chapter vii

.—ED.]

[390] [The 1619 title is as follows: _Voyages et descouvertures faites en la Nouvelle France depuis l’année 1615; jusques à la fin de l’année 1618; ... où sont descrits les mœurs, coustumes, habits, façons de guerroyer, chasses, dances, festins, et enterrements de divers peuples sauvages, et de plusieurs choses remarquables qui luy sont arrivées au dit païs, avec une description de la beauté, fertilité, et temperature d’iceluy. Paris, 1619._ A few copies of this date (1619) are known (Sunderland, no. 2,688; Leclerc, no. 2,696, priced at 1,500 francs); but most copies are dated 1620, with the engraved title sometimes retaining the 1619 date (Dufossé, no. 3,145, at 900 francs, and no. 8,235, at 600 francs; O’Callaghan, no. 571, at $55; Ellis and White, 1878, at £35; Brunet, _Supplément_, no. 242; _Huth Catalogue_, vol. i. p. 292; Sabin, vol. iii. nos. 11,836, 11,837). The text is mostly retained in the 1632 edition, though the voyage of 1618 and some other parts are omitted (Harrisse, nos. 32, 33, 40).

There are copies of the 1619 date in the Lenox and Massachusetts Historical Society libraries, and of the 1620 date in the Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries, and in the Library of Congress.

The same engraved title and the text belong to the edition of 1627, which has a new printed title, and the Epistle and Preface reset. Copies of this date are in Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Lenox libraries, and one was sold in the Brinley sale (no. 75). See the _Jesuit Relations_ printed by the Lenox Library, p. 4; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,838. Stevens’s _Nuggets_ prices a copy at £4 4_s._—ED.]

[Footnote 391: [The publisher’s name varies in different copies. The Boston Public Library copy (with the map in fac-simile) has “chez Pierre Le Mur dans le grand Salle du Palais.” The Library of Congress copy reads “Lovis Sevestre pres la porte St. Victor.” One of the Harvard College copies has “chez Clavde Collet;” the other is a Le Mur copy. Other copies are in the Boston Athenæum (lacking the map), the New York Historical Society, and the State Library at Albany. Two copies have been lately sold in America, one in the _Brinley Catalogue_ (no. 76), and the other in the _O’Callaghan Catalogue_ (no. 572, $130), both with the map, which was supplied in fac-simile in a second O’Callaghan copy (no. 573), now in the Boston Public Library. The Sunderland copy (no. 2,687) had the map, which is often wanting. Dufossé (no. 8,236) held a copy with the genuine map at 650 francs, and other copies (nos. 5,551 and 8,961) with the map in fac-simile, at 450 and 550 francs. Leclerc priced one (no. 695) with a fac-simile map at 750 francs, and (no. 2,697) with “l’avis au lecteur” lacking, at 1,000 francs. Quaritch advertised one with a fac-simile map at £36. Cf. Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,839; Brunet, _Supplément_, p. 242.

Some of the copies known have a passage at the end of the first paragraph on page 27, which was held to be a reflection on Richelieu, in saying that statesmen or princes might not understand the sailing of a ship, and this led to the cancelling of sheets Dij and Diij (Stevens’s _Nuggets_, vol. i. no. 511; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 268). One of these copies is in the Lenox Library; and one with, and another without, the passage are in the Carter-Brown Library (vol. ii. nos. 382 and 383).

Harrisse (nos. 50, 51) says that Champlain was at the date of this publication in Canada, that the book was doubtless made up by a compiler, and that the record of 1631 was furnished from another source than Champlain. Whoever arranged it abridged, omitted, and extended with an author’s license. Mr. O. H. Marshall believes that the book and the map never passed under Champlain’s supervision (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 5, 6).

This issue of 1632 was reissued in 1640, with a new title, and of this date there are copies in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. Sabin says that Mr. Lenox suggests that this 1640 edition probably consists of rejected copies of the 1632 edition, since the cancelled, and not the substituted, leaves are in it, and these bear the marks of having been cut through with a sharp instrument (Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,840, who says that Mr. Lenox contributed most of his data on the Champlain bibliography). Leclerc in 1878 advertised a set of the four dates (1604, 1613, 1620, and 1632), bound uniformly, for 6,000 francs.—ED.]

[392] [It bears the title, _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain; ou, Journal ès Découvertes de la Nouvelle France_, in two octavo volumes. The edition (two hundred and fifty copies) was mostly distributed among public libraries. The text, says Brunet, is not carefully followed, and the plates are omitted.—ED.]

[393] [This “seconde édition” is explained by the fact that about 1865 the printing of a complete edition of Champlain’s works was begun in Quebec; but just as the volumes were ready for publication, they were totally destroyed by fire. The work was begun afresh. Dr. Shea, who gives me this information, has a portion of the proofs of this _first_ edition, of which no entire copy is known to be preserved.—ED.]

[394] [The original manuscript is described and priced in Leclerc’s _Bibliotheca Americana_ (1878, no. 693) in these words:—

CHAMPLAIN (Samuel). _Brief discours des choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de brouage a reconnues aux Indes Occidentales Au voiage qu’il en a faict en Icelles en Lannee mil v^ciiij^{xx} xix. et en Lannee mil vj^cj. comme ensuit._ (1599-1601). In-4, mar. violet. 15,000 francs. Manuscrit original et autographe orné de 6z dessins en couleur.

Faillon, _Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 78, spoke of it as being then (1865) at Dieppe (in the cabinet of M. Féret, “ancien maire de Dieppe”) and unpublished; but in 1859 the Hakluyt Society had printed an English translation of it, as noted in the text, with fac-similes of the drawings (Field, no. 269). There were accounts of the manuscript published in the _Hist. Magazine_, vii. 269; and in the _Transactions_ of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, in 1863. It is now in the Carter-Brown library.—ED.]

[395] [It reproduced the drawings of the West-India manuscript, and also the plates of the early printed editions; but as lithographs of copper-plates they are not very successful. It is now worth about $25 in paper. Field, _Indian Bibliography_, p. 66; cf. _Revue des Questions historiques_, 1^{er} Juillet, 1873.—ED.]

[396] [Abstracts of Champlain’s Canadian voyages will be found in Harris’s _Collection of Voyages_, vol. i. etc., and there is a narrative in the _Mercure François_, xix. 803, which in Parkman’s opinion was “perhaps written by Champlain.”

One of the best accounts for the English reader of Champlain and his associates will be found in Parkman’s _Pioneers of France in the New World_. Summaries are given in Guerin’s _Navigateurs Français_, p. 249; Ferland’s _Histoire du Canada_, book ii.; Miles’s _Canada_, chaps. 5-10; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, etc.—ED.]

[397] [Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 76.—ED.]

[398] [See the note on “The Jesuit Relations,” _sub anno_ 1627.—ED.]

[399] The _Historiæ Canadensis_ of Creuxius contains a list of the members of this Company under the title, _Nomina Centenum, qui primi Societatem Nouae Franciae conflauerunt_. Cf. _Massachusetts Archives: Documents collected in France_, i. 527, and references in Harrisse, nos. 43, 54, 430, 432, 433, 434, 438, 441, 455, 476, 532, 533; and cf. Ferland, _Cours d’Histoire du Canada_, p. 259, Shea’s _Charlevoix_, ii. 39, and notes.

[400] The letters-patent to Roberval copied from the original parchment, dated Fontainbleau, Jan. 15, 1540, is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 373.

[401] Cf. Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, pp. 26, 101, 197, 198. A copy of his commission is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 431.

[402] The patent granted to De Monts, with other documents confirming his claims, was printed at the time in a small volume, copies of which are in the library of Mr. Charles Deane and in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 33).

[Illustration]

It may also be seen in Lescarbot’s _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, and an English translation is in Williamson’s _History of Maine_, i. 651-654, and Harris’s _Voyages_ (1705), i. 813; cf. Harrisse,_ Notes sur la Nouvelle France_, nos. 14, 15, 27. In the _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. (p. 435), is a copy of De Monts’s proposition to the King, Henry IV., dated Nov. 6, 1603, with the King’s remarks (p. 445), and the “Lettres Patentes expediées en faveur de M. de Monts,” signed by the King at Paris, Dec. 18, 1603. These letters-patent made him lieutenant-general of Acadia (40° to 46° N. lat.) for ten years; and by an ordinance (p. 451) all persons were prohibited to trade within his government; and (p. 453) the King orders all duties to be remitted on merchandise sent home by De Monts. Cf. Faillon, _Colonie Française, au Canada_, i.; and Guerin, _Les Navigations françaises_.

[403] [This island, now known as Douchet Island, is a few miles within the mouth of the St. Croix River, which empties into Passamaquoddy Bay. In the latter part of the last century, when the commissioners of Great Britain and the United States were endeavoring to define the St. Croix River, which by treaty had been fixed as the eastern bound of the new nation, this island played an important part. The maps were not conclusive respecting the historic St. Croix, some of them, like that of Bellin in Charlevoix’s _History_ (1744), rather indicating the Magaguadavic River, on the eastern side of the bay; but the discovery in 1797 of the foundation-stones of De Monts’s houses on this island, with large trees growing above them, settled the question. The island bears evidence of having considerably wasted by the wash of the river, and its few acres are at present hardly large enough for the purpose it served in 1604. It is known that then the colonists resorted to the main shore for their planting. The island now has a cottage upon it, which bears aloft a small light, to aid river navigation, and is maintained by the United States Government, the deepest water being on the easterly side. The Editor examined the island in 1882, but could not find that any traces of De Monts’s colony now remained, though fragments of “French brick” were found there by William Willis twenty years ago. Cf. Hannay’s _Acadia_, p. 74; Parkman’s _Pioneers of France_, p. 227; Williamson’s _Maine_, i. 190; ii. 578; Holmes’s _Annals_, i. 149. In a survey of 1798 the island is called Bone Island; and it has sometimes been called, because of its position, Neutral Island. A plan of the buildings is given on the opposite page.—ED.]

[404] [For this exploration, see ch. iii.—ED.]

[405] [There is an essay on Pontgravé in the _Mélanges_ of Benjamin Sulte, Ottawa, 1876, p. 31.—ED.]

[406] [The question of early Dutch sojourns or settlements on the coast is examined in J. W. De Peyster’s _The Dutch at the North Pole, and the Dutch in Maine_, 1857, and his _Proofs considered of the Early Settlement of Acadia by the Dutch_, 1858; and traces of remains at Pemaquid have been assigned to the Dutch; but see Johnston in the _Popham Memorial_, and in _History of Bristol and Bremen_; Sewall’s _Ancient Dominions of Maine_. The early settlements of this region are also tracked in B. F. De Costa’s _Coasts of Maine_. Cf. _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1853, p. 213; 1877, p. 337.—ED.]

[407] [According to Parkman, the elaborate notices of Madame de Guercheville in the French biographical dictionaries of Hoefer and Michaud are drawn from the _Mémoires de l’Abbé de Choisy_.—ED.]

[408] According to a careful census taken in 1686, the whole population of Acadia was 915, including 30 soldiers; and there were in the whole colony 986 horned cattle, 759 sheep, and 608 swine. (Murdoch’s _History of Nova Scotia_, i. 166, 167.) In 1689 the census gave the whole population as 803. (_Ibid._, p. 177.) Commenting on the almost stationary condition of the colony for nearly a century, Murdoch justly remarks: “It is a subject of grave reflection, that after eighty-four years had elapsed from the founding of Port Royal in 1605, and notwithstanding the expense of money and all the exertions of De Monts, Poutrincourt, La Tour, Denis, and others, men highly qualified for the task of colonization, the results should be so trifling. Many of the settlements were now desolate and abandoned, and none of them prosperous. Nearly forty years before, D’Aulnay had besieged St. John with a flotilla and five hundred men, and the defenders had been probably numerous. The contests and discords of ambitious leaders contributed, doubtless, to this unfavorable state of things; but the incessant interferences and invasions which the English at Boston carried on, must be considered as the chief causes of retarding the progress of French settlement in Acadia.”

[409] [See Vol. III. chap. ix.—ED.]

[410] The grant from Sir William Alexander, dated in 1630, was recorded at Boston in the Suffolk Registry of Deeds (liber iii. folio 276) in 1659. This was to secure an English registry, as the region, since Sedgwick’s expedition in 1654, had become subject to England, and seemed likely to continue so.

[411] [The contract, March 27, 1632, between Richelieu and De Razilly for the reoccupation of Port Royal is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_ (i. 545); and (p. 584) his commission to take possession and drive away British subjects, with (p. 586) his acceptance.—ED.]

[412] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, pp. 292, 332.

[413] Winthrop, _History of New England_, i. 109.

[414] The agreement for these vessels, dated June 30, 1643, between La Tour and Edward Gibbons, is in the Suffolk Deeds, i. 7, 8 (printed by order of the Board of Aldermen in 1880); and a mortgage of La Tour’s fort or plantation to Gibbons, dated May 13, 1645, as security for the payment of two thousand and eighty-four pounds, with interest, is recorded on folio 10. Neither instrument was recorded until 1652.

[415] A copy of the agreement is in the _Plymouth Colony Records_, ix. 59, 60, and the Latin translation is in Hutchinson’s _Collection of Original Papers_, pp. 146, 147.

[416] The marriage contract between La Tour and Madame d’Aulnay, which is dated Feb. 24, 1653, was printed in the original French, for the first time, in the _Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec_, iii. 236-241. An English translation is in Murdoch’s _History of Nova Scotia_, i. 120-123.

[Illustration]

[417] [Among those whom the treaty of Breda released from military service at Quebec, was the colonel of a regiment, Jean Vincent, Baron de St. Castine, who now took to life among the Indians, and became the son-in-law of Madockawando, or Matakando, the chief sachem of the Eastern Indians. He afterward lived on the peninsula still bearing his name, near the head of Penobscot Bay, at Fort Pentagöet,—a defence which the French had built as early probably as 1626, on the site possibly of an earlier fort, which may date to the time of the Guercheville expedition in 1613. Some traces of Fort Pentagöet still remain, representing probably the magazine and well. The English surrendered it to the French in 1670. In 1674 a pirate ship from Boston captured the post and took De Chambly and others prisoners. (Frontenac, Quebec, Nov. 14, 1674, to the minister, in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, ii. 287, 291.) A Dutch frigate captured the fort in 1676. Castine in later years made Pentagöet the base of many warlike movements, in league with his Indian friends, against the English, till his return to France in 1708, when he left the “younger Castine,” a half-breed, behind, who is also a character of frequent prominence in later days. Cf. Wheeler’s _History of Castine_; Williamson’s _Maine_, i. 471, etc. (with references); _Maine Hist. Coll_. iii. 124, vi. 110, and vii., by J. E. Godfrey, who also has a paper on the younger Castine in the _Historical Magazine_, 1873. Cf. _Maine Hist. Coll._, vol. viii.; _Mag. Am. Hist._ 1883, p. 365.—ED.]

[418] [For the relations of this expedition to the general events of the harrowing war of that year, see