region.” Since we do not meet with any evidence that the Swedish claims were ever again referred to, we presume that at last the subject was dropped, and that henceforth the American colony was universally regarded as finally lost to Sweden.

Thus terminates the history of New Sweden under Swedish sovereignty. Although for twenty-five years after the departure of the last governor the people whose immigration to our continent has been related were almost the only civilized residents on the shores of the Delaware, and were practically nearly as independent as their fathers under the rules of Queen Christina and King Charles X. (Gustavus), they were now nominally subjects of their High Mightinesses the Lords States-General, and later of King Charles II. of England, and their career is properly included in accounts of the Dutch and English dominions of that epoch. Henceforth their connection with the mother country was confined to the limited ecclesiastical sphere of the Swedish Lutheran religion; and this was only ultimately brought to a close at the death of the Reverend Nicholas Collin, the last Swedish pastor of Gloria Dei Church in Philadelphia, in 1831, a hundred and seventy-six years after the conquest of New Sweden by Governor Stuyvesant. During all this period of perpetual contact with an enormously increasing population of other races, certain of the descendants of the Swedes who first cultivated this region sedulously observed ancestral customs, and preserved the knowledge and use of their maternal tongue within family circles. And if, on the other hand, intermarriage with their neighbors eventually confounded many of the old stock with English and German colonists of later immigrations, this merely extended the influence of that virtuous and industrious people, who became the progenitors of not a few citizens of note of several of our chief provinces and commonwealths. The colonization scheme we have endeavored to portray failed, without doubt, of the significance anticipated for it in the enlargement of the empire and the development of the trade and commerce of Sweden; but it formed the nucleus of the civilization which afterward acquired such expansion under William Penn and his contemporaries through the founding of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey, and was the first impulse of that modern movement,—in strong contrast with the wild spirit of the ancient Scandinavian sea-kings and pre-Columbian discoverers of America,—which has contributed so large and useful a population to Illinois and Wisconsin and other Western States of our Republic.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

THE earliest information we possess concerning New Sweden is found in the charter granted by King Gustavus Adolphus in 1624 to the Australian Company.[936] During the ensuing decade were published other documents mentioned in the beginning of the preceding narrative.[937]

[Illustration]

The subject is referred to in a few of the _Resolutien van de Staten van Holland en West Vriesland_. Beauchamp Plantagenet’s _Description of the Province of New Albion_,[938] the _Breeden-Raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche Provintien_,[939] and the _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland_,[940] and _Beschrijvinge van Nieuw-Nederlant_[941] of Adriaen van der Donck give brief accounts of the settlement. Several statements with regard to it are to be found in the _Historia Suecana_ of Johan Loccenius.[942] David Pieterszen de Vries[943] relates the circumstances of a visit he paid to it in 1643. Lieuwe van Aitzema[944] supplies copies of treaties and negotiations between Sweden and the States-General with respect to the dominion over the Delaware, an _Antwoordt_[945] of the latter to Resident Appelboom also appearing separately. Something of interest may be gleaned from _De Hollandsche Mercurius_. This, with sundry maps elsewhere referred to, constitutes, it is believed, all the contemporaneous printed matter which is still preserved to us.

A short account of the colony is contained in Samuel Puffendorf’s _Commentarii de Rebus Suecicis_, published at Utrecht in 1686. It was not, however, until 1702 that a book appeared professedly treating of the settlement. This was the _Kort Beskrifning om Provincien Nya Sverige_ of Thomas Campanius Holm.[946] The fact that the author was a grandson of the Rev. Johan Campanius Holm, who accompanied Governor Printz to New Sweden, both accounts for his interest in the topic and indicates the value of much of his material.

[Illustration: PRINTED TITLE OF CAMPANIUS.]

This is chiefly drawn from manuscripts of Campanius’s grandfather and oral communications of his father, Johan Campanius Holm, who was with the former on the Delaware, and the writings of Governor Rising and Engineer Lindström, preserved among the Archives of the Kingdom of Sweden. From the latter are also taken a drawing of Fort Trinity, a plan of the siege of Fort Christina by the Dutch (both reproduced in the preceding narrative), and a pictorial representation of three Indians. There is likewise a map of New Sweden (appearing in this chapter) engraved by Campanius from a reduction (made by order of King Charles XI. of Sweden in 1696) of a map of the Swedish engineer, four Swedish ells in length and two in width, which was destroyed in the conflagration of the royal palace at Stockholm, May 7, 1697. Unfortunately, some inaccuracies occur in the work, which have been repeated by later historians, both European and American.[947]

The _Dissertatio Gradualis de Svionum in America Colonia_ of Johan Danielson Svedberg[948] cites Campanius, and makes the first mention of Papegåja as provisional Governor of New Sweden. The author was a nephew of Jesper Svedberg, Bishop of Skara, who had the supervision of the Swedish Lutheran congregations in America,[949] and cousin-german to Emmanuel Swedenborg, the heresiarch, and his brother Jesper Svedberg, who taught school for over a year at Raccoon in New Jersey.

In the diplomatic correspondence of John de Witt[950] mention is made of the attempts of Sweden to obtain compensation for the loss of her colony from the States-General.

The _Dissertatio Gradualis de Plantatione Ecclesiæ Svecanæ in America_ of Tobias Eric Biörck[951] cites Campanius and speaks of all the governors of New Sweden, giving a particular account of Minuit from statements of the Rev. Provost Andreas Sandel, who was pastor of the Swedish Lutheran church at Wicacoa from 1702 to 1719, and married a descendant of early Swedish colonists. The author himself was born in New Sweden, being the son of the Rev. Provost Eric Biörck, who built the Swedish Lutheran church at Christina in 1698 (his mother being a scion of old Swedish families on the Delaware), and cousin to the Rev. Provost Andreas Hesselius,[952] who succeeded his father in the charge of the church at Christina in 1713, and who commends the writer in a letter prefixed to his work.

The _Breviate_, Penn _vs._ Baltimore,[953] contains extracts from several of the Dutch Records in the Secretary’s Office at New York, including Kieft’s letter to Minuit, dated May 6, 1638, Hudde’s Report to Stuyvesant of 1648, an Indian deed of sale to the Dutch of land on the east side of the Delaware, dated April 15, 1649, and so forth.

Anders Anton von Stiernman’s _Samling utaf Kongl. Bref, Stadgar och Förordningar_ etc., _angående Sveriges Rikes Commercie, Politie, och Œconomie uti gemen_[954] and _Monumenta Politico-Ecclesiastica_[955] comprise documents relating to the Swedish West India Company and their colony.

Peter Kalm’s _Resa til Norra America_[956] imparts some information concerning the settlement gathered by that illustrious Swede from Maons Keen, Nils Gustafson, and other descendants of ancient Swedish colonists, during a visit paid by him to the Delaware in 1748-1749.

William Smith, in his _History of New York_,[957] gives a brief account of New Sweden, citing the _Beschryvinghe van Virginia_, _Nieuw Nederlandt_, etc. He says that the English who were driven from the Schuylkill in 1642 were Marylanders, without, however, indicating his authority for the statement, which cannot be corroborated.

In 1759 appeared the _Beskrifning om de Svenska Församlingars Tilstånd uti Nya Sverige_ of the Rev. Israel Acrelius,[958] Provost over the Swedish congregations in America and pastor of the church at Christina from 1749 to 1756. Although the greater part of this work is devoted to the subsequent history of the Swedes on the Delaware, the first eighty-eight pages of it relate to the period of the supremacy of Sweden over her colony, and contain the most complete and accurate account of the settlement till then published. The author cites and criticises Van der Donck and Campanius, and imparts fresh information derived from manuscripts in the Archives of the Kingdom of Sweden, Dutch Records in New York, and manuscripts of the Rev. Anders Rudman, pastor of the Swedish Lutheran congregation at Wicacoa from 1697 to 1701, and builder of the present Gloria Dei Church of Philadelphia.

Modeer’s _Historia om Svea Rikets Handel_[959] embraces facts relating to the Swedish West India Company.

Bulstrode Whitelocke’s _Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Years 1653 and 1654_[960] mentions the convention entered into by Sweden and England for the observance of friendship between their colonies in America.

The _Journal_ of John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts, first printed at Hartford in 1790,[961] the second volume of Ebenezer Hazard’s _Historical Collections_, comprising “Records of the United Colonies of New England,” consisting of Acts of the Commissioners,[962] printed at Philadelphia in 1794, and the Rev. Benjamin Trumbull’s _History of Connecticut_, printed at Hartford in 1797, cast light on the relations between the colonies of New England and New Sweden.

In Professor Christoph Daniel Ebeling’s history of Delaware, in the fifth volume of his _Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte von America_,[963] occurs a good summary account of New Sweden, compiled from nearly all the works then published.

The Rev. William Hubbard’s _General History of New England_[964] includes references to the settlements on the Delaware.

In 1825 appeared Carl David Arfwedson’s _De Colonia Nova Svecia Historiola_,[965] giving scarcely any account of the settlement itself, but containing a fuller notice of the origin of the enterprise, with the events which led to the formation of the Swedish West India Company. It is also especially valuable as comprehending several important documents relating to the history of New Sweden not elsewhere printed. Such are parts of _Een Berättelse om Nova Suecia uthi America_ and _Relation öfwer thet ahnfall thermed the Hollendske under P. Stüvesant, Directors öfwer N. Nederland, anförande then Swenske Colonien i N. Svecia, oförmodeligen, med fiendteligheet, öfwerfalla monde_,[966] both by Governor Rising, a paper concerning the Finnish emigration to America in 1664, referred to in the preceding narrative, and a short _Promemoria angående Nya Sverige i America_, all of which are comprised in the Palmskiöld Collections in the Royal Library of the University of Upsala. The work likewise includes a _Series Sacerdotum, qui a Svecia missi sunt in Americam_,[967] and a map of New Sweden.

Joseph W. Moulton’s _History of New Netherland_[968] contains nothing new except a reference to the Report of Andries Hudde among the Dutch Records in New York, and an estimate of the value of the writings of Campanius and Acrelius.

James N. Barker’s _Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware_[969] is based on earlier publications.

In _The Register of Pennsylvania_, edited by Samuel Hazard, volumes iv. and v.,[970] are printed manuscripts which are in the possession of the American Philosophical Society, and among them (particularly valuable) are translations from a French version of copies of Swedish documents procured at Stockholm by the Hon. Jonathan Russel, Minister of the United States to the Court of Sweden.

The _Annals of the Swedes on the Delaware_, by the Rev. Jehu Curtis Clay, Rector of the Swedish churches in Philadelphia and its vicinity,[971] shows no new matter save a short account of the colony from manuscripts of the Rev. Anders Rudman, translated by the Rev. Nicholas Collin.

Erik Gustaf Geijer’s _Svenska Folkets Historia_[972] makes slight references to the formation of the Ship and West India Companies of Sweden.

George Bancroft’s _History of the United States_[973] gives a brief account of the settlement, drawing more largely than former works upon the _Argonautica Gustaviana_, and magnifying the religious and political motives of Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstjerna in attempting the enterprise.

John Leeds Bozman’s _History of Maryland_[974] cites the statement in Smith’s _History of New York_, that the English residents on the Schuylkill who were dispossessed in 1642 were colonists from Maryland, but qualifies it by affirming that the Maryland Records make no mention of the settlement. Other references are made in the work to the relations between New Sweden and Maryland.

William Huffington’s _Delaware Register and Farmers’ Magazine_[975] contains a translation of a grant of land on the Delaware from Director-General Kieft to Abraham Planck and others in 1646 (referred to by Acrelius), preserved among the State Papers at Dover.

The first volume of the second series of the _Collections of the New York Historical Society_[976] has a translation of a Report of Andreas Hudde, Commissary on the Delaware, from the Dutch Colonial Records.

In 1843 appeared the _Notice sur la Colonie de la Nouvelle Suède_, by H. Ternaux-Compans,[977] believed to be the first and only French book on the subject. It gives a summary history of the settlement, drawn from the _Argonautica Gustaviana_, Loccenius, Campanius, and Acrelius, and contains a copy of Lindström’s map.

_A History of the Original Settlements on the Delaware_, by Benjamin Ferris,[978] gives a very full account of New Sweden, extracted from works already published in English, and is interesting and valuable as identifying and describing many of the places mentioned.

The _History of New Netherland_, by E. B. O’Callaghan, M.D.,[979] imparts fresh information about the relations between the Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware, and gives a translation of a “Memorial delivered by His Swedish Majesty’s Resident to their High Mightinesses, in support of the good and complete Right of the Swedish Crown and its subjects to _Nova Suecia_ in America, June, 1664,” from the original in Aitzema.

_Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia, tjugondenionde delen_,[980] contains some letters of the Swedish Government regarding New Sweden.

Samuel Hazard’s _Annals of Pennsylvania_[981] supply a comprehensive history of New Sweden, derived from several of the preceding works, and comprising new matter drawn from manuscripts of the American Philosophical Society, Albany Records, translated by Van der Kemp, the Holland and London Documents, procured by J. R. Brodhead, New Haven Court and Colony Records, Records of the United Colonies of New England, and Trumbull and other manuscripts.

The _Documentary History of the State of New York_, edited by E. B. O’Callaghan, M.D., vol. iii.,[982] gives a letter addressed to the Classis of Amsterdam, Aug. 5, 1657, by the Reformed Dutch clergymen at New Amsterdam, Johann. Megapolensis and Samuel Drisius, referring to the circumstances of the submission of the Swedes to Director-General Stuyvesant; and the same work, vol. iv.,[983] contains a description of New Netherland in 1643-1644, by the Rev. Isaac Jogues, S. J.,[984] mentioning the Swedes on the Delaware.

In _Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society_,[985] vol. vi., are published the report of a committee appointed by that body to make explorations and researches as to the site of Fort Nassau, with a letter on the same subject, and a paper, entitled “The History and Location of Fort Nassau upon the Delaware,” by Edward Armstrong, Recording Secretary of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The latter is clear upon the periods of occupancy of that stronghold by the Dutch, and is especially valuable as comprising an attempt to give a complete list of maps of the Delaware River previous to 1675.[986]

In _Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England_, vol. ii.,[987] is found the action of the General Court in 1644 on the petition of Boston merchants for a charter for a company to trade near the Delaware.

_Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, vol. iii.,[988] procured by John Romeyn Brodhead in England, include a letter of Jerome Hawley, of Virginia, to Secretary Sir Francis Windebanke, referred to in the preceding narrative, “A Declaration shewing the illegality and unlawfull proceedings of the Patent of Maryland,” dated 1649, mentioning the great trade of the Swedes and Dutch with the Indians, and the singularly inaccurate “Relation of Mr. Garrett Van Sweeringen, of the City of St. Maries, concerning his knowledge of the seateing of Delaware Bay and River by the Dutch and Swedes,” subscribed in 1684.

John Romeyn Brodhead’s _History of the State of New York_[989] gives the best Dutch account of the relations between the Swedes and Hollanders, amply citing authorities on the subject. It also contains a map of New Netherland by the author.

Fredrik Ferd. Carlson’s _Sveriges Historia under Konungarne af Pfalziska Huset_[990] makes a brief reference to the colony, imparting fresh information from Printz’s letters and report of 1647, and the Minutes of the Royal Council, in the archives of Sweden.

Among _Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, vols. i. and ii.,[991] procured by J. R. Brodhead in Holland, are many papers concerning the relations between the Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware.

_Records of the Colony or Jurisdiction of New Haven_[992] contain information with regard to attempts of inhabitants of New England to settle in New Sweden.

_De Navorscher_[993] for 1858 prints two letters from Johannes Bogaert, “Schrijver,” to Schepen Bontemantel, Director of the Dutch West India Company, dated Aug. 28 and Oct. 31, 1655 (N. S.), relating the arrival of the ship “De Waag” at New Amsterdam, and mentioning some details concerning the conquest of New Sweden by the Hollanders not elsewhere recorded.

In the Introduction to _The Record of the Court at Upland_ (1676-1681),[994] by Edward Armstrong, a brief account of New Sweden is presented, with citations from copies of a letter and the Report of 1647 of Governor Printz in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; while the Editor’s Notes are valuable as identifying many places on the Delaware, and comprising personal references to several of the colonists.

The _History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania_, by the late George Smith, M.D.,[995] contains a summary history of New Sweden, with corrections of former authors and additional information upon questions of topography, besides biographical notices of some of the Swedish inhabitants. Its illustrations include the reproduction of a part of Roggeveen’s map of New Netherland, an original “Map of the Early Settlements of Delaware County,” and a “Diagram” and “Draft of the First Settled Part of Chester, before called Upland.”

Professor Claes Theodor Odhner’s _Sveriges Inre Historia under Drottning Christinas Förmyndare_[996] is valuable for its account of the Swedish South, Ship, and West India Companies, and its statement of the origin of the scheme of colonizing the Delaware, drawn from original documents in the archives of Sweden.

G. M. Asher’s _Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland_[997] was “intended,” says the Preface, “to be as complete a collection as the author was able to make it of the printed materials for the history and description of New Netherland.” It mentions several works connected with the history of New Sweden, particularly those of Willem Usselinx, whose character and aims in promoting the formation of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies are cordially appreciated by the writer;[998] and its account of maps embracing the Delaware admirably supplements the essay of Armstrong already spoken of.

Although Francis Vincent’s _History of the State of Delaware_[999] contains no new information on New Sweden, it is worthy of notice as offering a _good_, if not, as the title announces, “a _full_ account of the first Dutch and Swedish settlements.”

Professor Abraham Cronholm’s _Sveriges Historia under Gustaf II. Adolf_[1000] may be consulted with reference to the South Company and other subjects.

The _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, vol. xxviii.,[1001] contains an article on “The Swedes on the Delaware and their Intercourse with New England,” by Frederic Kidder, giving a résumé of the statements of earlier authors, and including an English translation of a Dutch copy of an “Examination upon the letters of the Governor of New England to the Governor of New Sweden,” in the presence of Governor Printz and others, Jan. 16, 1644, and letters of Governors Printz and Winthrop[1002] never before printed. The article was also published separately with heliotype fac-similes of the letters cited.

The _Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_, by William H. Egle, M.D.,[1003] imparts no fresh information on the early Swedish settlements on the Delaware; but it records the discovery in the autumn of 1873, in a grave near Washington, Lancaster County, in that State, of certain so-called “Indian relics,” one of which, now in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (represented in a cut in the book), so nearly resembles the helmet of the Swedish soldier of the seventeenth century (shown in a figure at the late Centennial Exhibition of Philadelphia), as to suggest the possibility that it may have been worn by a soldier of New Sweden. The book reproduces Campanius’s map of New Sweden after Nicolas Visscher.

In _Historiskt Bibliotek, Ny Följd, I._,[1004] appeared a paper entitled “Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning, 1637-1642,” by C. T. Odhner, Professor of History in the University of Lund, which gives the most complete account of the founding and early history of the colony of New Sweden yet written, based on the Oxenstjerna manuscripts and numerous other documents preserved in several departments of the archives of Sweden. At the end of this invaluable contribution to our knowledge of the settlement is given nearly the whole of Printz’s _Relation_ to the Swedish West India Company of 1644, with its accompanying _Rulla_ of all the people then living on the Delaware.

_Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, vol. xii.,[1005] edited by B. Fernow, Keeper of the Historical Records of New York, consists of “Documents relating to the History of the Dutch and Swedish Settlements on the Delaware River, Translated and Compiled from Original Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of State at Albany, and in the Royal Archives at Stockholm,”—a title sufficiently indicative of the scope and value of the book.

_Pennsylvania Archives_, second series, vol. v.,[1006] comprises a reprint of some papers concerning New Sweden extracted from _Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, vols. i., ii., and iii., and other sources; and the same series, vol. vii.,[1007] embraces a selection of similar matter from the twelfth volume of the same New York _Documents_.

_Historiskt Bibliotek_ of 1878 contains “Kolonien Nya Sveriges Historia,” by Carl K. S. Sprinchorn,[1008] constituting a very worthy complement to Professor Odhner’s _Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning_, already spoken of. After briefly capitulating the statements of the latter treatise with regard to the origin of the enterprise, and the history of the first four Swedish expeditions to the Delaware, and the one from Holland under Swedish auspices, the author proceeds to give the only account yet written of the equipment of the last six expeditions from Sweden, with fresh details as to their fate, drawn chiefly from unpublished manuscripts in the archives of his country. He also supplies the Swedish version of the difficulties with the Dutch and English, and recites the several endeavors of Sweden either to recover possession of her colony or to obtain satisfactory compensation for her loss of it. In the Appendix are printed documents relating to purchases of land from the Indians, and the Report of Governor Rising, dated July 13, 1654. A map of New Sweden, which accompanies the dissertation, indicates the principal places and the boundaries of the settlement.

_The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_,[1009] vols. ii. _et seq._, contains a series of articles, by the writer of this essay, on “The Descendants of Jöran Kyn, the Founder of Upland,”—the only genealogical account of the posterity of an early Swedish settler on the Delaware yet printed. Besides speaking of persons who bore the family name, it includes sketches of, or references to, Captain Sven Schute, Lieutenant Anders Dahlbo, the Rev. Lars Carlson Lock, Doctor Timon Stiddem, and Justices Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, and Olof Stille, inhabitants of New Sweden whose offspring intermarried with members of the Kyn (or Keen) family, and supplies instances of matrimonial alliances between the latter and many distinguished Americans of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, and German ancestry, as well as noblemen and gentlemen of Europe.

Benjamin H. Smith’s _Atlas of Delaware County, Pennsylvania_,[1010] affords accurate maps of Tinicum, Upland, Marcus Hook, and their vicinities, indicating tracts of land originally held by Swedes, as publicly recorded. It also includes an excellent essay on land titles in the county, with translations of Swedish grants to Governor Printz and other settlers.

[Illustration]

_Some Account of William Usselinx and Peter Minuit_, by Joseph J. Mickley,[1011] is valuable from the fact that “most of the materials used in it were taken from original unpublished documents preserved in the libraries of Sweden.”

The short paper entitled “Nya Sverige,” in _Svenska Bilder_,[1012] by R. Bergström, comprises little of interest not included in works above mentioned.

The _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, vol. vi.,[1013] contains a translation of the letter of Peter Minuit proposing the founding of New Sweden, given in a note to the preceding narrative, and an obligation of Jacob Svenson, “agent for the Swedes’ Governor of Delaware Bay,” and John Manning, of Boston, in favor of the Colony of Massachusetts, dated August 2, 1653, binding them not to carry certain provisions, obtained in New England, to either Dutch or French in those parts of America.

* * * * *

The above list of printed authorities on the history of New Sweden is designed to comprise all books within the knowledge of the writer which present either new facts or noteworthy opinions in relation to that subject. It only remains for him to add that all the unpublished manuscripts concerning the topic still extant are in Sweden, the greater part among the archives of the Kingdom at Stockholm, some among those of Skokloster, and others in the Palmskiöld Collections of the Library of the University of Upsala, and in the Library of the University of Lund. These embrace papers of Usselinx, correspondence of Oxenstjerna with Spiring, Blommaert, and Minuit, documents with regard to the Swedish West India Company and the equipment of the several expeditions to the Delaware, commissions and instructions for officers of the colony, letters and reports of the governors, and other records of the settlement, and diplomatic intercourse between Sweden and foreign nations about colonial questions of mutual interest.[1014] Copies of many of these (including nearly the whole of Lindström’s writings) have been procured by the late Mr. Mickley and other worthy antiquaries for the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and are in process of translation for publication under the auspices of that body. From those manuscripts was extracted much of the material of a discourse on “The Early Swedish Colony on the Delaware,” read by the writer of this essay at the annual meeting of the same Society in May, 1881,[1015] and before the Historical Society of Delaware the following November; and from them has also been derived whatever appears in print for the first time in the preceding narrative.[1016]

[Illustration]

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

Aa, Van der, _Galerie_, etc., 385.

Abenakis, 150, 264, 273; missions, 306, 315.

Acadia, 135, 143, 249; authorities, 149; MSS. about, 367; controversial literature on its bounds, 154, 155; Indians in, 150, 159; called Larcadia, 88; called Lacadia, 92, 93, 202; La Hontan’s map (1709), 153; Lescarbot’s map, 152; map, (1663), 148, (1684), 228; map of, 384; missions, 300, 309; name first used, 149; origin of, 149; population, 142.

Acadia. _See_ Nova Scotia.

Acadie. _See_ Acadia.

Acapulco, 46.

Accault, Michel, 184, 224.

Achiganaga, 187.

Achter Col, 408.

Acrelius, Israel, _Nya Sverige_, 494.

Admiral’s map, 34, 35.

Agnese, B., map (1536), 38, 40, 73, 81; (1543), 82; (1544), 82, 90; (1554), 89; (1564), 90.

Agniez. _See_ Mohawks.

Agona, 57.

Agouhanna, 53.

Agramonte’s expedition, 5, 11.

Agreskoué, 284.

Ahmed map (1559), 78.

Aillon, L. V. d’, his voyage, 10, 414, 429.

“Aimable”, ship, 236.

Aitzema, L. van, 424, 491.

Albanel, 270; autog., 271.

Albany, 217, 408; Munsell’s books on, 435.

Alegambe, _Mortes illustres_, 306.

Alexander VI., Bull of, 56.

Alexander, Sir William, charter of, 142; sources, 155; _Encouragement to Colonies_, 62, 155, 378; _Mapp of New England_, 155; his coinage, 155; portrait, 156.

Alezay Island, 49, 77, 78.

Algonquins, 57, 163; missions, 267, 309, 310; country of, 298.

Allard, _Atlas_, 375; _Atlas minor_, 376.

Allefonsce, Jean, 58; account of, 59; his _Cosmographie_, 60; authorities on, 68; _Les voyages avantureux_, 68, 72; death, 68; cartographical sketches, 74.

Alleghany range, iv, xi, xxvi.

Allègre, d’, 333.

Allerton, Isaac, 456.

Allouez, Claude, 174, 224, 238, 239, 286, 288; _Voyages_, 315; at Green Bay, 207; at Lake Superior, 311; autog., 311; Journal, 311, 315; accounts by Shea and Margry, 315.

Altena, 404.

Alumet Island, 124.

Alverez, John, 69.

Ameda (tree), 54.

America, North, maps of northeast coast, 81; maps of west coast, 35.

_American Antiquarian_, 201.

_American Catholic Quarterly_, 223.

_American Church Review_, 18.

Américanistes, Congrès des, 15, 18.

Amistigoyan, Fort, 258.

Amours, 335.

Amundson, Hans, 465, 466, 471, 475; autog., 465.

Anacostans, 165.

Anckerhelm, Thijssen, 472; autog., 472.

Andastes, 306. _See_ Delawares, Susquehannahs.

Andiat, L., _Brouage et Champlain_, 131.

Andrada, _Claros varones_, 306.

Andrade’s _Chronicle_, 22.

André, 174.

Andros, Sir Edmund, 195, 349.

_Andros Tracts_, 364.

Angos family, 4.

Angoulême, Lake of, 52, 84, 88, 92, 98, 378, 383.

Anguelle, Anthony, 48, 184.

Anian, Straits of, 93, 96.

_Annales de philosophie chrétienne_, 57.

_Annales des voyages_, 64.

Annapolis Basin, 138.

_Annuæ Litteræ Societatis Jesu_, 292, 300.

_Annuaire de l’Institut Canadien_, 361.

Anthony, Peter, 265.

Anticosti, 50, 77, 117, 153. _See_ Ascension, Assumption.

Antilia, 41.

Anti-Rent troubles, 431.

Apes, region of, 202.

Apian, Philip, _Erdglobus_, 101.

Apianus, map (1540), 81.

Appalachian system, iv, 253.

Appelboom, H., 484.

Appleton, W. S., 361.

Arcangeli on Verrazano, 17.

“Archangel”, ship, 110.

Archer, Andrew, _History of Canada_, 368.

_Archives curieuses_, 150.

_Archivio Storico Italiano_, 17, 18.

Arctic regions, cold of, iii.

Arenas, Cabo, 83, 101, 413. _See_ Cod, Cape.

Arfwedson, C. D., _Nova Svecia_, 495.

Argal, Samuel, 300, 400; at Manhattan, 427, 432; at Mount Desert, 141; in Acadia, 151.

Argenson, Governor, 168; autog., 168.

Arkansas, Indians, 298; river, 178.

Arminius, 423.

Armovchiqvois, 152.

Armstrong, Edward, on the site of Fort Nassau, 437, 497; on the Court at Upland, 498.

Arnould, Antoine, 291.

Aryan emigrations, xi.

Ascension Island, 51, 72, 75, 76. _See_ Anticosti.

Asher, G. M., _Essay on Dutch Books_, etc., 416, 498; _Bibliography of New Netherland_, 439; _Bibliography of Hulsius_, 442.

Asia connected with America, 36, 40, 43, 60, 73, 76; passage to, 382; the parent of civilization, i. _See_ Cathay.

“Asia”, ship, 411.

Asseline, David, _La ville de Dieppe_, 88.

Assemani, Abbé, 78.

Assendasé, 283.

Assenipoils, Lake, 249, 252.

Assikinach, Francis, on the Odahwah legends, 168.

Assineboines, 169, 171, 182. _See_ Assenipoils.

Assumption Island, 51, 76, 85, 94, 98, 100. _See_ Anticosti.

Astrolabe lost by Champlain, 124.

Atchaqua, 45.

_Atlas Ameriquain_, 155.

_Atlas Contractus_, 375.

Atlases, general, 369.

Attikamegues, 274; mission, 267.

Atwater, Caleb, _History of Ohio_, 198.

Aubert, Père, 289.

Aubert, Thomas, on the Newfoundland coast, 4, 5, 64.

Aulnay, Sieur d’, 143; autog., 143; visits Boston, 145; authorities, 153, 154.

Australian Company, 443. _See_ South Company.

Auteuil, 335.

Autograph-hunters, 411.

Avezac, d’. _See_ Davezac.

Avoine, Folle, 187.

Ayllon. _See_ Aillon.

Baccalaos, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, (Baccalearum regio), 42, 43, (Baccalear), 45, 56, 62, 67, 74, 81, 82, 84, (Bacalliau), 85, (Baqualhaos), 86, 87, 88, (Bacalaos), 90, 91, (Bacalhao), 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 100, 101, 143, (Bacaillos), 152, 377, 378, 414; why named, 3, 46.

Bacchus Island, 52.

Bache, Professor, 33.

Bacqueville. _See_ Potherie.

Badajos, Congress of, 10.

Bahama, 45, 377.

Bailloquet, 270; autog., 270.

Baird, C. W., _History of Rye_, 441.

Baldelli, _Storia del milione_, 82.

Baldwin, C. C., on the early maps of the West, 201; _Early Maps of Ohio_, 224; _Iroquois in Ohio_, 298, 299; on Indian migrations, 298.

Bancroft, George, 295, 299; on Verrazano, 18; on New Sweden, 496; on Cartier, 65.

Banks, Thomas C., _Case of Earl of Stirling_, 155; _Baronia Anglia_, 155.

Barcia, G. de, _Ensayo chronologico_, 17.

Bardsen, Ivan, 416.

Baribaud, 187.

Barker, J. N., _Settlements on the Delaware_, 496.

Barlow, S. L. M., his collection of Canadian maps, 201.

Barnard, D. D., 435.

Barnes, William, _Albany_, 435.

Barrois, 336.

Basque fisheries, 86.

Bauche, Marchioness de, 273.

Baudet, _Leven van Blaeu_, 437.

Baudoin, an Acadian priest, 161.

Baugis, Chevalier de, 339.

Baugy, Chevalier de, 186, 188.

Bayard, Nicolas, 411.

Baylies, F., _History of the Old Colony_, 160.

Bazire River, 178, 209, 235.

Beach, _Indian Miscellany_, 297.

Beaujeu, 234; autog., 234; his character, 241.

Beaulieu, 270.

Beaumont, 139.

Beaupré, Viscount of, 57.

Beaurain, J. de, 375.

Beauvais, Sieur de, 188.

Beaver. _See_ Fur-trade.

Beaver Indians, 268.

Bedard, M. T. P., 361.

Beekman, J. W., 418.

Begin, Louis, 354.

Bégon, 349.

Beier, Johan, 449, 453; autog., 449.

Belknap, Jeremy, _New Hampshire_, 159.

Belleisle, 85, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 383.

Belle Isle, Straits of (Bella Ilha), 37, 47, 49, 72, 73.

Bellefontaine, 238.

Belleforest, 31; _Histoire universelle_, 17; _Cosmographie_, 17, 414.

Bellemare, R., 303.

Bellero, map, 38.

Bellin, 262; his map, 64.

Bellinger, Stephen, 61.

Bellomont, Earl of, 356.

Belmont, Abbé, missionary, 275; autog., 275.

Belmont, _Histoire du Canada_, 294, 358.

Belt of land surrounding the globe, 40, 43.

Bengtson, A., 484.

Benson, Egbert, 421.

Benton, _Herkimer County_, 421.

Benzoni, 255.

Berchet, _Portolani_, 84.

Bergeron, _Voyages en Asie_, etc., 68.

Bergström, R., _Nya Sverige_, 502.

Berkshire Hills, xxv.

Bermuda, 46, 78, 83, 89, 93, 95, 96, (Belmuda), 97, 98, 99, 373, 377.

Bernard, _Recueil de voyages_, 255, 256.

Bernard’s _Geofroy Tory_, 31.

Bernou, 223, 250.

Berry, William, his map, 390.

Bersiamites’ Missions, 267.

Bestelli e Forlani, _Tavole moderne_, 369.

Berthelot, Amable, _Dissertation_, etc., 9.

Berthier, 347.

Berthot, Colin, 187.

Bertius, _Tabularum_, etc., 102.

Bettencourt, C. A. de, _Descobrimentos dos Portuguezes_, 37.

Beversrede, Fort, 402, 464.

Beyard, Nicholas, _Journal_, 365.

Biard, Pierre, 264, 300; his _Relation_, 151, 292, 295, 300.

Bibaud, M., _Histoire du Canada_, 367, 368; _Bibliothèque Canadienne_, 367.

_Bibliothèque Canadienne_, 367.

Big Mouth (Indian), 340, 341.

Bigelow, John, 411, 412.

Bigot, Jacques, 273, 316; letters, 315; _Relation_, 315; autog., 315.

Bigot, Vincent, 273.

Biguyduce. _See_ Castine.

Bikker, G., 472.

Binneteau, 288.

_Biographie des Malouins_, 65.

Biörch, T. E., _Dissertatio_, 493.

Bird Rocks, 48, 77.

Birds, Island of, 47.

Bizard, 331, 336.

Black Mountains, iv, xxv, xxviii.

Black River, 169, 184.

Blaeu, W. J., 375, 376, 378; _Atlas major_, 375; _Atlas_, 375; later maps, 385, 390; maps of 1662 and 1685, 391; atlases, 437.

Blanchard, Rufus, _Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest_, 200.

Blanck, J., 461.

Blanco, Cape, 46.

Block Island, seen by Verrazano, 7; attacked by the French, 352.

Blome, Richard, _Isles and Territories_, 385, 430; _Present State_, 430.

Blommaert, Samuel, 445, 446, 499; autog., 445.

Blondel, Jehan, 64.

Blue Ridge, xxv, xxvi.

Blundeville, _Exercises_, 97.

Bobé, 262.

Bocage, Barbie du, 86.

Bockhorn, J., 471.

Boeotics (Indians of Newfoundland), 48.

Bogardt, Jost van, 453.

Bogardus, Everhard, 441; autog., 441.

Boije, C., 455, 460.

Boimare, _Texte explicatif_, 225.

Bois Brulé, 182.

Boisguillot, 188, 195.

Boisseau, 185, 336, 385.

Bollero map (1554), 89.

Bolton, _West Chester County_, 421, 441.

Bona Madre, Rio de, 83.

Bonavista, Cape, 47.

Bonde, A. S., 450.

Bonde, Christer, 471; autog., 471.

Bone Island. _See_ St. Croix Island.

“Bonne-Aventure”, ship, 64.

Bonnetty, 57.

Bonrepos, _Description de la Louisiane_, 255.

Booth, M. L., _New York_, 440.

Borben, Jacob, 447.

Bordone, 45; _Isolario_, 77; his map, 414.

_Börsenblatt_, 439.

Boston, Franquelin’s map, 162; harbor, 110; her merchants plundered, 352; her merchants on the Delaware, 456, 460, 497; proposed attack on by the French, 161, 351.

Boston Athenæum, 248.

Boston Public Library, 248.

Bosworth, Newton, _Hochelaga_, 304.

Botero, Giovanni, 102; _Relaciones_, 378; his map, 378.

Boucher, Pierre, 171, 271, 336; _Mœurs et productions de la Nouvelle France_, 298.

Boucher de la Bruère, _Le Canada_, 368.

Boudan, 390.

Boulanger, Père le, 288.

Boulay, 139, 144.

Boullé, Nicolas, 164.

Bourbourg. _See_ Brasseur de Bourbourg.

Bourdon, Jean, 385.

Bourgeois, Margaret, 294, 309; autog., 309; lives of, 309.

Bourne, _History of Wells_, 160.

Bouteroue, 366.

Bowen, Francis, _Life of Phips_, 160, 364.

Bowen, N. H., _Isle of Orleans_, 308.

Boyd, John, _Canadian History_, 368.

Bozman, J. L., _History of Maryland_, 496.

Bradford, Governor of Plymouth, 400.

Bradstreet, Simon, 159, 160, 365.

Brahe, P., 453, 458; autog., 458.

Bras Coupé. _See_ Tonty.

Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire du Canada_, 296, 360, 367.

Bravo, Rio, 234.

Brazil, 31, 40; (Bresilia), 42, 43; visited by Thevet, 12.

Brebeuf, Jean de, 129, 133, 265, 266, 275, 277, 278, 305; arrives, 301; in the Huron country, 301; account of, 307; silver bust of, 307; life by Martin, 294, 307.

Breda, treaty of, 146, 408.

Breeden Raedt, 419, 425, 490.

Bresil Island, 96.

Bressani, Père, 277; _Breve Relatione_, 294, 305; captured, 305; autog., 305.

Breton, Cape, 37, 38, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 202. _See_ Cape Breton.

Breton fishermen on the coast, 3, 16, 63.

Brevoort, J. C., 74, 93, 416, 417; _Verrazano the Navigator_, 18, 25.

Brice, W. A., _Fort Wayne_, 198.

Briggs, Master, his map, 378, 383.

Brion Island, 49, 77.

Brinton, D. G., on the Shawnees, 298; _Myths of the New World_, 299.

Brockhaus buys Muller’s Collection, 439.

Brodhead, J. R., 409, 424; his character as an historian, 432; _History of New York_, 432; makes copies from French Archives, 366.

Bronze implements, viii.

Brooklyn, histories of, 441.

Broughton, _Concent of Scripture_, 102.

Brown, Henry, _History of Illinois_, 198.

Brown, General J. M., on the voyages on the coast of Maine, 107.

Brucker, J., _Marquette_, 222, 246.

Brulé, Etienne, 165; in New York, 132.

Brunson, Alfred, 310.

Bruyas, 283, 285.

Buache, Philip, 375.

Buade, Louis de. _See_ Frontenac.

Buade, Lake, 230, 249.

Buade, River, 209, 235. _See_ Mississippi.

Buena Madre, River, 46.

Buena Vista (Newfoundland), 88.

Buffalo (animal), xv, 202.

Building-stones, x.

_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, 245.

_Bulletin de la Société Géographique d’Anvers_, 375.

Butel-Dumont, 155.

Buteux, 269, 271, 274, 275, 305, 307; autog., 271; death, 308.

Butler, J. D., 245.

Butterfield, C. W., on Nicolet, 196, 304.

Cabo de Conception, 35, 36.

Cabot, John, 1, 74, 412.

Cabot, Sebastian, 1; his map (1544), 76, 77, 82; section of, 84.

Caen, William and Emery de, 67.

Cahokias, 288.

California, 97, 98; Gulf of, 97, 178, 179, 202.

Callières, Chevalier de, 160, 195.

Cambrai, Treaty of, 47.

Campanius, (Holm), Johan, 453, 464; _Nya Swerige_, 385, 491, 492; map in (1702), 394, 485, 499.

Campbell, J. V., _Political History of Michigan_, 199.

Canada, 51, 85, 89, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 373; Archives of, 366; bibliography of, 367; documents concerning, at Quebec, 62; in the English Record Office, 366; extent of early colonists, xix; general histories of, 367; maps of, 172, 377; medals of, 361; name of, 67, 78; river of, 76, 87, 163.

_Canadian Antiquarian_, 149.

_Canadian Journal_, 72, 168, 201.

Canadian Parliament, Catalogue of the Library of, 366.

Canadian, picture of a, 297.

Canadians, comparative physique of, xvi; purity of blood among, xviii; costume of early soldiers, 365.

Canandaigua, Lake, 125.

Canniff, William, _Upper Canada_, 368.

Cantino on the Cortereals, 13.

Cape Breton, 41, 58, 61, 69, 73, 74, 78, 373, 377, 383, 384, 388; mapped by Allefonsce, 77; missions, 301. _See_ Breton, Cape.

Cape. _See_ names of capes.

Capiné, 255.

Capuchins in Maine, 273, 300.

Caragouha, 264.

Carayon, Auguste, _Bibliographie de la Compagnie de Jésus_, 295; autog., 295; _Bannissement des Jésuites_, 294; _Chaumonot_, 316; _Première Mission_, 151, 292, 300.

Carillon, Fort, 119.

Carion, 331.

Carleill, Captain J., his _Discourse_, 57.

Carleton, Sir Dudley, 400.

Carli, Fernando, 17.

Carlson, F. F., _Sveriges Historia_, 498.

Carpunt Harbor, 47, 57

Carré, E., in Boston, 316.

Carta Marina (1548), 40, 43.

_Cartas de Indias_, 38.

Carter-Brown Library, 248, 299.

“Cartier, Jacques”, by B. F. De Costa, 47; his harbor, 94; his bay, 98; autog., 48; first voyage, 63; _Discours_, 63; _Relation originale_, 63; second voyage, 50; his vessels, remains of, 55; third voyage, 56; ancestry, 62; marriage, 62; portraits, 48, 63; his manor-house, 63; account of second voyage, 64; Roffet text, 64; his route, 64; names of his companions, 64; _Brief Récit_, 64; epitome of his movements, 64; death, 66; his maps, 73; his discoveries first appeared in a printed map (Cabot’s, 1544), 77; traces of, in maps, 81; on the St. Lawrence, 164.

Cartography. _See_ maps.

Carver, the traveller, 262.

Caton, J. D., on the Illinois, 198.

Casgrain, Abbé, 130, 196, 306; on Parkman, 158; _Hôtel Dieu_, 314, 359; _Œuvres_, 359; _Tombeau de Champlain_, 130; _Une paroisse Canadienne_, 360.

Casimir, Fort, 404, 467, 468, 470, 472, 473, 478.

Cass, General Lewis, 198, 242, 366.

Cassell, _United States_, 384.

Castell, William, _Short Discovery of America_, 427.

Castine, D’Aulnay at, 143. _See_ Pentagöet.

Cataraqui, River, 324.

Cathay, 41; Sea of, 72. _See_ Asia.

Cathérine de St. Augustin, 312; life by Ragueneau, 312.

_Catholic Telegraph_, 222.

_Catholic World_, 222.

Catskill Mountains, xxv.

Caughnawaga, 284.

Cavelier, Jean, Journal, 236; autog., 234; Report, 241.

Cayet, 131; _Chronologie_, 150.

Cayuga Creek, 182, 223; the “Griffin” built at, 183; mission, 283, 308.

Cellarius, _Speculum_, 101.

_Century Magazine_, 44.

Cespedes, _Yslario general_, 24; _Navigacion_, 378.

Chabanel, 277, 278, 305; autog., 277; murdered, 307.

Chabot, Admiral, 22, 47, 50.

Chaleur Bay, 49, 87, 92, 94, 98, 100.

Chalmers, George, 160.

Chamaho, 41.

Chambly, De, 147.

Chamcook Hill, 137.

Champdoré, 139.

Champigny, 160, 346, 356; autog., 346.

Champlain, 397; account by E. F. Slafter, 103; explores the New England coast, 107, 108; on the Nova Scotia coast, 112; his surveys, 113; his descriptions, 113; made lieutenant-governor, 113; returns to Canada, 113; portrait, 119, 134; autog., 119; returns to France, 121, 122; in France (1614), 124; among the Hurons, 126; again returns to France, 126; carried to England (1629), 129; returned to Quebec, 123, 129; death, 130, 167, 301; authorities, 130; his _Des Sauvages_ (1603), 130; _Les Voyages_ (1613), 131; his maps, 131; _Quatriesme Voyage_, 131; _Voyages et descouvertures_ (1619), 132; _Les Voyages_ (1632), 132; Treatise on Navigation, 133; reprints, 133; _Brief Discours_, 133; English translations, 134; his burial-place, 130; at Port Royal, 138; his maps, 378, (1612), 380, 381, (1613), 382, (1632), 386, 387; arrives, 301; domestic life, 301; marries, 164.

Champlain, Lake, map of, 391; history of, 120.

Charlefort, 101.

Charles X. (Sweden), 476; autog., 476.

Charles, Fort, 227.

Charlesbourg Royal, 57.

Charlevoix, P. F.-X. de, account of, 154; _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 154, 262, 358, 367; Shea’s translation, 358; not partial to Montreal, 303.

Chastes, Amyar de, 103, 105.

Chateaux, Bay of, 89.

Chatham Harbor, 112.

Chats, 293.

Chaudière River missions, 273.

Chaulmer, Charles, _Le Nouveau Monde_, 296, 426.

Chaumonot, Joseph, 280, 281, 307, 316; autog., 316; life of, 316; his autobiog., 292.

Chauveau on Garneau, 359.

Chauvigny, Magdalen de. _See_ Peltrie.

Chaves, Alonzo de, 81, 90; his map, 30.

Chaves, Hieronymus, 81.

Chemoimegon Bay, 175.

Cheney, Mrs., _Rival Chiefs_, 154.

Cherokees, 298.

Chesapeake Bay, 217.

Chesepick, 377.

Chesnay, Aubert de la, 336.

Chevalier edits Sagard, 290.

Cheyennes, 211.

Chicago, 258; Fort, 231; Historical Society, 198; was Marquette at?,, 209; River, 224.

Chickasaw Bluffs, 225.

Chicontimi, 269, 271.

Chilaga, 94, 95, 99, 100, 378.

Chinagua, 40.

Chippewas, 175, 268, 286.

Choisy, Abbé de, 141.

Chomedey, 303. _See_ Maisonneuve.

Choüacoet, 152.

Chouart, Medard, 189. _See_ Groseilliers.

Chouegouen, 293.

Christina, Queen (Sweden), 448; autog., 448; her portrait, 500, 501; abdicates, 476.

Christina, Fort, 404, 462; siege of, 480.

Christinahamn, 474.

Christopher (bay), 46.

_Chronologie de l’histoire de la paix_, 131.

Church, Colonel Benjamin, 160; his _Expedition to the East_, 160.

Cibola, 97.

Cigateo, 45.

Cipango, 41. _See_ Japan.

Circourt, Comte, on Parkman, 158.

Clark, John S., 125; on the Iroquois missions, 293.

Clark, J. V. H., _Onondaga_, 126, 309, 421.

Clarke, Peter, 298.

Clarke, R. H., 222, 241.

Clarke, Robert, _Americana_, 198.

Clarke, Samuel, _Geographical Description_, 430.

Clarke, Dr. William, 155.

Claudia Island, 377, 378.

Clay, J. C., _Annals_, 496.

Clément, _Bibliothèque curieuse_, 437.

Clément, _Histoire de Colbert_, 366.

Cleveland, R. H., 416.

Climate of North America, ii, vi, xii.

Cluvier, Philipp, 426.

Coal-mines, viii.

Coal-oil, ix.

Cocheco, 159.

Cock, P., 500.

Cock, P. L., 452.

Cod, Cape, 69, 70, 71; on the old maps, 413.

Codfish called baccalaos, 3.

Cogswell, J. G., 17.

Colbert, 172; and Frontenac, 321; _Lettres, etc._, 366; autog., 366; life of, by Clément, 366.

Colbert River, 206, 237, 245. _See_ Mississippi.

Colbertie, 212, 214.

Colden, Cadwallader, _Five Indian Nations_, 299, 359, 421; autog., 299; portrait, 299.

_Coleccion de documentos ineditos_, 30.

_Coleccion de los viages_, 30.

Collières, 347.

Collin, Rev. N., 488, 494, 496.

Colom, Arnold, 376; _Zee-Atlas_, 376; _Ora Maritima_, 376.

Colom, J. A., 379; _Pascaart_, 376.

Colon, Donck, 419.

Columbus, Christopher, his map, 34.

Columbus, Ferdinand, his map, 37.

Colve, Anthony, 408; autog., 409.

Combes, 299.

Comets, 310.

Comokee, 377.

Company of the Hundred Associates, 127, 134.

Condé, Prince de, 123.

Congress, Library of, 248, 299.

Conibas, Lake, 97, 99, 101.

Connecticut River, 217; Dutch and English on the, 405.

Continents, shape of, ii.

Copper, 173; at Lake Superior, 202; mines, 111, 164, 165, 171, 175, 178, 198, 215, 219, 221, 287, 313, 314; near the Bay of Fundy, 105; used by natives, viii; in Connecticut, xxix.

Coppo, Piero, his map, 45.

Cordeiro, Luciano, on the Early Portuguese Discoveries in America, 15.

Cordilleras, iv, v, xi.

Corlaer, 342.

Coronelli and Tillemon, maps, 229, 232.

_Correspondant, Le_, 357.

Corssen, Arendt, 464.

Cortereal, voyages of, 1; authorities on, 12; maps of, 13, 15; confusion of accounts, 13, 14.

Corterealis, 35, 36, 39, 42, 74, 81, 82, 84, 86, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 373, 378.

Cortes, his treasure-ships, 5.

Costerus, 425.

Coudray, André, 354.

Courcelles _or_ Courcelle, Seigneur de, 172, 366; autog., 177, 311; returns to France, 177; expedition against the Mohawks, 283, 311.

_Coureurs de bois_, 330, 345.

Courtemanche, 365; autog., 365.

Cousin, Jean, 31.

Couture, 238.

Covens and Mortier, 375, 385; map of, 390.

Cowan, F. W., 425.

Coxe, Daniel, _Carolana_, 262.

Cramoisy Press, 312.

Cramoisy Series, 296, 315.

Crasso, Lorenzo, _Elogii_, 371, 372.

Crees, 268, 270.

Cremer, 371.

Crépieul, Père de, 271.

Crespel, Père, 292; _Voyage_, 292.

Creuxius, _Historia Canadensis_, 134, 170, 294, 296; his map, 296, 305, 389.

Crèvecœur, Fort, 184, 200, 224, 225, 227, 231, 232, 249, 253, 258, 261, 288.

Crignon, Pierre, 16, 63.

Criminals sent to America, 51.

Croatoan, 45.

Cronholm, A., _Sveriges Historia_, 499.

Crown, William, 145.

Cuba, 41, 46; Gomez at, 11.

Cunat, _St. Malo_, 62, 65.

Curaçao, 405.

Cusick, David, 298.

Dablon, Claude, 174, 280, 286, 338; autog., 280, 313; letter, 313; _Relations_, 313, 314, 315; at Green Bay, 207.

Dacotahs, 199, 287.

D’Adda, Girolamo, 36.

Dagyncourt, Guillaume, 64.

Dahlbo, A., 450, 500.

D’Aiguillon, Duchesse, 272, 302.

D’Ailleboust, Governor, 282; autog., 282.

Dainville, D., _Histoire du Canada_, 367.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 142; at Manhattan, 427.

Dalmas, 271; autog., 271.

Daly, C. P., on Verrazano, 18.

Danckers, Jasper, 429; _Journal_, 420; map of New Netherland, 438.

Daniel, Père Antoine, 275, 277; killed, 305.

D’Anville, J. B., 375.

Dapper’s Collection, 423.

D’Aulnay. _See_ Aulnay.

Daumont, S. F., 174.

Dauphin map (1546), 83. _See_ Henri II.

Dauphiné, Nicolas du, 378.

“Dauphine”, ship, 6.

D’Avezac, 367; _Atlas hydrographique de_ 1511, 38; on Cartier, 64.

Davidson and Struvé, _History of Illinois_, 198.

Da Vinci’s map, 36.

Davion, 288.

Davis, A. McF., 211.

Davis, C. K., 248.

Davis, Sylvanus, 159, 352; autog., 364; his Diary in Quebec, 364.

Davis, W. T., _Landmarks of Plymouth_, 110.

Davity, Pierre, _Description_, 305, 426.

Davost, 275.

Dawson, J. W., _Fossil Men_, 53.

Dead River, 261.

Deane, Charles, on the Cabot map, 82; on Verrazano, 18.

Death-rate, xvi, xviii.

De Ber, Mdlle. de, 365.

_De Bow’s Review_, 199, 241.

De Bry map (1596), 79, 99.

Decanisora, 327.

De Carheil, 283.

De Casson, 173.

De Chauvin, 106.

De Costa, B. F., on Verrazano, 18; in _Magazine of American History_, 18; his _Verrazano the Explorer_, 18, 27; “Jacques Cartier”, 47; _Coasts of Maine_, 138; on the Globe of Ulpius, 19; _Cabo de Baxos_, 61; _Motion for a Stay of Judgment_, 69; _Sailing Directions of Hudson_, 416.

Dee, John, map (1580), 96, 98.

De Fer, 390.

De Grosellier, 161. _See_ Groseilliers.

Deguerre, 222.

De la Barre, governor, 185.

De la Croix, 229.

De Laet, Johannes, as an authority, 417; autog., 417; _Nieuwe Wereld_, 416, 417; translations of, 417; his map, 378; map of New France, 384; _Novus orbis_, 417; his library, 417; _West-Indische Compagnie_, 417; combats Grotius, 418; his map of New Netherland, 433, 435, 436; at Rensselaerswyck, 435.

De la Roche, 56, 61, 136.

Delaware Bay and River, 398; early maps of, 481; explored, 166.

Delaware colony, 412; founded, 418.

Delaware country, 404.

Delaware Indians. _See_ Andastes.

Delayant, _Sur Champlain_, 130.

Delisle, 262, 375, 376; map of routes of early explorers, 219.

De Meneval, autog., 160.

De Meulles, 229.

Demons, Isles of, 92, 93, 100, 373.

De Monts, Sieur, 106; portrait, 136; Champlain reports to, 113; Commission, 299; and the fur-trade, 121.

De Monts Island, 111, 137.

Dennis, _Liberty Asserted_, 361.

Denonville, governor, 189; appointed governor, 343; autog., 343; and Dongan, 344, 345; campaign against the Senecas, 347; authorities, 348; his journal, 348.

De Noue, 273; autog., 273.

Denton, Daniel, _New York_, 430.

Denys, Jean, 63; in the St. Lawrence, 4; chart of the St. Lawrence, 36.

Denys, Nicholas, 151.

Denys of Honfleur, 86.

De Peyster, J. Watts, _Dutch at the North Pole_, 138; _Early Settlement of Acadie by the Dutch_, 138.

Des Plaine’s river, 178.

De Quen, John, 269.

Dermer, Captain, 110; _Brief Relation_, 427.

Desceliers, Pierre, 83, 86, 87; and the Henri II. map, 20.

Des Goutin, 161.

Des Granches, 62.

De Silhouette, 154.

Desimoni, Cornelio, on Verrazano, 18, 27.

Desmarquet, _Histoire de Dieppe_, 88.

D’Esprit, Pierre. _See_ Radisson.

_Detectio Freti Hudsoni_, 378.

De Thou, _Histoire de France_, 31, 32.

Dethune, Exuperius, 268.

_Deutsche Pionier_, 248.

De Vries, 418, 454, 491; _Voyagien_, 418.

De Witt, Frederic, 375, 376; _Atlas_, 376; _Zee-Atlas_, 376.

De Witt, Johan, _Brieven_, 493.

De Witts, 423.

Dexter, George, “Cortereal”, etc., 1.

Diamonds, 57, 58.

D’Iberville, 161; autog., 161; in Hudson’s Bay, 316; in Louisiana, 239. _See_ Iberville.

Dieppe, Archives of, destroyed, 16; great French captain of, 16; navigators of, 4.

Dieulois, Jean, 64.

Dillon, J. B., _History of Indiana_, 198.

Dincklagen, L. van, 464.

Dinondadies, 267.

Diseases, xv.

Disosway, G. P., 441.

Divine, River, 178, 209, 212, 214, 216.

Divines, Les, 318.

D’Olbeau, Jean, 124, 264, 268.

Dollier and Galinée, 303; their map, 203; _Voyage_, 294.

Dollier de Casson, 266, 332; _Histoire de Montreal_, 294, 302.

Dolretan, 373, 378.

Domagaya, 50, 52.

Dominicans in Virginia, 263.

Don, Nicolas, 62.

Doncker, Hendrick, _Zee-Atlas_, 376; _Nieuwe Zee-Atlas_, 376.

Dongan, governor, 161, 284; licensed traders, 192; and the Iroquois, 340, 343; and Denonville, 345.

Donnacona, 52, 54, 57, 64.

Dornelos, Juan, 10.

D’Orville, 139.

Douay, 234, 238, 241.

Double, Cape, 48.

Douchet Island. _See_ St. Croix Island and De Monts Island.

Douniol, Ch., _Mission du Canada_, 314.

Dourado, Vaz, 414; his map, 433.

Doutreleau, Père, 289.

Dover (N. H.), 159.

Drake, S. A., _Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast_, 136.

Drapeau, Stanilas, on Champlain’s tomb, 130.

Drisius, S., 497.

Drocoux, 222.

Drogeo, 94, 98, 373.

Druillettes, Gabriel, 174, 270, 273, 286; autog., 270, 306; among the Abenakis, 306; in Boston, 306; letter to Winthrop, 306; _Narré du Voyage_, 306; account of, 307.

Duchesneau, 161, 170, 335, 366; autog., 334.

“Duchess of Gordon”, ship, 411.

Du Creux. _See_ Creuxius.

Dudley, Robert, _Arcano del Mare_, 376, 385, 435; map of Nova Francia, 388.

Dufresnoy, Lenglet, _La Géographie_, 375.

Duhaut, 238.

Du Lhut, 181, 248, 249, 254; rescues Hennepin, 288; mentioned, 347, 338, 339; licensed to trade, 186; enforces the law, 188; his _Mémoire_, 197; his route, 181, 232, 233.

Du Luth. _See_ Du Lhut.

Dummer, _Defence of the Colonies_, 364.

Dumont, _La Louisiane_, 240.

Dunlap, William, _History of New York_, 431.

Duperon, Père, 281.

Du Plessis, 274.

Du Plessis, Pacifique, 124.

Du Ponceau, P. S., 492.

Dupont, 357.

Duport, Nicolas, 64.

Dupuis, 280; among the Onondagas, 308.

Dupuy, 181.

Durantaye, 186, 189, 341, 347, 354.

D’Urfé, Abbé, 327, 332, 333.

Duro, C. F., _Arca de Noé_, 86.

Durrie, D. S., _Bibliography of Wisconsin_, 199; _Early Outposts_, 199.

Dussieux, L., _Le Canada_, 367.

Dutch, the, on the Hudson, xxiv, xxv; on the Maine coast, 138; and the Indians, 399, 421; educated emigrants among them, 410; their State-Papers, 416; and New Plymouth, 428; first arrived in New Netherland, 429.

Dutch. _See_ New Netherland.

Duval, P., 375, 388; _Géographie universelle_, 375; his maps, 390.

Duxbury Bay, 109.

Dwight, Theodore F., 33.

“Eagle”, ship, 412.

Earthquake (1663), 310.

Eastman, F. S., _History of New York_, 431.

Eastman, Captain Seth, 199.

Eaton, Governor Theophilus, 456, 476.

Ebbingh, J., 417.

Ebeling, C. D., _America_, 495; his library, 495; his maps, 201.

Ebers, Georg, on Oscar Peschel, 15.

Eclipse. _See_ Solar, Lunar.

Eggleston, Edward, 44; on sites of Indian tribes, 298.

Egle, W. H., _Pennsylvania_, 499.

Egypt, i.

Elfsborg, Fort, 462, 478.

Ellicott, Andrew, 254.

Ellis, George E., _Red Man and White Man_, 296, 299; on Parkman’s histories, 201, 296.

Elswich, Henrich von, 475, 476; autog., 475.

“Emerilon”, galley, 51.

Engel, Samuel, _Voyages_, 262.

Engelran, 187, 195, 344; wounded, 348; autog., 348.

English State-Paper Office, 410.

Erie, Lake, 227; maps of, 203, 204, 206, 208, (1674), 213, 214, 215, 217, 218; latest explored of the lakes, 224; mentioned (1688), 232; (Du Chat), 234; (Herrie), 237; (Conty), map (1683), 249: map (1697), 251; called “Du Chat”, 251, 252; (Conti), 259, 260; map (1655), 391, (1660), 389. _See_ Great Lakes.

Eries, 53; country of, 298; destroyed, 298.

Erondelle, Pierre, translates Lescarbot, 150.

Esopus, 407.

Espirito Bay (Bahia), 238.

Estancelin, Louis, _Navigateurs Normands_, 16, 63.

Estotiland, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 378.

Etechemins, 150, 152, 312.

_Études réligieuses_, 222.

Eusebius, Chronicon, 16, 263.

Evans, Lewis, his map, 447.

Eyma, Xavier, 241.

Faffart, 182.

Fage, Robert, _Description_, etc., 428; _Cosmography_, 428.

Fagundes, Joas Alvarez, 37, 74.

Faillon, Abbé, _Colonie Française en Canada_, 246, 302, 360; an ardent Sulpitian, 302; on Margaret Bourgeois, 309; accounts of, 360; _Vie de N. Olier_, 303; _Vie de Mdlle. Mance_, 303; _Vie de Mdlle. Le Ber_, 365.

Falconer, _Discovery of the Mississippi_, 226.

Faribault, G. B, _Catalogue_, etc., 367; account of, 367; and the Canadian Archives, 366.

Farrer, Virginia, 437.

Faust Club, 441.

Fénelon, Abbé, 267, 332, 333.

Fénelon, Archbishop, 311.

Fergus, Robert, _Historical Series_, 198.

Ferland, Abbé, _Cours d’histoire du Canada_, 134, 157, 360; accounts of, 360; _Registres de Notre Dame_, 207.

Fernow, Berthold, “New Netherland”, 395; edits State archives, 441; _Dutch and Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, 500; his work on the New York records, 412.

Ferris, Benjamin, _Settlements on the Delaware_, 497.

Fevers, vi, xxviii.

Figs in Canada, 72.

Figurative map, 433.

Finnish emigration, 496.

Fischer, Professor Theodor, 89.

Fisher, J. F., 299.

Fisheries, xxi; at Newfoundland, 61.

Fishing stages, 3.

Firelands Historical Society, 198.

Five Nations, plans for subduing the, 130. _See_ Iroquois.

Fleet, Captain Henry, 165.

Fleming, Charles, 447, 453; autog., 447.

Fleming, Jöran, 477; autog., 477.

Fletcher, Governor Benjamin, 365; autog., 365.

Florida, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46; mapped by Allefonsce, 75; mentioned, 93, 95, 98, 101, 197, 227, 373, 377.

Florin, Jean, 5, 9, 17, 21. _See_ Verrazano.

Florio, John, translates account of Cartier’s voyage, 63.

Fluviander, Israel, 463.

Folsom, George, 151, 427, 441.

Foucault, 288.

Fongeray, 139.

Foppens, J. F., _Bibliotheca Belgica_, 371, 372.

Force, M. F., on the Indians of Ohio, 298.

Forests, value of, vii; distribution, xiv.

Forlani, Paolo, 40, 88; _Universale Descrittione_, 88; his map (1562), 92.

Fort Crèvecœur. _See_ Crèvecœur.

Fort Loyal, 159; map, 159. _See_ Portland.

Fourcille, Chevalier de, 187.

Fox River, 178, 200, 224.

Foxes (Indians), 194, 268.

France, Mer de, 85.

France Royal, 58.

France, royal geographers of, 375.

Francesca. _See_ Francisca.

Francia, 90. _See_ New France; Francisca.

Francis I., 9, 23; autog., 23.

Francis, Convers, _Life of Ralle_, 274.

Francis, John W., on New York, 409.

Francisca (Canada), 28, 38, 39, 41, 45, 67, 74, 84. _See_ New France.

Franciscan Cape, 69, 77.

Franciscans, 289; in Canada, 265; in Florida, 263.

Franciscus, monk, his map, 45.

Frankfort globe, 36.

Franquelin, maps, (1679, 1681), 211, 226, (1682), 227, (1684), 227, 228, (1688), 170, 229, 230, 231; plans of Quebec, 321.

Franquet, _Voyages_, 366.

Freels, Cape, 36.

Freire, Joannes, map (1546), 84, 86.

Fremin, Jacoby, 268, 283; autog., 268.

French archives. _See_ Paris.

French colonization impeded by the commercial spirit, 106.

French, _Historical Collections of Louisiana_, 241.

Frère, Edouard, _Bibliographe Normand_, 201.

Freschot, Casimiro, 250.

Frisius, Laurentius, map of, 36.

Frislant, 97, 378.

Frison, Gemma, 101.

Frogs, 429.

Frontenac, made governor, 177, 318; autog., 177, 326, 364; at Lake Ontario (1673), 179, 329; recalled (1682), 185; mentioned, 291; arrives, 314; and his times, 317; married, 318; and La Salle, 324; and Perrot, 330; recalled, 337; again appointed governor (1689), 351, 361; his titles, 357; his youth, 357; death, 356, 357; letters to, 366; his lodging, 354; his last campaign against the Iroquois, 355, 365.

Frontenac, Fort, established, 180; plan of, 222; mentioned, 223, 324.

Frontenac, Lake, 208.

Frontenacia, 209, 235.

Fumée, 31.

Fundy, Bay of, in maps, 90; called “Grande Baye Françoise”, 140; map, (1609), 152, (1709), 153; called Golfo di S. Luize, 388.

Furman, G., _Long Island_, 441; _Notes of Brooklyn_, 441.

Fur trade, in Canada, xxi, 105, 112, 113, 122, 127, 164, 168, 170, 181, 183, 192, 199, 327, 330, 336, 339, 340, 343, 349, 353, 397; in New England, xxv; in New Sweden, 459, 481.

Furlani. _See_ Forlani.

Gaffarel, Paul, edits Thevet, 31, 32.

Gaillon, Michael, 59.

Gale, George, _Upper Mississippi_, 200, 298.

Galinée, Abbé de, 173, 245, 266, his map, 205; his Journal, 205.

Gallaeus, Philippus, map (1574), 95; _Enchiridion_, 95.

Galvano, Antonio, 14; his _Tratado_, 14; edited by Bethune, 14.

Gamas, Golfo de los, 100.

Gamas River, 24, 37, 98.

Gamort, 64.

Gandagare, 280.

Ganentaa, 280.

Gannagaro, 347.

Ganneaktena, 283.

Garacontie, 282, 283, 311, 328.

Gardner, A. K., 418.

Garneau, Alfred, 359.

Garneau, F. X., 359; _Histoire du Canada_, 157, 158, 359, 367; translated by Bell, 158, 359.

Garnier, Charles, 305.

Garnier, Julian, 283.

Garnier, Père, 276, 278; murdered, 307.

Garreau, Père Leonard, 277, 282, 286, 305; autog., 277; murdered, 308.

Gaspé, 50, 75, 291; Champlain at, 105; mission, 267.

Gastaldi, 28, 40, 77, 93; map, (1548), 86, 88, (1550), 86; map in Ramusio, 90, 91.

Gastaldo. _See_ Gastaldi.

Gaudais, 366.

Gaulin, 269.

Geddes, George, 125.

Geijer, E. G., _Historia_, 496.

Gendron, _Quelques particularites_, 247, 305.

Genealogy in New York, 410.

Genestou, 139.

Genoa, _Società Ligure_, _Atti_, 18.

Gens de mer, 166.

_Geographical Magazine_, 18.

George, Fort (New York), 411.

George, Lake (St. Sacrament), 312.

Gerdtson, H., 469.

Gérin-Lajoie, 366.

Germans in Pennsylvania, characteristics, xix.

Gerrard, J. W., _Old Streets of New York_, 440.

Gerritsz, Hessel, 417.

Ghymm, Walter, on Mercator, 371.

Gibbons, Edward, 145.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, map, 96.

Gillam, Captain Zachary, 172.

Ginseng, 289, 294.

_Giornale Ligustico_, 38.

Girava, _Cosmographia_, 90.

Glacial action, xii.

Glandelet, Abbé, 357.

Gloucester Harbor, visited by Champlain, 111.

Gobat, G., 307.

Goes, Damiano de, _Chronica_, 14, 15.

Gold, 57; mines, viii, xxix.

Gomar, 423.

Gomara, as an authority, 11; on the Cortereals, 13; _Historia general_, 68.

Gomez, 9, 38, 82, 85, 87, 93, 413, 414; his voyage, 24, 28; Murphy on, 21; and Ribero’s map, 21.

Goodrich and Tuttle, _History of Indiana_, 198.

Goos, P., _Lichtende Colomme_, 376; _Zee-Atlas_, 376, 419, 440; _Atlas de la mer_, 376.

Gorges, Ferdinando, 165; _Briefer Narration_, 430; _America painted to the Life_, 430.

Gosselin, E., 60; _Documents de la marine Normande_, 61; _Nouvelles glanes historiques_, 61, 65.

Gottfriedt, J. L., _Archontologia Cosmica_, 426; _Newe Welt_, 385, 426; map, 390.

Gould, B. A., the astronomer, xvi; his _Statistics of American Soldiers_, xvii.

Goupil, René, 277, 280.

Goyer, Olivier, 357.

Graffenreid, Baron de, xxviii.

Grandfontaine, 161.

Granville, 347.

Gravier, Gabriel, on Joliet’s earliest map, 209; _Découvertes de La Salle_, 245; _La Salle de Rouen_, 245; on La Hontan, 262.

Gravier, Jacques, _Relation_, 316; autog., 316.

Gray Friars, 264.

“Great Hermina”, ship, 51.

Great Lakes (_see_ Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior), authorities on the discovery of, 196; levels of, 224; map of, 228.

Green, John, 154.

Green Bay, 166, 224; missions, 268, 286, 287.

Green Mountains, xxv.

Greene, G. W., on Verrazano, 17; his _Historical Studies_, 17.

Greene, J. H., reviews Sparks’s _Marquette_, 201.

Greenhow, R., 199.

Greenland, 2, 3, 36, 37, 89, 101; (Groestlandia), 42, 82; (Gronlandia), 43, 81; (Grutlandia), 90, 96; (Groenlant), 97, 101; in early Portuguese maps, 16.

Greenland Company, 396, 415.

Greenough, Robert, 312.

Gregson, Thomas, 456.

Grenolle, 165.

Griffin, A. P. C., on the bibliography of Western Explorations, 201.

Griffin, M. J., 297.

“Griffin”, bark, built on Niagara River, 183, 223; lost, 183.

Gripsholm, 462.

Groclant, 97, 101.

Groseilliers, 168, 171, 174, 197; goes to Boston, 171.

Groseilliers River, 169, 171.

Grotius, on the Origin of the American Indians, 418.

Grovelat, 82.

Grozelliers. _See_ Groseilliers.

Guanahani, _or_ Guanahana, 97, 101.

Guast, De. _See_ De Monts.

Gudin, Th., 241.

Guendeville, Nicolas, 257.

Guercheville, Comtesse de, 141, 264.

Guerin, Jean, 170.

Guerin, _Navigateurs Français_, 134, 241.

Guesnin, Hilarion, 268.

Guiana, 422, 423.

_Guiana, Beschryvinghe van_, 378.

Guignas, Père, 289.

Guimené, Prince de, 265.

Guincourt, 58.

Gulf Stream, iii.

Gunnarson, S., 450.

Gustafson, Nils, 494.

Gustavus Adolphus, 403, 443; autog., 443.

Gutierrez, Diego, 81; map (1562), 90.

Gurnet, 109.

Gyles, John, _Memoirs_, 159.

Gyllengren, E., 453, 472, 473.

Hachard, Madeleine, 241.

Hacket, M., 31.

Hagaren, King, 226.

Hager, A. D., 198; on Marquette at Chicago, 209.

Hakluyt, 151; _Divers Voyages_, 17, 43; _Navigations_, 17.

Hale, E. E., on Dudley’s _Arcano_, 435.

Hale, Horatio, on the Iroquois, 299; _Iroquois Book of Rites_, 299.

Hale, Nathan, 155.

“Half-Moon”, vessel, 397.

Haliburton, Thomas C., _Nova Scotia_, 155.

Hall, E. F., 371.

Hall, Ralph, his map of Virginia, 374.

Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, 375.

Hamilton, Alexander, his Artillery Company, 412.

Hannay, James, _History of Acadia_, 138, 157.

Harlem, 441.

Harmansen. _See_ Arminius.

Harper, John, _Maritime Provinces_, 368.

Harrassowitz, Otto, 439.

Harrison, W. H., _Aborigines of the Ohio_, 298.

Harrisse, Henry, reviews Murphy’s book on Verrazano, 18; his _Cabots_, 35, 367; his _Notes sur la Nouvelle France_, 35, 295, 366; his collection of Canadian maps, 201; and Margry’s Collection, 242; list of maps in his _Notes_, etc., 201; opposes Margry’s views, 246.

Hart, A. M., _Mississippi Valley_, 199.

Hartford (Conn.), 401.

Hartgers, Joost, _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia_, 422.

Harvard College Library, 248, 299; maps in, 201.

Harvey, Henry, _Shawnee Indians_, 298.

Hassard, J. R. G., 358.

Hatarask, 45. _See_ Hattoras.

Hatton, _Newfoundland_, 65.

Hattoras (Hotorast), 377. _See_ Hatarask.

Hawley, Charles, _Cayuga History_, 294, 309.

Hawley, Jerome, 497.

Hazard, Samuel, _Annals of Pennsylvania_, 497; _Register of Pennsylvania_, 496.

Hazart, on Dutch Church History, 306.

Hebert, Louis, 126.

Heins, 238, 239.

Hemant, 183.

Henlopen, Cape, 453.

Hennepin, Louis, arrives in Canada, 180; account of, 247; mentioned, 182, 285; with Accault, 184, 224; captured, 233, 288; _Description de la Louisiane_, 197, 248; papers on, by Rafferman, 248; at Fort Frontenac, 223; his frauds, 254, 291; and La Salle, 250; his map (1683), 249; _New Discovery_, 128; title of, 256; _Nouvelle Découverte_, 250; map (1697), 251; _Nouveau Voyage_, 240, 255, 256; _Voyage curieux_, 254; _Discovery of a Large Country_, etc., 255; his books, 292.

Hennin, De, _Essai sur la Bibliothèque du Roi_, 82.

Henri II., map called by his name, 20; made by Desceliers, 20, 77, 83, 85. _See_ Dauphin.

Henri IV., interested in Champlain’s voyage, 104; assassinated, 122; autog., 136.

Henry (Dauphin), autog., 56.

_Heptameron_ of Marguerite, 66.

Heriot, George, _History of Canada_, 367.

Hermanson, B., 458.

Hermoso, Cape, 88, 92.

Héroard, Jean, 357.

Herrera, _Hechos de las Castellanos_, 29; _Historia_, 13; _Las Indias_, 378.

_Hesperian, The_, 199.

Hesselius, Andreas, 493.

Hewett, General Fayette, xviii.

Hexham, Henry, editor of Mercator, 374.

Heylin, Peter, _Cosmographie_, 384, 385, 428; _Microcosmus_, 428.

Hilderberg Hills, xxv.

Hildreth, S. P., _Ohio Valley_, 199.

Hill, A. J., 199.

Hispaniola, 41. _See_ Santo Domingo.

Historical Societies of the Northwest, 198.

Hjort, P., 472.

Hoar, George F., 242.

Hochelaga, 52, 53, 77, 85, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 163, 377, 385; extent of, 72; (Ochelaga), 87; plan of, 64; site of, 304; view of, 90.

Hoffman, C. F., _Pioneers of New York_, 410.

Hoggenberg, Francis, 371.

Hojeda, 10.

Holden, A. W., _Queensbury_, 421.

_Hollandsche Mercurius_, 491.

Hollender, Peter, 449; autog., 449.

Holm. _See_ Campanius.

Homann, 262.

Homem, Diego, map, 40, 78; _Atlas_ (1558), 78, 90, 92; maps, 92.

Homes, H. A., on the Pompey Stone, 434.

Hondius, Henry, 371, 437.

Hondius, Jodocus, succeeds Mercator, 372, 378; dies, 374.

Hondius-Mercator Atlas, 374.

Honfleur, Navigators of, 4.

Honguedo, 78.

Honter globe, 36.

Hoochcamer, H., 450.

Hood, Thomas, his map, 38, 414.

Höök, Sven, 475, 479; autog., 475.

Hope, Fort, 401.

Horologgi, 31.

Horse, xv.

Hosmer, H. L., _Maumee Valley_, 198.

Hough, F. B., _Pemaquid Papers_, 159.

Houghton County Historical Society (Michigan), 198.

Howe, Henry, _Historical Collection of Ohio_, 198.

Hudde, A., 461, 496; autog., 461.

Hudson, Henry, 397, 416; his American voyages, 397, 424, 428; authorities, 416.

Hudson Bay, English at, 186, 345; map (1709), 259; routes to, 309; mentioned, 101, 172, 228, 309, 316; company, 172; missions, 271, 314.

Hudson River, 436; the San Antonio of the Spaniards, 11, 429; settlements, xxv; early visited, 397, 398, 432; in the old maps, 413; discovery of, 415, 416; name first applied, 427.

Huet, 274.

Huffington, William, _Delaware Register_, 496.

Hulsius, Levinus, his _Sammlung_, 426, 442.

Hulter, Johan de, 417.

Humboldt’s study of Maps, 33.

Hundred Associates, 302.

Hunt’s _Merchants’ Magazine_, 201.

Huppé, 354.

Hurault, Philippe, 357.

Hurlbut, H. H., 246; _Chicago Antiquities_, 198; on Marquette at Chicago, 209.

Huron Country, 298; map of, 296, 305.

Huron, Lake, 165, 237; (1688), 231, 232, 233, (1709), 259, (1703), 260; called Michigane, 203; D’Orleans map (1683), 249; maps of, 208, 213, 214, 215, 218; map (1697), 251, 252; called Karecnondi, 251, 252; map of (1660), 389; map of (1656), 391.

Hurons, 163, 216; missions, 124, 267, 275, 301, 302, 305, 307, 310, 315; migrations, 197; prayer, 302; among the Iroquois, 280; at Isle d’Orleans, 308; colonized near Quebec, 307, 315; Champlain among the, 126; described by Champlain, 132; defeated by the Iroquois, 277; destroyed, 278, 309; at Mackinaw, 176; join the Ottawas, 175; Sagard among the, 196.

Huygen, H., 448, 454, 462, 470, 477; autog., 448.

Iberville, 226, 243. _See_ D’Iberville.

Ice period, xii.

_Il genio vagante_, 250.

Illinois, histories of, 198.

Illinois (Indians), 175, 298; their country, 179; missions, 268.

Illinois, Lac des. _See_ Michigan.

Illinois River, 258.

India, passage to, 10, 50, 51, 55, 59, 72, 84, 123, 164, 167, 171, 172, 173, 202, 396, 397, 414, 426. _See_ Asia, Cathay.

India Superior, 41, 43.

Indian corn, xiii.

Indiana, Historical Society, 198; histories of, 198.

Indians, life and customs, 290; migrations in Ohio, 298, 299; map of, 298; of Canada, 263; described by Champlain, 131; carried to France by Cartier, 57; converted, 299; and the Dutch, 399, 406, 407, 421; and Frontenac, 323, 325; geographical distribution of, 163; habits, 301; languages, 301; on the Massachusetts coast, 110; mythology of, 299; in New England, xxiv; Parkman’s account of, 297; and Potherie, 358; selling liquor to, 313, 334.

Inga, Athanasius, _West-Indische Spieghel_, 416.

Intendant of justice, 172.

_International Magazine_, 295.

Iowa, Historical Society, 199; histories, 199.

Ioway (Ayoes), River, 169.

Irondequoit Bay, 193.

Iron mines, viii, xxix, 106, 209, 219.

Iroquois, 57, 217, 279, 399; and Algonquins, respective locations of, 299; _Book of Rites_, 299; attacked (1615), by Champlain, 120, 124, 125, 132; route to attack them, 125; their country, 298; map of, 281; modern map of, 293; missions in, 293; French claims to, 349; attempted treaty (1688), with the French, 350; Dunlap’s map of their country, 421; relations with Dongan, 340; with the Dutch, 167; wars with the French, 167; peace with the French, (1654), 168; embassy to the French, 310; and Eries, war of, 308; their idol, 204; threatened by La Barre, 189; relations with La Barre, 339; their legends, 299; origin of their confederacy, 299; mission, 279, 296, 305, 311, 313; numbers of, 309; defeated by Ottawas, 175; peace with (1652), 308; and Huron wars, 305; wars of, 104, 302.

Irving, _Knickerbocker’s History of New York_, 410.

Isabella (Cuba), 34.

I-Santi Indians, 181.

Iselin, I. C., 372.

Isle aux Coudres, 52.

Isle Gazees, 78.

Isle of Birds, 51.

Isle of Demons, 66.

Isle Percée, 268.

Isle Royale, 217.

Isles aux Margoulx, 48.

Isles of Shoals, discovered by Champlain, 111.

Issati Indians, 181.

Iucatan. _See_ Yucatan.

Jacobsz or Jacobsen, A., his maps, 378, 383, 434.

Jacobsz, Theunis, 376.

_Jahrbuch des Vereins für Erdkunde in Dresden_, 38.

_Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde in Leipzig_, 38.

Jaillot, Bernard, 375.

Jaillot, Hubert, 375, 390; _Amérique_, 385; _Neptune Français_, 377.

Jal, _Dictionnaire critique_, 357.

Jallobert, Marc, 51, 57, 58.

Jamay, Denis, 124.

James, Fort, 313. _See_ New York.

James’s Bay, 171.

Jamet, Denys, _Lettre_, 300.

Jannson, Johan, 374, 378, 384; his _Atlas_, 374; _Atlas contractus_, 437; _Novus Atlas_, 437; sketch of his map, 385; atlases, 437.

Jansen, Carl, 452, 456.

Jansen, Jan, van Ilpendam, 452.

Japan (Giapan), 93, 96.

Jefferys, the geographer, 155.

Jenner, Thomas, _Foreign Passages_, 430.

Jesuits, Journals of, 306; Martyrs, Shea’s History of, 305; missions in Ohio, 198; missions in Michigan, 199; in Acadia, 292; authorities, 292; _Relations_, 151, 292; various reprints and supplements, 292; bibliography of, 295; judged by Parkman, 296; by Charlevoix, 296; by Shea, 296; fac-simile of a title, 310; in Acadia, 151; in Canada, 263, 265, 266; trading in Canada, 300, 304; their character, 296; and Poutrincourt, 150; and Frontenac, 322, 323; retired from Lake Superior, 176; list of, among the Hurons, 307; maps of, 205; in the Northwest, 222; in Quebec, 301, 354; _Voyages et Travaux_, 314.

Jesuit College (Georgetown), 299.

Jocker, E., 223.

Jode, Corneille de, 369.

Jogues, Isaac, 276, 277, 279, 285, 305, 421; captured, 302, 303; at Sault Ste. Marie, 302; among the Mohawks, 305, 306; Novum Belgium, 306, 421; portrait, 306; life by Martin, 294; autog., 421; death, 306; papers, 306.

Johnson, Jeremiah, 419, 420, 491.

Johnston, _Bristol and Bremen_, 138.

Joliet, Louis, 173, 174, 336; sent by Frontenac westward, 177; Marquette joins him, 178; authorities, 201; autog., 204, 315; meets La Salle, 204; his canoe overset, 179; his maps, 179; his letter to Frontenac, 179; as the discoverer of the Mississippi, 246, 315; route of, 221, 224, 232, 233; earliest map (1673-1674), 208, 209; explorations, 207; his personal history, 207; his so-called “larger map”, 211, 212, 213; his “smaller map”, 211, 214; letter to Frontenac, 210, 211; route by the Wisconsin, 211; his “carte générale”, 211, 218; his letters, 209; his accounts of his discoveries, 209; fac-simile of letter, 210.

“Joly”, ship, 234.

Jomard, map, 89.

Jones, J. P., 226.

Jonge, T. C. de, _Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsch Zeewesen_, 418.

Jordan River, 45.

Josselyn, John, _Voyages_, 429.

_Journal des Savans_, 237.

_Journal général de l’Instruction publique_, 196.

Joutel, 235; his Journal, 240; _Journal historique_, 240; at Lavaca River, 238; goes with La Salle, 238.

Juchereau, Françoise, 335; _L’Hôtel Dieu_, 314, 359.

Judæis, Cornelio, map, (1589), 95, (1593), 97, 99; _Speculum Orbis_, 99.

Juet’s Journal, 416.

Juvencius, Josephus, _Canadicae missionis Relatio_, 300; _Historiæ Societatis Jesu_, 151, 300.

Juvency. _See_ Juvencius.

Kærius, P., 102, 374; his maps, 384.

Kalbfleisch, C. H., 299.

Kalm, Peter, _Resa_, 494.

Kankakee River, 188, 200, 224.

Kapp, Frederick, on Minuit, 502.

Karegnondi (Huron Lake), 391.

Kaskasia, 220, 287.

Katarakoni River, 180.

Kauder, Christian, 268.

Kaufmann, 371.

Keen. _See_ Kyn.

Keen, Gregory B., “New Sweden”, 443.

Keen, Maons, 494.

Keith, Sir William, _British Plantations_, 3.

Kelton, D. H., on Mackinaw Island, 199.

Kennebec River, 108, (Quinebeque), 383.

Kentucky, English stock in, xvii; the physical proportions of, xvi, xviii; death-rate, xviii.

_Kerkhistorisch Archief_ 421.

Ketchum, _Buffalo_, 421.

Keulen, Johan van, _Zee-Atlas_, 376.

Keweenaw Bay, 170, 171, 187.

Keye, Otto, 422; _Het waere Onderscheyt_, 422, 423.

Kidder, Frederic, on the Swedes on the Delaware, 499.

Keift, Willem, 402, 448; autog., 441; his recall, 405.

Kikapous, 178.

King, Rufus, 300.

Kip, W. I., _Early Jesuit Missions_, 294.

Kirke, David, 158, 168; at Tadoussac, 127; captures Quebec, 128.

Kirke, Henry, _First English Conquest of Canada_, 128, 158.

Kling, Måns, 448, 451, 452, 453, 455; his map, 437.

Knapp, H. S., _Maumee Valley_, 198.

_Knickerbocker Magazine_, 222.

Kohl, J. G., his study of maps, 33; his collection of maps in Department of State in Washington, 33, 201; maps in Coast Survey Office, 34; in the American Antiquarian Society’s Library, 35; Cartographical Depot, 35; Discovery of Maine, 15; on the Cortereals, 15; his _Geschichte der Entdeckung Amerikas_, 35.

Kondiaronk, 350.

Koopman, 371.

_Kort Verhael_, 422, 423.

Kramer, H. 469, 472; autog., 469.

Krober, A. N., 447.

Kryn, 283.

Kunstmann, Friedrich, _Entdeckung Amerikas_, 15; _Atlas_, 15, 45.

Kyn, Jöran, 498; his descendants, 500. _See_ Keen.

La Barre, Le Febvre De, 337; autog., 337; and the Senecas, 342.

La Borde, 254, 255.

La Chesnay, 354; site of, 303.

La Chine, 303; attacked, 350, 359.

La Cosa, map, 35.

La Croix, A. P. de, 189, 424.

La Croix, _Algemeene Wereldt-Beschrijving_, 439.

La Crosse, J. B., 271.

La Famine Bay, 293.

La Ferte, 188.

La Forest, 234, 239.

La Forêt, 193, 336, 338.

La Fortune, 187.

Lafreri, _Tavole moderne_, 93.

La Galissonière, 154.

La Hontan, Baron, 342; account of, 257; _Nouveaux Voyages_, 257; _Mémoires de l’Amérique_, 257; _New Voyages_, 257; _Dialogue_, 257; map (1703), 260; _Supplément_, 257; map (1709), 258, 259.

Lamonde, 181.

La Montagne, J., 464.

La Motte, 182.

La Motte Bourioli, 139.

La Motte-Cadillac, _Mémoire sur l’Acadie_, 159.

La Noue, 365.

La Plata, 40.

La Potherie, 159.

La Prairie, 284.

La Roche d’Aillon, 265, 279.

La Rochelle, archives of, destroyed, 16.

La Salle, Sieur de, his birth, 242; his character, 222; in Canada, 180; at Fort Frontenac, 180; explorations (1678), 181, 202; at Niagara, 182; meets Joliet, 173, 204; on the Ohio, 207; at the Chicago portage(?,), 207; did he discover the Mississippi?, 207, 245; at St. Joseph’s River(?,), 207; his route, 212, 214, 224, 232, 233, 241; reaches the Gulf of Mexico, 225; at Fort Miami, 225; at Michillimackinac, 225; superseded, 226; in France, 226, 233; restitution made, 234; expedition to Texas, 236; founds a colony, 237; on Lavaca River, 238; starts northward (1686), 238; killed, 238, 241, 243; fate of his colony, 239, 241; relations with Hennepin, 250; with Denonville, 226; with Frontenac, 324; with La Barre, 339; his life by Sparks, 242; by Parkman, 242; portraits, 242, 244; his letters, 244; his will, 241.

La Salle, Nicholas de, 226.

La Taupine, 179.

La Tour, Abbé, _Vie de Laval_, 309, 358.

La Tour, Charles de, 142, 143; autog., 143; visits Boston, 144; attacks D’Aulnay, 145; authorities, 153, 154.

La Tour, Stephen de, 145.

La Tourette, Greysolon de, 194.

La Tourette, Fort, 189, 229, 230.

La Valterie, 347.

L’Archevêque, 239.

Labadists, 429.

Labrador, 37, 39, 43, 45, 48, 74, 75, 78, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101; discovered, 38, 46; on the early maps, 16.

Laconia, 165.

Lafitau, Père, _Mœurs des Sauvages_, 294, 298; autog., 298.

Lafitau, _Des Portugais dans le Nouveau Monde_, 15.

Lafontaine, L. H., 303.

La Hêve, Cape, 136.

Laisné de la Marguerie, 302.

Lake of the Two Mountains, 312.

Lalande, 280.

Lalemant, Charles, 134, 265; _Relations_ and _Letters_, 300, 301, 309.

Lalemant, Gabriel, 278, 305; autog., 278; death of, 307.

Lalemant, Hierosme, _Relations_, 305, 306, 310; in the Huron Country, 302, 305.

Lalemant, Jerome, 268, 270.

Lamb, Martha J., _New York_, 440.

Lamberton. George, 451.

Lamberville, 346.

Lamberville, Jean de, 283, 340, 346; autog., 285.

Lambrechtsen, N. C., _Kort Beschrijving_, 416, 431.

Lampe, B., 424.

Langen, J. G., 256.

Langenes, _Caert-Thresoor_, 102; _Handboek_, 102.

Langevin, E., on Laval, 309.

Langren, A. Florentius à, 99.

Langton, John, 201

Lanman, James H., _History of Michigan_, 198.

Lapham, I. A., _History of Wisconsin_, 199.

Latitude and longitude in Champlain’s map, 131.

Laudonnière, 17.

Laure, Michael, 271.

Lauson, Governor, 303.

Lauverjeat, 273.

Lavaca River, 238.

Laval, Bishop, 247, 267, 309, 312, 334; autog., 309; Parkman on, 309; portraits, 309; lives of, 309; La Tour’s life of, 358.

Laval University, 222.

Laverdière, Abbé, 130, 133, 196, 306, 360; edits Champlain, 360.

Lavvradore. _See_ Labrador.

Law, John, _Vincennes_, 198.

Law, Judge John, 222.

Lazaro, Luiz, map by, 37.

Le Beau, _Voyage curieux_, 299.

Le Ber, 303, 331, 336.

Le Boeme, Louis, 176.

Le Caron, Joseph, 124, 125, 264, 279.

Le Clercq, Christian, 234, 268; _Établissement de la Foy_, 255, 291; translated by Shea, 291; _Histoire des Colonies Françaises_, 291; map in his _Établissement de la Foy_, 390; _Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspésie_, 292; attacks the Jesuits, 292.

Le Cordier, 393.

Le Gardeur, René. _See_ Beauvais.

Le Jeune, Paul, 196, 271, 274; _Relations_, 301, 302, 308, 309; Journal, 301; portrait, 272.

_Le Journal des Jésuites_, 196.

Le Maire, Jacques, 187.

Le Maître, Jacques, 283, 305.

Le Mere, 187.

Lemercier, François, 280; _Relations_, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313; in the Huron country, 301, 302; autog., 311.

Lemoine, J. M., _Rues de Québec_, 321; _Quebec Past and Present_, 118; _Picturesque Quebec_, 126.

Le Moyne, Charles, 339, 340.

Le Moyne, Simon, 280, 281, 282, 283; autog., 308; Letters, 309; in the Mohawk country, 308, 309; at Onondaga, 308; among the Senecas, 310.

Le Rouge, 375.

Le Roux, 254.

Le Sage, S., on the Recollects, 292.

Le Sueur, Pierre, 195, 229.

Le Testu, Guillaume, _Cosmographie_, 90; his map, 77.

Lebreton, 240, 241,

Ledyard, L. W., 125.

Leipzig, _Verein für Erdkunde, Jahresbericht_, 15.

Leisler, Governor, 159.

Lelewel, account of, 375.

Lenox, James, 418, 439; on the bibliography of Champlain, 133; prints Marquette’s accounts, 294.

Lenox globe, 36.

Lenox Library, 248, 299; _Contributions_, 295; _Jesuit Relations_, 295.

Lery, Baron de, 31; at Sable Island, 5, 63.

Lescarbot, Marc, 149; _La Conversion des Sauvages_, 150; _Relation dernière_, 150; _Le bout de l’an_, 150; his maps (1609), 150, 152, 378; map of the Upper St. Lawrence, 304; career, 149; _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 149; _Les Muses_, 150; on the Nova Scotia coast, 112.

_Les véritables motifs_, 302.

_Lettres édifiantes_, 294, 316.

Leverett, John, expedition to Acadie, 145; autog., 145.

Levot, 241.

Leyonberg, Johan, 483, 487.

Leyzeau, Pierre, 354.

_L’Héroine Chrétienne_, 303.

Licking County Pioneer Historical Society, 198.

Liens, Nicholas des, 78; his map, 78, 79.

Liljehöck, P., 455.

Limestone regions, xiii.

Lindstroem, Peter, 472, 473, 483, 485, 494; autog., 472; His writings, 502; his map, 437, 481, 496.

Linschoten, 97; by Wolfe, 97; _Histoire de la Navigation_, 414.

Liotot, 238.

Liquor, sale of to Indians, controversy over, 267.

“Little Hermina”, ship, 51, 54.

Livingston, William, 430.

Livot, _Biographie Bretonne_, 65.

Lloyd, Lawrence, 473.

Loccenius, J., _Historia Suecana_, 491.

Lock, L. C., 463, 500.

Lodowick, Charles, 365.

Loew, 102.

Lok’s map, 17, 43, 415; fac-simile, 44.

Long, _Peter’s River_, 262.

Long Island, Dutch and English on, 404, 409; antiquities of, 441; bibliography of, 441; histories of, 441.

Long Island Historical Society, 409.

Long river of La Hontan, 258, 260; map of, 261.

Longevity, xvi, xviii.

Longueil, 347.

Lorette, 267, 279, 284.

Lossing, B. J., _Hudson River_, 435.

Louis XIV., autog., 323; and Canada, 172.

Louis de Sainte Foy, 266.

Louisa Island, 7, 24, 28, 39. _See_ Claudia Island.

Louisiana, 228, 249; named by La Salle, 225, 250; missions, 267, 294.

Lovelace, Governor, 313.

Loyal, Fort, attacked, 39. _See_ Fort Loyal and Portland.

Loyard, 273.

Luce, Loys, 64.

Lucifer, C., 465.

Lucini, A. F., 435.

Luis, Lazaro, his map, 37.

Lunar eclipse (1637), 302; (1642), 302.

_Lutheri Catechismus_, 459.

Luyt, Johannes, _Introductio ad Geographiam_, 375.

Lyndsay, Lord, 442.

Lyonne, Martin de, 268, 307, 308.

Macauley, James, _State of New York_, 431.

Macgregory, Major, 193.

Machiaca, 45.

Machias (Me.), 143.

Mackerel, 50.

Mackinac, Hurons at, 278; mission at, 267, 287.

Mackinaw, history of, 199; Hurons at, 176.

MacMullen, John, _History of Canada_, 367.

Maçons, 187, 188.

Madeleine River, 168.

Madockawando, 146.

Maffeius (1593), map, 95.

Magaguadavic River, 137.

_Magasin Encyclopédique_, 86.

_Magazine of American History_, 31.

Magellan’s Straits, 40, 41, 42, 43; voyage, 10.

Maggiollo. _See_ Maiollo.

Magliabechian Library, 17.

Magninus, _Geographia_, 95.

Maida, 92, 93, 96.

Maillard, A. S., 269.

Maillard, Jehan, 71.

Maillard, Thomas, 72.

Maine, missions in, 273, 300; war in, 159.

Maingart, Jacques, 51.

Maiollo, map of, 27, 38, 39, 73.

Mairobert, _Discussion summaire_, 155.

Maisonneuve, Père, 275.

Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 53, 303.

Maize, xiii, xxiv; not produced in Canada, xxii.

Major, R. H., _Prince Henry the Navigator_, 245; on Verrazano, 18.

Mallebar, Cape, 143.

Mallet, A. M., _L’Univers_, 375.

Malte-Brun, _Annales_, 64.

Man, origin of, xi.

Mance, Mdlle., 294.

Mangi, Sea of, 93, 96.

Manhattan, 398, 436; origin of name, 433.

Manitoulin Island, 174; Ottawas at, 176, 287.

Manitoumie, 221.

Manning, John, 502.

Manno and Promis, _Notizie di Gastaldi_, 93.

Manthet, De, 188, 365.

Maps, difficulties with coast-names, 33; of eastern coast of North America, 33; of the lakes and the Mississippi, 201.

Mar del Sur, 43, 93. _See_ South Sea and Pacific.

Marest, J. J., 195, 288, 316; autog., 316.

Margry, Pierre, his collections and theories, 241; _Les Normands dans les vallées d’Ohio_, 196, 241; Congress assists him, 242; his _Mémoires et documents_, 242; on Allouez, 315; controversy over the discovery of the Mississippi, 245; criticised by R. H. Major, 245; assists Faribault in collecting documents, 366; _Navigations Françaises_, 68.

“Marie de Bonnes Nouvelles”, 64.

Marie de l’Incarnation, 314; _Lettres_, 309, 314; accounts of, 314.

Marie de St. Joseph, 308.

Marion, La Fontaine, 192.

Markham, William, 498.

Marmette, Joseph, _François de Bienville_, 36

Marquadas, J., _Tractatus_, 490.

Marquette, 176, 286, 287; at Chicago (?,), 209; letter, 313; autog., 313; joins Joliet, 178, 207, 287; route of, 221, 232, 233; at St. Esprit, 207; _Récit des voyages_, 294, 315; translated in Shea’s _Discovery of the Mississippi_, 294; report of his expedition, 217, 219; and map, 217, 220; compared with Joliet’s, 219; (spurious), map, 220; given in Thevenot, 220; his later history, 220; dies, 220, 315.

Marsh, George P., 495.

Marshall, O. H., 125, 242, 295, 299, 348; on the “Griffin”, 223; _La Salle’s Visit to the Senecas_, 205.

Martha’s Vineyard seen by Verrazano, 7.

Martin, Claude, 314.

Martin, Felix, 294.

Martin, Henri, 245.

Martin, Père, 305; _Vie de Brebeuf_, 307.

Martines, map (1578), 95, 97.

Martyr, Peter, on Verrazano, 25; _Decades_, 29; _Opus Epistolarum_, 29.

Mascoutens, 178, 268.

Massachusetts Archives, documents collected in France, 366, 367.

Massachusetts Bay, discovered by Allefonsce, 60.

Masse, Enemond, 129, 133, 264, 265, 266, 273, 300, 301; death, 306.

Mather, Cotton, 316; _Life of Phips_, 160, 364; _Magnalia_, 159.

Matkovic, _Schiffer-Karten_, 84.

Matthias, 477.

Mauclerc, astronomer, 16.

Maumee Valley, 198.

Maurault, _Histoire des Abênaquis_, 150.

May River, 45.

McGregory, 347.

Mead, _Construction of Maps_, 369.

Medina, Pedro de, _Arte de Navegar_, 83; map (1545), 83; _Libro de Grandezas_, etc., 83; _L’Art de Naviguer_, 378.

Medrano, S. F. de, 255.

Megapolensis, Johannis, 419, 420, 497; autog., 420; _Een kort Ontwerp_, 421; accounts of, 421.

Megiser, _Septentrio Novantiquus_, 377.

Meiachkwat, Charles, 269, 273.

Melendez at St. Augustine, 263.

Melton, Edward, _Zee en Land Reizen_, 423.

Melyn, Cornelis, 425; autog., 425.

Membertou, 150, 264.

Membré, Zénobe, 223, 225, 234, 288; his Journal, 254.

_Mémoires des Commissaires_, 154.

Menard, Père, 170, 280, 281, 286, 305, 309; autog., 280, 309; death, 286, 310.

Mennonists, 423.

Menomonees, 268.

Menou, Charles de, 143.

Mer de Canada, 75.

Mercator, Gerard, portrait, 371; notice by Ghymm, 371; his _Atlas_, 371; life by Raemdonck, 371; his mappemonde, 369, 373; _Atlas minor_, 374; _Atlas novus_, 374; English editions, 374; globes, 99; map, (1538), 74, 81, (1541), 74, 81, (1569), 78, 94; his projection, 369.

Mercator, Michael, his map, 377.

Mercator, Rumold, 369, 371.

_Mercure de France_, 307.

_Mercure François_, 131, 134, 150, 300; sets of, 300.

_Mercure gallant_, 226.

Mermet, 288.

Metabetchouan, 271.

Metellus, _America_, 369.

Meules, 337, 341, 346; autog., 337.

Meurcius, Jocobus, 390.

Mexico, 43; physiography, vi. _See_ Temistitan, New Spain.

Mexico, Gulf of, maps, 34; reached by La Salle, 225.

Mey, C. J., 398, 448.

Mézy, 172; autog., 172.

Miami River, 224.

Miamis, 178, 298; Fort, 200, 225, 249, 251; missions to, 268

Michaelius, Rev. Jonas, 421.

Michel, Jean, 143.

“Michel”, ship, 64.

Michelant, H., 63.

Michigan. _See_ Great Lakes.

Michigan, 235; different names of, 229; Historical Society of, 198; histories of, 198; Lake (Lac des Illinois), 170, 206, 212, 214, 215, 218, 231, 232, 233, 237, 251, 252, 260; (Dauphin), map of, 249; discovered, 166; map (1709), 258; map (1697), 251, 252; map (1656), 391; peninsula first mapped out, 205; Pioneer Society, 198.

Mickley, J. J., 482, 502.

Micmacs, 49, 150; missions to, 267, 268.

Mildmay, W., 154.

Miles, H. H., _History of Canada_, 368.

Milet, Père, 285, 316.

Mille Lacs, 169; this region taken possession of, 195.

Millin, _Magazin encyclopédique_, 19.

Mills, A., 102.

Mines of the Cordilleras, v; of North America, viii. _See_ Copper, Gold, etc.

Minet’s Map of Louisiana (1685), 237.

Minnesota, Historical Society of, 199; bibliography of, 199; histories of, 199.

Minnesota River, 195

Minong Island, 229, 230, 258.

Minquas, 447, 462, 492.

Minuit, Peter, 398, 403, 441, 445, 447, 493, 502; autog., 398, 446.

Miramichi, 153; Bay, 49.

Miscou, 266.

_Missio Canadensis_, 300.

Missions in Canada, sources of their history, 290; of the Catholics, 199; to the Indians, 263; among the Iroquois, map of sites of, 293. _See_ the names of orders, of priests, and of mission sites.

Mississippi River, 167, 258, (Meschasipi), 251, 253; reported by Allouez, 286; report of, from the Indians, 207, 313; extent of its system, viii; French possession of, xxiii; reached by Joliet, 178; named Buade, 178; called Colbert, 206; various names of, 209; map (1684), 228.

Mississippi Valley, physical characteristics of, iii, iv; histories of, 199; French forts in, 199; French discovery in, 199; called “Colbertie”, 211; map (1672), 221.

Missouri River, 237; early notices, 226.

Modeer, _Historia_, 495.

Mohawk Valley, xxv; early settlements in, 412.

Mohawks, 119, 122, 309, 311; war with, 310, 313, 365; missions, 281.

Mohegan war (1669), 313.

Moingona, 262.

Molineaux globe, 97, 99; map (1600), 80, 377.

Moll, Herman, 262.

Mölndal, 462, 463.

Moluccas, 40.

Moncacht-Apé, 211.

Monette, J. W., _Valley of the Mississippi_, 199.

Monomet, 109.

Monro, Alexander, _British North America_, 368.

Monseignat, autog., 364; _Relation_, 159, 361.

Mont Joliet, 179.

Montagnais, 118, 120, 264; language of, 133; missions to, 124, 267, 269.

Montalboddo, _Pæsi_, etc., 12.

Montanus, map in, 390; _Nieuwe Weereld_, 423; _Die Unbekante neue Welt_, 423, (Van den Bergh), 374. _See_ Ogilby.

Montespan, Madame, 318.

Montgolfier, account of Margaret Bourgeois, 309.

_Month, The_, 199, 297.

Montigny de St. Cosme, 316.

Montigny, Francis de, 288.

Montmagny, 130, 326.

Montpensier, _Mémoires_, 357.

Montreal, 53, 205, 308, 312; Faillon on, 360; founded, 302; Frontenac at, 325; maps of, 303, 311; mission at, 274; site of, 164; Société Historique de, _Mémoires_, 303; and vicinity, map by La Potherie, 303.

Moon. _See_ Lunar.

Moore, Frank, 441.

Moore, J. B., 441.

Morasses, xiii.

Moreau, _L’Acadie Françoise_, 156.

Moreau, _Mémoire_, 155.

Moreau, Pierre, 179, 181.

Morel, Thomas, 311.

Morgan, H. J., _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, 359, 367.

Morgan, Lewis H., 163; _League of the Iroquois_, 297, 421.

Morin, P. L., 201, 366.

Morrel, Oliver. _See_ Durantaye.

Morton, Thomas, _New English Canaan_, 40, 384.

Mound-Builders, 53.

Mount Desert Island, 107, 264.

Moulton, J. W., _New Netherland_, 496.

Muilkerk, B. van D., 499.

Muller, Frederick, of Amsterdam, 439; his catalogues, 439.

Muller, J. U., _Vorstellung der gantzen Welt_, 376.

Mundus Novus (South America), 40.

Munsell, Joel, his labors, 435; _Annals of Albany_, 365, 435; _Collections_, 435.

Münster, Sebastian, 82; _Cosmographie_ (1574), 414; map, (1532), 36, (1540), 38, 41, 81, (1545), 83, 84, (1598), 95.

Murdock, Beamish, _Nova Scotia_, 142, 156.

Murphy, Henry C., 248, 295, 299, 419, 421, 425, 429, 432, 491, 498; autog., 418; his case against the genuineness of the Verrazano voyage stated, 19; examined, 22; his intended _History of Maritime Discovery in America_, 22; his death, 22; accounts of, 22; his library, 22; Voyage of _Verrazzano_, 18.

Myritius, _Opusculum_, 96; map (1590), 96.

Mythology of the Indians, 299.

Nahant, 485.

Nancy Globe, 76, 81.

Nassau, Fort, 398, 400, 402, 437, 448; abandoned, 468; site of, 497.

Natiscotec Island, 51.

Nauset Harbor, 111, 112.

Navarrete, _Bibliotheca maritima_, 62; _Coleccion_, 30.

Navigation, treatise on by Champlain, 133.

Negabamat, Noel, 272, 273.

Neill, Edward D., “Discovery along the Great Lakes”, 163; papers in the Minnesota Historical Society’s _Collections_, 199; _History of Minnesota_, 199; _Minnesota Explorers_, 199; on Menard, 310; _Founders of Maryland_, 165; _Writings of Hennepin_, 250, 254.

Nekouba, 270.

Nelson, Fort, 259.

Nemiskau, 271.

Nepignon, Lake, 173, 189.

_Neptune Français_, 377.

Nertunius, M., 472.

Netscher, P. N., _Les Hollandais au Brésil_, 418, 499.

Neuters, 276, 293; country of, 298.

Neutral Island. _See_ St. Croix Island.

New Amstel, 404.

New Amsterdam taken (1673), by the Dutch, 408; again given up to the English, 409; early accounts of, 439; early records, 439; Indian incursions towards, 440; Stadthuys, 441. _See_ New York.

_New Dominion Monthly_, 67.

New England, physical characteristics of, xxiv; Indians of, xxiv; climate, xxiv; importance of, xxv; an island, 429; De Laet’s map of, 436; and New Sweden, 474, 494; Swedish map of, 485; map of coast, by Allefonsce, 75; explored by Champlain, 107. _See_ names of the States.

Newfoundland, 47, 79; mapped by Allefonsce, 74, 75; visited before Columbus, 3; authorities, 4; early maps of, 73; fishing vessels at, 58; fisheries, 61, 63; a group of islands, 77, 93; Lescarbot’s map of, 379; Mason’s, 379. _See_ Baccalaos.

New France, 61, 77, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101; archives of, 356; map, 228; name of, 67, 78, 91; its position seemed to assure control of the continent, xx; soil and climate against it, xxii; its colonists compared with New Englanders, xxii. _See_ Francia; Francisca; Canada.

New Gottenburg, burned, 460.

New Netherland, Asher’s list of maps of, 437; anthology of, 432; bibliography of, 439; best collection of books on, in the Lenox Library, 439; maps of, 433, 435; to be purchased by France, 172; history of, 395; records of, 410. _See_ New York.

New Orange, 408.

Newport, Verrazano at, 8.

New Scotland, 142. _See_ Nova Scotia.

New Spain, 43, 88, 97. _See_ Mexico; Nova Hispania.

New Sweden, 306, 443; eclectic map of, 501; the English expelled from, 452; and the Dutch, 457, 461, 498; and the Indians, 457; map by Lindstroem, 481; map by Visscher, 467; attacked by Stuyvesant, 467; maps of, 485, 496, 500; and Maryland, 496; and New England, 498, 499; unpublished documents, 502; lost to Sweden, 487; authorities, 488; fac-simile of title of the _Manifest_, 489. _See_ Swedes.

New York (province), Archives of, depredated, 411; O’Callaghan’s _Calendar_, 411; _Documents relative to Colonial History_, 356, 409; missions in, 309. _See_ New Netherland.

New York (city), histories of, 440; called Menate, 219; map of town (1666), 440; original grants, 441; early farms, 441; view of fort, 441.

_New York Freeman’s Journal_, 245.

New York Harbor, Verrazano in, 7; early visitors, 396.

New York Historical Society, origin of, 409.

New York State Library, 299.

_New York Weekly Herald_, 222.

Niagara, block-house at, 223; Falls, 306, 485; first mentioned, 302; fort, 260, 293; Hennepin’s view of Falls, 240, 247, 248, 254; history of the Falls, 247; name of, 247.

Nicholas, Louis, 271.

Nicholas, Père, 286.

Nicolet, Jean, 166, 167, 302, 304; account of, by C. W. Butterfield, 304; death, 196; at Green Bay (1634-1635), 196.

Nicolosius, 385.

Niles, _French and Indian Wars_, 160.

Nipissing, Lake, 125, 259; map, 213, 214; mission, 265, 267.

Noel, Étienne, 57, 58.

Noel, Jacques, 73.

Noiseaux, 220.

“Nonsuch”, ship, 172.

“Normandy”, ship, 6.

Normans, early on the Newfoundland banks, 63.

Norridgework mission, 274.

North, Frederic, 354.

North America, physiography, ii; effects on colonists, x; eastern coast, maps of, 33.

North Carolina, failure of colonization, xxii, xxviii; physical characteristics, xxvii; poorness of tide-water population, xxviii.

North River. _See_ Hudson River.

Northwest Passage, 35. _See_ India.

Norumbega, 53, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 152, 373, 384; (Anorombega), 81; Cape of, 69; an island, 77; (Norimbequa), 67; (Norvega), 378; River, 70, 77; town of, 71.

Notre Dame, Congregation of, at Montreal, 309.

Nouguère, La, 332.

Nouvel, 270, 311.

_Nouvelle Biographie générale_, 241.

_Nouvelle Biscaye_, 384.

_Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 19.

Nova Andulasia, 42.

Nova Francia, 373, 378, 383. _See_ New France; Canada; Nova Gallia.

Nova Galitia, 42.

Nova Gallia, 27, 67. _See_ New France.

Nova Hispania, 42. _See_ New Spain.

Nova Scotia, 135; explored by Champlain, 106; geographical history of, 154; records of, 159; Historical Society, 159. _See_ New Scotland.

Novus Orbis (South America), 41.

Novum Belgium, 426. _See_ New York.

Nya Elfsborg, 454.

Nya Göteborg, 454.

Nya Korsholm, Fort, 462, 473.

Nyenhuis, Bodel, 439.

O’Callaghan, E. B., 409, 421; on the _Jesuit Relations_, 295; his studies in New York history, 431; _History of New Netherland_, 431, 497; _Register_, 431; edits _Documents of New York_, 412; his library, 295, 432.

Ochunkgraw, 166.

Odhner, C. T., 499, 500, 502; _Historia_, 498.

Ogdensburg, 285.

Ogilby, John, _America_, 390; maps in, 392, 393. _See_ Montanus.

Ohio River, 178, 216, 217, 227, 231, 233, 251; (Ouye), 253; (Hohio), 253; early maps of, 224.

Ohio (State), bibliography of, 198; histories of, 198.

Ohio Historical Society, 198.

Ohio Valley, history of, 199.

_Ohio Valley Historical Series_, 198.

Ojibways, 175.

Old-town Indians, 274.

Oldenbarnevelt, 396, 397, 423.

Olier, J. J., 266, 275, 302.

Oliva, Johannes, map, 379.

Onderdonk, Henry W., _Hempstead_, 441.

Oneida, Lake, 125.

Oneidas, 311.

Onondaga, 126, 280, 282; books on, 309; mission, 308; abandoned, 308.

Onondagas, 293.

Onontio, 326.

Ontario, Lake, 163; called Frontenac, 208, 213, 214, 215, 218, 237, 259, 260; called St. Louis, 234; map, (1656), 391, (1660), 389, (1662), 281, (1666), 312, (1670), 203, (1697), 251; Swedish map, 485. _See_ Great Lakes.

Orange, Fort, 217, 281, 308, 398, 417. _See_ Albany.

Orbellanda, 92.

_Orbis Maritimus_, 374.

Orleans, Cape, 49.

Orleans, Island of, 52, 308.

Orono, 274.

Ortelius (Ortels), 424; map (1570), 78, 95; portrait, 372; autog., 372; _Theatrum Orbis Terrarum_, 94, 369; gives no Verrazano map, 18.

Osorius, Hieronymus, _De rebus Emmanuelis_, 15.

Ossossare mission, 275.

Otis, Charles P., translates Champlain, 134.

Otréouati, 340.

Ottawa missions, 268, 285.

Ottawa River, 259, 260; explored by Champlain, 124; called Utawas, 164; river route, 173; early maps of, 202.

Ottawas, 168, 175, 215; country of, 298; at Manitoulin, 176; called Outaouacs, 168; at Quebec, 308. _See_ Outaouacks.

Ottens, _Neobelgii tabula_, 482.

Oumamis, 271.

Oumamiwek, 270; missions, 267.

Outaouaks, 310; missions, 315. _See_ Ottawas.

Outrelaise, D’, 318; river, 178.

Oviedo, 30, 414; _Historia_, 73, 81; _Sumario_, 28, 38.

Oxenstjerna, Axel, 444, 453; autog., 444.

Oxenstjerna, Erik, 471.

Oxenstjerna, Johan, 444, 477.

Oyster River (Me.), attacked, 160.

Ozark Mountains, iv.

Pacific Coast, climate of, v.

Pacific Ocean, 93; currents in the, iii, x; called _Mare pacificum_, 41, 42. _See_ South Sea; Mar del Sur.

Padilla, 263.

_Paesi nouamente retrouati_, 12.

Pain, Felix, 269.

Palastrina. _See_ Salvatore.

Palfrey, J. G., 367; _New England_, 299.

Palmas, Rio de, 98.

Palmer, P. S., _History of Lake Champlain_, 120.

Panama, 40, 43.

Papegåja, Johan, 458, 462, 463, 470, 473, 475, 477, 484, 493; autog., 458.

Papinachois, 270, 271; missions, 267.

Papineau, 366.

Paria, 41.

Paris, archives in, 356, 366; copies from them in America, 356, 366.

Parkman, Francis, portrait, 157; autog., 157; _Pioneers of France_, 65, 134, 158; _Frontenac_, 158, 360; translations, 158; estimate by Casgrain, 158; _Discovery of the Great West_, 241, 242, 243; and Margry’s Collection, 242; _La Salle_, 201, 241, 244, 360; reviewed by G. E. Ellis, 201, 296; on Cartier, 65; on Hennepin, 250; on the Hurons, 305; his manuscript collections, 367; his collection of maps, 201; _Old Régime_, 300.

Parmentier, Jean, 16, 63.

Parrots, 202, 209.

Pasqualigo, Pietro, 13.

Passamaquoddy Indians, 274.

Pastoret, map by, 82.

Patalis Regio, 42.

Paullus, _Orbis terraqueus_, 375.

Paulo, Cape, 73.

Pavonia, 402.

Peabody, W. B. O., on the Jesuits, 297.

Pearson, J., Albany, 435.

Peet, S. D., 298; on Mr. Baldwin’s maps, 201.

Peltrie, Madame de la, portrait, 314; death of, 314; accounts of, 314.

Pemaquid, captured, 159, 161; papers, 159; sources of history, 159; traces of the Dutch at, 138; map of, 160.

Peñalosa, 234, 237; expedition, 239.

Penn _vs._ Baltimore, 494.

Penobscot Bay, 70, 146; mission, 274.

Penobscot River, 93; river in the old maps, 413, 414. _See_ Norumbega.

“Pensée”, ship, 64.

Pentagöet (Castine), 161; map of, 146.

Peorias, 288.

Pepin, Lake, 169, 195.

Peré, 173, 178, 187, 189, 204.

Perkins, F. B., _Check List of American Local History_, 441.

Perkins, J. H., 262; _Annals of the West_, 199; on Sparks’s _La Salle_, 254; _Memoir and Writings_, 254.

Perrault, Julian, 268; at Cape Breton, 301.

Perrot, François, 329.

Perrot, Governor of Acadia, 344.

Perrot, Nicholas, 173, 174, 189, 308, 352; _Mémoire sur les Mœurs_, 197, 298, 359; gives a soleil to the mission at the Bay of Puans, 191; engravings of it, 192, 193; his geography, 199; on the Upper Mississippi, 194.

Perryville (N. Y.), 125.

Peru, 40, 42, 43.

Peschel, Oscar, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, 15; his death and account of, 15; _Geschichte der Erdkunde_, 40.

Petavius, _History of the World_, 384.

Petrée. _See_ Laval.

Petroleum, ix.

Petun Hurons, 168, 170, 276, 278.

Phips, Sir William, 159, 160; conquers Acadia, 146; portrait, 147; autog., 364; attack on Quebec, 353.

Physiography of North America, i.

Picquet, Abbé, 267, 285; autog., 285.

Pierron, Père, 283, 313.

Pieskaret, 275.

Pietersen, David, 400.

Pigafetta on Magellan, 30.

Pilestrina, Salvatore de, 413.

Pinard, _Chronologie_, 357.

Pinet, 222, 288.

Pinho, Manuel, 87.

_Pioneer Collections_, 198.

Piscator. _See_ Visscher.

Pius IV., his geographic gallery, 40.

Placentia, 257.

Plancius, Peter, 97, 433; his map, 414.

Planck, Abraham, 496.

Plantagenet, B., _New Albion_, 427, 490.

Plantin, Christophe, 371.

Plowden, Sir Edmund, 427, 428, 437; and New Sweden, 457.

Plymouth, ancient landmarks of, by Davis, 110; Bay, 109; expedition from, to Maine, 143.

Physical proportions of Americans, xv.

Point St. Ignace, 207.

Poisson, du, Père, 289.

Pompey Stone, 420, 429, 433.

Poncet, Père, 279.

Pontgravé, 104, 106, 138; returns to Canada, 116.

Poore, Ben: Perley, 366.

Popellinière, 374; _Les trois mondes_, 95.

_Popham Memorial_, 138.

Popple’s _Atlas_, 262.

Porcacchi, _L’Isole_, 95; map (1572), 79, 96.

Porcupine Indians, 267, 269.

Poro, Girolamo, 369.

Port Brest, 48.

Port Royal, 44, 45, 107, 152, 383, 388; Lescarbot’s map of, 140; Champlain’s map of, 141; attacked by Argall, 142; plan of buildings, 144; settled, 138.

Port St. Louis, 109.

Portages, xxi; between the lakes and the Mississippi, 200, 224; how indicated on maps, 202.

Potherie, Bacqueville de la, _Histoire de l’Amérique_, 197, 299, 358.

Portland (Me.), 159. _See_ Loyal, Fort.

Portneuf, 160.

Portolanos, 376

Portuguese, early discoveries in America, 15; chart (1503), 35; map (1520), 73; portolano (1514-1520), 36.

Pottawatomies, 198, 268, 311.

Poualak, 169.

Poullain, William, 266, 274.

Poutrincourt, Jean de, 106, 138, 141, 150, 300.

Powelsen, Jacob, 450.

Prairies, as tillage ground, xiv.

Prato, Cape, 50.

Premontré globe, 45.

Prevert, 104.

Prime, N. S., _Long Island_, 441.

Prince Edward Island, 49, 69, 75.

Printz, Gustaf, 464; autog., 470.

Printz, Johan, 452, 494.

Printzdorf, 463.

_Progressus fidei_, 308.

Prudhomme, Fort, 200, 225.

Puans, 167, 221; Bay of, 206, 212, 249; River of the, 258.

_Publick Occurrences_, 363.

Puffendorf, Samuel, _Commentarii_, 491.

Pumpkin, xiv, xxiv.

Purchas, _Pilgrimes_, 134, 378; his map, 378, 383.

Pye Bay, 485.

Quad (Quaden, _or_ Quadus), Mathias, 372; _Geographisches Handbuch_, 101, 372; _Fasciculus geographicus_, 372; map (1600), 101.

Quebec, origin of name, 114; archives, 356; bishop of, 309; Cartier’s fort, 55; founded by Champlain, 114; view (1613), 118; plan (1613), 115; captured (1629), 128, 133; picture of, 128; fort at, 126; surrendered (1632), 134; Frontenac at, 319; fortifies it, 353; attacked by Phips (1690), 361, 363; his summons, 361, 362; medal, 361; La Hontan’s pictures, 362, 363; plan of attack, 354; early plans, 320; view by Potherie, 320; missions at, 271.

Quebec, Hospital de la Miséricorde, 307.

Quebec, Hôtel Dieu, 314.

Quebec, Literary and Historical Society of, 366; its publications, 366.

Quebec, Réligieuses Hospitalières de, 302, 311.

Quebec, Seminary of, 267, 316; its missions, 294.

_Québec, Les Ursulines de_, 308.

Quens, Jean de, _Relation_, 308.

Quetelet, _Histoire des Sciences_, 374.

Queylus, Abbé de, 309.

Quieunonascaran, 265.

Quinsay, 41.

Quint, Alonzo H., 159.

Quinté, 293, 267, 325; missions, 284.

Quivira, 93.

Race, Cape, 75, 76, 100; called Ras, 83, 89, 92, 96; Raso, 37, 38, 82, 86, 90, 92, 95, 98, 377; Raz, 77, 85, 87, 88; Razo, 37, 94, 378; Rassa, 84; Rasso, 39; Raze, 383, 390; Ratz, 78.

Radisson, Sieur, 168, 172.

Raemdonck, J. van, _Gerard Mercator_, 369, 371.

Raffeix, Pierre, 232; autog., 232; map (1688), 232, 233; of Ontario and Erie, 232, 234.

Rafferman, H. A., on Hennepin, 248.

Rafn, _Antiquitates Americanæ_, 416.

Ragueneau, Paul, 281; among the Hurons, 305, 306; on Cathérine de St. Augustin, 312; map by, 302; _Relations_, 307, 308; autog., 307.

Rainfall in North America, vii.

Rale, Sebastian, 273, 316; autog., 273; Francis, _Life of Rale_, 274.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 400.

Rambo, P., 450, 480, 500.

Ramé, A., 63; _Documents inédits_, 60.

Rameau, _Une colonie féodale_, 156.

Ramusio on Cartier, 63; on the Cortereals, 14; on the early fisheries, 63; as an editor, 23; on Gastaldi’s map, 77; his _Navigationi_, 90.

Rancourt, Joseph, 354.

Randolph, Edward, 410.

Ransonet, on Margaret Bourgeois, 309.

Rasieres, 418.

Rasle. _See_ Rale.

Rat, the (an Indian), 257, 350.

Raudin, Sieur, 180, 328; sent to Lake Superior, 181; his map, 232, 235.

Raymbault, 279, 285; autog., 279.

Razilly, Chevalier, 142, 143; autog., 142.

Recollects, 124, 264, 265, 285, 290, 300; in Canada, 247, 263, 266; missions, 249, 291, 292; and Champlain, 132; and Frontenac, 322, 323; among the Hurons, 307; recalled, 288; accompany La Salle, 288; in Quebec, 354.

_Recueil de Traités de Paix_, 129.

Reinel, Pedro, his chart, 16, 36, 73.

_Relations de la Louisiane_, 255.

Réligieuses Ursulines, 308. _See_ Quebec.

Remi, Daniel de. _See_ Courcelles.

Renandot, Abbé, 226, 245.

Renselaer, Kilian van, 400; autog., 400. _See_ Van Renselaer.

Renselaerswyck, 399, 420; map of, 435; settlers at, 435.

Rensselaer, Stephen van, 435.

Repentigny, De, 188.

Retor, François, 354.

_Revue Canadienne_, 292.

_Revue contemporaine_, 241.

_Revue critique_, 18.

_Revue des questions historiques_, 134.

_Revue de Rouen_, 240.

_Revue maritime_, 245.

Reyard. _See_ Beyard.

Reynolds, John, _History of Illinois_, 198.

Reynolds, William M., 494.

Ribault, 17.

Ribero, map, 25, 30, 38, 73, 413, 414; and Gomez’ voyage, 21, 24.

Ribourde, Gabriel de la, 288.

Rich, Point, 48.

Richard, Andrew, 268.

Richardeau, Abbé, 314.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 127; reflected on by Champlain, 133.

Richelieu, Fort de, 312, 313.

Richelieu, River, 119, 303, (des Iroquois), 304; map of, 311; forts on, 311, 313.

Ridpath, _United States_, 438.

Riker, James, _Harlem_, 441; _History of Newton, New York_, 441.

Rising, J. C., 471, 475; autog., 471.

Rivers in North America, vii.

Rivière Longue. _See_ Long River.

Robertson, R. S., 224.

Roberval, Jean François de, 56, 58, 93, 135; his doings, 65; death, 66; his niece, 66.

Rocoles, J. B. de, 305.

Rogers, _Earls of Stirling_, 155.

Roggeveen, Arent, _Burning Fen_, 376; map of the Delaware, 482.

Roland, F. N., 356.

Rooseboom, Johannes, 347.

Roseboome, Captain Thomas, 192.

Rosier, Cape, 146.

Rotz, Johne, _Boke of Idrography_, 82; maps (1542), 76, 83.

Rouen, American savages in, 16.

Rougemont, Philip, 54.

Roussel, 183, 354, 375.

Royale, Isle, 229.

Rudman, Rev. A., 495, 496.

Rufosse, Jacques de, 64.

Rupert, Prince, 171.

Ruscelli, Girolamo, 40; maps, 78, 90, 92.

Russell, Jonathan, 496.

Rut’s Expedition, 9, 62.

Ruttenber, E. M., _Hudson River Tribes_, 421.

Ruysch’s map, 73.

Rye (N. Y.), 441.

Rymer’s _Fœdera_, 166.

Ryswick, Peace of (1697), 149, 356.

Sabine River, 236.

Sable Island, 63, 86, 93, 136, 377, 383, 384, 388; account of, by Gilpin, 63; early cattle on, 5.

“Sacre”, ship, 16.

Sacrobusto, _Sphera del Mundo_, 81.

Sagard, 300; _Le Grand Voyage_, 196, 290; _Histoire du Canada_, 290; _Dictionnaire_, 266, 290.

Sagean, Mathieu, 226; his _Relation_, 226.

_Saggiatore_, 17.

Saguenay, 51, 59, 60, 67, 72, 73, 75, 85, 87, 94, 97, 98, 114, 304, 309, 312, 314, 373, 378, 385; explored by Champlain, 104; country of, 56.

Sainte Anne du Petit Cap, 311.

Sainte Anne, Fort, 312.

St. Anthony, Falls, 230, 248, 252; Harbor, 48.

St. Antoine, Fort, 189, 195, 229.

St. Barnabas, 48.

St. Castine, Baron de, 146, 147, 160; autog., 146.

St. Castine the younger, 147.

St. Catherine Harbor, 47.

St. Charles River, 52.

St. Clair Lake, 163.

St. Côme, 288.

St. Croix, Fort, 186, 229.

St. Croix Island, Argall’s visit to, 142; map of, 137; plan of buildings, 139.

St. Croix River (Acadia), 107, 152, 385.

St. Croix River (branch of the Mississippi), 168, 169.

St. Esprit Bay, 235, 237.

St. Esprit mission, 200, 212, 216, 286.

St. Foi, _Premier Ursulines_, 308.

St. François de Sales mission, 267, 273, 315.

St. François, Lake, 205, 312.

St. François River, 312.

St. François-Xavier mission, 284.

St. Germain-en-Laye, treaty of, 129, 142.

St. Helena, Cape, 45, 89, 98.

St. Ignace mission, 287.

St. Ignatius, 395.

St. Ignatius, a Huron town, 277.

St. John (Island), 39, 69, 73, 377.

St. John River (New Brunswick), 143.

St. John’s College, Fordham (N. Y.), 299.

St. John’s mission, 293.

St. John’s River (Newfoundland), 48.

St. Joseph, Fort, 192, 260; destroyed, 194.

St. Joseph River, 223, 224.

St. Joseph’s, 272; Island, 278; mission, 293.

St. Lawrence, Allefonsce’s map of, 74.

St. Lawrence Bay, 51, 75, 77; Cartier’s, 67.

St. Lawrence Gulf, 72, 100; (Golfo Quarré), 68, 97; in Allefonsce’s map, 77; map by Bellin, 64; map, (1663), 148, (1709), 153; visited by the Spaniards, 74.

St. Lawrence River, 75, 93, 163; Lescarbot’s map of, 117.

St. Lawrence Valley, its characteristics, xxi, xxii; in relation to military movements, xxiii.

St. Louis, a Huron town, 277.

St. Louis, Fort, 188, 226, 231.

St. Louis, Fort (Lavaca River), 238.

St. Louis, Fort, on the Richelieu, 312, 313.

St. Louis, Lac, 312.

St. Louis, Lake. _See_ Ontario.

St. Loys, Cape, 50.

St. Lunario Bay, 49.

Saint Lusson, Sieur, 174, 314; takes possession of the Lake Country, 175.

St. Malo, 47, 65; navigators of, 4.

Sta. Maria, Cape, 46, 93.

St. Martin’s Creek, 50.

St. Mary’s Bay, 106.

St. Mary’s mission, 276.

St. Michael’s mission, 293.

St. Nicholas, Fort, 195, 229.

St. Paul, Cape, 67.

St. Paul (Cape Breton), 55.

St. Peter, Lake, 303, 311.

St. Peter’s, Cape, 49.

St. Peter’s Channel, 50.

St. Pierre River, 195.

St. Regis, 284, 285.

St. Roman, Cape, 98.

St. Sacrament. _See_ George, Lake.

St. Savior, 264.

St. Servans, Harbor, 48.

St. Simeon, 354.

St. Simon, Denis de, 271; _Mémoires_, 357.

St. Stephen’s mission, 293.

St. Sulpice, site of, 303.

St. Theresa Bay, 310.

Ste. Theresa Fort, 313.

St. Thomas, Island, 46, 98.

_Ste. Ursule, La Gloire de_, 308.

St. Valier, Jean de, _Relation_, 315, 316, 346; _Estat Présent_, etc., 315, 348; Bishop, 316.

Sainterre, 58, 65.

Salmon, 30.

Salmon Falls, 159; attacked, 352.

Salt Springs, 308.

Saltonstall, Wye, 374.

Salvat de Pilestrina, 36.

Salvatore de Palastrina, 36.

San Antonio, Bay, 46, 413.

San Antonio, River, 11.

“San Antonio”, ship, 10.

San Francisco, 46.

San Juan Island, 49.

San Miguel, 46.

Sandel, P. A., 493.

Sandelands, James, 498.

Sandrart, J. de, 385.

Sandusky, 267.

Sandy Hook on the old maps, 413.

Sankikan, 457.

Sanson, Adrien, 375.

Sanson, Guillaume, 375.

Sanson, Jacques, 354.

Sanson, Nicolas, his maps, 385, 390, 391; _Atlas_, 375; _L’Univers_, 375.

Sanson et Jaillot, _Atlas nouveau_, 375.

Saonchiogwa, 282.

Saquish, 109.

Saskatchewan, iii.

Sauks, 175.

Sault au Récollet, 266.

Sault St. Louis mission, 285.

Sault Ste. Marie, 165, 200, 216; mission, 268.

Saulteurs, 175.

Savage, Major Thomas, on the attack (1690) on Quebec, 363; autog., 364.

Say and Seal, Lord, 401.

Scadding, H., 72, 262.

Scanonaenrat, 278.

Schendel, Gillis van, 435.

Schenectady attacked, 352, 364.

Schenk, P., 385.

Schluter, P., 429.

Schmeler, J. A., 36.

Schöner globes, 36, 45; _Opusculum Geographicum_, 46.

Schoodic River, 137.

Schoolcraft, _Notes on the Iroquois_, 297; _Indian Tribes_, 297.

Schout-fiscal, 402.

Schouten, _Journal_, 415.

Schute, Sven, 454, 462, 465, 466, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478, 483, 500; autog., 454.

Schuyler, John, 353.

Schuyler, Peter, 355; his report, 365.

Schuyler, Phil, autog., 365; his Journal, 365; at La Prairie, 364.

Scurvy, 54.

Scutterus, map of Pennsylvania, 482.

Seal-hunting, 52.

Secalart, 68, 69.

Sedgwick, Robert, expedition to Acadie, 145; autog., 145.

Seignelay, 337; autog., 337; Minister for the Colonies, 185.

Seignelay River, 227, 232.

Sénat, Père, 289.

Senecas, 308; attacked by Denonville, 347; authorities, 348; missions, 310; fort, 348; and La Barre, 341. _See_ Iroquois.

Senex, John, 262.

Sequamus, Metellus, on the Spanish discoveries, 15.

Seven Cities (island), 98, 101.

Seven Cities (towns), 101.

Sewall’s _Ancient Dominions of Maine_, 138.

Shaler, N. S., “Physiography of North America”, i.; _Kentucky Geological Survey_, xvi.

Shaw, Norton, 134.

Shawnees, 298.

Shea, J. G., 125; _Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes_, 199, 296; _Mississippi Valley_, 199; _Early Voyages_, 199, 241; translates Charlevoix, 358; edits Colden, 421; edits _The Commodities of Manati_, 435; his “Cramoisy Series”, 296, 315; his list of Iroquois missionaries, 296; on Dreuillettes in Boston, 306; edits Hennepin’s _Description of Louisiana_, 248, 250; on Hennepin, 247, 250, 254; on the Jesuit martyrs, 305; “The Jesuits, Recollects, and the Indians”, 263; on the _Jesuit Relations_, 294; edits Jogues’ letters, 306, 421; edits Jogues’ _Novum Belgium_, 306; on La Hontan, 257; on La Salle’s Texan colony, 239, 240; on Leclercq, 291; translates _Établissement de la Foy_, 291; on Margry, 246; _Bursting of Margry’s La Salle Bubble_, 245; on Marquette, 220, 222; on O’Callaghan, 432; _Peñalosa_, 237; _Perils of the Ocean and Wilderness_, 292; on Wisconsin tribes, 310.

Sheepscot River, 108.

Sheldon, E. M. _Early History of Michigan_, 198, 311.

Ship Company, 444.

Ships, Dutch, picture of, 415.

Shirley, William, 154.

“Sibille”, ship, 64.

Sierra Nevada, iv.

Sillery founded, 303; mission at, 267, 271, 272, 315.

Silver mines, 106. _See_ Mines.

Simon, Père, 274.

Sioux, 169, 175, 176, 181, 182, 211; receive Accault, 184; missions, 268, 286.

Sirenne, 273.

Skörkil Fort, 462.

Slafter, E. F., “Champlain”, 103; edits Champlain’s works, 134; _Sir William Alexander_, 155.

Slavery, the result of tobacco culture, xiv, xxvii; extended by cotton-raising, xxvii.

Slaves, 29, 46; kidnapping of, 11; from Labrador, 2.

Slom, Måns, 461.

Sloughter, Governor, 410.

Sluyter, Peter, 429.

Smith, Buckingham, on Verrazano, 18; his _Inquiry_, 18; accounts of, 18; finds the Ulpius globe, 19; _Coleccion_, 56.

Smith, B. H., _Atlas of Delaware County_, 500.

Smith, C. C., “Acadia”, 135.

Smith, George, _Delaware County_, 498.

Smith, John, 414.

Smith, P. H., _Duchess County_, 441.

Smith, William, _History of Canada_, 306, 367.

Smith, William,_ History of New York_, 430, 494.

Smith, W. R., _History of Wisconsin_, 199.

Snöhvit, J. K., 453.

Snow-shoes, 331.

Soenrese, 284.

Soil, endurance of, ix; peculiarities, xii, xxvi.

Soissons, Count de, 123.

Solar Eclipse (1663), 310.

Sorel, 336.

Souel, Père, 289.

Source, Thaumur de la, 316.

Sourin, 139.

Sourinquois, 150, 152.

South Carolina, population of, xxviii; upland districts, xxix.

South Company, 444, 452.

South Mountains, xxv.

South River (Delaware), 423.

South Sea, 42, 175; Joliet to discover the, 179. _See_ Pacific.

Southampton, Earl of, 110.

Spagnola, 34, 46. _See_ Hayti.

Spalding, Archbishop, _Miscellanea_, 299.

Spaniards, their commerce preyed upon by the French, 5, 6; early on the northeast coast, 9, 10; in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 74; in the Hudson, 433.

Sparks, Jared, 367; _Life of La Salle_, 242; _Life of Marquette_, 220; manuscripts, 160.

Speed, _Prospect_, 378; map of Delaware Bay, 482; map, 384.

Spiring, Peter, 445, 499; autog., 445.

Spirito Santo Bay, 251.

Spirito Santo, Rio de, 98.

Sprinchorn, K. S., 500, 502.

Squier, _Aboriginal Monuments of New York_, 348.

Stadaconna, 52, 54, 304, (Tadacona), 87.

Standish, Miles, 144.

Starbäck, C. G., 502.

Starved Rock, 226.

Staten Island, 436, 441.

Stature, comparative, xvi.

Steendam, Jacob, 432.

Stevens, Henry, buys Muller’s Collection, 439.

Stewart, George, Jr., “Frontenac and his Times”, 317.

Stiddem, T., 500.

Stiernman, A. A. von, _Samling_, 494.

Stiles, _History of Brooklyn_, 441.

Stille, Olaf, 461, 500.

Stille, O. P., 452.

Stirling, Earldom of, 155.

Stobnicza map, 36.

Stöcklein, _Brief-Schriften_, 316.

Stoddard’s _Sketches of Louisiana_, 254.

Stone, W. L., _New York_, 440.

Stone Age, 53.

Strahl, Gustaf, 452.

Street, Alfred B., _Frontenac_, 361.

Strickland, W. P., _Old Mackinaw_, 199.

Strozzi Library, 17.

Stuart, James, at Cape Breton, 128.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 404, 464; arrives, 405; autog., 406; attacks the Swedes, 467, 478; portrait, 441; his house, 441; pear-tree, 442; hisjourney to Esopus, 442.

Subercase, 351.

Sulpitians, 205, 266, 275, 290, 309, 329, 360; martyrs, 305; authorities, 294.

Sulte, Benjamin, _Histoire des Canadiens-Français_, 368; on Nicolet, 196; _Mèlanges_, 138.

Sun. _See_ Solar.

Superior, Lake, 261; Jesuits’ map of, 205, 313; heliotype of, 313; Whitney’s _Geological Report of_, 313; map, (1656), 391, (1683), 249; early described, 165; maps of, 208, (1674), 212, 214, 215, 218, (1697), 251, 252; reached, 168; called Tracy, 206; traders on (1658), 309, (upper lake), 260; map, (1688), 230, (Tracy), 232, 233, (1709), 258. _See_ Great Lakes.

Susquehanna River, 165.

Susquehannahs, 298.

Svedberg, Bishop, _America illuminata_, 493.

Svedberg, Jesper, 493.

Svedberg, J. D., _Dissertatio_, 493.

Svenson, Jacob, 453, 474, 502.

Swamps, xiii.

Swanenburg, 408.

Sweden, South Company of, 403.

Swedenborg, Emmanuel, 493.

Swedes on the Delaware, 404, 443. _See_ New Sweden.

Swiss in Tennessee, xix.

Sylvanus’ map, 36.

Sylvius, L., 425.

Tablelands, iv.

Tadenac, Lake, 80, 97, 377.

Tadoussac, 143, 269, 303, 312, 384; Champlain at, 104; plan of, by Champlain, 114; missions, 265, 302, 315.

Taignoagny, 50, 52.

Tailhan, J., 246; edits Perrot, 197, 298, 359.

Tallemant des Réaux, 357.

Talon, 172, 333, 366; and Frontenac, 321, 322; and Western explorations, 205; his house, 354.

Tamaroas, 288.

Tanner, _Societas Jesu_, 306.

Tarcotte, L. P., _Histoire de l’ile Orléans_, 308.

Taylor, James W., _History of Ohio_, 198.

Teananstayae mission, 276, 277.

Tehgahkwita, 283.

Teissier, F., _Les Français au Canada_, 368.

Temistitan, 40, 42, 93. _See_ Mexico; Timistitan.

Temperature, range of, xii.

Temple, Sir Thomas, 145, 161.

Terceira, Island, 1.

Ternaux-Compans, _Archives des Voyages_, 63; _La Nouvelle Swède_, 496.

Thébaud, A. J., 199, 297.

Thevenot, gives Marquette’s narrative, 219; _Recueil de Voyages_, 219, 294; gives map, 220.

Thevet, André, 30; his claim, 11; his _Singularitez de la France_, 30, 31, 50; his _Cosmographie_, 30, 66; _Grand Insulaire_, MS., 66, 68; map (1575), 79, 95.

Thomas, Gabriel, map of, 482.

Thomassy, _De la Salle_, 225; _Géologie pratique de la Louisiane_, 224; _Les papes géographes_, 19, 40; on the Verrazano map, 19.

Thompson, B. F., _Long Island_, 441.

Thomson, P. G., _Bibliography of Ohio_, 198.

Thorndike, Colonel Israel, 201.

Thorne, Robert, his map, 45.

Thornton, J. W., _Ancient Pemaquid_, 159.

Thoulet, J., 200, 245; his map, 200.

Three Rivers, 166, 308, 312; mission, 267, 271, 274; site of, 311.

Thule, 97. _See_ Thyle.

Thurloe, _State Papers_, 430.

Thury, Pierre, 160, 269, 274; _Relation_, 159.

Thyle, 84. _See_ Thule.

Ticonderoga, 119.

Tiele, P. A., _Mémoire bibliographique_, 439, 442; _Nederlandsche Pamfletten_, 439.

Tienhoven, Van, 420.

Tienpont, A. J., 398.

Tierra del Fuego, 43.

Tillage, labor of, in New England, xii.

Tilly, 335.

Timistitan, 46. _See_ Temistitan.

Tin mines, viii. _See_ Mines.

Tinicum, 454.

Tinot, Cape, 75.

Tionontates, 276.

Tobacco, 168; introduced into France, 32; in New Sweden, 454, 458, 459, 462; its influence, xiv; in Virginia, xxvii, 475.

Toledo, Historical and Geographical Society of, 198.

Tonty, Henri, 188, 194, 225, 347; joins La Salle, 182; autog., 182; at Crèvecœur, 224; with Denonville, 193; seeks La Salle, 238; tries to rescue his colony, 239; on Lake Michigan, 223; sketch of the Mississippi, 239; disowns the _Dernières découvertes_, 240.

Toreno, Nuño Garcia de, map (1534), 37, 91.

Torkillus, Reorus, 449, 458.

Tortugas, 42.

Townshend, Charles, 154.

Tracy, attacks the Mohawks, 283, 312; voyage of, 310; autog., 311.

Tracy, Lake, 206.

Trigant, 302.

Trinity Fort, 473; view of, 473; the Dutch before, 478; captured by the Dutch, 479.

Trouvé, 267; autog., 266.

Troyes, Chevalier de, 345.

Trübner’s Literary Record, 439.

Turcotte, Louis P., _Les Archives du Canada_, 366.

Turenne, 318.

Turgis, Charles, 268.

Turkey (bird), xv.

Turner, Nathaniel, on the Delaware, 451.

Tuttle, C. W., 155; _History of Canada_, 368; (with Durrie, D. S.), _History of Iowa_, 199; _History of Michigan_, 199; _Wisconsin_, 199.

Ulpius, Euphrosynus, his globe, 19, 28, 40, (fac-simile), 42, 76, 81, 82, 414.

Ulster County Historical Society, 409.

“Union”, ship, 400.

_United States Catholic Magazine_, 306.

Upland, 455; records of, 498.

Upper Canada, Historical Society of, 368.

Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, 375.

Ursulines, 272, 308; in Quebec, 314, 354.

Usselinx, Willem, 396, 403, 415, 443, 490, 491, 499, 502; his writings, 416, 418; autog., 443; _Argonautica Gustaviana_, 417, 490; _Advice_, etc. 417.

Utrecht, treaty of, 135.

Uzielli’s _Elenco_, etc., 38.

Vaaz, Jhan, 87.

Vaillant, 349.

Valck, his maps, 385.

Valentine, D. T., _New York_, 440; _New York City Manual_, 418.

Vallard, Nicolas, map, 76, 86.

Van Bogardt, Jost, 450.

Van Curler, Arent, 312.

Van Dyck, G., 453, 454, 462; autog., 454.

Van Horst, M. M., 450.

Van Hulst, Felix, _Notice sur Hennepin_, 247.

Van Loon, _Zee-Atlas_, 376; map of New Netherland, 482.

Van Meteren, Emanuel, 416; _Histoire_, 424.

Van Rensselaer, Kilian, arrives, 419; his family, 419. _See_ Rensselaer.

Van Sweeringen, G., 498.

Van Twiller, Wouter, 401; autog., 401.

Vann Vliet, C., 449.

Vandeput, Captain, 411.

Van den Bosch, 425.

Van der Aa, map of New Holland, 438.

Van der Donck, Adrien, 416, 491; account of, 419; autog., 419; _Beschrijvinge_, etc., 420; life and family, 420; his writings, 419; his _Vertoogh_, 419; his map, 500.

Van der Kemp, Francis, 412.

Van der Wulf, J. K., _Tractaten_, 439.

Varennes, 336.

Vaudreuil, 347, 351; attacks the Oneidas, 355.

Vaugondy, Robert de, 375; _Histoire de la Géographie_, 375.

Vaulx, Jacques de, map, 79; _Œuvres_, 79.

Vega, Garcilasso de la, 255.

Velasco, 74.

Vemey, Abbé, 359.

_Verheerlickte Nederlant_, 422.

Verenderye, La, 289.

Vermillion Sea, 175, 178, 179, 185, 208, 209, 228. _See_ California, Gulf of.

Verrazano, Giovanni da, 415, 416; account of, 5; his landfall, 6; in New York Harbor, 7; returns to Dieppe, 9; in the St. Lawrence, 9; authorities on his voyage, 17, 18; his letter, 17; autog., 25; influence of, in later maps, 19; his sea, 38, 89; maps derived from, 17, 18; doubt regarding the voyage, 18.

Verrazano, Hieronimo da, his map, 18, 25, 26, 37.

Verreau, Abbé, 205, 222, 246, 302, 314, 366; _Abbés de Fénelon_, 312.

Vetromile on the Indians of Acadia, 150; _Abnakis_, 150.

Vicuna, xv.

Viegas, Gasper, chart of, 46.

Viel, Nicholas, 265.

Viele, Arnold, 340.

Viele, E. L., 435.

Viger, Jacques, 303, 366.

Vignal, Guillaume, 283, 305; murdered, 310; autog., 310.

Vignan, Nicholas de, 123, 124.

Villebon, 160; autog., 160.

Villegagnon, 11, 31, 66.

Villeneuve, 354.

Villeray, 334, 335, 354.

Villieu, 160.

Vimont, _Relations_, 302, 303, 305.

Vincennes (Ind.), Catholic Archbishop of, 299.

Vincent, Francis, _History of Delaware_, 499.

Virginia, 101, 377; fitness for colonization, 151; Hall’s map of, 374; Swedish map of, 485; water front, xxvii; tobacco its staple, xxvii.

Virginians of English stock, xvii; their physique, xvii; increase of population, xix.

Visscher, C. J., 376, 418.

Visscher, N., _Atlas minor_, 375, 438; map by, 390; map of New Sweden, 467; map of New Netherland, 438; map, sketch of, 385.

Vitelleschi, 301.

Vitray, 354.

Viverius, 102.

Volpellio, map (1556), 90, 99.

Von Murr, his _Behaim_, 18.

Von Sybel, _Historische Zeitschrift_, 502.

Vos haven, 391.

Voyageurs, 164.

Vries, de, David Pietersen, 400, 401.

Wabash, 232; called Ouabach, 224, 237, 261.

Wadsworth, Benjamin, 355.

Wagenaar, Jean, _Vaderlandsche Historie_, 425.

Walker, A., “A forgotten Hero”, in _Frazer’s Magazine_, 66.

Wallabout, 400.

Walley, John, 353; autog., 364; his narrative of the attack on Quebec, 363.

Walloons in New Netherland, 400.

Walruses, 30.

Wampum, 55.

Warburton, Eliot, _Conquest of Canada_, 364.

Warwick, Earl of, his grant, 401.

“Warwick”, ship, 165, 412.

Wasa, 462.

Washburn, J. D., on Verrazano, 18.

Wassenaer, N. J. de, 424; _Hist. Verhael_, etc., 416, 424.

Watson, J. F., _Annals of New York_, 440; _Annals of Philadelphia_, 440.

Watson, History of _Essex County, N. Y._, 125.

Watteau, Père, 288.

Weise, _History of Troy_, 435.

Wells, Edward, _New Sett of Maps_, 393.

Wells (Me.), attacked, 160; Bourne’s _History_, 160.

West India Company (Dutch), 396, 397, 398, 402, 410, 414; its records, 410, 431; established, 416, 424, 425; object of, 418; history of, 418; its flag, 418; hostile feeling against, 422, 423.

West Indies, Champlain in, 133.

Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, 198.

Westminster, treaty of, 145.

Weymouth, George, 110.

Whale, white, 52.

Wheeler, _History of Castine_, 147.

Whipple, Joseph, _Geographical View_, 155.

White, John, his map, 45.

White Mountains, iv.

White Sand Island, 50, 51.

Whitelock in Sweden, 476.

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, _Journal_, 495.

Whittlesey, Colonel Charles, 207, 242.

Wieser, _Magalhâes-Strasse_, 45.

Willem Hendrick, Fort, 408.

Willemsen, S., 463.

Willemstadt, 408.

Williams, J. F., _History of St. Paul_, 199.

Williams, Roger, and the Dutch, 428.

Williamson, _History of Maine_, 138.

Willis, William, _Portland_, 159.

Wilmere, Alice, 134.

Winchester, Colonel W. P., 367.

Winckelmann, H. J., 426.

Windebanke, Sir Francis, 448.

Winnebago, Lake, 224.

Winnebagoes, 167, 175.

Winnipeg, 166.

Winsor, Justin, “Baron La Hontan”, 257; bibliography of the _Jesuit Relations_, 295; “Cartography of the Northeast Coast of North America”, 81; “Father Hennepin”, 247; “General Atlases”, 369; “Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle”, 201; “Maps of Eastern Coast of North America”, 33; “Maps of the Seventeenth Century”, 377.

Winthrop, Fitz-John, expedition against Montreal, 352; autog., 364.

Winthrop, John, 456; _History of New England_, 156; his Journal, 156, 428, 495; editions of, 428.

_Winthrop Papers_, 364.

Wiquefort, _Ambassadeur_, 424.

Wisconsin, Historical Society, 199; bibliography of, 199; histories, 199.

Wisconsin River, 167, 184, 196, (Miskonsing), 209, 232, 251, 252, (Ouariconsing), 258.

Wolfe, J. D., 19.

Wolfenbüttel MS., 46.

Wolfgang, S., _Atlas minor_, 376.

Wrangel, H., 453.

Wright, Edward, _Certaine Errors of Navigation_, 369, 385.

Wuttke, H., _Geschichte der Erdkunde_, 38, 88.

Wyandots, 267, 286; country of, 298.

Wytfliet, Cornelius, _Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ augmentum_, 101, 369; fac-simile of title, 370; map (1597), 79, 100.

Yates and Moulton, _History of New York_, 431.

Yazoos, 268.

Yonkers, 419.

York (Me.), captured, 160.

Young, Rev. Alexander, D.D., 151.

Young (Yong), Captain Thomas, 165.

Yucatan, 40, 41, 42, 46.

Yucatanet, 27.

Yucatania, 67.

Zaltieri map (1566), 93.

_Zee-Atlases_, 376.

Zeehelm, H. G., 486.

_Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 35.

Zeni, 101.

Zipangu, 41. _See_ Cipango.

Zorzi, _Paesi_, etc, 12.

Zurla, P., _Antiche mappe_, 414; _di Marco Polo_, 82.

Zuyder Zee, 391.

Zwanendael, 400, 402, 418.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Egypt may perhaps afford an exception; but it is probable that the germs of its civilization came from Asia. All its relations are essentially Asiatic.

[2] It is likely that some part of the Aryan folk found their way to the Pacific shore in Corea and elsewhere; but the Aryan migrations setting to the East must have been uncommon, and the chance of Caucasian blood reaching America by this route small.

[3] I have elsewhere (Introduction to the _Memorial History of Boston_) noticed the fact that this difficulty in clearing the glaciated soils led the early settlers of New England to use the poorer soils first. Along the shore and the rivers there is a strip of sandy terrace deposits, the soils of which are rather lean, but which are free from boulders, so that the labor of clearing was relatively small. All, or nearly all, the first settlements in the glaciated districts were made on this class of soils.

[4] The slow progress of our agricultural exports during the first two hundred years of the history of this country, is in good part to be explained by the stubborn character of the soil which was then in use. The only easily subdued soils in use before 1800 were those of Virginia and Maryland. The sudden advance of the export trade in grain during the last fifty years marks the change which brought the great areas of non-glaciated soils of the Mississippi Valley and the South under cultivation.

[5] It is an interesting fact that while America has given but one domesticated animal to Europe, in the turkey, it has furnished a number of the most important vegetables, among them maize, tobacco, and the potato. The absence of strong domesticable animals in America doubtless affected the development of civilization among its indigenous people. The buffalo is apparently not domesticable. The horse, which seems to have been developed on North American soil, and to have spread thence to Europe and Asia, seems to have disappeared in America before the coming of man to its shores. The only beast which could profitably be subjugated was the weak vicuna, which could only be used for carrying light burdens. But for the help given them by the sheep, the bull, and the horse, we may well doubt if the Old-World races would have won their way much more effectively than those of America had done.

[6] See for special information on these points the _Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers_. By Benjamin Apthorp Gould, Cambridge, 1869, p. 655. It is impossible to give here any sufficient extracts from this voluminous report. The reader is especially referred to chapters viii., ix., and x., for confirmation of the general statements made above.

The following table, compiled from Dr. Gould’s report, is extracted from the “General Account of Kentucky” in my _Reports of Progress of Kentucky Geological Survey_, new series, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1877, vol. ii. p. 387:—

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF AMERICAN WHITE MEN COMPILED FROM REPORT OF THE SANITARY COMMISSION, MADE FROM MEASUREMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS DURING THE CIVIL WAR. BY B. A. GOULD.

Key to the table:

A - MEAN CIRCUMFERENCE OF CHEST. B - Full inspiration. Inches. C - After each inspiration. D - Mean circumference around forehead and occipit. E - Proportion of tall men in each 100,000.

-------------------------------------+-------+-----------+-----+------ MEAN HEIGHT. | | A | | ---------------------+-------+-------| Mean |-----+-----| | | | |weight | | | D | E | |Height | in | | | | NATIVITY. |No. of | in |pounds.| B | C | | | men. |Inches.| | | | | ---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+------ New England |152,370| 67.834| 139.39|36.71|34.11|22.02| 295 N. Y., N. J., Penn. |273,026| 67.529| 140.83|37.06|34.38|22.10| 237 Ohio, Indiana |220,796| 68.169| 145.37|37.53|34.95|22.11| 486 Mich., Mo., Illinois | 71,196| 67.822| 141.78|37.29|34.04|22.19| 466 Seaboard Slave States| ... | ... | 140.99|36.64|34.23|21.93|(*)600 Kentucky, Tenn. | 50,334| 68.605| 149.85|37.83|35.30|22.32| 848 Free States west of | | | | | | | Miss. R. | 3,811| 67.419| ... |37.53|34.84|21.97| 184 British Maritime | | | | | | | Provinces | 6,320| 67.510| 143.59|37.13|34.81|22.13| 237 Canada | 31,698| 67.086| 141.35|37.14|34.35|22.11| 177 England | 30,037| 66.741| 137.61|36.91|34.30|22.16| 103 Scotland | 7,313| 67.258| 137.85|37.57|34.69|22.23| 178 Ireland | 83,128| 66.951| 139.18|37.54|35.27| ... | 84 Germany | 89,021| 66.660| 140.37|37.20|34.74|22.09| 106 Scandinavia | 6,782| 67.337| 148.14|38.39|35.37|22.37| 221 ---------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+-----+------

* Slave States, not including Kentucky and Tennessee.

[7] The following statement concerning the history of this brigade during the campaign of 1864 was given me by my friend, General Fayette Hewett, who was adjutant of the command:—

“On the 7th of May, 1864, the Kentucky Brigade marched out of Dalton 1140 strong. The hospital reports show, that, up to September 1, 1,850 wounds were taken by the command. This includes the killed; but many were struck several times in one engagement, in which case the wounds were counted as one. In two battles over 51 per cent of all engaged were killed or wounded. During the whole campaign there were not more than ten desertions. The campaign ended with 240 men able to do duty; less than 50 were without wounds.”

[8] It is worth while to notice that this Dutch colony never had the energetic life of the English settlements, which may be in part attributed to the effort to fix the Continental seigniorial relations upon the land. It failed here as it failed in Canada, but it kept both colonies without the breath of hopeful, eager life which better land-laws gave to the English settlements. Nothing shows so well the perfect unfitness of all seigniorial land-systems to the best development of a country as the entire failure which met all efforts to fix it in American colonies.

[9] [See Vol. III. chap. i.—ED.]

[10] [See Vol. II. chap. i.—ED.]

[11] [We have no record of the results from this expedition, if it ever took place. Navarrete, Viages, iii. 42. Charlevoix says, “It is constantly admitted in our history that our kings paid no attention to America before 1523 [1524],” when Francis I. authorized the expedition of Verrazano. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 107.—ED.

[12] [Cattle, which many years later were found on Sable Island, were supposed to be descendants of some which Léry landed there. Lescarbot, _Nouvelle France_, 1618, p. 21, is said to be the only authority for this expedition. Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 107; Kohl, _Discovery of Maine_, p. 203; D’Avezac in _Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 1864, vol. iii. p. 83; _Harper’s Monthly_, xxxiv. 4.—ED.]

[13] [See Vol. II. for accounts of the predatory excursions against the Spaniards.—ED.]

[14] [Some, however, have thought it to be Martha’s Vineyard. Cf. Brodhead’s _New York_, i. 57; _Hist. Mag._, ii. 99; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, February, 1883, p. 91.—ED.]

[15] [It is accepted by Asher, in his introduction to his _Henry Hudson_. An ancient cannon found in the St. Lawrence has even been connected with a shipwreck experienced by Verrazano there. Cf. Amable Berthelot, _Dissertation sur le Canon de Bronze trouvé en 1826 sur un banc de Sable dans le Fleuve Saint Laurent_. Quebec, 1827.—ED.]

[16] Lok’s translation, fol. 317.

[17] See Vol. II.

[18] _Paesi nouamente retrouati, et nouo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino intitulato._ The volume has often been catalogued under the name of Vespucius (the only name that appears upon its titlepage). It has been ascribed to Zorzi on the authority of a note by Humboldt in his _Examen critique_, iv. 79. Harrisse, in describing the book (_Bibliotheca Americana vetustissima_, no. 48, pp. 96^d-99), accepted this statement; but in the Appendix to the volume, at p. 469, he says that M. d’Avezac has pointed out that Zorzi collected only some additional manuscript matter in a copy in the Magliabechian Library. Harrisse, therefore, in the _Additions_ to his _Bibliotheca_, published in 1872, reinserts the title (no. 26, pp. 34-38), and credits the volume to Montalboddo. There is a copy in Harvard College Library, dated Nov. 17, 1508, which is supposed to be of the second edition. The work was translated into French, German, Dutch, and Latin. There is a bibliography of the book in the papers on “Ptolemy’s Geography,” _sub anno_ 1511, in the _Bulletin of Harvard University_, 1882-1883. [Cf. Vol. II. Index, and _Bib. Am. Vet. Add._ nos. 48, 71.—ED.]

[19] _Jean et Sébastian Cabot_, pp. 256-266.

[20] _Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias, con todo el descubrimiento y cosas notables que han acaecido dende que se ganaron ata el año de 1551._ Folio. [See Vol. III. p. 27.—ED.]

[21] Chap. xxxvii. fol. 43, ed. of Antwerp, 1554.

[22] _Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano._ 4 vols. folio. Madrid, 1601-1615.

[23] _Delle navigationi et viaggi, raccolte da M. Gio. Battista Ramusio._ 3 vols. folio. Venice, 1550-1559.

[24] _Tratado que compôs o nobre & notauel capitão Antonio Galuão, dos diuersos & desuayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India as nossas partes, & assi de todos os descobrimentos antigos & modernos, que sũo feitos ate a era de mil & quinhentos & cincoenta. Com os nomes particulares das pessoas que os fizeram: & em que tempos & as suas alturas, obre certo muy notauel & copiosa._ There is no date on the titlepage, but the colophon says that the book was “printed in the house of John Barreira, printer to the King our Lord, the 15th of December, 1563.”

[25] _The Discoveries of the World, from their first originall unto the year of our Lord 1555._ 4to, London, 1601.

[26] [Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 241; vol. ii. no. 1; vol. iii. no. 469; Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. vii. p. 143.—ED.]

[27] _Chronica do felecissimo Rey D. Manoel, dividada en 4 partes_, folio. Lisbon, 1565-1567.

[28] _Discoveries of the World_ (Hakluyt Society’s ed.), pp. 182, 183. The amended translation reads: “He traversed the greater part of Europe by his own free will; a thing worthy of praise and remembrance, since he enlightened his country with many things unknown to her.”

[See Vol. II. on the bibliography of Galvano—ED.]

[29] I cite from the third edition, published at Lisbon in 1749, apparently an exact reprint of an earlier one. Its title reads: _Chronica de serenissimo senhor Rei D. Manoel, escritas por Damião de Goes_. A copy is in the Boston Public Library.

[30] _De rebus Emmanuelis, regis Lusitaniæ virtute et auspiciis gestis ... libri duodecim._ Folio. Cologne, 1571. There were several editions of this work (1581, 1597, etc.), and it was translated into French quite early; into Dutch in 1661-1663; into English by James Gibbs in 1752, and into Portuguese in 1804. Harvard College Library has a copy of the edition of Cologne, 1586, which contains, in addition to the History, a long Preface and Commentary by Metellus Sequanus about the discoveries and navigations of the Spanish and Portuguese.

[31] [Peschel, who did conspicuous service in this field, was born in 1826, and died in 1875. Georg Ebers delivered a “Denkrede” at his death, which is printed, accompanied by a portrait, in the _Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde in Leipzig_, 1875.—ED.]

[32] _Die Entdeckung Amerikas_, note 115, p. 93. [See Vol. III. p. 217.—Ed.]

[33] Ibid., notes 119, 120, p. 93.

[34] [Cf. also Lafitau, _Histoire des découvertes ... des Portugais dans le Nouveau Monde_. Paris, 1733. 2 vols. 4to.—ED.]

[35] _Compte rendu_ of the Congress, i. 232-324 and 469-480.

[36] [There is a sketch of this chart on a later page.—ED.]

[37] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 181. [See Vol. III. p. 56.—ED.]

[38] _Navigationi_, iii. 423-433.

[39] _Recherches sur les voyages et découvertes des navigateurs Normands._ 8vo, Paris, 1832. M. Estancelin gives (pp. 216-240) a translation of the Italian version of the great captain’s discourse. He thinks that it may have been written by Pierre Mauclerc, the astronomer of the “Sacre,” one of Parmentier’s vessels; but MM. d’Avezac and Margry attribute it to Pierre Crignon, who was also of Parmentier’s company. See Introduction to the _Bref Récit_ of Jacques Cartier, p. vii; and Margry’s _Les Navigations Françaises_, pp. 130, 199. The Journal of the Sumatra voyage was found by M. Estancelin among the papers of a M. Tarbé at Sens, who inherited it from his brother, a merchant at Rouen; see _Recherches_, pp. 191, 192. M. Harrisse (_Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, pp. 301-303) describes two other manuscripts relating to Parmentier’s voyage, the more important of which will be published in the series of Voyages of which the Cabot is the first volume. Cf. Murphy, _Verrazzano_, p. 85; Hakluyt, _Westerne Planting_, p. 197.

[40] _Eusebii Chronicon_, Paris, 1512, fol. 172; cf. Murphy’s _Verrazzano_, p. 62. Stephanus was the printer of this _Chronicon_, and 1511 is found in some copies, or in what is, perhaps, another edition. Cf. Harrisse, _Bib. Am. Vet._ no. 71; _Additions_, nos. 43, 54; Muller (1872), no. 571.

[41] Margry, _Les Navigations Françaises_, appendix, ii. 371 _et seq._

[42] Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 106. See the Editorial Note at the end of this chapter.

[43] _Navigationi_, iii. 420-423.

[44] _Collections_, 2d ser., i. 37-68.

[45] _Divers Voyages_ (Hakluyt Society’s ed.), pp. 55-90; _Principal Navigations_, iii. 295-300; again in the 1809 edition. Hakluyt omits this narrative in his single volume of _Navigations_, published in 1589. [On the Hakluyt publications, see Vol. III., Index.—ED.]

[46] Pages 197-228. It is also reprinted by Murphy in his _Verrazzano_, and by Conway Robinson in his _Discoveries_. The Italian was given in 1853 in the _Archivio Storico Italiano_, v. ix, Appendix, with an essay on Verrazano by Arcangeli.

[47] Lescarbot, Charlevoix, and others speak of it. The earliest French mention in print is said to be that of Belleforest, in his _Histoire universelle du monde_, 1570. It was repeated in his 1575 edition; and more at length in his _Cosmographie universelle de tout le monde_. Ribault, whose expedition took place in 1562, and Laudonnière (1564-1565) both speak of it. But the work of the latter was not printed until 1586, and it has been supposed that the _editio princeps_ of Ribault is the English translation published in 1563. Hakluyt’s statement, in his _Discourse concerning Westerne Planting_ (Maine Historical Society, 2d ser., ii. 20), that Ribault’s narrative was “extant in printe bothe in Frenche and Englishe,” makes it quite possible, however, that the mention in Belleforest is not the earliest printed one. Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 107.

Among the English authors Hakluyt should be particularly mentioned. He speaks in the Dedication of his _Divers Voyages_ (Hakluyt Society’s ed., p. 11) of Verrazano having been “thrise on that coast” [the American], and of an “olde excellent mappe which he gaue to king Henrie the eight;” giving also a representation of Lok’s map, made “according to Verazanus plat.” In his _Discourse on Westerne Planting_, first published by the Maine Historical Society in 1877, he says (pp. 113, 114): “There is a mightie large olde mappe in parchemente, made, as yt shoulde seme, by Verarsanus ... nowe in the custodie of Mr. Michael Locke;” and again, of “an olde excellent globe in the Queenes privie gallory at Westminster, which also semeth to be of Verarsanus makinge.”

Herrera condenses the account of the voyage from the letter published by Ramusio; De Barcia (_Ensayo chronologico para la historia general de la Florida_, 1723) also gives it. This latter identifies Verrazano with the corsair, Juan Florin. Dr. Kohl gives an interesting account of Verrazano’s voyage, with a valuable Appendix on maps, in the eighth chapter of his _Discovery of Maine_.

[48] [See accounts of Mr. Smith in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1873, p. 89, and the American Antiquarian Society’s _Proceedings_, April, 1871. There has been some discussion of the controversy in the same publication by Charles Deane and J. D. Washburn, April and October, 1876. Cf. Duyckinck, _Cyc. of Amer. Lit. Supplement_, pp. 7, 157.—ED.]

[49] See Judge Daly’s letter in the _Journal_ of the American Geographical Society, vol. iii. p. 80.

[50] [Harrisse has enumerated the sources in his _Cabots_, p. 279. De Costa’s bibliography first appeared in the _Magazine of American History_, January, 1881.—ED.]

[51] Third series, vol. xxvi. pp. 48-68; cf. also his note to M. Gravier in the _Compte rendu_ of the “Américanistes,” 1877, p. 536.

[52] This Appendix is printed in the _Atti_, xv. 355-378.

[53] [It is worthy of note that Ortelius in 1570, aiming to enumerate all available maps for his purpose, makes no mention of any map by either of the Verrazanos.—ED.]

[54] Fifth series, xxxv. 269-272. The communication runs through four numbers of the _Annales_, beginning with that of October, 1852; its title is _Les papes géographes et la cartographie du Vatican_. These papers were published separately the same year under the same title.

[55] _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 124, 125.

[56] The article was reprinted as a chapter of the author’s _Verrazano the Explorer_.

[57] Vol. vi. pp. 203, 204. Mr. Murphy reproduces this map in his _Voyage of Verrazzano_, p. 114.

[58] This paper forms a chapter of _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 64-82. [An extract from this globe is given on a later page.—ED.]

[59] _Discovery of Maine_, pp. 290-299; _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 140-142; _Verrazano the Explorer_, pp. 50-56.

[60] _The Voyage of Verrazzano_, pp. 8, 9.

[61] Ibid., p. 10.

[62] Ibid., p. 14. Cf. De Costa, p. 21, n. 3.

[63] Ibid., pp. 25, 26.

[64] Mr. Major has deciphered the following legend on this map, which settles its date: “Faictes à Arques par Pierre Desceliers, presb^{re} 1546.” See Harrisse’s _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, p. 216, and also a sketch of the map on a later page.

[65] _Voyage of Verrazzano._, p. 69.

[66] Ibid., pp. 76-79.

[67] Ibid., pp. 126-133.

[68] _Voyage of Verrazzano_, p. 145.

[69] [He calls it “A Chapter in the Early History of Maritime Discovery in America.” Scholars regret that his death, Dec. 2, 1882, prevented the completion of such a comprehensive work, which was to be the crowning labor of his literary life. There are accounts of Mr. Murphy (with portraits) in Stiles’s _Brooklyn_, ii. 266; _New York Genealogical and Biographical Record_, January, 1883; _Democratic Review_, xxi. 78; xl. 193. His library was particularly rich in editions of Ptolemy and other early works of geography and exploration. Cf. Duyckinck, _Cyc. of Amer. Lit. Supplement_, 154.—ED.]

[70] Major, in _Geographical Magazine_, iii. 188.

[71] _Voyage of Verrazzano_, pp. 139, 163.

[72] _Revue critique_, January, 1876.

[73] M. Desimoni also prints these documents; _Atti_, xv. 176.

[74] _Verrazano the Explorer_, preface.

[75] See Hakluyt’s _Discourse on Westerne Planting_, printed by the Maine Historical Society and also Mr. Deane’s note at p. 216 of that volume.

[76] _Verrazano the Explorer_, pp. 14-19, 21, n. 3.

[77] Ibid., pp. 9-12.

[78] _Atti_, xv. 124, 146, 147.

[79] _Geographical Magazine_, iii. 187.

[80] _Geographical Magazine_, iii. 187.

[81] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 253; and cf. also Desimoni in _Atti_, xv. 120.

[82] _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 35.

[83] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 269.

[84] See _post_, p. 29.

[85] Vol. x. 1866, p. 229.

[86] _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, pp. 284-287; Harrisse cites the passages about Gomez.

[87] _Geographical Magazine_, iii. 187.

[88] Dr. De Costa considers this question of the deduction of the letter from the Ribero map, and gives on one sheet a sketch of the coast from the Verrazano map, and the same coast according to Ribero. See _Verrazano the Explorer_, pp. 22-25. M. Desimoni devotes a section of his paper to the same question. _Atti_, xv. 126-130.

[89] Martyr, _Opus epistolarum_, ed. 1530, fol. cxciiii.

[90] _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 44.

[91] [There is an interesting memoir on the history of the successive French flags in the _Revue des questions historiques_, x. 148, 404; xvii. 506.—ED.]

[92] For Mr. Brevoort’s account and description of this map, see his _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 122-139.

[93] [The Editor has traced the cartographical history of the Western Sea in a Note following this chapter.—ED.]

[94] _Verrazano the Explorer_, pp. 43-63.

[95] _Atti_, xv. 169-176. In a “revised extract from the Verrazano map, 1881,” prepared after the publication of his book, Dr. De Costa accepts all, or very nearly all, of M. Desimoni’s corrections, which are, however, not of much moment.

[96] [These legends are shown on the fac-simile of Desimoni’s reproduction, given on a later page.—ED.]

[97] M. Desimoni’s paper is printed in the _Atti_ of the Genoese Society, xv. 355-378. Mr. Brevoort was the first in this country to call attention to this Maggiolo map, in the _Magazine of American History_ for February, 1882. He furnished a second article on the subject in the number of the following July. This map is given on a later page.

[98] _Oviedo de la natural hystoria de las Indias. Con preuilegio de la S. C. C. M._ On the verso of the titlepage, _Sumario de la natural y general istoria de las Indias, que escriuio Gōçalo Fernādez de Oviedo, alias de Valdes, natura de la villa de Madrid, vezino y regidor de la cibdad de santa Maria del antigua del Darien_, etc. The colophon states that the book was printed, at the author’s cost, by “Remō de Petras,” at Toledo, and finished Feb. 15, 1526. There is a copy in Harvard College Library.

[99] _The Decades of the newe Worlde, or west India, ... wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe by Rycharde Eden._ 4to, London, 1555. This volume contains Martyr’s first three decades, a translation of Oviedo’s _Sumario_, and parts of Gomara, Ramusio, Pigafetta, Americus Vespucius, Münster, and others. My citation is from fols. 213, 214.

[100] _De orbe nouo Petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis Protonotarii Cæsaris Senatoris decades._ Folio, _Complutum_ (Alcala), 1530.

[101] _Opus episcolarū Petri Martyris ... nūc pmū et natū & mediocri cura excusum._ Folio. Copies of both books are in Harvard College Library.

[102] _Dec._ vi. c. 10, fol. xc. The translation is from Lok’s _De orbe novo_. 4to, London, 1612, fol. 246.

[103] Dec. viii. c. 10, fol. cxvii; Lok’s translation, fol. 317.

[104] _Opus epistolarum_, book xxxvii. fol. 199.

[105] _Hist. gen. de las Indias_, Antwerp, 1554, c. xl. fol. 44.

[106] _Hechos de las Castellanos_, Madrid, 1730; Dec. iii. p. 241.

[107] _Galvano_ (Hak, Soc. ed.), p. 167.

[108] See _ante_, p. 24.

[109] Chap. viii. There are other modern examinations of these accounts, more or less minute, in Biddle’s _Cabot_, book ii. chap. 8; in Asher’s Introduction to his _Henry Hudson_, p. lxxxvii; in Buckingham Smith’s paper, 1866, before the New York Historical Society, epitomized in _Hist. Mag._, x. 229, and p. 368 for authorities; in Murphy’s _Verrazzano_, p. 117; and in Brevoort’s _Verrazano_, p. 80. Harrisse, in his _Cabot_, p. 282, gives the authorities.

[110] See Harrisse, _Bib. Amer. vetus._, nos. 134, 192, 215, and p. 249. The whole voyage was published in French at Paris, _l’an ix._ (1801). Gomez’ desertion is told at p. 43 of this edition. An English translation of Pigafetta is in Pinkerton’s _Collection of Voyages_, London, 1808-1814, vol. xi. p. 288 _et seq._ [Cf. the chapter on Magellan in Vol. II.—ED.]

[111] _Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Españoles._ 5 vols., Madrid, 1825-1837. See on this point his _Noticia historica_ to the _Viages menores_ in vol. iii.

[112] _Navarrete_, iii. 77.

[113] Ibid., pp. 122-127.

[114] Ibid., pp. 153-160.

[115] Ibid., p. 179.

[116] _Coleccion de documentos ineditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posessiones españolas de America y Oceania._ 22 vols., 8vo, Madrid, 1864-1874. This Agreement is in the last volume, pp. 74-78.

[117] New York and London, 1843, pp. 417-419.

[118] [See Vol. III. p. 16; and the present volume, chap. viii.—ED.]

[119] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 302.

[120] _Discovery of Maine_, pp. 307-315. [Cf. the Editorial Note on the maps, 1535-1600, following the succeeding chapter.—ED.]

[121] _Les singularitez de la France antarctique, autrement nommée Amerique; & de plusieurs terres & isles découvertes de nostre temps. Par F. André Thevet, natif d’Angoulesme._ 4to. Paris, 1558. [Copies are worth between three and four hundred francs,—Maisonneuve in 1881 pricing it at 400 francs. Quaritch held a copy in 1883 at so high a price as £60. The cuts are well done, and Gaffarel thinks them the work of Jean Cousin.—ED.] _La cosmographie vniverselle d’André Thevet, cosmographe dv roy. Illustrée de diuerses figures des choses plus remarquables vevës par l’auteur, et incogneües de noz anciens & modernes._ 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1575. It has 204 pages on America; cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 599. Mr. Brevoort says that he has a copy of the _Singularitez_ with the date 1557; see his _Verrazano_, p. 112. [Another copy of this date (1557) is shown in the _Huth Catalogue_, vol. iv. p. 1464, which says that its collation agrees with Brunet’s collation of the copies dated 1558. A copy of the 1557 date brought $17 in Boston in 1844. Both books are in the Astor Library.—ED.]

[122] [Published at Anvers, 1558. The cuts are but poor copies of those in the Paris edition; cf. Bernard’s _Geofroy Tory_, Paris, 1865, p. 320. Leclerc thinks it rarer than the Paris edition of the same year, because Ternaux does not mention it. (_Brinley Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 150.) Harvard College Library has this edition, which Quaritch prices at £7 7_s._—ED.]

[123] _Historia dell’ India America detta altramente Francea antartica_, Venice, 1561. There were other editions in 1567 and 1584. [This edition is worth about £5. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 236; Muller (1877), no. 3,194; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 995. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 359, says the 1584 is the 1561 edition with a new title. There is a copy in the Astor Library.—ED.]

[124] _The New found Worlde, or Antarctike_, London, 1568. [There is a copy in Harvard College Library. Field (_Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,547) says it has sold for ten guineas. It is in Gothic letter, and has a portrait of Thevet. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 272.—ED.]

[125] De Thou, _Histoire de France_, liv. xvi.

[126] At pages 415-420. Wytfliet had also adopted it.

[127] _Northmen in Maine_, pp. 63-79; cf. J. H. Trumbull in _Historical Magazine_, April, 1870, p. 239, confirming De Costa.

[128] Vol. III. p. 197.

[129] See Vol. III. p. 209.

[130] _Verrazano_, p. 29.

[131] For 1855, p. 374; and for 1856, pp. 17, 18, 319-324.

[132] He later published in the _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, neue Folge_, vol. xv., an account of discovery in the Gulf of Mexico, 1492-1543.

[133] This was earlier in the possession of Professor Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, in whose _Report_ for 1856 Dr. Kohl printed a plan for a Cartographical Depot, in connection with the Government. Cf. also _American Antiquarian Society’s Proceedings_, October, 1867; April, 1869; April, 1872.

[134] He had already, in 1861, published a _Geschichte der Entdeckungs Amerikas_,—a popular account which was translated by R. R. Noel as a _Popular History of the Discovery of America_, and published in London in 1862.

[135] Vol. III. p. 8.

[136] The Waldseemüller (Ptolemy) map of 1513, called sometimes “The Admiral’s map,” and known to have been engraved several years earlier, is believed to have been on sale in 1507 (Lelewel, ii. 143), and to have been really drawn in 1501-1504. La Cosa is said to have complained of Portuguese explorations in that neighborhood in 1503. [This new Cantino map has since been described in Vol. II.]

[137] Cf. also Harrisse’s _Cabots_, pp. 141, 162; Kohl, _Discovery of Maine_, p. 177; J. A. Schmeller’s “Ueber einige ältere handschriftliche Seekarten” in the _Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften_, iv. 247.

[138] Vol. II.

[139] Vol. III. p. 212.

[140] Ibid. p. 13.

[141] Now pronounced the work of another. See _The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci, compiled and edited from the original manuscripts by Jean Paul Richter_, London, 1883, where (vol. ii. p. 224) it is said that the Marchese Girolamo d’Adda has brought proof to this end.

[142] Vol. III. p. 214.

[143] Ibid.

[144] Ibid. p. 201.

[145] This chart is given in the atlas (no. iv.) to Kunstmann’s _Entdeckung Amerikas_; in Stevens’s _Notes_, etc., pl. v.; in H. H. Bancroft’s _Central America_, vol. i. 133 (erroneously); and in part in Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, pl. x. A portion of it is sketched in Vol. III. p. 56. Harrisse (_Cabots_, p. 167) puts it after Balboa’s visit to Panama in 1516-1517, and before 1520, because it shows no trace of Magellan’s Straits. A map of Laurentius Frisius, 1525 (_Kohl Collection_, no. 102), represents the southern part of what appears to be Greenland, with an island marked “Terra laboratoris” lying west of its extreme point, while the edge of “Terra nova contemti” (Corterealis) is seen further west.

[146] In Kohl’s _Die beiden ältesten General-Karten von Amerika_, with a section in his _Discovery of Maine_. Harrisse ascribes it to Nuño Garcia de Toreno. A full consideration of this and of the Ribero map belongs to Vol. II.

[147] _Magazine of American History_, 1883, p. 477. For Maiollo’s cartographical skill, see Heinrich Wüttke’s “Geschichte der Erdkunde” in the _Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde in Dresden_, 1870, p. 61. There are other notes of Maiollo’s work in the _Giornale Ligustico_, 1875; in D’Avezac’s _Atlas hydrographique de_ 1511, p. 8; in Uzielli’s _Elenco_, etc.; and in Harrisse’s _Cabots_, p. 166.

[148] Vol. III. p. 218. Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 188, gives a considerable essay on Agnese’s maps. Agnese lived and worked at Venice from 1536 to 1564.

[149] _Verrazzano_, p. 103.

[150] See Vol. III. pp. 199, 201; cf. also the Münster map of 1544, as given by Lelewel, _Géographie du Moyen-Âge_, pl. 46.

[151] See the preceding text, and Vol. III., p. 214.

[152] Cf. also Lelewel, p. 170; Peschel, _Geschichte der Erdkunde_, p. 371; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 148.

[153] _Géographie du Moyen-Âge, Epilogue_, p. 219.

[154] _Les Papes géographes_, pp. 26, 65; cf. Lelewel, ii. 170.

[155] Mr. Brevoort has given an account of this collection in his _Verrazano_, p. 122.

[156] But compare Morton (_New English Canaan_, Adams’s edition, p. 126), who says, “What part of this mane continent may be thought to border upon the Country of the Tartars, it is yet unknowne.” This was in 1636-37.

[157] Vol. III. pp. 39, 40. Perfect copies of the _Divers Voyages_ are very rare, and its two maps are often wanting. The two British Museum copies have them, but the Bodleian copy has only the Lok map, and the Carter-Brown copy is in the same condition; other copies are in Harvard College Library (map in fac-simile), in the Murphy Collection, and in Charles Deane’s. The Lok map is given in fac-simile, somewhat reduced, in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 288; and (full-size) in the reprint of the _Divers Voyages_ by the Hakluyt Society. A sketch of it is given in Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, p. 290, and in Fox Bourne’s _English Seamen_. It of course mixes with Verrazano’s plot much other and later information.

[158] Vol. III. p. 123.

[159] See also what is called “The Jomard map of 155-(?)” delineated on a later page.

[160] Lelewel, pl. 46; H. H. Bancroft’s _Central America_, i. 144. An engraved map by Bordone, in 1534, represents what seems to be North America, calling the vaguely rendered northeastern coast “Terra delavoratore,” while a passage to the west separates a part of South America.

[161] See Vol. III. p. 214.

[162] Lelewel, pl. 46.

[163] See Vol. III. p. 17.

[164] Kohl, in a marginal note, thinks this may refer to Verrazano; he dates the map about 1530.

[165] There is a copy in the Kohl Collection.

[166] _Cabots_, p. 185.

[167] Paris, 1867, p. 20.

[168] Dr. Kohl (p. 326) says that Alezay was an island near the present Prince Edward, and that the latter was called Brion, having one of its capes named “Orleans,” still found on old maps. But Orleans is also found on the mainland of New Brunswick. Prince Edward Island appears on the Henri II., or the Dauphin’s map (1546), as “Alezay.” The “Cabot” map (1544) calls Prince Edward Island “y^a de S. Juan.” Allefonsce (1542), in maps and Relations, calls it “Saint Jehan.” At this point the student should consult Hakluyt, iii. 205.

[169] Thevet, in his _Singularitez de la France antarctique_, Anvers, 1558 (f. 147), says that the people found here were almost contrary to the first, as well in language as in manner of life (“tant en langue que maniere de viure”). See Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 113. Thevet had consulted the _Discours du voyage_ at p. 53.

[170] See Vol. III. pp. 185, 186.

[171] Hakluyt says that the Indian name of the island (vol. iii. p. 214) was Natiscotec; while Jean Allefonsce invariably makes the mistake of calling it Ascension Island.

[172] In 1642 the Sieur Maissonneuve selected the site for Montreal; see Champlain’s _Œuvres_, 1870 (_Des Savvages_), ii. 39. On Norumbega, see the present work, Vol. III. p. 169. On Hochelaga, also, see Professor Dawson’s _Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives: an Attempt to Illustrate the Characters and Conditions of Prehistoric Men in Europe by those of the American Race_. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1880, chaps. ii. and iii. By his excavations, Dr. Dawson has brought to light relics of the Hochelagans, whose ethnic relations he has studied, finding evidence which convinces him that they were representatives of a decaying nation to which the Eries and others belonged, and that originally they were connected with the Mound-Builders. He uses their history in combating some views entertained respecting the antiquity of the Stone Age.

[173] Professor Dawson, speaking of the account in the narrative, which says “that the most precious thing that they have in all the world they call _esurguy_, which is white, and which they take in the said river in cornifats,” explains that _esurguy_ is “probably a vulgar local name for some shell supposed to resemble that of which these Indians made their wampum. I would suggest that it may be derived from _cornet_, which is used by old French writers as a name for the shells of the genus Voluta, and is also a technical term in conchology. In this case it is likely that the esurguy was made of the shells of some species of Melania or Paludina, just as the Indians on the coast used for beads and ornaments the shells of _Purpura lapillus_ and of Dentalium, etc. It is just possible that Cartier may have misunderstood the mode of procuring these shells, and that the [his] statement may refer to some practice of making criminals and prisoners _dive_ for them in the deeper parts of the river.”—_Fossil Men_, etc., p. 32, n.

[174] When Champlain was at Quebec he thought that he identified the site of Cartier’s fort, where he found hewn timber decayed and several cannon balls near the St. Charles and the Lairet. _Œuvres_, iii. 155. [Lescarbot and Sagard also mention the remains. Faillon (_Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 496) discusses the site of Cartier’s wintering-place. Lemoine (_Picturesque Quebec_, p. 484) speaks of the remains of one of Cartier’s vessels being discovered in 1843, some parts of which were carried to St. Malo.—ED.]

[175] _The Voyage of Verrazzano_, p. 163, and _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 25.

[176] Buckingham Smith’s _Coleccion de varios documentos_, Londres, 1851, p. 107; also Harrisse, _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, p. 146.

[177] Possibly he had only three; see _Coleccion_, etc., p. 107. That he had five is the statement of Hakluyt. The Spaniards understood that Cartier had thirteen ships, Smith’s _Coleccion_, p. 107. Hakluyt is perhaps in error where he asserts that it was agreed to build five ships. Two of the ships actually sailing with this Expedition were the “Great Hermina” and the “Emerilon.”

[178] [In the Archives of St. Malo (1538) is a record of the baptism of three savages brought there by Cartier. _Massachusetts Archives, Documents collected in France_, i. 367. Faillon (_Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 524) believes that the Indians found on the St. Lawrence were Iroquois, who were succeeded in Champlain’s time by Algonquins. Bonnetty in the _Annales de philosophie Chrétienne_, September, 1869, has discussed the question: “Quels étaient les sauvages que rencontra Cartier sur les rives du Saint-Laurent.” Captain J. Carleill, in his undated tract (of about 1583) called _Discourse upon the Entended Voyage to ... America_ (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 350), refers to Cartier’s abduction of the Indians as putting “the whole countrey people into such dislike with the Frenche, as neuer since they would admit any conversation or familiaritie with them, until of late yeares.”—ED.]

[179] It might indeed be supposed that Roberval, instead of reaching Canada in the autumn of 1541, wintered on the Atlantic coast, and thus met Cartier at Newfoundland in 1542. Indeed, Sir William Alexander says, in his _Encouragement to Colonies_ (p. 15), that Roberval lived “one winter at Cape Breton;” but for the statement he gives no authority, while his style is loose, and by Cape Breton he probably meant Canada, since Roberval would have sailed direct from Cape Breton to the St. Lawrence, instead of circumnavigating Newfoundland.

[180] Hakluyt, in his translation of Allefonsce (iii. 242), reads: “Fort of France Roy, built in August and September, 1542.” The manuscript of Allefonsce, however, does not give the year, though the fact is stated. Hakluyt may have put in the date.

[181] _Premier établissement de la foy dans la Nouvelle France._ Paris, 1691, i. 12, 13.

[182] Murphy’s _Voyage of Verrazzano_, p. 39, n. On the sense of the terms _discoperto_ and _decouverte_, see _Verrazano the Explorer_, pp. 39, 40.

[183] Allefonsce says: “Ces terres tiennent à la Tartarie, et pense que ce se soit le bout de l’Asie selon la rondeur du monde.” The commission of Francis I. to Cartier reads: “Des terres de Canada et Ochelaga, faisant un bout de l’Azie du costé de l’Occident.” Ramé’s _Documents inédits_, p. 13.

[184] The entire manuscript, so far as it relates to America, was copied for the writer, with all the maps, by a competent person, under the supervision of the late M. d’Avezac. This copy was used in Mr. Henry C. Murphy’s _Voyage of Verrazzano_, published in New York in 1875.

[185] Garneau, in his _Histoire du Canada_, heads one of his chapters, “Abandon temporaire du Canada, 1543-1603.”

[186] Cf. _Édits, ordonnances royaux, etc., du Conseil de l’État du Roi (1540-1578) concernant le Canada_. 2 vols. 1803-1806. Quebec; revised edition, 1854, 1855.

[187] See page 13 of _Documents authentiques et inédits pour servir a l’histoire de la marine Normande et du commerce Rouennais, pendant les xvi^e et xvii^e siècles_. Par E. Gosselin, Greffier Archiviste de Palais de Justice de Rouen. Rouen, Imprimerie de Henry Boissel, 1876. 8vo, pp. xv, 173. Also his _Nouvelles glanes historiques_. Rouen, 1873, p. 7.

[188] _Documents_, p. 13.

[189] Ibid.

[190] Ibid., p. 14: “5 Louchets à 12 solz pièce; 50 houseaux à 10 solz pièce; 25 manes à 16 solz pièce; 25 haches à faire bois à 12 solz pièce; 50 serpes à couper bois à 6 solz pièce,—le tout pour porter en la Nouvelle France, ou le Roy envoie presentment pour son service.”

[191] _Documents_, p. 14.

[192] See _Inventio Fortunata_, B. F. De Costa, p. 12.

[193] See Hakluyt’s _Discourse of Westerne Planting_, p. 26; and _Cabo de Baxos_, p. 6; also, a note on the Cardinal, by M. Gravier, in the _Magazine of American History_, ix. 214.

[194] Lescarbot’s _Nouvelle France_, pp. 422-426.

[195] _Discourse_, etc., p. 26.

[196] _Principal Navigations_, iii. 236.

[197] Hakluyt in his third volume gives accounts of several English voyages to the St. Lawrence, 1593-1597.

[198] Navarrete, _Bibliotheca maritima_, i. 396.

[199] [There is a view of this manor in the _Relation originale_, Paris, 1867. In the _Massachusetts Archives, Documents collected in France_, i. 263, is a paper on the genealogy of Cartier, by M. Cunat, of St. Malo, communicated to Mr. Poore by M. d’Avezac. This and various other copies of papers (many of which have of late years been printed) relating to Cartier are preserved in the office of the Régistraire de la Province de Québec. In 1883 the Chambre of the Province ordered a list made of the documents relating to Canadian history in that office, which was in March furnished by the secretary, J. Blanchet, and printed as no. 62 of the legislative documents. It shows about one thousand documents from the time of Cartier to the American Revolution.—ED.]

[200] See _Transactions_ of the Quebec Literary and Historical Society, 1862, which contains valuable articles (p. 141).

[201] Edition of 1728; dec. iii. l. x. cap. 9.

[202] Vol. iii. p. 809.

[203] Herrera (_Historia general_, Madrid, 1601, dec. ii. l. v. c. 3, seemingly under the year 1519) reports “fifty ships, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, fishing;” but the true date is 1527. Oviedo indicates the date in his _Historia general de las Indias_ (Madrid, 1851), 611. See Brevoort’s _Verrazano the Navigator_, pp. 147, 148, and the _Northmen in Maine_, on Rut’s voyage, p. 55.

[204] _Nouvelle France_, 1612, p. 22.

[205] Cf. J. B. Gilpin, _Lecture on Sable Island_, Halifax, 1858, 24 pages.

[206] Vol. iii. fol. 369.

[207] [Cf. Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., no. 5. There are copies of this in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 331); in the Huth Collection (_Catalogue_, vol. i. p. 267); and in the Grenville Collection, British Museum. This narrative was followed by Pinkerton and Churchill in their _Voyages_.—ED.]

[208] Vol. iii. p. 201.

[209] The following is the title: _Discours dv voyage fait par le Capitaine Iaqves Cartier aux Terres-neufues de Canadas, Norembergue, Hochelage, Labrador, et pays adiacens, dite nouuelle France, auec

## particulieres mœurs, langage, et ceremonies des habitans d’icelle.—A

Roven, de l’imprimerie de Raphæl du Petit Val, Libraire et Imprimeur à l’Ange Raphæl_, M.D.XCVIII., _avec permission du Roy_. This has been reprinted at Quebec in the _Voyages de découverte au Canada_, 1534-1552, published under the direction of the Literary and Historical Society, Cowan, 1843, and at Paris by Tross, 1865. It is followed in Ternaux-Compans (_Archives des voyages_, Paris, 1840), and is used in Lescarbot’s _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, livre iii. chaps. 2-5; and of this last text Harrisse (p. 2) says, “Ce n’est qu’une médiocre reproduction de celui de Petit-Val,” a publisher of Rouen.

[210] See Harrisse’s _Notes pour servir_, etc., Paris, 1872, p. 11. Harrisse found copies in the National and Sainte-Geneviève libraries of Paris, and says it follows a text not now known; and that Hakluyt in his _Principall Navigations_ followed still another text.

[211] _Relation originale du voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534: Documents inédits sur Jacques Cartier et le Canada (nouvelle série), publiés par H. Michelant et A. Ramé, accompagnés de deux portraits de Cartier, et de deux vues de son manoir._ Paris, Tross, 1867. The original manuscript bears the erroneous date of 1544.

[212] _Ante_, p. 49.

[213] In neither of these narratives do we find any reference to those who preceded Cartier in the New Land; nor even, except in two cases, is there a passing allusion to contemporary voyages; yet both Normans and Bretons were active. Again, there is no mention of any map or chart.

The Normans and Bretons probably sailed to the banks of Newfoundland before Cabot made _Prima Vista_. An early mention of their voyages is that of the _Gran Capitano Francese_ of 1539, found in Ramusio (_Raccolta_, 1556, iii. 359), where they are spoken of as frequenting the northern parts thirty-five years before, and giving a well-known headland its present name of Cape Breton. [This “gran capitano” is held by Estancelin in his _Navigateurs Normands_ to be Jean Parmentier of Dieppe, and Pierre Crignon is named as the writer of the somewhat confused _routier_ and narrative given in Ramusio. Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 132; Major’s _Early Voyages to Terra Australis_, Introduction; and Murphy’s _Verrazzano_, p. 85. Harrisse (_Cabots_, p. 249) also discusses the question of the Capitano’s identity.—ED.] Ramusio also (iii. 359) refers to Jean Denys and the pilot Gamort, of Rouen, who sailed to Newfoundland in a ship of Honfleur about the year 1506. Ramusio (iii. 359) also mentions that Thomas Aubert of Dieppe voyaged thither in the “Pensée” in 1508.

Gosselin shows that in 1508 other ships sailed to Newfoundland, and that they were generally of a tonnage from sixty to ninety tons. “I cite, among others,” he says, “‘Bonne-Aventure,’ Captain Jacques de Rufosse; the ‘Sibille’ and the ‘Michel,’ belonging to Jehan Blondel; and then the ‘Marie de Bonnes Nouvelles,’ equipped by Guillaume Dagyncourt, Nicolas Duport, and Loys Luce, associated citizens, the command of the ship being given to Captain Jean Dieulois” (_Documents_, etc., p. 13). In view of those cases, which appear to be a few of many, how poor is the appearance of that scepticism which has so long led writers to look askance at the statements of Ramusio concerning Aubert and the “Pensée”! The records of Normandy and Brittany are doubtless rich in facts relating to obscure points of American history.

[There is in Mr. Parkman’s Collection (vol, i. p. 89), among the copies made for him in France by Mr. Poore, a map of the St. Lawrence Gulf, with the route of Cartier in 1534 pricked out. The map is signed N. B.; and I suppose it to have been made by Bellin, the map-maker who supplied Charlevoix with his maps. Faillon (_Histoire de la Colonie Francaise_, i. 523) argues that all three of the _Relations_ as we have them were the work of Cartier himself. Ramé gives a copy of an ancient register at St. Malo, said to be in Cartier’s hand, which preserves the names of his companions.—ED.]

[214] “_Brief Recit & succincte narration de la nauigation faicte es ysles de Canada, Hochelage, & Saguenay, & autres, auec particulieres meurs, langaige, & cerimonies des habitans a’icelles; fort delectable à veoir_ [vignette]. _Avec priuilege. On les uend a Paris au second pillier en la grand salle du Palais, & en la rue neufue Nostredame a l’enseigne de lescu de frāce, par Ponce Roffet dict Faucheur, & Anthoine le Clerc, frères_, 1545.” Reprinted at Paris by Tross in 1863, with a collation of the three manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, which are described in an “Introduction historique par M. d’Avezac,” substantially reprinted in Malte Brun’s _Annales des voyages_, July, 1864. These manuscripts are numbered, according to Harrisse (_Cabots_, p. 79), “Fonds Moreau, 841,” and “Fonds français, 5,589, 5,644, 5,553.” The Tross reprint is also accompanied by a fac-simile of a plan of Hochelaga, taken from the version of Ramusio, and a map of “Nova Francia” (given on another page), used by the Italian editor to illustrate an accompanying piece, the “Discorso d’vn gran Capitano” (iii. 352) shown in _Verrazano the Explorer_ (p. 54) to have been modelled in part from the map of Verrazano. There appears to be but one copy of the _Brief recit_, 1545, known at present. This is in the Grenville Collection in the British Museum. A second copy was found by Tross, and was lost in the ship on its way to America. Muller at one time advertised a copy at $125. See Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iii. no. 11,138; Harrisse, _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_, no. 267. It is reprinted in Kerr’s (vol. vi.) and Pinkerton’s (vol. xii.) _Voyages_.

[215] In vol. iii.

[216] Page 3.

[217] Vol. iii. p. 212.

[218] Hakluyt speaks of “the Frenche originall which I sawe in the King’s Library at Paris, in the Abbay of St. Martine,” and says that Donnaconna had been in “his barke” to that “contrie where cynamon and cloves are had.” See Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, p. 112.

[219] Vol. iii. p. 232.

[220] Vol. iii. p. 240.

[221] Page 412.

[222] Edition of 1883, vol. i. p. 17.

[223] “The division of authority between Cartier and Roberval defeated the undertaking. Roberval was ambitious of power, and Cartier desired the exclusive honor of discovery. They neither embarked in company nor acted in concert. In May, 1541, Cartier sailed from St. Malo. Arrived at the scene of his former adventures, near the site of Quebec, he built a fort; but no considerable advances in geographical knowledge appear to have been made. The winter passed in sullenness and gloom. In June, 1542, he and his ships returned to France, just before Roberval arrived with a considerable reinforcement. Unsustained by Cartier, Roberval accomplished no more than a verification of previous discoveries. Remaining about a year in America, he abandoned his immense vice-royalty.”

There is, however, no good proof of these charges. At the time when Roberval is represented as contending with Cartier, the former must have been in Canada. We have no proof of any conflict of authority. Facts recited in the present chapter do not appear to have been known to Mr. Bancroft. Kohl (_Discovery of Maine_, p. 343) appears to have known nothing beyond what is found in Hakluyt with reference to the meeting at St. John’s. Parkman (_Pioneers of France_, p. 202, edition of 1882) says that Roberval sailed for Canada in April, 1542, and that, soon after reaching St. John’s, “he descried three other sail rounding the entrance to the haven, and with wrath and amazement recognized the ships of Cartier.... The Viceroy ordered him to return; but Cartier escaped with his vessels under cover of night, and made sail for France.” See also Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, i. 188; and, on these voyages, _Biographie des Malouins célèbres_, Paris, 1824; _St. Malo illustré par ses marines_, by Cunat, Paris, 1857; _Biographie Bretonne_, by Livot, Vannes, 1858. Also, D’Avezac’s edition of the voyage of 1545, Paris, 1863, f. xiii. This author does not appear to have known that Roberval sailed in 1541, instead of 1542. Hatton, in his _Newfoundland_, London, 1883, p. 14, also goes very wide of the mark.

[224] Harrisse, _Notes_, pp. 243-253.

[225] Ibid.

[226] Ibid., pp. 259-264.

[227] Ibid., pp. 254-258.

[228] Ibid., pp. 268-271.

[229] Ramé, _Documents inédits_, p. 12; and the _Transactions of the Quebec Literary and Historical Society_, 1862, p. 116.

[230] Documents _inédits_, p. 12; _Transactions_, etc., p. 120.

[231] Gosselin’s _Nouvelles glanes historiques Normandes_ (Rouen, 1873), p. 4; forming a limited edition of _Documents inédits_.

[232] Harrisse, _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, p. 212.

[233] Hakluyt, iii. 232.

[234] _Nouvelles glanes_, p. 6.

[235] Ibid., p. 6.

[236] Ibid., p. 6.

[237] Ibid., p. 6, and Hakluyt, iii. 240.

[238] Hakluyt, iii. 241.

[239] Harrisse, _Notes_, p. 272.

[240] _Cosmographie_ of Allefonsce; Hakluyt, iii. 241.

[241] Ibid., p. 240.

[242] _Transactions_, 1862, p. 93.

[243] Ibid., p. 241.

[244] _Transactions_, p. 90.

[245] “Jacques Cartier, après avoir réclamé 4,500 livres pour _L’Hermine et L’Emerillon_, ajoute: ‘Et on ce qui est du tiers navise, mettre pour 17 mois qu’il a été au dit voyage du dit Cartier, _et pour huit mois qu’il a été à retourner quérir le dit Robertval au dit Canada_, au péril de nauleige, ce seront 2,500 livres, et pour les deux autres qui fuerint au dit voyage, six mois à cent livres le mois, sont douze cent livres.’” (_Transactions_, etc., 1862, p. 93.) See also _Documents inédits_, p. 28.

[246] _Transactions_, p. 93. Harrisse (_Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, p. 215) suggests that Cartier brought Roberval home in the month of June, 1544. This, however, was not so, as Cartier had actually returned prior to April 3, 1544.

[247] _Transactions_, p. 94.

[248] Cf. A. Walker on “A Forgotten Hero” in _Fraser’s Magazine_, 1880, p. 775.

[249] Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 131; also, Le Clercq, _Établissement de la foy_, i. 14.

[250] An episode in the voyage of Roberval, not alluded to by Hakluyt, is preserved in Thevet’s _Cosmographie universelle_, Paris, 1575. Thevet drew his accounts of New France partly from the navigators and partly from his imagination, deliberately inventing facts where he deemed it necessary, being upon the whole a mendacious character. Nevertheless he was well acquainted with Roberval and Cartier, and is said to have lived six months with the latter at St. Malo. [_The Northmen in Maine_, by Dr. De Costa, p. 63, and _Biographie universelle_, 1826-1827, vol. xxv.; also, vol. xlix. on Villegagnon.] This episode covers the case of Roberval’s niece, who in 1541 went on the voyage with him, becoming the victim of a young man who followed her from France. As punishment, she was put ashore with her old nurse on an island called the Isle of Demons, which figures prominently in the map found in the Ptolemy of Ruscelli, her lover being allowed to join them. On this island both of her companions died. After more than two years she was rescued by a fishing-vessel, and carried to France. Her story was first told in the _Heptameron_ of Marguerite, published at Paris in 1559, forming number lxvii: “Extrême amour et austérité de femme en terre étrange.” Thevet, in his _Cosmographie_ (ii. 1019), recasts the story, and says that he had the account from the princess herself, who, in a little village of Périgord, met the young woman, who had sought an asylum there from the wrath of her uncle Roberval. In his _Grand insulaire_, a manuscript preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Harrisse, _Notes_, p. 278), which antedates his _Cosmographie_, Thevet also has a version of the story. In the latter work it is given in connection with the fabulous account of a Nestorian bishop. It is illustrated by a picture of the woman on the Isle of Demons shooting wild beasts.

[251] Vol. iii. p. 232.

[252] [There have been various theories regarding the origin of the name _Canada_, for which see Faillon, _Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 14; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_ (New York edition), i. 54; _Historical Magazine_, i. 153, 188, 217, 315, 349, and ii. 23; B. Davis in _Canadian Naturalist_, 1861; _Magazine of American History_, 1883, p. 161; and Canniff’s _Upper Canada_, p. 3. There seems to have been a belief in New England, at a later day, that “Canada” was derived from William and Emery de Caen (Cane, as the English spelled it), who were in New France in 1621, and later. Cf. Morton’s _New English Canaan_, Adams’s edition, p. 235, and Josselyn’s _Rarities_, p. 5; also, J. Reade in his history of geographical names in Canada, printed in _New Dominion Monthly_, xi. 344.—ED.]

[253] Pages 87, 88, 105.

[254] This began with Charlevoix, who (Shea’s edition, i. 129) says: “The King, by letters-patent inserted in the _Etat ordinaire des guerres_, in the Chambre des Comptes at Paris, dated Jan. 15, 1540, declares him Lord of Norimbequa, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Belleisle, Carpon, Labrador, Great Bay, and Baccalas, giving him all these places with his own royal power and authority.” This is questioned by Parkman (_Pioneers of France_, p. 197); and in his note to Charlevoix’s statement, Dr. Shea says that Parkman “confounds his commission and patent,” referring to Lescarbot’s edition of 1618, which, however, does not bear out the statement, recalled later. Allefonsce says (Hakluyt, iii. 239), “The extension of all these lands upon just occasion is called New France. For it is as good and temperate as France, and in the same latitude.”

[The appellation of _New France_, according to Parkman (_Pioneers of New France_, p. 184), was earliest applied, just succeeding the voyage of Verrazano; and the Dutch geographers, he says, are especially free in the use of it, out of spite to the Spaniards. Faillon, in his _Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 511, errs in tracing its earliest use to Cartier’s second _Relation_, where, writing in the third person, he says, “aux terres neuves, par lui [nous?] appellées Nouvelle France.” Shea, in his _Charlevoix_, ii. 20, finds the “Nova Gallia” of the globe of Euphrosynus Ulpius (1542) as early a use as any of those which he records. Charlevoix himself had not traced it back of Lescarbot (1609).—ED.

[255] See chap. xii. of _La historia general de las Indias y nueuo mundo, con mas la conquista del Peru y de Mexico: agora nueuamente añadida y emendada por el mismo autor, con una tabla muy cumplida de los capitulos, y muchas figuras que en otras impressiones no lleva. Venden se en Caragoça en casa de Miguel de Çapila mercader de’ libros. Año de 1555._

[256] 1857, vol. ii. p. 317.

[257] Harrisse, in his _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_ (Paris, 1882, p. 206), quotes from _La grande insulaire_ of Thevet a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, showing that he was detained a prisoner at Poitiers by Francis I.; while in his _Cosmographie universelle_, folio 1021, he says it was “pour la prinse de quelques naviere d’Espaigne.” Allefonsce was a privateer, or “corsair,” and was so zealous in his work, that, to propitiate Spain, the King was obliged to put him in prison. He probably gave too much offence to the king’s enemies.

[258] Vol. iii. p. 240.

[259] It might appear that Allefonsce was dead at the time; his _Cosmographie_ was finished in 1545, as the finishing touch was given by Paulin Secalart. The lines referred to are as follows:

“La mort aussi n’a point craint son effroy, Ses gros canons, ses darts, son feu, sa fouldre, Mais l’assaillant l’a mis en tel desroy, Que rien de luy ne reste plus que poudre.”

[260] See also Harrisse, in _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, p. 203, on Allefonsce.

[261] _The Northmen in Maine_, p. 131; and Lescarbot, _Nouvelle France_, p. 46. Bergeron, in his _Voyages faits principalments en Asie, dans les XII., XIII., XIV., et XV. Siècles, a La Haye_, 1735, part ii. p. 5, criticises the misprints of proper names in this volume.

[262] This work is preserved in the Manuscript Department of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, no. 676, under Secalart. It is a stout paper folio, 9 × 13 inches, written on both sides. This rude specimen of penmanship was originally designed for Francis I., like the book of John Rotz now in the British Museum. It contains 194 leaves; the titlepage is wanting. On what now forms the second leaf of the third page is found the following: “Jehan allafonsce—:—Paulin secalert,” with the motto: “Pouvre et Loil.”

[Illustration]

It is signed “Nous Jehan allefonsce et Paulin Secalert.” Underneath is the date. “Paulin” might, perhaps, be read “Raulin.” The first line of every page is in red, the initials forming grotesque human faces. The work abounds in flourishing capitals, and the text is difficult to decipher. The maps are rude sketches, intercalated to illustrate the text, and washed with yellowish, reddish, and greenish tints. The islands are chiefly in gold, though some are red and green. At the end of the volume is a map of France with the royal arms. On a map of England is a rude representation of London. There are also four pages of plans and diagrams, relating chiefly to London and Bordeaux. The legends on the maps are written in a brown tint, much faded, though upon the whole the volume is in a good state of preservation. Cf. “L’hydrographie d’un découvreur du Canada,” in Margry’s _Navigations Françaises._

[263] It will be remembered (Hakluyt, iii. 6) that Cabot’s _Prima Vista_ was near “the Island of St. John.” On the map is the fabulous island of St. John out at sea, and the real St. John, now Prince Edward, is in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On this subject Hakluyt appears to have been confused. In his _Principal Navigations_ (iii. 625) he speaks of “the isle of Iohn Luis or John Alverez in 41;” and in a marginal note says, “This is a very commodious Isle for us on our way to Virginia.” On page 627 he defines the position further, saying: “From Bermuda to the Isle of St. Iohn Luis or John Alverez 320 [leagues]. From the Isle of Iohn Luis or Alverez to Flores 320.” This appears to have been one of the flying islands. See _Magazine of American History_, viii. 510; _The Northmen in Maine_, p. 139. See also Harrisse’s _Cabots_, p. 275.

[264] Mr. Murphy, in his _Voyage of Verrazzano_, p. 38, mistranslated the text, reading _ung_ as _cinq_, and making the latitude 45° instead of 41°. The original manuscript reads, “Le dict cap est par le quarente et ung degrez,” and overturns Mr. Murphy’s hastily formed theory. See also _Verrazano: a Motion for a Stay of Judgment_. New York, 1876, p. 10.

[265] In his narrative as given by Hakluyt (iii. 239): “I doubt not but Norumbega [River] entreth into the Riuer of Canada, and vnto the Sea of Saguenay.” Again, “from the entrance of Norumbega [at the Penobscot] vnto Florida are 300 leagues.”

[266] This may have been done by those Portuguese who disputed the title, and whose quarrels with the French were composed at Newfoundland by Roberval. _Ante_, p. 57; and Hakluyt, iii. 240.

[267] _Voyages avantureux_, Poitiers, 1559.

[268] “Premier livre de la description de tous les ports de mer de lunivers. Avec summaire mention des conditions differentes des peoples et addresse pour le rang de ventz propres a naviguer.” By Jehan Maillord, Mallert, or Mallard, preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and quoted by Harrisse, _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_, pp. 223-227.

[269] Hakluyt, vol. iii.; see Vol. III. of the present work, pp. 171, 187.

[270] Here, indeed, it may prove of interest to give their respective descriptions of the same region. Vumenot writes: “La terre n’est pas fort haute, elle est bien labouree, et est garnie de ville et Chasteaux, ilz adorent le Soliel et la lune. D’icy tourne la coste au sud-sudoest et au sud, jusque un cap qui est haute terre, et ha une grand isle de terre basse, et trois ou quatre petits isles.”

This is a description of Cape Cod and the neighboring coasts, which, in the verse of Maillard, appear in the same way:—

“Ils ont chasteaux et villes quilz decorent Et le Soliel et la lune ilz adorent En ce pays leur terre est labouree Non terroy hault mais assez temperee Dicy la coste ainsy comme jai sceu Au susseroest elle tourne aussy au su Plus de cent lieux et jusque au cap va terre Qui se congnoist en une haulte terre Qui a vne isle en terre basse grande Et troys ou quatre isleaux a sa demande Et de ce cap a lisle se dit.”

Harrisse says that Maillard based his description upon the manuscript of Allefonsce, and not on the printed work, saying that the former was “begun in 1544 and finished in 1546;” whereas the manuscript itself shows that it was “finished the 24th day of November, 1545.” It is also said that Francis I., for whom Maillard wrote, died March 31, 1547, while the _Voyages avantureux_ did not appear until 1559, which seems to have been the case; yet the verses agree with the printed work instead of the manuscript of Allefonsce, and bear no relation to the manuscript other than that borne by the book. We speak here, of course, only of that part of Maillard’s performance given in _Jean et Sébastien Cabot_. In several cases Maillard makes a point not in the book; as, for instance, where (line 131) he says of the Norumbega peltry,—

“De maint marchant bien cherement requise;”

but this statement is not found in the manuscript of Allefonsce itself. That Maillard wrote these verses describing our coast after the corresponding portion of _Voyages avantureux_ had been composed, might seem to be indicated by the fact that the substance of a line omitted after line 28 is found in the prose version of 1559, as follows: “Tous le gens ceste terre ont queue,” which is an allusion to the old story told in the manuscript of Allefonsce, who says that towards the north, “in some of these regions are people with pig’s tails and faces,”—a statement which the printed work reduces so as to read, “All the people of this land have _queue_.” This was overlooked by the poet or transcriber.

The connection between Maillard’s work and the printed narrative is curious, for the two pieces show a common origin, while two different writers, independently of one another, could not have produced two versions so much alike; though it should be noted that at line 138 Maillard spoils the sense by writing “vne isle,” instead of “une grand ville,” as in the printed book,—unless, indeed, he intended to discredit the story of the “great city” of Norumbega, which Allefonsce in his manuscript simply styles “une ville.” There is no necessity for supposing that Maillard ever saw the manuscript of Allefonsce. He may have used the manuscript of the printed volume of 1559, if it was in existence in the time of Francis. It certainly was written March 7, 1557, when the printing was authorized. It is a curious fact that in 1578 one Thomas Mallard, or Maillard, published an edition of Allefonsce at Rouen: _Les voyages avantvreux dv Capitaine Iean Alfonce, Sainctongeais: Contenant les Reigles & enseignmens necessaires a la bonne & seure Nauigation. Plus le moyen de se gouuerner, tart enuers les Barbares, qu’autres nations d’vne chacune contrée, les sortes de marchandises qui se trouuent abondamment à icelles: Ensemble, ce qu’on doit porter de petit prix pour trocquer avec iceux, afin d’en tirer grand profit. A Rouen, chez Thomas Mallard, libraire: pre le Palais deuant l’hostel de ville_, 1578. Evidently Jehan Maillard, the poet, had some unexplained connection with the volume that appeared in 1559.

[271] Vol. iii. p. 237.

[272] “Les terres allant vers Hochelaga sont de beaucoup meilleures et plus chauldes que celles de Canada, et tient terre de Hochelaga au Figuier et au Perou, en laquelle abonde or et argent.”

[273] One thing must strike the student in going through these topics; namely, the indifference shown by the respective navigators and explorers to their predecessors. Cartier makes no reference to Verrazano, and Allefonsce pays no attention to Cartier. So far as the writings of Allefonsce go, it would hardly appear that any such person as Cartier ever existed. Of Roberval himself, the pilot of Saintonge makes but a single mention in passing, while Maillard speaks of Cartier only in a dedication.

[274] [There is a paper on the map literature of Canada, by H. Scaddin, in the _Canadian Journal_, new series, xv. 23. A large _Carte de la Nouvelle France, pour servir à l’étude de l’ histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu’en 1760_, par Genest, was published a few years since.—ED.]

[275] Ramé’s _Documents inédits_, p. 3.

[276] Kohl (_Discovery of Maine_, p. 350) speaks of it as open on the map of Ribero. Maps iv. and vii. of Kunstmann’s _Atlas_ show the straits open. [Some of these maps are sketched in the Editorial Note following the preceding chapter.—ED.]

[277] “I can write nothing else vnto you of any thing I can recouer of the writings of Captaine Iaques Cartier, my uncle diceased, although I haue made search in all places that I could possibly in this towne, sauing of a certaine booke made in maner of a sea chart, which was drawne by my said vncle, which is in the possession of Master Cremeur,—which booke is passing well marked and drawne for all the Riuer of Canada, whereof I am well assured, because I my self haue knowledge thereof as far as the Saults, where I haue beene: The height of which Saults is in 44 degrees. I found in the said chart beyond the place where the Riuer is diuided in twaine, in the midest of both the branches of said riuer, somewhat neerest that arm which runneth toward the northwest, these words following written in the hand of Iaques Cartier:—

“‘By the people of Canada and Hockeloga it was said, That here is the land of _Saguenay_, which is rich and wealthy in precious stones.’”—Hakluyt, iii. 236.

[278] See for these maps, _ante_, pp. 26, 39.

[279] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 296.

[280] [This map is sketched _ante_, p. 40.—ED.]

[281] _Historia_, etc. (Madrid, 1852), ii. 148. [See _post_, p. 81.—ED.]

[282] Ibid., p. 149.

[283] Kohl’s _Discovery of Maine_, p. 292. [See the map, _ante_, p. 38.—ED.]

[284] The writer knows of but one copy of this map,—that in possession of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort. It is described in the _Bulletin_ of the American Geographical Society, 1878, p. 195.

[285] The contents of this globe have not been published. Though Cartier is not recognized, we read, “Terra Francesca;” and on the northern border of Labrador, “TERRA PER BRITANOS INVENTA.” Another Spanish globe—say of 1540—gives no trace of Cartier. It seems to be a fact that Spaniards were sent to search the Gulf of St. Lawrence after Cartier’s voyages; while Le Blanc, _Les voyages fameux_, etc. (Paris, 1649, part iii. p. 63), referred to by Charlevoix, tells us that the St. Lawrence was visited by Velasco the Spaniard in 1506.

[286] In a sketch which the late M. d’Avezac made for the writer before the latter had personally examined the original manuscript, which bears the folio mark 184 instead of 187, “Laboureur” reads, as it should, “Norumbega.” We have sketches bearing the two numbers showing this difference, while also no. 184 does not show “Isla de Saint-Jean.”

[287] The _Cosmographie_ says: “Passing about twenty leagues west-northwest along the coast, you will find an island, called St. Jean, in the centre of the district, and nearer to the Breton region than to Terra Nova. This entry to the Bretons is twelve leagues wide, and in 47° 30′ north. From St. Jean’s Island to Ascension [Assumption] Island, in the Canadian Sea, it is forty leagues across, northwest-by-west. St. Jean and Bryon and Bird Island are 47° north.” A little farther on he says: “Southeast of Cape Ratz [Race] there are two lost islands, which are called Isle St. Jean, D’Estevan,—lost because they consisted of sand.” He also mentions the Isle of St. Brandon, and “a large island called the Seven Cities, forming one large island, and there are many persons who have seen it as well as myself, and can testify; but I do not know how things look in the interior, for I did not land upon it. It is in 28° 30′ north latitude.”

[288] See on this globe, _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 64; and the engraving of it, _ante_, p. 42.

[289] On the Nancy globe; see the _Magazine of American History_, vi. 183; and the sketch, _ante_, p. 81.

[290] Map in the British Museum, 25 × 15 inches. See _post_, p. 83.

[291] See sketch, _post_, p. 87.

[292] See _post_, p. 84.

[293] See a sketch of it, _post_, p. 85.

[294] The relation of the map to the Verrazano map, 1529, is shown in _Verrazano the Explorer_, p. 43, and on the composition map, p. 48. A fac-simile of Gastaldi’s map is given, _post_, p. 91.

[295] The atlas is about 12 × 18 inches, the maps, which are strongly Portuguese, being delicately drawn and washed with green, and elegantly colored. The title is _Cosmographie universelle selon les navigateurs_. Many of the names which we have examined appear to be very corrupt.

[296] A copy of the photograph was obtained in Venice by the writer.

[297] See _Verrazano the Navigator_, p. 55. [See a sketch and fac-simile of the map on pp. 94 and 373.—ED.]

[298] [See _post_, p. 92. These are reproductions of the maps of the 1561 and 1562 editions.—ED.]

[299] [See _post_, p. 95; first appeared in 1570.—ED.]

[300] A sketch of the North American portion of the map, in the possession of the writer, was made for him by M. Eugene Beauvois, who has suggested that the map might belong to the period of De Monts, as near the region of Nova Scotia we read “C. de Môt.” This name, however, appears on the map of the Dauphin and various other maps. The map is found in _Premieres Œuvres de Jacques de Vaulx, pilote pour le Roy en la marine française de Grace l’an_ 1584, preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, fond française, no. 9,175, folios 29-30.

[301] [See _post_, p. 96. This map originally appeared in 1572.—ED.]

[302] [See _post_, p. 99.—ED.]

[303] [See _post_, p. 100.—ED.]

[304] On Labrador is the following significant legend: “This land was discouered by Iohn [and?] Sebastian Cabot for Kinge Henry y^e 7. 1497.” This map shows Prince Edward Island in its proper place in the gulf, without a name, and “I. S. John” outside of Cape Breton in the sea, where it is so often found on the old maps.

[305] [See _post_, p. 377.—ED.]

[306] Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 173.

[307] Ibid., p. 232; and in his _Bib. Amer. Vet._, no. 149, he refers to Sacrobusto’s _Sphera del mundo_, translated from the Latin into Spanish by Hieronymus Chaves, and published at Seville in 1545, as showing a small map in a diagram, thought to be the work of Alonzo de Chaves.

[308] This is dated 1550, but is very much behind its date.

[309] Part ii. vol. i. p. 143, for the description.

[310] _Ante_, p. 40.

[311] Lelewel, pl. 46, from Apianus’ _Cosmographia_ of that year.

[312] _Ante_, p. 41.

[313] _Ante_, p. 37.

[314] Raemdonck’s _Les sphères de Mercator_.

[315] _Catalogue of Manuscripts_, vol. i. p. 23.

[316] _Cabots_, pp. 77, 147, 201, 204; cf. Malte-Brun, _Histoire de la géographie_, i. 631.

[317] Kohl, _Maps in Hakluyt_, p. 32.

[318] Another of the Rotz maps (no. 104 in the Kohl Collection) is similar to the eastern part of the map here given as “Western Hemisphere;” but the passage to the west, south of Labrador (Greenland?), is not so distinctly closed. There is a strong resemblance to this map in a French manuscript map in the British Museum, marked _Livre de la marine du Pilote Pastoret_ [perhaps Pasterot or Pralut], _l’an 1587_, which is also in the Kohl Collection, no. 110.

[319] Kohl, _Discovery of Maine_, pl. xviii.³; Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 189.

[320] In the Huth Collection.

[321] This has “Stegen Comes” inscribed on North America, which is supposed to commemorate the Estevan Gomez explorations; cf. Baldelli, _Storia del milione_, vol. i. p. lxv; Zurla, _Di Marco Polo_, ii. 369; Desimoni in _Giornale Ligustico_, p. 57.

[322] A copy of this is in the Kohl Collection.

[323] Kohl, _Description of Maine_, p. 294.

[324] Harrisse’s _Notes_, etc., nos. 188, 189; _Cabots_, p. 189, and references there cited.

[325] A full account of this map will be found in Vol. III. chap. i. Since that chapter was written, Harrisse has stated (_Cabots_, p. 153) that the French Government paid M. de Hennin in 1844 four hundred francs for this map (cf. _Essai sur la Bibliothèque du Roi_, Paris, 1856, p. 285). It has also within a year been photographed full size, with the legends, and copies of the photographs have been placed in nine American libraries (cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc_., xix. 387, and xx. 39 Charles Deane, in _Science_, vol. i.).

[326] See _ante_, p. 74 etc.

[327] Jomard owned it, and it is in his _Catalogue_, Paris, 1864, no. 121; it is now owned by the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres. See Harrisse’s _Cabots_, pp. 210, 216, for an account of Desceliers.

[328] _Bulletin de l’Académie des Inscriptions_, 30 Août, 1867.

[329] _Discovery of Maine_, p. 351, with a reproduction; he puts it “about 1548” in his copy of it in the State Department Collection.

[330] Cf. Murphy’s _Verrazano_, p. 42, where, for the region south of Cape Breton, it is claimed that the map-maker translated the Spanish names of Ribero.

[331] Harrisse’s _Cabots_, p. 197; Malte-Brun, _Histoire de la géographie_ (1831), i. 630; British Museum _Catalogue of Manuscript Maps_ (1844), i. 22; _Additional Manuscripts_, no. 5,413.

[332] Barbie du Bocage, in _Magasin encyclopédique_ (1807), iv. 107; Major, _Early Voyages to Australia_, pp. xxvii, xxxv; Kohl, _Discovery of Maine_, p. 354, and _Maps in Hakluyt_, p. 38; Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 219.

[333] _Cabots_, p. 245.

[334] _Verrazano_, p. 143.

[335] _Catalogue of Manuscripts_, no. 24,065.

[336] _Cabots_, p. 230.

[337] David Asseline’s _Les antiquités de la ville de Dieppe_, 1874, ii. 325; Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 217; Desmarquet’s _Mémoires chronologiques pour servir à l’histoire de Dieppe et à celle de la navigation Française_, 1875, ii. 1.

[338] _Cabots_, p. 194.

[339] In the _Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde in Dresden_, 1870.

[340] Called “The Jomard Map.”

[341] _Cabots_, p. 238

[342] See chapter on “Cortes” in Vol. II.

[343] In Harvard College Library.

[344] _Cabots_, p. 242.

[345] Pages 425, 447.

[346] Cf. Harrisse, nos. 292, 293; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 195. This volume of Ramusio is said to have been prepared in 1553.

[347] It will be remembered that another map (1550) of this maker is supposed to preserve something of the lost map of Chaves.

[348] _Catalogue of Manuscripts_, no. 25,442; Harrisse, _Cabots_, pp. 189, 193.

[349] _Les Papes géographes_, p. 118.

[350] Cf. Manno and Promis, _Notizie di Jacopo Gastaldi_ (1881), p. 19; Harrisse, _Cabots_, p. 237.

[351] Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, who has a copy, has furnished me a tracing of it. The late Henry C. Murphy had a copy without the date. A sketch of the western portion is given in Vol. III. p. 67. Cf. _Catalogue of Maps in the King’s Library, British Museum_, i. 24, and Kohl’s _Maps in Hakluyt_, p. 29. The annexed sketch follows the copy in the Kohl (Washington) Collection.

[352] Kohl gives it “Stadawna.”

[353] See