chapter i

. of the present volume.—ED.]

[807] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, ii. 80.

[808] [It is often claimed that the map of Lok (see page 40 of Vol. III.) showing the Western Sea of Verrazano, and published in 1582, instigated Hudson to make search for it along the shore of New Netherland. Hudson’s voyage of 1609 is known as his third voyage. (Cf. a note to Mr Smith’s chapter in Vol. III. on “Explorations to the Northwest.”) The question of the impelling cause of this voyage is examined by Bancroft in his _United States_, vol. ii. chap. 15; by H. C. Murphy in his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, Hague, 1859; and by J. M. Read, in his _Henry Hudson, his Friends, Relatives, and Early Life_, Albany, 1866, which last work has an appendix of original sources.

The old narrative of Ivan Bardsen, which it is supposed was used by Hudson as a guide, is given in Rafn’s _Antiquitates Americanæ_, in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, in the appendix of Asher’s _Hudson_, and the English of it is given in De Costa’s _Sailing Directions of Hudson_ (reviewed in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, p. 204), which is accompanied by a dissertation on the discovery of Hudson River. Cf. also Major’s Introduction to the _Zeni Voyages_, published by the Hakluyt Society.

Moulton, in his _New York_, gives a running commentary on Hudson’s passage up the river. See also the conclusions of Gay in the _Popular History of the United States_, i. 355. We learn the most of this voyage from Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_ (also _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1809, vol. i.), whose third volume contains the accounts by Hudson and his companions; and in the _Pilgrimage_ there is a chapter on “Hudson’s Discoveries and Death,” which is mainly a summary of the documents in the _Pilgrimes_. This is reprinted by Asher in his _Henry Hudson the Navigator_ (Hakluyt Society), where will also be found, page 45, what is known as Juet’s Journal, March-November, 1609 (also in Purchas, iii. 581; Munsell’s _Annals of Albany_, and in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 317; also cf. ii. 367), with extracts from Lambrechtsen’s _New Netherland_, who used material not otherwise known, and from De Laet’s _Nieuwe Wereld_, and in the Appendix a bibliography of the voyage. De Laet used Hudson’s own journals (April 19, 1607-June 21, 1611), which are not now known and what De Laet gives of the third voyage is supposed to be Hudson’s own report. Asher, p. 167-172, claims that the matter given by Van der Donck and not found elsewhere was fabricated to support the Dutch claim. The controversial papers of Dawson and Whitehead, in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, touch many of the points of Hudson’s explorations. Brodhead’s _New York_ and O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ give careful studies of this voyage. The latest developments, however, did not serve Biddle in his _Cabot_; nor Belknap in his _American Biography_; nor R. H. Cleveland in Sparks’s _American Biography_; nor Miller in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1810. The chief Dutch authority is Emanuel van Meteren, of whose work mention is made later in the text. (Cf. Asher’s _Hudson_, p. xxv; compare also a _Collection of Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company_, London, 1703, p. 71.)—ED.]

[809] See G. M. Asher’s _Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland_, Amsterdam, 1854-67. The _Vryheden_ of the West India Company, 1630, a sort of primary charter to the colonists of New Netherland, is given in English by Dr. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, p. 112), and in Dutch in Wassenaer, _Hist. Verhael_, xviii. 194. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 367, shows an original copy.

[810] Ibid.; also manuscript in the possession of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, _Advice to establish a new South Company_, by William Usselinx, 1636, and _West-Indische Spieghel_ by Athanasius Inga, of Peru, 1624, probably a work of Usselinx’s. One copy is in Mr. Brevoort’s library, one in New York State Library, and a third in the Carter-Brown Collection. See the _Catalogue_ of the latter collection, ii. no. 296.

[811] [See the following chapter.—ED.]

[812] [This work is now rare; but copies are in the Congressional, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, Murphy, and Lenox libraries. See Asher’s _Essay_, pp. 83, 93.—ED.]

[813] Born at Antwerp in 1582; died at Amsterdam, 1649.

[814] Johan de Hulter, one of the earliest settlers of Kingston, N. Y. His widow married Jeronimus Ebbingh, of Kingston.

[815] _Nieuwe Wereld ofte Beschrijvinghe van West Indien, uijt veelerhande Schriften ende Aenteekeningen bij een versamelt door Joannes de Laet_, Leyden, 1625,—“The New World, or Description of West Indies, from several MSS and notes collected by J. de Laet.” A second edition in Dutch appeared, with slightly changed title, in 1630; a third in Latin,—_Novus Orbis, seu Descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis Libri xviii._,—was published in 1633; and a fourth in French, entitled _Histoire du Nouveau Monde, ou Description des Indes Occidentales_, in 1640. The State Library at Albany, N. Y., has copies of all except the first, and all are noted in the O’Callaghan and Carter-Brown _Catalogues_. [A copy of the 1625 edition was priced by Muller in 1872 at ten florins. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s library. The 1630 edition, called “verbetert, vermeerdert, met eenige nieuwe Caerten verciert,” has fourteen maps, engraved chiefly by Hessel Gerritsz, and good copies are worth about six to eight guineas. The 1633 edition was priced by Rich in 1832 at one pound ten shillings, but a good copy of it will now bring about five guineas. The 1640 edition has appreciated in the same time from one pound four shillings (Rich, in 1832) to two guineas. Translations of such parts as pertain to New Netherland are in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, new series, i. 281, and ii. 373. Brodhead, in 1841, tried in vain in Holland to find De Laet’s papers. De Laet’s library was sold April 27, 1650. There is a catalogue of it noted in the _Huth Catalogue_, ii. 414.—ED.]

[816] _Historie ofte Jaerlijck Verhael van de Verrichtingen van de Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie sedert haer Begin tot 1636_,—“History or Yearly Account of the Proceedings of the West India Company, from its beginning to 1636,” anno 1644. Copy in State Library, Albany. Trömel, no. 198. [For the history of the Dutch West India Company, see O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_, vol. i. (its charter is given, p. 399); and a valuable contribution to the subject is also contained in Asher’s _Essay_, in the sketch of the Company in his Introduction, p. xiv and in the section on the Company’s history, p. 40, and on the writings of Usselinx, p. 73. He says the best history of its fortunes is in Netscher’s _Les Hollandais au Brésil_. There is also much of importance in T. C. de Jonge’s _Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsch Zeewesen_, 1833-48, six volumes. The flag of the West India Company is depicted in Valentine’s _New York City Manual_, 1863, in connection with an abstract of a paper on “The Flags which have waved over New York City,” by Dr. A. K. Gardner.—ED.]

[817] [The letter of Rasieres, printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 339, gives us a notice of the country in 1627.—ED.]

[818] _De Origine Gentium Americanarum_, Paris, 1643.

[819] Bancroft, _History of the United States_, ii. 281: “The voyage of De Vries was the cradling of a state. That Delaware exists as a separate commonwealth is due to the colony of De Vries.” Cf. _Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the Historical Society of Delaware_, May 31, 1864; J. W. Beekman in the _N.Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 86; Delaware Papers, p. 335 of _Calendar of Historical MSS. in the State Library_ (Dutch) _at Albany_, edited by Dr. O’Callaghan, 1865, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._ vol. xii., 1877.—ED.

[820] _Korte Historiael ende Journaels Aenteyckeninge van verscheyden Voyagien in de vier Teelen des Wereldts Ronde, door David Pietersen de Vries_, Alkmaar, 1655,—“Short History and Notes of a Journal kept during Several Voyages by D. P. de Vries.”

[Illustration]

[This extremely rare book was first used by Brodhead (i. 381, note). It should have a portrait by Cornelius Visscher, which has been reproduced in Amsterdam by photolithography. Mr. Lenox paid $300 for the copy noted in Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,615. There are also copies in the Carter-Brown (ii. 803) and Murphy collections, and one was sold in the Brinley sale, no. 2,717; cf. Asher, no. 336; Trömel, no. 279; Muller (1872), no. 1,109, and (1877) no. 3,414, 240 florins, not quite perfect; Huth, ii. 424; O’Callaghan, no. 778. Extracts from the book were translated in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 243; and all the parts relating to America by H. C. Murphy, in Ibid., iii. 9; and this translation, with an Introduction, was privately reprinted by Mr. Lenox (250 copies), in 1853.]

[821] Title of the lowest grade of nobility in Holland.

[822] Hon. Jer. Johnson, in the preface to his translation of Van der Donck (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1841), says “Van Rensselaer had arrived five years before Van der Donck.” This is an error. Kilian van Rensselaer, the first patroon, was never in America; and when by his death, 1646, the title to Rensselaerswyck devolved upon his infant son Johannes, the child’s paternal uncle, Johann Baptist van Rensselaer, undertook the personal management of the colony, but did not arrive in America as the first representative here of the family until 1651. O’Callaghan, in _History of New Netherland_, ii. 550, states that Van der Donck was not allowed to practise law in New Netherland, because “the directors could not see what advantage his pleadings before the courts would have, as there were already lawyers in New Netherland,” etc. This is also an error. See _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xi. 86, where the application is refused “because they doubted whether there were any other lawyers who could act or plead against him.” Van der Donck was here from 1641 to 1655, when he died.

[823] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, whegens de Ghelegentheydt, Vruchtbaerheydt en Soberen Staet deszelfs_, In’s Gravens Hage, 1650,—“Account of New Netherland, its situation, fertility, and the state thereof.”

[See O’Callaghan, ii. 90, 111; Brodhead, i. 506; Asher, no. 5; Brinley, ii. 2715; Huth, iii. 1031; Muller, 1877, p. 196, for 140 florins; Harrassowitz, cat. no. 61, book no. 87, for 125 marks; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 698. Brodhead found in Holland the copy now in the New York Historical Society’s library. Mr. H. C. Murphy translated it for 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, ii. 251, with an Introduction, and this, with Murphy’s translation of _Breeden Raedt_, was in 1854 privately reprinted, 125 copies, by Mr. Lenox, with a fac-simile of the map of the Hudson from the _Zee-Atlas_ of Goos. See an extract from this map given on a later page.—ED.]

[824] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 430.

[825] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 422.

[826] _Beschrijvinge van Nieuw Nederlant, ghelijck het tegenwoordigh in staet is, etc., door Adrian van der Donck, beyder Rechten Doctoor, die tegenwoordigh noch in Nieuw Nederlant is_, Amsterdam, 1655; second edition, 1656,—“Description of New Netherland as it now is, etc., by A. van der Donck, Doctor of Laws, who is still in New Netherland.”

[This work is perhaps the rarest and now the most costly of the early books on New York. Stevens (_Historical Collection_, nos. 200, 1,395) says, “Copies for the last forty years have usually sold for £12 to £21.” It is priced in Muller (1872 edition, nos. 1,079-81, 1877 edition, nos. 955, 956), 150 florins; in Leclerc (no. 866), 200 francs. Field (_Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,592) gives some reasons for supposing there was a third edition in 1656. (Cf. Asher, no. 7; Brinley, ii. 2,718; Carter-Brown, ii. 801, with supplement, no. 811; also no. 814; O’Callaghan, no. 2,315; Sabin, v. 482; Huth, v. 1514; Trömel, nos. 280, 281.) There is a view of New Amsterdam in the first edition which is not in the second. O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, ii. 551, has a note on Van der Donck’s life and family. His book has been translated by General Jeremiah Johnson in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1841; see also second series, i. 125.—ED.]

[827] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American Colonies in 1679-1680_, by Jasper Dankers and P. Sluyter, published from MSS. in his possession by Hon. Henry C. Murphy, in _Collections_ of Long Island Historical Society, vol. i., 1867. See further on the Dankers and Sluyter Journal, the notes appended to Mr. John Austin Stevens’s chapter on “The English in New York,” in Vol. III.

[828] The hill below Albany, N. Y., on which the fort was built in 1618, is called by the Indians _Tawalsontha, Tawassgunshee, Tawajonshe_, “a heap of dead men’s bones.” _Tas de jonchets_ would be the French for the same expression. Another place near Albany was called _Semegonce_, the place to sow; still another, _Negogance_, the place to trade; while _semer_ and _négoce_ (_negocio_) are the corresponding French words.

[829] _Een kort Ontwerp van de Mahakvase Indianen, haer landt, tale, statuere, dracht, godes-dienst ende magistrature. Aldus beschreven ende nu kortelijck den 26 Augusti 1644 opgezonden uijt Nieuw Nederlant_, Alkmaar, no date. It was published in Holland without his consent in 1651. Translated in Hazard’s _State-Papers_, i. 517 _et seq._, and by J. R. Brodhead in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iii. 137. [Muller, _Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,089, says but one copy of this tract is known, which is among the Meulman pamphlets in the library of the university at Gand.—ED.] For a biography of Megapolensis, see _Manual of the Reformed Church in America_, third edition, p. 378. Megapolensis says in one of his letters (_Documents relating to the History of New York_, xiii. 423), that in his youth _he renounced popery_; he could, therefore, hardly have been the son of a minister, as stated in the _Manual_.

[The general _Indian Bibliography_ of T. W. Field must be held to indicate the sources of information regarding the condition of the natives at the time of the Dutch occupation. Bolton, in his _West Chester County_ (1848), endeavors by a map to place the Indian tribes as they occupied the territory bordering the southern parts of the Hudson. Dunlap, _New York_, i. 20, gives a map showing the territory of the Five Nations. Dr. O’Callaghan translated in 1863 a paper in the State archives, entitled _A Brief and True Narration of the Hostile Conduct of the Barbarous Natives towards the Dutch Nation_, dated 1655, and gave the Indian treaty of 1645 in an appendix. Fifty copies only were printed (Field, no. 1,147). Judge Egbert Benson published in 1817, 1825, and in the _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, vol. vii., an essay on the Dutch and Indian names, of which a copy, with his manuscript additions, exists in Harvard College Library.

The most important of the works of the last century is Cadwallader Colden’s _History of the Five Nations_, originally printed at New York in 1727. The second and third editions were printed in London, and the English editors gave additions without distinguishing them. The best issue is the fourth, printed in New York in 1866, exactly following the 1727 one, and enriched with notes by John G. Shea, who gives also its bibliographical history. (Field, no. 341.) The first place among recent books on this confederacy must be assigned to Lewis H. Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_. (Field, no. 1,091.) There is more or less illustrative of the early state of the Indians in Ketchum’s _Buffalo_ (1864), for the Five Nations, as described in Field, no. 824; in Benton’s _Herkimer County_ (1856), for the Upper Mohawk tribes. See also J. V. H. Clark’s _Onondaga_ (1849), praised by Field, no. 323; A. W. Holden’s _Queensbury_ (1874), for those of the northern parts; and in E. M. Ruttenber’s _Indian Tribes of Hudson River_ (1872). Field, no. 1,334.—ED.]

[830] [Published in English, with a biography of the writer, by Mr. J. Gilmary Shea in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 161, and separately, at Mr. Lenox’s expense, in 1862 as _Novum Belgium, an Account of New Netherland in 1643-1644_; and also in French, _Description de Nieuw Netherland, et Notice sur René Goupil_, etc.; cf. also _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, iv. 15. Jogues was in New Netherland from August, 1642, to November, 1643. His Memoir is dated “Des 3 Riviéres en la nouvelle France, 3 Augusti, 1646,” and the original manuscript is preserved in the Hôtel Dieu at Quebec. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 781.

Mr. Shea speaks of this “as the only account by a foreigner of that time,” not then being aware of the letter written eighteen years earlier by the Rev. Jonas Michaelius, the first Reformed minister in New Netherland. This manuscript, dated Aug. 11, 1628, “from the island Manhattans,” was priced in Muller’s 1877 _Catalogue_, no. 2,121, at 375 florins. H. C. Murphy printed an English version of it privately at the Hague in 1858; also in O’Callaghan’s _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, vol. ii. It had originally appeared in the _Kerkhistorisch Archief_, Amsterdam, 1858. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 339. Muller issued a fac-simile of it in 1876, accompanied by the Dutch transcript and Murphy’s version, giving it a preface, and printing only a hundred copies. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,122, and 1872, no. 1,053, where the original is said to be in the library of Dr. Bodel Nyenhuis at Leyden, who had bought it at the historian Koning’s sale in 1833. “Mr. Koning probably found it in the archives.” The letter is addressed to Adr. Smoutius, minister in Amsterdam. _Historical Magazine_, ii. 191.—ED.]

[831] _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlant, Nieuw Englant, etc._, Amsterdam, 1651,—“Description of Virginia, New Netherland, New England,” etc. With a map and engravings.

[The book, being cheap at the time, was widely circulated, and most copies have disappeared, as is usual with such books. (Brodhead, i. 527.) Muller, 1877, nos. 312 and 2,265, prices it at 225 florins. (Cf. Asher, no. 6; Brinley, ii. 2,716; Trömel, no. 258; O’Callaghan, ii. 90, 111; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 721.).—ED.]

[832] _Verheerlickte Nederlant door d’ Herstelde Zee-Vaart; klaerlijck voorgestelt, ontdeckt en angewesen door manier van’tsamen-Sprekinge van een Boer, ofte Landt man, een Burger ofte Stee-man, een Schipper ofte Zeeman, etc._, 1659,—“Netherland glorified by the Restoration of Commerce; clearly represented, discovered, and shown by Manner of a Dialogue, etc., 1659.”

[833] Mr. Asher, in his _Bibliographical Essay_, says that because the author alludes to Van der Donck as Verdonck, it is less probable that he had been in New Netherland. I do not see why a misspelling of a name should weaken an assertion made by Mr. Asher himself to the contrary,—if that can be called misspelling which is in reality an abbreviation in the old Dutch MS.

[834] _Het waere Onderscheyt tusschen koude en warme Landen, aengewesen in de Nootsakelijckheden die daer vereyscht worden, etc., door O. K._ In’s Graven Hage, 1659,—“The True Difference between Cold and Warm countries, demonstrated by the Requirements necessary,” etc. A German edition appeared at Leipzig in 1672, under the title “_Otto Keyen’s kurtzen Entwurff von Neu Niederland und Guajana_,” long considered an original work. A copy of this edition is in the State Library at Albany. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 12, and Carter-Brown, ii. 1,081.

[835] _Kort Verhael van Nieuw Nederlants Gelegentheit, Deughden, Natuerlijcke Voorrechten en bijzondere bequaemheyt ter bevolkingh. Mitsgaders eenige Requesten, Vertooghen, etc., gepresenteert aen de E. E. Heeren Burgermeesters dezer Stede_, 1662,—“Short Account of New Netherland’s Situation, Good Qualities, Natural Advantages, and Special Fitness for Populating, together with some Petitions, Representations, etc., submitted to the Noble, Worshipful Lord Mayors of this City, 1662.”

[The book is very scarce. “I have found only three copies in twenty years,” said Muller in 1872, “and sold my last at two hundred florins.” He also refers to the further development of the writer’s liberal and economical ideas in _Vrije Politijke Stellingen_, Amsterdam, 1665. Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,111; Brodhead, _New York_, i. 699; Trömel, no. 312; Asher’s _Essay_, no. 13; Carter-Brown, ii. 926.—ED.]

[836] These two parties were originally divided on theological questions; Gomar’s followers adhering to the religious doctrines of the Established Church and its principles of ecclesiastical polity, while Arminius (Harmansen), professor at Leyden, taught, among other doctrines then considered heretical, the supremacy of the civil authorities in clerical matters. Oldenbarnevelt, believing that the Prince of Orange intended to make himself King of Holland, although indifferent in religious matters, took the part of the Arminians, because he saw in them a powerful ally, and turned the theological controversy into a political question.

[837] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 547.

[838] _Bibliographical Essay_, p. 16.

[839] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 465.

[840] _De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld; of Beschrijving van America en’t Zuyd Land, vervaetende d’ Oorsprong der Americaener en Zuidlanders, gedenkwaerdige togten derwaerts, etc., beschreeven door Arnoldus Montanus_, Amsterdam, 1671,—“The New World, or Description of America and the South Land; containing the Origin of the Americans and South Landers, Remarkable Voyages thither,” etc. A German edition of 1673, _Die Unbekante neue Welt, oder Beschreibung des Weltteils America und des Südlandes, etc._, is ascribed by the translator to Dr. O. Dapper, who, however, only published it with other works of his collection. [See Asher’s _Essay_, nos. 14, 15, and the note to Mr. Stevens’s

## chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[841] _Edward Melton’s Zee en Land Reizen door verscheide Gewesten der Werelds. Edward Melton’s, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzame en Gedenkwaardige Zee en Land Reizen, etc._, Amsterdam, 1681, reprinted in 1702,—“Edward Melton’s Travels by Sea and Land through Different Parts of the World.” “Edward Melton, an English Nobleman’s Curious and Memorable Travels by Sea and Land,” etc. A part of this book was further reprinted in 1705 as _Aenmerkenswaardige en Zeldzame West-Indische Zee en Land Reizen, door een Voornam Engelsche Heer, E. M., en andere_,—“Remarkable and Strange West Indian Travels by Sea and Land by a Noble Englishman, E. M., and Others.” [Asher, _Essay_, p. xliv and nos. 16, 17, 18, points out the clumsy, unoriginal character of Melton’s tardy information. The O’Callaghan copy (no. 1,522) had the rare Lolonois portrait. See the note to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[842] _Beschrijvinghe van Oost en West Indien. Beschrijvinge van eenige voorname Kusten in Oost en West Indien als Zuerinam, Nieuw Nederlant, etc., door verscheidene Leefhebbers gedaen_, Leeuwarden, 1716,—“Description of East and West India.” “Description of some Notable Coasts in East and West India, as Surinam, New Netherland, etc., by Several Amateurs.” The description of New Netherland is a reprint of three chapters in Melton.

_Algemeene Wereldt Beschrijving door A. P. De la Croix_, Amsterdam, 1705. _Algemeene Weereld Beschrijving nae de rechte verdeeling der Landschappen, Plaetsen, etc., in ’t Fransch beschreeven door den Heer A. Pher. De la Croix, Aerdryks Beschrijver des Konings van Frankryk_,—“General Description of the World,” by A. P. De la Croix. “General Description of the World according to the Correct Division of Countries, places, etc.,” written in French by A. Pher. De la Croix, Geographer to the King of France.

[843] Born at Antwerp, 1535; as grandson of Willem Ortels, of Augsburg, and first cousin of the historian Abraham Ortelius, his taste for historical studies seems to have been inherited.

[844] Originally published in Latin at Amsterdam, 1597. Van Meteren translated the work into Flemish, and published it in 1599; then continued it in the same language up to 1612, in which shape it was republished after his death at Arnhem in 1614. French editions of the work appeared in 1618 and 1670, and a German one at Frankfort in 1669.

[845] A native of Huisdem, in Holland, at one time teacher in the Latin School at Haarlem. After having studied medicine and been admitted to practice, he employed his leisure hours in collecting material for a historical work, which he published under the title, _Historisch Verhael al der ghedenckweerdichste Geschiedenissen, die hier en daer in Europa, etc., voorgevallen syn_,—“Historical Account of all the most Remarkable Events in Europe, etc.” Part of it appeared under the name of his friend, Dr. Barend Lampe, of Amsterdam.

[This work, covering the years 1621-1632, was first brought to light by Brodhead (_New York_, i. 46), who has given an abstract of it in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 355. (Cf. _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 27.) It contains the earliest reports on New Netherland printed at Amsterdam. It is described in Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,745, and was first noticed by Asher, _Essay_, no. 330; Carter-Brown, ii. 276.—ED.]

[846] He says: “Alsoo de Staeten van de Vereenigde Nederlandsche Provintien door de 12 jaerighe Trefves, die nu (1621) een eijndt nam, in West Indien te trafiqueeren uijtgeslooten waeren, soo ist, dat sij bevindende door het jus gentium, dat de Zeevaert een ijeder vrij staet, gedestineert hebben een Companie op te rechten om op de Landen te negotieeren, die de Coningh van Spaengien besit,”—“As the States of the United Provinces have been excluded from trading to the West Indies by the truce of twelve years now expiring, upon finding that by the law of nations the navigation is open to everybody, they have resolved to organize a company for trade to the countries owned by the King of Spain.”

[847] Lieuwe van Aitzema, son of the Burgomaster of Dockum, born 1600, and himself in high official position, died 1669. Michaud, _Bibliographie Universelle_, says: “Ce qui donne une si haute importance à l’ouvrage d’A. c’est cette foule d’actes originaux, ...dont il a fait usage et qu’il a su tirer des archives et des dépôts les plus secrets [not always by quite proper means].” Wiquefort, in his _Ambassadeur_, criticises Aitzema sharply: “Elle [l’histoire d’A.] peut servir comme d’inventaire à ceux qui n’ont point d’accès aux archives d’État, mais ce que l’auteur a ajouté ne vaut pas la gazette. Il n’a point de style, son langage est barbare, et tout l’ouvrage n’est qu’un chaos.” However, he deserves our gratitude for throwing light upon the events of his time, and for giving us trustworthy and abundant information.

[848] _Affairs of State and War in and concerning the United Netherlands_, 1621-1669; _The Re-instated Lion_, 1650. The first edition of Saken, etc., appeared during the years 1657 to 1671; a second edition, containing the _Herstelde Leeuw_, 1669-1672. The work was continued by Lambert Sylvius or Van den Bosch up to 1697.

[Illustration]

[849] _Broad_ [wholesome] _Advice to the United Netherland Provinces ... composed and given from divers ... documents by J. A. G. W. C._ [Its authorship is assigned to Cornelis Melyn by Brodhead, _New York_, 1. 509, and by Henry C. Murphy, who translates it in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._ iii. 237, and says it affords some facts not known from other sources. Extracts were reprinted in translation by F. W. Cowan at Amsterdam in 1850, and again in the _Documentary History of New York_, iv. 65. Brodhead censures this translation. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 334, who first gave it the prominence it deserves, and disbelieves in Melyn’s authorship, and goes into a long examination of the question. It is priced at from £20 to £40. Stevens’s _Hist. Coll._ i. 1,525; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vii. 112; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 664; Brinley, no. 2,714.—ED.]

[850] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ i. 16, and _N. Y. Coll. MSS._

[851] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._

[852] He was born 1709, and died 1773. Cf. Asher’s _Bibliographical Essay_.

[853] _Vaderlandsche Historie_, ix. 227. “Resolved, that by carrying the war over to America the Spaniards be attacked there, where their weakest point was, but whence they drew most of their revenues. That a great part of America reaching thence to both poles was unknown (not undiscovered).”

[854] The full title of the twelfth part is: _Zwölfte Schiffart, oder kurze Beschreibung der Newen Schiffart gegen Nord-osten über die Amerikanischen Inseln, von einem Englander, Henry Hudson, erfunden_. Oppenheim, 1627.

[855] _West und Ost-Indischer Lustgart, Eygentliche Erzaehlung wann vnd von wem die Newe Welt erfunden, besaegelt vnd eingenomen worden, vnd was sich Denckwuerdiges darbey zugetragen._ Koeln, 1618.

_Newe vnd warhaffte Relation von deme was sich in den West vnd Ost Indien vonder Zeit an zugetragen, dass sich die Navigationes der Holleandischen vnd Engländischen Companien daselbsthin angefangen abzuscheiden._ Muenchen, 1619 (by Nicolai Elend).

[856] _Philippi Cluverii Introductio in Universam Geographiam._ Leyden, 1629. The edition of 1697 was published with notes by Hekel, Reiske, and Bunon.

[857] The same Johann Ludwig Gottfriedt published in 1655 _Newe Welt vnd Amerikanische Historien_. A later German geographer of America was Hans Just Winckelmann, whose _Der Amerikanischen neuen Welt Beschreibung_, Oldenburg, 1664, I have not seen. Nor have I seen any works of French contemporary writers, as Pierre Davity, _Description générale de l’Amérique, 3^{me} partie du monde, avec tous ses empires, royaumes_, etc., Paris, 1643, 2d edition, 1660; M. C. Chaulmer, _Le Nouveau Monde, ou l’Amérique chrétienne_, Paris, 1659. [The last is in Harvard College Library; but without present interest.—ED.]

[858] _A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England, and of Sundry Accidents therein occurring, from the year 1607 to this present 1622._

[859] To Purchas: see 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._ vol. i.

[860] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ iii. 17.

[861] _A Description of the Province of New Albion and a Direction for Adventurers with small Stock to get two for one and good Land freely; and for Gentlemen and all Servants, Laborers, and Artificers to live plentifully, etc. Printed in the year 1648 by Beauchamp Plantagenet, of Belvil in New-Albion._ [Reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii. See documents in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Pub. Fund_, ii. 213; and Professor G. B. Keen’s note on Plowden’s Grant in Vol. III.—ED.]

[862] _N. Y. Col. Doc._ iii. 6 _et seq._

[863] [Cf. on this alleged Argal incursion, Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 235, and George Folsom in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 332. Brodhead, i. 140, 754, doubts it.—ED.]

[864] See the patent in Hazard, _State-Papers_, i. 160. Doubts have been raised whether such a grant was ever made, or if made, whether it was ever acted upon by Sir Edmund; but the statement of Van der Donck in his _Vertoogh van Nieuw Nederland_ should dispose of such doubts forever. When Sir Edmund came to New Netherland he was poor and in debt, without friends to help him; and seeing that the Dutch had a fort and soldiers, it was quite a matter of course that he returned to Virginia, saying he would not quarrel with the Dutch.—ED.

[865] Vol. iv. part i.

[866] _A Short Discovery of the Coast and Continent of America, from the Equinoctial Northward, by William Castle (Castell), Minister of the Gospel at Courtenhall, Northamptonshire, England_, 1644; reprinted in _Collection of Voyages and Travels, and compiled from the Library of the late Earl of Oxford_, 1745. It states very oddly that, “Near the great North River the Dutch have built a castle ... for their more free trading with many of Florida, who usually come down the River Canada, and so by land to them,—a plain proof Canada is not far remote.” The mouth of Delaware Bay is according to Castle under 41° north latitude. [Extracts are printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 231. The

## book itself is in Harvard College Library; also in the _O’Callaghan

Catalogue_, no. 561.—ED.]

[867] _Journal of the Transactions and Occurrences in Massachusetts and other N. E. Colonies from 1630-44._ Edited by Noah Webster, Hartford, 1790; and _History of New England, from the Original MSS. and Notes of John Winthrop_; with Notes by James Savage, Boston, 1825. [These two titles represent the same book, the later edition being much the superior. See Vol. III. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, i. 274) says, “The statements of the New England writers in general on matters occurring in New Netherland, must be received, for obvious reasons, with extreme caution;” and he disputes the usual assertion of the New England writers, that Roger Williams was instrumental in preserving the peace between the Dutch and the Indians on Long Island. (_New Netherland_, i. 276.) For the diplomacy that passed between the New Plymouth people and the Dutch in 1627, see 2 _New York Historical Collections_, i. 355; cf. Bradford’s _New Plymouth_, pp. 223, 233.—ED.]

[868] _Cosmographie in Four Books, containing the Chorographie and Historie of the whole World_, London, 1657, by Peter Heylin, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Rector of Hemmingford and Houghton, and Prebendary of Westminster, “in his younger days an excellent poet, in his elder a better historian” (_Athenæ Oxonienses_). From the preface to the latter it appears that the _Cosmographie_ was an amplification or enlarged edition of a _Microcosmus_, published in 1622, by the same author, who during his lifetime wrote and published about forty works of a theological, educational, or political character. (Sabin, _Dictionary_, viii. 260; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, 1086-87.) There were other editions of various dates, for which see Bohn’s _Lowndes_, p. 1059.

[869] _Account of two Voyages to New England_, London, 1675, reprinted in 3 _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii_. John Josselyn was the son of Sir Thomas Josselyn and brother of Henry, one of the commissioners to organize the government of Maine under its first charter. Henry settled finally in Plymouth Colony. [See further on Josselyn and his books in Vol. III.—ED.]

[870] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American Colonies in 1679-1680_. [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III. The Labadist P. Schluter was in New Netherland in 1682, and his journal was printed from the original manuscript by Mr. H. C. Murphy, for the Bradford Club, in 1867.—ED.]

[871] [Cf. “Indian traditions of the first arrival of the Dutch in New Netherland,” in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.—ED.]

[872] John Thurloe, born 1616, died 1668, was the son of the Rev. Thomas Thurloe, Rector of Abbots Roding, Essex. Through the protection of Oliver St. John, solicitor-general under Charles I., he easily obtained appointments and promotions in the official circles. His collection of papers was published by Dr. Birch in 1742.

[873] Ferdinando Gorges, _A briefe Narration of the original undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations in America_, London, 1658; and _America painted to the Life_, London, 1658, 2d ed., 1659. Sir Ferdinando Gorges was the patentee of Maine. [See chap. ix. of Vol. III.—ED.]

Samuel Clarke, _A Geographical Description of all the Countries in the known World_, London, 1657.

_A Book of the Continuation of Foreign Passages; That is, the Peace between this Commonwealth and the Netherlands_, 1654, London, 1656, printed by M. S. for Thomas Jenner.

Richard Blome, _Isles and Territories belonging to his Majestie in America_, 1673, and _The present State of his Majesties Isles and Territories in America_, 1687.

Daniel Denton, _A Brief Description of New York, formerly New Netherland_, London, 1670. [See the notes to chap. x. of Vol. III.—ED.]

[874] William Smith, Jr. was born in New York city in June, 1728; he graduated at Yale College in 1745; was appointed clerk of the Court of Chancery in 1748, and admitted to the Bar in 1750. Through the influence of his father, then attorney-general of the province, the revision of the provincial laws was intrusted to him and his law partner, William Livingston. In 1757 he published his _History of New York_. The breaking out of the Revolution found him a member of the council and a faithful adherent of the Crown. After some tribulation, he was allowed to proceed to New York city, whence he finally went to England, and thence to Canada, where he died as chief-justice in 1793. [Cf. the estimate of Smith in Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[875] _Kort Beschrijving van de Ontdekking ende de navolgende Geschiedenis der Nieuwen Nederlande door N. C. Lambrechtsen op Ritthem, Chevalier, etc., Groot Pensionarius van Zealand_, Middelburg, 1818,—“A Short Description of the Discovery and Subsequent History of New Netherland, a Colony in America of the Republic of the United Netherlands.” [There is a translation in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._ i. 75. See Sabin, _Dictionary_, x. 38,745.—ED.]

[876] _History of the State of New York, including its Aboriginal and Colonial Annals_, by John V. N. Yates, Secretary of State, and Jos. W. Moulton, New York, 1824. [This work is almost entirely Moulton’s. A second part was published in 1826, when the work was stopped for want of patronage. It covers 1609-1632. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, nos. 1,104, 1,704.—ED.] _The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York_, by James Macauley, 1829,—rather a chorography with copious topographical additions, a compilation of dry facts. _The History of the State of New York, from the first Discovery to the Present Time_, by F. S. Eastman, 1833, devotes only ten small octavo pages to the Dutch period. _History of the New Netherlands, Province of New York, and State of New York_, by Wm. Dunlap, 1839. [See Stevens’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[877] Dunlap, for instance, lets Schenectady be planted shortly after Fort Orange, in 1614, and considers the remnants of foundations found in Trinity Church-yard to indicate the location of the first Dutch fort on Manhattan Island, while they must have been the remnants of the city wall, running from the East River, along the present Wall Street, through Trinity Church-yard to the North River,—hence the name of Wall Street.

[878] Anniversary Discourse before New York Historical Society, 1828, in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i.

[879] Dr. Edmund Bailey O’Callaghan was born at Mallow, near Cork, Ireland, in 1797. After studying medicine in his native country and in Paris, he came to Canada in 1823, where he soon took an active part in politics on the patriots’ side. He was compelled to fly to the United States, and settled at Albany in 1837. Here he worked diligently in the field of American history, with results most gratifying to the student, until 1870, when he removed to New York, where he died in 1880.

[Dr. O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ is divided thus: Book i., 1492-1621; ii., 1621-1638; iii., 1639-1647. He also printed a few copies of the _Register of New Netherland_, 1626-1674, giving the names of the pioneers. John G. Shea printed an account of O’Callaghan in the _Magazine of American History_, v. 77. The _Catalogue_ of his library, sold in New York December, 1882, represents a collection rich in works in the fields of his special studies.—ED.]

[880] [Cf. Mr. Stevens’s estimate of Brodhead in Vol. III.—ED.]

[881] [One of the most interesting of such is _The Anthology of New Netherland_, by Henry C. Murphy, published (125 copies) by the Bradford Club in 1865, which includes, with enlargements, Mr. Murphy’s privately printed _Jakob Steendam, a Memoir of the First Poet in New Netherland_, The Hague, 1861. Steendam was the minister of the Protestant Church in New Amsterdam. Muller, _Catalogue_ (1872), nos. 1,092 _et seq._; (1877) nos. 3,063 _et seq._, notes several of Steendam’s publications. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 862, 898.—ED.]

[882] “Illa in terram suis lintribus, quas canoas vocant exuderunt,” says Peter Martyr.

[883] _The Pompey Stone: a Paper read before the Oneida Historical Society_, by Dr. H. A. Homes State Librarian, Albany, 1881.

[884] [It is no. 2,390 in the _Catalogue_.—ED.]

[885] [Fac-similes of it are also given in Valentine’s _Manual_, 1858; in _Pennsylvania Archives_, second series, vol. v. Muller, _Books on America_, iii. 143, and _Catalogue_ of 1877, no. 3,484, describe the only other copy known. It is a colored map, and extends from Panama to Labrador.—ED.]

[886] [O’Callaghan, i. 433, gives a list of settlers in Rensselaerswyck, 1630-1646. (Cf. Munsell’s _Albany_, ii. 13, and the map of 1763 in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 552, and Weise’s _Troy_, 1876.) In 1839 Mr. D. D. Barnard appended a sketch of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck to his discourse on the life of Stephen Van Rensselaer.

Much credit is due to Mr. Joel Munsell for his efforts to increase interest in the study of American affairs, and particularly for his labors upon the history of Albany and its neighborhood. He died in 1880. (Cf. _Historical Magazine_, x. 44; xv. 139, 270; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 239.) He gives an account of his method and results in issuing historical monographs in small editions, in _Historical Magazine_, February, 1869, p. 139. His _Annals of Albany_ appeared in ten volumes, from 1850 to 1859 (pp. 27-36 of vol. i. were never printed); his _Collections on the History of Albany_, four volumes, 1865-1871. See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal._ Reg., 1868, p. 104. He published in 1869 J. Pearson’s _Early Records of Albany and the Colony of Rensselaerswyck_, 1656-1675, translated from the Dutch, with notes; and Wm. Barnes’s _Early History of Albany_, 1609-1686, was privately printed by him in 1864, with a map of Albany, 1695. On the early Dutch history of this region, see also General Egbert L. Viele’s “Knickerbockers of New York two centuries ago,” in _Harper’s Monthly_, December, 1876; a paper on the Van Rensselaers in _Scribner’s Monthly_, vi. 651; and some landmarks noticed in B. J. Lossing’s _Hudson River_, p. 124, etc.—ED.]

[887] [It is given in fac-simile in the Lenox edition (1862) of Jogues’s _Novum Belgium_, edited by Shea, who also gave it in his edition, 1865, of the tract, _The Commodities of the Iland called Manati ore long Ile_. Cf. Asher’s List, no. 3; Armstrong’s _Essay on Fort Nassau_, p. 7. Copies more or less faithful of De Laet’s map appeared in Janssonius and Hondius’s _Atlas_ of 1638, and in the _Novus Atlas_ of Johannes Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1658; again in 1695, with the imprint of Valk and Schenk; and earlier, in 1651, reduced and not closely copied, but with some new details, in the _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia_, etc.; and of this last a photo-lithographic fac-simile was made at Amsterdam a few years ago.—ED.]

[888] [This map belongs to Robert Dudley’s _Della Arcano del Mare_, Firenze, 1647, i. 57, of which there was a second edition, corrected and enlarged, in 1661. The 1647 edition is very rare, and the only copy known to me in America is in Harvard College Library. The author of the note on the map in the _Documents relative to the Colonial History of New York_, vol. i., where a fac-simile of it is given, did not seem to be aware of its origin. The Rev. E. E. Hale, in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1873, describes some of the original drawings for Dudley’s maps preserved in the Royal Library at Munich, and says the engraver has omitted some of the names given in the drawing. (_Memorial History of Boston_, i. 59.) The map of New Netherland differs from other maps of its time, and is not noticed by Asher. Lucini says that he was at work for twelve years on the plates, in an obscure village of Tuscany. The work is usually priced at £20 or £25. Quaritch’s _Catalogue_, 321, no. 11,971. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, 2,747 (150 francs.)—ED.]

[889] [Cf. the notes to Dr. De Costa’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[890] [It is not easy to discriminate between these editions, as copies are often made up of various dates; but I have observed these dates: 1642, 1645, 1647, 1649, 1650, 1655, 1658, etc. The Dutch inscriptions on these earlier maps of New Netherland are quite different from those on the Latin later ones.—ED.]

[891] [Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5,714; Baudet’s _Leven en Werken van W. J. Blaeu_, Utrecht, 1871, pp. 76, 114.—ED.]

[892] [Cf. a dissertation on his work in Clément’s _Bibliothèque curieuse_, iv. 287.—ED.]

[893] [From 1659 to 1672 it was issued with Spanish text, ten volumes, but not including the American parts; in 1662 to 1665, with Latin text, eleven volumes, the last devoted to America, usually with twenty-three maps; in 1663, in French, twelve volumes; in 1664 to 1665 in Dutch, but somewhat abridged. (Cf. Asher’s _List_, Muller’s _Catalogue_, Armstrong’s _Fort Nassau_, p. 7, on the map of 1645 particularly.) Muller says of this final edition: “The part treating of America may be regarded as the first atlas of what is now the United States, in the same sense as Wytfliet may be called the first special atlas of America in general.” He afterwards added a _Theatrum Urbium_. The younger Blaeu also issued, in 1648, an immense map of the world in two hemispheres, twenty-one sheets. (Hallam’s _Literature of the Middle Ages_, iv, 48; Muller’s _Catalogue_, 1877, no. 346).—ED.]

[894] [It was based on Mercator’s plates, which were bought in 1604 by his father-in-law, Iodocus Hondius, an engraver, who was born in 1546; worked in London, where he learned the Wright-Mercator projection, and later published maps in Amsterdam, including the new edition of Mercator, adding new plates, and died in 1611. But subsequent editions (1617-1635), etc., of the atlas were known as Mercator’s and Hondius’s. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5014.—ED.]

[895] Quaritch’s _Catalogue_, 259, nos. 19 and 20.

[896] [The same Jansson map of New Netherland is reproduced in his _Atlas Contractus_ of 1666. Some editions of Jansson’s _Novus Atlas_ have the same text as Blaeu’s, with the maps, of course, different from Blaeu’s.—ED.]

[897] [This map is given in Vol. III.—ED.]

[898] See _New York Colonial Documents_, xii. 183.

[899] [_List of the Maps and Charts of New Netherland_, Amsterdam, 1855, and usually bound with his _Bibliographical Essay_.—ED.]

[900] [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[901] Cf. Brodhead, _New York_, i. 621. Muller priced a copy at forty florins. _Catalogue_ (1877), no. 2,271.

[902] [See Mr Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III. The New Netherland map (of which a section is given herewith) is reproduced in Mr. Asher’s _List_, with a tabulated list of names as they appear on this and the other early maps. Van der Aa issued a map called “Nouvelle Hollande,” giving the coast from the Penobscot to the Chesapeake.—ED.]

[903] [A phototype of it is herewith given. Other fac-similes of this map are in O’Callaghan’ _New Netherland_, ii. 312; _Banquet of the Saint Nicholas Society_, in 1852; Valentine’s _Manual_, 1852, and his _City of New York_; 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.; Munsell’s _Albany_; Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, ii. 249; Dunlap’s _New York_, i. 84; and _Pennsylvania Archives_ (second series), v. 233.

Modern eclectic maps, showing the Dutch claims and possessions, may be seen in Brodhead’s _New York_ (according to the charters of 1614 and 1621); in Bancroft’s _United States_, ii. 297; in Ridpath’s _United States_ (showing the various European colonies in 1655); and in Lamb’s _New York_, i. 218 (the same).—ED.]

[904] Mr. Muller pays a warm tribute to Asher and his _Essay_ in his _Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,052. “I always believed this book,” he says, “to be a striking example of what intuition and discernment, combined with great zeal, can do.” (Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxxvi.) Asher’s book may be supplemented by P. A. Tiele’s _Bibliotheek van Nederlandsche pamfletten_, 1858-1861, based on Muller’s collection, which gives 9,668 Dutch pamphlets published 1482-1702, adding to Asher’s enumeration many others relating to America; and again the Dutch-American student will find further help from J. K. van der Wulf’s _Catalogus van de Tractaten in de bibliotheek van Isaac Meulman_, Amsterdam, 1866-1868, three vols.,—a privately printed book in a collection now in the library of the University of Gand. (Muller’s _Catalogue_ [1872], nos. 108, 114; [1877] nos. 3,202, 3,566.) These two works show 19,077 pamphlets published in the United Provinces from 1500 to 1713.

[905] It consists of Part I. (1872), books, nos. 1-2,339. Part II. (1875), supplement of books, nos. 2,340-3,534. Part III. _a._ (1874) portraits, nos. 1-1,280; _b._ (1874) autographs, nos. 1-1,508; _c._ (1874) plates, nos. 1-1,855; _d._ (1875) atlases and maps, nos. 1-2,288. Many of the larger notes in this catalogue were not repeated in the consolidated _Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets, Atlases, Maps, Plates, and Autographs relating to North and South America_, nos. 1-3,695, which Mr. Muller issued in 1877. In the preface of his 1872 _Catalogue_ Mr. Muller speaks of his American collection, which formed the basis of Mr. Asher’s _Essay_; this collection he sold in 1858 to Brockhaus, and another was sold in 1866 to Henry Stevens,—all of which, as well as later acquisitions, formed the foundation of his _Catalogue_. “Since I began my present business,” says Mr. Muller in 1872, “now more than thirty years ago, my firm conviction has been that the antiquarian bookseller can largely serve science, bibliography, or literary history especially, without forgetting his own profit.... An antiquarian bookseller who is not himself a student, or at least desirous of furthering science by the aid of his connections, will hardly be as successful as he might be in another less scientific calling. Experience has amply shown me that this opinion, merely a loose impression when I first started in business, was correct.” Mr. Muller was born in Amsterdam, July 22, 1817, and was early apprenticed to his uncle, a bookseller of that town, and in 1843 he became a bookseller on his own account, and identified himself thereafter with bibliography. His pupil and friend, Otto Harrassowitz, printed a memoir of Muller in the German _Börsenblatt_, no. 48; and there is also a sketch with an engraved portrait in _Trübner’s Literary Record_, new series, vol. ii. (1881) no. 1. He died Jan. 6, 1881.

[906] Of his tract on the Stadthuys and the views of that building, see Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.

[907] See the preceding chapter.

[908] In a letter of the 27th of April, of that year, Gustavus also commended the project to the Swedish Lutheran bishops, “the rather,” says Geijer, “that the Company was to labor for the conversion of the heathen.” Some popular verses of the day are cited by the same historian, attributing the solicitation of the clergy to invest their funds in the venture to motives not so pious.

[909] Portraits of Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstjerna, copied from originals in Sweden, are owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[910] According to Campanius, the Swedish Government likewise obtained, through Johan Oxenstjerna, ambassador to King Charles I. of England, in 1634, the renunciation in their favor of all pretensions of the English to the territory afterward known as New Sweden, based on the right of first discovery,—a statement “confirmed by von Stiernman,” says Acrelius, “out of the official documents, the article of cession being preserved in the royal archives before the burning of the palace” of Stockholm in 1697. Sprinchorn recently searched the archives of Sweden for official testimony on the subject without avail, although he “met with the declaration of Campanius in more than one contemporaneous instrument.” The succeeding passage in Campanius, relating to the claims of the Hollanders, has been grossly mistranslated by Du Ponceau (misleading Reynolds, the translator of Acrelius), even to the mentioning of a treaty confirming the purchase of the Dutch title by the Swedes, regarding which nothing whatever appears in the original.

[911] See the preceding chapter.

[912] This letter is as follows:—

Whereas many kingdoms and countries prosper by means of navigation, and parts of the West Indies have gradually been occupied by the English, French, and Dutch, it seems to me that the Crown of Sweden ought not to forbear to make also its name known in foreign lands; and therefore I, the undersigned, desire to tender my services to the same, to undertake, on a small scale, what, by God’s grace, should in a short time result in something great.

In the first place, I have proposed to Mr. Peter Spiring to make a voyage to the Virginias, New Netherland, and other regions adjacent, certain places well known to me, with a very good climate, which might be named Nova Suedia.

For this expedition there would be required a ship of 60, 70, or 100 läster [120, 140, or 200 tons], armed with twelve guns, and sufficient ammunition.

For the cargo, 10,000 or 12,000 gulden would be needed, to be expended in hatchets, axes, kettles, blankets, and other merchandise.

A crew of twenty or twenty-five men would be wanted, with provisions for twelve months, which would cost about 3,400 gulden.

In case the Crown of Sweden would provide the ship with ammunition, with twelve soldiers, to garrison and hold the places, and likewise furnish a bark or yacht, for facilitating trade, the whole [additional] expense might come to about 1,600 gulden,—one half of which I myself will guarantee, Mr. Spiring assuming the other half, either on his own account or for the Crown, the same to be paid at once, in cash.

As to the time of sailing, the sooner we start the better; for, although trade does not begin till spring, by being on the spot in season, we can get on friendly terms with the savages, and induce them to collect as many furs as possible during the winter, and may hope to buy 4,500 or 6,000 beaver skins, thus acquiring a large capital from so small a commencement, and the ability to undertake more hereafter.

The Crown of Sweden might favor the beginners of this new enterprise with a charter, prohibiting all other persons from sailing from Sweden within the limits of _Terra Nova_ and Florida for the space of twenty years, on pain of confiscation of ship and cargo. And as it often happens that French or Portuguese vessels are met with on the ocean, authority should likewise be granted to capture such ships, and bring them as lawful prizes to Sweden. Also, it should be conceded that all goods of the Company for the first ten years be free of duty both coming in and going out.

And, as the said land is suited for growing tobacco and various kinds of grain, it would be well to take along proper persons to cultivate these, who might at the same time be employed as garrison.

In addition, the advantages to be derived from the enterprise in course of time by the Crown of Sweden could be indicated orally by me, if I were called to Sweden to give a more detailed account of everything. However, that shall be as the gentlemen of the Government see fit.

This is designed briefly to serve your Excellency as a memorandum. I trust your Excellency will write an early answer from Sweden to my known friend [Blommaert?], whether the work will be undertaken, so that no time be lost, and others anticipate an enterprise which should bring so great profit to the Crown of Sweden.

Herewith wishing your Excellency _bon voyage_, I remain

Your Excellency’s faithful servant,

PIETER MINUIT.

AMSTERDAM, June 15, 1636. [Illustration]

[913] Compare documents printed by Sprinchorn with an examination of Mr. Lamberton by Governor Printz, at Fort Christina, July 10, 1643, in the Royal Archives at Stockholm. Acrelius, misinterpreting a statement in Lewis Evans’s _Analysis of a General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America_ (Philadelphia, 1755), bounds New Sweden on the west by the Susquehanna River.

[914] A portrait of Queen Christina is owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[915] Either this expedition or the preceding one under Minuit was accompanied by the Rev. Reorus Torkillus, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman, of Öster-Götland. Ten other companions of Minuit or Hollender are mentioned in a foot-note to the writer’s translation of Professor Odhner’s “Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning,” in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 402, among whom Anders Svenson Bonde, Anders Larsson Daalbo, Peter Gunnarson Rambo, and Sven Gunnarson are the best known in the subsequent history of the colony.

[916] It is only spoken of once in documents still preserved to us,—namely, in the Instructions to Governor Printz, Aug. 15, 1642. Bogardt himself is also referred to as “one Bagot,” in Beauchamp Plantagenet’s _Description of New Albion_.

[917] The names of forty-two persons who took part in this expedition are given in a note of the writer in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 462, _et seq._,—the most conspicuous of these being Lieutenant Måns Kling, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman called “Herr Christopher,” Gustaf Strahl (a young nobleman), Carl Janson (for many years Printz’s book-keeper), Olof Person Stille, and Peter Larsson Cock (afterward civil officers under the Dutch and English).

[918] The name given on Lindström’s map to the Cape Cornelius of Visscher’s and other Dutch maps, which apply the name of Hinlopen to the “false cape,” twelve miles farther south, at the mouth of Rehoboth Bay. It corresponds with the present Cape Henlopen.

[919] Twenty-three of these are mentioned in a foot-note to the writer’s translation of Odhner’s work before referred to, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 409; the most prominent of whom are Sergeant Gregorius van Dyck, Elias Gyllengren, Jacob Svenson, and Jöran Kyn Snöhvit.

[920] That at the Schuylkill, or a stronghold which superseded it, is mentioned in a report of the Dutch Commissary Hudde as situated “on a very convenient island at the edge of the Kil,” identified by Dr. George Smith as Province or State Island, at the mouth of the Schuylkill, which river, says Hudde, “can be controlled by it.”

[921] [See Professor Keen’s paper on New Albion in Vol. III.—ED.]

[922] It may be proper to note that the Governor himself does not seem at first to have been satisfied with the sincerity of the aborigines, and, in keeping with his former profession of arms, even appeals in his report of 1644 to the authorities in Sweden for a couple of hundred soldiers to drive the savages from the Delaware, arguing also that the Dutch and English would be more likely to respect rights acquired from the natives not merely by purchase, but also by the sword.

[923] This vessel alone is named in Printz’s reports of 1644 and 1647. In a communication, however, of Queen Christina to the Admiralty, of the 12th of August, 1645, and in her Majesty’s letter to Captain Berendt Hermanson, of the 8th of the preceding May, preserved in the registry of the Admiralty in the naval archives of Sweden, the “Kalmar Nyckel” is mentioned, with the “Fama,” as having made “the voyage to Virginia” under the commander named. On her return this ship met with detention in Holland similar to that incurred by the “Fama,” but finally arrived in Sweden with 53,100 pounds of tobacco. So large a cargo certainly was not raised in New Sweden (which place, probably, was not visited by the vessel), and may have been purchased in the English Virginia. For a comment on such practices see an extract from a letter from Directors of the Dutch West India Company in Holland to Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Jan. 27, 1649, a translation of which is printed in _Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, xii. 47, 48.

[924] Only five male emigrants who came out on this expedition, beside Papegåja, were living in the colony March 1, 1648; namely, a barber-surgeon, a gunner, two common soldiers, and a young lad.

[925] Printed at Stockholm in 1696, under the title of _Lutheri Catechismus, Öfwersatt på American-Virginiske Språket_, followed by a _Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum_, reproduced by the author’s grandson in his _Kort Beskrifning om Nya Sverige_. A copy of it is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Concerning it, see particularly Acrelius’s _Beskrifning_, p. 423. [Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, nos. 5,698-99; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 42,726; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 1,427; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. no. 1,498; and Muller, _Books on America_ (1872). no. 1,562, where errors of Brunet and Leclerc are pointed out.—ED.]

[926] Campanius, to be sure, mentions “Korsholm” as a distinct fort, but he does so in terms which show that he is citing Lindström, who speaks of it as on territory granted to Sven Schute, embracing “Passajungh, Kinsessingh, Mockorhuttingh, and the land on both sides of the Schylekijl to the river” Delaware, and makes no reference to a “Fort Skörkil.” The statements with regard to the latter were probably drawn from the manuscripts of his grandfather. It did not occur to him, I suppose, that the places might be identical. “Gripsholm” is the name incorrectly given for “Korsholm” by N. J. Visscher and later Dutch cartographers.

[927] At “Chinsessingh” (the Indian name of the land west of the Schuylkill), says Campanius,—“the New Fort,” so called, which “was no fort, but a good log-house, built of strong hickory, two stories high, and affording sufficient protection against the Indians.” If the interpretation usually given to the dates of Hudde’s report already cited be correct, both Wasa and Mölndal were occupied by Printz before November, 1645. The latter post was at a “place called by the Indians Kakarikonck” or “Karakung,” near where the present road from Philadelphia to Darby crosses Cobb’s Creek.

[928] The expression used in Oxenstjerna’s reply to Printz’s Report referred to in the next sentence. Printzdorp, on the west side of the river Delaware, south of Upland, was doubtless granted to Printz in accordance with this petition.

[929] The only one residing in New Sweden March 1, 1648, was the Reverend Lars Carlson Lock. Sprinchorn also mentions another Swedish Lutheran clergyman, “Israel Fluviander,—Printz’s sister’s son,” who probably died or returned home in the spring.

[930] Corresponding, of course, to July 27, O. S. The materials of this narrative being almost entirely derived from Swedish sources, the dates have not been altered from the Julian calendar, which was still used in Sweden. The news referred to in the text was brought by Augustine Herman, who had dealings with Governor Printz upon the Delaware, and for some account of whom see the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iv. 100 _et seq._

[931] Something over two hundred tons.

[932] A certified copy of Amundson’s patent, with the REGIS REGNIQUE CANCELLARIÆ SIGILLUM of the period attached to it, is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In view of conflicting interests of the West India Company, adverse claims of other colonists, and the opposition of an Indian proprietor of Passajung, Rising declined to sanction the occupation of these tracts without further orders from Sweden.

[933] So Governor Rising. According to a Dutchman who took part in the expedition, the “force consisted of three hundred and seventeen soldiers, besides a company of sailors.”

[934] Anders Bengtson is the only one whose name has been preserved to us.

[935] The dread expressed in letters from the Directors of the Dutch West India Company to Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Oct. 16 and 30, 1663 (_Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 445-46), lest an expedition, which had sailed from Sweden under Admiral Hendrick Gerritsen Zeehelm, was designed to subvert their dominion over the South River, is not justified, says Sprinchorn, by evidence of the existence of any plan to recover the colony, at that time, by force of arms.

[936] _Manifest und Vertragbrieff, der Australischen Companey im Königreich Schweden auffgerichtet. Im Jahr MDCXXIV._ 4to, 12 unnumbered pp. The only copy known to the writer is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The document itself is reproduced in the _Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest_. A fac-simile of the title is given herewith.

[937] _Fullmagt för Wellam Usselinx at inrätta et Gen. Handels Comp. til Asien, Afr., Amer. och Terra Magell. Dat. Stockh. d. 21 Dec. 1624._ Cited by Acrelius. It has been translated into English in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, vol. xii. pp. 1 and 2.

_Sw. Rikes Gen. Handels Compagnies Contract, dirigerat til Asiam, Africam och Magellaniam, samt desz Conditiones_, etc. _Stockh. år 1625_. Cited by Acrelius.—_Der Reiche Schweden Genera. Compagnies Handlungs Contract, Dirigiret naher Asiam, Africam, Americam, vnd Magellanicam. Samt dessen Conditionen vnnd Wilköhren. Mit Kön. May. zu Schweden, vnsers Aller-gnedigsten Königs vnd Herrn gnediger Bewilligung, auch hierauff ertheilten Privilegien, in öffentlichen Druck publiciret. Stockholm, 1625._ 4to, title, and 7 unnumbered pages. A copy is in the Carter-Brown Library. Translated into English in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 2 _et seq._

_Uthförligh Förklaring öfwer Handels Contractet angåendes thet Södre Compagniet uthi Konungarijket i Swerighe. Stält igenom Wilhelm Usselinx, Och nu aff thet Nederländske Språket uthsatt på Swenska, aff Erico Schrodero. Tryckt i Stockholm, aff Ignatio Meurer, Åhr 1626, 4to._ —_Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest; oder Vertrag-Brieff der Australischen oder Süder Compagney im Königreich Schweden. Durch Wilhelm Usselinx. Ausz dem Niederländischen in die Hochdeutsche Sprache übergesetzt. Stockholm, Gedruckt durch Christoffer Reusner_. _Anno_ MDCXXVI. 4to. The German version contains Usselinx’s interesting “voorrede” to the Netherlanders, dated at Stockholm, Oct. 17, 1625, in the original Dutch (not given in the Swedish edition), reprinted in the Dutch _Octroy ofte Privilegie_, and reproduced in the corrected _Auszführlicher Bericht_ of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,143, for a comparison of the Swedish edition and the _Dutch Octroy ofte Privilegie_. The only copies of these books known to the writer are in the Library of Congress.

_Octroy eller Privilegier, som then Stormägtigste Högborne Furste och Herre, Herr Gustaf Adolph, Sweriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung_, etc. _Det Swenska nysz uprättade Södra Compagniet nädigst hafwer bebrefwat. Dat. Stockholm d. 14 Junii, 1626._ Cited by Acrelius.—_Octroy und Privilegium so der Allerdurchläuchtigste Groszmächtigste Fürst und Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König, Grosz-Fürst in Finnland. Hertzog zu Ehesten und Carelen, Herr zu Ingermanland, etc. Der im Königreich Schweden jüngsthin auffgerichteten Süder-Compagnie allergnädigst gegeben und verliehen. Stockholm, gedruckt bey Ignatio Meurern. Im Jahr 1626._ Reprinted in Johannes Marquardus’s _Tractatus Politico-Juridicus de Jure Mercatorum et Commerciorum Singulari_, vol. ii. pp. 545-52, Frankfort, 1662. An English translation is given in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 7 _et seq._

_Octroy ofte Privilegie soo by den alderdoorluchtigsten Grootmachtigen Vorst ende Heer Heer Gustaeff Adolph, der Sweden Gothen ende Wenden Koningh, Grootvorst in Finland, Hertogh tot Ehesten ende Carelen, Heer tot Ingermanland, etc., aen de nieuw opgerichte Zuyder Compagnie in’t Koningrijck Sweden onlangs genadigst gegeben ende verleend is, Mitsgaders een naerder Bericht over’t selve Octroy ende Verdragh-brief door Willem Usselincx. In’s Gravenhage, By Aert Meuris, Boeckverkooper in de Papestraat in den Bybel, anno 1627. 4to._ Besides the _Octroy_ it comprises a Dutch version of Usselinx’s _Uthförligh Förklaring_. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 41 and pp. 82, 83.

_Kurtzer Extract der vornemsten Haupt-Puncten, so biszher weitläufftig und gründlich erwiesen, und nochmals, jedermänniglich, unwiedersprechlich für Augen gestellet sollen werden. In Sachen der neuen Süder-Compagnie. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen, Anno 1633. Mens. Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. 541-42.

_Instruction oder Anleitung: Welcher Gestalt die Einzeichnung zu der neuen Süder-Compagnie, durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland zubefördern, und an die Hand zunehmen; derselben auch mit ehestem ein Anfang zumachen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen. 1633. Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 542-45.

_Ampliatio oder Erweiterung des Privilegii so der Allerdurchläuchtigste Groszmächtigste Fürst und Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König; Grosz-Fürst in Finnland, Hertzog zu Ehesten und Carelen, Herr zu Ingermannland, etc. Der neuen Australischen oder Süder-Compagnie durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland, allergnädigst ertheilet und verliehen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn, bey Christoph Krausen. Im Jahr 1633. Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 552-55.

_Argonautica Gustaviana, das ist: Nothwendige Nach-Richt von der Neuen Seefahrt und Kauffhandlung, so von dem Weilandt Allerdurchleuchtigsten Groszmächtigsten und Siegreichesten Fürsten unnd Herrn, Herrn Gustavo Adolpho Magno; ... durch anrichtung einer General Handel-Compagnie ... vor wenig Jahren zu stifften angefangen: anjetzo aber der Teutschen Evangelischen Nation ... zu unermesslichem Nutz und Frommen ... mitgetheilet worden.... Gedruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn, bey Caspar Rödteln, im Jahr Christi 1633. Mense Junio._ Folio. It comprises: a _Patent oder öffentlich Auszschreiben wegen dieses Vorhabens_, signed by Axel Oxenstjerna, June 26, 1633 (3 pp.); an _Extract etlicher vornehmen Haubtpuncten_ (2 pp.); the _Octroy und Privilegium_ of Gustavus Adolphus (8 pp.); the _Ampliatio_ (4 pp.); _Formular desz Manifest_, reproducing with slight variations the _Manifest_, and Usselinx’s _Auszführlicher Bericht, in Niderländischen Sprach gestellet, vor diesem bereit in eyl in Teutsch übergesetzt, anitzo aber nach dem Niderländischen mit allem fleisz übersehen, an vielen Orten nach Notturfft verbessert und mit Summarischen Marginalien bezeichnet_ (56 pp.); and, finally, Usselinx’s appeal to the Germans, entitled _Mercurius Germaniæ_, with the _Instruction_, and some _Nothwendige Beylagen_ (51 pp.). It has been reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 373-540. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,136; (1877) no. 179; and a note in the preceding chapter.

_Ampliation oder Erweiterung von dem Octroij und Privilegio, der newen Süyder-Handels Compagnia, durch Last und Befehl von die Deputirten der löblichen Confæderirten Herren Ständen, der vier Ober-Cräysen zu Franckfurth, anzustellen verordnet, den 12 December, Anno 1634. Gedruckt zu Hamburg, durch Heinrich Werner, im Jahr Christi 1635._ A copy is bound with that of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_ in the Harvard College Library.

[938] _Printed in the Year 1648._ For the full title and some

## particulars concerning this book see paper on “New Albion,” in Vol. III.

[939] _Breeden-Raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche Provintien, Gelreland, Holland, Zeeland, Wtrecht, Vriesland, Over-Yssel, Groeningen, Gemaeckt ende Gestalt uyt diverse ware en waerachtige memorien. Door I. A. G. W. C. Tot Antwerpen, ghedruct by Francoys van Duynen, Boeckverkooper by de Beurs in Erasmus, 1649._ Translated into English by Henry C. Murphy in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,[P3: missing. inserted] second series, vol. iii. part i. pp. 237 _at seq._ (New York, 1857). See preceding chapter.

[940] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, Weghens de Gheleghentheydt, Vruchtbaerheydt, en Soberen Staet deszelfs. In’s Graven-Hage. Ghedruckt by Michiel Stael, Bouckverkooper woonende op’t Buyten Hof, tegen-over de Gevange-Poort_, 1650, 4to, 49 pp. A translation of it, with explanatory notes (one of which relates to the date of the arrival of the Swedes on the Delaware, citing Hawley’s letter to Windebanke, and correcting Arfwedson’s misapprehension of Biörck), by Henry C. Murphy, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. ii. pp. 251 _et seq._ (New York, 1849); and one of an authenticated copy of the original document appears in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i. pp. 271 _et seq._ Authors also frequently cite the _Beschryvinghe van Virginia_, _Nieuw Nederlandt_, etc. (_’t Amsterdam, by Joost Hartgers_, 1651, 4to), a compilation from the _Vertoogh_ and other publications. See preceding chapter.

[941] _Beschrijvinghe van Nieuvv-Nederlant ... Beschreven door Adriaen van der Donck.... ’t Amsteldam...._ 1655, 4to. The same: _Den tweeden Druck. Met een pertinent Kaertje van’t zelve Landt verciert en van veel druckfouten gesuyvert. ’t Aemsteldam...._ 1656. 4to. A translation of the second edition, by the Hon. Jeremiah Johnson, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 125 _et seq._ (New York, 1841). See preceding chapter.

[942] Upsala, 1654 and 1662, 8vo. Frankfort and Leipsic, 1676, 4to.

[943] In his _Korte historiael ende journaels aenteyckeninge van verscheyden voyagiens in de vier deelen des Wereldts-Ronde, ... t’ Hoorn...._ 1655 (4to, 192 pp.). A translation of the voyages to America, by Henry C. Murphy, appears in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._ The version in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 243 _et seq._, by Dr. G. Troost, from the Du Simitière MSS. in the Philadelphia Library, does not include the visit of De Vries to Printz, an imperfect account of which is given by the translator, which has been not less imperfectly followed by several later writers. See preceding chapter.

[944] _Saken van Staat en Oorlogh, in, ende omtrent de Vereenigde Nederlanden_, 1621-1669. The Hague, 1657-1671, 15 vols., 4to; 1669-1672, 7 vols., folio.

[945] _Antwoordt van de Hog. Mo. Heeren Staten Generael deser vereenighde Nederlanden, Gegeven den 15 Augusti 1664, op twee distincte memorien, ende pretensien van de Heer Appelboom, Resident van den Konich van Sweden, De eene overgelevert aen haer Ho. Mo. voorsz. Tot Uytrecht, By Pieter Dercksz. Anno 1664._ 4to.

[946] _Kort Beskrifning om Provincien Nya Swerige uti America, som nu förtjden af the Engelske kallas Pensylvania. Af lärde och trowärdige Mäns skrifter och berättelser ihopaletad och sammanstrefwen, samt med åthskillige Figure utzirad af Thomas Campanius Holm. Stockholm, Tryckt uti Kongl. Boktr. hos Sal. Wankijfs Änkia med egen bekostnad, af J. H. Werner. Åhr_ MDCCII. 4to, xx + 192 pp. An ornamental titlepage bears the legend: _Novæ Sveciæ seu Pensylvaniæ in America Descriptio_. The work is dedicated to King Charles XII. of Sweden, and is divided into four books, the first of these treating of America in general, the second of New Sweden, and the third of the Indians in New Sweden, and the fourth consisting of a vocabulary and collection of phrases and some discourses in the dialect of the same savages, with Addenda concerning the Minquas and their language, and certain rare and remarkable things in America. It is embellished with numerous illustrations besides those mentioned in the text; among them being maps of America and of Virginia, New England, New Holland, and New Sweden, and one of New Sweden taken from Nicholas Visscher, the two latter being given in this chapter, and pictures of an Indian fort and Indian canoes. An extract from a translation of it is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. ii. pp. 343 _et seq._ (New York, 1814). An annotated translation of the whole work, by Peter S. Du Ponceau, LL.D., reproducing Lindström’s and Visscher’s maps of New Sweden, and the representations of Trinity Fort, the siege of Christina Fort, and the Indian fort, above referred to, was published in _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1834). The work is rare. Copies are to be found in the Philadelphia Library, in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Harvard College and Congress, and in the Carter-Brown collection. It is priced in recent catalogues as high as £15 or £16. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,043-44; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, iii. 10,202; Muller (1872), no. 1,138; (1875), no. 2,845; (1877), no. 570; 80 Dutch florins; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 233; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 327; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 467. Few copies have all the illustrations. Muller errs in making the author the son, instead of the grandson, of the Rev. Johan Campanius Holm.

[947] One of the most noteworthy of these is the assertion that the Swedes settled on the Delaware as early as 1631. This is reiterated by Cronholm and Sprengel, and in Smith’s _New Jersey_, Proud’s _Pennsylvania_, Holmes’s _Annals_, etc., and even in a note _in loco_ of Du Ponceau himself.

[948] _Dissertatio Gradualis de Svionum in America Colonia, quam, ex consensu Ampl. Senatus Philosoph. in Inclita Academia Upsaliensi, Præside viro amplissimo M. Petro Elvio, Mathem. Prof. Reg. et Ord., publice ventilandam subjicit Johannes Dan. Swedberg, Dalekarlus, in Audit. Gustav. Maj. ad diem_ xxiii. _Junii Anni_ MDCCIX. _Upsaliæ, ex officina Werneriana._ Small 8vo, vi + 32 pp. A copy is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,099; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,141; (1877), no. 3,137. A copy has been recently priced at 50 marks.

[949] Bishop Svedberg’s interest in the posterity of the old colonists of New Sweden is well evinced in his _America Illuminata_ (Skara, 1732, small 8vo, 163 pp. + Indices), copies of which are in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of Harvard College. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, ii. 3,100; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,140. Well-bound copies have been recently priced at £10. See also _Vita Jesperi Swedberg, Episcopi Scarensis_, an academical dissertation by Carolus Johannes Knos, vestrogothus (Upsala, 1787), a copy of which is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, as well as a portrait of the bishop, signed “H. C. Fehlingk delin. Joh. Chr. Böcklin Aug. Vind. sc. Lipsiæ.”

[950] _Brieven geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen der Herr Johan de Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris, etc., ende de Gevolmachtigden van den Staedt der Vereenigde Nederlanden, so in Vranckryck, Engelandt, Sweden, Danemarcken, Poolen, etc._, 1652-1659. The Hague, 1723-1725, 6 vols., 4to.

[951] ﬣוֹﬣיּ ﬤשׁﬦ _Dissertatio Gradualis, de Plantatione Ecclesiæ Svecanæ in America, quam, suffragrante Ampl. Senatu Philosoph. in Regio Upsal. Athenæo, Præside Viro Amplissimo atque Celeberrimo Mag. Andrea Brörwall, Eth. et Polit. Prof. Reg. et Ord., in Audit. Gust. Maj. d. 14 Jun. An. MDCCXXXI., examinandam modeste sistit Tobias E. Biörck, Americano-Dalekarlus. Upsaliæ, Literis Wernerianis._ 4to, viii + 34 pp. Embellished with an original folding copperplate map, engraved by Jonas Silfverling, Upsala, 1731, entitled _Delineatio Pennsilvaniæ et Cæesareæ Nov. Occident seu West N. Iersey in America_, indicating many of the settlements of the descendants of the old colonists of New Sweden. A copy is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, art. iii., April, 1873, by J. R. Bartlett; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,137, where it is claimed that it is the first work on New Sweden written by a native, and published in Sweden. A copy has been recently priced at 50 marks.

[952] Author of _Kort Berettelse om then Swenska Kyrkios närwarande Tilstånd i America, samt oförgripeliga tankar om thesz widare förkofring.... Tryckt i Norkiöping, Anno 1725_ (4to, 24 pp.). The

## book contains no new information about the early history of the

Swedish colony on the Delaware. A copy of it is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[953] Publication passed August 11, 1742. A copy is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[954] _Ifrån år 1523 in til närvarande tid. Uppå Hans Kongl. Maj: ts nådigesta befallning gjord._ Forsta del, Stockholm, 1747; andra del, ibid., 1750; tredje del, ibid., 1753; fjerde del, ibid., 1760; femte del, ibid., 1766; sjette del, ibid., 1775. In the same author’s _Matrickel öfwer Sweriges Rikes Ridderskap och Adel_, 1754, p. 350, occurs a notice of Johan Printz, stating that after his return from New Sweden he was made a General, and in 1658 Governor of Jönköping. It is added: “He was born in the parsonage of Bottneryd, and died in 1663, without sons, the family thus ending with him in the male line.” As to these points compare, however, Prof. Dr. Ernst Heinrich Kneschke’s _Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon_, vii. pp. 253-54 (Leipsic, 1867), art. “Printz, Printz v. Buchan,” which speaks of Governor Printz as belonging to a Lutheran branch of an old Austrian noble family that emigrated to Holstein soon after the Reformation, and finally settled in East Prussia. According to this authority he had a son Johann Friedrich, who became a Major-General in the army of the Electorate of Brandenburg, and was ennobled in 1661 under the name of Printz von Buchan, whose descendants still live in Germany. In mitigation of the blame attached by Stiernman to Printz for the surrender of Chemnitz, see Puffendorf _in loco_.

[955] _Ex Archivo Palmskiöldiano nunc primum in lucem edita. Præeside Olavo Celsio. Upsaliæ_, MDCCL. (Academical dissertations.)

[956] Stockholm, 1753-1761, 3 vols., 8vo. In German, Göttingen, 1754-64; and in English, Warrington and London, 1770-1771, 2d ed. 1772. Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ix. 382. Kalm’s _Tankar med Guds Wälsegnande Nåd och Wederbörandes Tilstånd om Nyttan som kunnat tilfalla wårt kjära Fädernesland af des Nybygge i America ferdom Nya Swerige kalladt_ (Aboæ, 1754, 4to) gives a short account of the fertility and the chief natural products of the territory on the Delaware, nearly the same as the fuller one in the author’s _Resa_.

[957] London, 1757. See Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.

[958] _Beskrifning om de Swenska Församlingars Forna och Närwarande Tilstånd, uti det så kallade Nya Swerige, sedan Nya Nederland, men nu för tiden Pensylvanien, samt nästliggande Orter wid Alfwen De la Ware, Wäst-Yersey och New-Castle County uti Norra America; Utgifwen af Israel Acrelius, För detta Probst öfwer de Swenska Församlingar i America och Kyrkoherde uti Christina, men nu Probst och Kyrkoherde uti Fellingsbro. Stockholm, Tryckt hos Harberg et Hesselberg, 1759._ 4to, xx+ 534 pp. The work is dedicated to Queen Louisa Ulrica of Sweden. A translation of portions of the book, by the Rev. Nicholas Collin, D.D., is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 401 _et seq._ A translation of the whole of it, by the Rev. William M. Reynolds, D.D., with numerous additional notes, was published in _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. xi. (Philadelphia, 1874). The latter is accompanied by a portrait of the author, engraved from a copy in oils by Christian Schuessele (in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania) from a picture sent to this country by Acrelius, now the property of Trinity Church, Wilmington, Del.; as well as by a map of New Sweden, engraved from a copy (belonging to the same Historical Society) of the original of Engineer Lindström, still preserved in Sweden. There are copies in the libraries of Harvard College and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and in the Carter-Brown collection. (Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, i. 133; _Brinley Catalogue_, ii. 3,030; Muller’s _Books on America_ [1872], no. 1,134; also _Catalogue of Paintings_, etc., belonging to the Hist. Soc. of Penn., no. 59. Priced recently at £7 7_s._) Acrelius died in 1800.

[959] In _Svenska patriotiska Sällskapets Handlingar_, Stockholm, 1770.

[960] London, 1772.

[961] The later edition of James Savage, under the title _History of New England_ (Boston, 1825-1826), contains also the continuation of the _Journal_, with additional matter on the Swedes. See preceding chapter, and Vol. III.

[962] Very carefully reprinted in _Records of the Colony of New Plymouth_, vols. ix. and x. (Boston, 1859.)

[963] Hamburg, 1799. The author’s treatment of the subject in his histories of New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the same work, vols. iii. and vi. (Hamburg, 1796 and 1803), is not so full. Ebeling’s library, now in Harvard College Library, shows several of the rarest of the early books on New Sweden.

[964] In _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vols. v. and vi. (Boston, 1815). Reprinted in 1848. For an estimate of Hubbard see Vol. III.

[965] _De Colonia Nova Svecia in Americam Borealem Deducta Historiola. Quam, venia ampl. Fac. Phil. Upsal., Præside Mag. Erico Gust. Geijer, Historiar. Prof Reg. et Ord.... P. P. Auctor Carolus David Arfwedson, Vestrogothus. In Audit. Gust. die xix. Nov. MDCCCXXV. H. A. M S. Upsaliæ. Excudebant Regiæ Academiæ Typographi._ 4to, iv + 34 pp. Copies are in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of Harvard College. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,135; Brinley, ii. 3,031.

[966] A translation of this, by the late Hon. George P. Marsh, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 443 _et seq._

[967] A translation of it is inserted in Du Ponceau’s translation of Campanius, already mentioned, p. 109 _et seq._

[968] _In History of the State of New York_, part ii., New York, 1826.

[969] _Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware. A Discourse delivered before the Society for the Commemoration of the Landing of William Penn, on the 24th of October, 1827. By James N. Barker. Published by request of the Society. Philadelphia, 1827._ 8vo, 62 pp. Extracts from it are given in Samuel Hazard’s _Register of Pennsylvania_, vol. i. p. 179 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1828.)

[970] Philadelphia, 1829 and 1830.

[971] Philadelphia, 1835, 12mo, 180 pp.; 2d ed. 1858, 12mo, 179 pp., omitting the charter of the Swedish churches.

[972] Örebro, 1832-1836.

[973] Vol. ii., Boston, 1837.

[974] Baltimore, 1837. Cf. Mr. Brantley’s chapter in Vol. III.

[975] Vol. i. p. 9. Dover, 1838.

[976] Page 428 _et seq._ New York, 1841.

[977] Paris, 8vo, 29 pp. A Swedish translation of it, bearing the title of _Underrättelse om den Fordna Svenska Kolonien i Norra Amerika kallad Nya Sverige, “med Anmärkningar och Tillägg af Öfversättaren_,” was printed at Stockholm in 1844 (8vo, title + 41 pp.). The author’s treatment of his theme so closely resembles Bancroft’s, that we infer that he followed the American historian without acknowledgment.

[978] Wilmington, 1846, 8vo, xii + 312 pp. Among its illustrations are a reproduction of the representation of the siege of Fort Christina in Du Ponceau’s _Campanius_, and an original “Map of the Original Settlements on the Delaware by the Dutch and Swedes.”

[979] New York, 1846-1848. It reproduces Van der Donck’s map of New Netherland. See the preceding chapter.

[980] Stockholm, 1848.

[981] Philadelphia, 1850.

[982] Albany, 1850. See the preceding chapter.

[983] Albany, 1851.

[984] Reappearing among “The Jogues Papers,” translated by John Gilmary Shea, in _New York Historical Society Collections_, second series, iii. 215, _et seq._ See the preceding chapter.

[985] Newark, N. J., 1853.

[986] On the date of the building of Fort Nassau, see O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_, i. 100. On maps, see note on Lindström’s Map.

[987] Boston, 1853.

[988] Albany, 1853.

[989] New York, 1853-1871. See the preceding chapter; and Mr. Stevens’s, in Vol. III.

[990] Stockholm, 1855-1856.

[991] Albany, 1856-1858.

[992] Hartford, 1857-1858.

[993] Published at Amsterdam. A translation of the letters referred to, by the Hon. Henry C. Murphy, appears in the _Historical Magazine_, ii. 257 _et seq._ (New York, 1858).

[994] In _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. vii., Philadelphia, 1860. The frontispiece consists of an engraving of a mural tablet in St. Paul’s Church, Chester, Pa., in memory of Ann Keen, daughter of Jöran Kyn, of Upland, and her husband James Sandelands, one of the provincial councillors of Pennsylvania appointed by Deputy-Governor William Markham in 1681,—the oldest tombstone extant on the Delaware.

[995] Philadelphia, 1862.

[996] Stockholm, 1865. The matter referred to in the text has been translated by the writer of this essay for the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, vol. vii.

[997] _A Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland, and to the Dutch West India Company and to its possessions in Brazil, Angola, etc., as also on the Maps, Charts, etc., of New Netherland, with fac-similes of the map of New Netherland by N. J. Visscher and of the three existing views of New Amsterdam. Compiled from the Dutch public and private libraries, and from the collection of Mr. Frederik Muller in Amsterdam, G. M. Asher, LL.D., Privat-Docent of Roman law in the University of Heidelberg. Amsterdam, Frederik Muller, 1854-1867._ See the preceding chapter.

[998] With regard to Usselinx, Asher refers to Berg van Dussen Muilkerk’s work on New Netherland, written in 1851, Captain P. N. Netscher’s _Les Hollandais au Brésil_ (La Haye, 1853), and the histories of Dutch political economy by Professor O. van Rees and Professor E. Laspeyres. The last of these books, entitled _Geschichte der volkswirthschaftlichen Anschauungen der Niederländer_, is also cited by Professor Odhner.

[999] Philadelphia, 1870.

[1000] Stockholm, 1857-1872.

[1001] Pages 42 _et seq._ Boston, 1874.

[1002] Printz’s letter is not in reply to this of Winthrop (as Mr. Kidder supposes), but to another (dated April 22, 1644) mentioned by Sprinchorn. It is written in Latin, a language necessarily used by the Swedish Governor in such correspondence, though he felt his incompetence for the task, saying in his report of the same month that “for the last twenty-seven years he had handled muskets and pistols oftener than Cicero and Tacitus.” He therefore desired his superiors to send him a Latin secretary, and, repeating his request in his Report of 1647, hopes that that person might render aid in administering justice and solving intricate problems of law, which occasionally arose, besides relieving him from the embarrassment of appearing in court in certain cases as both plaintiff and judge.

[1003] Harrisburg, 1876; 2d ed., 1880.

[1004] Stockholm, 1876. A few copies of the article were printed separately (8vo, 39 pp.) A translation of it, with notes, containing lists of colonists who emigrated to New Sweden in the first four Swedish expeditions, and other information, by the writer of this essay, is given in the _Pennsylvania Magazine_, vol. iii. p. 269 _et seq._, p. 395 _et seq._, and p. 462 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1879.) For further information concerning Peter Spiring (ennobled in 1636, under the name of Silfvercron till Norsholm), particularly mentioned by Odhner, see the latter’s _Sveriges deltagande i Westfaliska fredskongressen_, p. 46; and for additional references to Samuel Blommaert, also spoken of by the author, see _Doc. Col. Hist. N.Y._, vols. i. and xii.

[1005] Albany, 1877.

[1006] Harrisburg, 1877. The frontispiece consists of a portrait of Queen Christina of Sweden, from the same original as that which appears on the writer’s map of New Sweden, accompanying this chapter. It reproduces Van der Donck’s map of New Netherland.

[1007] Harrisburg, 1878.

[1008] Also printed separately, the titlepage describing it as _Akademisk Afhandling, som med vederbörligt tillstånd för erhållande af Filosofisk Doktorsgrad vid Lunds Universitet till offentlig granskning framställes af Carl K. S. Sprinchorn, Filosofie Licentiat, Sk. (Stockholm, 1878, P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Kongl. Boktryckare_. 8vo, 102 pp.) A translation of it has been made, by the writer of this essay, for publication by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[1009] Philadelphia, 1878, _et seq. ann._

[1010] Philadelphia, 1880.

[1011] Published by the Historical Society of Delaware, Wilmington, 1881. (8vo, 27 pp.) The paper was read before that Society Dec. 10, 1874, and should be supplemented and corrected in some particulars from the essays afterward written by Professor Odhner and Doctor Sprinchorn. Concerning Minuit, see also a paper by Friedrich Kapp, entitled “Peter Minnewit aus Wesel,” in Von Sybel’s _Historische Zeitschrift_, xv. 225 _et seq._, and the preceding chapter.

[1012] Pages 55-78. Stockholm, 1882. The author, who is librarian of the Royal Library at Stockholm, gives a brief list of books referring to New Sweden, embracing, besides others spoken of in the text, _Svenska Familj-Journalen_, 1870 (reprinted by the writer, C. G. Starbäck, in _Historiska Bilder_, Stockholm, 1871), and _Förr och Nu_, 1871.

[1013] Philadelphia, 1882. The original of the second document mentioned is in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[1014] Most of these are cited by Odhner and Sprinchorn, with indication of the places where they are now deposited.

[1015] Referred to in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, vol. v. pp. 468-69.

[1016] For very kind aid the writer is especially indebted to Professor C. T. Odhner, of Lund.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

—Obvious errors were corrected.