V.

VACARE; OTIARI; FERIARI; CESSARE; NIHIL AGERE. +Vacare+ (from #hêka#?) means to have one's time free, in opp. to _occupatio_, which compels one to work; +otiari+ (from #ausios#, #autôs#), to be at leisure, in opp. to _negotia_, which oblige one to work; +feriari+, to enjoy a holiday, in opp. to working all day; +cessare+ (from cedere? or from #kathizein#?), to make a half-holiday, and enjoy a short cessation, in opp. to previous activity; +nihil agere+, to do nothing, in opp. to activity in general. (vi. 388.)

VACILLARE, see _Labare_.

VACUUS, see _Inanis_.

VADERE, see _Ire_.

VADUM, see _Solum_.

VAFER, see _Astutus_.

VAGARI, see _Errare_.

VALDE, see _Perquam_.

VALE, see _Ave_.

VALENS, see _Salus_.

VALERE, see _Posse_.

VALETUDO, see _Æger_.

VALIDUS; FIRMUS; ROBUSTUS. 1. +Validus+ (from #holos#, #oulos#), means strong, in an active sense, as able to perform something, in opp. to _imbecillis_, Cic. Fam. vii. 1. Plin. H. N. xiv. 21, like #sthenaros#; whereas +firmus+ and +robustus+, in a passive sense, as able to endure; +firmum+ (from #phraxai#, #phargnumi#), strong from an immovable position, and, consequently, stedfast, in opp. to _labans_, _vacillans_, and, for want of a corresponding adjective, to _imbecillus_, Cic. Fam. ix. 16. Sall. Jug. 10. Quintil. v. 10, 49, like #bebaios#; +robustum+ (from #errhôsthai#) through its compact nature, and its impenetrable and, consequently, durable materials, nearly in opp. to _tenerum_, like #rhômaleos# and #ischuros#. 2. +Imbecillitas+ denotes generally a mental, +infirmitas+, a bodily weakness, according to Cic. Fin. v. 45. In _infirma_ ætate, _imbecillaque_ mente: both are sometimes used in a mental sense, in which case +imbecillitas+ denotes a natural weakness of the head or heart, a want of talent or of spirit; whereas +infirmitas+, a moral weakness of character, fickleness and uncertainty, for example: Cæs. B. G. vii. 77. Nolite stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut _imbecillitate_ animi omnem Galliam prosternere; comp. with iv. 5. Cæsar _infirmitatem_ Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et rebus plerumque novis student. Or, Cic. Divin. ii. 60, with Fam. xv. 1. Or, Tac. Ann. iv. 8, with Hist. i. 9. (iv. 164.)

VALLUM, see _Agger_.

VALLUS, see _Stipes_.

VALVÆ, see _Ostium_.

VARIUS; DIVERSUS; CONTRARIUS; VERSICOLOR; VARIEGARE. 1. +Varium+ (from #aiolos#) means, possessing differences in its own texture, varied; whereas +diversum+, differing from something else, distinct. Catull. 47, 10. Quos longe simul a domo profectos _diverse variæ_ viæ reportant; that is, whom various ways, in an entirely different direction, bring home. Tac. Hist. i. 25. Otho postquam _vario_ sermone callidos et audaces cognovit pretio et promissis onerat . . . Suspensos cæterorum animos _diversis_ artibus (namely, spe et metu) stimulant. 2. The +diversa+ will have nothing in common, and go different or even opposite ways from each other; whereas the +contraria+ confront and stand directly opposite to each other. Hence the following climax in Cic. Divin. ii. 26, 55. _Diversas_ aut etiam _contrarias_. Vell. Pat. ii. 75. _Diversa_ præsentibus et _contraria_ exspectatis sperare. Quintil. v. 10, 26. 3. +Varium+ denotes variegated, as exhibiting different colors at the same time, like #poikilon#; whereas +versicolor+, that which changes its color, according to the light in which it is held, like #aiolon#. Propert. iii. 13, 32. Aut _variam_ plumæ _versicoloris_ avem. Pliny is describing two different properties, xxxvii. 10, when he describes the stone Mithrax, as at the same time _multicolor_ and _contra solem varie refulgens_. 4. +Variare+ means to give a varied appearance in general; +variegare+, to give a varied appearance, especially by different colors. (iii. 269.)

VAS, see _Sponsor_.

VASTA, see _Solitudo_.

VASTARE; POPULARI; DIRIPERE; AGERE FERRE; EXPILARE; SPOLIARE; PECULARI. 1. +Vastare+ (from ustus?) means to lay waste, from rage or from policy to destroy the property of an enemy, like #perthein#, #porthein#; whereas +populari+, +diripere+, and +agere ferre+, to plunder for one's own use; +populari+, on a great scale, for example, to lay waste all the crops, and drive off the herds; +diripere+, on a small scale, to break into the houses, and break open the closets; +agere ferre+ includes both meanings, like #agein kai pherein#. 2. +Spoliare+ and +populari+ mean to plunder, in a state of open warfare; whereas +expilare+ and +peculari+, +depeculari+, in a state of peace; +expilare+ (#psiloô#) by open force; +peculari+ (dimin. of #pekô#) by fraud, and by secretly purloining the property of the state. Cic. Parad. vi. 1. Si socios _spolias_, ærarium _expilas_. (iv. 339.)

VATES, see _Canere_.

VATICINARI, see _Divinare_ and _Hariolari_.

VECORS, see _Amens_.

VEGETUS, see _Vigens_.

VEHEMENS, see _Acer_.

VELLE; OPTARE; EXPETERE; CUPERE; AVERE; GESTIRE. 1. +Velle+, +optare+, and +expetere+, are acts of calm reason and self-determination; whereas +cupere+, +avere+, and +gestire+, acts of excited feeling and of passion. Senec. Ep. 116. Cum tibi _cupere_ interdixero, _velle_ permittam. 2. +Velle+ (#helein#) means to wish, and co-operate towards the realization of one's wish, like #thelein# and #boulesthai#; +optare+ (from #pothein#) to wish, and leave the realization of one's wish to others, or to fate, like #pothein#; +expetere+, to wish, and apply to others for the realization of one's wish, like #oregesthai#. Sen. Ep. 95. Sæpe aliud _volumus_, aliud _optamus_. Cic. Off. i. 20. Nihil nisi quod honestum sit homines aut admirari aut _optare_ aut _expetere_ oportet. 3. +Cupere+ (#kaptein#) denotes a vehement, passionate desire; +gestire+ (#gêthein#), a lively desire, showing itself by gestures; +avere+ (from #chainein#, #chaos#), an impatient, hasty desire. +Cupidus+ means, being eagerly desirous of something, like #epithumôn#; +gestiens+, rejoicing in anticipation of something, like #chrêzôn#; +avidus+, being greedy after something. Cic. Sen. 8. Græcas literas sic _avide_ arripui, quasi diuturnam sitim explere _cupiens_; comp. with Att. ii. 18. Intellexi quam suspenso animo et sollicito scire _averes_, quid esset novi. And, iv. 11. Perge reliqua; _gestio_ scire ista omnia. (v. 57.)

VELLUS, see _Tergus_.

VELOX, see _Citus_.

VENDERE; VENUNDARE; MANCIPARE. +Vendere+ and +venundare+ denote the selling of any thing as a mercantile act; but in +vendere+ (#anadounai#) the disposing of the thing is the principal notion, the price merely secondary, in opp. to emere, like #apodosthai#; in +venundare+, the previous having for sale, or offering for sale, is the principal notion, as in #pipraskein#, #pôlein#, #apempolan#; whereas +mancipare+ denotes a juridical act, in consequence of which a thing is alienated, and, with all that belongs to it, transferred to another, in a legal form, as his property. (iv. 118.)

VENDITATIO, s. _Jactatio_.

VENENUM, see _Toxicum_.

VENERARI, see _Vereri_.

VENIAM DARE, s. _Ignoscere_.

VENTUS; PROCELLA; TEMPESTAS; VORTEX; TURBO. +Ventus+ (#aeis#, or #antê#, Hesiod) is the generic term for wind; +procella+ and +tempestas+ denote a violent wind; +procella+ (#kelados#), a mere squall or gust of wind; +tempestas+, a complete storm, or stress of weather, generally accompanied by thunder and lightning, rain or hail; whereas +vortex+ and +turbo+ denote a whirlwind; +vortex+ (vertere), a weaker sort, that merely raises the dust; +turbo+ (#strephô#, #strophalinx#), a strong whirlwind that causes destruction. (v. 287.)

VENUDARE, see _Vendere_.

VENUSTUS, see _Formosus_.

VEPRES, see _Dumi_.

VERBERARE; ICERE; FERIRE; CÆDERE; PULSARE; MULCARE; PAVIRE; CUDERE. 1. +Verberare+, +ferire+, and +icere+, mean, in a general sense, to strike, whether by throwing, hitting, or pushing; but the _verberans_ makes his blow rebound; the _iciens_ and _feriens_ penetrate and wound, or break to pieces; the _iciens_ (resembling in form jaciens) chiefly by throwing, for instance, _fulmine ictus_; the _feriens_, by pushing, for instance, _murum ariete_; whereas +cædere+, +pulsare+, and +mulcare+, denote especially striking, generally with a weapon; +cædere+, with a weapon that cuts and wounds, a hatchet, sword, whip, rod, strap; +pulsare+ and +mulcare+, with a hard weapon, stick or fist. +Pulsare+ has any object whatever, man, a door, the ground; +mulcare+, like to cudgel, only an object that can feel pain, especially man. 2. +Verberare+, in a narrower sense, denotes a quiet chastisement by the blows of a stick, which is generally appointed, as a formal punishment, by the competent authorities; whereas +pulsare+ and +mulcare+, a misusage by blows or thrusts, which is administered as mere vengeance by unauthorized persons; +pulsare+ (from pellere) as a slighter misusage with hand or stick, which principally hurts the honor and dignity of the person misused; +mulcare+ (#malaxai#, malaxare), a rougher misusage, with fists or clubs, which aims principally at physical pain, like a sound drubbing. 3. +Pavire+ (#paiein#) means to beat, in order to make a soft mass solid; +cudere+, in order to widen or extend a solid mass. +Fulgere+, +battuere+, and +cajare+ are antiquated or vulgar expressions for beating. (v. 67.)

VERBOSUS, see _Garrire_.

VERBUM; VOCABULUM; VOX; DICTUM; DICTERIUM. 1. +Verbum+ (#arabos#) is a word, as a part of speech; whereas +vocabulum+, as a part of language. The _verba_ are verbs, the _vocabula_ words in general. 2. +Verba+ denote words in general, with reference to their meaning; +voces+, with reference to their form and their sound. 3. As a grammatical term, +vox+ comprehends all the eight parts of speech; +vocabulum+, all legitimate words, consequently with the exclusion of interjections or natural sounds; +nomen+, only the nouns, adjectives, substantives, and pronouns; and +verbum+, only the verbs. 4. +Verbum+, in a collective sense, denotes a general notion, that which is said; whereas +vox+, +dictum+, and +dicterium+, are particular expressions; +vox+ (#êchê#), an expression of feeling or passion, like an exclamation; +dictum+, an expression of wit or intellect, like a _bon mot_. Tac. Hist. iii. 39. Audita est sævissima Vitellii _vox_, qua se pavisse oculos spectata inimici morte jactavit; comp. with Ann. vi. 20. Scitum Passieni _dictum_ percrebuit, neque meliorem unquam servum neque deteriorem dominum fuisse. 5. +Dictum+ is the general and popular expression for any pointed saying; +dicterium+, a select term of later times for a particularly smart _dictum_, which is not merely the product of natural wit, but also of cultivation refined by literature and intercourse with polished society. (iv. 29.)

VERERI; TIMERE; METUERE; SPES; FIDUCIA; TIMOR; TIMIDITAS; IGNAVIA; FORMIDO; HORROR. 1. +Vereri+ (#horan#?) like #aideisthai#, has its foundation in what is strikingly venerable; +metuere+ and +timere+, like #deisai#; and #phobeisthai#, in the threatening danger of an object. The _timens_ and _metuens_ fear the danger; the _verens_, the disgrace and shame. Cic. Phil. xii. 12. Quid? veteranos non _veremur_? nam _timeri_ ne ipsi quidem volunt. Sen. 11, 37. _Metuebant_ eum servi, _verebantur_ liberi, carum omnes habebant. Liv. xxxix. 37. _Veremur_ quidem vos Romani et si ita vultis etiam _timemus_. Afran. ap. Gell. xv. 13. Ubi malunt _metui_, quam _vereri_ se ab suis. Senec. Ir. iii. 32. Quibusdam _timeamus_ irasci, quibusdam _vereamur_. 2. +Metus+ (#matan#) is fear, only as the anticipation of an impending evil, and reflection upon it, the apprehension that proceeds from foresight and prudence, like #deos#, synonymously with _cautio_; whereas +timor+ (from #tremô#), the fear that proceeds from cowardice and weakness. Or, +metus+ is an intellectual notion; fear, as from reflection, in opp. to _spes_; for instances, see Cic. Verr. ii. 54. Off. ii. 6. Liv. xxx. 9. Suet. Aug. 25. Tac. H. i. 18. Ann. ii. 12, 38. Sen. Ep. 5. Suet. Aug. 5. Cels. ii. 6. Curt. viii. 6:--whereas +timor+ is a moral notion, fear as a feeling, in opp. to _fiducia_, _animus_. Cic. Divin. ii. 31. Att. v. 20. Rull. i. 8. Sallust. Jug. ii. 3. Tac. Hist. ii. 80. Plin. Ep. v. 17. 3. In the like manner are +spes+, hope, and +fiducia+, confidence, distinguished. Sen. Ep. 16. Jam de te _spem_ habeo, nondum _fiduciam_. Tac. Agr. 2. Nec _spem_ modo ac votum securitas publica, sed ipsius voti _fiduciam_ ac robur assumpserit. Suet. Cl. 10. Aliquanto minore _spe_ quam _fiducia_. Liv. x. 25. Curt. ix. 4, 25. 4. +Timor+ denotes fear, as a temporary state; +timiditas+, fearfulness, as an habitual quality, which is connected with _ignavia_, as a more precise expression for the more general feeling. Lactant. iii. 17. Epicurus . . . _ignavum_ prohibet accedere ad rem publicam, pigrum exercere, _timidum_ militare. +Ignavia+ is inaptitude for any noble action, and particularly for deeds of valor; +timiditas+ is, under certain circumstances, excusable; +ignavia+ is absolutely blamable. 5. +Metus+ and +timor+ have their foundation in reflection, whereby a person is made clearly aware of the object and ground of his apprehension; whereas +horror+ and +formido+ is an immediate feeling, which overpowers the understanding by the dreadful image of the nearness of some horrid object, and can give no account of the ground of its fear; +formido+ (fremere) expresses this state immediately as a state of mind, like #orrhôdia#; whereas +horror+ (#chersos#) as the bodily expression of this state, by the hair standing on end, the eyes wildly staring, etc., like #phrikê#. Tac. H. iv. 45. _Metus_ per omnes ac præcipua Germanici militis _formido_. (ii. 190.)

VERERI; REVERERI; VENERARI; COLERE; OBSERVARE; ADORARE; ADMIRARI; SUSPICERE. 1. +Vereri+ and +revereri+ mean, to feel reverence; whereas +venerari+, to show reverence. Tac. Ann. xiv. 13; comp. _venerationem_ sui with matris _reverentia_. 2. +Vereri+ (#horan#?) denotes respect bordering on fear and bashfulness; whereas +revereri+, fear and bashfulness arising from respect. In _vereri_, fear, in _revereri_, respect is the principal notion: hence +verecundia+ is the dread of exposing one's self before the person respected; whereas +reverentia+, the calm consciousness that some one is worthy of this reverential feeling. 3. +Venerari+ (#antesthai#?) is used (at least in Cicero) only for demonstrations of reverence towards the gods and sacred things; +observare+, only for such demonstrations towards men; +colere+, towards either. Cic. Rep. i. 12. Ut . . . Africanum ut deum _coleret_ Lælius, domi vicissim Lælium _observaret_ in parentis loco Scipio. And, N. D. i. 42. ii. 28. The +venerans+ seeks only to express due reverence, and by self-humiliation to avert the anger of the gods; the +colens+ (from #kolax#) seeks by acts of courtesy, of service, and of respect, to win the affection of some one, and the fruits of it, as from a cultivated field. +Veneratio+ shows itself more in prayer; +cultus+, more in sacrifice: +veneratio+ is more a single, transient act; +cultus+ more a permanent expression of respect. Tac. H. i. 10. Vespasianus . . . Titum filium ad _venerationem cultumque_ (ejus) miserat; that is, that he might do homage to the new emperor, and then also remain in his circle of courtiers. 4. +Observare+ (from #eruesthai#) involves a mere negative notion, and denotes having regard for, in opp. to slighting; yet is not, on this account, _colere_ a stronger, _observare_ a weaker term. +Colere+, indeed, involves more palpable activity, _operam_; whereas +observare+, more tender regard, _pietatem_; hence sometimes the one, sometimes the other, is the stronger expression. 5. +Adorare+ is the most general expression for any sort of worship; whereas +veneratio+ consists more in gestures, +precatio+ in words. 6. _Reveremur validas auctoritates; admiramur raras virtutes; suspicimus excellentia dignitate._ At the same time it appears to me, that the _reverens_ is in a state of silent awe; the _admirans_ with the expression of loud, or at least visible enthusiasm; the _suspiciens_, under the image of one looking up to another with an humble feeling of his own inferiority. +Revereri+ refers especially to moral; +admirari+, to intellectual and moral; +suspicere+, to any, even adventitious, pre-eminences. (ii. 185.)

VERRES, see _Sus_.

VERSICOLOR, see _Varius_.

VERSUTUS, see _Astutus_.

VERTERE; TORQUERE; CONVERTERE; INVERTERE; PERVERTERE. +Vertere+ means to turn, that is, to move anything in order to give it another position or situation, like #trepein#; +torquere+ (from #trekô#), #atrekês#), to twist, that is, in order to move a fixed point, like #strephein#. 2. +Convertere+ means, either to turn in a body, with reference to those acting, as, for instance, Ut pæne terga _convertant_; or, with reference to the action, to turn completely; whereas +invertere+ means, to turn only half round, so that the reverse side of the thing turned is exposed; lastly, +pervertere+ means to turn upside down, so that the thing turned becomes useless, or falls to the ground. (v. 289.)

VERUTUM, see _Missile_.

VESANUS, see _Amens_.

VESTIS; VESTITUS; VESTIMENTUM; AMICTUS; AMICULUM; CULTUS; HABITUS. 1. +Vestis+ (from vas, Goth. wastjan) is the most general expression, and denotes sometimes the whole clothes; +vestitus+, sometimes only a single article of dress, _vestimentum_. +Vestem mutare+ denotes, to go into mourning; +vestimenta mutare+, to shift one's clothes. 2. +Vestis+ and +vestimentum+ denote the clothes which cover the body, as necessary or decent; +amictus+ and +amiculum+ (from ambi and jacere) the cloak or mantle which covers the under-clothing, for the sake of warmth or of ornament; +amictus+, the whole of the over-clothing; +amiculum+, a single article, as a mantle. Tac. G. 17. Feminæ sæpius lineis _amictibus_ velantur, partemque _vestitus_ superioris in manicas non extendunt. Curt. v. 1, 38. Sil. It. vii. 447. 3. +Cultus+ and +habitus+ have a wider meaning than _vestis_; +cultus+ (occulere) whatever belongs to dress, girdle, hat, ornaments, arms, etc.; +habitus+, whatever belongs to the exterior in general, cleanliness, mode of dressing the hair, carriage of the body, etc. Suet. Cæs. 44. Dicam ea, quæ ad formam et _habitum_ et _cultum_ et mores pertinebant. Cal. 52. _Vestitu_ calceatuque cæteroque _habitu_. (v. 209.)

VETARE; INTERDICERE. +Vetare+ means to forbid by virtue of the law, in opp. to _jubere_; whereas +interdicere+, to forbid, by virtue of official authority, in opp. to _addicere_, _permittere_.

VETERNUS, see _Antiquus_.

VETULA, see _Anus_.

VETUS; SENEX; GRANDÆVUS; LONGÆVUS; SENECTA; SENECTUS; SENIUM. 1. +Vetus homo+ (#etos#) denotes an old man, from the fiftieth year of his life, in opp. to _juvenis_, a young man, like #gerôn#; whereas +senex+ (#anax#? or #henous echôn#?), an old man from his sixtieth year, with the accessory notion of his being worthy of respect, like #presbutês#; lastly, +grandævus+ and +longævus+ denote a very aged man, who has already exceeded the usual duration of life, and who is, consequently, somewhere about eighty or upwards. 2. +Senecta+ denotes old age indifferently, merely as a period of life; +senectus+, as a venerable and experienced age, that commands respect and indulgence; +senium+, the infirm and burdensome age, which is to be looked upon as a disease. (iv. 89.)

VETUS, VETUSTUS, see _Antiquus_ and _Puer_.

VIA, see _Iter_.

VIBRARE, see _Librare_.

VICINUS; FINITIMUS; CONFINIS. +Vicini+ (#oikeioi#) are neighbors, in reference to house and yard; whereas +finitimi+ and +confines+, with reference to the boundaries of the land; +finitimi+, in a one-sided relationship, as the neighbors of others, who dwell near their boundaries, in a mere geographical sense; +confines+, in a mutual relationship, as opposite neighbors, who have boundaries in common, with the moral accessory notion of friendship associated with neighborhood. The _finitimi_ are _finibus diremti_; whereas the _confines_ are _confinio conjuncti_. (v. 181.)

VICISSIM; INVICEM; MUTUO. +Vicissim+ (from #eikazô#) denotes, like on the other hand, and in hand, and in turn, a successive; +invicem+ and +mutuo+, like reciprocally and in return, a mutual acting and suffering between two persons or things; +invicem+, more with reference to reciprocal actions; +mutuo+, to reciprocal or mutual states. (vi. 402.)

VICTUS, see _Vita_.

VIDERE; CERNERE; SPECTARE; INTUERI; CONSPICERE; ADSPICERE; ADSPECTUS; CONSPECTUS; OBTUTUS. 1. +Videre+ and +cernere+ denote seeing, as perceiving by the organ of sight; +videre+ (#idein#) as perception in general, in opp. to an obstruction of the view, like #horan#; +cernere+ (#krinein#) especially as a clear perception, in opp. to a transient or dim view; whereas +spectare+, +intueri+, +tueri+, and +contueri+, denote looking, as the dwelling of the eyes upon an object; +spectare+ means, quietly to fix the eye upon an object that interests the understanding, and dwell upon it as upon a theatrical representation, like #theasthai#; whereas +intueri+ (from #stochazomai#), to fix the eye upon something that strikes the fancy or soul, as to contemplate, #theôrein#. Cic. Fam. vii. 1. Neque nos qui hæc _spectavimus_, quidquam novi _vidimus_. 2. +Intueri+ denotes merely to contemplate attentively; +contueri+, to gaze upon fixedly, keenly, and with eyes widely opened. 3. +Conspicere+ means to descry, that is, to get sight of an object of one's self, and generally of an unexpected object; whereas +adspicere+ means to look at, that is, to cast one's eye upon an object, whether consciously or not. 4. +Adspectus+ has an active meaning, as the looking at; +conspectus+, a passive meaning, as the sight of, that is, the appearance, often also the _field of view_, _sight_ [as in _to be_ or _come in sight_]; +obtutus+ has a neutral sense, as the look. Suet. Tib. 43. Ut _adspectu_ deficientes libidines excitaret; comp. with Cal. 9. Tumultuantes _conspectu_ suo flexit; and with Cic. Orat. iii. 5. Qui vultum ejus cum ei dicendum esset, _obtutumque_ oculorum in cogitando probe nosset. (iv. 305.)

VIERE, see _Ligare_.

VIGENS; VEGETUS; VIVIDUS; VIVUS; ANIMANS; VITALIS; VIVAX. 1. +Vigens+ (#aixai#) denotes a man, both in body and mind, fresh and in full strength; +vegetus+, one, in a mental sense, on the alert and animated; +vividus+ (from #êus#? or from vis?), one, in a moral sense, full of life and energy. Liv. vi. 22. Exactæ jam ætatis Camillus erat . . . sed _vegetum_ ingenium in _vivido_ pectore _vigebat_, virebatque integris sensibus. 2. +Vivus+ (Goth. quiws) means living, in opp. to dead; +animans+, possessing life, in opp. to inanimate. 3. +Vitalis+ means long-lived; +vivax+, tenacious of life. (iv. 445.)

VIGIL; INSOMNIS; EXSOMNIS. +Vigil+ denotes the state of being awake as positive, and involves consciousness and will, and the application of vital energy, like #agrupnos#; whereas +insomnis+ and +exsomnis+, only negatively, as sleepless, #aupnos#; but the +insomnis+ cannot sleep; the +exsomnis+ will not sleep. Tac. Ann. i. 65. Cum oberrarent tentoriis _insomnes_ magis quam _pervigiles_. Vell. P. ii. 88. Mæcenas ubi rem _vigiliam_ exigeret, sane _exsomnis_. Hor. Od. iii. 7, 6. Frigidas noctes non sine multis _insomnis_ lacrimis agit; comp. with 25, 7. Non secus in jugis _exsomnis_ stupet Evias; or Virg. Æn. ix. 167, with vi. 556. (iv. 444.)

[[VIGILIÆ, see _Excubiæ_.]]

VILLA; FUNDUS; PRÆDIUM; AGER; CAMPUS; RUS; ARVUM. 1. +Villa+ (dimin. of #hedos#) denotes a country-house, usually with a real estate; +fundus+, a real estate, usually with a country-house; +prædium+, sometimes a country-house, sometimes a real estate, like landed property. At the same time +villa+ is an architectural term; +fundus+, an economical term; +prædium+, a juridical term. Cato, R. R. 3. Ita ædifices, ne _villa fundum_ quærat, neve _fundus villam_. 2. +Villa+, +fundus+, and +prædium+, suppose a proprietor, like _portio_; whereas +ager+, +arvum+, +rus+, and +campus+, are thought of without reference to a proprietor, like _pars_. 3. +Ager+ and +campus+ denote the field, whether cultivated or not; +ager+ (#agros#), the open field, in opp. to ground that is built upon, or planted with trees, consequently in opp. to _urbs_, _oppidum_, _vicus_, _hortus_, _silva_, like #agros#; whereas +campus+ (#kêpos#) denotes the low-lands and plains, like #pedion#, consequently in opp. to the high-lands, _mons_ and _collis_; Cic. Div. i. 42. N. D. ii. 60. Colum. i. 2. Herenn. iv. 18. 25. Curt. viii. 1, 4. 4. +Rus+ and +arvum+ denote the corn-field; +rus+ (#arotos#) in opp. to the village or the town, like #aroura#; +arvum+, in opp. to pasture-lands and plantations, consequently in opp. to _pabulum_, _pascuum_, _pratum_, _olivetum_, Sall. Jug. 95. Cic. N. D. i. 45. Plaut. Truc. i. 2, 47. Hor. Ep. i. 16, 2. like #arotos#. Cic. Fr. ap. Quintil. iv. 2. _Fundum_ habet in _agro_ Tiburino Tullius paternum. Orat. iii. 33. De _fundo_ emendo, de _agro_ colendo. Tac. G. 26. _Arva_ per annos mutant, et superest _ager_. (iii. 5.)

VINCERE; SUPERARE; OPPRIMERE. 1. +Vincere+ (#eikein#? or #ankas anankazein#?) means, to drive an adversary from his place, like #nikan#; +superare+ to win a place from an adversary, like #huperballesthai#. The +vincens+ has more to do with living objects, with enemies; the +superans+ with inanimate objects, with difficulties. Tac. Ann. i. 25. _Invictos_ et nullis casibus _superabiles_ Romanos. 2. +Evincere+ denotes especially the exertion and duration of the conflict; +devincere+, its consequence, and the completeness of the victory. 3. +Vincere+ means to conquer by fighting; +opprimere+, without fighting, by merely appearing, in consequence of a surprisal, or of a decided superiority of forces. Cic. Mil. 11. Vi _victa_ vis, vel potius _oppressa_ virtute audacia est: and to the same purport, Muren. 15. Mithridatem L. Murena repressum magna ex parte, non _oppressum_ reliquit. (iv. 278.)

VINCIRE, see _Ligare_.

VINCULA; CATENÆ; COMPEDES; PEDICÆ; MANICÆ. +Vincula+ (#ankalê#, from nectere) are bands of any sort, as a generic term for _catenæ_, etc., like #desmoi#; +catenæ+ are chains, whether for fettering or for other uses, like #haluseis#; +compedes+ (from #pedê#), for fettering in general, the hands or the feet; +pedicæ+, irons for fettering the feet; +manicæ+, irons for fettering the hands. Tac. Ann. vi. 14. Celsus in _vinculis_ laxatam _catenam_, et circumdatam in diversum tendens suam ipse cervicem perfregit. (iv. 284.)

VINDICTA; ULTIO; TALIO; POENA; MULCTA; CASTIGATIO; PUNIRI. 1. +Vindicta+ (#anadektês#) is an act of justice, like avenging: +ultio+ (#alalkein#, #alexein#), an act of anger, like revenge; +talio+ (#tlênai#), an act of retaliation. 2. +Ultio+, +vindicatio+, and +talio+, take place in consequence of the supreme authority of an individual; +punitio+, +mulctatio+, and +castigatio+, in consequence of the demand of others; +poena+ (#poinê#, #peina#, #penomai#), as a punishment which the violated and offended law demands, by any mode of suffering; +mulcta+ (#malaxai#) as an amercement, which justice and equity demand, as a compensation for injuries done, especially a fine; +castigatio+, as a chastisement, which may serve to improve the individual, especially a rebuke. +Poena+ is for the general good; +mulcta+, for the good of the injured party; +castigatio+, for that of the guilty party. (v. 249.) 3. +Poenire+ means to punish, according to the principles of justice; whereas +puniri+, in Cicero, to take vengeance into one's own hands.

VINOLENTUS, see _Ebrietas_.

VINUM; TEMETUM. +Vinum+ (#oinos#) is the general and usual; +temetum+ (from taminia), the antiquated and poetical name for wine.

VIOLARE, see _Lædere_.

VIR, see _Homo_ and _Puer_.

VIRGA, VIRGULTUM, see _Rami_.

VIRGO; PUELLA; VIRAGO. +Virgo+ is an unmarried woman, whether young or old, in opp. to _mulier_, like #parthenos#; whereas +puella+, a young woman, whether married or not; for instance, Nero's wife, Octavia, twenty years old, in Tac. Ann. xiv. 64, like #korê#; +virago+, a masculine, strong, heroic, young woman; for instance, the Amazones, #antianeirai#.

VIRTUS; INNOCENTIA; HONESTAS. +Virtus+ (#artutê#) means virtue, as far as it shows itself in becoming and meritorious actions; +innocentia+, as far as it shows itself in blameless, especially disinterested conduct; +honestas+ (#chnoastos#) as far it shows itself in virtuous and noble sentiments. (vi. 406.)

VIRTUS, see _Ferocia_.

VIS, see _Potentia_.

VISCERA, see _Caro_.

VITA; SALUS; VICTUS. 1. +Vita+ (#oitos#) denotes the duration of life, in opp. to _mors_; whereas +salus+ (from #holos#?), the safety of life, in opp. to _interitus_, _exitium_. 2. +Vita+ denotes the public; +victus+ the private life of a man. Nep. Alc. 1. Splendidus non minus in _vita_ quam in _victu_. (iv. 448.)

VITALIS, see _Vigens_.

VITIUM; MENDA; MENDUM; LABES; MACULA. +Vitium+ (from #auatê#, #atê#), denotes any fault; +menda+ (#matê#), a natural fault, especially of the body, a blemish, like #blabê#; +mendum+, a fault committed, especially in writing, a blunder or mistake, like #hamartêma#; +labes+ (#lôbê#), a degrading fault, a stain of ignominy, like #lumê#; +macula+ (dimin. from #môkos#), a disfiguring fault, a blot, like #kêlis#. (v. 319.)

VITUPERARE, see _Reprehendere_.

VIVAX, VIVIDUS, see _Vivens_.

VIRUS, see _Toxicum_.

VIVUS, see _Vigens_.

VIX; ÆGRE. +Vix+ (#hêka#) means scarcely, and refers, like #scholê#, only to a thing that was near not taking place, in opp. to _omnino non_, Cic. Att. iii. 23; whereas +ægre+ means with much ado, like #molis# and #logis#, and refers to the agent, who is in a state of anxiety as to whether he shall succeed or fail, in opp. to _facile_, Cic. Sen. 20. (iii. 94.)

VOCABULUM, see _Verbum_.

VOCARE, see _Nominare_.

VOCIFERARI, see _Clangere_.

VOLUCRES; AVES; ALITES. +Volucres+ (from #helixai#) means whatever flies, including winged insects, like #ptênos#; whereas +aves+ and +alites+ mean only birds; +avis+ (#aetos#) as a general term in natural history for any bird, like #ornis#; +ales+ (from ala) as a select expression only for a larger bird, like #oiônos#, especially the eagle, and +alites+ is used in the language of the augurs as a technical term for those birds whose _flight_ must be observed and interpreted, in opp. to _oscines_, or those birds whose _song_ and _cry_ must be interpreted. Ovid, Art. Am. iii. 410. Jovis in multis devolat _ales aves_. Hor. Od. iv. 2, 2. 4. Virg. Æn. xii. 247. Cic. N. D. ii. 64. (v. 207.)

VOLUNTATE, see _Sponte_.

VOLUPTAS, see _Cupido_.

VORAGO; VORTEX; GURGES. +Vorago+ (#orêchos#) and the poetical word, of foreign origin, +barathrum+, denote an abyss in water, which may be either in a pool, pond, or sea; whereas +vortex+ and +gurges+ suppose water in motion; +vortex+ moves in a horizontal direction, so that its water turns in a circle, and hinders whatever swims therein from escaping; +gurges+ (from #gorgos#? or #gurgathos#?), in a perpendicular direction, so that it drags down whatever comes into its eddy, into the depth below. Liv. xxviii. 30. Navis retro _vortice_ intorta; compare with xxii. 6. Deficientibus animis hauriebantur _gurgitibus_. (v. 155.)

VOX, see _Verbum_.

VULNUS; PLAGA; ULCUS; CICATRIX; SAUCIUS. 1. +Vulnus+ and +plaga+ denote a wound from without; +vulnus+ (from lanius?) by means of a weapon, or other cutting instrument; +plaga+, by means of any instrument carried with intention to injure; whereas +ulcus+ (#alox#, #ôlx#) means any open or sore place in the body, that has begun to fester, etc.; +cicatrix+, the scar that is left when a wound is healed. Suet. Vit. 10. Verbera et _plagas_, sæpe _vulnera_, nonnunquam necem repræsentantes adversantibus. Plin. H. N. xvi. 12. Cels. viii. 4. 2. +Vulneratus+ means wounded in general; +saucius+, so wounded as to be unfit for fighting, and is the proper expression for those that are wounded in battle. Cic. Verr. i. 27. Servi nonnulli _vulnerantur_; ipse Rubrius _sauciatur_. (iv. 255.)

VULTUS, see _Facies_.

INDEX OF GREEK WORDS.

This Index embraces all the Greek words contained in the Latin Synonyms, and will afford valuable aid in elucidating many Greek synonyms.

The figures refer to the pages of the book.

#agathê tuchê#, 35 #agathos#, 30 #agalma#, 103 #aganos#, 58 #agapê#, 61 #agein#, 9 #agein kai pherein#, 221 #ageirein, 9, 80 #ageirô#, 3, 160 #agelê#, 160 #ankalê#, 232 #ankas anankazein#, 231 #aglaos#, 129 #hagnos#, 188 #agonos#, 131 #agos#, 188 #agrios#, 187 #agroikos#, 187 #agros#, 231 bis #agrupnos#, 230 #anchisteis#, 145 #anchô#, 53 #adinos#, 16 #adoleschia#, 91 #aethlos#, 204 #aeidein#, 32 #aeirai#, 16 #aeirô#, 16 #aeis#, 222 #aesai#, 16 #aetos#, 234 #azê#, 130 #aêr#, 16 bis #athlios#, 66 #athlon#, 171 #ai#, 26, 189 #aianos#, 172 #aigialos#, 185 #aideisthai#, 224 #aidios#, 46 #aithein#, 22 #aithos#, 25 #aithousa#, 6 #aithô#, 6, 31 #haima#, 191 #ainos#, 26, 189 #aixai#, 230 #aiolon#, 220 #aiolos#, 220 #hairein#, 209 #airomenê#, 117 #aisthesthai#, 37 #aisimos#, 103 #aischros#, 213 #aitein#, 186 #aichmê#, 4 #aiônion#, 46 #akalos#, 134 #akeisthai#, 135 #akeraios#, 177 #akê#, 24 #akêratos#, 177 #akmê#, 4 #akolouthein#, 42 #akos#, 135 #akouein#, 26 #akroasthai#, 27 #akros#, 209 #aktê#, 185 bis #akôn#, 139 #alalkein#, 232 #alasthai#, 71 #algein#, 88 #algos#, 53, 66 #alegein#, 61, 150, 154, 181 #alexein#, 232 #hales#, 122 #alêma#, 124 #althein#, 175 #althô#, 11 #halia#, 43 #halis#, 192 #alips#, 194 #alkê#, 9, 91, 217 #alloi#, 31 #alox#, 235 #hals#, 134 #alsos#, 199 bis #altis#, 199 #aluktos#, 66 #haluseis#, 232 #alphos#, 10 #hama#, 217 #hamartêma#, 233 #amauros#, 151 #amelgô#, 133 #amenas#, 85 #amenêna karêna#, 202 #amergein#, 70 #amergôn#, 135 #amerimnos#, 216 #ameuô#, 114 #amêchanos#, 131 #amperes#, 195 #amunô#, 144 #amphasias#, 146 #amphis echôn#, 68 #amphô#, 218 #anagignôskein#, 102 #anankazô#, 146 #anankê estin#, 146 #anadektês#, 232 #anadechesthai#, 167 #anadounai#, 222 #anairein#, 111 #anaisthêtos#, 207 #analeussô#, 37 #anamimnêskesthai#, 136 #ananeuô#, 147 #anax#, 175, 228 #anaptein#, 2 #anapotês#, 174 #anarithmêtos#, 109 #anaspastos#, 6 #anaphandon#, 20 #ana-phatizein#, 146 #anaphlogizein#, 2 #andrapodon#, 198 #andrias#, 103 #androphronos#, 97 #aneinai#, 81 #anemos#, 16 bis #anerethizô#, 106, 118 #anesimôs#, 158 #anesin dounai#, 102 #aneurein#, 112 #anêr#, 97, 175 bis #anêrithmos#, 109 #anthropinôs#, 99 #anthrôpeiôs#, 99 #anthrôpos#, 97 #ania#, 53 #anian#, 102 #antesthai#, 226 #antê#, 222 #antianeirai#, 233 #antistatês#, 6 #anticharizesthai#, 94 #antron#, 202 #hapalos#, 144 #hapantes#, 179 bis #hapas#, 180 #apatan#, 76 #apempolan#, 222 #apletos#, 131 #apobalein#, 14 #apoballein#, 203 #apodosthai#, 222 #apotheinai#, 36 #apothen#, 173 #apokruptein#, 36 #apolesai#, 1 #aponeuô#, 147 #aporia#, 158 #apo tuchês#, 34 #apophanai#, 146 #arabos#, 14, 223 #aroton#, 187 #apachnê#, 184 #argon#, 10 #argos#, 23, 187 #arda#, 129 #areskeuein#, 24 #aretai#, 125 #arthron#, 136 bis #arithmos#, 45, 197 #aristeros#, 199 #arkein#, 21 #arneisthai#, 146 #aromata#, 159 #arotos#, 231 bis #aroura#, 231 #harpaktêr#, 170 #harpê#, 180 #arsên#, 97 #arti#, 149 #artutê#, 233 #artutos#, 25 #archaios#, 19 #archein#, 116 #asaphôs#, 59 #asê#, 192 #asis#, 130 #asitia#, 76 #askalaphos#, 183 #askein#, 41 #askêthês#, 190 #asmenos#, 205 #aspalax#, 196 #aspis#, 195 #astêr#, 205 bis #astrapê#, 89 #astron#, 205 bis #asphalês#, 216 #atallô#, 208 #atalophrôn#, 208 #atartêros#, 213 #atê#, 51, 233 #atimia#, 101 #atrapos#, 115 #atrekês#, 227 #auatê#, 51, 233 #augazein#, 27 #auêros#, 27, 197 #auêrotês#, 198 #authis ex huparchês#, 115 #auos#, 23 #aupnos#, 230 #aura#, 16 #ausios#, 155, 219 #austêros#, 27 #automatôs#, 204 #automolos#, 161 #autôs#, 155, 219 #auchmos#, 130 #auô#, 27 #aphaton#, 55 #aphauô#, 31, 78 #aphthonôs#, 192 #aphneios#, 65 #aphrôn#, 13 #Achaioi#, 4 #achanês#, 131 #achên#, 33 #achthos#, 142 #achlus#, 150 #hapsos#, 136

#badên#, 158 #badizein#, 114 #baktron#, 90 #banausoi#, 75 #baros#, 142 #bastazein#, 79 #bauezein#, 122 #bebaios#, 219 #belos#, 139 #blaberos#, 52 #blabê#, 233 #blagis#, 55 #blax#, 17, 207 #blepein#, 26 #blosuros#, 213 #borboros#, 129 #boulesthai#, 221 #branchion#, 217 #bradunein#, 133 #bradus#, 133, 208 #brachiôn#, 217 #brachus#, 30 #brechein#, 152 #brotos#, 191 #buthos#, 201

#Gaia#, 211 bis #galeê#, 34 #galêros#, 37, 94 #gauros#, 91 #gelan#, 185 #gelôs#, 93 #gemein#, 210 #genesthai#, 48, 170 #genetê#, 92, 206 #gennaiotês#, 154 #genos#, 92, 206 #genus#, 131 #geraios#, 18, 198 #geraos#, 142 #geras#, 67, 171 #gerousios#, 18 #gerôn#, 18, 175, 228 #geusai#, 192 #geuô#, 11 #Gê#, 211 bis #gêthein#, 92, 222 #gêruô#, 90 #gignesthai#, 48 #glaphuros#, 120 #gloia#, 88 #glukus#, 208 #glôtta#, 77 #gnêsios#, 92 #gnômê#, 196 bis #gnônai#, 187 #gorgos#, 234 #gramma#, 124 #gromphas#, 210 #grutê#, 177 #gurgathos#, 234 #guros#, 154

#daimôn#, 149 #dakein#, 122 #dakru#, 118 #dakruein#, 118 #danos#, 86 #dapanê#, 54 #daron#, 171 #dasus#, 16 #dapsai#, 71 #deein#, 123 #dei#, 146 #dein#, 146 #deinos#, 26 #deixai#, 59 #deipnon#, 71 #deisai#, 224 #deisthai#, 186 #deos#, 26, 225 #deras#, 67 #derma#, 212 #desmeuein#, 124 #desmoi#, 232 #deuein#, 65 #deuesthai#, 146 #deuteron#, 115 #dechesthai#, 178, 189, 209 #dechô#, 173 #dêein#, 178 #dêlein#, 1 #dêlon#, 20 #dêlôsai#, 155 #dêmos#, 93 #diakrinein#, 62 #diaputhesthai#, 63 #diastixai#, 62 #diatengein#, 62 #diatribein#, 133 #didumos#, 68 #dielkein#, 87 #dierein#, 63 #dikê#, 41, 137 #diolesai#, 1, 15 #diplax#, 68 #diploun#, 68 #diplous#, 68 #dmôs#, 198 #dnopherai#, 150 #doios#, 68 #domoi#, 6 #doxa#, 94, 196 #dora#, 212 #doru#, 139 #doulos#, 24, 198 #drainô#, 198 #drapetês#, 161 #dunamai#, 30 #dunamis#, 168 #dunasthai#, 168 #dunasteia#, 168 #duseidês#, 213 #dusmeneia#, 152 #dusnoia#, 151 #dusphêmia#, 101 #dômata#, 6 #dôron#, 67 #dôtinê#, 67

#engelan#, 185 #enguan#, 167 #engus#, 8 #engustos#, 15 #enkarpos#, 86 #enkuos#, 170, 171 #enchelus#, 183 #enchos#, 183 #hedos#, 195, 201, 231 #hedra#, 195 #hedô#, 11 #etheira#, 49 #ethelontês#, 205 #ethnos#, 92 #ethos#, 45, 200 #eia#, 119 #eiar#, 213 #eidos#, 83, 205 #eidôlon#, 102 #eikazô#, 229 #eikein#, 231 #eikelos#, 5, 8 #eikôn#, 102 #eilar#, 212 #heimarmenê#, 35 #eirgô#, 54 #eirgôn#, 15 #eirein#, 196 bis #eireros#, 198 #eiromenos#, 197 #heisai#, 49 #heis hekastos#, 179 #eis kenon#, 89 #eisreusai#, 114 #eiôthenai#, 201 #hekateros#, 218 #hekastoi#, 179 #hekastos#, 179 #ekdêmein#, 174 #ekei#, 31 #hekêlia#, 178 #ekthanein#, 143 #ekklêsia#, 43 #hekousios#, 204 #ekperainein#, 203 #ekphora#, 90 #ekôn#, 204 #eleein#, 139 #helein#, 168, 201, 221 #elthein#, 114 #heliktos#, 76 #elixai#, 120 #helixai#, 234 #hellos#, 199 #helos#, 119 #embainvein#, 114 #empolan#, 70 #emphanisai#, 155 #endaiein#, 2 #endeia#, 159 #endelechein#, 43 #endios#, 60 #enenkesthai#, 112 #eniote#, 148 #enosis Enuô#, 87 #henous#, 228 #entelês#, 84 #entellesthai#, 116 #enupnion#, 202 #exapinês#, 182 #exesti#, 43 #exousia#, 168 #epangellesthai#, 167 #epieikôs#, 99 #epithumôn#, 222 #epikampês#, 54 #epitêdeios#, 100 #epichthonios#, 97 #epôdai#, 32 #epômis#, 23 #eran#, 61 #erasthai#, 61 #erastês#, 14 #ergazomai#, 54 #ergasia#, 153 #ergon#, 9 #erdein#, 105 #erethô#, 98 #ereipô#, 185 #ereuthein#, 22 #eriphos#, 33 #herpeton#, 183 #herpôn#, 183 #errhein#, 71 #errhômenos#, 44 #errhôsthai#, 169, 219 #errhôso#, 29 #ersês#, 210 #eruesthai#, 226 #erukein#, 21 #erôs#, 61 #esageirô#, 9 #esth' hote#, 148 #eschatos#, 75 #etai#, 145 #hetairai#, 160 #hetairos#, 200 #heteron#, 115 #eti#, 72 #heton#, 49 #etos#, 18, 228 #eu#, 29 #euthênês#, 86 #euthus#, 182 #eukairia#, 151 #eunê#, 50 #euporos#, 65 #euskios#, 151 #eutokos#, 85 #eutropos#, 30 #eutuchês#, 78 #euphoros#, 85 #eucharistein#, 94 #euchesthai#, 186 #epheinai#, 43 #ephiesthai#, 116 #eche#, 71 #echthra#, 152 #echthros#, 6 #echthô#, 6 #echidna#, 183 #echis#, 183 #echomenos#, 3 #echô#, 10 #echôn#, 228

#zeô#, 116, 175 #zoê#, 116 #zophos#, 150 #zôon#, 17

#hêgeisthai#, 64 #hêdesthai#, 91 #hêdus#, 208 #êtheios#, 200 #êthos#, 45 #êiôn#, 185 #hêka#, 117, 219, 234 #ên#, 71 #êni#, 71 bis #ênide#, 71 #hênion#, 88 #êpios#, 140 #hêsuchia#, 178 #êus#, 208, 230 #êchetês#, 32, 96 #êchê#, 87, 224

#thalassa#, 134 #thalloi#, 180 #thama#, 16, 189 #thameios#, 16 #thanatos#, 142 #tharsos#, 82 #theasthai#, 229 #thelein#, 221 #themis esti#, 43 #theoi rheia zaôntes#, 78 #theos#, 149 #thessasthai#, 2, 186 #thetos#, 170 #theôrein#, 229 #thêmôn#, 3 #thêrion#, 18 #thês#, 106 #thêsauroi#, 65 #thlan#, 53, 66 #thorubê#, 87 #thrasos#, 82 #threô#, 87 #thrênein#, 118 #thrinkos#, 144 #thrix#, 49 #thronos#, 195 #thumos#, 16 #thura#, 155 #thurides#, 155 #thôos#, 52 #thôpeuein#, 24

#iasthai#, 28, 135 #idein#, 229 #idios#, 173 #idou#, 71 #ienai#, 114 #hieron#, 211 #hieros#, 188 #hikanos#, 100 #hikanôs#, 192 #hiketeuein#, 186 #hilaros#, 91 #ilus#, 129 #inaô#, 105 #ios#, 213 #iotês#, 116 #irênes#, 97 #is#, 169 #isa#, 8 #isos#, 5 #histanai#, 199 #ischuein#, 168 #ischuros#, 219 #isôs#, 34

#kanchazein#, 185 #katharos#, 177 #kathizein#, 52, 219 #kai#, 72 #kainos#, 149 #kairos#, 60, 151 #kakêgoria#, 131 #kakiôn#, 58 #kalamos#, 50 #kallos#, 25 #kalupsai#, 195 #kampsai#, 88 #kanachein#, 32 #kanôn#, 51 #kapros#, 33 #kaptein#, 209, 222 #karêkomoôntes#, 49 #karênon#, 49 #karis#, 54 #karkaron#, 54 #karpousthai#, 58 #kartos#, 30 #karphô#, 3 #karô#, 32 #katagelan#, 185 #katathambein#, 44 #katatheinai#, 36, 196 #kataikia#, 131 #katakaiein#, 2 #katakruptein#, 36 #kataneuein#, 43 #katatêkein#, 128 #kataphronein#, 203 #katapsên#, 143 #kateidein#, 44 #katechein#, 52, 133 #kaphazô#, 71 #keirein#, 33 #keirô#, 30 #keisthai#, 178 #keiô#, 49, 93 #kelados#, 222 #kekeuein#, 116 #keleuthos#, 115 bis #keraunos#, 89 #kerdaleos#, 25 #kerdos#, 126 #keuthein#, 36 #keuthô#, 54 #keuthôn#, 34 #kecharêsthai#, 95 #kêdemonia#, 45 #kêdestês#, 145 #kêlein#, 134 #kêleô puri#, 31 #kêlis#, 234 #kêpos#, 231 #kikinnos#, 49 #kiôn#, 43 #klangein#, 39 #klados#, 93, 180 #klaiein#, 118 #klauma#, 119 #kleos#, 37, 94 #klêma#, 180 #klima#, 125 #klitus#, 41 #klopios#, 195 #klutos#, 37 #klôn#, 180 #knephas#, 150 #knuzasthai#, 122 #koein#, 168 #koiranos#, 53 #koitai#, 52 #koitê#, 50 #kolakeia#, 24 #kolakeuein#, 24 #kolax#, 226 #kolaphos#, 10 #kolapsai#, 51 #kolouô#, 107, 190 #kolophôn#, 50 #kolônos#, 41 #komazein#, 71 #komê#, 49 #kommoun#, 41 #kompsos#, 177 #kopros#, 130 #korasion#, 160 #korê#, 160, 233 #korizomai#, 38 #korrhê#, 49 #koruza#, 14 #korussô#, 126 #koruphê#, 4, 50 #koruphoun#, 4 #kosmein#, 41 bis #kosmos#, 99 #kotta#, 34 #kottanê#, 184 #kochônê#, 48 #kopsai#, 194 #krazô#, 32 #kraipalê#, 69 #kratos#, 169 #krekô#, 49 #krembalon#, 87 #krinein#, 229 #kroka#, 49 #krotos#, 87 #krousis#, 87 #krumos#, 88 #kruos#, 88, 190, 191 #kruptein#, 36 #krustallos#, 88 #krupsai#, 133 #kteinein#, 110 #ktupos#, 87 #kuar#, 202 #kupô#, 48 #kutos#, 212 #kôkuein#, 119 #kôlon#, 136 #kôs#, 53

#labein#, 209 #laios#, 199 #lakazein#, 91 #lakein#, 59, 60, 167 #lakizein#, 118 #lakis#, 118 #lalein#, 59, 60 #lalia#, 91 #lampas#, 32 #lampô#, 126 #lachein#, 142 #lachesis#, 142 #legein#, 59 #legô#, 140 #leibein#, 55 #leibomenos#, 129 #leibô#, 117 #leios#, 120, 123 bis #leichein#, 120 #lektron#, 50 #lemphos#, 14, 20 #leptos#, 122 #lepô#, 122 #leukê#, 129 #leukon#, 10 #leukos#, 126 #leussomenon#, 128 #leussô#, 127 #lechrios#, 168 #lêrein#, 14 #lêstês#, 169 #libazein#, 55 #lithos#, 194 #lilaiomoi#, 91 #limnê#, 119 #limos#, 76 #liparein#, 186 #lips#, 52 #logis#, 234 #lonchê#, 139 #loidoria#, 131 #loidoros#, 127 #loimos#, 128 #loisthos#, 75 #lochmê#, 199 #lochos#, 125 #luthron#, 129 #lukophôs#, 133 #lumê#, 234 #lussa#, 14 #luchnos#, 32 #lôbê#, 234 #lôtos#, 129 #lôphan#, 117

#madizein#, 159 #mazos#, 132 #makarios#, 78 #makros#, 73 #malaxai#, 223, 232 #malakos#, 143 #maleros#, 117 #mallos#, 212 #mammê#, 132 #manthanein#, 155 #manthanô#, 17 #manikos#, 14 #manos#, 84 #manteuesthai#, 64, 96 #maschalê#, 23 #matan#, 224 #matê#, 233 #matên#, 89 #maurôtos#, 207 #machê#, 175 #mega#, 131 #megas#, 131 #medein#, 145 #medesthai#, 40 #metheinai#, 140 #methê#, 69 #methienai#, 102 #meidian#, 185 #meilichos#, 139 #meirakion#, 175 #meiresthai#, 137 #meirô#, 144, 177 #meldein#, 24 #mellein#, 52 #melos#, 136 #melpein#, 32 #memacha#, 131 #memnêsthai#, 136 #mempsis#, 183 #menein#, 133 bis #menos#, 17 #merimna#, 53 #meros#, 136 #mesos#, 136 #meta spondôn#, 167 #metarsion#, 16 #metaphrenon#, 68 #meteôron#, 16 #meteôros#, 12 #metoikos#, 106 #metochos#, 200 #metrion#, 140 #mêden agan#, 140 #mêdomai#, 116 #mênuein#, 133 #mêchanê#, 102 #miainein#, 46 #miaros#, 213 #mikros#, 157 #minthos#, 130 #minuthô#, 157 #misthos#, 171 #misos#, 152 #moira#, 35, 144 #molis#, 117, 234 #moros#, 142 #morussein#, 46 #morphê#, 83 #mochlos#, 141 #mudaleos#, 217 #muktêres#, 145 #mullein#, 143 #murô#, 67, 134, 166 #musaros#, 107 #môkos#, 234 #môlos#, 141 #môros#, 208

#naos#, 211 #napê#, 199 #naros#, 145 #naus#, 145 #neanias#, 175 bis #neax#, 149 #neatos#, 75 #nedê#, 20 #nekros#, 142 #nemos#, 199 #neothen#, 115 #neon#, 149 #neos#, 148, 175 #neuein#, 117 #neôsti#, 149 #nêpios#, 175 #nêchein#, 55 #nizô#, 126 #nikan#, 231 #niptô#, 166 #nipha#, 166 #nomimos#, 159 #nôton#, 68

#xanthos#, 10 #xêros#, 23 #xunkalein#, 43 #xunekein#, 52 #xunektoi#, 179 #xunthesis#, 44

#onkos#, 142 #hodoiporein#, 174 #hodos#, 115 #odusasthai#, 152 #odôda#, 152 #ozos#, 90, 205 #othmata#, 27 #othomai#, 76 #hoi alloi#, 31 #oidan#, 215 #oiketoi#, 229 #oikeios#, 173 #oiketês#, 198 #oikodomêma#, 4 #oikteirein#, 139 #oiktizein#, 139 #hoi loipoi#, 31 #oimai#, 38 #oimos#, 115 #oinos#, 233 #oinôsis#, 69 #hoion t' einai#, 168 #oitos#, 142, 233 #oiô#, 218 #oiônos#, 234 #okkos#, 76 #oknein#, 52 #oknos#, 101 #oletêr#, 169 #oligôrein#, 203 #oligôros#, 216 #olisthein#, 117 #holkos#, 168 #ololuzein#, 119 #holon#, 211 #olos#, 119 #holos#, 180, 219, 233 #holôs#, 166 #homalotês#, 152 #homalôs#, 217 #ombros#, 166 #homêguris#, 43 #homoios#, 5 #homoiôs#, 8 #homou#, 217 #homôs#, 8 #onar#, 202 #oneidos#, 185 #ontos#, 52 #oxus#, 3 bis #opis#, 37 #hopôsdêpote#, 166 #horan#, 224, 226, 229 #organ#, 186, 187 #orgê#, 62 #oregesthai#, 186, 187, 221 #orektês#, 62 #orêchos#, 234 #orthos#, 22 #orthrô#, 133 #orthôsis#, 98 #orinô#, 41 #ornis#, 234 #horos#, 84, 135 #orrhôdia#, 225 #orsos#, 90, 180 #oruchê#, 139 #orchos#, 125 #hosion esti#, 43 #hosios#, 188 #osmê#, 152 #ossai#, 27 #hostisoun#, 179 #osphrêsis#, 152 #ho tuchôn#, 179 #ouaron#, 132 #ouas#, 26 #outhar#, 132 #oulos#, 219 #ouros#, 135, 185 #ou phanai#, 146 #opheilein#, 146 #ophis#, 183 #ochein#, 124 #ochthê#, 185 #ochthos#, 41

#pathein#, 80 #paidion#, 175 #paiein#, 223 #païs#, 175 #pais#, 175 #palaios#, 18 #palin#, 115 #palla#, 132 #pallakê#, 160 #palmê#, 195 #pandikôs thanein#, 143 #panêguris#, 43 #panourgos#, 25 #pantes#, 179 #pantôs#, 166 #panchu#, 165 #para#, 162 #paralegesthai#, 160 #parastellesthai#, 134 #parautika#, 182 #paraphrôn#, 13 #parachrêma#, 182 #parthenos#, 233 #parisôn#, 121 #paros#, 19 #pas#, 180 #pasasthai#, 11 #passalos#, 196 #patrios#, 158 #patrôos#, 158 #pauros#, 157 #pachunô#, 159 #pachus#, 55, 165 bis #pedan#, 39 #pedê#, 232 #pedion#, 231 #pedon#, 211 #pezon theinai#, 161 #pezos#, 58 #peithein#, 81 #peina#, 232 #peiratês#, 169 #peirein#, 48 #peirô#, 5, 144, 157 #pekô#, 221 #pelagizein#, 134 #pelagos#, 134 #pellos#, 46 #peltê#, 195 #pelôrios#, 131 #penthos#, 4, 66, 119 #penia#, 158 #penomai#, 232 #peparein#, 19, 48, 112, 183 #pepoithos#, 86 #pepoithôs#, 44 #pera#, 214 #peraios#, 132 #péran#, 214 #perãn#, 153 #perthein#, 221 #peri#, 149 #peribolos#, 144 #perieinai#, 2 #perisseuein#, 2 #pesein#, 117, 134, 193 #petesthai#, 10, 96 #petrai#, 193 bis #pephnein#, 90 #pepsai#, 58 #pêlai#, 139 #pêlos#, 129 #pêxai#, 155, 196 #pithaknê#, 8 #pithein#, 181 #pithos#, 8 #pikros#, 3 #pimelês#, 165 #pimpranai#, 2 #pinein#, 29 #pinos#, 46, 130 #pipraskein#, 222 #pistis#, 82 #pistotês#, 82 #pitnein#, 134 #planasthai#, 71 #plax#, 8, 125, 135 #plexai#, 184 #pleusai#, 166 #plêthôn#, 65 #plousios#, 65 #ploutos#, 65 #pludan#, 119 #pneuma#, 16, 149 #pnigoeis#, 25 #pothein#, 164, 221 bis #pothos#, 146, 164 bis, 204 #poiêmata#, 32 #poikilon#, 220 #poimnê#, 160 #poinê#, 232 #polemios#, 6 #polis#, 93 bis #pollakis#, 189 #pollos#, 168 #polus#, 65 #pompê#, 90 #ponos#, 117, 153 #pontizein#, 134 #pontos#, 134 #poreuesthai#, 174 #porthein#, 221 bis #porizein#, 79 #porkos#, 210 #porrhôthen#, 173 #potamos#, 85 #pote#, 148 #poti#, 212 #potnios#, 168 #potos#, 29 #praxeis#, 9 #praos#, 140 #prassein#, 153 #praus#, 30 #presbutês#, 175, 228 #prênês#, 174 #priasthai#, 70 #prin dê#, 171 #proka#, 183 #proseti#, 171 #prosêkontes#, 145 #pros toutois#, 171 #prosphoros#, 78 #proteros#, 19 #propempein#, 42 #propherô#, 102, 131 #prophêteia#, 65 #prulees#, 175 #prôn#, 174 #pteron#, 10 #pterux#, 10 #ptênos#, 234 #ptilon#, 10 #ptorthos#, 90 #ptôcheia#, 159 #puthô#, 191 #puknê#, 175 #puknos#, 16 #pux#, 175 #pôlein#, 222 #pôu#, 160

#rhabassein#, 14 #rhaibos#, 154 #rhachos#, 180 #rhethos#, 136 #rhepô#, 87 #rheuma#, 85, 187 #rheusai#, 187 #rhêgmin#, 185 #rhêxai#, 87 #rhêchos#, 125, 184 #rhin#, 145 #rhinêlatein#, 153 #rhipê#, 185 #rhodanos#, 51 #rhoos#, 85 #rhopalon#, 87 #rhuthmos#, 45, 197 #rhupos#, 130 #rhômaleos#, 219 #rhômê#, 169

#sakos#, 195 #saphôs#, 59 #sêpô#, 191 #sthenaros#, 219 #sthenein#, 168 #sigan#, 199 #sisanon#, 191 #siôpan#, 199 #skaios#, 199 #skairô#, 22 #skedasai#, 83 #skellô#, 130 #skêpiôn#, 90 #skêpsai#, 90 #skioeis#, 151 #sklêron#, 55 #sklêros#, 23, 194 #skopeloi#, 194 #skoteron#, 150 #skotos#, 150 #skutos#, 195 #spathan#, 122, 210 #span#, 29 #sparaxai#, 167 #spargan#, 215 #spartê#, 121 #spatalôn#, 165 #speos#, 202 #spêlaion#, 202 #spêlunx#, 202 #stalaxai#, 96 #stellô#, 192 #stenos#, 15 #stenôpos#, 15 #sterea#, 96 #steriphos#, 206 #stephô#, 19 #stilbô#, 126 #stilê#, 96 #stixai#, 106 #stiphos#, 192 #stoicheion#, 124 #stomphos#, 215 #storgê#, 61 #storthê#, 90 #storchazein#, 212 #stochazesthai#, 214 #stochazomai#, 229 #strabos#, 206 #strephein#, 227 #strephô#, 19, 222 #strênês#, 198 #strophaios#, 25 #strophalinx#, 222 #suaros#, 205 #sungenês#, 145 #sungignôskein#, 102 #sunchôrêsai#, 42 #sullogos#, 43 #sumbebêkotôs#, 34 #sumbolê#, 175 #sumpantes#, 179 #sumpas#, 180 #sumphora#, 35 #sunaimos#, 145 #sunengus#, 8 #sunedrion#, 43 #sunecheia#, 154 #sunthesia#, 44 #sunodos#, 43 #sunoikos#, 106 #sus#, 210 #suchnos#, 16 #sphallein#, 76 #sphallôn#, 76 #sphaxai#, 111 #spharagos#, 87 #spharaxai#, 87 #sphêkoô#, 157 #sphidê#, 38 #sphodros#, 3 #sphrigan#, 215 #schazô#, 139 #schastêrion#, 139 #scheô#, 212 #schêma#, 83 #schoinos#, 121 #scholê#, 234 #sôros#, 3 #sôs#, 190 #sôtêrios#, 190

#talaipôria#, 117 #tanus#, 73 #taraktos#, 67 #taraxai#, 25, 165 #targanon#, 130 #taurêdon blepein#, 26 #taphein#, 26, 117, 207 #tach' an#, 35 #teinein#, 212 #teirea#, 205 #teirein#, 120 #teiromenos#, 84 #teichos#, 144 #teleios#, 84 #tellô#, 208 #telos#, 84 #tenagos#, 119 #teras#, 205 #terma#, 84 bis #tersô#, 23, 211 #technitai#, 75 #têle#, 173 #têlothen#, 173 #titthê#, 133 #tlênai#, 80, 232 #toichos#, 144 #tokos#, 86 #tolma#, 82 #tolmôn#, 80 #topos#, 125 #toron#, 26 #tragan#, 215 #tragos#, 33 #tranes#, 214 #traphêx#, 213 #trachêlos#, 68 #trachus#, 26, 28 #trekô#, 227 #tremô#, 225 #trepein#, 227 #trêma#, 115 #trêchus#, 25 #tribein#, 120 #trôglê#, 139 #turbê#, 215 #tutthos#, 158 #tuphlos#, 117 #tuphô#, 207 #tuchê#, 35 #tuchon#, 34

#huas#, 216 #hugieinos#, 190 #hugron#, 216 #hugros#, 55 #huetos#, 166 #hulaktein#, 122 #hulê#, 199 bis #hupar#, 202 #hupatos#, 209 #huperballesthai#, 231 #hupischneisthai#, 167 #hupnos#, 202 #hupodechesthai#, 209 #hupopsia#, 113 #hus#, 210 bis #hustatos#, 75 #huphê#, 25, 123 #hupsêlos#, 12 #huô#, 216

#phainô#, 126 #phalanthos#, 126 #phanai#, 59, 60 #phanerôs#, 19 #phaos#, 129 #phargnumi#, 219 #pharmakon#, 135 #pharunx#, 77 #phaustêrios#, 78 #phengein#, 83 #phengos#, 129 #phengô#, 126 #pherein#, 76, 80 bis #pherô#, 56, 85 #phêmê#, 187 #phênai#, 155 #phêres#, 18, 187 #phthinein#, 83 #phthinô#, 84 #philanthrôpôs#, 99 #philein#, 61, 201 #philoneikia#, 152 #philos#, 14 #phlegesthai#, 22 #phlegma#, 78 #phlegô#, 78, 126 #phleuô#, 129 #phleô#, 118 #phlogein#, 125 #phluô#, 84, 85 #phobeisthai#, 224 #phoinos#, 90 #phoitan#, 114, 181 #phoneuein#, 111 #phoneus#, 97 #phoras#, 170 #phorein#, 80 #phorêma#, 83 #phorimos#, 83 #phortos#, 142 #phraktos#, 44 #phraxai#, 79, 87, 219 #phrikê#, 226 #phrixai#, 88 #phronein#, 218 #phrontis#, 53 #phugas#, 161 #phuein#, 203 #phulaxai#, 89 #phulon#, 92 #phulon echôn#, 78 #phuomenê#, 78 #phuô#, 85, 86, 170 #phôran#, 56

#chabos#, 88 #chainein#, 222 #chainô#, 33 #chaire#, 29 #chalepotês#, 117 #chalinos#, 87 #chamai#, 211 #chamalos#, 198 #chandanein#, 209 #chaos#, 222 #chran#, 96 #charin eidenai#, 94 #charin pherein#, 94 #chaô#, 33 #cheiroô#, 96 #cheirôn#, 58 #cheirônaktes#, 75 #cheras#, 188 #chersos#, 98, 225 #chêr#, 33 #chthesinos#, 98 #chthôn#, 97, 211, bis #chimaros#, 33 #chleuê#, 113 #chlidê#, 174 #chloia#, 113 #chlôros#, 129 #chnoastos#, 233 #choiros#, 33, 210 #chordê#, 38 #chortaios#, 98 #chran#, 96 #chrê#, 146 #chrêzôn#, 222 #chrêmatismos#, 126 #chresmologein#, 96 #chrêstos#, 30 #chronios#, 172 #chronos#, 60 #chrôs#, 212 #chumos#, 216 #chôma#, 41 #chôrein#, 114 #chôros#, 125

#psallein#, 32 #psapharos#, 188 #psekas#, 193 #pseudein#, 76 #psêlaphan#, 144 bis #psêphos#, 188 #psêchein#, 120 #psêchô#, 61, 193 #psiês#, 61, 78 #psilos#, 157 #psiloô#, 221 #psogos#, 183 #psoithos#, 130, 213 #psuthos#, 76, 88 #psuchê#, 16 #psôros#, 177

#ôa#, 135, 185 #ôdai#, 32 #ôkeanos#, 20 #ôkus#, 3 #ôlenê#, 217 #ôlx#, 235 #ômos#, 23 #ônos#, 171 #hôs eoiken#, 38 #ôphelêma#, 126

* * * * * * * * *

WARREN F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER,

+ANDOVER, MASS.,+

Publishes and offers for Sale the following Works, which will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of the sums affixed.

+GARDINER'S GREEK HARMONY.+ A Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek, according to the Text of Tischendorf, with a Collation of the Textus Receptus, and of the Texts of Griesbach, Lachmann, and Tregelles. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School. 8vo. $2.50.

"A very important matter in the preparation of the Harmony is, of course, the choice of a text. The one chosen by Professor Gardiner is that of Tischendorf's eighth edition of the New Testament. This text was chosen becaus