Part 1

Transcriber’s Notes

Texts printed in italics have been transcribed between _underscores_; texta between ~tildes~ and =equal signs= represent spaced and bold face text respectively. Small capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS; ^{th} represents a superscript th.

More Transcriber’s Notes and a list of changes made may be found at the end of this text.

Horse-Hoeing Husbandry:

~OR~,

An ~ESSAY~ on the ~PRINCIPLES~

~OF~

Vegetation _and_ Tillage.

Designed to introduce

~A NEW METHOD OF CULTURE;~

~WHEREBY~

The Produce of Land will be increased, and the usual Expence lessened.

Together with

Accurate ~DESCRIPTIONS~ and ~CUTS~ of the Instruments employed in it.

_By_ ~JETHRO TULL~, _Esq_; _Of_ Shalborne _in_ Berkshire.

The ~FOURTH EDITION~, very carefully Corrected.

To which is prefixed,

A New ~PREFACE~ by the ~EDITORS~, addressed to all concerned in ~AGRICULTURE~.

[Illustration]

~_LONDON_~:

Printed for A. MILLAR, opposite to _Catharine-street_ in the _Strand_.

M.DCC.LXII.

[Illustration]

THE

PREFACE.

As Mr. _Tull_’s Essay on _Horse-hoeing Husbandry_ has been published some Years, it may be presumed that the World hath by this time formed some Judgment of his Performance; which renders it the less necessary for the Editors of this Impression to say much concerning it. For every Man who has attended to the Subject, and duly considered the Principles upon which our Author’s Method of Culture is founded, is an equal Judge how far his Theory is agreeable to Nature: Though it is but too true, that few have made sufficient Experiments to be fully informed of its Worth.

How it has happened, that a Method of Culture, which proposes such Advantages to those who shall duly prosecute it, hath been so long neglected in this Country, may be matter of Surprize to such as are not acquainted with the Characters of the Men on whom the Practice thereof depends; but to those who know them thoroughly it can be none. For it is certain that very few of them can be prevailed on to alter their usual Methods upon any Consideration; though they are convinced that their continuing therein disables them from paying their Rents, and maintaining their Families.

And, what is still more to be lamented, these People are so much attached to their old Customs, that they are not only averse to alter them themselves, but are moreover industrious to prevent others from succeeding, who attempt to introduce any thing new; and indeed have it too generally in their Power, to defeat any Scheme which is not agreeable to their own Notions; seeing it must be executed by the same Sort of Hands.

This naturally accounts for Mr. _Tull_’s Husbandry having been so little practised. But as the Methods commonly used, together with the mean Price of Grain for some Years past, have brought the Farmers every-where so low, that they pay their Rents very ill, and in many Places have thrown up their Farms; the Cure of these Evils is certainly an Object worthy of the public Attention: For if the Proprietor must be reduced to cultivate his own Lands, which cannot be done but by the Hands of these indocile People, it is easy to guess on which Side his Balance of Profit and Loss will turn.

This Consideration, together with many others which might be enumerated, hath induced the Editors to recommend this Treatise once more to the serious Attention of every one who wishes well to his Country; in hopes that some may be prevailed upon, by regard either to the public Good or their own private Interest, to give the Method here proposed a fair and impartial Trial: For could it be introduced into several Parts of this Country by Men of generous Principles, their Example might, in time, establish the Practice thereof, and bring it into general Use; which is not to be expected by any other means.

It is therefore to such only, as are qualified to judge of a Theory from the Principles on which it is founded, that the Editors address themselves, desiring they will give this Essay another Reading with due Attention: and at the same time they beg leave to remind them how unfit the common Practisers of Husbandry are to pass Judgment, either on the Theory or Practice of this Method; for which Reason it is hoped that none will be influenced by such, but try the Experiment themselves with proper Care.

As a Motive to this, it is to be observed that, although the Method of Culture here proposed has made little Progress in _England_, it is not like to meet with the same Neglect abroad, especially in _France_; where a Translation of Mr. _Tull_’s Book was undertaken, at one and the same time, by three different Persons of Consideration, without the Privity of each other: But afterwards, Two of them put their Papers into the Hands of the Third, Mr. _Du Hamel du Manceau_, of the _Royal Academy of Sciences_ at _Paris_, and of the _Royal Society_ at _London_; who has published a Book, intituled, _A Treatise of Tillage on the Principles of Mr._ Tull. The ingenious Author has indeed altered the Method observed by Mr. _Tull_ in his Book; yet has very exactly given his Principles and Rules: But as he had only seen the First Edition of the _Horse-hoeing Husbandry_, so he is very defective in his Descriptions of the Ploughs and Drills, which in that were very imperfect, and were afterwards amended by Mr. _Tull_ in his Additions to that Essay.

One of our principal Reasons for taking Notice of this Book is, to shew the Comparison this Author has made between the Old Method of Husbandry and the New. By his Calculation the Profits arising from the New, are considerably more than double those of the Old. For, according to him, the Profits of Twenty Acres of Land for Ten Years, amount, at 10_d._ ¹⁄₂ _per_ Livre,

_l._ _s._ _d._ By the Old Method, to 3000 Livres, or 131 5 0 } _Sterling_. By the New Method, to 7650 Livres, or 334 13 9 }

which makes a prodigious Difference in favour of the latter. As this Computation was made by one who cannot be supposed to have any Prejudice in favour of Mr. _Tull_’s Scheme, it will naturally find more Credit with the Public than any Comparison made by Mr. _Tull_ himself, or by such as may have an Attachment to his Principles.

It may probably be expected, that the Editors should take Notice of such Objections as have been made, either to Mr. _Tull_’s Theory or Practice; but we do not know any that in the least affect his Principles: They stand uncontroverted: Nor are there any to the Practice, which may not be equally urged against every Sort of Improvement. One of the principal which have come to our Knowlege is, its being impracticable in common Fields, which make a great Part of this Country, without the Concurrence of every one who occupies Land in the same Field. But doth not this equally affect the Old Husbandry? For every such Person is obliged to keep the Turns of plowing, fallowing, _&c._ with the other Occupiers; so that if any of them were inclinable to improve their Lands, by sowing Grass-seeds, or any other Method of Culture, they are now under the same Difficulties as they would be, were they to practise Mr. _Tull_’s Method. Therefore this is rather to be lamented as a public Misfortune, than to be brought as an Objection to the Practicableness of that Method. Others object, that the introducing this Sort of Husbandry is unnecessary, seeing the Improvements which are made by Grass-seeds are so considerable; besides, that the Returns made by the Fold and the Dairy, being much quicker than those of Grain, engage the Farmer to mix Plowing and Grazing together. But when this is duly considered it can have no sort of Weight: for is it not well known that, in those Farms where the greatest Improvements have been made by Grass-seeds, the Quantity of Dressing required for the Arable Land often runs away with most of the Profit of the whole Farm? especially when the Price of Grain is low. And if this be the Situation of the most improved Farms, what must be the Case of those which chiefly consist of Arable Land; where most of the Dressing must be purchased at a great Price, and often fetched from a considerable Distance? Add to this the great Expence of Servants and Horses, unavoidable in Arable Farms; and it will appear how great the Advantages are which the Grasier hath over the plowing Farmer. So that it is much to be wished, the Practice of mixing the Two Sorts of Husbandry were more generally used in every Part of the Kingdom; which would be far from rendering Mr. _Tull_’s Method of Culture useless; seeing that, when it is well understood, it will be found the surest Method to improve both.

For although Mr. _Tull_ chiefly confined the Practice of his Method to the Production of Grain (which is a great Pity), yet it may be extended to every Vegetable which is the Object of Culture in the Fields, Gardens, Woods, _&c._ and perhaps may be applied to many other Crops, to equal, if not greater Advantage, than to Corn.

In the Vineyard it has been long practised with Success; and may be used in the Hop-Ground with no less Advantage. For the Culture of Beans, Peas, Woad, Madder, and other large-growing Vegetables; as also for Lucern, Saintfoin, and the larger Grasses; we dare venture to pronounce it the only Method of Culture for Profit to the Farmer; seeing that, in all these Crops, one Sixth Part of the Seeds now commonly sown will be sufficient for the same Quantity of Land, and the Crop in Return will be much greater; which, when the Expence of Seeds is duly considered, will be found no small Saving to the Farmer.

Nor should this Method of Culture be confined to _Europe_: for it may be practised to as great Advantage in the _British_ Colonies in _America_, where, in the Culture of the Sugar-Cane, Indigo, Cotton, Rice, and almost all the Crops of that Country, it will certainly save a great Expence of Labour, and improve the Growth of every Plant, more than can be imagined by such as are ignorant of the Benefit arising from this Culture. And should the Subjects of _Great Britain_ neglect to introduce this Method into her Colonies, it may be presumed our Neighbours will take care not to _be blameable on this Head_; for they seem to be as intent upon extending every Branch of Trade, and making the greatest Improvements of their Land, as we are indifferent to both: So that, unless a contrary Spirit be soon exerted, the Balance of Trade, Power, and every other Advantage, must be against us.

There have been Objections made by some to Mr. _Tull_’s Method, as if it were practicable only on such Lands as are soft and light, and not at all on stiff and stony Ground. That it hath not been practised on either of these Lands in _England_ we are willing to grant; but we must not from thence infer that it is impossible to apply it to them. For the Hoe-Plough has been very long used in the Vineyards in many Countries, where the Soil is stronger, and abounds with Stones full as much as any Part of this Country. However, though the Use of this Plough may be attended with some Difficulties upon such Land, for Wheat, or Plants of low Growth, whose Roots may be in Danger of being turned out of the Ground, or their Tops buried by the Clods or Stones; yet none of the larger-growing Plants are subject to the same Inconveniencies. Besides, the stronger the Soil is, the more Benefit will it receive from this Method of Culture, if the Land be thereby more pulverized; which will certainly be the Consequence, where the Method laid down by Mr. _Tull_ is duly observed.

But as most Instruments, in their First Use, are attended with some Difficulty, especially in the Hands of such as are indocile, the Hoe-plough has been complained of, as cumbersome and unwieldy to the Horse and Ploughman. But perhaps this arises chiefly from the Unwillingness of the Workmen to introduce any new Instrument: Indeed, seeing little is to be expected from those who have been long attached to different Methods, the surest Way to promote the Use of it, is to engage young Persons, who may probably be better disposed, to make the Trial at their first entering into Business; and then a little Use will make it easy. It is proper to observe here, that the Swing-plough, which is commonly used in the deep Land about _London_, will do the Business of the Hoe-plough in all Ground that is not very strong, or very stony; and that where it is so, the Foot-plough, made proportionably strong, will completely answer all Purposes. But it must be remembered, that when these are used to hoe Corn, the Board on the Left Hand of the Plough, answering the Mould-Board, must be taken off; otherwise so much Earth will run to the Left Side, as to injure the Crop when it is low.

The _Drills_ are excellent Instruments; yet we imagine them capable of some farther Improvement. Parallel Grooves, at about an Inch asunder, round the Inside of the Hopper, would shew the Man who follows the Drill, whether or no both Boxes vent the Seed equally. By an Hitch from the Plank to the Harrow, the latter may be lifted to a proper Height, so as not to be in the Way when the Ploughman turns at the Headland. Two light Handles on the Plank, like those of the common Plough, would enable the Person who follows the Drill to keep it from falling off the Middle of the Ridge. It may also be useful, in wet Weather, to double the Drills; by which means Two Ridges may be sown at the same time, the Horse going between them: For the Planks of Two Drills, each Plank having one of the Shafts fixed to it, may be joined End for End by Two flat Bars of Iron, one on each Side, well secured by Iron Pins and Screws; and, by corresponding Holes in the Planks and Bars, the Distance between the Drills may be altered, according to the different Spaces between the Ridges.

The Alterations made by the Editors of this Impression are little more than omitting the controversial Parts of the Book, which were judged of no Service to the Reader, as they no-ways affected the Merits of Mr. _Tull_’s Principles.

But as he endeavoured to recommend his Theory by drawing a Comparison between the Old Method of Culture and the New, so we beg leave to annex a Computation of the Expence and Profit of each; for which we are obliged to a Gentleman, who for some Years practised both in a Country where the Soil was of the same Nature with that from whence Mr. _Tull_ drew his Observations, _viz._ light and chalky. And we chuse to give this the rather, as it comes from one who has no Attachment to Mr. _Tull_’s Method, farther than that he found it answer in his Trials. We appeal to Experience, whether every Article in this Calculation is not estimated in favour of the Common Husbandry; whether the Expence be not rated lower than most Farmers find it, and the Crop such as they would rejoice to see, but seldom do, in the Country where this Computation was made.

In the New Husbandry every Article is put at its full Value, and the Crop of each Year is Four Bushels short of the other; tho’, in several Years Experience, it has equalled, and generally exceeded, those of the Neighbourhood in the Old Way.

_An Estimate of the Expence and Profit of Ten Acres of Land in Twenty Years._

I. _In the Old Way._

First Year, for Wheat, costs 33_l._ 5_s._ _viz._ _l._ _s._ _d._ _l._ _s._ _d._

First Plowing, at 6_s._ _per_ Acre 3 0 0 Second and Third Ditto, at 8_s._ _per_ Acre 4 0 0 Manure, 30_s._ _per_ Acre 15 0 0 ------------ 22 0 0

Two Harrowings, and Sowing, at 2_s._ 6_d._ _per_ Acre 1 5 0 Seed, three Bushels _per_ Acre, at 4_s._ _per_ Bush. 6 0 0 Weeding, at 2_s._ _per_ Acre 1 0 0 Reaping, Binding, and Carrying, at 3 0 0 6_s._ _per_ Acre ------------ 11 5 0 ------------- 33 5 0

Second Year, for Barley, costs 11_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ _viz._

Once Plowing, at 6_s._ _per_ Acre 3 0 0 Harrowing and Sowing, at 1_s._ 6_d._ _per_ Acre, 0 15 0 Weeding, at 1_s._ _per_ Acre 0 10 0 Seed, 4 Bushels _per_ Acre, at 2_s._ _per_ Bushel 4 0 0 Cutting, Raking, and Carrying, at 3_s._ 2_d._ _per_ Acre 1 11 8 Grass-Seeds, at 3_s._ _per_ Acre 1 10 0 ------------ 11 6 8 ------------- 44 11 8 ------------- Third and Fourth Years, lying in Grass, cost nothing: So that the Expence of Ten Acres in Four Years comes to 44_l._ 11_s._ 8_d._ and in Twenty Years to 222 18 4

First Year’s Produce is half a Load of Wheat _per_ Acre, at 7_l._ 35 0 0 Second Years Produce is Two Quarters of Barley _per_ Acre, at 1_l._ 20 0 0 Third and Fourth Years Grass is valued at 1_l._ 10_s._ _per_ Acre 15 0 0 ------------ So that the Produce of Ten Acres in Four Years is 70 0 0 ------------ And in Twenty Years it will be 350 0 0 ------------- Deduct the Expence, and there remains clear Profit on Ten Acres in 20 Years by the Old Way 127 1 8 -------------

II. _In the New Way._

First Year’s extraordinary Expence is, for plowing and manuring the Land, the same as in Old Way 22 0 0

Plowing once more, at 4_s._ _per_ Acre 2 0 0 Seed, 9 Gallons _per_ Acre, at 4_s._ _per_ Bushel 2 5 0 Drilling, at 7_d._ _per_ Acre 0 5 10 Hand-hoeing and Weeding, at 2_s._ 6_d._ _per_ Acre 1 5 0 Horse-hoeing Six times, at 10_s._ _per_ Acre 5 0 0 Reaping, Binding, and Carrying, at 6_s._ _per_ Acre 3 0 0 ------------ The standing annual Charge on Ten Acres is 13 15 10 ------------ Therefore the Expence on Ten Acres in Twenty Years is 275 16 8 ------------- Add the Extraordinaries of the First Year, and the Sum is 297 16 8 ------------- The yearly Produce is at least Two Quarters of Wheat _per_ Acre, at 1_l._ 8_s._ _per_ Quarter; which, on Ten Acres in Twenty Years, amounts to 560 0 0 ------------- Therefore, all things paid, there remains clear Profit on Ten Acres in Twenty Years by the New Way 262 3 4 -------------

So that the Profit on Ten Acres of Land in Twenty Years, in the New Way, exceeds that in the Old by 135_l._ 1_s._ 8_d._ and consequently is considerably more than double thereof: an ample Encouragement to practise a Scheme, whereby so great Advantage will arise from so small a Quantity of Land, in the Compass of a Twenty-one Years Lease; One Year being allowed, both in the Old and New Way, for preparing the Ground.

It ought withal to be observed, that Mr. _Tull_’s Husbandry requires no Manure at all, tho’ we have here, to prevent Objections, allowed the Charge thereof for the first Year; and moreover, that tho’ the Crop of Wheat from the _Drill-plough_ is here put only at Two Quarters on an Acre, yet Mr. _Tull_ himself, by actual Experiment and Measure, found the Produce of his drilled Wheat-crop amounted to almost Four Quarters on an Acre: And, as he has delivered this Fact upon his own Knowlege, so there is no Reason to doubt of his Veracity, which has never yet been called in question. But that we might not be supposed to have any Prejudice in favour of his Scheme, we have chosen to take the Calculations of others rather than his, having no other View in what we have said, than to promote the Cause of Truth, and the public Welfare.

The Wheat and Turnep Drill-Boxes, or the Drill-Plough complete, mentioned in this Treatise, may be had at Mr. _Mulford_’s in _Cursitor-street, Chancery-lane, London_.

[Illustration]

CHAP. I.

_Of_ ROOTS _and_ LEAVES.

Since the most immediate Use of _Agriculture_, in feeding Plants, relates to their _Roots_, they ought to be treated of in the first Place.

_Roots_ are very different in different Plants: But ’tis not necessary here to take notice of all the nice Distinctions of them; therefore I shall only divide them in general into two Sorts, _viz._ _Horizontal-Roots_, and _Tap-Roots_, which may include them all.

All have Branchings and Fibres going all manner of ways, ready to fill the Earth that is open.

But such _Roots_ as I call Horizontal (except of Trees) have seldom any of their Branchings deeper than the Surface or Staple of the Earth, that is commonly mov’d by the Plough or Spade.

The Tap-Root commonly runs down Single and Perpendicular[1] reaching sometimes many Fathoms below.

[1] In this manner descends the first Root of every Seed; but of Corn very little, if at all, deeper than the Earth is tilled.

These first Seed-Roots of Corn die as soon as the other Roots come out near the Surface, above the Grain: and therefore this first is not called a Tap Root; but yet some of the next Roots that come out near the Surface of the Ground, always reach down to the Bottom of the pulveriz’d Staple; as may be seen, if you carefully examine it in the Spring time; but this first Root in Saint-foin becomes a Tap Root.

This (tho’ it goes never so deep) has horizontal ones passing out all round the Sides; and extend to several Yards Distance from it, after they are by their Minuteness, and earthly Tincture, become invisible to the naked Eye.

_A Method how to find the Distance to which_ Roots _extend Horizontally._

_Pl._ 6. _Fig._ 7. Is a Piece or Plot dug and made fine in whole hard Ground, the End _A_ 2 Feet, the End _B_ 12 Feet, the Length of the Piece 20 Yards; the Figures in the middle of it are 20 _Turneps_, sown early, and well ho’d.

The manner of this Hoing must be at first near the Plants, with a Spade, and each time afterwards, a Foot farther Distance, till all the Earth be once well dug; and if Weeds appear where it has been so dug, hoe them out shallow with the Hand-Hoe. But dig all the Piece next the out Lines deep every time, that it may be the finer for the _Roots_ to enter, when they are permitted to come thither.

If these _Turneps_ are all gradually bigger, as they stand nearer to the End _B_, ’tis a Proof they all extend to the Outside of the Piece; and the _Turnep_ 20 will appear to draw Nourishment from six Feet Distance from its Centre.

But if the _Turneps_ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, acquire no greater Bulk than the _Turnep_ 15, it will be clear, that their _Roots_ extend no farther than those of the _Turnep_ 15 does; which is but about 4 Feet.

By this Method the Distance of the Extent of _Roots_ of any Plant may be discover’d.