Part 4

SAND, sand, _n._ fine particles of crushed or worn rocks, used in founding: force of character: (_pl._) lands covered with sand: a sandy beach: moments of time, from the use of sand in the hour-glass.--_v.t._ to sprinkle with sand.--_ns._ SAND'-BAG (_fort._), a canvas bag filled with sand or earth, forming a ready means of giving cover against an enemy's fire, or of tamping the charge in a mine: an engraver's leather cushion, &c.; SAND'-BAG'GER, a robber who uses a sand-bag to stun his victims; SAND'-BALL, a ball of soap mixed with fine sand for the toilet; SAND'-BAND, a guard-ring to keep sand from working into the axle-box; SAND'-BANK, a bank of sand formed by tides and currents; SAND'-BATH, a vessel of hot sand for heating vessels without direct exposure to the fire: a bath in which the body is covered with warm sea-sand: saburration; SAND'-BEAR, the Indian badger; SAND'-BED, the bed into which the iron from the blast-furnace is run; SAND'-BIRD, a sandpiper: a shore bird; SAND'-BLAST, sand driven by a blast of air or steam for cutting and engraving figures on glass or metal.--_adj._ SAND'-BLIND, afflicted with partial blindness, in which particles of sand seem to float before the eyes.--_ns._ SAND'-BLIND'NESS; SAND'-BLOW'ER, a sand bellows; SAND'-BOX, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling sand on writing, a contrivance formerly used by way of blotting-paper: a box with sand to prevent the wheels of a rail from slipping; SAND'-BRAKE, a device for stopping trains automatically; SAND'-BUG, a burrowing crustacean: a digger-wasp; SAND'-BUR, a weed found in the plains of the western United States; SAND'-CANAL', the stone canal of an echinoderm; SAND'-CHERR'Y, the dwarf cherry; SAND'-COCK, the redshank; SAND'-CRAB, the lady-crab; SAND'-CRACK, a crack in a horse's hoof: a crack in a moulded brick before burning; SAND'-CRICK'ET, a name applied to certain large crickets in the western United States; SAND'-DAB, a kind of plaice; SAND'-DART, a British noctuid moth; SAND'-DART'ER, -DIV'ER, a small etheostomine fish of the Ohio valley; SAND'-DOLL'AR, a flat sea-urchin; SAND'-DRIFT, a mound of drifted sand; SAND'-DUNE, a ridge of loose sand drifted by the wind.--_adj._ SAND'ED (_Shak._), marked with yellow spots: sprinkled with sand: short-sighted.--_ns._ SAND'-EEL, a small eel-like fish, which buries itself in the sand when the tide retires; SAND'ERLING, a genus of birds of the snipe family, characterised by the absence of a hind-toe, common on the coast, eating marine worms, small crustaceans, and bivalve molluscs; SAND'-FENCE, a barrier in a stream of stakes and iron wire; SAND'-FISH, a fish of the genus Trichodon; SAND'-FLAG, sandstone which splits up into flagstones; SAND'-FLEA, the chigoe or jigger; SAND'-FLOOD, a moving mass of desert sand; SAND'-FLOUN'DER, a common North American flounder; SAND'-FLY, a small New England biting midge; SAND'-GLASS, a glass instrument for measuring time by the running out of sand; SAND'-GRASS, grass that grows by the sea-shore; SAND'-GROUSE, a small order of birds, quite distinct from the true grouse, having two genera, _Pterocles_ and _Syrrhaptes_, with beautiful plumage, heavy body, long and pointed wings, very short legs and toes; SAND'-HEAT, the heat of warm sand in chemical operations; SAND'-HILL, a hill of sand; SAND'-HILL CRANE, the brown crane of North America; SAND'-HILL'ER, one of the poor whites living in the sandy hills of Georgia; SAND'-HOP'PER, a small crustacean in the order _Amphipoda_, often seen on the sandy sea-shore, like swarms of dancing flies, leaping up by bending the body together, and throwing it out with a sudden jerk: a sand-flea; SAND'-HORN'ET, a sand-wasp; SAND'INESS, sandy quality, esp. as regards colour; SAND'ING, the process of testing the surface of gilding, after it has been fired, with fine sand and water: the process of burying oysters in sand.--_adj._ SAND'ISH (_obs._).--_ns._ SAND'-JET (see SAND'-BLAST); SAND'-LARK, a wading-bird that runs along the sand: a sandpiper; SAND'-LIZ'ARD, a common lizard; SAND'-LOB, the common British lug or lob worm; SAND'-MAR'TIN, the smallest of British swallows, which builds its nest in sandy river-banks and gravel-pits; SAND'-M[=A]'SON, a common British tube-worm; SAND'-MOLE, a South African rodent; SAND'-MOUSE, the dunlin: a sandpiper; SAND'-NATT'ER, a sand-snake; SAND'-P[=A]'PER, paper covered with a kind of sand for smoothing and polishing; SAND'-PEEP, the American stint: the peetweet; SAND'-PERCH, the grass-bass; SAND'PIPER, a wading-bird of the snipe family, which frequents sandy river-banks, distinguished by its clear piping note.--_n.pl._ SAND'-PIPES, perpendicular cylindrical hollows, tapering to a point, occurring in chalk deposits, and so called from being usually filled with sand, gravel, or clay.--_ns._ SAND'-PIT, a place from which sand is extracted; SAND'-PLOV'ER, a ring-necked plover; SAND'-PRIDE, a very small species of lamprey found in the rivers of Britain; SAND'-PUMP, a long cylinder with valved piston for use in drilling rocks--a SAND'-SLUDG'ER: a sand-ejector, modified from the jet-pump, used in caissons for sinking the foundations of bridges; SAND'-RAT, a geomyoid rodent, esp. the camass rat; SAND'-REED, a shore grass; SAND'-REEL, a windlass used in working a sand-pump; SAND'-RIDGE, a sand-bank; SAND'-ROLL, a metal roll cast in sand; SAND'-RUN'NER, a sandpiper; SAND'-SAU'CER, a round mass of agglutinated egg-capsules of a naticoid gasteropod, found on beaches; SAND'-SCOOP, a dredge for scooping up sand; SAND'-SCREEN, a sand-sifter; SAND'-SCREW, an amphipod which burrows in the sand; SAND'-SHARK, a small voracious shark; SAND'-SHOT, small cast-iron balls cast in sand; SAND'-SHRIMP, a shrimp; SAND'-SKINK, a European skink found in sandy places; SAND'-SKIP'PER, a beach flea; SAND'-SNAKE, a short-tailed boa-like serpent; SAND'-SNIPE, the sandpiper; SAND'-SPOUT, a moving pillar of sand; SAND'STAR, a starfish: a brittle star; SAND'-STONE, a rock formed of compacted and more or less indurated sand (OLD RED SANDSTONE, a name given to a series of strata--along with the parallel but nowhere coexisting _Devonian_--intermediate in age between the Silurian and Carboniferous systems); SAND'-STORM, a storm of wind carrying along clouds of sand; SAND'-SUCK'ER, the rough dab; SAND'-THROW'ER, a tool for throwing sand on newly sized or painted surfaces; SAND'-TRAP, a device for separating sand from running water; SAND'-V[=I]'PER, a hog-nosed snake; SAND'-WASHER, an apparatus for separating sand from earthy substances; SAND'-WASP, a digger-wasp.--_v.t._ SAND'-WELD, to weld iron with sand.--_ns._ SAND'-WORM, a worm that lives in the sand; SAND'-WORT, any plant of the genus _Arenaria_.--_adj._ SAND'Y, consisting of, or covered with, sand: loose: of the colour of sand.--_n._ a nick-name for a Scotsman (from _Alexander_).--_ns._ SAND'Y-CAR'PET, a geometrid moth; SAND'Y-LAV'EROCK (_Scot._), a sand-lark. [A.S. _sand_; Dut. _zand_, Ger. _sand_, Ice. _sand-r_.]

SANDAL, san'dal, _n._ a kind of shoe consisting of a sole bound to the foot by straps: a loose slipper: a half-boot of white kid: a strap for fastening a slipper: an india-rubber shoe.--_adj._ SAN'DALLED, wearing sandals: fastened with such. [Fr.,--L. _sandalium_--Gr. _sandalon_, prob. from Pers.]

SANDAL, san'dal, _n._ a long narrow boat used on the Barbary coast. [Ar.]

SANDALWOOD, san'dal-w[=oo]d, _n._ a compact and fine-grained tropical wood, remarkable for its fragrance. [Fr. _sandal_--Low L. _santalum_--Late Gr. _santalon_.]

SANDARAC, san'da-rak, _n._ a friable, dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white resin, imported from Mogador, Morocco: red sulphuret of arsenic--also SAN'DARACH.--_n._ SAN'DARAC-TREE, a native of the mountains of Morocco. [Fr. _sandaraque_--L. _sandaraca_--Gr. _sandarak[=e]_--Sans. _sind[=u]ra_, realgar.]

SANDEMANIAN, san-de-m[=a]'ni-an, _n._ a follower of Robert _Sandeman_ (1718-71), a Glassite (q.v.).

SANDIVER, san'di-v[.e]r, _n._ the saline scum which forms on glass during its first fusion: glass-gall: product of glass-furnaces.--Also SAN'DEVER. [O. Fr. _suin de verre_, _suint de verre_--_suin_, grease, _de_, of, _verre_, glass--L. _vitrum_.]

SANDIX, san'diks, _n._ red lead.--Also SAN'DYX. [L.,--Gr. _sandix_, vermilion.]

SANDWICH, sand'wich, _n._ two slices of bread with ham, &c., between, said to be named from the fourth Earl of _Sandwich_ (1718-92), who had such brought to him at the gaming-table that he might play on without stopping.--_v.t._ to lay or place between two layers, to fit tight between two objects.--_n._ SAND'WICH-MAN, a man who perambulates the streets between two advertising boards.

SANE, s[=a]n, _adj._ sound in mind or body: healthy: not disordered in intellect.--_adv._ SANE'LY.--_n._ SANE'-NESS. [L. _sanus_; akin to Gr. _saos_, _s[=o]s_, sound.]

SANG, sang, _pa.t._ of _sing_.--_n._ a Scotch form of _song_.

SANG, sang, _n._ blood, in heraldic use.--_adj._ SANG'LANT, bloody or dropping blood.--_n._ SANG-DE-BOEUF, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.

SANG, sang, _n._ a Chinese wind-instrument.

SANGAR, sang'gar, _n._ a stone breastwork: a low wall of loose stones, used as cover for soldiers. [Hindi sangar, war, entrenchment; from the Sanskrit.]

SANGAREE, sang-ga-r[=e]', _n._ a West Indian beverage, of wine, sugar or syrup, water, and nutmeg, drunk cold.--_v.t._ and _v.i._ to make or drink such. [Sp. _Sangría_.]

SANG-FROID, sang-frwo', _n._ coolness, indifference, calmness. [Fr., _sang_, blood, _froid_, cold.]

SANGLIER, sang'li-[.e]r, _n._ (_her._) a wild boar used as a bearing. [Fr., orig. _porc sanglier_--Low L. _singularis_ (_porcus_), the wild boar.]

SANGRAAL, san-gr[=a]l', _n._ in medieval legends, the holy cup supposed to have been used at the Last Supper.--Also SANG'REAL. [Cf. _Grail_.]

SANGRADO, san-grä'do, _n._ one who lets blood--from the leech in _Gil Blas_.

SANGUINE, sang'gwin, _adj._ abounding with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, red: ardent, hopeful, confident: characterised by a fullness of habit.--_n._ the colour of red.--_v.t._ (_obs._) to stain with blood.--_n._ SANG'SUE, a leech--also SANG'UISUGE.--_adjs._ SANGUIC'OLOUS, living in the blood, as a parasite; SANGUIF'EROUS, receiving and conveying blood, circulatory.--_ns._ SANGUIFIC[=A]'TION; SAN'GUIFIER.--_adj._ SANGUIF'LUOUS, flowing with blood.--_v.i._ SAN'GUIFY, to make blood.--_v.t._ to convert into blood.--_n._ SANGUIN[=A]'RIA, a genus of the poppy family, one species, the Blood-root or Puccoon of North America, much used by the Indians for staining.--_adv._ SAN'GUINARILY.--_n._ SAN'GUINARINESS.--_adj._ SAN'GUINARY, bloody: attended with much blood-shed: bloodthirsty.--_n._ the yarrow: the blood-root.--_adj._ SAN'GUINELESS, destitute of blood.--_adv._ SAN'GUINELY, hopefully, confidently.--_n._ SAN'GUINENESS, sanguine character, ardour: ruddiness: plethora.--_adj._ SANGUIN'EOUS, sanguine: resembling or constituting blood.--_ns._ SANGUIN'ITY, sanguineness; SANGUIN'OLENCE, SANGUIN'OLENCY.--_adj._ SANGUIN'OLENT, tinged with blood: sanguine.--_ns._ SANGUISORB[=A]'CEÆ, SANGUISOR'BEÆ, a sub-order of _Rosaceæ_, containing about 150 species; SANGUIS[=U]'GA, a genus of leeches.--_adjs._ SANGUIS[=U]'GENT, SANGUIS[=U]'GOUS, blood-sucking; SANGUIV'OLENT, bloodthirsty; SANGUIV'OROUS, feeding on blood, as a vampire--also SANGUINIV'OROUS. [Fr.,--L. _sanguineus_--_sanguis_, _sanguinis_, blood.]

SANHEDRIM, SANHEDRIN, san'h[=e]-drim, -drin, _n._ the supreme ecclesiastical and judicial tribunal of the Jews down to 425 A.D.: any similar assembly, a parliament. [Heb. _sanhedrin_--Gr. _synedrion_--_syn_, together, _hedra_, a seat.]

SANHITÂ, san'hi-ta, _n._ the name of that portion of the Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns.

SANICLE, san'ik'l, _n._ a plant of the genus _Sanicula_, the common wood-sanicle long supposed to have healing power. [Fr.,--L. _san[=a]re_, to heal.]

SANIDINE, san'i-din, _n._ a clear glassy variety of orthoclase. [Gr. _sanis_, _sanidos_, a board.]

SANIES, s[=a]'ni-[=e]z, _n._ a thin discharge from wounds or sores.--_adj._ S[=A]'NIOUS. [L.]

SANIFY, san'i-f[=i], _v.t._ to make healthy. [L. _sanus_, sound, _fac[)e]re_ to make.]

SANITARY, san'i-tar-i, _adj._ pertaining to, tending, or designed to promote health.--_n._ SANIT[=A]'RIAN, a promoter of sanitary reforms.--_adv._ SAN'ITARILY.--_ns._ SAN'ITARY-WARE, coarse-glazed earthenware for sewer-pipes; SANIT[=A]'TION, the science of sanitary conditions and of preserving health, synonymous with Hygiene--usually restricted, however, to the methods and apparatus for making and maintaining houses healthy; SANIT[=O]'RIUM (incorrectly, SANIT[=A]'RIUM), a health station, particularly for troops.--SANITARY SCIENCE, such science as conduces to the preservation of health.

SANITY, san'i-ti, _n._ state of being sane: soundness of mind or body. [L. _sanitas_--_sanus_, sane.]

SANJAK, san'jak, _n._ an administrative subdivision of a Turkish vilayet or eyalet.--Also SAN'JAK[=A]TE. [Turk.]

SANK, sangk, _pa.t._ of sink.

SANKHYA, san'kyä, _n._ one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

SANNUP, san'up, _n._ the husband of a squaw: a brave.--Also SANN'OP. [Amer. Ind.]

SANS, sanz, _prep._ (_Shak._) without, wanting.--_n._ SANS'-APPEL', a person from whose decision there is no appeal.--SANS NOMBRE (_her._), repeated often, and covering the field; SANS SOUCI, without care: free and easy. [O. Fr. _sans_, _senz_--L. _sine_, without.]

SANSA, san'sa, _n._ a musical instrument of percussion, a tambourine.

SANSCULOTTE, sanz-k[=oo]-lot', _n._ a name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the court party to the democratic party in Paris.--_n._ SANSCULOT'TERIE.--_adj._ SANSCULOT'TIC.--_ns._ SANSCULOT'TISM; SANSCULOT'TIST. [Fr. _sansculotte_, _sans_, without--L. _sine_, without, _culotte_, breeches, _cul_, breech--L. _culus_, the breech.]

SANSEVIERIA, san-sev-i-[=e]'ri-a, _n._ a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order _Hæmodoraceæ_, native to southern Africa and the East Indies, yielding _bowstring-hemp_. [Named after the Neapolitan Prince of _Sanseviero_ (1710-71).]

SANSKRIT, sans'krit, _n._ the ancient literary language of India, the easternmost branch of the great Indo-Germanic (Indo-European, Aryan) stock of languages.--_n._ SANS'KRITIST, one skilled in Sanskrit. [Sans. _samskrita_, perfected, polished, from Sans. _sam_, together, _krita_, done, perfected, from _kri_, cog. with L. _cre[=a]re_, to create.]

SANTA CLAUS, san'ta klawz, _n._ a famous nursery hero, a fat rosy old fellow who brings presents to good children on Christmas Eve.

SANTALACEÆ, san-ta-l[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], _n._ an order of apetalous plants, the sandalwood family.--_adjs._ SANTAL[=A]'CEOUS; SANTAL'IC, pertaining to sandalwood.--_ns._ SAN'TALIN, the colouring matter of red sandalwood; SAN'TALUM, the type genus of the sandalwood family.

SANTIR, san't[.e]r, _n._ a variety of dulcimer used in the East.--Also SAN'TUR.

SANTOLINA, san-t[=o]-l[=i]'na, _n._ a genus of composite plants, of the Mediterranean region, of tribe _Anthemideæ_, including the common lavender-cotton.

SANTON, san'ton, _n._ an Eastern dervish or saint. [Sp. _santon_--_santo_, holy--L. _sanctus_, holy.]

SANTONINE, son'to-nin, _n._ a colourless crystalline poisonous compound contained in _Santonica_. [Gr. _santonicon_, a wormwood found in the country of the _Santones_ in Gaul.]

SAP, sap, _n._ the vital juice of plants: (_bot._) the part of the wood next to the bark: the blood: a simpleton: a plodding student.--_v.i._ to play the part of a ninny: to be studious.--_ns._ SAP'-BEE'TLE a beetle which feeds on sap; SAP'-COL'OUR, a vegetable juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters.--_adj._ SAP'FUL, full of sap.--_ns._ SAP'-GREEN, a green colouring matter from the juice of buckthorn berries; SAP'HEAD, a silly fellow.--_adj._ SAP'LESS, wanting sap: not juicy.--_ns._ SAP'LING, a young tree, so called from being full of sap: a young greyhound during the year of his birth until the end of the coursing season which commences in that year; SAP'LING-CUP, an open tankard for drinking new ale; SAP'PINESS.--_adj._ SAP'PY, abounding with sap: juicy: silly.--_ns._ SAP'-TUBE, a vessel that conveys sap; SAP'-WOOD, the outer part of the trunk of a tree, next the bark, in which the sap flows most freely: albumen.--CRUDE SAP, the ascending sap. [A.S. _sæp_; Low Ger. _sapp_, juice, Ger. _saft_.]

SAP, sap, _v.t._ to destroy by digging underneath: to undermine: to impair the constitution.--_v.i._ to proceed by undermining:--_pr.p._ sap'ping; _pa.t._ and _pa.p._ sapped.--_n._ a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made from the foremost parallel towards the glacis or covert-way of a besieged place.--_n._ SAP'PER, one who saps. [O. Fr. _sappe_--Low L. _sapa_, a pick, prob. from Gr. _skapan[=e]_, a hoe.]

SAPAJOU, sap'a-zh[=oo], _n._ a name sometimes applied to all that division of American monkeys which have a prehensile tail, and sometimes limited to those of them which are of a slender form, as the genera _Ateles_ or spider-monkey, _Cebus_, &c.--Also SAJOU'.

SAPERDA, s[=a]-p[.e]r'da, _n._ a genus of long-horned beetles, mostly wood-borers. [Gr. _saperd[=e]s_, a fish.]

SAPHENOUS, sa-f[=e]'nus, _adj._ prominent, as a vein of the leg.--_n._ SAPH[=E]'NA, a prominent vein or nerve. [Gr. _saph[=e]n[=e]s_, plain.]

SAPID, sap'id, _adj._ well-tasted: savoury: that affects the taste.--_n._ SAPID'ITY, savouriness.--_adj._ SAP'IDLESS, insipid.--_n._ SAP'IDNESS. [Fr.,--_L. sapidus_--_sap[)e]re_, to taste.]

SAPIENCE, s[=a]'pi-ens, _n._ discernment: wisdom: knowledge: reason.--_adjs._ S[=A]'PIENT, wise: discerning: sagacious, sometimes used ironically; S[=A]PIEN'TIAL.--_adv._ S[=A]'PIENTLY. [L. _sapiens_, _sapientis_, pr.p. of _sap[)e]re_, to be wise.]

SAPINDUS, s[=a]-pin'dus, _n._ a genus of polypetalous trees, as _Soapberry_. [L. _sapo Indicus_, Indian soap.]

SAPIUM, s[=a]'pi-um, _n._ a genus of apetalous plants belonging to the _Euphorbiaceæ_, including the Jamaica milkwood or gum-tree, &c.

SAPI-UTAN, sap'i-[=oo]'tan, _n._ the wild ox of Celebes.--Also SAP'I-OU'TAN. [Malay, _sapi_, cow, _[=u]t[=a]n_, woods.]

SAPO, s[=a]'p[=o], _n._ the toad-fish. [Sp., a toad.]

SAPODILLA, sap-[=o]-dil'a, _n._ a name given in the West Indies to the fruit of several species of Achras, the seeds aperient and diuretic, the pulp subacid and sweet. [Sp. _sapotilla_--_sapota_, the sapota-tree.]

SAPONACEOUS, sap-o-n[=a]'shus, _adj._ soapy: soap-like.--_n._ SAP[=O]N[=A]'RIA, a genus of polypetalous plants, including the soapwort.--_adj._ SAPON'IF[=I]ABLE.--_n._ SAPONIFIC[=A]'TION, the act or operation of converting into soap.--_v.t._ SAPON'IFY, to convert into soap:--_pr.p._ sapon'ifying; _pa.p._ sapon'ified.--_n._ SAP'ONIN, a vegetable principle, the solution of which froths when shaken, obtained from soapwort, &c. [L. _sapo_, _saponis_, soap.]

SAPORIFIC, sap-o-rif'ik, _adj._ giving a taste.--_ns._ S[=A]'POR; SAPOROS'ITY.--_adj._ SAP'[=O]ROUS. [L. _sapor_, _saporis_, taste, _fac[)e]re_, to make.]

SAPOTACEÆ, sap-o-t[=a]'s[=e]-[=e], _n._ a natural order of trees and shrubs, often abounding in milky juice, including the gutta-percha tree--one species yields the star-apple, another the Mammee-Sapota or American marmalade. [_Sapodilla._]

SAPPAN-WOOD, sa-pan'-w[=oo]d, _n._ the wood of Cæsalpinia sappan, used in dyeing.

SAPPER, sap'[.e]r, _n._ a soldier employed in the building of fortifications, &c.

SAPPHIC, saf'ik, _adj._ pertaining to _Sappho_, a passionate Greek lyric poetess of Lesbos (_c._ 600 B.C.): denoting a kind of verse said to have been invented by Sappho.--_ns._ SAPPH'IC-STAN'ZA, a metre of Horace, the stanzas of four verses each, three alike, made up of four trochees, with a dactyl in the third place; SAPPH'ISM, unnatural passion between women; SAPPH'[=O], a humming-bird.

SAPPHIRE, saf'[=i]r, or saf'ir, _n._ a highly transparent and brilliant precious stone, a variety of Corundum, generally of a beautiful blue colour--the finest found in Ceylon: (_her._) a blue tincture.--_adj._ deep pure blue.--_n._ SAPPH'IRE-WING, a humming-bird.--_adj._ SAPPH'IRINE, made of, or like, sapphire.--GREEN SAPPHIRE, the Oriental emerald; RED SAPPHIRE, the Oriental ruby; VIOLET SAPPHIRE, the Oriental amethyst. [Fr.,--L. _sapphirus_--Gr. _sappheiros_--Heb. _sapp[=i]r_, sapphire.]

SAPPING, sap'ing, _n._ the act of excavating trenches.

SAPPLES, sap'lz, _n.pl._ (_Scot._) soapsuds.

SAPREMIA, sap-r[=e]'mi-a, _n._ a condition of blood-poisoning.--_adjs._ SAPR[=E]'MIC, SAPRÆ'MIC. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _haima_, blood.]

SAPROGENOUS, sap-roj'e-nus, _adj._ engendered in putridity.--Also SAPROGEN'IC. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _-gen[=e]s_, producing.]

SAPROHARPAGES, sap-r[=o]-här'pa-j[=e]z, _n._ a group of vultures. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _harpax_, a vulture.]

SAPROLEGNIA, sap-r[=o]-leg'ni-a, _n._ a genus of fungi, causing a destructive salmon-disease. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _legnon_, an edge.]

SAP-ROLLER, sap'-r[=o]l'[.e]r, _n._ a gabion employed by sappers in the trenches.

SAPROMYZA, sap-r[=o]-m[=i]'za, _n._ a large group of reddish-yellow flies. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _myzein_, to suck.]

SAPROPHAGOUS, sap-rof'a-gus, _adj._ feeding on decaying matter.--_n._ SAPROPH'AGAN, one of the saprophagous beetles. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _phagein_, to eat.]

SAPROPHYTE, sap'r[=o]-f[=i]t, _n._ a plant that feeds upon decaying vegetable matter.--_adjs._ SAPROPHYT'IC, SAPROPH'ILOUS.--_adv._ SAPROPHYT'ICALLY.--_n._ SAP'ROPHYTISM. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _phyton_, a plant.]

SAPROSTOMOUS, sap-ros't[=o]-mus, _adj._ having a foul breath. [Gr. _sapros_, rotten, _stoma_, mouth.]

SAP-ROT, sap'-rot, _n._ dry-rot in timber.

SAPSAGO, sap's[=a]-g[=o], _n._ a greenish Swiss cheese. [Ger. _schabzieger._]

SAP-SHIELD, sap'-sh[=e]ld, _n._ a steel plate for shelter to the sapper.

SAP-SUCKER, sap'-suk'[.e]r, _n._ the name in the United States of all the small spotted woodpeckers.--_adj._ SAP'-SUCK'ING.

SAPUCAIA, sap-[=oo]-k[=i]'a, _n._ a Brazilian tree, whose urn-shaped fruit contains a number of finely-flavoured oval seeds or nuts.

SAPYGA, s[=a]-p[=i]'ga, _n._ a genus of digger-wasps.

SARABAND, sar'a-band, _n._ a slow Spanish dance, or the music to which it is danced; a short piece of music, of deliberate character, and with a peculiar rhythm, in ¾-time, the accent being placed on the second crotchet of each measure. [Sp. _zarabanda;_ from Pers. _sarband_, a fillet for the hair.]

SARACEN, sar'a-sen, _n._ a name variously employed by medieval writers to designate the Mohammedans of Syria and Palestine, the Arabs generally, or the Arab-Berber races of northern Africa, who conquered Spain and Sicily and invaded France.--_adjs._ SARACEN'IC, -AL.--_n._ SAR'ACENISM.--SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE, a general name for Mohammedan architecture. [O. Fr. _sarracin_, _sarrazin_--Low L. _Saracenus_--Late Gr. _Sarak[=e]nos_--Ar. _sharkeyn_, eastern people, as opposed to _maghribe_, 'western people'--i.e. the people of Morocco.]

SARAFAN, sar'a-fan, _n._ a gala-dress. [Russ.]

SARANGOUSTY, sar-an-g[=oo]s'ti, _n._ a material used as a preservative of walls, &c., from damp.

SARBACAND, sar'ba-känd, _n._ a blow-gun.--Also SAR'BACANE.

SARCASM, sär'kazm, _n._ a bitter sneer: a satirical remark in scorn or contempt: irony: a gibe.--_adjs._ SARCAS'TIC, -AL, containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.--_adv._ SARCAS'TICALLY. [Fr.,--L. _sarcasmus_--Gr. _sarkasmos_--_sarkazein_, to tear flesh like dogs, to speak bitterly--_sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh.]

SARCEL, sär'sel, _n._ the pinion of a hawk's wing.--_adjs._ SAR'CELLED (_her._), cut through the middle--also SAR'CELÉ, SAR'CELLÉE; DEM'I-SAR'CELED, -SAR'CELLED, partly cut through. [O. Fr. _cercel_--L. _circellus_, dim. of _circulus_, a circle.]

SARCELLE, sar-sel', _n._ a long-tailed duck, a teal.

SARCENCHYME, sar-seng'k[=i]m, _n._ one of the soft tissues of sponges.--_adj._ SARCENCHYM'ATOUS. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _enchyma_, an infusion.]

SARCENET. See SARSENET.

SARCINA, sar-s[=i]'na, _n._ a genus of schizomycetous fungi, in which the cocci divide in three planes forming cubical clumps:--_pl._ SARC[=I]'NÆ (-n[=e]).--_adjs._ SARC[=I]'NÆFORM, SARCIN'IC.--_n._ SARCIN'[=U]LA. [L. _sarcina_, a package.]

SARCINE, sär'sin, _n._ a nitrogenous substance obtained from the muscular tissue of the horse, ox, hare, &c.--same as _Hypoxanthine_. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh.]

SARCIOPHORUS, sär-si-of'[=o]-rus, _n._ a genus of spur-winged plovers, including the crested wattled lapwings, &c. [Gr. _sarkion_, a piece of flesh, _sarx_, flesh, _pherein_, to bear.]

SARCITIS, sar-s[=i]'tis, _n._ myositis. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh.]

SARCOBASIS, sär-kob'a-sis, _n._ a fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _basis_, a base.]

SARCOBATUS, sär-kob'a-tus, _n._ an anomalous genus of North American shrubs of the goose-foot family--the only species the _greasewood_ of the western United States. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _batis_, samphire.]

SARCOBLAST, sär'k[=o]-blast, _n._ the germ of sarcode.--_adj._ SARCOBLAS'TIC. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _blastos_, a germ.]

SARCOCARP, sär'k[=o]-karp, _n._ (_bot._) the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp or a stone-fruit. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _karpos_, fruit.]

SARCOCELE, sär'k[=o]-s[=e]l, _n._ a fleshy tumour of the testicle. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _k[=e]l[=e]_, tumour.]

SARCOCEPHALUS, sär-k[=o]-sef'-a-lus, _n._ a genus of gamopetalous plants of the natural order _Rubiaceæ_, native to the tropics of Asia and Africa--including the _country-fig_, _Guinea peach_, _African cinchona_, &c. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _kephal[=e]_, the head.]

SARCOCOL, sär'k[=o]-kol, _n._ a semi-transparent resin or gum imported from Arabia.--_n._ SARC[=O]COL'LA, a genus of apetalous shrubs of the order _Penæaceæ_, native to South Africa. [Gr., a Persian gum.]

SARCOCYSTIS, sär-k[=o]-sis'tis, _n._ a genus of parasitic sporozoa or _Gregarinida_, common but apparently harmless in butcher-meat.--_n._ SARCOCYSTID'IA, the division of sporozoa including the foregoing.--_adj._ SARCOCYSTID'IAN. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _kystis_, the bladder.]

SARCODE, sär'k[=o]d, _n._ another term for _protoplasm_.--_n._ SARC[=O]'DES, _n._ a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order _Monotropeæ_; including the Californian _snow-plant_.--_adjs._ SARCOD'IC, SAR'CODOUS; SAR'COID, resembling flesh. [Gr. _sarkod[=e]s_, from _sarx_, flesh, _eidos_, resemblance.]

SARCOLEMMA, sär-k[=o]-lem'a, _n._ a membrane which invests striped muscular tissue.--_adj._ SARCOLEMM'IC. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _lemma_, a skin.]

SARCOLEMUR, sär'k[=o]-l[=e]-mur, _n._ a genus of extinct Eocene mammals found in North America. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, and _lemur_.]

SARCOLOBE, sär'k[=o]-l[=o]b, _n._ a thick fleshy cotyledon, as of the bean. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _lobos_, a lobe.]

SARCOLOGY, sär-kol'o-ji, _n._ the division of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body.--_adjs._ SARCOLOG'IC, -AL.--_n._ SARCOL'OGIST. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _logos_, discourse.]

SARCOMA, sär-k[=o]'ma, _n._ a tumour or group of tumours, often malignant: any fleshy excrescence: (_bot._) a fleshy disc:--_pl._ SARC[=O]'MATA.--_n._ SARCOMAT[=O]'SIS, sarcomatous degeneration.--_adj._ SARCOM'ATOUS. [Gr. _sark[=o]ma_--_sarx_, flesh.]

SARCOPHAGA, sär-kof'a-ga, _n._ a genus of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies: a former division of marsupials.--_adjs._ SARCOPH'AGAL, flesh-devouring; SARCOPH'AGOUS, feeding on flesh.--_n._ SARCOPH'AGY.

SARCOPHAGUS, sär-kof'a-gus, _n._ a kind of limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so called because it was thought to consume the flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a corpse: an 18th-century form of wine-cooler:--_pl._ SARCOPH'AG[=I], SARCOPH'AGUSES. [L.,--Gr. _sarkophagos_--_sarx_, flesh, _phagein_, eat.]

SARCOPHILUS, sär-kof'i-lus, _n._ a genus of carnivorous marsupials containing the Tasmanian devil.--_n._ SAR'COPHILE, any animal of this genus.--_adj._ SARCOPH'ILOUS, fond of flesh. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _philein_, to love.]

SARCOPHYTE, sär-kof'i-t[=e], _n._ a monotypic genus of parasitic and apetalous plants native to South Africa. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _phyton_, a plant.]

SARCOPSYLLA, sär-kop-sil'a, _n._ a genus of American insects, including the jigger or chigoe. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _psylla_, a flea.]

SARCOPTES, sär-kop't[=e]z, _n._ the itch-mites.--_adj._ SARCOP'TIC. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _koptein_, to cut.]

SARCOSEPTUM, sär-k[=o]-sep'tum, _n._ a soft septum. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, and _septum_.]

SARCOSIS, sär-k[=o]'sis, _n._ flesh formation: a fleshy tumour. [Gr. _sark[=o]sis_.]

SARCOSTEMMA, sär-k[=o]-stem'a, _n._ a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order _Asclepiadeæ_, native to Africa, Asia, and Australia--including the _flesh crown-flower_. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _stemma_, wreath.]

SARCOSTIGMA, sär-k[=o]-stig'ma, _n._ a genus of polypetalous plants of the order _Olacineæ_--including the _odal-oil plant_. [Gr. _sarx_, flesh, _stigma_, a point.]

SARCOSTYLE, sär'k[=o]-st[=i]l, _n._ the mass of sarcode in the sarcotheca of a coelenterate. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _stylos_, a pillar.]

SARCOTHECA, sär-k[=o]-th[=e]'ka, _n._ the cup of a thread-cell: a cnida or nematophore. [Gr. _sarx_, _sarkos_, flesh, _th[=e]k[=e]_, a sheath.]

SARCOTIC, sär-kot'ik, _adj._ causing flesh to grow.--_adj._ SAR'COUS, fleshy. [Gr. _sark[=o]tikos_--_sarkousthai_, to produce flesh--_sarx_, flesh.]

SARD, särd, _n._ a variety of quartz, differing from cornelian only in its very deep-red colour, blood-red by transmitted light.--_n._ SAR'DACH[=A]TE, a kind of agate containing layers of sard. [Gr. _sardios_ (_lithos_), the Sardian (stone)--_Sardeis_, Sardis, in Lydia.]

SARDA, sär'da, _n._ a genus of scombroid fishes, the bonitos. [Gr. _sard[=e]_, a fish.]

SARDEL, SARDELLE, sär'del, _n._ a slender herring-like fish. [O. Fr. _sardelle_--L. _sarda_.]