Chapter viii

.

[713] “M. Bacqueville de la Potherie a décrit le premier, d’une manière exacte, les établissemens des Français a Québec, à Montréal et aux Trois-Rivières: il a fait connaître surtout dans un grand détail, et en jetant, dans sa narration beaucoup d’intérêt, les mœurs, les usages, les maximes, la forme de gouvernement, la manière de faire la guerre et de contracter des alliances de la nation Iroquoise, si célèbre dans cette contrée de l’Amérique-Septentrionale. Ses observations se sont encore étendues à quelques autres peuplades, telle que la nation des Abénaquis, etc.”—_Bib. des Voyages._

Charlevoix describes it as containing “undigested and ill-written material on a good portion of Canadian history.” Cf. Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 66; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 319; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 63; Sabin, _Dictionary of Books relating to America, from its Discovery to the Present Time_, vol. i. no. 2,692; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 1,313. It usually brings about $10; a later edition, Paris, 1753, four volumes, is worth a little less.

[714] [There were two editions in this year; one in three volumes quarto, and the other in six volumes of small size, with the plates folded. Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iii. p. 520; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 762, 763; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 282, who says that “an almost endless variety exists in the editions and changes of the parts in Charlevoix’s three volumes.” Heriot published an abridged translation of Charlevoix in 1804; but the English reader and the student of Canadian history owes a great deal to the version and annotations of Dr. Shea, which this scholar printed in New York, in six sumptuous volumes, in 1866-1872. (Cf. J. R. G. Hassard in _Catholic World_, xvii. 721.) Charlevoix’s list of authorities with characterizations is the starting-point of the bibliography of New France. See Note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[715] [See the note on the Jesuit Relations, following chap. vi., _sub anno_ 1659.—ED.]

[716] [Cf. H. J. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 65.—ED.]

[717] [Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 181, gives the authorities on the massacre. La Hontan’s _Voyages_; _N. Y. Coll. Doc._, vols. iii., ix.; Colden’s _Five Nations_, p. 115; Smith’s _New York_, p. 57; Belmont, _Histoire du Canada_ in Faribault’s _Collection de Mémoires_, 1840; De la Potherie, _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_. Shea says (_Charlevoix_, iv. 31), “There is little doubt as to the complicity of the New Yorkers in the Lachine massacre.”—ED.]

[718] Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 94.

[719] An abridged edition was printed at Quebec in 1864. There is a bibliographical sketch of Garneau in the Abbé Casgrain’s _Œuvres_, vol. ii., first issued separately in 1866. Cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 135. Chauveau’s discourse at his grave is in the _Revue Canadienne_, 1867.

[720] Mr. Alfred Garneau, who has also written a readable paper entitled “Les Seigneurs de Frontenac,” which was originally published in the _Revue Canadienne_, 1867, vol. iv. p. 136. The English reader is unfortunate if he derives his knowledge of the elder Garneau’s historical work from the English translation by Bell, who in a spirit of prejudice has taken unwarrantable liberties with his original.

[721] Shea gives a portrait of Ferland (_b._ 1805, _d._ 1864) in his _Charlevoix_, and it is repeated with a memoir in the _Historical Magazine_, July, 1865; cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 121. His strictures on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s _Histoire du Canada_ were published in Paris, in 1853. [Cf. chap. iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[722] _Old Régime_, p. 61. An account of his studies in Canadian history appeared at Montreal in 1879, in a memorial volume, _M. Faillon, Prêtre de St. Sulpice, sa Vie et ses Œuvres_. [See the note on the _Jesuit Relations_, following chap. vi., _sub anno_ 1642; and Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 118.—ED.]

[723] The aims of partisanship always incite the detraction of rivals, and a story which is current illustrates the passions of rivalry, if it does not record the truth. Faillon’s book is said to have given offence to the members of the Seminary at Quebec, and to have restored some of the old recriminating fervor which so long characterized the relations of the ecclesiastics of Montreal and Quebec. The priests of the Seminary are even credited with an appeal to the Pope to prevent the continuance of its publication. Whether this be true or not, historical scholarship is accounted a gainer in the antidote which the Quebec ecclesiastics applied, when they commissioned the Abbé Laverdière, since deceased, to publish his edition of Champlain.

[724] In the Preface to his _Old Régime_, and repeated in his _Frontenac_, Mr. Parkman, in referring to his conclusions, said: “Some of the results here reached are of a character which I regret, since they cannot be agreeable to persons for whom I have a very cordial regard. The conclusions drawn from the facts may be matter of opinion; but it will be remembered that the facts themselves can be overthrown only by overthrowing the evidence on which they rest, or bringing forward counter evidence of equal or greater strength.” The chief questioner of Parkman’s views has been the Abbé Casgrain, whose position is best understood from his _Une Paroisse Canadienne au XVII^e siècle_, Quebec, 1880. See Poole’s _Index_, p. 973, for reviews of Parkman’s books.

[725] Mr. Parkman also made it the subject of an article in the _Atlantic Monthly_, xxxviii. 719.

[726] Sabin, vol. ii. no. 5,000.

[727] See Vol. III. p. 34.

[728] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 516, 517.

[729] There are copies of the 1597 edition in the Carter-Brown and Harvard College libraries. They are worth from £3 to £4. Copies of the 1598 edition are in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy, Barlow, and Carter-Brown Collections. It is usually priced at $8 or $10. This edition was reissued in 1603 with a new title, and the omissions of the leaf of “epigramma;” and copies of this date are in the Library of Congress, the Philadelphia Library, and in the Carter-Brown Collection. A French edition, including the same maps, appeared at Douay in 1607, with the text abridged in parts and added to in others. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 59) Collection. The maps were also reproduced, with four others not American, in the 1611 edition of Douay, of which the Library of Congress, Harvard College, and the Carter-Brown Collections have copies. The _America, sive novus orbis_ of Metellus, published at Cologne in 1600, has twenty maps, which are reduced copies with little change from Wytfliet. (Rich, 1832, no. 90; Sabin, _Dictionary_, xii. 48,170). Harvard College Library has a copy of Metellus.

[730] Part of this famous map is given on p. 373. See Raemdonck’s _Mercator_, pp. 114-138, 249. The same map was reproduced on a different projection by Rumold Mercator in 1587, and by Corneille de Jode in 1589; and Guillaume Jannsonius imitated it in 1606, and this in turn was imitated by Kaerius. Girolamo Poro reproduced it at Venice on a reduced scale in 1596.

German and English writers have disputed over the claim for the invention of what is known as Mercator’s projection. The facts seem to be that Mercator conceived the principle, but did not accurately work out the formula for parallelizing the meridians and for spreading the parallels of latitude. Mead, on _The Construction of Maps_ (1717), charged Mercator with having stolen the idea from Edward Wright, who was the first to publish an engraved map on this system in his _Certaine Errors of Navigation_, London, 1599. It seems, however, clear that Wright perfected the formula, and only claimed to have improved, not to have invented, the projection. Raemdonck (p. 120) gives full references.

[731] Dr. J. van Raemdonck published _Gérard Mercator, sa Vie et ses Œuvres_, in 1869; a paper in the nature of a supplement by him, “Relations commerciales entre Gérard Mercator et Christophe Plautin à Anvers,” was published in the _Bull. de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, iv. 327. There is a succinct account of Mercator by Eliab F. Hall published in the _Bulletin_ (1878, no. 4) of the American Geographical Society. Raemdonck (p. 312) has shown that the old belief in the Latinization of Koopman, or Kaufmann, as the original name of Mercator, is an error,—his family name having been Cremer, which in Flemish signified the German Kaufmann and the Latin Mercator. Raemdonck also shows that Mercator was born in the Pays de Waas, March 5, 1512.

[732] Leclerc, _Bibl. Amer._, no. 2,911 (45 francs).

[733] Cf. I. C. Iselin, in _Historisch-Geographisches Lexicon_, Basel, 1726, 2d part.

[734] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,882. Lelewel, _Géog. du Moyen Age_, despaired of setting right the order of the various editions of _Hondius-Mercator_; but Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 260, thinks he has determined their sequence; and upon Raemdonck we have in part depended in this account. Raemdonck mentions the copies in European libraries. The 1607 edition was translated into French by Popellinière, the author of _Les trois Mondes_; and other French editions were issued in 1613, 1619, 1628, 1630, 1633, 1635. Cf. Quetelet, _Histoire des Sciences, mathématique et physique chez les Belges_, p. 116.

[735] Known in his vernacular as Pierre van den Bergh. He had married the sister of Jodocus Hondius.

[736] This had 153 plates, but none touching New France, except the map of the world. The same, with German text, appeared in 1609. About twenty editions appeared in various languages; but that of 1627-1628 showed 140 newly engraved maps, of which there were later Dutch (1630) and Latin (1634) editions. In 1651, this _Atlas minor_ was increased to two volumes, with 211 maps, having 71 (including five new maps of South American regions) additional maps to the 140 of the 1627-1628 edition. Cf. Raemdonck, _Mercator; Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 1,634; and Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 47,887 and 47,888.

[737] In 1633-39 it had the title, _Atlas; ou, Représentation du Monde_, in three volumes; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,884.

[738] The English editor was Wye Saltonstall. There are copies in Harvard College Library and in Mr. Deane’s, and the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 430; cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xii. no. 47,885). The second edition in some copies has Ralph Hall’s very rare map of Virginia.

[739] There is a fine copy in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,886.

[740] It is usually priced at from £7 to £10; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,883. Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 268, says 313 maps, of which twenty are Mercator’s, and these last were latest used in the editions of 1640(?) and 1664.

[741] Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Lelewel, a Pole, passed a long exile at Brussels, where he published, in 1852, his _Géog. du Moyen Age_. He died in Paris in 1862; and the people of Brussels commemorated him by an inscription on the house in which he lived.

[742] There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[743] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Covens and Mortier were the publishers of what is known as the Allard Atlases, published about the close of the century.

[744] A list of the royal geographers of France will often serve in fixing the dates of the many undated maps of this period. Such a list is given from 1560 in the _Bulletin de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, i. 477, and includes—

Nicolas Sanson, in office, 1647-1667.

P. Duval, 1664-1667.

Adrien Sanson, first son of Nicolas, 1667.

Guillaume Sanson, second son, 1667.

Jean B. d’Anville (b. 1697; d. 1782), 1718.

Guillaume Delisle (b. 1675; d. 1726), 1718.

Jean de Beaurain (b. 1696; d. 1771; publications, 1741-1756), 1721.

Le Rouge, 1722.

Philip Buache (publications, 1729-1760), d. 1773.

Roussel, 1730.

Hubert Jaillot, 1736.

Bernard Jaillot, 1736.

Robert de Vaugondy (b. 1688; d. 1766), 1760.

A _Géographie universelle, avec Cartes_, was published under Du Val’s name in Paris in 1682. Another French atlas, A. M. Mallet’s _Description de l’Univers_, Paris, 1683, in five volumes, contained 683 maps, of which 55 were American; and the century closed with what was still called Sanson’s _Description de tout l’Univers en plusieurs Cartes_, 1700, which had six maps on America.

[745] Copy in Boston Public Library (no. 2,311.68), 112 pp., quarto, without date. Cf. Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 38; one of the Carter-Brown copies (_Catalogue_, ii. 828) is dated 1657 (as is the Harvard College copy), and the other, with twelve maps is dated 1662 (_Catalogue_, ii. no. 909). The entire atlas was called _Cartes générales de toutes Parties du Monde_, Paris, 1658 (Sunderland, vol. v. no. 11,069).

[746] Some copies are made up as covering the dates 1654 to 1669.

[747] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 229. “The progress of geographical science long continued to be slow,” says Hallam in his _Literature of Europe_. “If we compare the map of the world in 1651, by Nicolas Sanson, esteemed on all sides the best geographer of his age, with one by his son in 1692, the variances will not appear perhaps so considerable as one might have expected.... The Sanson family did not take pains enough to improve what their father had executed, though they might have had material help from the astronomical observations which were now continually made in different parts of the world.” The Sanson plates continued to be used in Johannes Luyt’s _Introductio ad Geographiam_, 1692, and in the _Atlas nouveau par le Sr. Sanson et H. Jaillot_, published in Paris about the same year.

[748] A list of the American maps published in Holland is given on pp. 113-118 of Paullus’ _Orbis terraqueus in Tabulis descriptus_, published at Strasburg in 1673.

[749] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, shows how copies of all these atlases are often extended by additional plates.

[750] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 89.

[751] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 701; Asher’s _Essay_, etc.; Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iv. no. 14,548.

[752] Cf. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, nos. 957, etc., and Asher’s _Essay_.

[753] It is one of the rarest of these _Zee-Atlases_, and is worth £7 to £10; there is a copy in Harvard College Library.

[754] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 1,667, etc.

[755] There is a map of the world in this work which gives much the same delineation to America.

[756] Cf. the map on the title of the _Beschryvinghe van Guiana_, Amsterdam, 1605 (given in Muller’s _Books on America_, 1872). The map in Cespedes’ _Regimiento de Navigacion_, Madrid, 1606, is of interest as being one of the few early printed Spanish maps. This, like those in Medina, Gomara, and Herrera, is of a small scale. The map in so well-known a book as Herrera’s _Descripcion de las Indias_ (1601, repeated in the 1622 edition) is very vaguely drawn for the northeastern part of America. The map in the _Detectio freti Hudsoni_, published at Amsterdam in 1613, showed as yet no signs of Champlain’s discoveries.

[757] It is reproduced as a whole in Tross’s edition of Lescarbot, Paris, 1866; in Faillon, _Colonie Française en Canada_, i. 85, and in the _Popham Memorial_.

[758] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 306, 307.

[759] See chap. viii.

[760] Cf. Bibliographical Note in Vol. III. p. 47.

[761] See a bibliographical note in the present volume, chap. viii. Copies of the 1630 and 1633 editions are in Harvard College and the Boston Public Libraries, and in Mr. Deane’s collection.

[762] _Notes_, etc., no. 323. Harrisse also assigns to 1628 a map, “Novveau Monde,” by Nicolai du Dauphiné, which appeared in the French translation, 1628, of Medina’s _L’Art de Naviguer_. There is a mappemonde of Hondius bearing date 1630, and his _America noviter delineata_ of 1631. Of about the same date is _Den Groote Noord Zee ... beschreven door Jacob Aertz Colom_, which appeared at Amsterdam, and shows the North American coast from Smith Sound to Florida. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 89, says it is “of the utmost rarity.”

[763] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc. nos. 270, 271.

[764] Harrisse, no. 327. Sanson had already published a map of North America in 1650 (Harrisse, no. 325). As contemporary maps, reference may be made to a map of Nicolosius (Harrisse, no. 268); and to one in Wright’s _Certain Errors in Navigation_. Harrisse (no. 336) refers to a later map of Sanson (1667), before his son published his revision in 1669.

[765] Similar delineations of these western lakes appear on various maps of about this time, including those credited to Valck and F. de Witt, and others marked “P. Schenk, ex.,” and “per Jacobum de Sandrart, Norimbergæ, B. Homann sculpsit.” Guillaume Sanson embodied the same representations in his _Amérique septentrionale_ in 1669 (Harrisse, no. 338), and the next year (1670) they again appeared on the map attached to Blome’s _Description of the World_. Still later they are found in Jaillot’s _Amérique septentrionale_ (1694); in the map in Campanius’ _Nya Swerige_ (1702), and even so late as 1741 in Van der Aa’s _Galerie agréable du Monde_.

[766] There were various later editions,—1662, 1674, 1677 (with map dated 1663).

[767] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 269, 272, 328; Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 42, etc.

[768] See the Editorial Note on the _Jesuit Relations_.

[769] Harrisse (no. 197) refers to a manuscript map in the Paris Archives of 1665, showing the coast from Labrador to Mexico.

[770] Cf. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Geographica_, no. 2,016.

[771] See chap. vi.

[772] Harrisse, nos. 336, 338, 344, 345, 347, 356, 363, 370; Stevens, _Bibliotheca geographica_, p. 236.

[773] Harrisse, no. 349.

[774] Harrisse, no. 350.

[775] Harrisse, no. 351.

[776] Harrisse, no. 354.

[777] Ibid., no. 367.

[778] Harrisse, nos. 371, 372.

[779] Harrisse, no. 374.

[780] I am inclined to consider this desire of finding a new and shorter passage to Cathay a flimsy excuse for premeditated descents upon the Spanish conquests, and shall give my reasons in the proper place.

[781] [See Vol. III., chaps. iv. and v.—ED.]

[782] _Wahlebocht_, bay of the foreigners.

[783] [See Vol. III., chap. v.; also, later in the present chapter.—ED.]

[784] [See this Vol., chap. ix.—ED.]

[785] The schout-fiscal was a member of the Council, but had no vote. He attended the sessions of the Council to give his opinion upon any financial or judicial question; and, if required, acted as public prosecutor.

[786] [This was the origin of the New York Historical Society, which held its first organized meeting in January, 1805, and occupied its present building for the first time in 1857. (_Historical Magazine_, i. 23, 369; _Public Libraries of the United States_ [1876], i. 924.) It was at this dedication that Dr. John W. Francis delivered his genial and anecdotal discourse on _New York in the last Fifty Years_.

Some good supplemental work has been done by the local historical societies, like the Long Island (_Historical Magazine_, viii. 187), Ulster County, and Buffalo societies.—ED.]

[787] [Dr. O’Callaghan made the translations from the Dutch and French, and had the general superintendence. Brodhead prepared the Introduction, giving the history of the records. Brodhead made his first report on his work in 1845 (Senate Documents, no. 47, of 1845), after he had arranged and indexed his eighty volumes, also in an address before the New York Historical Society, 1844, printed in their _Proceedings_. This led to the arranging and binding of two hundred volumes of the domestic archives, which had been in disorder. The eighty volumes above named were divided thus:—

Sixteen, 1603-1678, obtained in Holland; forty-seven, 1614-1678, procured in England; seventeen, 1631-1763, secured in Paris. Brodhead’s _New York_, i. 759; _Westminster Review_, new series, iii. 607.

Asher, _Essay_, p. xlviii, says of Brodhead’s mission: “We must, however, regret that, tied down by his instructions, he took a somewhat narrow view of his search, and purposely omitted from his collection a vast store of documents bearing on the history of the West India Company.”

The documents as published were divided thus: Vol. i. Holland documents, 1603-1656. Vol. ii. Ibid., 1657-1678. Vol. iii. London documents, 1614-1692. Vol. iv. Ibid., 1693-1706. Vol. v. Ibid., 1707-1733. Vol. vi. Ibid., 1734-1755. Vol. vii. Ibid., 1756-1767. Vol. viii. Ibid., 1768-1782. Vol. ix. Paris documents, 1631-1744. Vol. x. Ibid., 1745-1774.

In the Introduction to vol. iii. Mr. Brodhead gives an account of the condition of the English State-Paper Office in 1843.—ED.]

[788] [The discourse (1847) of C. F. Hoffman on “The Pioneers of New York,” institutes a comparison with the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Mr. Fernow’s paper in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, v. 214, discusses the claims of the Dutch to be considered as having educated people among them, and the various legislative acts indicating their tolerant spirit are enumerated in _Historical Magazine_, iii. 312.

See Dr. De Witt’s paper on the origin of the early settlers in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 72. Various notices of the early families are scattered through O’Callaghan’s notes to his _New Netherland_, and embodied in the local histories; but genealogy has never been so favorite a study in New York as in New England.—ED.]

[789] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xxxv. 162.

[790] Governor Ingoldsby to Lords of Trade, July 5, 1709: “I am well informed that when the Dutch took this place from us, several books of records of patents and other things were lost.”—_N. Y. Coll. Doc’s_, v. 83.

[791] [_Calendar of Historical MSS. in the Secretary of State’s Office_ (Dutch), 1630-1664, Albany, 1865; and Ibid. (English), 1664-1776, Albany, 1866. On p. ix of the last is given a list of the papers and volumes formerly in the offices of the Secretary of State and Comptroller, now in the State Library. There was also printed at Albany, in 1864, a _Calendar of the New York Colonial MSS. and Land Papers_, 1643-1803, in the Secretary of State’s office.—ED.]

[792] See Hakluyt, i. 218.

[793] Hakluyt, _Principall Navigations, etc._, iii. 155, London, 1600.

[794] Kunstmann, _Monumenta Sæcularia_, iii. 2; _Entdeckungsgeschichte Americas_, Munich, 1859, Atlas, tab. iv.

[795] Peter Martyr, seventh decade, tenth chapter.

[796] Oviedo, _Relacion sumaria de la Historia Natural de las Indias_, edition of 1526, x. 16. “While sailing westward, much land adjoining that which is called the Baccalaos [Newfoundland], and situate under the fortieth and forty-first degrees.”

[797] _Mappa Mundi_ of Diego Ribero, 1529, given by Lelewel, _Géographie du Moyen Age_; two undated maps by unknown makers, about 1532-1540, in the Munich collection, Kunstmann’s _Atlas_, tab. vi., vii.; the globe _Regiones orbis terrarum, quas Euphr. Ulpius descripsit anno MDXLII._; the map in the _Isolario_, by Benedetto Bordone, Vinegia, 1547; a map by Baptista Agnese, made in 1554, mentioned by Abbate D. Placido Zurla in _Sulle Antiche Mappe Idro geografiche lavorate in Venezia_; map of Vaz Dourado, the original of which, made in 1571, is in the archives at Lisbon, and a copy made in 1580 at Munich (Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. x.); map in the _Cosmographie_ of Seb. Munster, Basel, 1574; and others.

[798] François de Belle Forest, Comingeois, _La Cosmographie Universelle de tout le Monde_, Paris, 1575, ii. 2195.

[799] [The bibliography of the Ptolemies is examined in another part of this work.—ED.]

[800] Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. xii. [A section of Hood’s map is given in Dr. De Costa’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.] See also Dudley’s _Arcano del Mare_, 15.^2

[801] _Orbis Terrarum Typus de Integro multis in locis emendatus, auctore Petro Plancio_, 1594, reproduced in Linschoten’s _Histoire de la Navigation_, 1638 and 1644. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 312; Quaritch (1879), no. 12,186. See also _Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ Augmentum, Cornelio Wytfliet auctore_, Duaci (Douay), 1603, p. 99.

[802] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 94.

[803] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 51.

[804] [See on the first mention of Hudson River, _Magazine of American History_, July, 1882, p. 513. It had about twenty names in a century and a half. Ibid., iv. 404, June, 1880. De Costa, in Hudson’s _Sailing Directions_, elucidates the claims for the Spanish discovery.—ED.]

[805] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 139.

[806] [Verrazano’s discoveries are followed in