Part 1

Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE: "... musical composer of the 16th century, was born about 1510." 'musical' amended from 'muscial'.

ARTICLE GOYA Y LUCIENTES, FRANCISCO: "Finding it convenient to retire for a time from Madrid, he decided to visit Rome at his own cost ..." 'it' amended from 'in'.

ARTICLE GRAMMAR: "...Fritz Mauthner, Beitrage zu einer Kritik der Sprache vol. iii. (1902) ..." 'zu' amended from 'zur'.

ARTICLE GRAMONT, ANTOINE AGENOR ALFRED: "So far, then, as this declaration is concerned, it is clear that Gramont's responsibility must be shared with his sovereign and his colleagues ..." 'responsibility' amended from 'responsiblity'.

ARTICLE GRAND ISLAND: "The most important industry of the county is the raising and feeding of sheep and meat cattle." 'meat' amended from 'neat'.

ARTICLE GRANTH: "There are thirty-one such measures in the Adi Granth, and the hymns are arranged according to the measures to which they are composed." 'measures' amended from 'neasures'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XII, SLICE III

Gordon, Lord George to Grasses

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

GORDON, LORD GEORGE GOZZOLI, BENOZZO GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON GRAAFF REINET GORDON, LEON GRABBE, CHRISTIAN DIETRICH GORDON, PATRICK GRABE, JOHN ERNEST GORDON-CUMMING, ROUALEYN GEORGE GRACCHUS GORE, CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT GORE, CHARLES GRACE GORE GRACES, THE GOREE GRACIAN Y MORALES, BALTASAR GORGE GRACKLE GORGEI, ARTHUR GRADISCA GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO GRADO GORGET GRADUAL GORGIAS GRADUATE GORGON, GORGONS GRADUATION GORGONZOLA GRADUS GORI GRAETZ, HEINRICH GORILLA GRAEVIUS, JOHANN GEORG GORINCHEM GRAF, ARTURO GORING, GEORGE GORING GRAF, KARL HEINRICH GORKI, MAXIM GRAFE, ALBRECHT VON GORLITZ GRAFE, HEINRICH GORRES, JOHANN JOSEPH VON GRAFE, KARL FERDINAND VON GORSAS, ANTOINE JOSEPH GRAFFITO GORST, SIR JOHN ELDON GRAFLY, CHARLES GORTON, SAMUEL GRAFRATH GORTON GRAFT GORTYNA GRAFTON, DUKES OF GORTZ, GEORG HEINRICH VON GRAFTON, RICHARD GORZ GRAFTON (New South Wales) GORZ AND GRADISCA GRAFTON (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN GRAFTON (West Virginia, U.S.A.) GOS-HAWK GRAHAM, SIR GERALD GOSHEN (Egypt) GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE GOSHEN (Indiana, U.S.A.) GRAHAM, SYLVESTER GOSLAR GRAHAM, THOMAS GOSLICKI, WAWRZYNIEC GRAHAME, JAMES GOSLIN GRAHAM'S DYKE GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW GRAHAM'S TOWN GOSPATRIC GRAIL, THE HOLY GOSPEL GRAIN GOSPORT GRAINS OF PARADISE GOSS, SIR JOHN GRAIN TRADE GOSSAMER GRAM GOSSE, EDMUND GRAMMAR GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY GRAMMICHELE GOSSEC, FRANCOIS JOSEPH GRAMMONT GOSSIP GRAMONT, ANTOINE AGENOR ALFRED GOSSNER, JOHANNES EVANGELISTA GRAMONT, PHILIBERT GOSSON, STEPHEN GRAMOPHONE GOT, FRANCOIS JULES EDMOND GRAMPIANS, THE GOTA GRAMPOUND GOTARZES GRAMPUS GOTHA GRANADA, LUIS DE GOTHAM, WISE MEN OF GRANADA (Nicaragua) GOTHENBURG GRANADA (province of Spain) GOTHIC GRANADA (town of Spain) GOTHITE GRANADILLA GOTHS GRANARIES GOTLAND GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS GOTO ISLANDS GRAN CHACO GOTTER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM GRAND ALLIANCE, WAR OF THE GOTTFRIED VON STRASSBURG GRAND CANARY GOTTINGEN GRAND CANYON GOTTLING, CARL WILHELM GRAND-DUKE GOTTSCHALK GRANDEE GOTTSCHALL, RUDOLF VON GRAND FORKS (Canada) GOTTSCHED, JOHANN CHRISTOPH GRAND FORKS (North Dakota, U.S.A.) GOTZ, JOHANN NIKOLAUS GRAND HAVEN GOUACHE GRANDIER, URBAN GOUDA GRAND ISLAND GOUDIMEL, CLAUDE GRANDMONTINES GOUFFIER GRAND RAPIDS GOUGE, MARTIN GRAND RAPIDS GOUGE GRANDSON GOUGH, HUGH GOUGH GRANET, FRANCOIS MARIUS GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW GRANGE GOUGH, RICHARD GRANGEMOUTH GOUJET, CLAUDE PIERRE GRANGER, JAMES GOUJON, JEAN GRANITE GOUJON, JEAN MARIE ALEXANDRE GRAN SASSO D'ITALIA GOULBURN, EDWARD MEYRICK GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER GOULBURN, HENRY GRANT, ANNE GOULBURN GRANT, CHARLES GOULD, AUGUSTUS ADDISON GRANT, SIR FRANCIS GOULD, BENJAMIN APTHORP GRANT, GEORGE MONRO GOULD, SIR FRANCIS CARRUTHERS GRANT, JAMES GOULD, JAY GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS GOUNOD, CHARLES FRANCOIS GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE GOURD GRANT, SIR PATRICK GOURGAUD, GASPAR GRANT, ROBERT GOURKO, JOSEPH VLADIMIROVICH GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON GOURMET GRANT GOUROCK GRANTH GOURVILLE, JEAN HERAULD GRANTHAM, THOMAS ROBINSON GOUT GRANTHAM GOUTHIERE, PIERRE GRANTLEY, FLETCHER NORTON GOUVION SAINT-CYR, LAURENT GRANTOWN GOVAN GRANULITE GOVERNMENT GRANVELLA, ANTOINE PERRENOT GOVERNOR GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE LEVESON-GOWER GOW, NIEL GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET GOWER, JOHN GRANVILLE (Australia) GOWER GRANVILLE (France) GOWN GRANVILLE (Ohio, U.S.A.) GOWRIE, JOHN RUTHVEN GRAPE GOWRIE GRAPHICAL METHODS GOYA GRAPHITE GOYANNA GRAPTOLITES GOYA Y LUCIENTES, FRANCISCO GRASLITZ GOYAZ GRASMERE GOYEN, JAN JOSEPHSZOON VAN GRASS AND GRASSLAND GOZLAN, LEON GRASSE, FRANCOIS JOSEPH PAUL GOZO GRASSE GOZZI, CARLO GRASSES GOZZI, GASPARO

GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793), third and youngest son of Cosmo George, duke of Gordon, was born in London on the 26th of December 1751. After completing his education at Eton, he entered the navy, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant in 1772, but Lord Sandwich, then at the head of the admiralty, would not promise him the command of a ship, and he resigned his commission shortly before the beginning of the American War. In 1774 the pocket borough of Ludgershall was bought for him by General Fraser, whom he was opposing in Inverness-shire, in order to bribe him not to contest the county. He was considered flighty, and was not looked upon as being of any importance. In 1779 he organized, and made himself head of the Protestant associations, formed to secure the repeal of the Catholic Relief Act of 1778. On the 2nd of June 1780 he headed the mob which marched in procession from St George's Fields to the Houses of Parliament in order to present the monster petition against the acts. After the mob reached Westminster a terrific riot ensued, which continued several days, during which the city was virtually at their mercy. At first indeed they dispersed after threatening to make a forcible entry into the House of Commons, but reassembled soon afterwards and destroyed several Roman Catholic chapels, pillaged the private dwellings of many Roman Catholics, set fire to Newgate and broke open all the other prisons, attacked the Bank of England and several other public buildings, and continued the work of violence and conflagration until the interference of the military, by whom no fewer than 450 persons were killed and wounded before the riots were quelled. For his share in instigating the riots Lord Gordon was apprehended on a charge of high treason; but, mainly through the skilful and eloquent defence of Erskine, he was acquitted on the ground that he had no treasonable intentions. His life was henceforth full of crack-brained schemes, political and financial. In 1786 he was excommunicated by the archbishop of Canterbury for refusing to bear witness in an ecclesiastical suit; and in 1787 he was convicted of libelling the queen of France, the French ambassador and the administration of justice in England. He was, however, permitted to withdraw from the court without bail, and made his escape to Holland; but on account of representations from the court of Versailles he was commanded to quit that country, and, returning to England, was apprehended, and in January 1788 was sentenced to five years' imprisonment in Newgate, where he lived at his ease, giving dinners and dances. As he could not obtain securities for his good behaviour on the termination of his term of imprisonment, he was not allowed to leave Newgate, and there he died of delirious fever on the 1st of November 1793. Some time before his apprehension he had become a convert to Judaism, and had undergone the initiatory rite.

A serious defence of most of his eccentricities is undertaken in _The Life of Lord George Gordon, with a Philosophical Review of his Political Conduct_, by Robert Watson, M.D. (London, 1795). The best accounts of Lord George Gordon are to be found in the _Annual Registers_ from 1780 to the year of his death.

GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788-1864), Scottish painter, was the eldest son of Captain Watson, R.N., a cadet of the family of Watson of Overmains, in the county of Berwick. He was born in Edinburgh in 1788, and was educated specially with a view to his joining the Royal Engineers. He entered as a student in the government school of design, under the management of the Board of Manufactures. His natural taste for art quickly developed itself, and his father was persuaded to allow him to adopt it as his profession. Captain Watson was himself a skilful draughtsman, and his brother George Watson, afterwards president of the Scottish Academy, stood high as a portrait painter, second only to Sir Henry Raeburn, who also was a friend of the family. In the year 1808 John sent to the exhibition of the Lyceum in Nicolson Street a subject from the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, and continued for some years to exhibit fancy subjects; but, although freely and sweetly painted, they were altogether without the force and character which stamped his portrait pictures as the works of a master. After the death of Sir Henry Raeburn in 1823, he succeeded to much of his practice. He assumed in 1826 the name of Gordon. One of the earliest of his famous sitters was Sir Walter Scott, who sat for a first portrait in 1820. Then came J. G. Lockhart in 1821; Professor Wilson, 1822 and 1850, two portraits; Sir Archibald Alison, 1839; Dr Chalmers, 1844; a little later De Quincey, and Sir David Brewster, 1864. Among his most important works may be mentioned the earl of Dalhousie (1833), in the Archers' Hall, Edinburgh; Sir Alexander Hope (1835), in the county buildings, Linlithgow; Lord President Hope, in the Parliament House; and Dr Chalmers. These, unlike his later works, are generally rich in colour. The full length of Dr Brunton (1844), and Dr Lee, the principal of the university (1846), both on the staircase of the college library, mark a modification of his style, which ultimately resolved itself into extreme simplicity, both of colour and treatment.

During the last twenty years of his life he painted many distinguished Englishmen who came to Edinburgh to sit to him. And it is significant that David Cox, the landscape painter, on being presented with his portrait, subscribed for by many friends, chose to go to Edinburgh to have it executed by Watson Gordon, although he neither knew the painter personally nor had ever before visited the country. Among the portraits painted during this period, in what may be termed his third style, are De Quincey, in the National Portrait Gallery, London; General Sir Thomas Macdougall Brisbane, in the Royal Society; the prince of Wales, Lord Macaulay, Sir M. Packington, Lord Murray, Lord Cockburn, Lord Rutherford and Sir John Shaw Lefevre, in the Scottish National Gallery. These latter pictures are mostly clear and grey, sometimes showing little or no positive colour, the flesh itself being very grey, and the handling extremely masterly, though never obtruding its cleverness. He was very successful in rendering acute observant character. A good example of his last style, showing pearly flesh-painting freely handled, yet highly finished, is his head of Sir John Shaw Lefevre.

John Watson Gordon was one of the earlier members of the Royal Scottish Academy, and was elected its president in 1850; he was at the same time appointed limner for Scotland to the queen, and received the honour of knighthood. Since 1841 he had been an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1851 he was elected a royal academician. He died on the 1st of June 1864.

GORDON, LEON, originally JUDAH LOEB BEN ASHER (1831-1892), Russian-Jewish poet and novelist (Hebrew), was born at Wilna in 1831 and died at St Petersburg in 1892. He took a leading part in the modern revival of the Hebrew language and culture. His satires did much to rouse the Russian Jews to a new sense of the reality of life, and Gordon was the apostle of enlightenment in the Ghettos. His Hebrew style is classical and pure. His poems were collected in four volumes, _Kol Shire Yehudah_ (St Petersburg, 1883-1884); his novels in _Kol Kithbe Yehuda_ (Odessa, 1889).

For his works see _Jewish Quarterly Review_, xviii. 437 seq.

GORDON, PATRICK (1635-1699), Russian general, was descended from a Scottish family of Aberdeenshire, who possessed the small estate of Auchleuchries, and were connected with the house of Haddo. He was born in 1635, and after completing his education at the parish schools of Cruden and Ellon, entered, in his fifteenth year, the Jesuit college at Braunsberg, Prussia; but, as "his humour could not endure such a still and strict way of living," he soon resolved to return home. He changed his mind, however, before re-embarking, and after journeying on foot in several parts of Germany, ultimately, in 1655, enlisted at Hamburg in the Swedish service. In the course of the next five years he served alternately with the Poles and Swedes as he was taken prisoner by either. In 1661, after further experience as a soldier of fortune, he took service in the Russian army under Alexis I., and in 1665 he was sent on a special mission to England. After his return he distinguished himself in several wars against the Turks and Tatars in southern Russia, and in recognition of his services he in 1678 was made major-general, in 1679 was appointed to the chief command at Kiev, and in 1683 was made lieutenant-general. He visited England in 1686, and in 1687 and 1689 took part as quartermaster-general in expeditions against the Crim Tatars in the Crimea, being made full general for his services, in spite of the denunciations of the Greek Church to which, as a heretic, he was exposed. On the breaking out of the revolution in Moscow in 1689, Gordon with the troops he commanded virtually decided events in favour of the tsar Peter I., and against the tsaritsa Sophia. He was therefore during the remainder of his life in high favour with the tsar, who confided to him the command of his capital during his absence from Russia, employed him in organizing his army according to the European system, and latterly raised him to the rank of general-in-chief. He died on the 29th of November 1699. The tsar, who had visited him frequently during his illness, was with him when he died, and with his own hands closed his eyes.

General Gordon left behind him a diary of his life, written in English. This is preserved in MS. in the archives of the Russian foreign office. A complete German translation, edited by Dr Maurice Possalt (_Tagebuch des Generals Patrick Gordon_) was published, the first volume at Moscow in 1849, the second at St Petersburg in 1851, and the third at St Petersburg in 1853; and _Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries_ (1635-1699), was printed, under the editorship of Joseph Robertson, for the Spalding Club, Aberdeen, 1859.

GORDON-CUMMING, ROUALEYN GEORGE (1820-1866), Scottish traveller and sportsman, known as the "lion hunter," was born on the 15th of March 1820. He was the second son of Sir William G. Gordon-Cumming, 2nd baronet of Altyre and Gordonstown, Elginshire. From his early years he was distinguished by his passion for sport. He was educated at Eton, and at eighteen joined the East India Co.'s service as a cornet in the Madras Light Cavalry. The climate of India not suiting him, after two years' experience he retired from the service and returned to Scotland. During his stay in the East he had laid the foundation of his collection of hunting trophies and specimens of natural history. In 1843 he joined the Cape Mounted Rifles, but for the sake of absolute freedom sold out at the end of the year and with an ox wagon and a few native followers set out for the interior. He hunted chiefly in Bechuanaland and the Limpopo valley, regions then swarming with big game. In 1848 he returned to England. The story of his remarkable exploits is vividly told in his book, _Five Years of a Hunter's Life in the Far Interior of South Africa_ (London, 1850, 3rd ed. 1851). Of this volume, received at first with incredulity by stay-at-home critics, David Livingstone, who furnished Gordon-Cumming with most of his native guides, wrote: "I have no hesitation in saying that Mr Cumming's book conveys a truthful idea of South African hunting" (_Missionary Travels_, chap. vii.). His collection of hunting trophies was exhibited in London in 1851 at the Great Exhibition, and was illustrated by a lecture delivered by Gordon-Cumming. The collection, known as "The South Africa Museum," was afterwards exhibited in various parts of the country. In 1858 Gordon-Cumming went to live at Fort Augustus on the Caledonian Canal, where the exhibition of his trophies attracted many visitors. He died there on the 24th of March 1866.

An abridgment of his book was published in 1856 under the title of _The Lion Hunter of South Africa_, and in this form was frequently reprinted, a new edition appearing in 1904.

GORE, CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (1799-1861), English novelist and dramatist, the daughter of Charles Moody, a wine-merchant, was born in 1799 at East Retford, Nottinghamshire. In 1823 she was married to Captain Charles Gore; and, in the next year, she published her first work, _Theresa Marchmont, or the Maid of Honour_. Then followed, among others, the _Lettre de Cachet_ (1827), _The Reign of Terror_ (1827), _Hungarian Tales_ (1829), _Manners of the Day_ (1830), _Mothers and Daughters_ (1831), and _The Fair of May Fair_ (1832), _Mrs Armytage_ (1836). Every succeeding year saw several volumes from her pen: The _Cabinet Minister_ and _The Courtier of the Days of Charles II._, in 1839; _Preferment_ in 1840. In 1841 _Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb_, attracted considerable attention. _Greville, or a Season in Paris_ appeared in the same year; then _Ormington, or Cecil a Peer, Fascination, The Ambassador's Wife_; and in 1843 _The Banker's Wife_. Mrs Gore continued to write, with unfailing fertility of invention, till her death on the 29th of January 1861. She also wrote some dramas of which the most successful was the _School for Coquettes_, produced at the Haymarket (1831). She was a woman of versatile talent, and set to music Burns's "And ye shall walk in silk attire," one of the most popular songs of her day. Her extraordinary literary industry is proved by the existence of more than seventy distinct works. Her best novels are _Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb_, and _The Banker's Wife_. _Cecil_ gives extremely vivid sketches of London fashionable life, and is full of happy epigrammatic touches. For the knowledge of London clubs displayed in it Mrs Gore was indebted to William Beckford, the author of _Vathek_. _The Banker's Wife_ is distinguished by some clever studies of character, especially in the persons of Mr Hamlyn, the cold calculating money-maker, and his warm-hearted country neighbour, Colonel Hamilton.

Mrs Gore's novels had an immense temporary popularity; they were parodied by Thackeray in _Punch_, in his "Lords and Liveries by the author of _Dukes and Dejeuners_"; but, tedious as they are to present-day readers, they presented on the whole faithful pictures of the contemporary life and pursuits of the English upper classes.

GORE, CHARLES (1853- ), English divine, was born in 1853, the 3rd son of the Hon. Charles Alexander Gore, brother of the 4th earl of Arran. His mother was a daughter of the 4th earl of Bessborough. He was educated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford, and was elected fellow of Trinity College in 1875. From 1880 to 1883 he was vice-principal of the theological college at Cuddesdon, and, when in 1884 Pusey House was founded at Oxford as a home for Dr Pusey's library and a centre for the propagation of his principles, he was appointed principal, a position which he held until 1893. As principal of Pusey House Mr Gore exercised a wide influence over undergraduates and the younger clergy, and it was largely, if not mainly, under this influence that the "Oxford Movement" underwent a change which to the survivors of the old school of Tractarians seemed to involve a break with its basic principles. "Puseyism" had been in the highest degree conservative, basing itself on authority and tradition, and repudiating any compromise with the modern critical and liberalizing spirit. Mr Gore, starting from the same basis of faith and authority, soon found from his practical experience in dealing with the "doubts and difficulties" of the younger generation that this uncompromising attitude was untenable, and set himself the task of reconciling the principle of authority in religion with that of scientific authority by attempting to define the boundaries of their respective spheres of influence. To him the divine authority of the Catholic Church was an axiom, and in 1889 he published two works, the larger of which, _The Church and the Ministry_, is a learned vindication of the principle of Apostolic Succession in the episcopate against the Presbyterians and other Protestant bodies, while the second, _Roman Catholic Claims_, is a defence, couched in a more popular form, of the Anglican Church and Anglican orders against the attacks of the Romanists.

So far his published views had been in complete consonance with those of the older Tractarians. But in 1890 a great stir was created by the publication, under his editorship, of _Lux Mundi_, a series of essays by different writers, being an attempt "to succour a distressed faith by endeavouring to bring the Christian Creed into its right relation to the modern growth of knowledge, scientific, historic, critical; and to modern problems of politics and ethics." Mr Gore himself contributed an essay on "The Holy Spirit and Inspiration." The book, which ran through twelve editions in a little over a year, met with a somewhat mixed reception. Orthodox churchmen, Evangelical and Tractarian alike, were alarmed by views on the incarnate nature of Christ that seemed to them to impugn his Divinity, and by concessions to the Higher Criticism in the matter of the inspiration of Holy Scriptures which appeared to them to convert the "impregnable rock," as Gladstone had called it, into a foundation of sand; sceptics, on the other hand, were not greatly impressed by a system of defence which seemed to draw an artificial line beyond which criticism was not to advance. None the less the book produced a profound effect, and that far beyond the borders of the English Church, and it is largely due to its influence, and to that of the school it represents, that the High Church movement developed thenceforth on "Modernist" rather than Tractarian lines.

In 1891 Mr Gore was chosen to deliver the Bampton lectures before the university, and chose for his subject the Incarnation. In these lectures he developed the doctrine, the enunciation of which in _Lux Mundi_ had caused so much heart-searching. This is an attempt to explain how it came that Christ, though incarnate God, could be in error, e.g. in his citations from the Old Testament. The orthodox explanation was based on the principle of accommodation (q.v.). This, however, ignored the difficulty that if Christ during his sojourn on earth was not subject to human limitations, especially of knowledge, he was not a man as other men, and therefore not subject to their trials and temptations. This difficulty Gore sought to meet through the doctrine of the [Greek: kenosis]. Ever since the Pauline epistles had been received into the canon theologians had, from various points of view, attempted to explain what St Paul meant when he wrote of Christ (2 Phil. ii. 7) that "he emptied himself and took upon him the form of a servant" ([Greek: heauton ekenosen morphen doulou labon]). According to Mr Gore this means that Christ, on his incarnation, became subject to all human limitations, and had, so far as his life on earth was concerned, stripped himself of all the attributes of the Godhead, including the Divine omniscience, the Divine nature being, as it were, hidden under the human.[1]