XIV.

HISTORY.

Until 1540 Spain reserved for the Crown that part of the territory of Veragua lying west of the portion which had been granted to the heirs of Columbus, but in that year it was erected into a province called Costa Rica. According to the narrative of Colonel G. E. Church, within a period of sixty years from the date of its discovery some ten feeble exploring and colonizing expeditions, mostly from Panama, were fitted out to occupy Costa Rica, but they all proved disastrous, the only result being the exasperation of the natives whom the Spaniards plundered, butchered and treated with signal barbarity.

Between 1560 and 1573 the limits of Costa Rica were defined and confirmed by Philip II., those on the Atlantic Coast being the same as to-day, so far as Nicaragua is concerned.

In 1562 Juan Vasquez de Coronado was named Alcalde and Mayor of the Province of Costa Rica and Veragua. He founded the City of Cartago which remained the capital until 1823.

Up to 1622 fifteen governors succeeded Vasquez, but disappointed in their efforts to find gold, to enslave the Indian population, or to make the country prosperous, they allowed it to lapse into a barbarism far worse than it was at the time of its discovery.

Barrantes says that in 1622 it had but fifty Spanish families, and these were in a condition of extreme poverty.

A report, which the King ordered to be made about that time for purposes of taxation, stated: “In Costa Rica no mines of any metal are worked; no gold-washings, no indigo cultivation, no sugar-mill exist. The people cultivate only maize and wheat. There is no money. The poverty is such that the flour and biscuits which are not consumed are exchanged for necessary clothing.”

When Gregorio de Sandoval was named Captain-General, in 1634, and reached his port from the Atlantic Coast, he noted the importance of having a better port than that then existing at the mouth of the river Pacuare, and, therefore, in 1639 founded that of Matina, connecting it by a mule-trail 102 miles long with Cartago.

From 1666 to the end of the century both the Caribbean and the Pacific coasts were ravaged by piratical expeditions.

In 1718 Diego de la Haya y Fernandez was appointed Captain-General. The following year he reported to the King on the condition of Costa Rica, which he pronounced the “poorest and most miserable of all America. The current money is the cacao seed, there not being a piece of silver in the entire country. There is not an eatable sold in street or shop. Every family has to sow and reap what it consumes or expends during the year. Even the Governor has to do this or perish. Meanwhile the inhabitants of the province are contentious, chimerical and turbulent, and among the whole of them there are not forty men of medium capacity.”

In 1797 the governorship and military command were conferred on Tomas de Acosta, but after ruling for twelve years he wrote: “There is not in the entire monarchy a province so indigent as this, for some of the inhabitants are clothed with the bark of trees, and others, that they may go to church, hire and borrow from their friends.”

This may be said to have been the condition of the country when the domination of Spain ended.

The fifty-eight Governors, who, since 1563, had followed the ill-fated Vasquez de Coronado, had been little more than managers of a neglected farm, which scarcely yielded sufficient to enable its laborers to eke out a miserable, half-starved existence. They had killed off or enslaved the indigenous population. Their poverty had precluded the opening of roads or the clearing and cultivation of the lands, while the exactions of Spain and its barbarous political and fiscal policy had smothered all commercial interests. In fact, Costa Rica had, during three centuries of Spanish domination, constantly retrograded, and when the Spaniard retired from it, he left it less civilized than when he entered it in 1502.

On September 15, 1821, Costa Rica joined Nicaragua in a decree of independence. On January 10, 1822, she proclaimed her union with the Iturbide Empire of Mexico under “the plan of Iguala,” but in 1824 she resumed her independence, declared herself a Republic, elected Juan Mora as President, who remained in office for eight years, and became one of the United Provinces of Central America. This weak, unmanageable union underwent a slow disintegration from 1838 to 1839. It fell in pieces for want of internal communications, like the old Columbian federation of New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador.

Among the twenty-four presidents and dictators who have governed Costa Rica since 1824, several have been men of marked intelligence and devoted patriotism, and under their administration the country has slowly emerged from its former depression, until to-day it may be said to be in a healthy political and commercial condition.

Costa Rica is very much indebted to its first President, Juan Mora. Other successful Presidents were: Juan Rafael Mora, from 1850 to 1859; General Tomas Guardia, from 1872 to 1876, and again from 1878 to 1882; Bernardo Soto, from 1885 to 1889, and Rafael Iglesias, since 1894.

Since its independence there have been but few stirring events to agitate the country. The most important of them was the efficacious aid it gave to Nicaragua in 1857 in crushing the filibuster Walker, whose object was to add Nicaragua as slave territory to the United States.

[Illustration: CENTRAL AMERICA

Rand, McNally & Co’s. Indexed Atlas of the World Map of Central America Copyright 1888, by Rand, McNally & Co. Copyright 1892, by Rand, McNally & Co.

RAND, MCNALLY & CO., ENGRAVERS, CHICAGO.]

[Illustration: (overlay on lower left portion of above illustration)

MAP SHOWING Proposed Line of NICARAGUA CANAL. ]

[Illustration: CENTRAL AMERICA. (reverse side of the CENTRAL AMERICA map)

Listing of Provinces, Lakes, Towns etc. in each Central American country.]

COSTA RICA.—Provinces, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Provinces.

Pop. Alajuela, P-21 53,087 Cartago, R-22 35,571 Comarca de Puntarenas, S-21 8,114 Comarca de Limon, S-24 3,447 Guanacaste, Q-19 17,191 Heredia, Q-21 31,084 San Jose, R-21 65,261 Total 213,745

Lakes.

Manatu, P-21. San Carlos, P-21. Sierpe, T-23.

Mountains.

Aguacate, Q-20. Barba, Q-21. Blanco, S-24. Cordillera de Chirique, T-25. Cordillera de Dota, R-22. Herradura, S-21. Irasu, Q-22. Mira Valles, P-19. Orosi, P-19. Poas, Q-21. Rincon de La Viega, P-19. Rovalo, S-25. Sierra de Tilaran, Q-20. Tenorio, P-20. Turialba, R-22. Ujum, S-23.

Rivers.

Amarillo, P-21. Arenal, P-20. Bananas, T-25. Barr, S-22. Barros, S-25. Bolson, Q-19. Chirripo, R-23. Coen, S-24. Colo, T-24. De Orol, R-19. Dulce, T-23. Espino, T-23. Esquinas, T-23. Frio, P-20. Golfito, T-24. Grande de Terraba, S-23. Guapiles, Q-22. Haciendas, Q-19. Higueron, Q-19. Hone, R-24. Lion, S-23. Matina, Q-23. Negro, P-20. Nino, O-19. Nosara, R-19. Parismina, Q-22. Paron, T-24. Pecaare, R-22. Penas Blancos, Q-20. Pirris, R-21. Platanares, P-20. Rio Grande, R-21. Rovalo, T-25. San Carlos, P-21. Sapoa, O-19. Sarapiqui, P-22. Sicsola, R-24. Sierpe, Q-22. Sierpe, T-23. Teliri, R-24. Telirio Sicsola, R-25. Tempisque, Q-19. Toro, Q-21. Tortuguero, Q-22. Tuorio Changuinola, S-24. Viejo, P-19. Waranjo, R-22. Zapatero, P-19.

Towns.

Pop. Alajuela, R-21 9000 Aserri, R-21 Atenas, R-21 Bagaces, Q-19 Barba, Q-21 Bebedero, Q-19 Boruca, S-23 Bribri, S-24 Canjel, Q-19 Carrillo, Q-21 Cartago, R-22 12000 Castillo Viejo, P-21 Chira, Q-19 Corralillo, Q-19 David, U-25 Desamparados, R-21 Desengano, Q-21 Desmonte, R-21 Dos Novillos, Q-21 Echeverria, R-21 Escazu, R-21 Esparta, R-20 Gresca, Q-21 Hacienda Animas, O-18 Hacienda Coulebra, P-18 Hacienda Guachiplin, P-19. Hacienda Jobo, P-19 Hacienda Miravalles, P-19 Hacienda Orosi, P-19 Hacienda Pelon, P-19 Hacienda Santa Maria, S-23 Hacienda Tedorio, Q-20 Heredia, R-21 9000 Jimenez, Q-22 La Laguna, Q-21 La Palma, Q-21 Las Cañas, Q-19 Liberia, P-19 5692 Limon, R-23 1200 Mateo, R-20 Matina, Q-23 Muelle, Q-21 Naranjo, P-18 Naranjo, Q-21 Naranjo, R-22 Nicoya, Q-19 5000 Ochoa, P-21 Old Harbor, R-24 Obispo, Q-19 Pacaca, R-21 Paraiso, R-22. Punta Burica, U-24 Puntarenas, R-20 5000 Puntarenitas, U-23 Puriscal, R-21 San Antonio, R-21 San Carlitos, Q-21 San Cristobal, R-22 San Isidro, Q-22 San Joaquin, Q-21 San Jose, R-21 25000 San Jose de Cabecar, S-23 San Juanillo, Q-21 San Lucas, R-20 San Marcos, R-21 San Ramon, Q-20 Santa Barbara, Q-21 Santa Cruz, Q-18 5690 Santa Maria, R-22 Santa Rosa, P-18 Sarcero, Q-21 Sardinal, Q-18 Savanilla, R-21 Siquires, Q-22 Tendal, Q-19 Terraba, S-23 Tirives, R-20 Tullica, U-24 Turealba, R-22 Ujarras, Q-20 Union, R-21 Uruchico, S-23

GUATEMALA.—Departments, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Departments.

Pop. Alta Verapaz, F-9 103,779 Amatitlan, I-8 34,917 Baja Verapaz, G-9 48,427 Chimaltenango, H-8 57,619 Chiquimula, H-11 62,878 Escuintla, I-7 30,610 Guatemala, H-9 139,239 Huehuetenango, F-6 130,454 Izabal, F-12 5,010 Jalapa, H-10 34,185 Jutiapa, I-10 47,145 Peten, D-9 8,515 Quezaltenango, H-6 102,217 Quiche, G-8 85,485 Retalhuleu, I-6 23,974 Sacatepeques, H-8 40,281 San Marcos, H-5 87,622 Santa Rosa, I-9 36,082 Solola, H-7 82,316 Suchitepequez, I-6 35,500 Totonicapan, H-7 156,066 Zacapa, G-10 41,917

Total 1,394,233

Lakes.

Acquioc, C-10. Amatitlan, I-9. Atitlan, H-7. Ayarza, H-10. Itza, C-9. Izabal, F-11. Peten, C-9. San Pedro, C-8. Santa Clara, B-11. Tipu, B-11.

Mountains.

Sierra de Chama, F-9. Sierra de Las Minas, G-10. Sierra de Santa Cruz, F-11.

Rivers.

Cahabon, F-10. Chajul Lacandon, E-8. Chixoy, E-9. Chixoy, G-8. Coylate, I-7. Cuilco, G-6. Dolores, F-6. Guacalate, I-8. Huista, F-6. Ixcan, F-7. Itquia, I-6. Machaquila, E-10. Madresieja, I-7. Micharaya, I-8. Moca, I-7. Montaqua, G-11. Muxania, E-11. Nauranjo, H-5. Negro, G-8. Nima, I-6. Obete, E-10. Paz, J-10. Polochie, G-10. Rapide, C-11. Sacchich, B-9. Samala, I-6. San Francisco, G-12.

Towns.

Pop. Aguacatan, G-7 Alotepeque, H-11 Alzarate, H-10 Amaco, G-11 Amatenango, G-5 Amatitian, I-8 Andres, G-8 Antigua, H-8 14000 Arenal, F-10 Atescatempa, I-10 Ayutta, H-5 Azacualpa, I-9 Barberena, I-9 Barillas, F-7 Barrilas, I-8 Bartolome, G-7 Batcab, B-10 Blanco, H-6 Bobaso, G-12 Bobos, H-6 Caballo, H-6 Cabrican, G-6 Cabulco, G-8 Camotan, H-11 Canoa, G-9 Canouinitin, F-6 Cantel, H-7 Carcha, F-9 Casasolejas, J-9 Casillas, I-9 Chabunal, F-10 Chachaclum, D-9 Chajul, F-7 Chama, F-8 Chalchitan, G-7 Champerico, I-6 Chancol, G-7 Chaparron, H-10 Chapayal, E-9 Chiacam, F-10 Chiboy, G-8 Chicarao, F-10 Chiche, H-7 Chilasco, G-9 Chilonce, C-8 Chimalapa, G-10 Chimaltenango, G-6 Chimaltenango, H-8 14000 Chimay, E-11 Chimulchuch, F-10 Chinaca, G-7 Chinaga, E-9 Chinautla, H-8 Chinge, I-10 Chinique, G-7 Chintla, G-7 Chioxan, F-10 Chiquimara, H-7 Chiquimula, H-10 10602 Chiquimulilla, I-9 Chiralan, G-8 Chisee, F-9 Chixoj, G-8 Choacua, G-9 Chol, G-8 Chucula, F-6 Chuntuqui, B-10 Chupec, G-9 Coatepeque, H-6 Coban, F-9 6000 Colotenango, G-6 Comalapa, H-8 Comapa, I-10 Comitancillo, G-6 Concencion, H-6 Concepcion, H-11 Concordia, E-10 Coneal, F-9 Conoitas, H-9 Corrito, F-6 Cotzal, F-8 Cuajiniquilapa, I-9 Cubiletes, H-11 Cueya, E-11 Cuilco, G-6 Cunen, G-8. Cuyotenango, H-6 De la Pasion, D-9 Dolores, D-8 Dolores, D-11 Don Garcia, I-8 Duenas, H-8 El Caribe, E-9 El Chal, D-10 El Limon, F-9 El Queez, C-10 Esclares, J-9 Escuintla, I-8 5109 Esquipulas, H-11 Estanzuela, G-10 Flores, C-10 6000 Franklin, H-6 Fuerte de San Felipe, F-11 Guadalupe, H-9 Gualan, G-11 2000 Guaranja, G-11 Guastatoya, H-9 Guatemala, H-9 65796 Guazacapan, I-9 2000 Haciendaneja, H-9 Huehuetenango, G-7 Hamaca, F-10 Honche, C-7 Hotenango, G-7 Idola, I-7 Ilom, F-7 Ipala, H-10 5209 Itzapa, H-8 Ixcan, F-7 Ixhuatan, I-9 Ixtub, D-10 Izabal, G-11 1500 Jacaltenango, F-6 Jalapa, H-10 5702 Jalpatagua, I-9 Jasha, C-11 Jilotepeque, H-10 Jocotan, H-11 9437 Joyabaj, G-8 5110 Jumay, I-9 Jutiapa, I-10 La Gomera, I-7 La Libertad, D-9 La Manga, F-13 Las Animas, F-12 Libertad, F-6 Livingston, F-12 Macanche, C-10 Malacatan, G-7 Malacatan, H-5 Malena, G-10 Mataqueseuintla, H-9 Mazatenango, H-7 5169 Mexico, H-8 Mita, I-10 Mixtan, I-7 Mixtan, I-8 Momostenango, G-7 16933 Moruta, J-9 Nebaj, F-7 Nenton, F-6 Nueva Esperanza, D-8 Nuero, H-7 Ocos, H-5 Ojetenam, G-6 Olintepeque, H-6 Olopa, H-11 Oratorio, I-9 Pacagas, G-9 Pacaya, I-8 Palceres, G-12 Palencia, H-9 1555 Palm, I-8 Palma, H-6 Palo Gordo, H-6 Palzile, H-7 Panzos, F-10 Paso de Yalchitan, C-8 Pasorcal, D-9 Pastores, H-8 Patulul, I-7 Patzizia, H-8 4317 Patzum, H-7 6500 Pedro Neolo, G-6 Petensuo, D-11 Petzal, G-6 Pinula, H-9 Pochuta, H-7 Poctum, D-11 Pretexbatum, E-9 Pronto Alirio, D-9 Pueblo, H-6 Puebloriejo, I-9 Puerto Barrios, F-12 Purula, G-9 Quezaltenango, H-6 23574 Quezaltepeque, H-10 6593 Quirigua, G-11 Rabinal, G-8 3184 Retalhulen, H-6 5309 Rio Blanco, G-6 Rio Hondo, G-10 Rode, H-5 Rodeo, G-8 Rosa, G-9 2080 Ruhalbera, F-10 Ruines de Chapulco, G-11 Sabinal, G-5 Sacacao, E-9 Sacchich, B-10 Sacapulas, G-8 5589 Sacatal, E-9 Sajalon, F-8 Sajanaca, F-6 Salama, G-9 7125 Salcaja, H-6 Salchicha, F-9 Saltan, G-8 Samac, F-9 Samayac, H-7 San Andres, C-9 San Andres, F-6 San Andres, H-6 San Andres, H-7 San Antonio, H-6 San Antonio, H-7 San Antonio, H-7 San Antonio, H-7 San Antonio, H-7 1529 San Antonio, H-9 San Antonio Huista, F-6 San Apolonia, H-8 Sanarate, H-9 2115 San Augustin, G-10 San Augustin, I-7 San Bartolo, G-7 San Benito, C-9 San Carlos, H-6 San Clemente, D-11 San Clemente, G-9 San Cristobal, F-9 San Cristobal, H-6 San Cristobal, H-7 San Cucho Martin San Diego, D-9 San Domingo, I-6 San Felipe, E-9 San Felipe, H-6 San Francisco, H-7 San Gabriel, G-9 San Gabriel, I-7 San Gaspar Izchil, G-6 San Geronimo, G-9 San Geronimo, J-7 San Isabel, E-10 San Jacinto, H-11 San Jose, C-9 San Jose, J-8 San Jose Grande, D-8 San Juan, B-9 San Juan, E-10 San Juan, H-8 San Juan, H-6 San Juan Acatan, G-6 San Juan Chamelco, F-9 San Juan de Dios, D-9 San Juan de Herinola, H-11 San Juan Ixcoy, F-7 San Juaquin, D-9 San Lorenzo, G-6 San Lorenzo, G-7 San Lorenzo, J-10 San Lucas, H-7 San Luis, D-11 San Luis, I-6 San Marcos, F-6 San Marcos, G-6 San Marcos, H-7 San Martin, B-9 San Martin, H-8 San Mateo, F-7 San Mateo, H-6 San Miguel, C-10 San Miguel, G-6 San Miguel, G-9 San Miguel Acatan, F-7 San Pablo, H-5 San Pablo, H-7 San Pedro, F-9 San Pedro, H-8 San Pedro, H-7 San Pedro, H-9 San Pedro Jocopilas, G-7 San Pedro Soloma, F-7 San Rafael, H-6 San Rafael, I-9 San Ramundo, H-9 San Rito, C-10 Sansar, H-9 Sansaria, H-9 San Sebastian, G-6 San Sebastian Coatan, F-7 San Sebastian Lemoa, H-7 Santa, G-6 Santa Ana, I-7 Santa Ana Huista, F-6 Santa Barbara, G-6 Santa Barbara, I-7 Santa Catarina, H-7 Santa Catarina, I-10 Santa Cruz, F-9 Santa Cruz, F-11 Santa Cruz, H-8 Santa Cruz del Quiche, G-7 6000 Santa Eulalia, F-7 Santa Isabel, E-10 Santa Isabel, F-12 Santa Lucia, I-7 Santa Lucia, G-7 Santa Maria, F-12 Santa Maria, H-6 Santa Maria Cahabon, F-10 Santa Rosa, D-8 Santa Rosa, I-9 6237 San Thomas Ch, H-7 San Toribio, D-11 Santo Tomas, F-12 19000 Saoo, G-9 Sarstoon, F-11 Satinta, C-10 Sauce, F-11 Schenaju, F-10 Sipacapa, G-6 Solola, H-7 5000 Suchiate, H-5 Sumpango, H-8 Tablones, G-9 Tacana, G-5 Tactic, G-9 Tajumulco, G-6 2000 Taxisco, I-8 Tecpam, H-8 7025 Tejutla, G-6 Tenedores, F-12 Tescuaco, I-7 Tetitlan, G-6 Tikal, B-10 Tocoy, G-9 Todos Santos, G-6 Totonicapan, H-7 26000 Trapiche, E-8 Trapichillo, G-6 Tual, F-9 Tucuru, G-9 Tuluche, C-11 Tumanu, G-9 Tumbado, H-6 Tusancal, E-10 Tutulapa, G-6 Union, H-6 Union Parrios, G-9 Uspanlan, G-8 Usumacinta, C-7 Usumatan, G-10 Varilla, C-7 Victoria, E-9 Villanuera, H-8 Xox, D-10 Yalat, C-9 Yalchitan, C-8 Yaxcabnal, F-9 Yaxche, D-11 Yaxia, E-10 Zacapa, G-11 3000 Zacuelpa, G-8 Zaragoza, H-8 Ziquinala, I-8 Zoo, C-10 Zuni, H-7

HONDURAS.—Departments, Creeks, Lakes and Lagoons, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Departments.

Bay Island, E-17. Choluteca, K-15. Colon, F-16. Comayagua, H-14. Copan, H-11. Gracias, I-12. Intibuca, I-13. La Paz, I-14. Olancho, H-18. Santa Barbara, H-13. Tegucigalpa, I-15. Yoro, G-15.

Creeks.

Salt, F-19. Tabacunta, F-21. Toomtoom, F-21.

Lakes and Lagoons.

Brus, F-30. Caratasca, G-22. Elon, F-20. Guaranta, G-21. Ibentara, H-22. Tilbalacca, G-21. Yojoa, H-13.

Mountains.

Camasca, I-18. Campamento, G-16. Comayagua, H-14. Canchia, G-14. Costa de Leon, F-15. Juticalpa, H-19. Lepatcrique, I-15. Mesa de Yojoa, H-18. Mirandon, I-11. Misoco, I-16. Pijo, G-15. Puca, H-12. Salaque, I-13. San Juan, I-13. Sulaco, H-13. Tompo, I-19.

Rivers.

Agalta, H-18. Agua, G-17. Blanco, G-14. Chamelicon, G-13. Chapaqua, F-18. Choluteca, K-15. Colorado, G-15. Congrehoy, F-16. Croats, H-22. Cuero, F-15. Guaranta, H-21. Guayambre, I-19. Guayape, I-18. Honey, F-19. Ibentara, H-21. Jafan, I-18. Juan Lopez, F-16. Lepaguare, I-18. Maria, F-16. Nacaome, J-15. Negro, F-19. Negro, K-15. Papeloteca, F-16. Patuca, H-20. Platano, F-20. Poyas, F-19. Roman, G-18. Sacate, F-16. Secre, G-20. Segovia, I-21. Sangrelaya, F-19. Salaco, H-14. Santa Barbara, H-13. Santiago, G-12. Seco, G-18. Tinte, F-13. Ulna, G-13. Wanks, J-19.

Towns.

Pop. Agalteca, I-15 Agua Blancha, H-13 Aguangueli, J-14 Agua Zarca, I-18 Amapala, K-14 Amonita, F-14 Arinal, G-16 Belfate, F-17 Bens Brus, F-21 Bertulio, F-17 Bonita, F-18 Bonito, F-16 Boquin, H-17 Calolacha, I-12 Camalote, G-13 Camasea, I-12 Camoamento, F-17 Campamento, I-18 Cantaranas, I-16 Carata, G-22 Caroza, H-14 Casa Blanca, F-17 Cascares, H-12 Catacumas, H-19 Cataguana, G-15 Ceguaca, H-13 Celulaca, I-12 Chama, H-14 Chamelicon, F-13 Chinaolio, I-13 Chinda, G-13 Chiquilla, G-12 Choloma, F-13 Choluteca, K-15 Chuches, H-13 Cofradia, F-13 Cofredilla, I-16 Colomoncagua, J-12 Comayagua, I-14 10000 Concordia, I-17 Congrehoy, F-16 Copan, H-11 Corpus, K-15 Cowcara, G-23 Criba, F-20 Cropunto, G-20 Cucraren, J-14 Cuero, F-15 Danli, J-18 Deacons, F-20 Dolores, I-12 Dulce Nombre, G-19 El Carbon, G-19 El Pataste, H-19 English Town, F-19 Esperanza, G-18 Espina, H-14 Flores, I-14 Galeras, G-13 Galleras, I-18 Gigua, G-12 Gililaca, H-12 Gracias, I-12 Guaimaca, I-18 Guaipitanti, H-20 Gualaca, H-18 Gualala, G-13 Gualjoco, G-13 Guallaba, I-12 Guarajamula, I-13 Guarisima, H-18 Guata, H-18 Guatcha, I-12 Hama, G-13 Intibuca, I-13 Iriona, F-19 Jaco, H-17 Jaidigue, H-13 Jamal, H-14 Jicace, F-15 Jocon, H-16 Juan Lopez, F-16 Juliquite, H-18 Jurla, I-14 Jutiapa, H-16 Juticalpa, I-18 La Brea, K-14 Laceiba, F-16 La Floresto, G-19 Laguna, F-14 La Lima, G-16 La Paz, I-14 La Proteccion, I-15 Larga, H-14 Las Islas, I-11 Las Piedras, I-14 La Union, H-12 La Union, H-17 La Venta, G-12 Lejamal, I-14 Lemas, F-18 Lepatarique, I-14 Llano Largo, I-12 Locca, G-23 Longue, J-14 Lorenzo, K-14 McConnico, F-15 Macaguaya, I-13 Macucliso, G-12 Magdalena, G-13 Manto, H-18 Marmol, F-17 Maroala, I-14 Medio, H-16 Miambur, H-14 Nacaoma, J-14 Negrito, G-15 Namasiquo, K-15 Ocotopeque, I-11 Ojojona, I-15 Ojos de Agua, H-14 Ojueva, H-13 Olanchito, G-17 Omoa, F-13 600 Ooloste, I-12 Opoteca, H-14 Opotero, I-14 Orabela, G-22 Oromilca, H-12 Ouhe, F-22 Paso Real, G-18 Patuca, F-21 Persiverancia, K-20 Pespore, J-15 2000 Petapas, H-12 Petoa, G-13 Piedracito, F-19 Pinaloja, G-13 Playon, H-12 Potrerillos, G-14 Puerto Caballos, F-14 Puerto Cortez, F-14 Quigina, K-21 Quisilique, H-12 Ramirez, F-16 Real, H-19 Rio Blanquito, F-14 Rio Chiquito, I-14 Rio Esquillas, H-15 Rio Grande, G-18 Rio Grande, I-14 Rio Pelo, F-14 Rosario, H-12 Rosario, H-17 Sabana, H-14 Sabana Grande, J-15 Sacapoa, H-13 Sacate, F-15 Salado, F-15 Salama, H-17 San Andres, H-11 San Antonio, I-15 San Antonio, I-14 San Antonio de Norte, J-14 San Carlos, G-17 San Estavan, G-19 San Felipe, I-18 San Francisco, G-13 San Francisco, I-13 San Francisco, I-19 San Francisco de la Paz, H-18 Sangrelaya, F-19 San Jose, I-18 San Jose, H-12 San Jose, H-13 San Jose, I-13 San Juan, I-13 San Marcos, G-13 San Pedro, F-13 San Ventura, H-19 Santa Anna, J-15 Santa Barbara, G-13 Santa Cruz, G-13 Santa Cruz, G-14 Santa Rosa, H-11 Santa Rosa, H-16 Santa Rosa, I-13 Savana, H-15 Secualpa, H-19 Seguatepeque, H-14 Sensente, I-12 Siban, F-19 Silca, H-18 Sinapa, H-11 Sixatara, G-20 Skelton, G-21 Sulaco, H-15 Talanga, H-16 Tamara, I-15 Tamasca, I-14 Tambal, I-14 Tanleoc, H-13 Taringla, I-14 Tegucigalpa, I-15 12600 Tela, F-15 Trigual, J-15 Trinidad, G-12 Truxillo, F-17 4000 Tuma, G-14 Tunky, J-21 Ulua, F-14 Ulun, H-20 Valle de los Angeles, I-16 Venado, G-13 Villa Nueva, G-14 Waca, G-13 Wany, K-20 Wellawas, K-20 Yarata, H-13 Yocoa, H-17 Yojoa, G-14 Yoro, G-16 4000 Yucusapa, I-14 Yuguare, I-15 Yuscaran, I-16 Zacapa, H-13 Zacualpa, G-17 Zapote, H-11

NICARAGUA.—Departments, Creeks, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Departments.

Chinandega, L-15. Chontales, N-20. Granada, M-17. Leon, L-16. Managua, M-17. Masaya, N-17. Matagalpa, K-19. Rivas, O-18. Segovia, J-19.

Creeks.

Duckwarra, I-23. Kukerwalla, L-21. Mahogany, N-21. Rain, N-22. Tungla, I-21.

Lakes.

Managua, M-17. Nicaragua, O-19. Pearl, L-22.

Mountains.

Corcovada, L-15. Cordillera de Yoloma, N-21. Coseguina, L-14. Guanacaro, K-15. Huapi, L-19. Las Pilas, M-16. Loma del Tigre, M-16. Madera, O-18. Monkey Ridge, M-22. Ometepe, O-18. Prata Hills, I-22. Telica, L-16. Teluca, K-18. Viejo, L-16.

Rivers.

Anistaga, N-19. Bambano, K-21. Bluefields, M-22. Cama, M-21. Camusa, O-20. Chocoyos, L-18. Coco, K-18. Congrejal, N-19. Escondido, M-21. Español, O-21. Grande, L-17. Grande, L-16. Great, K-22. Indio, O-21. Kukallaya, J-21. Kurringwas, L-21. Lakwas, I-22. Lea Marias, O-20. Locuoro, K-16. Maiz, O-21. Maria Falso, O-20. Mavales, N-19. Mico, M-20, Molacatoja, M-18. Murro, M-20. Oyate, N-19. Perlas, L-21. Poderoso, N-19. Prinzapulka, K-21. Rama, N-21. Rio Grande, K-21. San Juan, P-21. Sebaco, L-18. Siquia, M-21. Sualalaque, L-16. Synagapa, L-17. Telpaneca, K-17. Tepanonusapa, O-21. Tepitapa, M-18. Toongla, K-21. Walpasixwa, K-22. Wanks, H-21. Wawa, I-21.

Towns.

Achuapa, L-17 Acoyapa, N-19 6000 Alta Gracia, N-18 Amatillo, K-15 America, P-22 Asquie, I-22 Aula Aula, K-21 Auya Pini, I-23 Bilwi, I-23 Bluefields, N-22 500 Bluff City, M-23 Boaco, M-18 Brito, O-18 Buenaventura, M-18 Cama, M-22 Cape Gracias, H-23 Caribtown, L-23 Chinandega, L-15 12500 Chiolugalpa, L-16 Comalapa, M-19 Concepcion, M-18 Concordia, K-18 Condega, K-17 Corinto, M-15 Culcuina, K-21 Delpochapa, M-17 Depilto, J-16 Diria, N-17 Diriamba, N-17 Diriorio, N-17 Dos Bocas, K-20 El Beal, M-16 El Jicaro, J-17 El Viejo, L-15 Escuipulas, L-18 Esica, K-21 Esinkota, K-22 Esteli, K-17 Gamoapa, M-19 Granada, N-18 15000 Greytown, P-23 1200 Haulover, M-23 Huna, J-22 Jalapa, J-17 Jinolega, K-18 Jinotepec, N-17 Jiquilito, M-18 Juigalpa, M-19 Kamla, I-23 Kara, L-23 Karata, J-28 Keywah, L-22 Kia, J-23 Klilna, J-22 Kokabilla, L-22 Krukira, I-23 Kukallaya, J-22 Kukerwalla, L-21 La Flor, O-18 La Libertad, M-20 La Paz, M-16 La Plaza, M-17 Las Cuevas, L-17 Laurel, L-17 La Virgin, O-18 Layasiksa, K-22 Leon, M-16 25000 Los Cocos, M-18 Loviguisco, N-19 Managua, M-17 18000 Mancuelizo, J-16 Masatepe, N-17 Masaya, N-17 10000 Matagalpa, L-18 9000 Mateare, M-17 Metapa, L-18 Momotombo, M-16 Mosonti, J-17 Morogalpa, O-18 Muymuy, L-18 Nagarote, M-16 Nagascol, L-15 Nandaime, N-17 Nicaragua, O-19 8000 Nindiri, N-17 Niquinemo, N-17 Obrage, O-18 Ocotal, J-17 Oriental, O-18 Palacaguina, K-16 Pearl City, M-22 Pederoso, N-19 Pike, J-23 Playa G’de, L-15 Playa G’de, N-18 Posoltega, L-16 Pueblo Nuevo, K-17 Pueblo Nuevo, M-16 Prinzapulka, K-23 Punta Gorda, N-23 Quamwatla, K-22 Quesalyuaque, M-16 Raitapura, M-22 Rama, M-21 Realejo, L-15 5000 Refugio, O-19 Rio Grande, M-17 Rivas, O-18 8000 Rogers Grove, L-23 Rotos, O-18 Ruskikapin, K-22 San Benito, L-17 San Benito, M-17 San Benito, M-19 San Bruno, M-17 San Carlos, O-20 San Domingo, M-20 San Jacinto, M-17 San Jacinto, N-23 San Jeronimo, L-19 San Jeronimo, N-20 San Jorge, O-18 San Jose, M-18 San Jose, N-19 San Juan Maya, K-17 San Juan del Norte, P-22 San Juan del Sur, O-18 San Lorenzo, M-18 San Marcos, N-17 San Miguelito, O-20 San Pedro, M-20 San Pedro Lovago, N-20 San Rafael, N-20 San Rafael, N-16 San Rafael del Norte, K-18 San Ramon, L-18 Santa Ana, M-16 Santa Barbara, N-19 Santa Catarina, N-17 Santa Clara, L-16 Santa Rosa, L-17 Santa Teresa, L-19 Santa Teresa, N-17 Sapoa, O-18 Saraola, L-17 Sauce, L-17 Sebasco, L-18 Segovia, J-17 Segovia, J-17 Slaubla, I-22 Smith’s Bodega, K-21 Somotillo, K-16 Somoto G’de, K-16 Suotiaba, M-16 Tasbaponie, L-23 Telpaneca, K-17 Terrabona, L-18 Teustepe, M-18 Ticaja, J-17 Tipitapa, M-17 Tisma, M-17 Toia, O-18 Tortuga, O-19 Totagalpa, K-17 Trinidad, K-17 Trinidad, L-17 Tunka, J-22 Vieja, J-17 Villa Nueva, K-16 Walpa, L-23 Walpasixa, R-23 Wanklua, K-23 Waunta, K-23 Waunta Haulover, J-23 Wawa, I-22 Zapata, L-16

SALVADOR.—Departments, Lakes, Rivers, and Towns.

Departments.

Ahuachapam, J-10. Cabanas, J-12. Chalatenango, I-12. Cuscatlan, J-12. La Libertad, J-11. La Paz, K-12. La Union, K-14. Morazan, J-13. San Miguel, J-13. San Salvador, J-11. Santa Ana, I-11. San Vicente, K-12. Sonsonate, J-10. Usulutan, K-13.

Lakes.

Guija, I-10. Ilopango, J-11. Jaltepeque, K-11.

Rivers.

Barranca, K-11. Comalapa, K-11. Goascoran, K-14. Isalco, J-10. Jiboa, K-11. Las Salinas, K-10. Lempa, K-12. San Miguel, K-13.

Towns.

Pop. Acajutla, J-10 Agua Caliente, I-11 Ahuachapam, J-10 8000 Analco, J-12 Analquito, J-11 Anamoros, J-14 Annquizaya, J-10 Apastepeque, J-12 Apopa, J-11 Arambala, J-13 Atcos, J-11 Belen, J-13 Bolivar, J-14 Cacahuatique, J-13 Cacaluta, J-11 Caliente, I-11 Caluco, J-10 Canacaran, J-14 Cancasque, J-12 Carolina, J-13 Carrera, K-13 Carriza, I-11 Chalatenango, J-12 Chalchuapa, J-10 Chapeltique, J-13 Cojutepeque, J-12 Comolapa, I-12 Conchagua, K-14 Cuatepeque, J-10 Cuisnagua, J-10 Cumalotual, K-13 Dolores, J-12 El Carmen, I-11 El Triunfo, J-13 Ereguaiquin, K-13 Estanzuelas, J-13 Grajova, I-11 Guaimango, J-10 Guatayagua, J-13 Guazapa, J-11 Isguatlan, J-10 Izalco, J-10 4000 Jacoro, J-14 Jatepeque, K-11 Jiquilisco, K-12 Juayna, J-10 Jucuapa, J-13 Jujutla, J-10 La Joya, J-11 La Libertad, K-11 Las Flores, I-12 La Union, K-14 3000 Lolotique, J-13 Masalmat, I-11 Melapan, I-11 Nahulingo, J-10 Nueva Cuscatlan, J-11 Opico, J-11 Paraiso, J-11 Quezahepeque, I-12 Quezaltepeque, J-11 Quelepa, K-13 Reina, I-11 Rosario, K-11 Saco, J-14 San Alejo, J-13 San Antonio, J-10 San Antonio, J-13 San Antonio Masalmat, J-11 San Carlos, J-13 San Domingo, J-10 San Fernando, I-11 San Juan, K-12 San Juan Tepesome, J-11 San Luis, I-11 San Miguel, K-13 9000 San Salvador, J-11 16327 San Sebastian, J-12 Santa Ana, J-10 9000 Santa Clara, J-12 Santa Rosa, J-14 Santa Tecla, J-11 Santiago, I-10 San Vicente, J-12 8000 Sensuntepeque, J-13 Sesori, J-13 Sonsonati, J-10 10000 Suchitoto, J-12 Tacahico, J-11 Taguilapa, I-11 Tapahuaca, J-11 Tecapa, J-13 Tecapan, K-13 Texistepeque, I-11 Toetepeque, J-11 Tonacatepeque, J-11 Umana, J-13 Usulutan, K-13 4123 Victoria, J-12 Zacatecoluca, J-12

BRITISH HONDURAS.—Creeks, Lakes and Lagoons, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Creeks.

Black, B-13. Blue, B-12. Irish, B-12. Labouring, C-12. North Stann, D-13. South Stann, D-13. Yalbac, C-11.

Lakes and Lagoons.

Faber’s, A-13. New River, B-12. North, C-12. Revenge, B-13. Savanna, A-13. South, C-13.

Mountains.

Cockscomb, D-12. Rocky Point, A-13. Victoria Peak, D-12.

Rivers.

Belize, C-11. Booths, B-11. Braro, B-11. Deep, E-12. Hondo, A-12. Manatee, C-13. Monkey, E-12. Mullins, C-13. New, B-12. Old, C-12. Sibun, C-12.

Towns.

Pop. All Pines, D-13 Belize, C-13 5800 Boom Town, B-13 Cabbage Ridge, B-13 Corosal, A-13 Fireburn, B-12 Free Town, B-13 Ieniche, B-11 Orange Walk, A-12 Punta Gorda, E-12 San Esteban, A-12 Santa Elena, A-13 Sateneja, A-13 Socote, C-11 The Cay, C-11 Thewen, B-13 Town, D-13

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 32: ‘a literal ... zone’ replaced by ‘a littoral ... zone’. Pg 33: ‘The litoral zone’ replaced by ‘The littoral zone’. Pg 54: ‘de Uurca’ replaced by ‘de Uruca’. Pg 88: ‘Guatamala’ replaced by ‘Guatemala’ (twice). Pg 99: ‘123,570 00’ replaced by ‘12,357 00’.