Part 1
# Historically Famous Lighthouses: CG-232 ### By United States. Coast Guard
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HISTORICALLY FAMOUS LIGHTHOUSES CG-232
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page _Foreword_ v ALASKA Cape Sarichef Lighthouse, Unimak Island 1 Cape Spencer Lighthouse 2 Scotch Cap Lighthouse, Unimak Island 3 CALIFORNIA Farallon Lighthouse 4 Mile Rocks Lighthouse 5 Pigeon Point Lighthouse 6 St. George Reef Lighthouse 7 Trinidad Head Lighthouse 8 CONNECTICUT New London Harbor Lighthouse 9, 10 DELAWARE Cape Henlopen Lighthouse 11 Fenwick Island Lighthouse 13 FLORIDA American Shoal Lighthouse 15 Cape Florida Lighthouse 16 Cape San Blas Lighthouse 18 GEORGIA Tybee Lighthouse, Tybee Island, Savannah River 21 HAWAII Kilauea Point Lighthouse 24 Makapuu Point Lighthouse 25 LOUISIANA Timbalier Lighthouse 26 Boon Island Lighthouse 27 MAINE Cape Elizabeth Lighthouse 28 Dice Head Lighthouse 30 Portland Head Lighthouse 31 Saddleback Ledge Lighthouse 32 MASSACHUSETTS Boston Lighthouse, Little Brewster Island 33 Brant Point Lighthouse 35 Buzzards Bay Lighthouse 38 Cape Ann Lighthouse, Thatcher’s Island 40 Dumpling Rock Lighthouse, New Bedford Harbor 41 Eastern Point Lighthouse 43 Minots Ledge Lighthouse 43 Nantucket (Great Point) Lighthouse 47 Newburyport Harbor Lighthouse, Plum Island 49 Plymouth (Gurnet) Lighthouse 50 MICHIGAN Little Sable Lighthouse 53 Spectacle Reef Lighthouse 54 Standard Rock Lighthouse, Lake Superior 56 MINNESOTA Split Rock Lighthouse 57 NEW HAMPSHIRE Isle of Shoals Lighthouse 59 Portsmouth Harbor Lighthouse 61 NEW JERSEY Navesink Lighthouse 62 Sandy Hook Lighthouse 63 NEW YORK Crown Point Memorial, Lake Champlain 64 Portland Harbor (Barcelona) Lighthouse, Lake Erie 65 Race Rock Lighthouse 67 NORTH CAROLINA Cape Fear Lighthouse “Bald Head Light” 69 Cape Hatteras Lighthouse 71 Cape Lookout Lighthouse 73 Ocracoke Lighthouse 75 OREGON Tillamook Rock Lighthouse 77 RHODE ISLAND Beavertail Lighthouse 78 Prudence Island Lighthouse 78 SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston Lighthouse, Morris Island 80 TEXAS Point Isabel Lighthouse 82 VIRGINIA Cape Charles Lighthouse 83 Cape Henry Lighthouse 85 WASHINGTON Cape Flattery Lighthouse 87
Foreword
Under the supervision of the United States Coast Guard, there are today some 158 manned lighthouses in the nation. Another 60 are cared for by other Coast Guard units in the general area. There are hundreds of other lights of varied description that are operated automatically. And, as technology improves, more and more lighthouses are being operated without a full time crew. Indeed, many of the isolated lighthouses described in this booklet are scheduled for automation.
In the course of our history as a nation, and before that as British colonies, we have built hundreds of lighthouses, some of which still stand though now inactive, having been sold for private residential or other use. Many have been rebuilt and not a few have succumbed to the ravages of time. The history of our lighthouses thus parallels the history of our nation.
Since 1716, when the Province of Massachusetts built Boston Light, scarcely a year has passed that has not seen a new light structure erected somewhere along our sea coasts, on our navigable rivers, or along our lake shores. To tell the story of these lighthouses would be a major undertaking. These stories of some of them, however, have been selected chiefly for their historical interest. Others have been included because their unique locations or types of construction are of more than usual interest.
The lighthouse typifies maritime safety. As part of our early coastal defense system, they played a major role in important Coast Guard duties related to military readiness. Additionally, the light’s strategic locations along our coasts aided another early Coast Guard function, law enforcement, by making it possible for cutters to judge their distances from the coast and so prevent smuggling operations within the three-mile limit.
The stories of 56 lighthouses have been told here. The stories of hundreds of others, of equal interest, could have been included had space permitted.
The oldest lighthouse described is the Boston Light built in 1716. The newest in this booklet is Buzzards Bay Light which is located some five miles off the Massachusetts coast, replacing a lightship that had been there for many years.
The distance these lights are visible has been given in the geographical range. The theoretical visibility of a light in clear weather depends upon two factors, the height of the light above water, and its intensity. The height controls what is known as the geographic range, while the intensity controls what is known as the luminous range. As a rule, for the principal lights the luminous range is greater than the geographic, and the distance from which such lights are visible is limited by the earth’s curvature only. Under some atmospheric conditions the glare or loom of these lights, and occasionally the light itself, may be visible far beyond the computed geographic range. On the other hand, and unfortunately more frequently, these distances may be lessened by fog, rain, snow, haze, or smoke.
Some of the terms in this booklet may be new to readers. A short glossary of terms follows:
_Candlepower_—The luminous intensity of a light expressed in candles.
_Lantern_—The glassed-in enclosure on the top of an attended lighthouse which surrounds and protects the lens. Sometimes the entire piece of illuminating apparatus is referred to as the lantern.
_Prism_—A device for refracting light.
_Radiobeacon_—Electronic apparatus which transmits a radio signal for use in locating a mariner’s position.
_Reflector_—An optic which by reflection changes the direction of a beam of light.
_Classification of lenses_—Lenses are classified as to size by “order”, the first order being the largest and the sixth order the smallest. The actual size of a lens is expressed by its inside diameter. The following is a list of the standard lenses:
Size Inside diameter MM Height Approx. inches Approx. 1st 72-7/16″ 1840 7′10″ 2nd 55⅛″ 1400 6′1″ 3rd 39⅜″ 1000 4′8″ 3½ 29½″ 750 3′8″ 4th 19-11/16″ 500 2′4″ 5th 14¾″ 375 1′8″ 6th 11¾″ 300 1′5″
The numbers in parentheses in the text refer to source of information as indicated in the bibliography on page 88.
Lighthouses are arranged alphabetically by states and by the name of the light within the state.
_THE COAST GUARD_
The United States Coast Guard is a unique service. It is one of the five branches of the armed forces of the U. S. During time of peace it operates under the Department of Transportation. During time of war, or at the direction of the President, it operates under the Secretary of the Navy. The Coast Guard is responsible for a number of missions, including search and rescue, oceanographic research, maintenance of aids to navigation, icebreaking, merchant marine safety, port safety, law enforcement and military readiness.
_ALASKA_ CAPE SARICHEF LIGHTHOUSE, UNIMAK ISLAND
[Illustration]
Two primary lighthouses mark Unimak Pass, the principal passage through the Aleutian Islands into the Bering Sea. One of these, Cape Sarichef, originally built in 1904, is the only manned lighthouse on the shores of the Bering Sea. It is located on the west end of Unimak Island and with Scotch Cap Light Station, 17 miles away, is conceded to be one of the most isolated light stations in the Service. The only neighbor to the keepers, for many years was a trapper, 10 miles away.
The original light was on a wood tower on an octagonal wood building 45 feet high. The light was 126 feet above the sea. Although quarters were originally provided for them, families were not permitted to live at this and Scotch Cap Light, because of their isolation. The civilian keepers were granted 1 year’s leave each 4 years. Coast Guard personnel now serving at the light serve a year at a time at this isolated location. At the end of his year’s tour each man is transferred to a new duty station.
The reservation on which Cape Sarichef Light is built is 1,845 acres of primeval wilderness. The first lighthouse cost $80,000 to build. The tower has now been rebuilt and incorporated with a loran station.
The 700,000 candlepower, 375-millimeter electric white light is lit for 25 seconds and eclipsed for 5 seconds. There is also a fog horn and a radiobeacon. (1) (2)
_ALASKA_ CAPE SPENCER LIGHTHOUSE
At the entrance to Cross Sound.
[Illustration]
Cape Spencer Lighthouse, Alaska, is a primary light, fog signal, and radiobeacon station, marking the northerly entrance from the Pacific Ocean into the inside passages of southeastern Alaska. It is on a route much frequented by vessels seeking to avoid the often stormy outside passage. Cape Spencer is one of the most isolated of Alaskan lighthouses, where the keepers must go 20 miles for their mail, and where the nearest town of any size is 150 miles away. The station was commissioned in 1925, and is fitted with the most modern types of signalling equipment. From the top of the tower is shown a light of 500,000 candlepower, and in time of fog a diaphone fog signal is sounded at regular intervals. The radiobeacon, established in 1926, and the first radiobeacon in Alaska, is of high power, with a range of 200 miles and more at sea. The station buildings are of reinforced concrete construction. (1) (2)
_ALASKA_ SCOTCH CAP LIGHTHOUSE, UNIMAK ISLAND
Scotch Cap Light was built in 1903. It consisted of a wood tower on an octagonal wood building 45 feet high and was 90 feet above the sea. It was located on the southwest end of Unimak Island and on the east side of the Unimak Pass into the Bering Sea. It was the first station established on the outside coast of Alaska. Prior to the introduction of the helicopter, access to the stations was so difficult that it was impractical to arrange for leave of absence in the ordinary way. Instead each keeper got one full year off in each 4 years of service. Coast Guard enlisted personnel now man this isolated unit on a rotating one year tour of duty.
During an earthquake and tidal wave of April 1, 1946, Scotch Cap Lighthouse slid into the sea and all five persons on the station were lost.
[Illustration]
A temporary unwatched light was established in 1946, consisting of a small white house exhibiting a light of 300 candlepower maintaining the former station characteristic of flashing white every 15 seconds, flash 3 seconds, eclipse 12 seconds. A radiobeacon was temporarily reestablished at the radio direction finder station.
The new permanent structure was completed in the early part of 1950 and the temporary light and radiobeacon discontinued. The new station consists of a 800,000 candlepower light exhibited from a white rectangular building with flat roof, a diaphone fog signal, and a radiobeacon. (1) (2)
_CALIFORNIA_ FARALLON LIGHTHOUSE
Offshore, 25 miles off the Golden Gate.
This lighthouse, on the highest peak of the southeast Farallon, was built in 1855 in the busy days which followed the gold rush, when clipper ships and other sailing vessels were sailing in to San Francisco in large numbers. That there was need for a light on these dangerous rocks is evident when clippers like the _Golden City_ which sailed from New York in 1852 reported that she was detained 5 days off the Farallons in fog. Stone for the construction of the lighthouse was quarried on the island and inside this masonry was a lining of brick. The extremely sharp slopes of the island and the jagged nature of the rock were serious obstacles to construction work. The bricks used in the tower were carried up the rock in bundles of four and five on the backs of men. After the completion of the tower a mule was kept on the island for years to carry supplies between the various parts of the station. At one time this mule was the oldest inhabitant. A number of years ago the gathering of birds’ eggs, which were sold on the San Francisco market, was carried on here extensively and seals were also hunted commercially. These practices were finally terminated by the Federal Government.
[Illustration]
The Farallon Light Station is now equipped with a radiobeacon as well as with a powerful light and fog signal. (1) (2)
_CALIFORNIA_ MILE ROCKS LIGHTHOUSE
One-half mile off Landsend, in the Golden Gate.
[Illustration]
This lighthouse was completed in 1906, after considerable difficulty caused by the heavy seas and strong currents occurring at this point. The rock upon which the lighthouse is built measured only 40 by 30 feet at high water. The base of the tower is a large block of concrete protected by steel plating. Steel and concrete in the foundation alone weighed 1,500 tons. The superstructure is of steel, and houses the fog signal apparatus and the quarters for the keepers, with the lantern above. It was on this rock that the _Rio Janeiro_ was wrecked shortly before the building of the lighthouse. One hundred and twenty-eight persons out of a total of 209, lost their lives when the _Rio Janeiro_ went down on February 2, 1901. The wreck has never been found. In 1966, the tower was removed, and the light automated. (1) (2)
_CALIFORNIA_ PIGEON POINT LIGHTHOUSE
On Coastal Highway, 5 miles south of Pescadero.
Pigeon Point Lighthouse is one of the most picturesque lighthouses on the Pacific coast, the 115-foot white masonry tower standing on a rocky promontory long a landmark for ships approaching San Francisco Bay from the southward.
[Illustration]
This lighthouse was built in 1872, and is equipped with a lens of the first order producing a light of 500,000 candlepower. The station also has an electrically operated fog signal. This headland, and hence the lighthouse, took its name from the ship _Carrier Pigeon_ wrecked here many years ago. (1) (2)
_CALIFORNIA_ ST. GEORGE REEF LIGHTHOUSE
Off shore, 6 miles off Point St. George, near Crescent City.
[Illustration]
This lighthouse, built on a small rock only 300 feet in diameter, is one of the most exposed lighthouses on the Pacific coast. Extreme difficulties were encountered in constructing this tower, and 10 years were required before the work was completed. The total cost was $702,000 making it one of the most costly lighthouses ever constructed. The light was first displayed in 1892. The base of the tower is a solid block of concrete and granite, and the tower above is also built of granite blocks. The stone was quarried from granite boulders found on Mad River near Humboldt Bay. Probably the most violent storm experienced at this lighthouse was that of 1923, when huge seas from a northwesterly direction broke on the platform of the tower, 70 feet above water, with such violence as to tear the donkey-engine house from its foundation. Several men have been injured, and several men killed in transferring to this light by small boat. (1) (2)
_CALIFORNIA_ TRINIDAD HEAD LIGHTHOUSE
On headland near town of Trinidad.
[Illustration]
This low, square, brick tower, painted white, was built in 1871. The light is only 20 feet above ground, but the headland on which it stands gives it an elevation of 196 feet above the sea. The location is one of the most picturesque on the California coast. Despite the great height of the tower above the sea, heavy seas have been known to reach it. In 1913, the keeper made the following report: “At 4:40 p. m. I observed a sea of unusual height. When it struck the bluff the jar was very heavy. The lens immediately stopped revolving. The sea shot up the face of the bluff and over it, until the solid sea seemed to me to be on a level with where I stood in the lantern. The sea itself fell over onto the top of the bluff and struck the tower about on a level with the balcony. The whole point between the tower and the bluff was buried in water.” (1) (2)
_CONNECTICUT_ NEW LONDON HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE
The original New London Harbor Lighthouse was built on the west side of the entrance to New London Harbor in 1760. The original lighthouse was probably of masonry. It apparently was completely removed when the stone tower which stands today was built in 1801. Following the act of August 7, 1789, the lighthouse, built in 1760, was ceded to the United States, according to the following “Memoranda of Cessions” by Connecticut:
“1790, May. Lighthouse at New London and certain rocks and ledges off against the harbor of New London, called Race Rock, Black Ledge, and Goshen Reef, together with buoys.”
On May 7, 1800, Congress appropriated $15,700 “for rebuilding, altering, and improving the lighthouse at New London, Conn.,” of which $15,547.90 was spent for the purpose in 1801, the balance being carried to the surplus fund.
[Illustration]
On November 22, 1838, Lt. George M. Bache, U. S. N., made a report on the light which he described as a stationary light, situated on a rocky point to the westward of the entrance to the River Thames, and 2 miles from the town of New London. “It is of great importance as a leading light for vessels going in and out of the harbor of New London, which, on account of its position and security, is much resorted to during the heavy gales of winter.”
“The light is shown from an elevation of 111 feet, which, in clear weather, should render it visible 16½ miles. * * * The tower is a substantial building of freestone, smooth hammered, and laid in courses; it is 80 feet in height, and is ascended by an interior stairway of wood, having landings at convenient distances. * * *”
“The lighting apparatus consists of 11 lamps, with parabolic reflectors, disposed around 2 horizontal tables so as to throw the lights from WSW south about to N by E. The reflectors are 13 inches in diameter. This apparatus was furnished in 1834.”
In 1855 a fourth-order lens to illuminate 315° was recommended. In 1863 new dwellings for keepers were provided. In 1868 a road was opened by the city of New London across the lighthouse grounds, the road being fenced on both sides.
In 1874 a second-class fog signal with two 18-inch engines and a Daboll trumpet was installed. It was in operation 553 hours during 1875. In 1883 a first-class fog trumpet was substituted. On December 21, 1896, an improved fog signal consisting of two 3½-horsepower Hornsby-Akroyd oil engines, air compressors etc., was installed operating the first-class Daboll trumpet.
A fog-signal house was built in 1903 and 13-horsepower oil engines, with trumpet, siren etc., were installed in the following year. The fog signal was discontinued on September 5, 1911. On July 20, 1912, the light was changed to acetylene, unattended.
The lighthouse is a white, octagonal pyramidal tower, 90 feet above ground and 89 feet above water, the light being visible for 15 miles, and located on the west side of the entrance to New London Harbor. The light is a 6,000-candlepower fourth-order electric light flashing white every 4 seconds, with a red 1,300-candlepower sector from 0° to 41°, covering Sarah Ledge and the shoals to the westward. (1) (2)
_DELAWARE_ CAPE HENLOPEN LIGHTHOUSE
Cape Henlopen Lighthouse was completed in 1767, part of the funds to erect it being raised by a £3,000 lottery. Even though the structure was within the limits of Delaware, the 200 acres on which it was erected was granted by the “late proprietors of Pennsylvania to the Board of Wardens for the purpose of erecting a lighthouse on Cape Henlopen.” The estimated cost of the original lighthouse was £7,674/3/2.
In 1777 the lighthouse was practically completely burned down by the British. On the return of peace in 1783, the wardens proceeded to repair the damage and it was relighted in 1784.
On September 28, 1789, the lighthouse together with all beacons, buoys, and public piers, lands, tenements and jurisdiction was ceded to the Federal Government by the State of Delaware in accordance with the act of Congress of August 7, 1789.
[Illustration]
As early as 1788 evidence of wind erosion in the sandy area in which the tower was constructed, had been noted and steps taken, by planting “under-wood and weeds of every kind,” to prevent the sand from blowing away. There seemed to be no encroachment from the sea at that time.
Abraham Hargis was the keeper from 1797 to 1813 and his successor John Ware served until 1827. Following him Kendall Baston served until 1838, with a Mr. McCracken serving for a short period, until December 1839, when Asa Clifton, of Lewes, Del., took charge. William Elligood took over as keeper in 1849.
In 1851 sand was reported advancing toward the tower and the keeper’s house. A first-order lens was installed in 1856 due to the “numerous accidents that have occurred in consequence of the inferiority of the lighting apparatus from confounding a light which, from position, should be one of the principal seacoast lights, for the lightship off Five Fathom bank * * *”
In 1863 a new keeper’s dwelling was built, “the old one being threatened with destruction by the speedy progress in that direction of a remarkable sand hill, which has been moving inflexibly in a certain course at a constant rate of speed for many years, presenting in its existence and movement a most singular natural phenomenon.”
In 1868 “the big sand hill” situated at the north of the tower, formed of drifting sand, was found to have moved southward at the rate of 11 feet a year. The application of brushwood to exposed places was thought to have stopped the movement by 1872.
In 1883, the sea, in a storm, encroached upon the ocean side of the station, until the high water line came under the lighthouse and the question of the protection of the structure was taken under consideration. In that year the bark _Minnie Hunter_ came ashore 550 feet north of the lighthouse and acted as a jetty so that the level of the sand under the lighthouse structure was raised some 20 inches. Erosion continued, however, and by 1885 the beacon, which had become unsafe from undermining, had to be removed to Delaware Breakwater.
In 1897 the sand dune surrounding the tower was reported to be steadily blowing away and by 1905 “several tons of brush were placed about the tower and oil house to prevent the foundations and brick walls from being undermined by the drifting away of the sand.”
All measures to protect the tower failed, however, and on April 13, 1926, a northeast storm undermined the tower and caused it to fall seaward. Its value to shipping, however, had already been superseded by the light and fog signal station on the Delaware Breakwater and by the lightships and lighted buoys marking the entrance to Delaware Bay. (1) (2) (7)
_DELAWARE_ FENWICK ISLAND LIGHTHOUSE
Congress authorized the erection of a lighthouse on Fenwick Island, Del., in 1856. The site for the light adjoined the south boundary of Delaware on the Delaware-Maryland boundary line in the vicinity of Fishing Harbor. Immediately behind the storehouse of the light station is a stone monument or marker, apparently of granite, having the arms of William Penn carved on the north side and the arms of Lord Baltimore on the south side. This stone is the first stone erected in connection with the Mason and Dixon’s line survey. It is the only and original first stone set up in 1751.
[Illustration]