Part 1

Produced by Robert J. Hall

SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD.

CONSISTING OF

Panoramic Views of Cities--Street Scenes--Public Buildings--Cathedrals-- Mosques--Churches--Temples--Observatories--Castles--Palaces--Homes of Noted People--Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings, Emperors, Monarchs and Rulers--Harems--Universities--Colleges--Active Volcanoes-- Mountain Scenery--Lake Scenery--Lochs--Fjords--Falls--River Scenery-- Canyons--Geysers--Bridges--Parks--Fountains--Theatres--Obelisks--Towers-- Memorials--Tombs--Caves--Cemeteries--Pyramids--Ruins of Castles--Ruins of Temples--Ruins of Ancient Cities--Tropical Scenery--Towns--Villages-- Huts,

Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the world.

COLLECTED FROM

EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS,

REPRESENTING

THE WORLD AS IT EXISTS TO-DAY.

Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary, by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading galleries, including the

FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY; THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN GALLERY, ROME.

Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art in the world.

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CAREFULLY ARRANGED AND APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY

JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP.

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SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.

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GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO.,

NO. 705 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.

PREFACE

[Illustration: I]n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands.

In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day.

The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined temples.

Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the power of truly representing the original objects they intend to portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books and papers.

Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process, an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs can be printed, such as appear in this book.

Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen to-day, both for instruction and entertainment.

We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they are indelibly impressed upon the memory.

The object, then, of this Publication is to present photographs of all the great sights of the world, from every corner of the globe, carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process, and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture, so that any one can comprehend each subject.

To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked, starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to form a road across the channel to Scotland.

Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs, bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare, the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London, the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers and monuments.

The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin; St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled prisoners.

Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin; Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries; Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer, and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque Rhine, lined with its historic castles.

France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers, bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries, and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau, buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable.

Through Spain and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed, from the wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north to that bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from the calm Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the Atlantic on the west.

Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes; mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland.

Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano, Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower; Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world, and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet now calm, peaceful and powerless.

Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!--there is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares; the Bosphorus and Golden Horn.

Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles, chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ.

In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it command.

Palestine, the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian Church, added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle of Christ; Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on whose shores He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which He was called a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary, where He was crucified.

Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta; the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests, chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges, rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath, to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ, perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like view of the Straits of Sunda.

Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America, Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river, an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the camera and added to this book.

The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and instruction to those that view the result of their labors.

CONTENTS.

IRELAND. Blarney Castle Lakes of Killarney Dublin (Instantaneous) Giant's Causeway

SCOTLAND. Municipal Buildings, Glasgow Loch Lomond Forth Bridge Balmoral Castle Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa Edinburgh (Instantaneous)

ENGLAND. Liverpool (Instantaneous) Lime Street, Liverpool (Instantaneous) Manchester (Instantaneous) Warwick Castle, Warwick Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon Brighton Osborne House, Isle of Wight Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich

WINDSOR CASTLE. Windsor Castle Green Drawing Room

LONDON. Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station The Strand (Instantaneous) Cheapside (Instantaneous) St. Paul's Cathedral The Bank of England (Instantaneous) Tower of London London Bridge (Instantaneous) Westminster Abbey Houses of Parliament Trafalgar Square Buckingham Palace Rotten Row (Instantaneous) Albert Memorial

BELGIUM. Antwerp

BRUSSELS. Panoramic View of Brussels Palace of the King Bourse (Instantaneous) City Hall Cathedral of Ste. Gudule The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms

HOLLAND. Scheveningen Amsterdam (Instantaneous) Windmill

NORWAY. Christiansand Bergen Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen North Cape

RUSSIA. Moscow Winter Palace, St. Petersburg

GERMANY. The Cathedral, Cologne Bingen Ehrenbreitstein Frankfort-on-the-Main Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker University Building, Leipsic

BERLIN. Royal Palace Berlin, Unter den Linden Statue of Frederick the Great The Brandenburg Gate Monument of Victory

POTSDAM. The Historic Windmill

DRESDEN GALLERY. Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael Magdalene, Painting, Battoni,

FRANCE. PARIS. Bird's-eye View of Paris Place de la Concorde (Instantaneous) Madeleine (Instantaneous) Opera House (Instantaneous) Great Boulevards July Column Statue of the Republic Vendome Column Royal Palace Hotel de Ville Cathedral of Notre Dame Palace of Justice Arc of Triumph Dome des Invalides Tomb of Napoleon Eiffel Tower Pantheon Louvre Buildings

LOUVRE GALLERY. Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze

LUXEMBOURG GALLERY.

The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte Ignorance, Painting, Paton

VERSAILLES. Royal Palace Royal Carriage

VERSAILLES GALLERY. Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting, Muller Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet Napoleon, Painting, Gosse

FONTAINEBLEAU. Royal Palace Throne Room Apartment of Tapestries Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon

SOUTHERN FRANCE. Nice Monaco Monte Carlo Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo

SPAIN. Madrid Seville Bull Fight, Seville (Instantaneous) Toledo Gibraltar

PORTUGAL. Lisbon

SWITZERLAND. Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne Clock Tower, Berne Peasant Woman Interlaken and the Jungfrau Grindelwald A Thousand Foot Chasm Brunig Pass Lucerne Rigi Rigi-Kulm Pilatus Simplon's Pass Zermatt and the Matterhorn Chamounix and Mont Blanc Engleberg St. Gotthard Railway Axenstrasse

AUSTRIA. VIENNA. Panorama of Vienna Hotel Metropole Church of St. Stephen Theseus, Statuary, Canova, Schoenbrunn

TURKEY. CONSTANTINOPLE. Galata Bridge (Instantaneous) Mosque of St. Sophia Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia Street Scene (Instantaneous) Mosque of Ahmed Turkish Lady Street Merchants Sultan's Harem

GREECE. Acropolis, Athens Parthenon, Athens

ITALY. MILAN. Grand Cathedral and Square Corso Venezia

TURIN. Exposition Buildings Duke Ferdinand of Genoa

GENOA. General View of Genoa Statue of Columbus

PISA. Leaning Tower

VENICE. Palace of the Doges Grand Canal Cathedral of St. Mark Street Scene in Venice The Rialto (Instantaneous)

FLORENCE. The Cathedral Vecchio Bridge Monk Loggia dei Lanzi Uffizi Buildings

LOGGIA DEI LANZI. Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi

UFFIZI GALLERY. Wild Boar, Bronze The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century

ROME. Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate Roman Forum Forum of Trajan Baths of Caracalla Colosseum Interior of Colosseum Pantheon Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian St. Peter's and Vatican Interior of St. Peter's Romulus and Remus

VATICAN GALLERY. Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova Laocoonte, Statuary

NAPLES. Toledo Street (Instantaneous)

MOUNT VESUVIUS. Crater

POMPEII. Street of Tombs Civil Forum

ISLAND OF CAPRI. General View and Landing

ISLAND OF ISCHIA. Castello

EGYPT. ALEXANDRIA. Harbor Place of Mehemet Ali

CAIRO. Citadel Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali Street Scene Palace of Gezireh

On Camel-Back Pyramids of Gizeh Corner View of the Great Pyramid The Sphynx In Central Africa

SUEZ CANAL. Landing on Suez Canal (Instantaneous) Post Office, Suez

PALESTINE. Yaffa or Jaffa

JERUSALEM. General View of Jerusalem Wailing Place of the Jews Street Scene

Garden of Gethsemane Bethlehem Dead Sea Nazareth Jacob's Well

SYRIA. Beyrouth Great Mosque, Damascus Ba'albek Mecca

INDIA. Kalbadevie Road, Bombay Benares Tropical Scenery Heathen Temple Royal Observatory

CHINA. Wong Tai Ken

SANDWICH ISLANDS. Typical Scene

ALASKA. Sitka Totem Poles

CANADA. Parliament Buildings

UNITED STATES.

SAN FRANCISCO. Golden Gate Market Street, San Francisco

YOSEMITE VALLEY. General View Glacier Point Mirror Lake Big Tree

SALT LAKE CITY. Great Mormon Temple

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Pulpit Terrace Obsidian Cliff Mammoth Paint Pots Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs Yellowstone Falls Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone

COLORADO. Animas Canyon Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River Mountain of the Holy Cross Manitou and Pike's Peak Summit of Pike's Peak Gateway to the Garden of the Gods Cathedral Spires

Life in Oklahoma Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory State Street, Chicago, Ill. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass.

NEW YORK. Park Row Brooklyn Bridge Elevated Railroad Statue of Liberty

PHILADELPHIA. Chestnut Street Market Street

ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA. Fort San Marco Ponce de Leon

WASHINGTON, D. C. The Capitol White House

[Illustration: BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.--Here are observed the ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists every year, on account of a tradition which has been attached for centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is principally noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed with the property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface, the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20 feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy, "Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."]

[Illustration: LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND.--These are three connected lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty islands, and covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores. Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream, while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the Creator. The lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above photograph gives a general view of them.]

[Illustration: DUBLIN, IRELAND.--Dublin, the capital and chief city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical, educational, commercial, military and railroad enterprises of the kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes, who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back by the English, and seven years later, its history began to be identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges. This photograph represents Sackville street, one of its principal thoroughfares.]

[Illustration: GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND.--The Giant's Causeway derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast of Antrim, Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here represented, and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from 15 to 20 inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is a most curious formation.]

[Illustration: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND.--Glasgow is one of the best governed cities in Great Britain, and has a broad, bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health, comfort and advancement of its citizens. This photograph represents its municipal buildings and a statue of Sir Walter Scott. The building is large and imposing, and of a mixed style of architecture. It was erected in 1860, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars, and has a tower 210 feet high. The Post Office, Bank of Scotland, Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue Buildings are close by.]

[Illustration: LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.--Here is presented the largest and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five miles wide. Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are of considerable size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unquestionably the pride of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of scenery.]

[Illustration: FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.--This bridge, crossing the Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world, and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is built on the cantilever and central girder system, the principle of which is that of "stable equilibrium," its own weight helping to balance it more firmly in position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the bridge is 50,000 tons.]

[Illustration: BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND.--The above-named castle, the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive. The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths of which is a deer forest.]

[Illustration: CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.--The above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic Ocean, not far from the mainland. It is one of those remarkable islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little over a hundred years. The name of the island signifies _columns or staves_. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a little over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most interesting field of study for geologists.]

[Illustration: EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.--Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is the seat of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in 1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock, the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.]

[Illustration: LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Liverpool, the second city and principal seaport of England, is situated on the right bank of the Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred and eighty-five miles from London. The town was founded by King John in 1207, and its growth for several centuries was very slow. In 1840 regular steamboat communications were opened between it and New York, which, no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence of Liverpool. The importation of raw cotton from the United States forms the great staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the Mersey for a distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands of workmen, are its most characteristic and interesting sights.]

[Illustration: LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Situated on the north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is noted for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry docks, over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture. The large building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building.]

[Illustration: MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.--Manchester is the chief industrial town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery. Most of the streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture represents Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares. This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very animated appearance.]

[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.--Warwick, a quaint old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline, and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon, stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.]