L.

LABARE; TITUBARE; VACILLARE; NUTARE. +Labare+ (the ancient Gothic word, slipan, from #lôphan#), denotes tottering, with reference to the whole body, which rests on no firm basis; +titubare+ (from #taphein#, #tuphlos#), with reference to the feet, which refuse their service, and stagger; +vacillare+ (#hêka#) with reference to the upper part of the body, which wants its upright, steady, secure position; lastly, +nutare+ (from #neuein#) with reference to the head, which seems ready to fall off. The _titubans_ threatens to sink to the ground; the _vacillans_, to fall over. +Titubatio+ betrays bodily weakness; +vacillatio+, want of external dignity, and a steady carriage. (iii. 62.)

LABES, see _Vitium_.

LABI; CADERE. +Labi+ (from #leibô#) means to fall, with reference to the point from which, and to the space through which, any one glides or sinks down, like #olisthein#; whereas +cadere+ means to fall, with reference to the point which a man reaches by his fall, as to come to the ground, like #pesein#. Virg. Æn. vi. 310. _Lapsa cadunt_ folia. Cic. Brut. 49. Quibus vitiis _labatur_ aut _cadat_ orator. (i. 128.)

LABOR; MOLESTIA; ÆRUMNA. 1. +Labor+ is the toil which requires strength and causes weariness, like #ponos#; +molestia+ (from #molis#, #maleros#) the trouble which, by its greatness or unseasonableness, dispirits, like #chalepotês#; +ærumna+ (#airomenê#) the hardship that almost exceeds human strength, and bows down even the hero, like #talaipôria#; an antiquated, half-poetical expression, in Cic. Fin. ii. 35, and Quintil. viii. 3, 26. Cic. Fin. v. 32. Ut ubi virtus sit resque magnæ et summe laudabiles virtute res gestæ, ibi esse miseria et _ærumna_ non possit, tamen _labor_ possit, possit _molestia_. (iv. 422.) 2. +Laborare+ denotes, as an intransitive verb, to be in a state of trouble and toil; but +elaborare+, as a transitive verb, to produce something by trouble and toil. (i. 116.)

LABOR, see _Opera_.

LACERARE; LANIARE. +Lacerare+ (from #lakis#) denotes to tear by mere force, which may be done by the hands, claws, teeth; whereas +laniare+ denotes the effect of a _cutting_ instrument, under which _teeth_ and _claws_ may be included. Appul. Met. iv. p. 84. Morsibus _laceratus_, ferroque _laniatus_. Liv. xxii. 51. (v. 176.)

LACERTUS, see _Ulna_.

LACESSERE; IRRITARE; SOLLICITARE. 1. +Lacessere+ (#lakizein#) means to excite the reason and will of another to resistance; +irritare+ (#anerethizô#) to provoke his feelings or passions to anger. Cic. Mil. 31. Ut vi _irritare_ ferroque _lacessere_ fortissimum virum auderet. 2. +Lacessere+ means to excite, when a man in a coarse manner disturbs the peace of another; +sollicitare+, when a man disturbs the quiet of another in a refined manner. (v. 176.)

LACRIMARE; PLORARE; FLERE; LAMENTARI; EJULARE; DEFLERE; DEPLORARE. 1. +Lacrimare+ (from #dakru#) denotes the physical consequence of a certain emotion of the mind, whether joyful or sorrowful, like #dakruein#, to shed tears; whereas +plorare+ (from pluere) denotes a passionate expression of grief, like #thrênein#, to wail and cry. Between the two stands +flere+ (#phleô#) in opp. to _ridere_, partaking of the passionless feeling denoted by _lacrimare_, and of the feeling of grief denoted by _plorare_, like #klaiein#, to weep. Sen. Ep. 63. Nec sicci sint oculi amisso amico, nec fluant; _lacrimandum_ est, non _plorandum_. 2. +Lamentari+ and +ejulare+ denote a higher degree of _ploratus_; but +lamentatio+ (from #klauma#?) is, like #kôkuein#, a longer continued wailing; +ejulare+ (from #eia#) a wailing interrupted by cries and sobs, like #ololuzein#. 3. +Plorare+ and +flere+ are intransitive verbs, as to weep; +deplorare+ and +deflere+ transitive, as to deplore.

LACUNA; LACUS; STAGNUM; PALUS; ULIGO; LAMA; LUSTRUM. +Lacuna+ denotes, in poetical language, any standing water, from a sea to a pool; +lacus+ and +stagnum+ are collections of standing water kept sound and fresh by their own springs, or by ebbing and flowing; +lacus+ (liquere) is large enough to bring to mind the image of the open sea, in opp. to the main sea, like #limnê#; +stagnum+, like a pond, not so large as to resemble a lake, in opp. to a stream, like #tenagos#; whereas +palus+ and +uligo+ are collections of standing water corrupted and grown foul; +palus+ (#pludan#) is, like a marsh, a district covered with a surface of foul water, like #helos#; +uligo+ (from #olos#) like a moor, a district soaked through with foul water. The +palus+ appears as a mass of water made thick by mud and bog-earth, in which a person may be drowned; +uligo+ only as ground thoroughly soaked with water, in which a man may sink down. Lastly, +lamæ+ and +lustra+ denote standing waters of small extent; +lama+, a mere dirty and filthy puddle on a high road; +lustra+, an ill-smelling and noisome quagmire in woods, etc. (v. 30.)

LÆDERE; VIOLARE; OFFENDERE. +Lædere+ denotes a physical injury, as to hurt; +violare+, an injury to a person's rights, as to offer violence; +offendere+ (from #penthos#) an injury to a person's feelings, as to affront. +Lædere+ refers to whatever object is capable of receiving injury; +violare+, to one that has a just claim to protection; +offendere+, to a rational and feeling being. Cic. Off. i. 28, 99. Justitiæ partes sunt non _violare_ homines, verecundiæ non _offendere_. Fin. iii. 11. Sen. Ir. iii. 18. Pleraque eorum propter quæ irascimur _offendunt_ nos magis quam _lædunt_. Const. 4. Contumelia tantum delicatis gravis est, qua non _læduntur_, sed _offenduntur_. Ovid, Am. iii. 3, 31. Formosa superi metuunt _offendere_ læsi. (iii. 138.)

LÆTARI, see _Gaudere_.

LÆVIS; GLABER; FRICARE; TERERE. 1. +Lævis+, +levis+, (#leios#) means smooth, in opp. to rough and rugged, and gives a pleasant impression of elegance; whereas +glaber+ (#glaphuros#) in opp. to rough, covered with hair, and grown up, and gives an unpleasant impression of deficiency. 2. +Fricare+ means to rub, and thereby make smooth, like #psêchein#; whereas +terere+ (#teirein#) means to rub, and thereby make less, like #tribein#.

LÆVUS, see _Sinister_.

LAMA, see _Lacuna_.

LAMBERE; LINGERE. +Lambere+ means to lick, inasmuch as one uses the tongue, like the hand, as an instrument to take hold of, or to touch anything, whether eatable, and possessing a taste, or not; +lingere+ (#leichein#) when one uses the tongue as the organ of the sense of taste, in order to ascertain the flavor of any thing. Plin. H. N. xxxv. 7. Canem ex ære vulnus suum _lambentem_; compare with xxxi. 4. Pecoribus saldatur _lingendus_. (v. 152.)

LAMENTARI, see _Lacrimare_.

LANCEA, see _Missile_.

LANIARE, see _Lacerare_.

LANIENA; MACELLUM. +Laniena+ is the butcher's stall, where the _lanius_ sells slaughtered and ready-jointed meat; +macellum+, the market in which the _macellarius_ sells all sorts of meat, including poultry and fish.

LAPIS, see _Saxum_.

LAQUEUS; FUNIS; RESTIS. 1. +Laqueus+ (from #helixai#) is the noose at the end of a rope; whereas +funis+ and +restis+ mean the rope itself; +funis+, a thicker rope, which is meant more for drawing and pulling, and on that account must have a proper length, like #schoinos#; +restis+, a thinner rope, which serves more for fastening and hanging up, and therefore may be short, like #spartê#. The trace by which the _equus funalis_ is attached; the rope on which the _funambulus_ balances himself; the tow which draws the boat to the ship, are never rendered in prose by _restis_: whereas the rope with which the self-murderer hangs himself, or the slave is whipped, or the garment girded, is seldom rendered by _funis_, unless the poet gives the preference to the last word as a more elevated term. (v. 36.) 2. +Rudentes+ are the sail ropes; +retinacula+, and +oræ+, the cables or anchor-ropes; +retinacula+, as a more general and popular term; +oræ+, +oras+, +solvere+, as more technical expressions in nautical language.

LARGITIO, see _Donum_.

LARGUS; BENIGNUS; LIBERALIS; MUNIFICUS. +Largus+ means any one who makes a rich present, to whomever he makes it, and from whatever motive, in opp. to _parcus_. Ter. Heaut. iii. 1, 31; whereas +benignus+, +liberalis+, and +munificus+, denote virtuous qualities in the giver. The _benignus_ follows a pure impulse of humanity, love towards his fellow men; the _liberalis_, a noble pride, or feeling of self-respect; the _munificus_, a princely feeling, or, at any rate, a feeling of laudable ambition. _Benignitas_ gives richly, because it has no wish to possess and enjoy alone, like goodness; _liberalitas_ gives as much as, and not less than, a man of noble sentiment believes suitable to his own rank and to another's merits, without scrupulous mercantile calculation, like a gentlemanly spirit; _munificentia_ gives rather too much than too little, from the pleasure of making people happy, and causing an agreeable surprise, like generosity. (iv. 146.)

LARVA; PERSONA. +Larva+ (from lar?) is a caricatured, frightful mask; +persona+ (#parisôn#) an ingeniously formed, characteristic mask.

LASCIVUS, see _Petulans_.

LASSUS, see _Fatigatus_.

LATEBRA; LATIBULUM. +Latebra+ is a retired or obscure place, where a man can conveniently remain concealed; +latibulum+, a lurking-hole, into which a man must creep like a beast. (vi. 189.)

LATRARE; GANNIRE; BAUBARI. +Latrare+ means the hostile bark of a great dog, and, figuratively, to wrangle, like #hulaktein#; whereas +gannire+, the harmless bark of a little dog, and, figuratively, to chatter, like #knuzasthai#; lastly, +baubari+, the whining and howling of a dog, like #bauezein#. Lucret. v. 1064-1070.

LATRO, see _Præda_.

LATUS, see _Coxa_.

LECTUS, see _Cubile_.

LEGARE, see _Mittere_.

LEMBUS, see _Navigium_.

LEMURES, see _Spectrum_.

LENIS, see _Mitis_.

LENTUS, see _Tardus_.

LEPIDUS; FACETUS; FESTIVUS; SALSUS; DICAX; CAVILLATOR. +Lepos+, +facetiæ+, and +festivitas+, denote the harmless wit, which, like humor, is only opposed to seriousness, and is the attribute of a benevolent mind; +lepos+ (from #lepô#, #leptos#,) the lightest wit, in opp. to dull gravity; +festivitas+ (from #spathan#) the more cheerful sort of wit, in opp. to gloomy seriousness; +facetiæ+, the jocund wit, in opp. to sober seriousness; whereas +sales+, +dicacitas+, and +cavillatio+, denote the more pungent wit, which is a sign of an acute intellect; +sales+ (#hales#) the piquant wit, in opp. to what is flat and trivial, which aims at a point, whether others may be pleasantly or painfully affected by it; +dicacitas+ (from #dakein#) the satirical wit, which is exercised at the cost of others, yet so that the jest is still the principal aim,--the pain inflicted, only an accidental adjunct; +cavillatio+, the scoffing wit, in which the mortification of others is the principal aim, the jest only a means and unimportant form. Cic. Orat. 30. Demosthenes non tam _dicax_ fuit, quam _facetus_. Est autem illud acrioris ingenii, hoc majoris artis. (v. 21).

LETUM, see _Mors_.

LEVIS, see _Lævis_.

LIBARE, see _Sapor_.

LIBENTER, see _Sponte_.

LIBERALIS, see _Largus_.

LIBERALITAS, see _Donum_.

LIBERTUS; LIBERTINUS. +Libertus+ means the freed-man, with reference to his master, in opp. to _servus_; Cic. Mil. 33. Sext. 35. Tac. G. 25. Suet. Cæs. 75; +libertinus+, with reference to his rank, in opp. to _civis_ and _ingenuus_. Liv. x. 21. xli. 8. Suet. Cl. 54. Senec. Contr. iii. 21. Quærendus mihi gener erat aliquis _libertinus_; quid ergo? alieno potius _liberto_? Cic. Verr. i. 47. Trebonius fecit heredem _libertum_ suum . . . Equiti Romano _libertinus_ homo fit heres. Suet. Cl. 25. Tac. H. iii. 58. (vi. 194.)

LIBIDO, see _Cupido_.

LIBRA; PONDO. +Libra pondo+ is the full expression, literally a balance in weight, that is, a scale, filled so as to balance a pound; +libra+ (#leios#) is a less definite expression, inasmuch as leaving out the _pondo_, makes it doubtful whether the balance itself be not understood; +pondo+ is an elliptical expression, in which the principal notion, weight, is expressed, and the accessory notion left out; the scale that is filled must balance the definite weight. In a similar manner _operæ pretium est_, is distinguished from _operæ est_, and from _pretium est_. (vi. 195.)

LIBRARE; VIBRARE. +Librare hastam+ (from #leios#) means to raise the spear in a horizontal direction, in order to hurl it with greater force, and with a surer aim; +vibrare+ (#huphê#) to brandish it backwards and forwards, or up and down, that is, either in a horizontal or perpendicular direction, in order to testify an eager desire for the combat. (v. 196.)

LIBURNA, see _Navigium_.

LICET, see _Concessum est_.

LIGARE; VIERE; VINCIRE; NECTERE; OBLIGARE; OBSTRINGERE; DEVINCIRE. 1. +Ligare+ and +viere+ denote to bind, in order to prevent things falling asunder, synonymously with _copulare_, like #deein#; whereas +vincire+ and +nectere+ mean to fetter, in order to hinder free movement, synonymously with _coercere_, like #desmeuein#. 2. +Ligare+ is the general, +viere+ (#ochein#) the technical expression for binding fast, etc. 3. +Obligare+ means to oblige by acts of kindness; +obstringere+, to oblige by benefits; +devincire+, to rivet to one's self by a lasting intimate connection. The _obligatus_ feels himself bound by the conventional duties of social life; the _obstrictus_, by the duties of morality or religion; the _devinctus_, by the duties of piety. (iv. 282.)

LIMA; SCOBINA. +Lima+ is a tool for filing smooth; +scobina+, for filing off. (vi. 197.)

LIMES, see _Finis_.

LIMUS, see _Lutum_.

LINGERE, see _Lambere_.

LINGUA; SERMO. +Lingua+ denotes the speech of any, even the most uncultivated people, gens or natio, in as far as they possess proper words to express their notions; whereas +sermo+, only the speech of a cultivated people, populus, in as far as it is adapted for the expression of connected thoughts. +Lingua+ is, like the tongue, born with us, and refers more to the mere gift of speech; +sermo+ requires voluntary activity, and involves the rules of grammar and of style. Cic. Fin. i. 3, 10. Sæpe disserui Latinam _linguam_ non modo non inopem, sed locupletiorem etiam esse quam Græcam: comp. with Off. i. 31. _Sermone_ debemus uti eo, qui notus est nobis. (iv. 22.)

LINTER, see _Navigium_.

LIQUERE, see _Fluere_ and _Constat_.

LIRA, see _Porca_.

LITERA; ELEMENTUM. +Litera+ is a letter, as the most indivisible part of writing, like #gramma#; +elementum+ (#alêma#) as the most indivisible part of language or of knowledge in general, like #stoicheion#. (iii. 210.)

LITERÆ; EPISTOLA; CODICILLI. +Literæ+ is the most general expression for a letter; +epistola+ is one directed to a distant friend, and sent by a messenger; +codicilli+, an address to one within the same walls, as a note. Sen. Ep. 55. Adeo tecum sum ut dubitem an incipiam non _epistolas_ sed _codicillos_ tibi scribere. Cic. Fam. vi. 18. Simul accepi a Seleuco tuo _literas_; statim quæsivi e Balbo per _codicillos_ quid esset in lege. (vi. 198.)

LITERÆ; ARTES; DOCTRINÆ; DISCIPLINÆ. +Literæ+ and +artes+ denote the sciences as the general objects of scientific education; +literæ+, in a narrower sense, only as literature, or the sciences so far as they are laid down in books, and, together with other branches of knowledge, enrich the mind, and are the means of sharpening the understanding and forming the taste, +artes+ (#aretai#?) in the widest sense, so far as the knowledge of them immediately attests intellectual cultivation, and readiness in the practical application of the sciences; whereas +doctrinæ+ and +disciplinæ+ denote particular parts of the general objects of knowledge formed into systems; +doctrinæ+, more the speculative and abstract parts of philosophical and learned education; +disciplinæ+, more the practical parts, that are conducive to the purposes of life. (v. 269.)

LITIGATIO, see _Disceptatio_.

LITUS, see _Ripa_.

LIVOR, see _Invidia_.

LOCUPLES, see _Divitiæ_.

LOCUS; TRACTUS; REGIO; PLAGA. +Locus+ (#lochos#) denotes a space, as a single point, like #topos#; +tractus+ (from trahere) as a line, with the notion of extension to a distance, as a tract of country, something like #klima#; +regio+ (from #rhêchos#, #orchos#,) as a circle, with the included notion of the environs, like the surrounding country, #chôros#; +plaga+ (#plax#) principally as a surface or plain.

LONGÆVUS, see _Vetus_.

LONGE, see _Procul_.

LOQUAX, see _Garrire_.

LOQUI, see _Fari_, _Dicere_. [["Fari" redirects to _Dicere_]]

LUCERE; FULGERE; SPLENDERE; NITERE; RENIDERE; CORUSCARE; MICARE; RADIARE. 1. +Lucere+, +fulgere+, +splendere+, +nitere+, denote a steady and continued brightness; +fulgere+ (#phlogein#) through a glaring light, or a dazzling fiery color, like #phlegô#, +lucere+ (from #leukos#) through a beneficial light, and a soft fiery color, like #phainô#, #phengô#; +splendere+ (from #phalanthos#) as the consequence of a clear and pure light, in opp. to _sordere_; Cic. Sext. 28. Sen. Ep. 5. Martial, Ep. ii. 36. Tac. A. i. 84. Suet. Aug. 35; like #lampô#; +nitere+ (from #nizô#) as the consequence of humidity, oiling or washing, to glisten, in opp. to _squalere_. Cic. Fin. iv. 3. Orat. 32. Sen. Q. N. i. 17. Quintil. ii. 5, 23; like #stilbô#. 2. Whereas +coruscare+, +micare+, +radiare+, mean an unsteady, tremulous light; +coruscare+ (from #korussô#) to shine like forked lightning; +micare+, to sparkle, like metal placed in the sun; +radiare+, to beam, like the shooting rays of the sun. Cic. Cat. ii. 3. qui _nitent_ unguentis, qui _fulgent_ purpura. Auct. ad Herenn. iv. 33. Tantus erat in armis _splendor_, ut solis _fulgor_ obscurior videretur. Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 2. _Splendor_ murrhinis sine viribus: _nitor_que verius quam _splendor_; for _splendor_ denotes brightness, with regard to its intensity; _nitor_, with regard to its beauty. Auct. ad Herenn. iv. 50. Gemmæ _nitore_ et auri _splendore_: hence, figuratively, +splendor+ denotes pomp; +nitor+, only neatness. (ii. 76.)

LUCERNA, see _Candela_.

LUCRUM; EMOLUMENTUM; QUÆSTUS; COMPENDIUM. +Lucrum+ and +emolumentum+ denote gain, in any condition of life; +lucrum+ (from lucar, locare,) gain deserved and earned by one's self, in opp. to _damnum_; Cic. Fin. v. 30, etc.; like #kerdos#; +emolumentum+ (from molere) gain falling to one's share without any exertion of one's own, in opp. to _detrimentum_; Cic. Fin. i. 16, like #ôphelêma#; whereas +quæstus+ and +compendium+ denote gain in the course of trade; +quæstus+, rather the steadily continued gains of a regular occupation, _earnings_, in opp. to _sumptus_; Cic. Parad. vi. 3. Hor. Sat. i. 2. 19, like #chrêmatismos#; +compendium+, more a single gain of considerable amount, in opp. to _dispendium_. (v. 257.)

LUCTUS, see _Dolor_.

LUCULENTUS; ILLUSTRIS. +Luculentus+ means, what may be seen, and need not shun the light, synonymously with _probabilis_; whereas +illustris+ (from #leussô#) what makes itself seen, attracts the eye, and spreads its rays, synonymously with _excellens_. Hence _luculentus_ never implies emphatic praise. Cic. Off. iii. 14, 60. Hoc quidem satis _luculente_, that is, it is probable enough. And Fin. ii. 5, 15. Cum Græce ut videor _luculenter_ sciam, without presumption; just like, sic satis. (ii. 84.)

LUCUS, see _Silva_.

LUDIO, see _Actor_.

LUDUS; SCHOLA. +Ludus+ is a lower school for boys, who are compelled to learn; +schola+, a higher school for youths and men, who wish to learn. +Ludus+ supposes _discipulos_, _ludi-magistrum_, and school-discipline; +schola+ supposes _auditores_, _doctorem_, and academical regulations. (vi. 203.)

LUDUS; LUSUS; LUDICRUM; JOCUS. 1. +Ludus+ (from #loidoros#) denotes play in an objective sense, inasmuch as it is at hand for a man's entertainment; whereas +lusus+, in a subjective sense, inasmuch as a man carries it on and produces it himself; further, +ludus+ denotes play, as a means of recreation, in opp. to exertion; +lusus+, as a childish, useless pastime, in opp. to real business. Plin. Ep. ix. 33. 3. Pueri quos otium _ludus_que sollicitat: comp. with ix. 25. _Lusus_ et ineptias nostras legis. Or, Cic. Flacc. 5, 12. Græci quibus jusjurandum _jocus_ est, testimonium _ludus_; that is, to whom it is a mere trifle to bear false witness; compare with Sen. Contr. i. 2. Piratas . . . quibus omne fas nefasque _lusus_ est; that is, to whom the distinction between right and wrong is a mere sporting with words. 2. The plur. +ludi+ assumes the special meaning of public spectacles, and in this sense has a singular peculiar to itself in the word _ludicrum_. 3. +Ludus+ and +lusus+ have more a negative character, as mere pastimes and amusements, as a guard against ennui; whereas +jocus+ more a positive character, as an utterance of humor and wit. The _ludens_ wishes merely to be free from exertion, to do nothing serious, and to amuse himself; the _jocans_ will be as active at the command of mirth, as others at the command of seriousness. (ii. 33.)

LUES; CONTAGIUM; PESTILENTIA; PESTIS; PERNICIES; EXITIUM; INTERITUS; EXITUS. 1. +Lues+ (from #loimos#) denotes epidemic disease, as proceeding from an impure morbid matter; +contagium+ (from contingere? or #katatêkein#?) as contagious; +pestilentia+, as a disease reigning in the land, and especially as a pestilence. Sall. Cat. 10. Post ubi _contagia_ quasi _pestilentia_ invasit. Plin. H. N. xxiii. 28. Laurus folia _pestilentiæ contagia_ prohibent. Lucan. vi. 86. Fluidæ _contagia_ pestis. 2. +Pestis+ is used for pestilence itself only by the poets; otherwise it denotes, like _exitium_ and _pernicies_ (from necare), that which destroys in general, without reference to disease; but +pestis+ is, according to rule, used as a concrete, +exitium+ and +pernicies+ as abstract terms. Sen. N. Q. iii. pr. Philippi aut Alexandri . . . . qui _exitio_ gentium clari non minores fuere _pestes_ mortalium quam inundatio. 3. +Pernicies+ has an active meaning, and denotes the destruction of a living being by murder; whereas +exitium+ has a passive meaning, and denotes the destruction even of lifeless objects by annihilation; lastly, +interitus+ has, like _exitus_, a neutral meaning, the destruction of living or lifeless objects by decay. Tac. Ann. xiv. 65. Poppæa non nisi in _perniciem_ uxoris nupta; postremo crimen omni _exitio_ gravius: and ii. 68. Cic. Cat. iv. 3. Cum de _pernicie_ populi Romani, _exitio_ hujus urbis cogitarit. Rull. ii. 4, 10. Extremi _exitiorum exitus_. 4. +Exitium+ is a violent, +exitus+ a natural end. Cic. Rull. ii. 4, 10. Qui civitatum afflictarum perditis jam rebus extremi _exitiorum_ solent esse _exitus_, is, as it were, the last breath of a state that is being destroyed; like Verr. v. 6, 12 _Exitus_ exitiales. (ii. 62. iii. 176.)

LUMEN; LUX. +Lumen+ (#leussomenon#) is a luminous body, like #phengos#; +lux+ (#leukê#) a streaming mass of light, like #phaos#. Cic. Fin. iii. 14, 45. Ut obscuratur et offunditur _luce_ solis _lumen_ lucernæ. Curt. viii. 2, 21. Sed aditus specus accipit _lucem_; interiora nisi allato _lumine_ obscura sunt. Cic. Acad. iv. 8, 28. Si ista vera sunt, ratio omnis tollitur quasi quædam _lux lumen_que vitæ; that is, reason alone is in itself bright and light, and at the same time spreads brightness and light over life. Also, in a figurative sense, +lumen+ denotes distinction, +lux+ only clearness. Cicero (Man. 5.) calls Corinth, Græciæ totius _lumen_, but Rome (Catil. iv. 6.) _Lucem_ orbis terrarum; Corinth is compared to a glimmering point of light; Rome is distinguished as that city in comparison with which all other cities lie in darkness. (ii. 66.)

LURIDUS, see _Luteus_.

LUSTRUM, see _Lacuna_.

LUSUS, see _Ludus_.

LUTEUS; GILVUS; HELVUS; FLAVUS; LURIDUS. +Luteus+ (from #lôtos#) denotes a decided yellow, as the yolk of an egg; +gilvus+, (#aglaos#) and +helvus+, a fainter reddish yellow, like that of honey; +flavus+ and +luridus+, a lighter whitish yellow; +flavus+ (from #phleuô#) a glossy beautiful yellow, like that of light auburn hair; +luridus+ (from #chlôros#) a wan unpleasant yellowishness, like that of pale death.

LUTUM; LIMUS; COENUM; SORDES; SQUALOR; PÆDOR; SITUS; STERCUS; FIMUS; OLETUM; MERDA. 1. +Lutum+, +limus+, +coenum+, all denote impurity, as a substance, and as of a wet sort; +lutum+ (from #luthron#) is the dirt of the streets or roads, like #pêlos#; +limus+ (#leibomenos#) the mud of a river, like #ilus#; +coenum+ (from cunire) the mire of a moor or morass, like #borboros#. Tac. Ann. i. 63. Cætera _limosa_, tenacia gravi _coeno_ aut rivis incerta erant; whereas +sordes+, +squalor+, +poedor+, +situs+, denote impurities as a form, and of a dry sort; +sodes+ (from #arda#) in opp. to _splendor_, through indigence, or niggardliness and vulgarity, for example, clothes dirty from long wear, like #rhupos#; +squalor+ (from #skellô#) in opp. to _nitor_, through want of civilized habits, and of delicacy in the senses, for example uncombed hair, like #auchmos#; +pædor+ (from #psoithos#) in opp. to _munditiæ_, through neglect of the person, for example, through _pædiculos_, vermin, itch, etc., like #pinos#; +situs+ (#asis#) in opp. to _usus_, in consequence of long disuse, for example, through mould, rust, etc., like #azê#. Hence the different forms of the adjectives lutosus, limosus, coenosus, that is, full of lutum, etc.; and of sordidus, squalidus, pædidus, that is, resembling sordes, etc., and in circumlocution, _oblitus luto_, _limo_, _coeno_, but _obsitus_, _sordibus_, _squalore_, _pædore_. 2. +Stercus+ (from #targanon#) denotes in dung its disgusting sense, as filth, like #kopros#; whereas +fimus+ (opimus?) in its useful sense, as manure. 3. For offensive excrements +coenum+ is the most general; +oletum+ denotes human; +merda+ (#minthos#) animal excrements.

LUX, see _Lumen_.

LUXUS; LUXURIA. +Luxus+ denotes luxury as an act or as a condition, and sometimes even objectively, as an object of luxury; whereas +luxuria+, always subjectively, as a propensity and disposition, as the desiderative of _luxus_. Sen. Ir. i. 11. Animis delicias, _luxus_, opes ignorantibus: and further on; Opinionem _luxuriæ_ segnitiæque. Sall. Cat. 13. Romani famem aut sitim . . . . _luxu_ antecapere; that is, by the arts of luxury: compare with Jug. 90. _Luxuria_ atque ignavia pessimæ artes: that is, as proceeding from voluptuousness. (ii. 23.)

LYMPHATUS, see _Amens_.