Book III

. Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 217-238.

[212] Gildas († A.D. 570), “De excidio Britanniæ.” Engl. transl. by Giles, London, 1841. Bede († A.D. 735), “Eccles. Hist. of Engl.” Transl. by Giles, London, 1840.

[213] Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” iii., ch. 13. Innes, “Ancient Inhab. of Scotland.” in the Series of Historians of Scotland.

[214] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” p. 435. Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864. Robertson, “Scotland under her Early Kings.” Edin., 2 vols., 1862.

[215] Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.” London, 1866. Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”

[216] That he first received the Latin name after his consecration as bishop in A.D. 723 is rendered more than doubtful by the fact that it is found in letters of earlier date. It is probably only a Latinizing of the Anglo-Saxon Winfrid or Wynfrith (from Vyn=fortune, luck, health; frid or frith=peace; therefore: peaceful, wholesome fortune) into the name, widely spread in Christian antiquity, of _Bonifatius_ (from _bonumfatum_, Greek: Eutyches, good luck). But the transposition into the form Bonifacius which might seem the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon word “Benefactor” of the German people, is first met with, although even then only occasionally, in the 8th century, but afterwards always more and more frequently, and then is given to the popes and other earlier bearers of the name. By the 15th century the original and etymological style of writing the name and that used in early documents had been completely discarded and forgotten, till modern philology, diplomatics and epigraphies have again clearly vindicated the earlier form.

[217] Wright, “Biog. Britannica Literaria.” Lond., 1842. Cox, “Life of Boniface.” Lond., 1853. Hope, “Boniface.” London, 1872. Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”

[218] Trench, “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.” Lond., 1877. Hardwick, “History of Christian Church during Middle Ages.”

[219] Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” Ed. by Reid, London, 1880, p. 285, Cent. viii., pt. ii., ch. 5. Wright, “Biographia Brit. Literaria.” London, 1842.

[220] Milman, “Hist. of Latin Christianity.” Vol. ii., Trench’s “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.”

[221] “William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of Kings of England.” Bk. I., ch. 4.

[222] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 2nd series: “The Southern Slavs.”

[223] Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hammaburgensia.” A.D. 788-1072. Pontoppidan, “Annales Eccles. Danicæ.” Copenhag., 1741. Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.” London, 1865.

[224] Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Transl. by Turner, Lond., 1847.

[225] Muir, “Annals of Early Khalifate.” Ockley, “Hist. of Saracens and their Conquests in Syria, Persia and Egypt.”

[226] Condé, “History of Dominion of Arabs in Spain.” 3 vols. Freeman, “Hist. and Conquests of the Saracens.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1876. Abd-el-Hakem, “History of the Conquest of Spain.” Tr. from Arabic by Jones, Gött., 1858.

[227] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton.” Lectures in Univ. of Cambr.: “The Popes and the Lombards.”

[228] Crakenthorp, “The Defence of Constantine, with a Treatise on the Pope’s Temporal Monarchy.” Lond., 1621.

[229] Platina, “Lives of Popes.” Under John VII. Bower, “Lives of Popes.” Vol. iv. Blondel, “Joanna Papissa.” Amst., 1657. Hase, “Church History.” New York, 1855, p. 186.

[230] Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.” Edin., 1863, pp. 101-163; “Temporal Supremacy of the Pope and Gallican Liberties.” Barrow, “Pope’s Supremacy.” London, 1683.

[231] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. viii., National Churches, pp. 139-154.

[232] Hefele, “History of Councils.” iii. 69, 131, 149. Field, “Of the Church.” Reprint by Eccl. Hist. Society, 5 vols., London, 1847; vol. iii., pp. 7, 245 ff. Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. vii., The Metropolitan, pp. 128-135.

[233] Lea, “Studies in Church History.” Philad., 1869. Lecky, “History of European Morals.” 3rd ed., 2 vols., London, 1877.

[234] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” London, 1887, p. 43.

[235] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum.” P. 187 ff., London, 1868.

[236] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. v., The Parish, pp. 89-97.

[237] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. ix., The Canonical Rule, pp. 157-172; Ch. x., The Cathedral Chapter, pp. 175-190.

[238] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Instit.” Ch. xi., The Chapter of the Diocese, pp. 193-208. Stubbs, “Constit. Hist. of England.” Vol. iii.

[239] Walcott, “Cathedralia.” _Ibid._, “Sacred Archæology.” Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. iii., Fixed Tenure of Parish Priest; Ch. iv., The Benefice.

[240] Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” ii., 183-248. Montalembert, “Monks of West from Benedict to Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.

[241] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. vi., Tithes and their Distribution, pp. 101-117.

[242] Roth, however, regards this _divisio_ as putting a complete stop to the secularization of church property.

[243] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Institutions.” Ch. iv., The Benefice, pp. 61-77. Art. “Benefice.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiquities.”

[244] Ayliffe, “Parergon Juris Canonici.” Lond., 1726. Guizot, “Hist. of Civilization.” Transl. by Hazlitt, Lond., 1846. Walcott, “Sacred Archæology.”

[245] Blondel, “Pseudo-Isid. et Turrianus vapulantes.” Genev., 1628.

[246] Hopkins, “The Organ, its hist. and construct.” Lond., 1855.

[247] Guest, “History of English Rhythms.” Vol. ii., London, 1838. Wright, “Biogr. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Saxon Period.” London, 1842. Thorpe, “Cædmon’s Paraphrase in Anglo-Saxon with Engl. Transl.” London, 1832. Conybeare, “Illustr. of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” London, 1827.

[248] Evans, “Treatise on Chr. Doct. of Marriage.” New York, 1870. Hammond, “On Divorces.” In his Works, vol. i., London, 1674. Cosin, “Argument on the Dissolution of Marriage.” Works, vol. iv., Oxf., 1854. Tertullian, Treatise in “Lib. of Fath.” Oxf., 1854, with two Essays by Pusey, “On Second Marriages of the Clergy.” and “On Early Views as to Marriage after Divorce.”

[249] Babington, “Influence of Chr. in promoting the Abolition of Slavery in Europe.” London, 1864. Edwards, “Inquiry into the State of Slavery in the Early and Middle Ages of the Christian Era.” Edin., 1836.

[250] Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiq.” Vol. i., pp. 785-792; Arts.: “Hospitality, Hospitals, Hospitium.”

[251] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccl. Documents.” Vol. iii., Oxf., 1871.

[252] Barington, “Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1846. Hallam, “Europe in Middle Ages.” 2 vols., Lond., 1818. Trench, “Lect. on Med. Ch. Hist.” Lond., 1877.

[253] Lorentz, “Life of Alcuin.” Transl. by Slee, Lond., 1837.

[254] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton: Paulus Diaconus.”

[255] Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy in its rel. to Chr. Theology.” Oxf., 1833. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 358-365.

[256] Mullinger, “Schools of Charles the Great and Restoration of Education in the 9th cent.” Cambr., 1877.

[257] Cassiodorus’ work in 12 bks., _De rebus gestes Gotorum_, has indeed been lost, but about A.D. 550 Jornandes, who also used other documents, embodied this work in his _De Getarum orig. et reb. gestis_.

[258] Gildas wrote about A.D. 560 his: _Liber querulis de excidio Britanniæ_ (Eng. transl. in “Six Old English Chronicles.” London, Bohn).

[259] Nennius wrote about A.D. 850 his: _Eulogium Britanniæ s. Hist. Britonum_ (Engl. transl. in “Six Old Engl. Chron.”).

[260] Collected Ed. of Alfred’s works, by Bosworth, 2 vols., Lond., 1858. Fox, “Whole Wks. of Alfred the Great, with Essays on Hist., Arts and Manners of 9th cent.” 3 vols., Oxf., 1852. Spelman, “Life of Alfred the Great.” Oxf., 1709. Pauli, “Life of Alfred the Gt.” transl. with Alfred’s Orosius, Lond., 1853. Hughes, “Alfred the Great.” Giles, “Life and Times of King Alfred the Great.” Lond., 1848.

[261] Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. ii., London, 1856; pp. 154 ff. Dorner, “Hist. Development of Person of Chr.” Div. II., vol. i.

[262] Ussher, “Gotteschalci et controv. ab eo motæ hist.” Dubl., 1631.

[263] Principal authorities for last two sections: Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hamburg eccl. Pontificum.” and Saxo Grammaticus, “Hist. Danica.”

[264] Snorro Sturleson’s, “Heimskringla, or Chronicle of the Kings of Norway.” Transl. from the Icelandic by Laing, 3 vols., London, 1844.

[265] Cosmas of Prague [† A.D. 1125], “Chronicon Prag.”

[266] “The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian.” Edited with Commentary by Col. Yule, 2 vols., London, 1871.

[267] Michaud, “History of the Crusades.” Transl. by Robson, 3 vols., London, 1852. Mill, “History of the Crusades.” 2 vols., London, 1820. “Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives of Richard Cœur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf, and of the Crusade of St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville.” London (Bohn). Gibbon, “History of Crusades.” London, 1869.

[268] _Pulleni dicuntur, vel quia recentes et novi, quasi pulli respectu Surianorum reputati sunt, vel quia principaliter de gente Apuliæ matres habuerunt. Cum enim paucas mulieres adduxissent nostri, qui in terras remanserunt, de regno Apuliæ, eo quod propius esset aliis regionibus, vocantes mulieres, cum eis matrimonia contraxerunt._

[269] Stubbs, “Chronicle and Memorials of Richard I.” London, 1864.

[270] Prescott, “History of Ferdinand and Isabella.” Good edition by Kirk, in 1 vol., London, 1886. Geddes, “History of Expulsion of Moriscoes.” In “Miscell. Tracts.” Vol. i., London, 1714. McCrie, “Hist. of Prop. and Suppr. of Reformation in Spain.” London, 1829. Ranke, “History of Reformation.” Transl. by Mrs. Austin, vol. iii., London, 1847.

[271] Milman, “History of the Jews.”