Part i.

ANNABEL LEE. Edgar A. Poe's poem of this name is supposed to be a loving memorial to his young wife, Virginia Clemm, who died of consumption at Fordham, N.Y., in 1847.

The angels, not half so happy in heaven Went envying her and me; Yes! that was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. (1848.)

ANNA PASTORIUS, wife of Pastorius in Whittier's poem, _The Pennsylvania Pilgrim_. At his cry "Help! for the good man faileth!" she points to her aloe-tree, and reminds him that as surely as "the century-moulded bud shall burst in bloom," love and patience will soon or late conquer wrong (1872).

AN'NAPLE [BAILZOU], Effie Dean's "monthly" nurse.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

_An'naple_, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a young farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

ANNE (_Sister_), the sister of Fat'ima, the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by looking into the locked chamber, is allowed a short respite before execution. Sister Anne ascends the high tower of the castle, with the hope of seeing her brothers, who are expected to arrive every moment. Fatima, in her agony, keeps asking "sister Anne" if she can see them, and Blue Beard keeps crying out for Fatima to use greater despatch. As the patience of both is exhausted, the brothers arrive, and Fatima is rescued from death.--Charles Perrault, _La Barbe Bleue_.

_Anne_, own sister of king Arthur. Her father was Uther the pendragon, and her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloïs. She was given by her brother in marriage to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and afterwards king of Norway.--Geoffrey, _British History_, viii. 20, 21.

[Illustration] In Arthurian romance this Anne is called Margawse (_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2); Tennyson calls her Bellicent (_Gareth and Lynette_). In Arthurian romance Lot is always called king of Orkney.

ANNE CATHERICK, half-witted girl, the natural sister of Laura Fairlie, to whom she bears a strong resemblance. This circumstance suggests to the villain of the book the deception of showing her dead body as that of Laura, as a step toward securing the fortune of the latter.--_The Woman in White_, by Wilkie Collins (1865).

ANNE DOUGLAS, heroine of _Anne_, a novel by Constance Fenimore Woolson (1882). The scene laid on the Island of Mackinac, Mich.

ANNETTE, daughter of Mathis and Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain of the patrol.--J.E. Ware, _The Polish Jew_.

ANNETTE AND LUBLIN, by Marmontel, imitated from the _Daphnis and Chloe_ of Longos (_q.v._).

ANNIE KILBURN, the conscientious heiress who returns to a New England homestead after long residence abroad, and endeavors to do her duty in the station to which Providence has called her. Prim, pale, pretty, and not youthful except in heart.--_Annie Kilburn_, by William Dean Howells (1888).

AN'NIE LAU'RIE, eldest of the three daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of Maxwelton. In 1709 she married James Fergusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero of Burns's song _The Whistle_. The song of _Annie Laurie_ was written by William Douglas, of Fingland, in the stewardry of Kirkcud'bright, hero of the song _Willie was a Wanton Wag_. (See WHISTLE.)

Bayard Taylor has used the ballad with thrilling effect in his poem _The Song of the Camp_.

They sang of love, and not of fame, Forgot was Britain's glory, Each heart recalled a different name, But all sang "Annie Laurie." Voice after voice caught up the song Until its tender passion Rose, like an anthem, rich and strong, Their battle-eve confession.

* * * * *

Dear girl! her name he dared not speak, But as the song grew louder, Something upon the soldier's cheek Washed off the stain of powder.

* * * * *

AN'NIE WIN'NIE, one of the old sibyls at Alice Gray's death; the other was Ailsie Gourlay.--Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

ANNIR, king of Inis-thona (an island of Scandinavia). He had two sons (Argon and Ruro) and one daughter. One day Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came and begged the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the request, and overthrew him, which so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot both the brothers secretly with his bow. Their dog Runa ran to the palace, and howled so as to attract attention; whereupon Annir followed the hound, and found both his sons dead, and on his return he further found that Cormalo had carried off his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, led an army against the villain, and slew him; then liberating the young lady, he took her back to Inis-thona, and delivered her to her father.--_Ossian_ ("The War of Inis-thona").

AN'NOPHEL, daughter of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.) general of Candy.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647).

ANSELM, prior of St. Dominic, the confessor of king Henry IV.--Sir W. Scott, _The Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

ANSELME (2 _syl_.), father of Valère (2 _syl_.) and Mariane (3 _syl_.). In reality he is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. The family were exiled from Naples for political reasons, and being shipwrecked were all parted. Valère was picked up by a Spanish captain, who adopted him; Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, who kept her a captive for ten years, when she effected her escape; and Anselme wandered from place to place for ten years, when he settled in Paris, and intended to marry. At the expiration of sixteen years they all met in Paris at the house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valère was in love with Elise (2 _syl_.), the miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon in marriage to Anselme; and Mariane, affianced to the miser's son Cléante (2 _syl_.), was sought in marriage by Harpagon, the old father. As soon as Anselme discovered that Valère and Mariane were his own children, matters were soon amicably arranged, the young people married, and the old ones retired from the unequal contest.--Molière, _L'Avare_ (1667).

ANSELMO, a noble cavalier of Florence, the friend of Lothario. Anselmo married Camilla, and induced his friend to try to corrupt her, that he might rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. Lothario unwillingly undertook the task, and succeeded but too well. For a time Anselmo was deceived, but at length Camilla eloped, and the end of the silly affair was that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a convent.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 5, 6; _Fatal Curiosity_ (1605).

AN'STER (_Hob_), a constable at Kinross village.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

ANSTISS DOLBEARE, heroine of Mrs. A.D.T. Whitney's novel, _Hitherto_, a sensitive, imaginative, morbid, motherless girl who is "all the time holding up her soul ... with a thorn in it" (1872).

ANTAE'OS, a gigantic wrestler of Libya (or _Irassa_). His strength was inexhaustible so long as he touched the earth, and was renewed every time he did touch it. Her'culés killed him by lifting him up from the earth and squeezing him to death. (See MALEGER.)

As when earth's son Antaeus ... in Irassa strove With Jove's Alcidês, and oft foiled, still rose, Receiving from his mother earth new strength, Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined, Throttled at length in the air, expired and fell.

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iv. (563).

[Illustration] Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio assailed Orlando or Rolando at Roncesvallês, as he found his body was not to be pierced by any instrument of war, he took him up in his arms and squeezed him to death.

N.B.--The only vulnerable part of Orlando was the sole of his foot.

ANTE'NOR, a traitorous Trojan prince, related to Priam. He advised Ulyssês to carry away the palladium from Troy, and when the wooden horse was built it was Antenor who urged the Trojans to make a breach in the wall and drag the horse into the city.--Shakespeare has introduced him in _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602).

ANTHEA, beautiful woman to whom Herrick addresses several poems.

ANTHI'A, the lady beloved by Abroc'omas in the Greek romance called _De Amoribus Anthiae et Abrocomae_, by Xenophon of Ephesus, who lived in the fourth Christian century. (This is not Xenophon the historian, who lived B.C. 444-359.)

ANTHONIO, "the merchant of Venice," in Shakespeare's drama so called (1598). Anthonio borrows of Shylock, a Jew, 3000 ducats for three months, to lend to his friend Bassanio. The conditions of the loan were these: if the money was paid within the time, only the principal should be returned; but if not, the Jew should be allowed to cut from Anthonio's body "a pound of flesh." As the ships of Anthonio were delayed by contrary winds, he was unable to pay within the three months, and Shylock demanded the forfeiture according to the bond. Portia, in the dress of a law-doctor, conducted the case, and when the Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped him, saying--(1) the bond gave him no drop of blood; and (2) he must take neither more nor less than an exact pound. If he shed one drop of blood or if he cut more or less than an exact pound, his life would be forfeit. As it was quite impossible to comply with these restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking the life of a citizen.

_Antho'nio_, the ursuping duke of Milan, and brother of Pros'pero (the rightful duke, and father of Miranda).--Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609).

_Antho'nio_, father of Protheus, and suitor of Julia.--Shakespeare, _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594).

AN'THONY, an English archer in the cottage of farmer Dickson, of Douglasdale.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_An'thony_, the old postillion at Meg Dods's, the landlady of the inn at St. Ronan's Well.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

ANTID'IUS, bishop of Jaen, martyred by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing the devil writing in his pocket-book some sin committed by the pope, he jumped upon his back and commanded his Satanic majesty to carry him to Rome. The devil tried to make the bishop pronounce the name of Jesus, which would break the spell, and then the devil would have tossed his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the bishop only cried, "Gee up, devil!" and when he reached Rome he was covered with Alpine snow. The chronicler naïvely adds, "the hat is still shown at Rome in confirmation of this miracle."--_General Chronicle of King Alphonso the Wise_.

ANTIG'ONE (4 _syl._), daughter of Oe'dipos and Jocas'tê, a noble maiden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When Oedipos had blinded himself, and was obliged to quit Thebes, Antigonê accompanied him, and remained with him till his death, when she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, had forbidden any one to bury Polyni'cês, her brother, who had been slain by his elder brother in battle; but Antigonê, in defiance of this prohibition, buried the dead body, and Creon shut her up in a vault under ground, where she killed herself. Haemon, her lover, killed himself also by her side. Sophoclês has a Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has been dramatized for the English stage.

_The Modern Antigonê_, Mariè Therèse Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, daughter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette (1778-1851).

ANTIG'ONUS, a Sicilian lord, commanded by king Leontês to take his infant daughter to a desert shore and leave her to perish. Antigonus was driven by a storm to the coast of Bohemia, where he left the babe; but on his way back to the ship, he was torn to pieces by a bear.--Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_ (1604).

_Antig'onus (King)_, an old man with a young man's amorous passions. He is one of the four kings who succeeded to the divided empire of Alexander the Great.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Humorous Lieutenant_ (1647).

ANTIN'OUS (4 _syl_.), a page of Hadrian, the Roman emperor, noted for his beauty.

_Antin'ous_ (4 _syl_.), son of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.) general of Candy, and brother of An'no-phel, in _The Laws of Candy_ a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647).

ANTI'OCHUS, emperor of Greece, who sought the life of Per'iclês prince of Tyre, but died without effecting his desire.--Shakespeare, _Pericles Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

ANTI'OPE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Idom'e-neus (4 _syl_.), for whom Telem'achus had a _tendresse_. Mentor approved his choice, and assured Telemachus that the lady was designed for him by the gods. Her charms were "the glowing modesty of her countenance, her silent diffidence, and her sweet reserve; her constant attention to tapestry or to some other useful and elegant employment; her diligence in household affairs, her contempt of finery in dress, and her ignorance of her own beauty," Telemachus says, "She encourages to industry by her example, sweetens labor by the melody of her voice, and excels the best of painters in the elegance of her embroidery."--Fénelon, _Télémaque_, xxii. (1700).

He [_Paul_] fancied he had found in Virginia the wisdom of Antiope with the misfortunes and the tenderness of Eucharis.--Bernardin de St. Pierre, _Paul and Virginia_ (1788).

ANTIPH'OLUS, the name of two brothers, twins, the sons of Aege'on, a merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers were shipwrecked in infancy, and, being picked up by different cruisers, one was carried to Syracuse, and the other to Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the service of the duke, and, being fortunate enough to save the duke's life, became a great man and married well. The Syracusian Antipholus, going in search of his brother, came to Ephesus, where a series of blunders occurs from the wonderful likeness of the two brothers and their two servants called Dromio. The confusion becomes so great that the Ephesian is taken up as a madman. It so happened that both brothers appeared before the duke at the same time; and the extraordinary likeness being seen by all, the cause of the blunders was evident, and everything was satisfactorily explained.--Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_ (1593).

ANTON (_Sir_). Tennyson says that Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir Anton and his lady to bring up, and they brought him up as their own son. This does not correspond with the _History of Prince Arthur_, which states that he was committed to the care of sir Ector and his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over and over again called the prince's foster-brother. The _History_ furthermore states that Arthur made sir Key his seneschal _because_ he was his foster-brother.

So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he bare him forth unto sir Ector, and made a holy man christen him, and named him "Arthur." And so sir Ector's wife nourished him with her own breast.--Part i. 3.

So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with him rode sir Key, his son, and young Arthur that was his nourished brother.--Ditto.

"Sir," said sir Ector, "I will ask no more of you but that you will make my son, sir Key, your foster-brother, seneschal of all your lands." "That shall be done," said Arthur (ch. 4).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

_Anton_, one of Henry Smith's men in _The Fair Maid of Perth_, by sir W. Scott (time, Henry IV.).

ANTO'NIO, a sea captain who saved Sebastian, the brother of Vi'ola, when wrecked off the coast of Illyria.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614).

_Anto'nio_, the Swiss lad who acts as the guide from Lucern, in sir W. Scott's _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Anto'nio_, a stout old gentleman, kinsman of Petruccio, governor of Bologna.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (a comedy, before 1621).

_Antonio (Don)_, father of Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio, a coxcomb; a testy, headstrong old man. He wants Carlos to sign away his birthright in favor of his younger brother, to whom he intends Angelina to be married; but Carlos declines to give his signature, and elopes with Angelina, whom he marries, while Clodio engages his troth to Elvira of Lisbon.--C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_.

_Antonio (Don)_, in love with Louisa, the daughter of don Jerome of Seville. A poor nobleman of ancient family.--Sheridan, _The Duenna_ (1778).

ANTONOMAS'IA _(The princess_), daughter of Archipiela, king of Candaya, and his wife Maguncia. She married don Clavijo, but the giant Malambru'no, by enchantment, changed the bride into a brass monkey, and her spouse into a crocodile of some unknown metal. Don Quixote mounted the wooden horse Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant the lady and her husband, and this he effected "simply by making the attempt."--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II iii. 4, 5 (1615).

ANTONY _(Saint)_ lived in a cavern on the summit of Cavadonga, in Spain, and was perpetually annoyed by devils.

Old St. Antonius from the hell Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene, Crowd in broad day before his open eyes. Southey, _Roderick, etc_., xvi. (1814).

AN'TONY AND CÆSAR. Macbeth says that "under Banquo his own genius was rebuked [or snubbed], as it is said Mark Antony's was by Cæsar" (act iii. sc. 1), and in _Antony and Cleopatra_ this passage is elucidated thus--

Thy daemon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee, is Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable, Where Cæsar's is not; but near him thy angel Becomes a fear, as being overpowered.

Act ii. sc. 3.

ANVIL (_The Literary_). Dr. Mayo was so called, because he bore the hardest blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching.

AODH, last of the Culdees, or primitive clergy of Io'na, an island south of Staffa. His wife was Reullu'ra. Ulvfa'gre the Dane, having landed on the island and put many to the sword, bound Aodh in chains of iron, then dragging him to the church, demanded where the "treasures were concealed." A mysterious figure now appeared, which not only released the priest, but took the Dane by the arm to the statue of St. Columb, which fell on him and crushed him to death. After this the "saint" gathered the remnant of the islanders together, and went to Ireland.--Campbell, _Reullura_.

APE (1 _syl._), the pseudonym of M. Pellegrini, the caricaturist of _Vanity Fair_. Dr. Johnson says "_to ape_ is to imitate ludicrously;" whence the adoption of the name.

APEL'LES AND THE COBBLER. A cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchet of one of Apelles' paintings, and the artist rectified the fault. The cobbler, thinking himself very wise, next ventured to criticise the legs; but Apelles said, _Ne sutor ultra crepidam_ ("Let not the cobbler go beyond his last").

Within that range of criticism where all are equally judges, and where Crispin is entitled to dictate to Apelles.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art. "Romance."

_Apelles_. When his famous painting of Venus rising out of the sea (hung by Augustus in the temple of Julius Cæsar) was greatly injured by time, Nero replaced it by a copy done by Dorotheus. This Venus by Apelles is called "Venus Anadyom'-enê," his model (according to tradition) being Campaspê (afterwards his wife).

APEMAN'TUS, a churlish Athenian philosopher, who snarled at men systematically, but showed his cynicism to be mere affectation, when Timon attacked him with his own weapons.--Shakespeare, _Timon of Athens_ (1600).

Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of Apemantus, contrasted with the real misanthropy of Timon.--Sir W. Scott.

APIC'IUS, an epicure in the time of Tiberius. He wrote a book on the ways of provoking an appetite. Having spent £800,000 in supplying the delicacies of the table, and having only £80,000 left, he hanged himself, not thinking it possible to exist on such a wretched pittance. _Apicia_, however, became a stock name for certain cakes and sauces, and his name is still proverbial in all matters of gastronomy.

There was another of the name in the reign of Trajan, who wrote a cooking book and manual of sauces.

No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I do. Hirtius and Apicius would have blushed for it. Mark Antony, who roasted eight whole boars for supper, never massacred more at a meal than you have done.--Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_, i. 1 (1780).

APOLLO, son of Jupiter and Latona, and model of masculine beauty. He is the sun, in Homeric mythology, the embodiment of practical wisdom and foresight, of swift and far-reaching intelligence, and hence of poetry, music, etc.

_The Apollo Belvidere_, that is, the Apollo preserved in the Belvidere gallery of the Vatican, discovered in 1503 amid the ruins of An'tium, and purchased by pope Julius II. It is supposed to be the work of Cal'amis, a Greek sculptor of the fifth century B.C.

_The Apollo of Actium_ was a gigantic statue, which served for a beacon.

_The Apollo of Rhodes_, usually called the colossus, was a gigantic bronze statue, 150 feet high, made by Charês, a pupil of Lysippus, and set up B.C. 300.

_Animals consecrated to Apollo_, the cock, the crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the raven, the swan, and the wolf.

APOLL'YON, king of the bottomless pit; introduced by Bnnyan in his _Pilgrim's Progress_. Apollyon encounters Christian, by whom, after a severe contest, he is foiled (1678).

APOSTLE _or Patron Saint of_--

ABYSSINIANS, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27. ALPS, Felix Neff (1798-1829). ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day, July 20. ARDENNES, St. Hubert (656-730). ARMENIANS, Gregory of Armenia (256-331). CAGLIARI (_Sardinia_), St. Efisio. CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day, December 14. ENGLISH, St. Augustin (died 607); St. George (died 290). ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27. FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day, July 8. FREE TRADE, Richard Cobden (1804-1865). FRENCH, St. Denis (died 272). His day, October 9. FRISIANS, St. Wilbrod (657-738). GAULS, St. Irenae'us (130-200); St. Martin (316-397). GENTILES, St. Paul (died 66). His days, June 29, January 25. GEORGIA, St. Nino. GERMANY, St. Boniface (680-755). His day, June 5. HIGHLANDERS, St. Colomb (521-597). His day, June 9. HUNGARIANS, St. Anastasius (died 628). His day, January 22. INDIANS, Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566); Rev. John Eliot (1603-1690). INDIES, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day, December 3. INFIDELITY, Voltaire (1694-1778). IRISH, St. Patrick (372-493). His day, March 17. LIBERTY, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. (1743-1826). LONDON, St. Paul; St. Michael. Days, January 25, September 29. NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679). NORTH, St. Ansgar (801-864); Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583).

Padua, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His day, June 13. Paris, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her day, January 3. Peak, W. Bagshaw, so called from his missionary labors in Derbyshire (1628-1702). Picts, St. Ninian. Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). Sicily (the tutelary deity is) Cerês. Slaves, St. Cyril (died 868). His day, February 14. Spain, St. James the Greater (died 44.) His day, July 24. Temperance, Father Mathew (1790-1856). Venice, St. Mark; St. Pantaleon; St. Andrew Justiniani. St. Mark's day, April 25; St. Pantaleon's, July 27. Wales, St. David (480-544). His day, March 1. Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus, bishop of York (597-644).

APOSTOLIC FATHERS (_The Five_): Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas, Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contemporary with the Apostles.

AP'PETIZER. A Scotchman being told that the birds called kittiewiaks were admirable appetizers, ate six of them, and then complained "he was no hungrier than he was before."

AQUARIUS, SAGITTARIUS. Mrs. Browning says that "Aquarius" is a symbol of man _bearing_, and "Sagittarius" of man _combatting_. The passive and active forms of human labor.

_Eve_. Two phantasms of two men. _Adam_. One that sustains, And one that strives, so the ends Of manhood's curse of labor.

E. B. Browning, _A Drama of Exile_ (1851).

A'QUILANT, son of Olive'ro and Sigismunda; a knight in Charlemagne's army. He was called "_black_," and his brother Gryphon "_white_" from the color of their armor.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

A'QUILINE (3 _syl_.), Raymond's steed, whose sire was the wind.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, vii. (1575).

(Solinus, Columella, and Varro relate how the Lusitanian mares "with open mouth against the breezes held, receive the gales with warmth prolific filled, and thus inspired, their swelling wombs produce the wondrous offspring."--See also Virgil, _Georgics_, in. 266-283.)

AQUIN'IAN SAGE. Juvenal is so called, because he was born at Aqui'num, in Latium (fl. A.D. 100).

ARABEL'LA, an heiress left under the guardianship of justice Day. Abel Day, the son of justice Day, aspires to her hand and fortune, but she confers both with right good will on captain Manly.--T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_.

ARA'BIA FE'LIX ("_Araby the blest_"). This name is a blunder made by British merchants, who supposed that the precious commodities of India bought of Arab traders were the produce of Arabia.

ARA'BIAN BIRD (_The_), the phoenix, a marvellous man, one _sui generis_.

O Antony! O thou Arabian bird!

Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, act iii. sc. 2.

ARACH'NE (3 _syl_.), a spider, a weaver. "Arachnê's labors," spinning or weaving. Arachnê was a Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva to compete with her in needle tapestry, and Minerva changed her into a spider.

No orifice for a point As subtle as Arachnê's broken woof To enter.

Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act v. sc. 2 (1602).

ARAGNOL, the son of Arachnê (the "most fine-fingered of all workmen," turned into a spider for presuming to challenge Minerva to a contest in needlework). Aragnol entertained a secret and deadly hatred against prince Clarion, son of Muscarol the fly-king; and weaving a curious net, soon caught the gay young flutterer, and gave him his death-wound by piercing him under the left wing.--Spenser, _Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's Fate_ (1590).

ARAMIN'TA, the wife of Moneytrap, and friend of Clarissa (wife of Gripe the scrivener).--Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695).

ARANZA (_The duke of_). He marries Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. She is so haughty, arrogant, and overbearing, that after the marriage he takes her to a mean hut, which he calls his home, and pretends to be only a peasant who must work for his living, and gives his bride the household duties to perform. She chafes for a time, but firmness, manliness, and affection win the day; and when the duke sees that she loves him for himself, he leads her to his castle, and reveals to her that the peasant husband is after all the duke of Aranza.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804).

AR'APHIL or AR'APHILL, the poetic pseudonym of Win. Habington. His lady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls Castara.

ARAS'PES (3 _syl_.), king of Alexandria, who joined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARBA'CES (3 _syl_.), king of Ibe'ria, in the drama called _A King or no King_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619).

ARBATE (2 _syl_.), governor of the prince of Ithaca, in Molière's comedy _La Princesse d'Elide_ (1664). In his speech to "Euryle" prince of Ithaca, persuading him to love, he is supposed to refer to Louis XIV., then 26 years of age.

Je dirai que l'amour sied bien à vos pareil ... Et qu'il est malaisé que, sans etre amoureux Un jeune prince soit et grand et généreux.

Act i. 1.

_Arbate_, in Racine's drama of _Mithridate_ (1673).

AR'BITER EL'IGANTIÆ. C. Petro'nius was appointed dictator-in-chief of the imperial pleasures at the court of Nero, and nothing was considered _comme il faut_ till it had received the sanction of this Roman _beau Brummel_.

Behold the new Petronius of the day, The arbiter of pleasure and of play.

Byron, _English Bards and Scottish Reviewers_.

ARBRE SOL foretold, with audible voice, the place and manner of Alexander's death. It figures in all the fabulous legends of Alexander.

ARBUTUS, sturdy yeoman usually known as "Bute," in Bayard Taylor's novel _Hannah Thurston._ Rugged and sound as the New England granite underlying the farm he tills.

ARC _(Joan of)_, or _Jeanne la Pucelle_, the "Maid of Orleans," daughter of a rustic of Domrémy, near Vaucouleurs, in France. She was servant at an inn when she conceived the idea of liberating France from the English. Having gained admission to Charles VII., she was sent by him to raise the siege of Orleans, and actually succeeded in so doing. Schiller has a tragedy on the subject, Casimir Delavigne an elegy on her, Southey an epic poem on her life and death, and Voltaire a burlesque.

In regard to her death, M. Octave Delepière, in his _Doute Historique_, denies the tradition of her having been burnt to death at Rouen; and Vignier discovered in a family muniment chest the "contract of marriage between" Robert des Armoise, knight, and Jeanne d'Arc, surnamed "The Maid of Orleans."

AR'CADES AMBO, both fools alike; both "sweet innocents;" both alike eccentric. There is nothing in the character of Corydon and Thyrsis (Virgil's _Eclogue_, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging application of the phrase. All Virgil says is they were both "in the flower of their youth," and both Arcadians, both equal in setting a theme for song or capping it epigrammatically; but as Arcadia was the least intellectual part of Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify a dunce, and hence "Arcades ambo" received its present acceptation.

ARCALA'US (4 _syl_.), an enchanter who bound Am'adis de Gaul to a pillar in his courtyard, and administered to him 200 stripes with his horse's bridle.--_Amadis de Gaul_ (fifteenth century).

ARCA'NES (3 _syl_.), a noble soldier, friend of Cas'silane (3 _syl_.) general of Candy.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647).

ARCHAN'GEL. Burroughs, the puritan preacher, called Cromwell "the archangel that did battle with the devil."

ARCHAS, "the loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, and general of the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theodore.

_Young Archas_, son of the general. Disguised as a woman, he assumes the name of Alinda.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

ARCHBSH'OP OF GRANA'DA told his secretary, Gil Blas, when he hired him,

"Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen smack of old age and my genius flag, don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't trust to my own judgment, which may be seduced by self-love." After a fit of apoplexy, Gil Blas ventured in the most delicate manner to hint to his grace that "his last discourse had not altogether the energy of his former ones." To this the archbishop replied, "You are yet too raw to make proper distinctions. Know, child, that I never composed a better homily than that which you disapprove. Go, tell my treasurer to give you 100 ducats. Adieu, Mr. Gil Blas; I wish you all manner of prosperity, with a little more taste."--Le-sage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 3 (1715).

AR'CHER (_Francis_), friend of Aimwell, who joins him in fortune-hunting. These are the two "beaux." Thomas viscount Aimwell marries Dorinda, the daughter of lady Bountiful. Archer hands the deeds and property taken from the highwaymen to sir Charles Freeman, who takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his charge again.--George Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1707).

ARCHIBALD (_John_), attendant on the duke of Argyle.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

ARCHIMA'GO, the reverse of holiness, and therefore Satan the father of lies and all deception. Assuming the guise of the Red Cross Knight, he deceived Una; and under the guise of a hermit, he deceived the knight himself. Archimago is introduced in bks. i. and ii. of Spenser's _Faëry Queen._ The poet says:

... he could take As many forms and shapes in seeming wise As ever Proteus to himself could make: Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a fish in lake, Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell.

Spenser, _The Faëry Queen_, I. ii. 10 (1590).

ARCHIMEDES, Syracusan philosopher, who discovered, among other great scientific facts, the functions of the lever. The solution of an abstruse problem having occurred to him while in the bath, he leaped out of the water, and ran naked through the city, shouting, "_Eureka!_"

AR'CHY M'SAR'CASM _(Sir)_, "a proud Caledonian knight, whose tongue, like the dart of death, spares neither sex nor age ... His insolence of family and licentiousness of wit gained him the contempt of every one" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Charlotte, "In the house of M'Sarcasm are two barons, three viscounts, six earls, one marquisate, and two dukes, besides baronets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning" (i. 1). He makes love to Charlotte Goodchild, but supposing it to be true that she has lost her fortune, declares to her that he has just received letters "frae the dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries of the family ... expressly prohibiting his contaminating the blood of M'Sarcasm wi' onything sprung from a hogshead or a coonting-house" (ii. 1).

The man has something droll, something ridiculous in him. His abominable Scotch accent, his grotesque visage almost buried in snuff, the roll of his eyes and twist of his mouth, his strange inhuman laugh, his tremendous periwig, and his manners altogether--why, one might take him for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch fair.--C. Macklin, _Love à-la-mode_, i. 1 (1779).

_Sir Archy's Great-grandmother._ Sir Archy M'Sarcasm insisted on fighting Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan on a point of ancestry. The Scotchman said that the Irish are a colony from Scotland, "an ootcast, a mere ootcast." The Irishman retorted by saying that "one Mac Fergus O'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, and peopled all Scotland with his own hands." Charlotte [Goodchild] interposed, and asked the cause of the contention, whereupon Sir Callaghan replied, "Madam, it is about sir Archy's great-grandmother."--C. Macklin, _Love à-la-mode_, i. I (1779).

We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy's great-grandmother.--Maepherson, _Dissertation upon Ossian_.

ARCHY'TAS of Tarentum made a wooden pigeon that could fly; and Regiomonta'nus, a German, made a wooden eagle that flew from Koenigsberg to meet the emperor, and, having saluted him, returned whence it set out (1436-1476).

This engine may be contrived from the same principles by which Archytas made a wooden dove, and Regiomontanus a wooden eagle.--Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1672).

AR'CITE (2 _syl_.) AND PAL'AMON, two Theban knights, captives of duke Theseus, who used to see from their dungeon window the duke's sister-in-law, Emily, taking her airing in the palace garden, and fell in love with her. Both captives having gained their liberty, contended for the lady by single combat. Arcite was victor, but being thrown from his horse was killed, and Emily became the bride of Palamon.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Knight's Tale," 1388).

Richard Edwards in 1566 produced a drama entitled _Palamon and Arcite_.

AR'DEN _(Enoch)_, the hero of a poetic tale by Tennyson. He is a seaman wrecked on a desert island, who returns home after the absence of several years, and finds his wife married to another. Seeing her both happy and prosperous, Enoch resolves not to mar her domestic peace, so leaves her undisturbed, and dies of a broken heart.

AR'DEN OF FEV'ERSLIAM, a noble character, honorable, forgiving, affectionate, and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep reveals to him her guilty love for Mosby, but he pardons her on condition that she will never see the seducer again. Scarcely has she made the promise when she plots with Mosby her husband's murder. In a planned street-scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's part, and thus throws him off his guard. Arden thinks he has wronged him, and invites him to his house, but Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians to fall on his host during a game of draughts, the right moment being signified by Mosby's saying, "Now I take you." Arden is murdered; but the whole gang is apprehended and brought to justice.

(This drama is based on a murder which took place in 1551. Ludwig Tieck has translated the play into German, as a genuine production of Shakespeare. Some ascribe the play to George Lillo, but Charles Lamb gives 1592 as the date of its production, and says the author is unknown.)

AREOUS'KI, the Indian war-god, war, tumult.

A cry of Areouski broke our sleep. Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i, 16 (1809).

ARETHU'SA, daughter of the king Messi'na, in the drama called _Philaster_ or _Love Lies a-bleeding_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1638).

_Arethusa_, a nymph pursued by Alpheos the river-god, and changed into a fountain in the island of Ortygia; but the river-god still pursued her, and mingled his stream with the fountain, and now, "like friends once parted grown single-hearted," they leap and flow and slumber together, "like spirits that love but live no more."

[Illustration] This fable has been exquisitely turned into poetry by Percy B. Shelley (_Arethusa_, 1820).

ARGALI'A, brother of Angel'ica, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AR'GAN, the _malade imaginaire_ and father of Angelique. He is introduced taxing his apothecary's bills, under the conviction that he cannot afford to be sick at the prices charged, but then he notices that he has already reduced his bills during the current month, and is not so well. He first hits upon the plan of marrying Angelique to a young doctor, but to this the lady objects. His brother suggests that Argan himself should be his own doctor, and when the invalid replies he has not studied either diseases, drugs, or Latin, the objection is overruled by investing the "malade" in a doctor's cap and robe. The piece concludes with the ceremonial in macaronic Latin.

[Illustration] When Argan asks his doctor how many grains of salt he ought to eat with an egg, the doctor answers, "Six, huit, dix, etc., par les nombres pairs, comme dans les médicaments par les nombres impairs."--Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_, ii. 9 (1673).

ARGAN'TE (3 _syl_.), a giantess called "the very monster and miracle of lust." She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or Oliphant were the children of Typhoe'us and Earth. Argantè used to carry off young men as her captives, and seized "the Squire of Dames" as one of her victims. The squire, who was in fact Britomart (the heroine of chastity), was delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 _syl_.).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 7 (1590).

_Argante_' (2 _syl_.), father of Octave (2 _syl_.) and Zerbinette (3 _syl_.). He promises to give his daughter Zerbinette to Leandre (2 _syl_.), the son of his friend Géronte (2 _syl_.); but during his absence abroad the young people fall in love unknown to their respective fathers. Both fathers storm, and threaten to break off the engagement, but are delighted beyond measure when they discover that the choice of the young people has unknowingly coincided with their own.--Molière, _Les Fourteries de Scapin_ (1671).

(Thomas Otway has adapted this play to the English stage, and called it _The Cheats of Scapin_. "Argante" he calls _Thrifty_; "Géronte" is _Gripe_; "Zerbinette" he calls _Lucia_; and "Leandre" he Anglicizes into _Leander_.)

ARGAN'TES (3 _syl_.), a Circassian of high rank and undoubted courage, but fierce and a great detester of the Nazarenes. Argantês and Solyman were undoubtedly the bravest heroes of the infidel host. Argantês was slain by Rinaldo, and Solyman by Tancred.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

Bonaparte stood before the deputies like the Argantês of Italy's heroic poet.--Sir Walter Scott.

AR'GENIS, a political romance by Barclay (1621).

AR'GENTILE (3 _syl_.), daughter of king Adelbright, and ward of Edel. Curan, a Danish prince, in order to woo her, became a drudge in her house, but being obliged to quit her service, became a shepherd. Edel, the guardian, forcing his suit on Argentile, compelled her to flight, and she became a neatherd's maid. In this capacity Curan wooed and won her. Edel was forced to restore the possessions of his ward, and Curan became king of Northumberland. As for Edel, he was put to death.--William Warner, _Albion's England_ (1586).

AR'GENTIN _(Le sieur d_'), one of the officers of the duke of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geiersiein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARGE'O, baron of Servia and husband of Gabrina. (See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_.)--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARGES'TES (3 _syl_.), the west wind.

Wingèd Argestes, faire Aurora's sonne, Licensed that day to leave his dungeon, Meekly attended.

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613).

_Arges'tes_ (3 _syl_.), the north-east wind; Cæ'cias, the north-west; Bo'reas, the full north.

Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud ... rend the woods, and seas upturn.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665).

AR'GILLAN, a haughty, turbulent knight, born on the banks of the Trent. He induced the Latians to revolt, was arrested, made his escape, but was ultimately slain in battle by Solyman.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, viii. ix. (1575).

ARGON AND RURO, the two sons of Annir, king of Inis-thona, an island of Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came to the island, and asked for the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the request, and overthrew him, and this so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot both the brothers with his bow. Their dog Runo, running to the hall, howled so as to attract attention, and Annir, following the hound, found his two sons both dead. On his return he discovered that Cormalo had run off with his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew Cormalo in fight, and restored the daughter to her father.--_Ossian_ ("The War of Inis-thona").

ARGONAUTS, heroes and demi-gods, who sailed to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason was their leader.

_Argonauts (The)_. Title applied to adventurers who, in 1849, sought gold in California. Bret Harte has seized upon the name as the theme of tales and ballads of the "Forty-niners."

AR'GUS, the turf-writer, was Irwin Willes, who died in 1871.

ARGYLE _(Mac Callum More, duke of_), in the reign of George I.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (1818).

_Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle_, in the reign of Charles I., was commander of the parliamentary forces, and is called "Gillespie Grumach;" he disguises himself, and assumes the name of Murdoch Campbell.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (1819).

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are introduced also in the _Heart of Midlothian_, by Sir W. Scott, 1818.)

ARIAD'NE (4 _syl_.), daughter of Minos king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labyrinth. Theseus married his deliverer, but when he arrived at Naxos _(Dia)_ forsook her, and she hung herself.

Surely it is an Ariadnê.... There is dawning womanhood in every line; but she knows nothing of Naxos.--Ouidà, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.

AR'IBERT, king of the Lombards (653-661), left "no male pledge behind," but only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but the duke fell in love with Bertha, daughter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not known.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

ARIDEUS _[A.ree'.de.us]_, a herald in the Christian army.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

A'RIEL, in _The Tempest_, an airy spirit, able to assume any shape, or even to become invisible. He was enslaved to the witch Syc'orax, mother of Caliban, who overtasked the little thing, and in punishment for not doing what was beyond his strength, imprisoned him for twelve years in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban delighted to torture him with impish cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit served the duke for sixteen years, when he was set free.

And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree, For its freedom groans and sighs.

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_.

_A'riel_, the sylph in Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. The impersonation of "fine life" in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts and necklaces. When disobedient he is punished by being kept hovering over the fumes of the chocolate, or is transfixed with pins, clogged with pomatums, or wedged in the eyes of bodkins.

_A'riel_, one of the rebel angels. The word means "the Lion of God." Abdiel encountered him, and overthrew him.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665).

ARIELLA, an invalid girl, the daughter of Malachi and Hagar his wife, in _Come Forth_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. Her name signifies STRENGTH OF GOD. She has lain a helpless cripple for nine years, when she is healed by a word from The Christ (1891).

ARIMAN'ES (4 _syl_.), the prince of the powers of evil, introduced by Byron in his drama called _Manfred_. The Persians recognized a power of good and a power of evil: the former Yezad, and the latter Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ariman'nis). These two spirits are ever at war with each other. Oromazes created twenty-four good spirits, and enclosed them in an egg to be out of the power of Arimanês; but Arimanês pierced the shell, and thus mixed evil with every good. However, a time will come when Arimanês shall be subjected, and the earth will become a perfect paradise.

ARIMAS'PIANS, a one-eyed people of Scythia, who adorned their hair with gold. As gold mines were guarded by Gryphons, there were perpetual contentions between the Arimaspians and the Gryphons. (See GRYPHON.)

Arimaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in fronte media in signes; quibus assidue bellum esse circa metella cum gryphis, ferarum volucri genere, quale vulgo traditur, eruente ex cuniculis aurum, mire cupiditate et feris custodientibus, et Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed maxime illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius scribunt.--Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ vii. 2.

AR'IOCH ("_a fierce lion_"), one of the fallen angels overthrown by Abdiel.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665).

ARIODAN'TES (5 _syl_.), the beloved of Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneura being accused of incontinence, Ariodantês stood forth her champion, vindicated her innocence, and married her.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ARI'ON. William Falconer, author of _The Shipwreck_, speaks of himself under this _nom de plume_ (canto iii). He was sent to sea when a lad, and says he was eager to investigate the "antiquities of foreign states." He was junior officer in the _Britannia_, which was wrecked against the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the most southern point of Attica, and was the only officer who survived.

Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Ari'on_, a Greek musician, who, to avoid being murdered for his wealth, threw himself into the sea, and was carried to Tæ'naros on the back of a dolphin.

_Ari'on_, the wonderful horse which Herculês gave to Adrastos. It had the gift of human speech, and the feet on the right side were the feet of a man.

(One of the masques in Sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_ is called "Arion.")

ARIO'STO OF THE NORTH, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

And, like the Ariosto of the North, Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 40.

ARISTÆ'US, protector of vines and olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He instructed man also in the management of bees, taught him by his mother Cyrenê.

In such a palace Aristæus found Cyrenê, when he bore the plaintive tale Of his lost bees to her maternal ear. Cowper, _The Ice Palace of Anne of Russia_.

ARISTAR'CHUS, any critic. Aristarchus of Samothrace was the greatest critic of antiquity. His labors were chiefly directed to the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ of Homer. He divided them into twenty-four books each, marked every doubtful line with an obelos, and every one he considered especially beautiful with an asterisk. (Fl. B.C. 156; died aged 72.)

The whole region of belle lettres fell under my inspection.... There, sirs, like another Aristarch, I dealt out fame and damnation at pleasure.--Samuel Foote, _The Liar_, i. 1.

"How, friend," replied the archbishop, "has it [_the homily_] met with any Aristarchus [_severe critic_]?"--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 4 (1715).

ARISTE (2 _syl_.), brother of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), not a _savant_, but a practical tradesman. He sympathizes with Henriette, his womanly niece, against his sister-in-law Philaminte (3 _syl_.) and her daughter Armande (2 _syl_.), who _femmes savantes_.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARISTE'AS, a poet who continued to appear and disappear alternately for above 400 years, and who visited all the mythical nations of the earth. When not in the human form, he took the form of a stag.--_Greek Legend_.

ARISTI'DES (_The British_), Andrew Marvell, an influential member of the House of Commons in the reign of Charles II. He refused every offer of promotion, and a direct bribe tendered to him by the lord treasurer. Dying in great poverty, he was buried, like Aristidês, at the public expense (1620-1678).

ARISTIP'POS, a Greek philosopher of Cyre'nê, who studied under Soc'ratês, and set up a philosophic school of his own, called "he'donism" (_[Greek: aedonae]_ "pleasure").

[Illustration] C. M. Wieland has an historic novel in German, called _Aristippus_, in which he sets forth the philosophical dogmas of this Cyrenian (1733-1813).

An axiom of Aristippos was _Omnis Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. 17, 23); and his great precept was _Mihi res, non me rebus subjungere_ (Horace, _Epist_. i. I, 18).

I am a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate myself to company and solitude, to affluence and frugality.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 12 (1715).

ARISTOBU'LUS, called by Drayton Aristob'ulus (_Rom._ xvi. 10), and said to be the first that brought to England the "glad tidings of salvation." He was murdered by the Britons.

The first that ever told Christ crucified to us, By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus ... By the Britons murdered was.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ARISTOM'ENES (5 _syl_.), a young Messenian of the royal line, the "Cid" of ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he entered Sparta by night to suspend a shield from the temple of Pallas. On the shield were inscribed these words: "Aristomenês from the Spartan spoils dedicates this to the goddess."

[Illustration] A similar tale is told of Fernando Perez del Pulgar, when serving under Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of Grana'da. With fifteen companions he entered Granada, then in the power of the Moors, and nailed to the door of the principal mosque with his dagger a tablet inscribed "Ave Maria!" then galloped back, before the guards recovered from their amazement.--Washington Irving, _Conquest of Granada_, 91.

ARISTOPH'ANES (5 _syl_.), a Greek who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of which have survived to the present day (B.C. 444-380). He is called "The Prince of Ancient Comedy," and Menander "The Prince of New Comedy" (B.C. 342-291).

_The English_ or _Modern Aristophanes_, Samuel Foote (1722-1777).

_The French Aristophanes_, J. Baptiste Poquelin de Molière (1622-1673).

ARISTOTLE. The mistress of this philosopher was Hepyllis; of Plato, Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium.

_Aristotle of China_, Tehuhe, who died A.D. 1200, called "The Prince of Science."

_Aristotle of Christianity_, Thomas Aqui'nas, who tried to reduce the doctrines of faith to syllogistic formulæ (1224-1274).

_Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century_, George Cuvier, the naturalist (1769-1832).

AR'ISTOTLE IN LOVE. Godfrey Gobilyve told sir Graunde Amoure that Aristotle the philosopher was once in love, and the lady promised to listen to his prayer if he would grant her request. The terms being readily accepted, she commanded him to go on all fours, and then, putting a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his back, and drove him about the room till he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, that he was quite cured of his foolish attachment.--Stephen Hawes, _The Pastime of Plesure_, xxix. (1555).

ARMADALE (_Allan_), bluff young Englishman, devoted to the sea and ship-building, and prone to fall in love. He is betrothed, first to Miss Milroy, a winning lass of sixteen, then to Miss Gwilt, her governess, again and lastly to Miss Milroy, whom he marries.--Wilkie Collins, _Armadale_.

ARMADO (_Don Adriano de_), a pompous, affected Spaniard, called "a refined traveller, in all the world's new fashion planted, that had a mint of phrases in his brain. One whom the music of his own vain tongue did ravish." This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the king of Navarre, when he resolved to spend three years in study with three companions, to relate in the interim of his studies "in high-born words the worth of many a knight from tawny Spain lost in the world's debate."

His humor is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gait majestical, and his general behavior vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical.... He draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer than the staple of his argument.--Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_, act v. sc. 1 (1594).

ARMANDE (2 _syl_.), daughter of Chrysale (2 _syl_.), and sister of Henriette. Armande is a _femme savante_, and Henriette a "thorough woman." Both love Clitandre, but Armande loves him platonically, while Henriette loves him with womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the younger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marries her.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

ARMI'DA, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders from the siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendid palace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensual joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes from Armida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him back again, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, and is slain.

[Julia's] small hand Withdrew itself from his, but left behind A little pressure ... but ne'er magician's wand Wrought change with, all Armida's fairy art, Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 71.

When the young queen of Frederick William of Prussia rode about in military costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, the latter wittily said, "She is Armida in her distraction setting fire to her own palace."

(Both Glück and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subject of an opera.)

_Armida's Girdle_. Armida had an enchanted girdle, which, "in price and beauty," surpassed all her other ornaments; even the cestus of Venus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would be loved, she wore the same."--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARM'STRONG (_John_), called "The Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Mangerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valley of Liddesdale, between his son (the Scotch chieftain) and Foster (the English champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown.--Sir W. Scott, _The Laird's Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Armstrong (Grace)_, the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of the heugh-foot, a young farmer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

_Armstrong (Archie)_, court jester to James I., introduced in _The Fortunes of Nigel_, by Sir Walter Scott (1822).

AR'NAUT, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man."

Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. Byron, _The Giaour_, 526.

ARNHEIM (2 _syl.). The baron Herman von Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein's grandfather.

_Sibilla of Arnheim_, Anne's mother.

_The baroness of Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARNOLD, the deformed son of Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness. Weary of life, he is about to make away with himself, when a stranger accosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likes best. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where he joins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold enters St. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proud beauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from the high altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. As the drama was never completed, the sequel is not known.--Byron, _The Deformed Transformed_.

_Ar'nold_, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Ar'nold_ of Benthuysen, disguised as a beggar, and called "Ginks."--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar's Bush_ (1622).

ARNOLD BRINKWORTH, frank, whole-souled sailor, in love with and betrothed to Blanche Lundie. Through his friendship for the man who has betrayed Anne Silvestre, and desire to serve the hapless woman, he is the bearer of a message to her from _Geoffrey Delamayne_, and is mistaken for her husband. Through this blunder he finds himself married by Scotch law to Anne, while he is engaged to Blanche.--Wilkie Collins, _Man and Wife_.

ARNOL'DO, son of Melchtal, patriot of the forest cantons of Switzerland. He was in love with Mathilde (3 _syl._), sister of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the district. When the tyranny of Gessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents, but after the death of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose life he had saved when it was imperilled by an avalanche.--Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (1829).

_Arnol'do_, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonorably pursued by the governor, count Clodio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

AR'NOLPHE (2 _syl._), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about the proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme on Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and intends in time to make his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four years, in a country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored; but when removed from the convent Agnes treats men like school-girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them, and plays with them. Being told by her guardian that married women have more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her; however, a young man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her his wife, so Arnolphe, after all, profits nothing by his pains.--Molière, _L'École des Femmes_ (1662).

Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique Je le fis élever selon ma politique C'est-à-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit Pour le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit. Act i. I.

AR'NOT (_Andrew_), one of the yeomen of the Balafre [Ludovic Lesly].--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

ARON'TEUS (4 _syl._), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARPA'SIA, the betrothed of Mone'sês, a Greek, but made by constraint the bride of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded Monesês to be bow-strung in the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her into subjection, but she died at the sight.--N. Eowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702).

AR'ROT, the weasel in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

ARROW-HEAD, Indian warrior in Cooper's _Pathfinder_, the husband of Dew-in-June (1840).

ARROW-MAKER, father of Minnehaha, in Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (1855).

AR'SACES (3 _syl._), the patronymic name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally added to some distinctive name or appellation, as the Roman emperors added the name of Cæsar to their own.

Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncupent.--Justin, _Historiarae Philippicae_, xli.

ARSE'TES (3 _syl._), the aged eunuch who brought up Clorinda, and attended on her.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

ARSINOË, prude in Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_.

AR'TAMENES (3 _syl_.) or LE GRAND CYRUS, a "long-winded romance," by Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1701).

ARTAXAM'INOUS, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes to divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to general Bombastês, and when the general finds that his "fond one" prefers "half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges the whole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring any one to displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the challenge, and cuts the boots down, whereupon Bombastês falls on his majesty, and "kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the close of the burletta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audience likes, "to die again to-morrow."--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_.

AR'TEGAL OR ARTHEGAL (_Sir_), son of Gorloïs prince of Cornwall, stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's looking-glass, and fell in love with him. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, from whom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives descent. The wanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the impersonation of chastity, is the subject of bk. iii. of the _Faëry Queen_; and the achievements of sir Artegal, as the impersonation of justice, is the subject of bk. v.

Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a living woman belonged. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgment respecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was to destroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). His third was the exposing of Braggadoccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3). He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money found at sea belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas; he gave judgment in favor of the former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 6), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement was the deliverance of Ire'na _(Ireland)_ from Grantorto _(rebellion)_, whom he slew (canto 12).

N.B.--This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. 6, Artegal is spelled Arthegal, but never afterwards.

[Illustration] "Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomart means that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind or perfect integrity of conduct.--Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

ARTEMIS'IA, daughter of Lygdamis and queen of Carlia. With five ships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatly distinguished herself in the battle of Salamis by her prudence and courage. (This is _not_ the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum.)

Our statues ... she The foundress of the Babylonian wall _[Semirfa-mis]_; The Carian Artemisia strong in war.

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii.

_Artemis'ia_, daughter of Hecatomnus and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Artemisia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternal husband raised a monument to his memory (called a mausole'um), which was one of the "Seven Wonders of the World." It was built by four different architects: Scopas, Timotheus, Leocharês, and Bruxis.

This made the four rare masters which began Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb (When death took her before the work was done, And so bereft them of all hopes to come), That they would yet their own work perfect make E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake.

Lord Brooke, _An Inquiry upon Fame, etc_. (1554-1628).

ARTEMUS WARD, travelling showman and philosopher, whose adventures and sayings as given by Charles Brown were a new departure in the history of American dialect literature (1862).

ARTFUL DODGER, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, up to every sort of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in villainy.--Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

ARTHGALLO, a mythical British king, brother of Gorbonian, his predecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who was swallowed by a sea-monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brother El'idure was advanced to the throne instead.--Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 17 (1142).

ARTHUR (_King_), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, and his mother Ygernê (3 _syl_.), widow of Gorloïs duke of Cornwall. But Ygernê had been a widow only three hours, and knew not that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and her marriage with the pendragon was not consummated till thirteen days afterwards. When the boy was born Merlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announce him as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived two years after his marriage with Ygernê.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).

Wherefore Merlin took the child And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own. Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_.

_Coming of Arthur_. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl._), appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbers and wild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knights to Leodogran, to beg the hand of his daughter Guenever in marriage. To this Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court.

_Arthur not dead_. According to tradition Arthur is not dead, but rests in Glastonbury, "till he shall come again full twice as fair, to rule over his people." (See BARBAROSSA.)

According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was converted into a raven by enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear again in his original shape, to recover his throne and sceptre. For this reason there is never a raven killed in England.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I ii. 5 (1605).

_Arthur's Twelve Battles_ (or victories over the Saxons). I. The battle of the river Glem (_i.e._ the glen of Northumberland). 2 to 5. The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of the Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, which joins the Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of Celidon, said to be Tweeddale. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion (_i.e._ Caer Wen, in Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, _i.e._ Carlisle; which Tennyson makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesey, some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of Agned Cathregonion (_i.e._ Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill (_i.e._ the Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown).

Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he [_Arthur_] with the Saxons fought. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

_Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies_. Three were Gentiles: Hector, Alexander, and Julius Cæsar; three were Jews: Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabæus; three were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon.

_Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother_, sir Ector and his lady. Their son, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 8 (1470).

N.B.--Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur.

_Arthur's Butler_, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus; but sir Griflet, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule of the service."--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 8 (1470).

_Arthur's Sisters_ [half-sisters], Morgause or Margawse (wife of king Lot); Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot); and Morgan le Fay, the "great clark of Nigromancy," who wedded king Vrience, of the land of Corê, father of Ewayns le Blanchemayne. Only the last had the same mother (Ygraine or Ygernê) as the king.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2.

_Arthur's Sons_--Urien, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors, daughter of the earl Sanam.--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 15. Mordred was his son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In some of the romances collated by sir T. Malory he is called the son of Morgause and Arthur; Morgause being called the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to have been the cause of Mordred's hatred of Arthur.--Pt. i. 17, 36, etc.

_Arthur's Drinking-Horn_. No one could drink from this horn who was either unchaste or unfaithful.--_Lai du Corn_ and _Morte d'Arthur_. (See CHASTITY.)

_Arthur's Shield_, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and says it was adorned with the picture of the Virgin Mary.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

_Arthur's Spear_, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made of ebony.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten. Layamon. _Brut_, (twelfth century).

_Arthur's Sword_, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibur. Geoffrey calls it Caliburn, and says it was made in the isle of Avallon.--_British History_, ix. 4 (1142).

The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour, The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble spear, With Pridwin, his great shield.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

_Arthur's Round Table_. It contained seats for 150 knights. Three were reserved, two for honor, and one (called the "siege perilous") for sir Galahad, destined to achieve the quest of the sangreal. If any one else attempted to sit in it, his death was the certain penalty.

[Illustration] There is a table so called at Winchester, and Henry VIII. showed it to François I. as the very table made by Merlin for Uther the pendragon.

And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester prefers, Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be hers.

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612).

_Arthur_ (_King_), in the burlesque opera of

_Tom Thumb_, has Dollallolla for his queen, and Huncamunca for his daughter. This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, the novelist, was produced in 1730, but was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of _Midas_, about half a century later.

ARTHURIAN ROMANCES.

_King Arthur and the Round Table_, a romance in verse (1096).

_The Holy Graal_ (in verse, 1100).

_Titurel_, or _The Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von Eschenbach. Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg as a shrine for the holy graal.

_The Romance of Parzival_, prince of the race of the kings of Graalburg. By Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). This romance (written about 1205) was partly founded upon a French poem by Chrétien de Troyes, _Parceval le Gallois_ (1170).

_Launcelot of the Lake_, by Ulrich of Zazikoven, contemporary with William Rufus.

_Wigalois_, or _The Knight of the Wheel_, by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adventurer leaves his mother in Syria, and goes in search of his father, a knight of the Round Table.

_I'wain_, or _The Knight of the Lion_, and _Ereck_, by Hartmann von der Aue (thirteenth century).

_Tristan and Yseult_ (in verse), by Master Grottfried of Strasburg (thirteenth century). This is also the subject of Luc du Grast's prose romance, which was revised by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, under the title of the _Romance of Tristram_.

_Merlyn Ambroise_, by Robert de Borron.

_Roman des diverses Quétes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes (prose).

_La Morte d'Arthur_, by Walter Mapes.

_A Life of Joseph of Arimathea_, by Robert de Borron.

_The Idylls of the King_, by Tennyson, in blank verse, containing "The Coming of Arthur," "Gareth and Lynette," "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin and Vivien," "Lancelot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," "Peleas and Ettarre" (2 _syl._), "The Last Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 _syl._) and "The Passing of Arthur," which is the "Morte d'Arthur" with an introduction added to it.

(The old Arthurian Romances have been collated and rendered into English by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. Part i. contains the early history of Arthur and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet; part ii. contains the adventures of sir Tristram; and part iii. the adventures of sir Launcelot, with the death of Arthur and his knights. Sir Frederick Madden and J.T.K. have also contributed to the same series of legends.)

[Illustration] _Sources of the Arthurian Romances_. The prose series of romances called Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The legendary chronicles composed in Wales or Brittany, such as _De Excidio Britanniae_ of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius (ninth century). 3. The Armoric collections of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter, archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The _Chronicon sive Historia Britonum_ of Geoffrey of Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and metrical ballads and romances. (See CHARLEMAGNE.)

AR'THURET _(Miss Seraphina_ the papist and _Miss Angelica_), two sisters in sir W. Scott's novel called _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

ARTHUR KAVANAGH, the new pastor in the Fairmeadow parish, endowed "with the zeal of Peter and the gentleness of John," who writes on his study-door Dante's injunction--

Think that To-day will never dawn again. _Kavanagh. A Tale_, by H.W. Longfellow (1872).

ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, an American traveller in Egypt who falls in love, at first leisurely, finally desperately, with the heroine of _Kismet_ by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher) (1877).

ARTHUR RIPLEY, young New York lawyer employed in the criminal case that is the pivotal centre of interest in Sidney Luska's (Harry Harland) novel, _Mrs. Peixada_ (1886).

AR'TURO (lord Arthur Talbot), a cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra "the puritan," daughter of lord Walton. On the day appointed for the wedding, Arturo has to aid Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of Charles I._) in her escape, and Elvira, supposing he is eloping with a rival, temporarily loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains the circumstances, and they vow never more to part. At this juncture Arturo is arrested for treason, and led away to execution; but a herald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and free pardon of all political offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries "the fair puritan."--Bellini's opera, _I Puritani_ (1834).

_Ar'turo_ [BUCKLAW]. So Frank Hayston is called in Donizetti's opera of _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See HAYSTON.)

AR'VALAN, the wicked son of Keha'ma, slain by Ladur'lad for attempting to dishonor his daughter Kail'yal (2 _syl._). After this, his spirit became the relentless persecutor of the holy maiden, but holiness and chastity triumphed over sin and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken to the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of the witch Lor'rimite (3 _syl._) to carry her off; but when the dragons came in sight of the holy place they were unable to mount, and went perpetually downwards, till Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of perpetual snow. When he presented himself before her in the temple of Jaganaut, she set fire to the pagoda. And when he caught the maiden waiting for her father, who was gone to release the glendoveer from the submerged city of Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue.

"Help, help, Kehama! help!" he cried. But Baly tarried not to abide That mightier power. With irresistible feet He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide, And gave him way to his own judgment-seat. Down like a plummet to the world below He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe.

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvii. 12 (1809).

ARVI'DA (_Prince_), a noble friend of Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida and Gustavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. king of Scandinavia. Christian employs the prince to entrap Gustavus, but when he approaches him the better instincts of old friendship and the nobleness of Gustavus prevail, so that Arvida not only refuses to betray his friend, but even abandons to him all further rivalry in the love of Christina.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

ARVIR'AGUS, the husband of Do'rigen. Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dorigen made answer that she would never listen to his suit till the rocks that beset the coast were removed, "and there n'is no stone y-seen." By the aid of magic, Aurelius caused all the rocks of the coast to disappear, and Dorigen's husband insisted that she should keep her word. When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and was told that she had come in obedience to her husband's wishes, he said he would rather die than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388).

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dianora and Gilberto_, day x. 5. See DIANORA.)

_Arvir'agus_, younger son of Cym'beline (3 _syl._) king of Britain, and brother of Guide'rius. The two in early childhood were kidnapped by Bela'rius, out of revenge for being unjustly banished, and were brought up by him in a cave. When they were grown to manhood, Belarius, having rescued the king from the Romans, was restored to favor. He then introduced the two young men to Cymbeline, and told their story, upon which the king was rejoiced to find that his two sons whom he thought dead were both living.--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

ARYAN LANGUAGES (_The_)--

1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee. 2. Zend, whence Persian. 3. Greek, whence Romaic. 4. Latin, whence Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian (_Romance_). 5. Keltic, whence Welsh, Irish, Gaelic. 6. Gothic, whence Teutonic, English, Scandinavian. 7. Slavonic, whence European Russian, and Austrian.

AS YOU LIKE IT, a comedy by Shakespeare. One of the French dukes, being driven from his dukedom by his brother, went with certain followers to the forest of Arden, where they lived a free and easy life, chiefly occupied in the chase. The deposed duke had one daughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at court as the companion of his own daughter Celia, and the two cousins were very fond of each other. At a wrestling match Rosalind fell in love with Orlando, who threw his antagonist, a giant and professional athlete. The usurping duke (Frederick) now banished her from the court, but her cousin Celia resolved to go to Arden with her; so Rosalind in boy's clothes (under the name of Ganymede), and Celia as a rustic maiden (under the name of Alie'na), started to find the deposed duke. Orlando being driven from home by his elder brother, also went to the forest of Arden, and was taken under the duke's protection. Here he met the ladies, and a double marriage was the result--Orlando married Rosalind, and his elder brother Oliver married Celia. The usurper retired to a religious house, and the deposed duke was restored to his dominions.--(1598.)

ASAPH. So Tate calls Dryden in _Absalom and Achitophel_.

While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast, The song of Asaph and his fame shall last.