chapter vii

. of the present volume.—ED.]

[419] [Kohl (_Discovery of Maine_, p. 234) thinks that the name _Larcadia_ appeared first in Ruscelli’s map of 1561. The origin of the name _Acadie_ usually given is a derivation from the Indian _Aquoddiauke_, the place of the pollock (_Historical Magazine_, i. 84), or a Gallicized rendering of the _quoddy_ of our day, as preserved in Passamaquoddy and the like. Cf. Principal Dawson on the name, in the _Canadian Antiquarian_, October, 1876, and _Maine Hist. Soc. Coll._ i. 27. The word _Acadie_ is said to be first used as the name of the country in the letters-patent of the Sieur de Monts.—ED.]

[420] _Histoire de la Nouvelle France, contenant les navigations, découvertes, et habitations faits par les Francois és Indes Occidentales & Nouvelle France souz l’avoeu & l’authorité de noz Rois Tres Chrétiens, et les diverses fortunes d’iceux en l’execution de ces choses, depuis cent ans jusques à hui. En quoy est comprise l’Histoire Morale, Naturelle & Geographique de la dite province. Avec les Tables & Figures a’icelle. Par Marc Lescarbot, Avocat en Parlement, Temoin oculaire d’vne partie des choses ici recitées._ A Paris, chez Jean Milot, tenant sa boutique sur les degrez de la grand’ salle du Palais. 1609. 8vo. pp. 888.

[Lescarbot was in the country with De Monts, and again with Poutrincourt in 1606-7. Charlevoix calls his narrative “sincere, well-informed, sensible, and impartial.” The third book covers Cartier’s voyage; the fourth and fifth cover those of De Monts, Poutrincourt, Champlain, etc.; while the sixth is given to the natives. The first edition (1609) is very rare. Rich in 1832 priced it at £1 1_s._ Recent sales much exceed that sum: Bolton Corney, in 1871, £27; Leclerc, no. 749, 1,200 francs, and no. 2,836, 450 francs; Quaritch, £40; another London Catalogue, in 1878, £45. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes sur la Nouvelle France_, nos. 16 and 17; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, no. 40,169; Ternaux-Compans, _Bibl. Amér._ no. 321; Faribault, pp. 86-87. There are copies in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 87) and Murphy collections.

This edition, as well as the later ones, usually has bound with it a collection of Lescarbot’s verses, _Les Muses de la Nouvelle France_, and among them a commemorative poem on a battle between Membertou, a chief of the neighborhood, and the “Sauvages Armor-chiquois.”

The later editions of the history were successively enlarged; that of 1618 much extended, and of a different arrangement. The edition of 1611 is priced by Dufossé, 580 francs. There are copies in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy and Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 117) collections; cf. Harrisse, no. 23.

The edition of 1612 was the one selected by Tross, of Paris, in 1866, to reprint. There are copies in the Astor and Harvard College Libraries; cf. Harrisse, no. 25; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 917; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 103. It seems to be the same as the 1611 edition, with the errata corrected.

The edition of 1618 contains, additionally, the second voyage of Poutrincourt; and entering into his dispute with the Jesuits, Lescarbot takes sides against the latter. This edition is severally priced by Leclerc, no. 2,837, at 850 francs; by Dufossé, at 950 francs. Rich had priced it in 1832 at £1 10_s._ There are copies in the Library of Congress and in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 201) Collection; cf. Harrisse, no. 31; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 915. Some authorities report copy or copies with 1617 for the date.

It is somewhat doubtful if more maps than the general one and another appeared in the original 1609 edition; Sabin and the _Huth Catalogue_ give three. In the 1611 edition there is reference in the text to three maps; but another map (Port Royal) is often found in it, and the 1618 edition has usually the four maps. The _Huth Catalogue_ says that no map belonged to the English edition; the map found in the Grenville copy, as in the Massachusetts Historical Society copy, belonging to the French original. Sabin, however, gives it a map. The general map is reproduced in Tross’s reprint, in Faillon’s _Colonie Française au Canada_, and in the _Popham Memorial_; and a part of it in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 49. The _Catalogue_ of the Library of Parliament (Canadian), 1858, p. 1614, shows two maps of the St. Lawrence River and gulf, copied from originals by Lescarbot in the Paris archives.

Among the other productions of Lescarbot is the _La Conversion des Sauvages qui ont été baptistes dans la Nouvelle France cette anne 1610, avec un recit du Voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt_, which Sabin calls “probably the rarest of Lescarbot’s books;” cf. Harrisse, no. 21. Another tract, published in Paris in 1612—_Relation derniere de ce qui c’est passe au voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt en la Nouvelle France depuis vingt mois en ça_, supplementing his larger work—has been reprinted in the _Archives curieuses de l’Histoire de France_, vol. xv. In 1618 he printed a tract—_Le Bout de l’an, sur le repos de la France, par le Franc Gaulois_—addressed to Louis XIII., urging him to the conquest of the savages of the west; _Sunderland Catalogue_, no. 4,933, £10, 10_s._ It is translated in Poor’s Gorges in the _Popham Memorial_, p. 140.

Another nearly contemporary account of the De Monts expedition is found in Cayet’s _Chronologie Septenaire_ 1609 (Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. iii. no. 11,627) a precursor of the _Mercure Française_, which for a long while chronicled the yearly events. Cf. an English version from the _Mercure_ in _Magazine of American History_, ii. 49.

Lescarbot’s account of the natives may be supplemented by that in Biard’s _Relation_. Hannay (chap. ii.) and the other historians of Acadia treat this subject, and Father Vetromile, S. J., at one time a missionary among the present remnants of the western tribes of Acadia, prepared an account of their history, which was printed in the _Maine Hist. Coll._, vol. vii.; and in 1866 he issued the _Abnakis and their History_. He died in 1881, and his manuscript _Dictionary of the Abenaki Dialects_ is now in the archives of the Department of the Interior at Washington; _Proceedings of the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia_, 1881, p. 33; cf. also Maurault, _Histoire des Abênaquis_. Williamson, _History of Maine_, vol. i. ch. xvii., etc., enlarges on the tribal varieties of the Indians of the western part of Acadia, and (p. 469) on the Etechemins, or those east of the Penobscot; and later (p. 478), on the Micmacs or Souriquois, who were farther east. Williamson’s references are useful.

Shea, in his notes to _Charlevoix_, i. 276, says: “Champlain says the Kennebec Indians were Etechemins. Their language differed from the Micmac. The name Abenaki seems to have applied to all between the Sokokis and the St. John; the language of these tribes, the Abenakis or Kennebec Indians, the Indians on the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, being almost the same.”—ED.]

[421] _Nova Francia; or the Description of that Part of New France which is one continent with Virginia. Described in the three late Voyages and Plantation made by Monsieur de Monts, Monsieur de Pont-Gravé, and Monsieur de Poutrincourt, into the countries called by the Frenchmen La Cadie, lying to the Southwest of Cape Breton. Together with an excellent severall Treatie of all the commodities of the said countries, and maners of the naturall inhabitants of the same. Translated out of French into English by P. E._ London: Printed for Andrew Hebb, and are to be sold at the signe of the Bell in Paul’s Church-yard, [1609.] 4to. pp. 307.

This volume is a translation of books iv. and vi. of Lescarbot’s larger work; but it has been noted as a curious circumstance that the author’s name does not appear on the titlepage, and is nowhere mentioned in the volume. There are two copies in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society: one in the general library contains Lescarbot’s map, and has manuscript notes by the late Rev. Dr. Alexander Young; the other copy, in the Dowse Library, formerly belonged to Henri Ternaux-Compans. It is without the map, but contains the Preface and Table of Contents, which are not in the copy first mentioned. It is from the same type, but has a slightly different titlepage and imprint; the Dowse copy purporting to be published at London by George Bishop, and bearing the date 1609. It was a common practice of the printers of that time to sell copies of the same work with different titlepages, each containing the name of the bookseller who bought the printed sheets.

[This version was made at the instance of Hakluyt, and published with the express intention of showing, by contrast, the greater fitness of Virginia for colonization. Cf. _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; Huth Catalogue_, iii. 839; Sabin, x. 40,175; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 398; _Griswold Catalogue_, no. 436; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 916; Harrisse, no. 19. Rich priced it in 1832 at £2 2_s._; a copy in the Bolton Corney sale, in 1871, brought £37. There are other copies in the libraries of Congress, New York Historical Society, Harvard College, and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 102); cf. Churchill’s _Voyages_, 1745, vol. ii. Erondelle’s version is also given in Purchas, vol. iv. A German version, abridged from the 1609 original, appeared at Augsburg in 1613, called _Gründliche Historey von Nova Francia_. There is a copy in the Library of Congress, and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 154). Cf. Harrisse, no. 29; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 1,374; Brinley Catalogue, no. 105; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 40,177. Koehler, of Leipsic, priced this German edition in 1883 at 120 marks.—ED.]

[422] [The visits of the Jesuits to Acadia and Penobscot in 1611 are recounted in Jouvency’s _Historiæ Societatis Jesu pars quinta_, Rome, 1710, drawn largely from the _Relations_.—ED.]

[423] [There are, of course, illustrative materials in Lescarbot and Champlain, and on the English side in Purchas, Smith, and Gorges among the older writers; cf. George Folsom’s paper in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 2d series, vol. i. Champlain’s language has led some to suppose Argall had ten vessels with him besides his own; cf. Holmes, _Annals_; Parkman, _Pioneers_; De Costa, in Vol. III. chap. vi. of this History.—ED.]

[424] _Description Geographique et Historique des Costes de l’Amerique Septentrionale. Avec l’Histoire naturelle du Païs. Par Monsieur Denys, Gouverneur Lieutenant General pour le Roy, & proprietaire de toutes les Terres & Isles qui sont depuis le Cap du Campseaux jusque au Cap des Roziers. Tome I._ A Paris, chez Loüis Billaine, au second pillier de la grand’ Salle du Palais, à la Palme & au grand Cesar. 1672. 16mo. pp. 267.

[Some copies have the imprint, “Chez Claude Barbin,” as in the Harvard College copy. There are other copies in the Library of Congress and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 1,078). Sabin (vol. v. no. 19,615) says it should have a map; but Harrisse (nos. 136, 137) says he has found none in eight copies examined. Cf. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 562; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 767, both without the map; cf. Harrisse, no. 102. Charlevoix says of Denys, “he tells nothing but what he saw himself.” There is a copy of a Dutch version (1688) in Harvard College Library.—ED.]

[425] [Mr. Smith, the writer of the present chapter, has given a succinct account of the relations of the rival claimants with the Massachusetts people in the _Memorial History of Boston_, vol. i. chap. vii., with references, p. 302. The general historians, from Denys and Charlevoix, all tell the story; cf. _Historical Magazine_, iii. 315; iv. 281, and various papers in the _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 599; ii. 1, 7, 9, 19, 25, 91. The _Rival Chiefs_, a novel, by Mrs. Cheney, is based on the events. See Rameau, _Une Colonie féodale_, p. xxxiii; Murdoch’s _Nova Scotia_, i. 120.—ED.]

[426] _Memorials of the English and French Commissaries concerning the Limits of Nova Scotia or Acadia._ London: Printed in the Year 1755. 8vo. pp. 771.

[This volume is said to have been drawn up by Charles Townshend (Bancroft, original ed., iv. 100), and is fuller than the corresponding work previously issued in Paris under the title, _Mémoires des Commissaires du Roi et de Ceux de sa Majesté Britannique sur les Possessions et les droits respectifs des deux Couronnes en Amerique_. 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1755. Another edition of this last appeared the next year in 8 vols. 12mo, and again in three thick but small volumes at Copenhagen in 1755 (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1074, etc.). The English edition above named contains the English case (both in English and French), signed W. Shirley and W. Mildmay, and dated at Paris, Sept. 21, 1750; and the French, signed by La Galissonière and De Silhouette, and dated the same day. Then follows the English memorial of Jan. 11, 1751, with the French reply (Oct. 4, 1751), and the English rejoinder (Jan. 23, 1753). In these papers the maps cited and examined are the English maps of Purchas, Berry, Morden, Thornton, Halley, Popple, and Salmon, the Dutch maps of De Laet and Visscher, and the French maps of Lescarbot, Champlain, Hennepin, De Lisle, Bellin and Danville, De Fer (1705) and Gendreville (1719). The rest of the volume is made of “Pièces Justificatives” brought forward by each side. There were maps accompanying these respective editions, setting forth the limits as claimed by the two sides, and marking by lines and shadings the extent of the successive patents of jurisdiction which follow down the region’s history. Jefferys and Le Rouge were the engravers on the opposing sides. John Green was the writer of the _Explanation_ accompanying the Jefferys map. There was another edition in English of the case, printed at the Hague in 1756, under the title, _All the Memorials of Great Britain and France since the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle_.

The contemporary literature of the controversy is extensive, and it all goes over the historical evidence in a way to throw much light, when separated from partisanship, on the history of Acadia. It may be said to have begun with a work mentioned by Obadiah Rich, _A Geographical History of Nova Scotia_, London, 1749 (Sabin, _Dictionary of Books Relating to America_, vol. xiii. no. 56,135), of which a French translation was published also in London (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1,064), and a German one the next year.

Jefferys printed in 1754, _The Conduct of the French with regard to Nova Scotia, from its First Settlement to the Present Time_; and this appeared in a French version in London (_Conduite des François_) in the same year, with notes said to be written by Butel-Dumont.

The next year, Dr. William Clarke, of Boston, also reviewed the historical claims from the discovery of Cabot, in his _Observations ... with regard to the_ [French] _Encroachments_, Boston, 1755,—a tract also reprinted in London. There may be likewise noted Pidansat de Mairobert’s _Discussion summaire sur les anciennes limites de l’Acadie_, printed at Basel, 1755 (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1,035); Moreau’s _Mémoire_, Paris, 1756; and Jefferys’ _Remarks on the French Memorials_, London, 1756. The last has two maps, setting forth respectively the French and English ideas and claims of the various occupancies and settlements under grant and charter; the French map is reduced from the original of the commissioners, and it may also be found in the _Atlas Ameriquain_ published at this time. At a later period, when the identity of De Monts’ St. Croix became an international question, the folio _Correspondence relating to the Boundary between the British Possessions in North America and the United States of America, under the Treaty of 1783_, was presented to Parliament July, 1840, and included an historical examination of the question, with maps and drafts from Lescarbot’s, Delisle’s, and Coronelli’s maps. Cf. in this connection Nathan Hale’s review of the history in the _North American Review_, vol. xxvi. In Shea’s edition of _Charlevoix_, i. 248, there is a note on the various limits assigned by early writers to Acadia.—ED.

[427] _Sir William Alexander and American Colonization. Including three Royal Charters; a Tract on Colonization; a Patent of the County of Canada and of Long Island; and the Roll of the Knights-Baronets of New Scotland. With Annotations and a Memoir._ By the Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M. Boston: Published by the Prince Society. 1873. 4to. pp. vii and 283.

[Mr. Slafter devotes a section of his monograph to the bibliography of his subject. Alexander’s tract, _Encouragement to Colonies_, which was printed in London in 1624 (some copies in 1625), and of which the unsold copies were reissued in 1630 as _The Mapp and Description of New England_, is printed entire by Slafter. The book is rare. Stevens, _Nuggets_, no. 59, prices it at £21; cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, nos. 739, 740. The map which accompanied both editions is given by Slafter, and in part in Vol. III. of the present work, and has been reproduced elsewhere, as Slafter (p. 124) explains. Hazard, _Collections_, i. 134, 206, prints some of the documentary evidence, and the British Museum _Catalogue of Manuscripts_ shows that the Egerton Manuscripts, 2,395, fol. 20-26, also touch the subject. In further elucidation, see Thomas C. Banks, _Statement of the Case of Alexander Earl of Stirling_, London, 1832, and his _Baronia Anglia Concentrata_, 1844, and the various expositions of the claims to the earldom in the several works referred to by Slafter, p. 115; and also Rogers, _Memorials of the Earls of Stirling and House of Alexander_, i. chaps. iv. and v. Mr. Slafter subsequently enlarged his statement regarding the _Copper Coinage of the Earl of Stirling_, and issued it as a tract with this title in 1874. Mr. C. W. Tuttle reviewed Mr. Slafter’s labors in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1874, p. 106.—ED.]

[428] _A Geographical View of the District of Maine, with Particular Reference to its Internal Resources, including the History of Acadia, Penobscot River and Bay; with Statistical Tables showing the Comparative Progress of Maine with each State in the Union, a List of the Towns, their Incorporation, Census, Polls, Valuation, Counties, and Distances from Boston._ By Joseph Whipple. Bangor: Printed by Peter Edes. 1816. 8vo. pp. 102.

[429] _An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, in two Volumes. Illustrated by a Map of the Province and Several Engravings._ By Thomas C. Haliburton, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, and Member of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Printed and published by Joseph Howe. 1829. 8vo. pp. 340 and viii, 433 and iii.

[430] [Hannay, however, who followed Murdoch, freely acknowledges the great value of Winthrop, in that “without his aid it would have been impossible to give an accurate statement of the singular story of La Tour.”—ED.]

[431] _A History of Nova Scotia, or Acadie._ By Beamish Murdoch, Esq., Q.C. Halifax, N. S.: James Barnes. 1865-1867. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xv and 543, xiv and 624, xxiii and 613.

[Some later works deserve a word. Moreau’s _L’Acadie Françoise_ covers the interval, 1598-1755, and draws upon the Paris archives.

Rameau’s _Une Colonie féodale en Amérique: L’Acadie_, 1604-1710, published at Paris in 1877, is called by Parkman (_Boston Athenæum Bulletin_, where his comments appear far too seldom) “a rather indifferent book, carelessly written; containing, however, some facts not elsewhere to be found about certain small settlements.” In the New York _Nation_, nos. 652, 666, is a review, with Rameau’s rejoinder.

James Hannay’s _History of Acadia_, St. John, N. B., 1879, is a well-compacted piece of work, somewhat unsatisfactory to the student, however, through the absence of authorities. In his preface he pays a tribute to the annals of Murdoch, and says he has attempted “to weave into a consistent narrative the facts which Murdoch had treated in a more fragmentary way.”—ED.]

[432] _Cours d’Histoire du Canada._ Par J. B. A. Ferland, Prêtre, Professeur d’Histoire à l’Uni versité-Laval. Première Partie. 1534-1663. Québec: Augustin Coté. 1861. 8vo. pp. xi and 522.

[433] _Histoire du Canada, depuis sa Découverte jusqu’à nos Jours._ Par F.-X. Garneau. Seconde Édition, corrigée et augmentée. Québec: John Lovell. 1852. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xxii and 377, 454, 410.

[434] _History of Canada, from the Time of its Discovery till the Union Year_ (1840-1841). Translated from _L’Histoire du Canada_ of F.-X. Garneau, Esq., and accompanied with illustrative notes, etc. By Andrew Bell. Montreal: John Lovell. 1860. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xxii and 382, 404, 442.

[435] _The First English Conquest of Canada: with Some Account of the Earliest Settlements in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland._ By Henry Kirke, M.A., B.C.L., Oxon. London: Bemrose & Sons. 1871. 8vo. pp. xi and 227.

[436] _Pioneers of France in the New World._ By Francis Parkman. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 1865. 8vo. pp. xxii and 420. [Mme. de Clermont-Tonnere has translated this and other of Mr. Parkman’s works, but with liberties prompted no doubt by disagreements in matters of religious faith. The _Pioneers_ was the earliest, chronologically, in the series of _France and England in North America_,—a general title under which Mr. Parkman has already told a large part of the story of the French colonization in North America; but a later subject, the struggle of the Indians under Pontiac after the final English conquest, had before this engaged his pen. The characterization of later volumes of this series belongs to other chapters, in which will also be found further estimates of the other general historians here particularized. The Abbé Casgrain published at Quebec in 1872 an essay on _Francis Parkman_, pp. 89, with a lithographic portrait. Cf. a review by the Comte Circourt in the _Revue des Questions Historiques_, xix, 616; and references in Poole’s _Index to Periodical Literature_. The Editor would take this occasion to express his constant obligations to Mr. Parkman in the preparation of the present volume.—ED.]

[437] _Count Frontenac, and New France under Louis XIV._ By Francis Parkman. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 1877. 8vo. pp. xvi and 463.

[438] Purchas, _His Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 751.

[439] Named Ste. Claire, or St. Clare, after a Franciscan nun, but now spelled St. Clair.

[440] Ontario, or Skanadario, native name for beautiful lake.

[441] Purchas, _His Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 747. [Cf. Professor Shaler’s Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[442] [See the note on the _Jesuit Relations_, following the succeeding chapter, and L. H. Morgan on the Geographical Distribution of the Indians, in the _North American Review_, vol. cx. p. 33.—ED.]

[443] See chapter ii .; also, a paper on the discovery of copper relics near Brockville, in the _Canadian Journal_, 1856, pp. 329, 334.

[444] _Colonial State Papers._

[445]