book 28

is quoted), of the comic poets, of ambiguous words and of corrupt expressions. Glossaries of Attic words were written by Crates, Philemon, Philetas and Theodorus; of Cretan, by Hermon or Hermonax; of Phrygian, by Neoptolemus; of Rhodian, by Moschus; of Italian, by Diodorus of Tarsus; of foreign words, by Silenus; of synonyms, by Simaristus; of cookery, by Heracleon; and of drinking vessels, by Apollodorus of Cyrene. According to Suidas, the most ancient Greek lexicographer was Apollonius the sophist, son of Archibius. According to the common opinion, he lived in the time of Augustus at Alexandria. He composed a lexicon of words used by Homer, [Greek: Lexeis Homêrikai], a very valuable and useful work, though much interpolated, edited by Villoison, from a MS. of the 10th century, Paris, 1773, 4to, 2 vols.; and by Tollius, Leiden, 1788, 8vo; ed. Bekker, Berlin, 1833, 8vo. Erotian or Herodian, physician to Nero, wrote a lexicon on Hippocrates, arranged in alphabetical order, probably by some copyist, whom Klein calls "homo sciolus." It was first published in Greek in H. Stephani _Dictionarium Medicum_, Paris, 1564, 8vo; ed. Klein, Lipsiae, 1865, 8vo, with additional fragments. Timaeus the sophist, who, according to Ruhnken, lived in the 3rd century, wrote a very short lexicon to Plato, which, though much interpolated, is of great value, 1st ed. Ruhnken, Leiden, 1754; ed. locupletior, Lugd. Bat. 1789, 8vo. Aelius Moeris, called the Atticist, lived about 190 A.D., and wrote an Attic lexicon, 1st ed. Hudson, Oxf. 1712, Bekker, 1833. Julius Pollux ([Greek: Ioulios Polydeukês]) of Naucratis, in Egypt, died, aged fifty-eight, in the reign of Commodus (180-192), who made him professor of rhetoric at Athens. He wrote, besides other lost works, an Onomasticon in ten books, being a classed vocabulary, intended to supply all the words required by each subject with the usage of the best authors. It is of the greatest value for the knowledge both of language and of antiquities. First printed by Aldus, Venice, 1500, fol.; often afterwards; ed. Lederlinus and Hemsterhuis, Amst. 1706, 2 vols.; Dindorf, 1824, 5 vols., Bethe (1900 f.). Harpocration of Alexandria, probably of the 2nd century, wrote a lexicon on the ten Attic orators, first printed by Aldus, Ven. 1503, fol.; ed. Dindorf, Oxford, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols. from 14 MSS. Orion, a grammarian of Thebes, in Egypt, who lived between 390 and 460, wrote an etymological dictionary, printed by Sturz, Leipzig, 1820, 4to. Helladius a priest of Jupiter at Alexandria, when the heathen temples there were destroyed by Theophilus in 389 or 391 escaped to Constantinople, where he was living in 408. He wrote an alphabetical lexicon, now lost, chiefly of prose, called by Photius the largest ([Greek: polystichôtaton]) which he knew. Ammonius, professor of grammar at Alexandria, and priest of the Egyptian ape, fled to Constantinople with Helladius, and wrote a dictionary of words similar in sound but different in meaning, which has been often printed in Greek lexicons, as Aldus, 1497, Stephanus, and separately by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1739, 4to, 2 vols., and by others. Zenodotus wrote on the cries of animals, printed in Valckenaer's _Ammonius_; with this may be compared the work of Vincentio Caralucci, _Lexicon vocum quae a brutis animalibus emittuntur_, Perusia, 1779, 12mo. Hesychius of Alexandria wrote a lexicon, important for the knowledge of the language and literature, containing many dialectic and local expressions and quotations from other authors, 1st ed. Aldus, Ven. 1514, fol.; the best is Alberti and Ruhnken, Lugd. Bat. 1746-1766, fol. 2 vols.; collated with the MS. in St Mark's library, Venice, the only MS. existing, by Niels Iversen Schow, Leipzig, 1792, 8vo; ed. Schmidt, Jena, 1867, 8vo. The foundation of this lexicon is supposed to have been that of Pamphilus, an Alexandrian grammarian, quoted by Athenaeus, which, according to Suidas, was in 95 books from [Epsilon] to [Omega]; [Alpha] to [Delta] had been compiled by Zopirion. Photius, consecrated patriarch of Constantinople, 25th December 857, living in 886, left a lexicon, partly extant, and printed with Zonaras, Lips. 1808, 4to, 3 vols., being vol. iii.; ed. Naber, Leidae, 1864-1865, 8vo, 2 vols. The most celebrated of the Greek glossaries is that of Suidas, of whom nothing is known. He probably lived in the 10th century. His lexicon is an alphabetical dictionary of words including the names of persons and places--a compilation of extracts from Greek writers, grammarians, scholiasts and lexicographers, very carelessly and unequally executed. It was first printed by Demetrius Chalcondylas, Milan, 1499, fol.; the best edition, Bernhardy, Halle, 1853, 4to, 2 vols. John Zonaras, a celebrated Byzantine historian and theologian, who lived in the 12th century, compiled a lexicon, first printed by Tittmann, Lips. 1808. 4to, 2 vols. An anonymous Greek glossary, entitled [Greek: Etymologikon mega], _Etymologicum magnum_, has been frequently printed. The first edition is by Musurus, Venitia, 1499, fol.; the best by Gaisford, Oxonii, 1848, fol. It contains many grammatical remarks by famous authorities, many passages of authors, and mythological and historical notices. The MSS. vary so much that they look like the works of different authors. To Eudocia Augusta of Makrembolis, wife of the emperors Constantine XI. and Romanus IV. (1059 to 1071), was ascribed a dictionary of history and mythology, [Greek: Iônia] (bed of violets), first printed by D'Ansse de Villoison, _Anecdota Graeca_, Venetiis, 1781, 4to, vol. i. pp. 1-442. It was supposed to have been of much value before it was published. Thomas, Magister Officiorum under Andronicus Palaeologus, afterward called as a monk Theodulus, wrote [Greek: Eklogai onomatôn Attikôn], printed by Callierges, Romae, 1517, 8vo: Papias, _Vocabularium_, Mediolani, 1476, fol.: Craston, an Italian Carmelite monk of Piacenza, compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, edited by Bonus Accursius, printed at Milan, 1478, fol.: Aldus, Venetiis, 1497, fol.: Guarino, born about 1450 at Favora, near Camarino, who called himself both Phavorinus and Camers, published his _Thesaurus_ in 1504. These three lexicons were frequently reprinted. Estienne, _Thesaurus_, Genevae, 1572, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Valpy, Lond. 1816-1826, 6 vols. fol.; Paris, 1831-1865, 9 vols. fol., 9902 pages: [Greek: Kibôtos], the ark, was intended to give the whole language, ancient and modern, but vol. i., Constantinople, 1819, fol., 763 pages, [Alpha] to [Delta], only appeared, as the publication was put an end to by the events of 1821. ENGLISH.--Jones, London, 1823, 8vo: Dunbar, Edin. 3rd ed. 1850, 4to: Liddell and Scott, 8th ed. Oxford, 1897, 4to. FRENCH.--Alexandre, 12th ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo; 1869-1871, 2 vols: Chassang, ib. 1872, 8vo. ITALIAN.--Camini, Torino, 1865, 8vo, 972 pages: Müller, ib. 1871, 8vo. SPANISH.--_Diccionario manual, por les padres Esculapios_, Madrid, 1859, 8vo. GERMAN.--Passow, 5th ed. Leipzig, 1841-1857, 4to: Jacobitz and Seiler, 4th ed. ib. 1856, 8vo: Benseler, ib. 1859, 8vo: Pape, Braunschweig, 1870-1874, 8vo, 4 vols. Prellwitz, _Etymologisches Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache_, new edition, 1906: Herwerden, _Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum_, 1902. DIALECTS.--_Attic_: Moeris, ed. Pierson, Lugd. Bat. 1759. 8vo. _Attic Orators_: Reiske, Oxon. 1828, 8vo, 2 vols. _Doric_: Portus, Franckof. 1605, 8vo. _Ionic_: Id. ib. 1603, 8vo; 1817; 1825. PROSODY.--Morell, Etonae, 1762, 4to; ed. Maltby, Lond. 1830, 4to: Brasse, Lond. 1850, 8vo. RHETORIC.--Ernesti, Lips. 1795, 8vo. MUSIC.--Drieberg, Berlin, 1855. ETYMOLOGY.--Curtius, Leipzig, 1858-1862: Lancelot, Paris, 1863, 8vo. SYNONYMS.--Peucer, Dresden, 1766, 8vo: Pillon, Paris, 1847, 8vo. PROPER NAMES.--Pape, ed. Sengebusch, 1866, 8vo, 969 pages. VERBS.--Veitch, 2nd ed. Oxf. 1866. TERMINATIONS.--Hoogeveen, Cantab. 1810, 4to: Pape, Berlin, 1836, 8vo. PARTICULAR AUTHORS.--_Aeschylus_: Wellauer, 2 vols. Lips. 1830-1831, 8vo. _Aristophanes_: Caravella, Oxonii, 1822, 8vo. _Demosthenes_: Reiske, Lips. 1775, 8vo. _Euripides_: Beck, Cantab. 1829, 8vo. _Herodotus_: Schweighäuser, Strassburg, 1824, 8vo, 2 vols. _Hesiod_: Osoruis, Neapol. 1791, 8vo. _Homer_: Apollonius Sophista, ed. Tollius, Lugd. Bat., 1788, 8vo: Schaufelberger, Zürich, 1761-1768, 8vo, 8 vols.: Crusius, Hanover, 1836, 8vo: Wittich, London, 1843, 8vo: Döderlein, Erlangen, 8vo, 3 vols.: Eberling, Lipsiae, 1875, 8vo: Autenrieth, Leipzig, 1873, 8vo; London, 1877, 8vo. _Isocrates_: Mitchell, Oxon. 1828, 8vo. _Pindar_: Portus, Hanov. 1606, 8vo. _Plato_: Timaeus, ed. Koch, Lips. 1828, 8vo: Mitchell, Oxon. 1832, 8vo: Ast, Lips. 1835-1838, 8vo, 3 vols. _Plutarch_: Wyttenbach, Lips. 1835, 8vo, 2 vols. _Sophocles_: Ellendt, Regiomonti, 1834-1835, 8vo ed.; Genthe, Berlin, 1872, 8vo. _Thucydides_: Bétant, Geneva, 1843-1847, 8vo, 2 vols. _Xenophon_: Sturtz, Lips. 1801-1804, 8vo, 4 vols.: Cannesin (Anabasis, Gr.-Finnish), Helsirgissä, 1868, 8vo: Sauppe, Lipsiae, 1869, 8vo. _Septuagint_: Hutter, Noribergae, 1598, 4to: Biel, Hagae, 1779-1780, 8vo. _New Testament_: Lithocomus, Colon, 1552, 8vo: Parkhurst, ed. Major, London, 1845, 8vo: Schleusner (juxta ed. Lips. quartam), Glasguae, 1824, 4to.

Medieval and Modern Greek.--Meursius, Lugd. Bat. 1614, 4to: Critopulos, Stendaliae, 1787, 8vo: Portius, Par. 1635, 4to: Du Cange, Paris, 1682, fol., 2 vols.; Ludg. 1688, fol. ENGLISH.--Polymera, Hermopolis, 1854, 8vo: Sophocles, Cambr. Mass. 1860-1887: Contopoulos, Athens, 1867, 8vo; Smyrna, 1868-1870, 8vo, 2 parts, 1042 pages. FRENCH.--Skarlatos, Athens, 1852, 4to: Byzantius, ib. 1856, 8vo, 2 vols.: Varvati, 4th ed. ib., 1860, 8vo. ITALIAN.--Germano, Romae, 1622, 8vo: Somavera, Parigi, 1709, fol., 2 vols.: Pericles, Hermopolis, 1857, 8vo. GERMAN.--Schmidt, Lips. 1825-1827, 12mo, 2 vols.: Petraris, Leipz. 1897. POLYGLOTS.--Koniaz (Russian and Fr.), Moscow, 1811, 4to; Schmidt (Fr.-Germ.), Leipzig, 1837-1840, 12mo, 3 vols.: Theocharopulas de Patras (Fr.-Eng.), Munich, 1840, 12mo.

Latin.--Johannes de Janua, _Catholicon_ or _Summa_, finished in 1286, printed Moguntiæ 1460, fol.; Venice, 1487; and about 20 editions before 1500: Johannes, _Comprehensorium_, Valentia, 1475, fol.: Nestor Dionysius, _Onomasticon_, Milan, 1477, fol.: Stephanus, Paris, 1531, fol., 2 vols.: Gesner, Lips. 1749, fol., 4 vols.: Forcellini, Patavii, 1771, fol., 4 vols. POLYGLOT.--Calepinus, Reggio, 1502, fol. (Aldus printed 16 editions, with the Greek equivalents of the Latin words; Venetiis, 1575, fol., added Italian, French and Spanish; Basileae, 1590, fol., is in 11 languages; several editions, from 1609, are called Octolingue; many of the latter 2 vol. editions were edited by John Facciolati): Verantius (Ital., Germ., Dalmatian, Hungarian), Venetiis, 1595, 4to: Lodereckerus (Ital., Germ., Dalm., Hungar., Bohem., Polish), Pragae, 1605, 4to. ENGLISH.--_Promptorium parvulorum_, compiled in 1440 by Galfridus Grammaticus, a Dominican monk of Lynn Episcopi, in Norfolk, was printed by Pynson, 1499; 8 editions, 1508-1528, ed. Way, Camden Society, 1843-1865, 3 vols. 4to; _Medulla grammaticis_, probably by the same author, MS. written 1483; printed as _Ortus vocabulorum_, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1500; 13 editions 1509-1523; Sir Thomas Elyot, London, 1538, fol.; 2nd ed. 1543; _Bibliotheca Eliotae_, ed. Cooper, ib. 1545, fol.: Huloet, _Abecedarium_, London, 1552, fol.; _Dictionarie_, 1572, fol.: Cooper, London, 1565, fol.; 4th edition, 1584, fol.: Baret, _Alvearie_, ib. 1575, fol.; 1580, fol.: Fleming, ib. 1583, fol.: Ainsworth, London, 1736, 4to; ed. Morell, London, 1796, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Beatson and Ellis, ib. 1860, 8vo: Scheller, translated by Riddle, Oxford, 1835, fol.: Smith, London, 1855, 8vo; 1870: Lewis and Short, Oxford, 1879. ENG.-LATIN.--Levins, _Manipulus puerorum_, Lond. 1570, 4to: Riddle, ib. 1838, 8vo: Smith, ib. 1855, 8vo. FRENCH.--_Catholicon parvum_, Geneva, 1487: Estienne, _Dictionnaire_, Paris, 1539, fol. 675 pages; enlarged 1549; ed. Huggins, Lond. 1572: Id. _Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum_, Lutetiae, 1546, fol.; Paris, 1552; 1560: Id., _Dictionariolum puerorum_, Paris, 1542, 4to: _Les Mots français_, Paris, 1544, 4to; the copy in the British Museum has the autograph of Queen Catherine Parr: Thierry (Fr.-Lat.), Paris, 1564, fol.: Danet, Ad usum Delphini, Paris, 1700, 4to, 2 vols.; and frequently: Quicherat, 9th ed. Paris, 1857, 8vo: Theil, 3rd ed. Paris, 1863, 8vo: Freund, ib. 1835-1865, 4to, 3 vols. GERMAN.--Joh. Melber, of Gerolzhofen, _Vocabularius praedicantium_, of which 26 editions are described by Hain (_Repertorium_, No. 11,022, &c.), 15 undated, 7 dated 1480-1495, 4to, and 3 after 1504: _Vocabularius gemma gemmarum_, Antwerp, 1484, 4to; 1487; 12 editions, 1505-1518: Herman Torentinus, _Elucidarius carminum_, Daventri, 1501, 4to; 22 editions, 1504-1536: Binnart, Ant. 1649, 8vo: Id., _Biglotton_, ib. 1661; 4th ed. 1688: Faber, ed. Gesner, Hagae Com. 1735, fol., 2 vols.: Hederick, Lips. 1766, 8vo, 2 vols.: Ingerslev, Braunschweig, 1835-1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: _Thesaurus linguae Latinae_, Leipzig, 1900: Walde, _Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch_, 1906. ITALIAN.--Seebar (Sicilian translation of Lebrixa), Venet. 1525, 8vo: Venuti, 1589, 8vo: Galesini, Venez. 1605, 8vo: Bazzarini and Bellini, Torino, 1864, 4to, 2 vols. 3100 pages. SPANISH.--Salmanticae, 1494, fol.; Antonio de Lebrixa, Nebrissenis, Compluti, 1520, fol., 2 vols.: Sanchez de la Ballesta, Salamanca, 1587, 4to: Valbuena, Madrid, 1826, fol. PORTUGUESE.--Bluteau, Lisbon, 1712-1728, fol., 10 vols: Fonseca, ib. 1771, fol.: Ferreira, Paris, 1834, 4to; 1852. ROMANSCH.--_Promptuario di voci volgari_, Valgrisii, 1565, 4to. VLACH.--Divalitu, Bucuresci, 1852, 8vo. SWEDISH.--_Vocabula_, Rostock, 1574, 8vo; Stockholm, 1579: Lindblom, Upsala, 1790, 4to. DUTCH.--Binnart, Antw. 1649, 8vo: Scheller, Lugd. Bat. 1799, 4to, 2 vols. FLEMISH.--Paludanus, Gandavi, 1544, 4to. POLISH.--Macinius, Königsberg, 1564, fol.: Garszynski, Breslau, 1823, 8vo, 2 vols. BOHEMIAN.--Johannes Aquensis, Pilsnae, 1511, 4to: Reschel, Olmucii, 1560-1562, 4to, 2 vols.: Cnapius, Cracovia, 1661, fol., 3 vols. ILLYRIAN.--Bellosztenecz, Zagrab, 1740, 4to: Jambresich (also Germ. and Hungar.), Zagrab, 1742, 4to. SERVIAN.--Swotlik, Budae, 1721, 8vo. HUNGARIAN.--Molnar, Frankf. a. M. 1645, 8vo: Pariz-Papai, Leutschen, 1708, 8vo; 1767. FINNISH.--Rothsen, Helsingissä, 1864, 8vo. POETIC.--_Epithetorum et synonymorum thesaurus_, Paris, 1662, 8vo, attributed to Chatillon; reprinted by Paul Aler, a German Jesuit, as _Gradus ad Parnassum_, Paris, 1687, 8vo; many subsequent editions: _Schirach_, Hal. 1768, 8vo: Noel, Paris, 1810, 8vo; 1826: Quicherat, Paris, 1852, 8vo: Young, London, 1856, 8vo. EROTIC.--Rambach, Stuttgart, 1836, 8vo. RHETORICAL.--Ernesti, Lips. 1797, 8vo. CIVIL LAW.--Dirksen, Berolini, 1837, 4to. SYNONYMS.--Hill, Edinb. 1804, 4to: Döderlein, Lips. 1826-1828, 8vo, 6 vols. ETYMOLOGY.--Danet, Paris, 1677, 8vo: Vossius, Neap. 1762, fol., 2 vols.: Salmon, London, 1796, 8vo, 2 vols.: Nagel, Berlin, 1869, 8vo; Latin roots, with their French and English derivatives, explained in German: Zehetmayr, Vindobonae, 1873, 8vo: Vani[vc]ek, Leipz. 1874, 8vo. BARBAROUS.--Marchellus, Mediol. 1753, 4to; Krebs, Frankf. a. M. 1834, 8vo; 1837. PARTICULAR AUTHORS.--_Caesar_: Crusius, Hanov. 1838, 8vo. _Cicero_: Nizzoli, Brescia, 1535, fol.; ed. Facciolati, Patavii, 1734, fol.; London, 1820, 8vo, 3 vols.: Ernesti, Lips. 1739, 8vo; Halle, 1831. _Cornelius Nepos_: Schmieder, Halle, 1798, 8vo; 1816: Billerbeck, Hanover, 1825, 8vo. _Curtius Rufus_: Crusius, Hanov. 1844, 8vo. _Horace_: Ernesti, Berlin, 1802-1804, 8vo, 3 vols.: Döring, Leipz. 1829, 8vo. _Justin_: Meinecke, Lemgo, 1793, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1818. _Livy_: Ernesti, Lips. 1784, 8vo; ed Schäfer, 1804. _Ovid_: Gierig, Leipz. 1814: (Metamorphoses) Meinecke, 2nd ed., Lemgo, 1825, 8vo: Billerbeck (Do.), Hanover, 1831, 8vo. _Phaedrus_: Oertel, Nürnberg, 1798, 8vo: Hörstel, Leipz. 1803, 8vo: Billerbeck Hanover, 1828, 8vo. _Plautus_: Paraeus, Frankf. 1614, 8vo. _Pliny_: Denso, Rostock, 1766, 8vo_. Pliny, jun._: Wensch, Wittenberg, 1837-1839, 4to. _Quintilian_: Bonnellus, Leipz. 1834, 8vo. _Sallust_: Schneider, Leipz. 1834, 8vo: Crusius, Hanover, 1840, 8vo. _Tacitus_: Bötticher, Berlin, 1830, 8vo. _Velleius Paterculus_: Koch, Leipz. 1857, 8vo. _Virgil_: _Clavis_, London, 1742, 8vo: Braunhard, Coburg, 1834, 8vo. _Vitruvius_: Rode, Leipz. 1679, 4to, 2 vols.: Orsini, Perugia, 1801, 8vo.

OLD ITALIAN LANGUAGES.--Fabretti, Torini, 1858, 4to. _Umbrian_: Huschke, Leipz. 1860, 8vo. _Oscan and Sabellian_: Id. Elberfeld, 1856, 8vo.

MEDIEVAL LATIN.--Du Cange, _Glossarium_, Paris, 1733-1736, fol., 6 vols.; Carpentier, Suppl., Paris, 1766, fol., 4 vols.; ed. Adelung, Halae, 1772-1784, 8vo, 6 vols.; ed. Henschel, Paris, 1840-1850, 4to, 7 vols. (vol. vii. contains a glossary of Old French): Brinckmeier, Gotha, 1850-1863, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hildebrand (_Glossarium saec. ix._), Götting. 1854, 4to: Diefenbach, _Glossarium_, Frankf. 1857, 4to: Id. _Gloss. novum_, ib. 1867, 4to. ECCLESIASTICAL.--Magri, Messina, 1644, 4to; 8th ed. Venezia, 1732; Latin translation, _Magri Hierolexicon_, Romae, 1677, fol.; 6th ed. Bologna, 1765, 4to, 2 vols.

_Romance Languages. _

Romance Languages generally.--Diez, Bonn, 1853, 8vo; 2nd ed. ib. 1861-1862, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1869-1870, 8vo, 2 vols.; transl. by Donkin, 1864, 8vo.

French.--Ranconet, _Thresor_, ed. Nicot, Paris, 1606, fol.; ib. 1618, 4to: Richelet, Genève, 1680, fol., 2 vols.; ed. Gattel, Paris, 1840, 8vo, 2 vols.

The French Academy, after five years' consideration, began their dictionary, on the 7th of February 1639, by examining the letter A, which took them nine months to go through. The word Académie was for some time omitted by oversight. They decided, on the 8th of March 1638, not to cite authorities, and they have since always claimed the right of making their own examples. Olivier justifies them by saying that for eighty years all the best writers belonged to their body, and they could not be expected to cite each other. Their design was to raise the language to its last perfection, and to open a road to reach the highest eloquence. Antoine Furetière, one of their members, compiled a dictionary which he says cost him forty years' labour for ten hours a day, and the manuscript filled fifteen chests. He gave words of all kinds, especially technical, names of persons and places, and phrases. As a specimen, he published his _Essai_, Paris, 1684, 4to; Amst. 1685, 12mo. The Academy charged him with using the materials they had prepared for their dictionary, and expelled him, on the 22nd of January 1685, for plagiarism. He died on the 14th of May 1688, in the midst of the consequent controversy and law suit. His complete work was published, with a preface by Bayle, La Haye and Rotterdam, 1690, fol., 3 vols.; again edited by Basnage de Beauval, 1701; La Haye, 1707, fol., 4 vols. From the edition of 1701 the very popular so-called _Dictionnaire de Trevoux_, Trevoux, 1704, fol., 2 vols., was made by the Jesuits, who excluded everything that seemed to favour the Calvinism of Basnage. The last of its many editions is Paris, 1771, fol., 8 vols. The Academy's dictionary was first printed Paris, 1694, fol., 2 vols. They began the revision in 1700; second edition 1718, fol., 2 vols.; 3rd, 1740, fol., 2 vols.; 6th, 1835, 2 vols. 4to, reprinted 1855; Supplément, by F. Raymond, 1836, 4to; Complément, 1842, 4to, reprinted 1856; _Dictionnaire historique_, Paris, 1858-1865, 4to, 2 parts (A to Actu), 795 pages, published by the Institut: Dochez, Paris, 1859, 4to: Bescherelle, ib. 1844, 4to, 2 vols.; 5th ed. Paris, 1857, 4to, 2 vols.; 1865; 1887: Landais, Paris, 1835; 12th ed. ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.: Littré, Paris, 1863-1873, 4to, 4 vols. 7118 pages: Supplément, Paris, 1877, 4to: Godefroy (with dialects from 9th to 15th cent.), Paris, 1881-1895, and _Complément_: Hatzfield, Darmesteter, and Thomas, Paris, 1890-1900: Larive and Fleury, (_mots et choses, illustré_), Paris, 1884-1891. ENGLISH.--Palsgrave, _Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse_, London, 1530, 4to, 2 parts; 1852: Hollyband, London, 1533, 4to: Cotgrave, ib. 1611, fol.: Boyer, La Haye, 1702, 4to, 2 vols.; 37th ed. Paris, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols.: Fleming and Tibbins, Paris, 1846-1849, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.; ib. 1870-1872, 4to, 2 vols.: Tarver, London, 1853-1854, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1867-1872: Bellows, Gloucester, 1873, 16mo; ib. 1876. IDEOLOGICAL, OR ANALOGICAL.--Robertson, Paris, 1859, 8vo: Boissière, Paris, 1862, 8vo. ETYMOLOGY.--Lebon, Paris, 1571, 8vo: Ménage, ib. 1650, 4to. Pougens projected a _Trésor des origines_, his extracts for which, filling nearly 100 volumes folio, are in the library of the Institut. He published a specimen, Paris, 1819, 4to. After his death, _Archéologie française_, Paris, 1821, 8vo, 2 vols., was compiled from his MSS., which were much used by Littré: Scheler, Bruxelles, 1862, 8vo; 1873: Brachet, 2nd ed. Paris, 1870, 12mo; English trans. Kitchin, Oxf. 1866, 8vo. GREEK WORDS.--Trippault, Orleans, 1580, 8vo: Morin, Paris, 1809, 8vo. GERMAN WORDS.--Atzler, Cöthen, 1867, 8vo. ORIENTAL WORDS.--Pihan, Paris, 1847, 8vo; 1866: Devic, ib. 1876, 8vo. NEOLOGY.--Desfontaines, 3rd ed. Amst. 1728, 12mo: Mercier, Paris, 1801, 8vo, 2 vols.: Richard, ib. 1842, 8vo; 2nd ed. 1845. POETIC.--_Dict. des rimes_ (by La Noue), Geneve, 1596, 8vo; Cologny, 1624, 8vo: Carpentier, _Le Gradus français_, Paris, 1825, 8vo, 2 vols. EROTIC.--De Landes, Bruxelles, 1861, 12mo. ORATORY.--Demandre and Fontenai, Paris, 1802, 8vo: Planche, ib. 1819-1820, 8vo, 3 vols. PRONUNCIATION.--Féline, ib. 1857, 8vo. DOUBLE FORMS.--Brachet, ib. 1871, 8vo. EPITHETS.--Daire, ib. 1817, 8vo. VERBS.--Bescherelle, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.: 3rd ed. 1858. PARTICIPLES.--Id., ib. 1861, 12mo. DIFFICULTIES.--Boiste, London, 1828, 12mo: Laveaux, Paris, 1872, 8vo, 843 pages. SYNONYMS.--Boinvilliers, Paris, 1826, 8vo: Lafaye, ib. 1858, 8vo; 1861; 1869: Guizot, ib. 1809, 8vo; 6th ed. 1863; 1873. HOMONYMS.--Zlatagorski (Germ., Russian, Eng.), Leipzig, 1862, 8vo, 664 pages. IMITATIVE WORDS.--Nodier, _Onomatopées_, ib. 1828, 8vo. TECHNOLOGY.--D'Hautel, ib. 1808, 8vo, 2 vols.: Desgranges, ib. 1821, 8vo: Tolhausen (Fr., Eng., Germ.), Leipz. 1873, 8vo, 3 vols. FAULTS OF EXPRESSION.--Roland, Gap, 1823, 8vo: Blondin, Paris, 1823, 8vo. PARTICULAR AUTHORS.--_Corneille_: Godefroy, ib. 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1868, 8vo, 2 vols. _La Fontaine_: Lorin, ib. 1852, 8vo. _Malherbe_: Regnier, ib. 1869, 8vo. _Molière_: Genin, ib. 1846, 8vo: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 8vo. _Racine_: Marty-Laveaux, ib. 1873, 8vo, 2 vols. _M^me de Sévigné_: Sommer, ib. 1867, 8vo, 2 vols. OLD FRENCH.--La Curne de St Palaye prepared a dictionary, of which he only published _Projet d'un glossaire_, Paris, 1756, 4to. His MSS. in many volumes are in the National Library, and were much used by Littré. They were printed by L. Favre, and fasciculi 21-30 (tom. iii.), Niort, 4to, 484 pages, were published in February 1877. Lacombe (vieux langage), Paris, 1766, 2 vols. 4to: Kelham (Norman and Old French), London, 1779, 8vo: Roquefort (langue romane), Paris, 1808, 8vo; Supplément, ib. 1820, 8vo: Pougens, _Archéologie_, ib. 1821, 8vo, 2 vols.: Burguy, Berlin, 1851-1856, 8vo, 3 vols.: Laborde (_Notice des émaux ... du Louvre_,