part I

conceive their Instructions are clear enough, and that the Orders of those Gentlemen are perfectly distinct, and ought not to cause any division of feeling, or friendly understanding.

I am certain it is impossible to reconcile these Gentlemen, and I should strongly recommend that Lt. Clapperton should be attached to Dr. Oudney. They are countrymen, very Old Friends, and Dr. Oudney has undoubtedly the most commanding Influence over Lieut. Clapperton.

They are prosecuting their Duty with the most zealous Exertion. . . .

It was impossible to have selected two People so well suited to the Service. . . .

Major Denham is of a different cast of character, and is more the Man of the World, and He both thinks and acts widely different, but at the same time he evinces every Disposition and Inclination to perform His part of the Interesting Research. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot, Esq., dated Tripoli, December 31, 1822.

. . . In Quarrels Blame may attach to each Party, and I think that it is the case in the Present Instance. The Great Bone of Contention appears to me a jealousy as to whom the Mission is confided to. I think the Orders and Instructions speak for themselves, which clearly show that Oudney and Denham are distinct and separate, it being the duty of the Former from his Official appointment to afford every facility and to give every assistance to the latter. . . .

Extract from letter of Dr. Oudney to Consul Warrington, dated Bilma, January 14, 1823.

. . . My worthy friend Clapperton and the Major have had a little quarrel on the subject of duty. The latter was pleased to issue orders, rather too much of the field, directing Clapperton to give him from time to time, when he might require, the Latitude of the different places and the different courses. He refused to obey, and here the matter rests. He (C.) came out as his companion, not to be subjected to the whim of any man. He had been abandoned in Mourzouk, but notwithstanding that and the martial tenor of the orders, he in his spirited reply told him he would assist when he called upon him, but would in no respect perform what it was the other’s to execute. I allowed my friend to settle the business himself, and I am well pleased with the manner he has conducted the affair. . . .

Extract from letter of Capt. Clapperton to Consul Warrington, dated Bilma, January 14, 1823.

. . . The Major has taken upon himself a very extraordinary authority in writing to me on service to give up to him copies of my courses and obsns since we left Morzuk which I have very politely refused to do . . . I allowed him to copy all my obsns up to Morzuk before he left that place for Tripoli, as he is not able to take any himself. After the cruel and un-Englishlike abandonment of me at that place without leaving me his instructions, writing to say he was gone, or how I was to act, can this man expect that I will allow him to take the credit of what I do? No, I engaged to come out as his companion and assistant, not to do the whole of the duty for which he was sent out to do, and which he would claim as his own. Were I to do myself and my country so much injustice as to give him a copy—he has been educated at his country’s expense, let them see what he can do, and I will let them see what I can do who never cost them sixpence for my education[573] and am anxious to let the world know who that Lt. Clapperton is whom he mentioned in the papers along with his own as if by accident . . . I cannot say when you will see me again, for though the Major may and will return, as his zeal is all wind, I shall do or die if they will let us into the country. . . .

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Bilma, January 14, 1823.

. . . Mr. Clapperton by that consequential stupidity, for I know not what else to call it, made himself so unpopular that Boo Khaloom[574] has long since ceased to notice him even by a common salute, and the Arab Sheikh scarcely speaks to him; except with the lowest Arabs and the servants of the Kaflé he converses with no one. He has thrown off all controul and refused to act under my orders by Letters which I shall send you copies of the first opportunity. I told him for his own sake I hoped he would alter his determination, that for me it was a matter of little importance, he nevertheless persisted and the consequences must fall on his own head. The Doctor, who says but little since his illness, took no part in the business—before the curtain—but I verily believe they both thought I should be sadly distressed at this declaration of my assistant. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot, Esq., dated Tripoli, March 31, 1823.

I have just received Letters from the Travellers which are generally speaking of a very satisfactory nature, altho’ that Hostile Feeling between Major Denham and Lt. Clapperton appears so much to have increased that I feel myself fully authorized to avail myself of the Conditional Power Invested in me, in your Dispatch of the 12th Janry. last.

I send copies of the Letters I have received with my answers. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Dr. Oudney, dated Tripoli, March 31, 1823.

. . . With regret I perceive it is hopeless to anticipate a favourable termination to the misunderstanding between Major Denham and Lt. Clapperton. It is not for me to give my opinion of right or wrong, but it is my duty to endeavour to prevent the public service suffering, and rendering abortive the views of His Majesty’s Government, and the most effectual way I conceive to be to remove Lt. Clapperton from Major Denham and exclusively attach him to you. He will therefore consider himself justified in acting with you independent of Major Denham, and I hereby attach the whole responsibility on myself by the assumption of such power, and I feel persuaded that the Earl Bathurst will approve of the decision. . . .

I shall write both Major Denham and Lt. Clapperton on the subject of the latter being removed from the former, and to prevent mistakes you will be pleased to consider this as official. I think you acted wisely not to become a party in the embroil. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Major Denham, dated Tripoli, March 31, 1823.

. . . It will afford you infinite pleasure to learn that the Bone of Contention is removed, His Majesty’s Govt. having most handsomely accommodated matters by placing Lieut. Clapperton under the exclusive orders of Dr. Oudney, and I am commissioned by Earl Bathurst to signify that His Lordship deems it advisable on Public Grounds at the same time that Mr. Tyrwhitt is authorized to join you in the place of Mr. Clapperton.

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated ‘Kouka in the Kingdom of Bornou, 4 April 1823, Thermr 104 in the Hut’.

Mr. Clapperton has made great havock amongst the Gazelles, but it is meat I love not, neither do I the sport, for you are obliged to lay about for hours under the trees in order to catch these poor animals asleep, when you get a shot; this appears to me not giving the animal a fair chance. I have hit but one and he gave me such a look with his soft black eye—which has a wonderful brilliancy—that I vowed to sin no more in that way at least. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Major Denham, dated Tripoli, July 11, 1823.

. . . I trust in God the very circumstance of Clapperton being removed to Dr. Oudney will be the means of restoring Friendship and good will. I am ordered to convey to you both the Displeasure and animadversion of His Majesty’s Govt. and you may both depend if this Hostile disposition still continues it will be fatal to the future Prospect of you both, and there is a handsome delicacy in making me the medium of conveying this Disapprobation, probably not wishing to wound your feelings, in such a remote situation. Let me beg and entreat you will meet each other halfway and accommodate this affair. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

PS.—Probably my expressions not being sufficiently strong as alluding to the misunderstanding between you and Lt. Clapperton, I beg leave to intimate to you both the strong sense which is entertained of the Impropriety of your Conduct by His Majesty’s Government.

[A letter in similar terms was sent by Warrington to Clapperton.]

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Dr. Oudney, dated Tripoli, August 1, 1823.

Three days since I received your Despatch of the 15th May. . . .

I trust Denham and Clapperton are reconciled, as I do not see any symptoms of hostility in this communication. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Dr. Oudney, dated August 25, 1823.

SIR,

This letter will be delivered into your Hands by Ensign Toole of the 80th Regiment, a most Gentlemanly Young Man and agreeable Companion. . . . He is expressly sent as an assistant to Major Denham instead of Lt. Clapperton, who is attached to you. . . .

I send Major Denham 350$ by Mr. Toole as it must be unpleasant to Him to apply to you on every trifling occasion, and I have given Mr. Toole 139$ for the same purpose. . . .

Extract from letter of Clapperton to Warrington, dated Kuka, Dec. 10, 1823.

. . . I had the pleasure of receiving your Letter when I was laid up, which added much to my Recovery, and Denham’s civilities to me when sick has made matters as well as they can be in this country. . . .

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Mourzouk, Nov. 25, 1824.

. . . It would be the extreme of Injustice were I not now to state that after the recovery of Mr. Clapperton from his very severe sickness until his departure for Soudan, so great an improvement took place in the understanding between us, that our Evenings were passed in front of poor Dr. Oudney’s hut, who was unable to sit in the Air, with a degree of sociability which had not existed since my return to Fezzan with Bookhaloom.[575] Subsequent to Mr. Clapperton’s return from Soudan the same cordiality has been preserved, he has indeed been uniformly attentive and willing to afford me every assistance during the tedious and fatiguing journey we have made together. . . .

(_b_) =Tyrwhitt and Toole=

The following extracts concern the two young men who were sent up at a later date to strengthen the Mission.

Letter from Dr. Oudney to Consul Warrington.

Tripoli, Dec. 10, 1821.

SIR,

You already know my sentiments on the importance of having a British Resident at Mourzouk, and Capt. Denham agrees with me in stating that the Greatest Benefit may be expected by us from such an Agent. By such an arrangement our communication with you will be kept up, and as you judiciously remark, should Sickness or any unforeseen occurrence compel us to fall back, a safe Asylum shall be found at Mourzouk. We cannot but commend your choice of Mr. John Tyrwhitt. He appears to be a Gentleman well calculated for such a situation, and he will undoubtedly support with Credit the name and character of the British Nation.

I have the honour to be,

Sir,

Your most obedt

Hble Servt,

WALTER OUDNEY.

Hr Warrington, Esq.,

Consul General,

Tripoli.

Letter from Consul Warrington to Earl Bathurst.

Tripoli, 12 December, 1821.

MY LORD,

I have already had the honour to recommend to your Lordship’s consideration the appointment of a resident Vice-Consul at Mourzouk.

The good arising to the expedition under the direction of Dr. Oudney and Capt. Denham is so obvious from that appointment that I shall only refer your Lordship to the accompanying papers Nos. 1 and 2, and I trust the nomination of Mr. John Tyrwhitt to that situation will meet with your approbation.

He is cousin to Sir Thos. Tyrwhitt and Nephew to the Champion and a Gentlemanly Quiet young Man, and by not Trading in any shape He is not likely to excite suspicion and jealousy.

I mention Mr. Tyrwhitt’s pedigree, my Lord, from a thorough conviction that the higher a Man’s connections are, the less He thinks of dangers and difficulties and can endure Privations better than other Men. With every sentiment of the highest consideration,

I have the honour

to be, My Lord,

Your Faithful &

obt servt,

HANMER WARRINGTON.

The Right Honble

Earl Bathurst, K.G.,

His Majesty’s Secretary of State,

&c., &c., &c.,

Colonial Office.

[The appointment of a Vice-Consul at Mourzouk was negatived by a letter from the Treasury to the Colonial Office dated January 17, 1822, on the ground that the probable advantages would not justify the grant of the salary.]

The next extract—though of a previous date—shows who Mr. John Tyrwhitt was.

Extract from letter of Mr. Tyrwhitt, Senr., to Consul Warrington, dated Cook’s, April 12, 1818.

MY DEAR WARRINGTON,

As it is an object of the highest importance to me to get my son John abroad for some time . . . I know not any one so proper to make an application to on this occasion as yourself. . . . He has been very wild and extravagant. . . . He is now out of the Navy. . . . I wish him to have the least possible pocket money as he has a great propensity to extravagance. . . .

[It appears that Col. Warrington owed Mr. Tyrwhitt, Senr., £500, on which he had to pay interest at the rate of 14% per annum. Mr. Tyrwhitt asks Warrington to take his son into his family and keep an eye on him: in return he is willing to waive the 14% per annum, i.e. about £70. The son remained with Col. Warrington for three years, to whom he appears to have been a source of considerable expense.]

Extract of letter from Tyrwhitt to Warrington, dated Mourzouk, July 25, 1822.

I am not much disappointed at not being confirmed. . . . However, to make the best of it, it is a long way to come for nothing, not even thanks. I suppose the Doctor will pay my expenses down. I must not return to Tripoli empty-handed, for there are some fine ostrich feathers here, and I had promised both my Mother and Sister to send them some. . . .

Extract of letter from Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot, Esq., M.P., Under Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated Tripoli, August 26, 1822.

. . . I conclude Dr. Oudney will take Mr. Tyrwhitt along with him as a volunteer, as from his easy good-natured Disposition, ever alert to make Himself useless [_sic_], I feel persuaded Dr. Oudney could not have a better person. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot, Esq., dated Tripoli, Nov. 4, 1822.

. . . Two more Gentlemen would be of very important advantage to Dr. Oudney, as he has a wide Field indeed to act upon. . . . I can send them from Tripoli to Bornou for 100£ provided they travel as Mr. Tyrwhitt did from Mourzouk. I believe that Gentleman would be happy to make one of such a Party, and Dr. Oudney wishes to have him with the Mission. . . .

[Tyrwhitt, however, returned to Tripoli and went for a trip to Italy.]

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Lieut. Clapperton, dated Tripoli, July 11, 1823.

. . . I hope to send Tyrwhitt off immediately, as I am in daily expectation of seeing him, unless Spider-like he may possibly entangle himself in his own Webb, as it is said a lady of that name has a little influence. My patience is near exhausted, and if he does not come, I shall be much displeased with him. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot Horton, Esq.,[576] Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office.

Tripoli, 18 July, 1823.

SIR,

I have the honor to refer you to No. 1, being a copy of a Letter from Mr. Tyrwhitt, who from sickness is prevented repairing to Bornou to join the Mission.

I consider myself fully authorized by the Earl Bathurst to send one Person as an Assistant to Major Denham in lieu of Lieutenant Clapperton, who is now attached to Dr. Oudney, and conceiving it is perfectly immaterial who is sent provided he is equal to the respective duty required of Him, I shall therefore send this dispatch to the Government of Malta and solicit His Honor the Lieutenant Governor will be pleased to nominate a Gentleman for the appointment. . . .

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, Jan. 20, 1824.

. . . I am sorry for the cause of Tyrwhitt’s declining the appointment, but he has certainly acted the wisest part in so doing. Strictures and gout, or indeed either of them, would afford strong reasons why a man should not wish to embark in a service of this nature.

Malta, August 10, 1823.

DEAR TOOLE,

I have received to-day a letter from Mr. Consul Warrington at Tripoli, stating that Mr. Tyrwhitt, who was to have proceeded to Bornow to join Major Denham as his Assistant on the African Mission, is prevented doing so by illness, and requesting that some young Gentleman, who would volunteer in so arduous an undertaking, may be sent over from this to take Mr. Tyrwhitt’s place.

Colonel Warrington mentions that the Person sent should possess some knowledge of the sextant and of the Artificial Horizon, and further must be prepared to encounter some dangers, much fatigue and many privations. He must be a young man of strong constitution and inured to fatigue and fasting, and above all must possess great ardor and zeal in the undertaking.

Being well aware of the many qualifications you possess for a Mission of this kind, viz. that you are an excellent linguist—speaking French, Italian and German fluently, and that you understand the Maltese perfectly which is nearly Arabic, that you are a good Draughtsman—can survey, understand the use of the sextant, and also that you are healthy and stout and inured to fatigue at all times, and having often heard you express the greatest thirst and ardor for travelling in remote countries, and besides being fully convinced that there is no one in Malta so well qualified as you are for the object proposed by Colonel Warrington, I have written you this, that you may volunteer to go, if you should feel inclined to embrace an undertaking, which I must impress upon you necessarily involves in it many dangers and immense fatigue.

I must also state to you that Colonel Warrington in appointing an Assistant to Major Denham acts under the instructions of Earl Bathurst, but he does not mention in his letter that he is authorized to hold out any specified prospects of future advantage, but you may depend upon this that my Lord Bathurst can never fail to give due consideration to your services, provided you make yourself useful to the Mission.

Your necessary Expenses will all be defrayed, and in these you must pay every attention to the strictest economy, and I understand also that a small personal allowance is given, but what it is I do not know.

If you accept this proposal, you must be ready to start for Tripoli in 48 hours, as there is a Vessel on the point of sailing, and it is absolutely necessary that you proceed to Tripoli without delay,—and in that case you had better lose no time in applying for leave of absence for a twelve-month in a regular way through your Commanding Officer to the Major General Commanding.

I am, &c.

H. GREIG.[577]

Malta, August 10, 1823.

2 p.m.

DEAR GREIG,

In answer to your note of this morning, I hasten to assure you that I embrace the proposal of going as an Assistant to the African Mission with the greatest delight, and I shall be ready to start for Tripoli in 48 hours, having obtained the necessary leave of absence from my Commanding Officer and Major General Sir Manley Power.

I do not mean to say, that I accept this situation without the prospect of encountering both danger and fatigue, but I have no fear of either, and I look forward to the journey with real pleasure.

The opinion you are good enough to express of my qualifications for the Mission is much too partial, but I promise you, that neither zeal, industry, nor a Constant desire to make myself useful will be wanting.

It is far from my intention to allude to any remuneration for my Services, but I trust, that if I make myself useful to the Mission, that my Conduct will be favourably considered by Earl Bathurst.

I have now been six years an Ensign in the 80th Regiment,[578] and I may mention that my Ensigncy was given to me by H.R. Highness the Duke of York at the request of my revered friend and Patron, Sir John Stewart, by whom I was brought up and educated. And I trust it is not asking too much, that if sickness or other causes should prevent my return from this expedition, that my Lord Bathurst may be entreated to interest himself to procure my Ensigncy for one of my younger Brothers, and you are aware that I have four, all of whom are under the age of 18 and quite unprovided for.[579]

I am, &c.

E. TOOLE.

Extract from letter of J. Maclean, Major Commanding 80th Regt. to Hector Greig, Esq., Acting Chief Secretary to the Government of Malta, dated August 12, 1823.

. . . Major Denham (whom I have the pleasure of knowing) will, I am persuaded, consider himself fortunate in the selection you have made, as he will find in Mr. Toole a zealous and able Assistant as well as a most Gentlemanly Companion.

Did I not consider the present Undertaking as likely to prove of advantage to Toole, I should particularly regret his departure from the Regiment at this time, as, in consequence of the intended departure of Lieutenant Penny for the Continent, it was my intention to have appointed him to do the duty of Adjutant during the absence of that Officer.

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Robert Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, August 25, 1823.

SIR,

I have had already the honor to inform you that in consequence of Mr. Tyrwhitt’s Health not allowing him again to join the Mission, that I had applied to the Lt. Governor of Malta to send a Gentleman instead of Him, and He has accordingly been pleased to approve of Ensign Toole of the 80th Regiment joining the Mission as Assistant to Major Denham.

I have no hesitation to declare that the Public Service will be the gainer by the Exchange, as I can safely say I never saw a finer young man, or one more calculated for the undertaking. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to R. Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, December 20, 1823.

. . . This Morning I have been informed Mr. Tyrwhitt is in Malta on his way here. I am most happy to hear it, as I am confident there is full Employment in the Interior for the whole Mission. The Road is as free as I always said it was, and the Inst. Mr. Tyrwhitt arrives I will send Him off. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Dr. Oudney, dated January 17, 1824.

MY DEAR SIR,

The arrival of Mr. Tyrwhitt and his appointment to the Mission will afford you all, without doubt, much satisfaction. As it will be about three weeks before he leaves this, I forward a Courier with copies of Dispatches for you and Major Denham, which I have received from the Colonial Office. . . .

Your little godson, Walter Bornow,[580] is now under the Vaccine Inoculation, from whose Arm I send you the Matter, and Buttabel[581] writes to state its introduction here and the efficacy of it. I know no one whose Natural Disposition and extensive Ability is so devoted to the benefit of our Fellow Creatures as your own, and I think you will evince it by endeavouring to introduce the Vaccine. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Mr. Toole, dated Tripoli, January 21, 1824.

. . . His Lordship, I am glad to say, approves of your appointment, and has ordered £100 per annum salary being allowed you as well as Mr. Tyrwhitt. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to R. Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, February 24, 1824.

. . . 28 Feb. I took leave of Mr. Tyrwhitt at Melra yesterday morning, fifty miles from this. . . .

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, April 16, 1824.

. . . My amiable and clever companion and friend, Ernest Stuart Toole, who really deserved all that his Friends at Malta wrote about him, has fallen a victim to that Fever of this Country with which I have seen so many attacked.[582] He died at Angala, a town about 60 miles South East of where I am now writing, on the 26th of last February. . . .

He was most generally beloved here, particularly by the Sheikh, with whom we used sometimes to pass an hour together in his Garden; and indeed I believe we all might have died without creating the sensation that my poor friend’s death has occasioned. . . .

Assisted by the Sultan’s slaves, Columbus[583] and myself laid him in a deep grave to the N.W. of the Town.[584] . . .

A few more details of Toole’s death are given below.

Extract from letter of Denham to H. Greig, Esq. [who from an endorsement on the back we learn was Toole’s brother-in-law], dated Kouka, March 10, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . He swallowed a little tea and seemed revived; about 6 he attempted to speak, but could articulate intelligibly nothing but the word Mother two or three times, and from that time until half-past 11 on the same day, when he breathed his last, he scarcely moved, and expired without even a struggle or a groan. . . . Almost the last words he uttered were requests that his papers . . . should in case of any accident befalling him be delivered by me into your hands. . . . His request I shall, please God, comply with. . . . His sketches will, I think, be valuable, very valuable, and should I not be permitted to return myself, I do hope that with any notes of mine that may be considered worthy of publishing, they may be given to the world, for any literary fame that my exertions may entitle me to will lose half its value in my estimation if the name of my amiable colleague is not coupled with my own. . . .

[I have not been able to trace these papers or sketches, in spite of kind assistance from E. L. Bonavia, Esq., of the Chief Secretary’s Office, Malta, and from the Crown Agents. Mr. A. C. Maberly of Eccles, whose wife was a great-niece of Greig, informs me that none of Greig’s papers have been preserved.]

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, May 23, 1824.

MY DEAR SIR,

Mr. Tyrwhitt arrived here on the 20th in good health, after performing the journey with great Expedition. Nothing can be more satisfactory than the Letters of which he was the Bearer, and the Presents for the Sheikh were everything that could be wished.

I send you, according to an Old Promise, a Bottle of the Niger Water. . . .

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to R. Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, August 18, 1824.

. . . I shall send four Spears and a Shield and a Bottle of Niger Water (which I had the whim to request might be sent me) to you, and I shall feel flattered if you accept. Of no value but as curiosities. I have another bottle, and in drinking success to the Mission I hope I shall find its efficacy in inspiring me with additional zeal for the Promotion of Discovery. . . .

[There seems to have been a craze for Niger water. Barth promises to drink a friend’s health in Niger water, vid. Benton, _Notes on Some Languages, &c._, p. 298.]

Extract from letter of Denham to Lord Bathurst, dated Kouka, May 23, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . I have filled and secured in the best way that I am able, a stone bottle with the Niger water; it was taken from a spot about two miles from the embouchure of that River.

[In the same letter he suggests that the R. Yo or Wobe is the continuation of the Niger. This water was probably therefore bottled somewhere near where the Yo flows into Lake Chad.

Even at the present day it is a common saying that if you have once drunk from the River Niger, you will always return to the Coast.]

Extract from letter of Mr. Tyrwhitt to Consul Warrington, dated Woodi, Sept. 6, 1824.

MY DEAR CONSUL,

The Travellers having at last determined on returning to England, I have accompanied them thus far on their road, it having been settled that I should remain at Kouka as Vice-Consul in compliance of the wishes of the Sheik till Lord Bathurst’s pleasure shall be known. . . .

I must confess that the remaining behind does not afford a very pleasant or very cheering Prospect, but I hope under all circumstances I have acted for the best, and that the step I have taken may meet with approbation. . . .

[Tyrwhitt died at Kuka on October 22, 1824, and his death was reported to Warrington by the Sheikh, who also sent an inventory of his effects (which included 52 books), cf. Denham, vol. ii, p. 434. It does not appear what eventually became of his property. It was to be handed over to Capt. Pearce, who accompanied Clapperton on his second expedition, and who seems to have been intended to be Consul in Bornu. Pearce, however, died soon after landing on the Coast. War had broken out between Sokoto and Bornu, and Clapperton was unable to revisit the latter country. No attempt to re-establish the consulship appears to have been made until the expedition of Richardson and Barth in the ’fifties.]

(_c_) =Hillman=

Another member of the expedition was a naval shipwright named William Hillman, a native of Somersetshire. He appears to have been a typical old salt, but in spite of constant ill health reached England again in safety. His pay was £120 per annum (vid. Denham, Introductory Chapter).

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated ‘Kouka in the Kingdom of Bornou, 4 April 1823, Thermr 104 in the Hut’.

. . . Old Chips sometimes causes me to laugh, which does my heart good, he has such a knack of rallying from Death’s door almost that his illness seems to have no danger in it. Drink Grog he will whenever he can get it, tho’ it kills him. He told me the other evening that he had made up his mind not to learn ‘Harribik’. ‘I can’t make no hand on it,’ said he, ‘so I get Columbo to teach me a little Hitalian, for I tell you, B—— the Navy Board. I hope the Colonial Board will provide for me, who knows but what I may be a King’s Messenger, and the King, God Bless him, may say, Hillman or Mr. Hillman, here take this letter to Hitaly, why I must know Hitalian for that. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

Sunday, April 6, 1823.

Oh for a glass of the Bashaw’s cold punch. We had yesterday a most suffocating day with Therm. at 104. This bids fair to be just such another. The water here is worse than at many places on the Road, altho’ here it is a little Cooler, for there we drank it about the heat of tea. I found but about three bottles of Rum on my return to Mourzouk, and Hillman, when I complained, tho’ Grogy at the time, said, ‘Why I’m not the man to say a word against another, No, No, but that are little Tyrwhitt did drink, by G—— like Winkins—for myself I can’t touch liquor now.’

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to R. Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, June 13, 1824.

. . . In one of Earl Bathurst’s Dispatches he suggested the propriety of Mr. Hillman’s constructing a Boat to explore the outlet of the Great Lake.

The idea was so good and so obviously beneficial for the object of the Research, that I followed up His Lordship’s suggestion by requesting the Boat may be built at Malta in that Portable way to be carried on two Camels, and taken to Pieces and put together without difficulty. The Government of Malta kindly acceded to my wishes, and Mr. Simonds, a most scientific gentleman, is now engaged in constructing one. . . .

[We hear no more of this boat, but it is interesting in view of Barth and Overweg’s famous boat. From a letter of Columbus[585] to a friend in Tripoli it appears that some of the members of the expedition did embark in boats (presumably native canoes) and navigate the waters of Chad for a short distance.]

Denham’s views are given in the following:

Extract from fragment of a letter from Denham to Lord Bathurst, dated June 18, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . Without two boats could be built to carry fifty men each with fire-arms they would stand but a bad chance with the Biddoomy on the Lake. Hillman says that one shipwright alone could not build a boat of any kind, and he has certainly never since our arrival here enjoyed a sufficiently good state of health for him to make the attempt had it been requisite.

The following is a description of the Sheikh’s victory over the Baghirmi invaders:

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, April 16, 1824.

DEAR SIR,

Our minds have been greatly relieved within the last ten days by a victory obtained by the Sheikh’s people over a very large force of the Sultan of Baghermi, headed by two hundred of the principal persons in his Kingdom, including nine of his sons, seven of whom are amongst the killed and one a prisoner. . . .

The two Guns[586] for which Hillman had made Carriages and myself Cartridges with Canisters holding 16 Musket balls each, appear to have done great execution, altho’ only fired once, and have greatly alarmed the people, even in whose defence they were levelled. . . .

A fuller account of the battle is contained in the following:

Extract from letter of Denham to his brother Charles, dated Kouka, April 18, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . The Sheikh advanced to within 200 yards before he unmasked his little guns, supported by about fifty slaves and Arabs with fire-arms, who were formed to the right and left, while immediately in the rear he appeared himself at the head of his Kanemboo infantry with the double barrelled English gun in his hand and an ammunition belt on his shoulders dressed in a simple barracan like an Arab. He had told the Chiefs previously that it was his intention to fight on foot, that he expected all the Arabs to follow his example, and to encourage the slaves who were but young at the use of the firelock. . . . He placed his two Chiefs, Barca Gana and Ali Gana, on each flank with the Bornou and Shouaa horse, with orders if attacked, to make the best of it, but on no account to assist him. The Baghermi, who made for his Green Flag in one solid mass, were not a little alarmed at the effects of the guns at such a distance, . . . and a volley from the Arabs added to the confusion. They now fell back on the Bornou horse, who as usual gave way, and the attack of the Kanemboo with the Sheik at their head alone decided the fate of the day. . . . The little stream, called Gambalarou, near which the battle was fought . . . is said to have run red.

Again, Denham, vol. ii, p. 415, it is recorded that Hillman made a covered cart, to be used as a carriage or conveyance for the Sheikh’s wives; the wheels were hooped with iron, and it was extremely strong, though neither light nor handsome.

Extract from letter of Hillman to Consul Warrington, dated Tripoli, Feb. 11, 1825.

HOND. SIR.

After many difficulties I have got safe and sound once more in Tripoli, thank God. . . . I have taken the Liberty of sending a Lion’s Skin, which I trust you will be pleased to accept . . .

With every due respect

Your most obliged

& very humble

servt.

W. HILLMAN.

Hillman was sent home in charge of the animals and baggage, via the long sea route (vid. Nelson, p. 94).

(_d_) =Sheikh El Kanemy= [_Shehu Lamino_]

The enlightened character of this ruler is made very clear in Denham’s book and in the Correspondence. The two following extracts are only quoted to show the style in which he was addressed by the British Consul at Tripoli, and the type of articles he valued as presents. Bornu is very deficient in fruit and vegetables, and even the efforts of the British Administration have not been very successful in inducing the present native authorities to take serious steps to remedy the deficiency.[587]

Letter from Consul Warrington to Sheikh Lamino [El Kanemy].

MOST EXCELLENT AND NOBLE SIR,

May the Great God who directs the Prosperity and happiness of all Mankind reward you for the Kindness and attention which you have been pleased to show my Countrymen, and that you will continue the same and extend your Powerful Protection to any place they may wish to go is my fervent Prayer.

Your three Sons, I am most happy to say, are about to return to their most respected Parent, and I sincerely hope they may arrive safe and find you in good health.[588]

My August King and Master has been pleased to order some Presents to be sent you as a small token of that respect He feels towards you for your great liberality and kindness towards his Servants . . .

I send you by this opportunity a Saddle, Bridle, &c., as a Personal Mark of my great esteem and respect towards you.[589]

I beg you will at all times command me whenever you may send any Person or Persons down here and that you may enjoy Health, Strength, and Happiness is the ardent wish of your Sincere Friend and Servant

HANMER WARRINGTON.

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, April 26, 1824.

. . . The Sheikh begs you will send him by the earliest opportunity the following articles, and for which he says he shall pay me.

Seeds, both flower and vegetable.

Fifty locks of guns.

Tea.

Winter melon seeds.

A set of small Cairo coffee cups.

Two or three Glass cups with handles, holding a pint or thereabouts.

4 Turkish Coffee pots.

[Two boxes were sent to the Sheikh by Denham after his return to Tripoli; the extract printed below concerns them. The presents brought by Tyrwhitt are mentioned in Denham and included swords, pistols, gold watches, and rockets.]

Extract from a letter of Denham to the Sheikh, dated December 4, 1824, apparently from somewhere in Fezzan.

. . . Ibrahim will give you a box in which is Tea, Sugar, Coffee, the glass cups you wrote for, two Coffee Pots and some Flints, and my friend Said will give you 50 Gun Locks and a small box containing coffee cups and seeds. You will also find two Musical snuff-boxes which my sister begs you will accept for the kindness you have shewn her brother . . .

[The Sheikh sent presents to the King of England.]

Extract from letter of Denham to Mr. Wilmot Horton, dated 44 Lower Brook Street, June 1, 1825.

. . . A horse from about the 10th Parallel of North Latitude with the ‘Libida’ or cloath covering wadded with cotton, which they use in battle as a defence from the poisoned arrows; four parrots, one of which died on the journey across the desert, two ostrich skins, a large box of ‘zibet’ or musk from the civet cat, and twelve specimens of the manufactures of Soudan and the towns in the interior of the Kingdom of Bornou, to which he added one of his largest tents entirely of Bornou manufacture. These were all embarked on board the Brig _Britannia_ previous to my leaving Leghorn, with several animals and birds, with all the minerals, plants, and other articles we had collected in the country.’[590]

(_e_) =Cost of the Mission.=

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Earl Bathurst, dated Tripoli, September 11, 1825.

. . . In my office the sums drawn for amount to £8575 17_s._ 7_d._ The £5000 to the Bashaw[591] reduces this sum to £3790, out of which must be deducted the 2500$,[592] say £530, will leave the expenditure at £3260 17_s._ 7_d._ Say the mission existed for three years and a half, which would make £931 13_s._ 7_d._ per annum . . .

[Footnote 556: Obituary notices appear in _Georgian Era_, iii. 75, 82; _Annual Register_ for 1828, pp. 210, 495; and _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1828, pt. i, p. 568.]

[Footnote 557: i.e. Marshal Beresford, in command of the Portuguese armies.]

[Footnote 558: The battle of Toulouse was fought on April 10, 1814. The 8th is now The King’s (Liverpool Regt.). I have not been able to trace at what period Denham was transferred to it. Perhaps it is a clerical error of the General’s. The _Army List_ never shows him as in the 8th Regt.]

[Footnote 559: 7th Portuguese Brigade, attached to 6th British Division. Vid. Oman, _Wellington’s Army_, p. 372.]

[Footnote 560: Now 2nd Batt. Dorsetshire Regt. Denham’s diary during the Waterloo campaign and afterwards in Paris is in the R. G. S.]

[Footnote 561: Now the Leicestershire Regt. His original commissions, now among the Denham papers in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society, show him as Captain in the 17th Foot and Major in the Army.]

[Footnote 562: For an interesting account of the duties of this post and for the evidence given by Mr. Reffell, Denham’s predecessor, vid. _Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of Sierra Leone_, 2 parts, 1827. A few sentences are printed on p. 14 of H. C. Lukach, _Bibliography of Sierra Leone_, Oxford, 1910.]

[Footnote 563: In the four-volume edition of Denham, vol. iv, p. 256, it is mentioned that Clapperton’s grandmother was a daughter of Col. Campbell of Glenlyon, the officer in command of the troops who committed the massacre of Glencoe.]

[Footnote 564: Thus Nelson, but, according to M‘Diarmid, Clapperton wrote to Mr. Scott, a banker of Annan, who applied to General Dirom [i.e. Lt.-Gen. Alexander Dirom, vid. _Dict. Nat. Biog._], whose wife applied to her cousin, Capt. Briggs of the _Clorinde_.]

[Footnote 565: Thus Nelson, but I have been unable to trace it either at the Admiralty or the Record Office, in spite of the kind assistance of the Admiralty Librarian, W. G. Perrin, Esq. Cf. Appendix XX.]

[Footnote 566: For details of his death vid. p. 277 of the account of his expedition. His grave has never been identified, but a brass memorial tablet has been put up in the Sokoto Provincial Office by Major Alder Burdon, C.M.G., first British Resident of Sokoto Province.]

[Footnote 567: There is a very fine portrait of him in the quarto edition of the account of his expedition to Sokoto. From this and frequent references in the Tripoli correspondence, it is obvious that he was an exceptionally handsome and powerful officer. Cf. Appendix XVII.]

[Footnote 568: p. 176: ‘At no time am I possessed of a sweet and passive temper.’]

[Footnote 569: Sir John Barrow, who edited Clapperton’s journal of his second expedition, remarks on p. xviii that Clapperton was evidently a man of no education. This is too severe. His letters are not ill- expressed, though occasionally somewhat incoherent.]

[Footnote 570: i.e. Lamino.]

[Footnote 571: Denham came to the conclusion that the Bashaw of Tripoli was wilfully delaying the Mission. He therefore returned from Mourzouk to Tripoli and embarked for Europe, in order to get the Home Government to expedite matters. He was overtaken, however, at Marseilles, by an urgent message from the Bashaw, returned to Tripoli, and was soon able to get matters settled to his satisfaction. His action was both prompt and successful, but it would have been more tactful to have informed his companions of his plans.]

[Footnote 572: When Mr. Hanns Vischer was in Tripoli in 1906, he was presented by the heir of Col. Warrington with a book on Geometry, bearing on the fly-leaf the inscription, ‘Walter Oudney, M.D., Surgeon R.N. and H.B.M.’s Col. at Bornou’. The book is by Leslie, published by Constable in 1817. Mr. Vischer presented the book to the Bornu Provincial Library.]

[Footnote 573: In a letter to Warrington, dated Kuka, March 31, 1823, Clapperton says: ‘He has been at the Royal Military College and Greenwhich Observatory, I never was.’]

[Footnote 574: The Arab merchant who was head of the ‘Kaffila’ or caravan in whose company the travellers journeyed from Tripoli to Bornu.]

[Footnote 575: Vid. note on p. 345.]

[Footnote 576: He appears to have assumed the additional surname of Horton about this time.]

[Footnote 577: Mr. Greig was Acting Chief Secretary to the Government of Malta. He retired in 1846, and died in 1873.]

[Footnote 578: Now the 2nd Batt. South Staffordshire Regt.]

[Footnote 579: This was also his dying request (vid. Denham, vol. ii, p. 26), and it was granted by Earl Bathurst.]

[Footnote 580: I do not know what became of little Walter Bornow. I fear he must have died young, as he does not appear among the numerous Warringtons in the Tripoli Consular Correspondence in the ’fifties.]

[Footnote 581: Head Marabout of the Bashaw of Tripoli.]

[Footnote 582: He arrived in Kuka on Dec. 23, 1823—‘a robust, healthy- looking young man, with a double-barrelled gun slung at his back’ (vid. Denham, vol. i, p. 461).]

[Footnote 583: _Alias_ Adolphus Simkins, a native of St. Vincent, and a sort of dragoman to the Mission. He signs himself A. A. Simkins, but Denham, Introductory Chapter, spells it Sympkins. He accompanied Clapperton on his second expedition. There was also a Gibraltar Jew named Jacob attached to the Mission as ‘store-keeper’.]

[Footnote 584: Cf. Denham, vol. ii, pp. 23-6. Toole was only twenty-two when he died.]

[Footnote 585: The letter is in dog-Italian, which I am unfortunately unable to read.]

[Footnote 586: Vid. Denham, vol. i, p. 429. They were four-pounders, presented to the Sheikh by the Sultan of Fezzan. Denham also relates that Hillman made a large chair, ‘which pleased the Sheikh excessively’. The Sheikh sent him some ‘gabaga’ [i.e. cotton strips, used at that time as currency in Bornu], but Hillman returned them, saying: ‘No! the King of England pays me—I don’t want that: but I am much obliged to the Sheikh, nevertheless.’

John Belford, Lyon’s shipwright, made gun-carriages and a ‘coach’ for the Sultan of Mourzuk. Vid. Lyon, p. 179.]

[Footnote 587: For presents sent to Shehu Omar vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, pp. 195 and 210.]

[Footnote 588: They had been detained in Mourzouk as hostages by the Governor of Fezzan.]

[Footnote 589: This was a present to Warrington from the Bashaw of Tripoli and was worth $1,000. It appears to have been rather a white elephant, for in one letter Warrington hints to Horton that he would like to present it to him. Presumably Horton intimated he had no use for it.]

[Footnote 590: In charge of Hillman.]

[Footnote 591: Paid to secure and retain the goodwill of the ruler of Tripoli. Without this the Mission could not have succeeded.]

[Footnote 592: Drawn but not expended. Warrington’s arithmetic is obscure.]

APPENDIX XVI

BREEDS AND VARIETIES OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS[593]

COLOURS

_Cattle._

White ox or cow bida

Coal-black balle (_Koiyam_, kolliu)

Black and white yāmi (_Shuwa_, yabbe)

Red hamra

Yellow ole

Strawberry roan boni

White belly saje

Deep red mera

Dapple grey bage

_Goats._

White bullam, ke̥ri

Coal-black tselimma

Lightish black keara

Black and white kari

White with black neck mallam

White and red bururu, tosuno

Dapple grey kurguma

_Sheep_

White bida

Coal-black billa

White with black ears batinge

White bellied kordi

Speckled ngangala

Half white and half red or black wuda

Big ears and head bellani

White with black neck balo

Chestnut ke̥ngar

White tail and stern dubulu

BREEDS

_Cattle._

Bare—Big-horned Bornu cattle, no hump; derived from Arabic Bahr = water, because these cattle came from Chad.

Kuri—Ditto: name of tribe living in Chad.

Wadare—Small (wada = dwarf) humped, short-horned.

Jawai—Very small, short-legged, from Mandara.

Abore—Spreading horned, humped Fulani cattle.

_Sheep._

Wagare—Large Bornu sheep.

Bellani—Big-headed, big-eared.

Wuda—Short-haired Asben sheep.

Yeriram—Long-haired sheep from the North: wool is manufactured.

_Goats._

Kani Ke̥nji—Common Bornu goat.

Kani Tukshi—Long-haired goat.

Kani Musgu—Small, short-legged pagan goat.

NOTE. On p. 193 of the Appendix to Denham’s book, first edition, it is recorded that he brought home a pair of ox-horns measuring 42½ inches in length and 23¼ inches in circumference.

[Footnote 593: Cf. Note [349], and vid. ‘List of Authorities’ under Dechambre.]

APPENDIX XVII

NOTE ON PORTRAITS OF TRAVELLERS AND AUTHORS

WHO HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT BORNU

BARTH (in a frock-coat) in Petermann’s _Account of the Progress of the Expedition to Central Africa_, reproduced in Joseph Chavanne, _Die Sahara_, Wien, 1879, and in E. Schauenburg, _Reisen in Central-Afrika_, There is a later photo of Barth in Gustav von Schubert’s _Heinrich Barth_, 1897, and also one in Cust’s _Modern Languages of Africa_. The Royal Geographical Society of London have a photograph of him, full face, wearing his orders.

BEURMANN. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

CLAPPERTON. The frontispiece to the account of his second expedition is a reproduction of a very fine portrait, painted by Gildon Manton, engraved by Edward Finden. The same portrait is reproduced in the four- volume edition of Denham, in Chavanne, and in Schauenburg.

Sir H. H. Johnston in his _Pioneers in West Africa_ states that the original is now in the National Portrait Gallery. This is a mistake. The original appears to have been painted in duplicate. One is in the possession of John Murray, Esq., of 50 A Albemarle Street, whose firm published Clapperton’s book, and the other belongs to Col. J. K. Stewart-Mackenzie of Seaforth, Brahan Castle, Ross-shire. Col. Stewart- Mackenzie is the present representative of the Seaforth family, and from a note under a woodcut, on p. 7 of the _London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829, it appears that the portrait was painted for Lady Seaforth, mother of Clapperton’s friend Mackenzie, vid. p. 340 of the present work. A portrait of this Mackenzie by Raeburn is also in the possession of Col. Stewart-Mackenzie.

Mr. Murray’s portrait shows Clapperton as sandy-haired and of a pallid, almost ghastly, complexion—perhaps a result of his African experiences.

This same portrait was reproduced in _Scribner’s Magazine_ for 1891, vol. ix, p. 186. A small copy of it in oils on wood, about 12 inches square, is in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society. A label on the back of it states that it was exhibited in 1905 at the Naval, Shipping, and Fisheries Exhibition, but I have not been able to trace how it came into the Society’s possession or when it was executed.

DENHAM. A portrait painted by T. Phillips and engraved by E. Finden (exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1826) appears in the four-volume edition (1831) of Denham’s book, but not in the earlier editions; this portrait shows him bare-headed and wearing a burnous. There is a print of it in the Reference Department of the National Portrait Gallery and a woodcut in _Scribner’s Magazine_, 1891, vol. ix, p. 187.

The original is in the possession of John Murray, Esq., whose firm published Denham’s book. I was allowed to see both the Denham and Clapperton portraits by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray, jun. A copy was made some years ago and is in the possession of Dr. W. H. Denham Rouse of the Perse School, Cambridge, who is a collateral descendant.

There is also a miniature of Denham, in uniform wearing the Waterloo medal and carrying a sabre presented to him by the Bashaw of Tripoli. This was painted by Newton and is reproduced on p. 7 of the _London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829. The original is in the possession of Capt. H. A. Denham of 16 Hallam Street, W., as well as the Waterloo medal and the sabre. The originals of the water- colours reproduced in Denham’s book, a plated bowl used by the explorer in Africa, and a throne or curved wooden stool presented to him by the Sultan of Bornu (probably the same as or similar to the one mentioned in the account of the traveller’s first interview with the Sultan), are in the possession of Capt. L. S. Denham of Taywell, Goudhurst, Kent. Capt. Denham also informs me that the explorer brought home a Bornouese cloak, which he presented to George IV at Windsor.

KOELLE. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.

MATTEUCCI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

MASSARI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

NACHTIGAL. There is a photo of him in a tobe and fez in his book. Another photo in European dress appears in J. Chavanne, _Die Sahara_, and another in D. Berlin’s _Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal_, 1887. There is also a photo in Cust. A photo of him in evening dress is in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society of London.

NORRIS. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.

OUDNEY. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

OVERWEG. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._ This is reproduced in Chavanne and in Schauenburg, and in von Schubert.

RICHARDSON. There is a portrait of him in a burnous with the hood drawn over his head in his book _Travels in the Desert of the Sahara_, 2 vol., London, 1848. This is reproduced in Chavanne. There is a print of it in the Royal Geographical Society’s collection, and also in the Reference Department of the National Portrait Gallery, where also is a small photo of a bust of him which was in existence in 1884. There is another portrait of him in a double-breasted frock-coat, buttoned up to the neck in Petermann’s _Account, &c._[594]

ROHLFS. There is a portrait in Chavanne and numerous ones, taken at various periods of his life, in Guenther, _Gerhard Rohlfs_. The Royal Geographical Society of London have a very faded photo of him in gown, turban, and scimitar.

SCHULTZE. Photo in Mecklenburg, _From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile_.

TOOLE. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

TYRWHITT. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

VOGEL. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._, reproduced in Schauenburg. There is a portrait in native dress and turban in Chavanne.

[Footnote 594: James Richardson was born in Lincolnshire in 1806, was educated for the evangelical ministry, attached himself to the English Antislavery Society and under its auspices went out to Malta, where he took part in the editing of a newspaper and also engaged in the study of the Arabic language. For account of his published works vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, p. 150 ff.]

APPENDIX XVIII

(VID. NOTE [62])

FADEL ALLAH AND THE FRENCH

A portion of Rabeh’s force was not present at Kusseri as they were in garrison at Karnak (Logone) under Fadel Allah. The latter retreated upon Dikoa, pursued by the French [vid. Guilleux, ‘List of Authorities’]. He was routed on the River Yedseram, but escaped and rallied his forces at Mugelbu in Southern Mandara. From here he communicated in the autumn of 1900 with the British Resident at Ibi on the River Benue. From Mugelbu Fadel Allah moved back to the Kilba hills on the Yola-Bornu border, and later traversed Marghi, via Chibuk, where his camp can still be seen, then on to Marguba on the Maiduguri-Gujba road. From here he made a raid on Maiduguri and defeated the Shehu’s general, Mestrema Musa, chief eunuch, just outside the town. Mestrema Musa (Mallam Musa) is now Ajia of Borsari. Fadel Allah then continued his raid to Dikoa, which he found abandoned and burnt. Shehu Garbai fled from Dikoa to Ngala where he gave battle to F. Allah, but was defeated and fled to Kanem.

The French collected their forces and Fadel Allah had to retire hurriedly on Marguba, whence with his brother Moman Niebé in command of the advance guard with the women and baggage, he continued his retreat south-westwards; the pursuing French shelling the town of Billaraba, south of Gujba, under the mistaken impression that Fadel Allah was there, before returning to Dikoa.

Fadel Allah camped for some months in the spring of 1901 at Gwani and Bima on the River Gongola and again communicated with the British Resident of Ibi. Fadel Allah pressing for an interview with a representative of the British Government, Major McClintock was sent up by the Acting High Commissioner.

This officer met Fadel Allah at Burguma on the Maiduguri-Gujba road, and, counselling him to remain in camp pending the decision of the British Government (vid. note [67]), marched back through the Marghi district to Yola.

Fadel Allah disregarded this instruction and sent one of his lieutenants, named It, to dig up a gun which had been buried near Dikoa. The French attacked and killed It, and again Fadel Allah retired to Gujba. Here, on the Ansei swamp, the final skirmish took place on August 27, 1901. Fadel Allah was shot through the body on horseback, but was got away to Mutue, where he was buried in the swamp. The French dug him up, cut off his head and took it back to Dikoa. The name of the French commander was Dangeville. Moman Niebé surrendered and returned with the French to the French Congo.

APPENDIX XIX

HEAD-QUARTERS OF BRITISH BORNU

When Bornu was occupied in the spring of 1902 by the British force under Colonel Morland, and Shehu Abubakr Garbai invited in from Dikoa to become Head of the greater bulk of the land of his fathers, now stripped of districts apportioned by treaty to Germany and France, it was promised that the Shehu should restore and repopulate ruined Kuka if he could: in the meantime he made his temporary capital at the ancient site and large market village of Mongonu, some seventeen miles southward on the Maiduguri road.

On the appointment a few months later of a Civil Resident, this officer found it expedient to reside himself at Mongonu, leaving the eastern garrison still at Maiduguri, where Colonel Morland had placed it, with a fort. Next year, when the Shehu made his experimental move to Kuka, the Resident decided that the institution of internal caravan tolls, the paucity of the administrative staff and other considerations required his residence at the more central locality of Magumeri, where the Residency continued until the end of 1904, when Kuka became the joint capital of the British and the native administration.

At the end of 1906 it became evident that no efforts of the Shehu could attract a population or trade approaching half of its volume or importance prior to the sack of the city thirteen years previously, and that mere sentiment did not justify the retention and rebuilding of a site unhealthy and depressing, and no longer central or convenient. The Resident and the Shehu accordingly moved then down to Maiduguri, the capital of British Bornu to-day.

The government station of Maiduguri, civil and military, is built upon the sandy rise, some 1,000 feet above mean sea level, on the left bank of the little River Alo, upon which the small village of Maifoni used to stand. This is the place wrongly termed Mabani by Barth, whose map also shows the stream flowing the wrong way. The situation is healthy, commanding, and with a good water supply. Maiduguri, the large market village, is some 3½ miles away; and between this and the government station, upon the sites of the little hamlets of Kalua, is built the Shehu’s quarter, known at first as Yeriwa, but now as Shehuri. For general convenience, the absorbed hamlets of Kalua, the village of Maifoni (now moved into ‘Shehuri’), Shehuri and Maiduguri, themselves—comprising in all a population of some 10,000, together with the government station—are known as Maiduguri, likely soon to develop into a thriving commercial centre, on the highway to the Shari, Darfur, and the Nile.

APPENDIX XX (vid. p. 341)

CLAPPERTON’S PROMOTION TO LIEUTENANT

Clapperton passed for promotion to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813. He was given the acting rank of Lieutenant whilst in command of the _Confiance_ schooner on the Canadian lakes, but the Admiralty refused to confirm this. He was finally promoted in 1816 and ante-dated to 20th March, 1815. For the latter fact and for the subjoined certificate I am indebted to the kindness of W. G. Perrin, Esq., Admiralty Librarian:—

Pursuant to an Order from Sir Samuel Hood, Bart., K.B., Vice Admiral of the Blue and Commander in Chief of H.M. Ships and Vessels employed and to be employed in the East Indies and Seas adjacent, &c., dated 5th February 1813.

We have examined Mr. Hugh Clapperton, who appears by Certificate to be more than Nineteen Years of age and has been to sea more than six years in the Ships and qualities undermentioned, viz.:—

[Bty.: _Bounty._; A.: _Age._; E.: _Entry._; Q.: _Quality._; D.: _Discharge._; T.: _Time._; C.: _Cause._]

------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+------------------- | | _Place | | | | D. | | _Time._ _Ship._ |Bty.| Where |A.| E. | Q. +-----+C.+------------------- | | Born._ | | | | T. | |_Y._|_M._|_W._|_D._ ------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+---- Renommie | — |Scotland|— | 25 | Ab | 24 |— | 0 | 11 | 3 | 5 | | | |Novr.| |Octr.| | | | | | | | |1806 | |1807 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Do. | — | — |— | 25 |Midn.| 10 |— | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | | | |Octr.| |June | | | | | | | | |1807 | |1808 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Venerable | — | — |— | 11 |Midn.| 27 |— | 0 | 9 | 1 | 5 | | | |June | |Feb. | | | | | | | | |1808 | |1809 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Passenger |None| — |— | 28 |Supy.| 14 |— | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 to join | | | |Feb. |Midn.|March| | | | | H.M. Ship | | | |1809 | |1810 | | | | | Clorinde | | | | | | | | | | | as pr | | | | | | | | | | | certificates| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clorinde | — | — |— | 15 |Midn.| 20 |— | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | | |Mar. | |June | | | | | | | | |1810 | |1811 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Do. | — | — |— | 21 | M. | 5 |— | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2 | | | |June |Mate |Feby.| | | | | | | | |1811 | |1813 | | | | | ------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+---- | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 --------------------------------------------------+----+----+----+----

He produceth Logs kept by himself in His Majesty’s Ships Renommie, Venerable, and Clorinde, and Certificates from Captains Livingstone, King, Pascoe, Edgecombe, and Briggs of his diligence and sobriety and obedience to commands. He can splice, knot, reef a sail, work a ship in sailing, shift his tides, keep a reckoning of a ship’s way, by plain sailing and Mercators, observe by the sun or star, find the variation of the compass, and is qualified to do his duty as an able Seaman and Midshipman.

Given under our hands on board H.M.S. Clorinde, Bombay Harbour, 7th February 1813.

(Sgd) THOS. BRIGGS, Captain H.M.S. Clorinde.

WM. H. WEBLEY, Captain H.M.S. Illustrious.

GEO. ELLIOT, Captain H.M.S. Hussar.

APPENDIX XXI

A BORNU PRINCE AT TRIPOLI

There is a book the full title of which is ‘Letters written during a ten years’ residence at the Court of Tripoli, published from the originals in the possession of the family of the late Richard Tully, Esq. the British Consul’. London, 1816, quarto. Third edition, 2 vols., octavo, 1819 [five coloured plates].

Vol. ii, pp. 51-5, under date of July 28, 1789, there is a short description of the visit to Tripoli of a ‘black prince of Bornu’ returning to his own country from Tripoli, who was accompanied by three wives, one of whom had learnt enough Italian to express herself in ‘Lingua Franca’.

According to Tully, the prince was very well informed and wore ‘pearls of uncommon size’ as well as ‘large gold ear-rings set with the most valuable jewels’.

The prince gave a highly coloured description of Bornu, which he declared abounded with grapes, apricots, and pomegranates, whilst the ‘enormity’ of slave-dealing was not indulged in by his countrymen, who left such things to the Christians and Pagans!

Tully further states that the people of Tripoli had such an idea of the numbers of the Bornu army, that they say when the army leaves the town a large date-tree is laid before the gate, on which each man steps as he passes, and ‘as the foot soldiers go through the gate they wear out the body of this tree’.

[For visit of a Bornu prince to Tripoli in 1853 vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, p. 188.]

INDEX

Abana, 275.

Abba Bashir, 271.

Abba Bukar Kura, 268.

Abba Bukar, Rabeh’s lieutenant, 278.

Abba Kiari, _vid._ Shehu Kiari.

Abba Masta, _vid._ Abba Mustapha.

Abba Mustapha, 277, 303 ff.

Abba Sanda, son of Shehu Ashimi, 298.

Abbega, 232.

Abd-el-Kadir ibn Al-Haji Isa Muzi, 299.

Abdurrahman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.

Abeshr, 290.

Abore, _vid._ Fulani.

Aburraga, 276.

Abu Sikkin, 294.

acacia, 78, 86.

Adamawa, 23, 41, 44, 200, 219, 272, 291, 299.

_Adansonia digitata_, _vid._ kuka-tree.

_Aegyptischer Kurier_, 300.

Affade, 16, 115, 184.

‘African Holland’, 57.

_African Mail_, 329.

_African Society’s Journal_, 193, 332.

Afuno, 310.

agriculture, 177 ff., 210.

Ahmed, sultan or ‘mai’ of Bornu, 19, 20.

Aïr, 17, 127, 152.

Alexander, Boyd, 23, 30, 36, 144.

Alexander, Dr. David, 159.

Al Haji of Bedde, 273.

Ali Gana, 372.

Ali Ghajideni, 16, 17.

Ali, last King of Bornu, 22.

Allen, 217.

Alo, lake, 17, 310.

Alo, river, 289, 384.

Almis, 317.

Amadu Guimi, 278.

ambach, 94, 182, 187, 259.

ambatsch, _vid._ ambach.

America, 109, 110, 111, 160.

America, negro slaves in, 226.

ancestor-worship, 194.

animals, love of, 178.

Angala, _vid._ Ngala.

_Anogeissus leiocarpa_, 101.

Ansei, 61.

antelope, 122 ff.

ants, 155 ff.

ants, white, _vid._ termites.

ant-eater, 121.

ant-lion, 160.

Arabs, Djoheina, 334.

Arabs from Tripoli, 32, 197, 218.

Arabs, Shuwa, _vid._ Shuwas.

_Arachis hypogaea_, _vid._ ground-nut.

armadillo, 121.

armour, 175, 193.

Arri Fugumani, 270.

arrow-poison, 89, 100, 104, 193.

Arthur, 5.

artillery, _vid._ cannon.

Asben, 35, 300.

_Asclepias gigantea_, 83.

Audoin, 49, 53, 69.

Auta, 37.

Azhar, 4.

Babur, 194, 329, 332.

Badamuni, 44.

badger, 120.

Baedeker, 3.

Baghdad, 246.

Bagirmi, 22, 30, 34, 198, 222, 255, 259, 286-7, 297, 300, 371.

Bahia, 226.

Bahr-el-Ghazal, 49, 51, 53, 233, 308.

Ba-Ili, 58.

_Balanites aegyptiaca_, _vid._ hadjlidj.

Balbaya, 272.

Bama, 88.

banana, 77.

Banda, 286.

Bangasso, 29.

banyan, 91.

Barca Gana, 372.

bark, use of, 80.

barometrical observations, 307.

Barrow, 337, 343.

Barth, 11, 12, 13, 23, 232, 250, 378, _et passim_.

Barua, 48.

basingers, 284.

basket-work, 184.

Basset, 333, 336.

Bathurst, 356, _et passim_.

bats, 116.

Bauchi, 217, 225, 300, 301.

Bauer, 202.

_Bauhinia reticulata_, 88.

beans, 108.

Becker, 333.

Bedde, 194, 250, 259, 272, 273, 276, 290, 298, 300, 331, 332.

bee-eater, 131.

bees, 154, 191.

beeswax, 217.

beetles, 151 ff.

Béhagle, 34.

Belangawa, 258.

Belbelec, 329, 330.

Belford, 371.

Bello, 232, 259, 292, 302.

be̥nde̥ge̥, 284.

Beni Hassan, 197, 334.

benniseed, 108.

Benton, S. L., 6.

Benue, 23, 218, 230.

Bera, 266.

Berbers, 169.

Berdoa, 247.

Berebere, _vid._ Kanuri.

Beurmann, 12, 25, 225.

Bida, 229.

Biddoomy, _vid._ Budduma.

Billaraba, 382.

Bima, 382.

Birni, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

bito, 86.

black cotton soil, _vid._ firki.

boars, wild, 126.

boat, construction of, 23, 370.

Bodele, 51.

Boettger, 164.

Bohari, 265.

Bolewa, 332.

Bonavia, 366.

Bonnel de Mezières, 281, 294.

Boo Khaloom, 350, 354.

_Borassus aethiopum_, _vid._ palm, deleb.

Borku, 247, 285, 309, 333.

Bornu, ancient empire of, 3, 15.

— etymology of, 13, 295, 311, 335.

— geographical limits of, 40.

— head-quarters of, 383 ff.

— list of kings of, 239.

— list of tribes of, 325.

— population of, 206-7.

— prince at Tripoli, 387.

— _the land of lies_, 170.

Bornuski, 60.

Borroro, _vid._ Fulani.

Borsari, 311, 382.

Bosso, 332.

botany, 222; cf. Flora in List of Contents.

bowstringing, 269.

Bretonnet, 35.

bricks, burnt, 18, 176.

Briggs, 340, 387.

Budduma, 186, 187, 226, 370.

Budugar, 99.

buffalo, 123.

bugs, 120, 162.

buildings, 175, 184, 190, 193, 198.

Bulala, 16, 247, 335.

bul-bul, 138.

Bulu, 186.

Bunu, 275.

Burdon, 225, 239, 322, 342.

Burguma, 383.

Burgu Manda, 255 ff., 259.

Burra tribe, 329.

bush-babies, 116.

bush-fowl, 139.

Bussugua, 311, 331.

bustard, 140.

Buttabel, 364.

butterflies, 151, 153 ff., 228, 234 ff.

cactus, 89.

calabash, 112.

Calatrava, 280.

calendar, 322.

_Calotropis procera_, 83.

camel, 74, 166, 213.

Cameroons, _vid._ Kameruns.

_Candelabria euphorbia_, 103.

cannon, 177, 180, 278, 284, 288, 371, 383.

canoes, 185, 187.

— harvesting in, 58.

caoutchouc, 91, 217.

_Capparis sodata_, 85, 161.

— _tomentosa_, 90.

Carbou, 327, 333.

cart, 372.

cat, wild, 120.

caterpillars, 158.

cattle, _vid._ oxen.

— breeding, 212, 226, 231.

— disease, 166, 200, 226.

_Ceiba_, 77, 97.

centipedes, 162.

Chad Game Reserve, 125.

— Lake, 46 ff.; absence of trees, 93; called Lake Waterloo, 339; connexion with the Nile, 149, 164, 308; saltness of, 53.

— Lake islanders, _vid._ Buddumas.

chair, construction of, 371.

Challamel, 91, 177.

Chaillé-Long, 29.

_Chamaerops_, 84.

chameleon, 146.

cheetah, 118.

Chibuk, 225, 382.

Chudeau, 127, 145.

Chungary, 342.

civet-cat, 120, 167.

Clapperton, 11, 21, 339 seq., 379; his nickname, 341; promotion of, 341, 385; relations with Denham, 343 ff.; travelling name, 345.

_Clorinde_ frigate, 340, 386.

clouds, 71.

coach, construction of, 371.

Cobb, 307.

Cointet, 36.

Columbus, 365, 369, 370.

_Confiance_ schooner, 385.

consul at Bornu, 346, 368.

Constantinople, 227, 246.

Coppolani, 209.

cotton, 111, 211.

Courami, 226.

cowries, 215.

crabs, 163.

crane, 142.

cress, 108.

crickets, 162.

crocodile, 145, 187.

crocodile-bird, 141.

crow, 137.

Crown Agents, 366.

crown-bird, 142.

Crosbie, 3.

_Crucifera thebaica_, _vid._ palm, dum.

cuckoo, 130.

Dabo, 302.

‘dadawa’, 102.

Dala Gumami, 247.

Damagaram, 227, 259, 261.

Damerghu, 300.

Dangeville, 383.

darter, 144.

Darfur, 232, 285, 297, 309, 327.

date, _vid._ palm, date.

dates in the calendar, 322.

Dass, 301.

dassie, 126.

Daura, 259, 300.

Decorse, 226, 327.

Demombynes, 226, 327.

‘dendal’, 177.

Denham, 11, 21, 47, 55, 222, 337 ff., 379; relations with Clapperton, 343 ff.; travelling name, 345.

— present representatives of, 6, 380.

Depont, 209.

‘dervishes’, 29.

dew, 72.

D’Huart, 50, 223.

Dikoa, 31, 36, 37, 197, 219, 253, 289, 312, 382.

Dikwa, _vid._ Dikoa.

Dinkas, 284, 297.

Dirom, 340.

Dissa, 66.

dog, 167.

— flying, 116.

— wild, 119.

dollar, 215.

Dominik, 57, 117, 119, 124, 185.

donkeys, 166.

Dorugu, 232.

Douglas, 338.

dove, 138.

dragon-flies, 160.

‘dubbo-dubbo’, 225.

Duchi, 278.

duck, 143; Muscovy duck, 167.

‘Duck’s-bill’, 5.

Dudgeon, 177.

duiker, 123.

Dujarric, 227, 279.

dukhn, 105.

Dunama Dibbalami, 15.

Dungass, 261.

Durman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.

durrha, 106.

dysentery, 73.

eagle, 133.

Edriss Aloma, 17, 111, 310.

education in Bornu, 172-3.

Egga, 229.

Egypt, 18, 246.

El Amin el Kanemy, _vid._ Lamino.

elephant, 124-5.

Ellis, Dr. Martin, 307.

_Encyclopaedia of Islam_, 4, 280, 284.

ethel, 85.

eunuchs, 227, 274.

eye-disease, 75.

execution, forms of, 269, 271.

Fadel Allah, 36 ff., 228, 279, 382 ff.

Fadr el Allah, _vid._ Fadel Allah.

Fahrenheit, how to reduce centigrade to, 63.

Fake, 260, 301.

faki, 287.

Fantrassou, 308.

fenek, 119.

ferns, 104.

Ferryman, 285, 286.

Fertit, 286.

festivals, 320 ff.

fetishism, 209.

Fezzan, 199, 267.

figs, 99, 104.

Fika, 225, 273, 291, 298, 332.

Fillani, _vid._ Fulani.

finches, 135, 137.

fire-arms, 17, 32, 260, 284.

fire-flies, 153.

‘firki’, 46, 59, 60, 95, 129, 160, 210.

fish, 149.

fishing, 178-9, 185, 192.

Fittri, 16, 247.

fleas, 160.

flies, 158 ff.

fly-catcher, 138.

flying-dog, 116.

Fort Archambault, 35.

Fort Lamy, 229.

Foureau, 35.

‘fowo’, 94.

francolin, 139.

Freydenberg, 47, 48, 51.

frogs, 148-9.

fruit, 82.

Fulani, 4, 19, 28, 199 ff., 208, 329, 330.

— vocabulary, reference to, 226, 229.

‘gabaga’, 215.

Gadabuni, 44, 98, 145.

‘gadager’, 93.

Gagiduna, 300.

Galadima, 262, 263, 312.

galago, 116.

Gambalarou, 372.

Gambaru, 247, 248.

game reserve, 125.

Gamerghu, 183, 331.

Garbai, _vid._ Shehu Garbai.

Gaserregomo (Birni), 16, 18, 20, 61, 248, 251 ff.

Gashagar, 279.

Gaskeru, 330.

Gaurang, 231, 294.

‘gawo’, 87.

gazelle, 123, 352.

geckoes, 146.

Geidam, 195, 258, 305, 312.

Gentil, 34, 37.

geology, 222, 226, 227, 229.

Gerra, 285.

Gessi, 29, 283.

Ghadames, 300.

Ghasr Eggomo, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

giraffe, 122.

girgam, 231.

Girouard, 159.

Glencoe, 340.

goats, 166, 213, 231, 377.

Gober, 259.

Goma, 60.

Gombe, 291, 299.

Gongola, River, 41, 217, 382.

Goni Mukhtar, 251.

goose, 143.

Gorko, 260.

gourd, 112.

grass, prickly, 92.

Greig, 360 ff., 366.

Gribingi, 78.

Groom, 301.

ground-nut, 108, 212.

ground-pig, 121.

Guilleux, 228.

guinea-fowl, 139, 167.

guinea-worm, 75, 165.

Gujba, 37, 45, 139, 195, 313, 329, 383.

Gulfei, 182, 184, 268, 287, 290.

gum-arabic, 87, 217, 226, 229.

Gummel, 261.

Gumsigine, 270.

gun-men, _vid._ Rabeh’s gun-men; cf. also fire-arms.

gun-powder, 180.

Gusumalla, 313, 331.

gutta-percha, _vid._ caoutchouc.

Gwani, 382.

Hadeija, 261, 264, 265.

— River, 61.

Hadjer el Hamis, 45, 311.

— Teous, 45, 311.

‘hadjlidj’, 86, 88.

hair-dressing, 174, 198, 200.

Haj Beshir, 268 ff.

Haji Mahomet, 303.

Hamet Ismael, 246.

hammer-head, 142.

Hanafi, 208.

hare, 121, 147.

harmattan, 69, 233.

Harris, 303.

hartebeeste, 123.

Hartmann, 333.

Hausa, etymology of, 313.

Hausas, 3-5, 194-5, 321; Kanuri name for, 310.

_Hausa Stories and Riddles_, 303.

Hausa vocabulary, reference to, 226, 229.

hawk, 133.

hay, 192.

Hayatu, _vid._ Mallam Hayatu.

Hejira, 323.

henna, 110, 248

Hermann, 225.

heron, 142.

Hewby, 6, 38.

_Hibiscus esculentus_, 107.

Hillman, 21, 368 ff.; travelling name, 345.

Himyaritic king, 14.

hippopotamus, 127.

honey-guide, 130.

hoopoe, 144.

hornbill, 131.

horses, 166, 178, 190, 213, 227.

Horton, 359, _et passim_.

human sacrifice, 229.

Hume, 14.

huts, 175 ff., 190, 193, 198.

hydraulic contrivances, 134, 178.

hyena, 119, 120.

Hyksos, 246.

Ibi, 382-3.

ibis, 141.

Ibn Batuta, 17, 223.

— Chaldun, 15, 223.

— Said, 13, 15.

Ibrahim, King of Bornu, 22.

— son of Yakubu of Bauchi, 302-3.

ichneumon, 120.

Idris, _vid._ Edriss.

Idjege, 66.

Iman Ahmed, 17.

impaling, 269.

India, 246.

indigo, 110.

_Ipomoea_, 95.

Isga, 206.

Islam, 14, 111, 171, 186, 200, 208, 209.

Issege, 37, 44, 61, 98, 228, 319.

It, 383.

ivory, 216.

Ja’alin, 282, 284.

jackal, 118.

Jacob, 365.

Jacoba, _vid._ Bauchi.

Jamare, 287, 292, 299, 300.

Java, 226.

Jellaba, 282, 286, 297.

jigger, 109, 160.

Joalland, 35, 228.

Johnston, 169.

Joucla, 224.

Jungarie, _vid._ Chungary.

Kaba, 314, 316.

Kabela, 253, 256, 318.

Kachella, 181, 196, 205, 259, 303, 314.

— Abdullahi, 273.

— Ali Marghi, 273.

Kachellari, 263.

Kadera, 276.

Kaderiya, 209.

Kagaburi, 276, 314.

Kaiuri, 314, 326.

‘kalgo’, 88.

Kaloma, 316.

Kalua, 384.

Kameruns, 202, 220.

Kandira, Guma, 247.

Kanem, 14, 16, 17, 314, 382; etymology of, 334.

Kanembu, 174, 182, 253, 254, 256, 314, 326.

— infantry, 372.

Kano, 17, 218, 229, 232, 260, 292, 300, 302, 314.

Kanumbu (Lamino), 302.

Kanuri, characteristics of, 5, 18, 169 ff.

— commercial instincts of, 17, 180, 214.

— etymology of, 314, 335.

— military spirit of, 19, 181.

— origin of, 168 ff., 326.

— woman, 171.

— vocabulary, reference to, 222, 229.

‘karage̥’, 87.

Karaguaro, 305, 314.

Karnak (Logone), 79, 182, 184, 287, 290.

Kasa, 318.

Kasr Kumo, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

Kassim, 275.

Katagum, 20, 21, 41, 253, 261, 291, 299.

— River, 61.

‘Katakirri’, 93.

Katsena, 259, 300.

Kauwa, 125, 188.

‘kayo’, 83.

Kazaure, 300.

Kel Etti, 330.

Kerrikerri, 194, 332.

_Khaya_, 101.

Kiari, son of Shehu Bukar, 275-6; _vid._ Shehu Kiari.

‘Kige̥’, 86.

‘Kighir’, 86.

Kilba, 382.

Kindin, _vid._ Tuareg.

kingfisher, 131.

kite, 134, 186, 187, 226, 233.

Koelle’s MSS., 228.

Kofa, 41.

‘kogana’, 16, 181.

Koiyams, 252, 329 ff.

‘Kokenawa’, 16, 181.

kola, 101.

Koreishites, 333.

Kosso, 263.

Kotoko, 23, 121, 183, 185, 250.

Kubri, 259, 326.

Kufa, 247.

Kuka, foundation of, 20, 290; sacked by Bagirmi, 257; rebuilt, 259; destruction by Rabeh, 31, 288; abandoned by Rabeh, 289; attempt to rebuild, 383.

kuka-tree, 98.

Kukawa, _vid._ Kuka.

Kullumfardo, 264, 329, 331.

Kumm, 224, 228.

Kund, 57, 99, 117, 125, 213.

Kung, 126.

Kuno, 35.

Kuri oxen, 166.

Kuri tribe, cf. Buddumas.

‘kurna’, 82, 83.

Kusseri, 36, 39, 56, 158, 182, 184, 226, 273-4, 290.

Kusseri, battle of, in 1846, 266.

Kwalme Shuwas, 328, 334; _vid._ Shuwas.

La Chard, 193.

Lage-Matia, 57.

Lagos, 25, 84.

Laho-Matia, 57.

Lamino, 19 ff., 27, 229, 250 ff., 301 ff., 316, 331, 344, 373.

— presents to, 374 ff.

— seal of, 257.

— sons, 374.

Lamino (friend of Shehu Bukar), 275.

Lamy, 35, 36, 232.

Lander, 342.

Landeroin, 6, 186, 208, 233, 239, 250, 251, 331.

Lane, 324.

‘lapsur’, 108.

lark, 144.

Larymore, 337.

Lau, 101.

Lauture, 333.

leather-working, 179, 217.

Legari, 275.

Lenfant, 23, 59, 70.

Leo Africanus, 17, 181.

_Léon Blot_, 34.

leopard, 116, 118.

lepidoptera, 234 ff.

leprosy, 75.

Liberated Africans, 339.

lilies, 96.

Liman, 275.

— Bergoma, 261.

lion, 117.

lip-disks, 189.

Lippert, 280, 300.

‘litham’, 195.

Livingstone, 232.

lizard, 146.

locusts, 132, 161.

Logone, River, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 216, 274.

— town, _vid._ Karnak.

Loko, 159.

‘loranthus’, 89.

lotus, 96.

‘lowan’, 330.

Lugard, 37, 223, 229.

Lukach, 339.

Lumburem, 278.

lynx, 118.

Lyon, 229, 371.

Maberly, 366.

Machena, 261.

Mackenzie, 340, 379.

Maclean, 363.

Macleod, 5, 36, 250, 311.

Madagali, 65.

Maduari, 23, 72.

‘magalia’, 83.

Magira, 171, 304.

Magiram, 171.

Maguié, 252.

Magumeri, 315, 384.

Magumis, 326, 332.

Mahdi, 29, 281, 285.

Maher, 338.

Mahmud, son of Rabeh, 36; _vid._ Niebe.

mahogany, 101.

Mai Ahmed (Amadu), 251.

— Ali, 251, 267.

— Arri ben Haj Umar, 329.

— Dunama, 251, 253, 255.

— Ibram, 257, 265.

Maiduguri, 20, 38, 195, 384; etymology of, 315.

Maifoni, 20, 38, 384; etymology of, 316; connexion with Marghi, 316.

Maina Gumsumi, 326.

maize, 107, 185.

Makari, 183.

malaria, 73, 158.

Malawa, 261.

Malematari, 206.

Maliki sect, 209, 333.

Malla Kerim, 30, 274-5, 298.

Mallam Ali (Zaki), 252-3.

— Hayatu, 287, 290, 292-3, 297, 299, 300.

Mallam Kashim, 239.

— Mustapha, 301.

— Shetima Kinguimi, 262.

— Zakaria, 324.

mallow, 107.

Malta, 21, 359 ff., 366.

manatee, 128.

Mandara country, 31, 41, 44, 45, 56, 58, 61, 104, 157, 182, 193, 290, 298, 304.

— King of, and Rabeh, 298, 300.

— tribe, 183, 185.

— vocabulary, reference to, 222.

Manga, 127, 194, 263, 331.

manure, 191.

Mao, 25, 247, 308.

marabou, 142.

marabout, 364.

Marghi, 17, 41, 192 ff., 225, 332; connexion with Maifoni and list of kings, 316.

Margi, _vid._ Marghi.

Margoliouth, 208.

Marguba, 327, 382.

markets, 180.

Marquardsen, 47, 52, 59.

Marseilles, 345.

Masa, 183, 331.

‘massakwa’, 106, 210, 317.

Massari, 26, 229.

Massawa, 63.

Masseña, _vid._ Massenya.

Massenya, 260, 287, 294.

Matteucci, 26, 230, 334.

‘mbarma’, 318.

Mbulu, 60.

McCarthy-Morrogh, 38, 227.

McClintock, 37, 38, 239, 309, 312, 313, 383.

McIntosh, 26, 289.

McLeay, 307.

M‘Diarmid, 229, 340.

Mecca, 18, 227, 246, 252.

Mecklenburg, 7, 230.

Mele Gumsumi, 316.

Melra, 365.

Mendif, 45.

Merrick, 310, 313, 332.

Mestrema, 274-5, 382.

meteorology, 63 ff., 222, 226, 305.

Meynier, 35.

mice, 147.

Michell, 322.

millepede, 162.

millet, 105, 310.

mimosa, 78.

Minarem, 267.

Minargué, 267.

Mineral Survey, 227.

Miria, 252.

Misau, 273, 291, 299.

missionaries, 209, 210, 211.

Mobbers, 332.

Mochore, 191.

Mohammedanism, _vid._ Islam.

Mohammedan sects, 208, 209.

Mohammed Beshir al-Ghati, 282.

— Sherif, 290.

— Tar, 278.

Moharrem, 323-4.

Moiser, 307.

‘mokaddem’, 330.

Moll, 225, 227, 230.

molluscs, 163-4.

Moman Machena, 37.

Mongonu, 195, 197, 318, 327, 384.

mongoose, 120.

monitor, 145.

monkeys, 114 ff.

Monteil, 25, 28, 170, 178, 223.

months, 323.

Mora, 186.

Morland, 38, 383.

mosquito, 74, 158.

moths, 157, 234 ff.

Mourzouk, _vid._ Murzuk.

Mubi, 37.

Mugelbu, 382.

mules, 166.

Mulgue, 276.

Munio, 43, 55, 94, 119, 194, 259, 261, 293.

Muri, 211.

Murmur, 21, 337.

Murray, 379.

Murzuk, 203, 214, 355, 369.

Musgu country, 41, 57, 58, 99, 110, 160, 181, 205-6, 210, 269, 272.

— tribe, 183, 188 ff.

Musgum, 191.

music, 173.

Mustapha Mutube, 269.

Mutube, 61.

Mutue, 383.

Nachtigal, 12, 13, 25, 64, 350, _et passim_.

Nachtigal’s cook, 25.

Nafada, 140, 217.

natron, 44, 54, 55, 86, 180.

Nelson, 230, 336 ff.

Ngadda, 60.

Ngala, 21, 22, 256, 278, 365, 382.

‘ngalio’, 175, 188.

‘ngaljam’, 57, 58.

Ngamagué, 278.

Ngellewa, 298.

Ngigmi, 48.

Ngizim, 194, 250, 272.

Ngornu, 84, 111, 188, 227, 253, 256.

— battle of, 20, 47.

Ngua, 60.

Nguéléroma, 239, 251, 253, 258.

Ngunse, 318, 331.

Ngurkum, 274.

Nguru, 252, 261, 263, 265, 318.

Ngurutua, 23.

Niebe, 36, 382, 383.

Niger Co., 26, 140, 217, 289.

— water, 367.

night-jar, 132.

Nile, _vid._ Chad.

Njime, 247, 335.

‘Nokena’, 15, 16.

‘nonon giwa’, 91.

Norris, 231; cf. Pott.

Nupe, 330.

Nyamnyam, 286.

Omar, _vid._ Shehu Omar.

Omar Sanda, _vid._ Shehu Omar Sanda.

onions, 107.

orchids, 77.

— ground, 104.

oriole, 138, 144.

‘oschar’, 83.

ostrich, 139-40, 167, 226.

— eggs, 175.

— feathers, 140, 216, 217.

Oswald, 159,

Othman dan Fodio, 251, 281, 287, 292.

otter, 121.

Oudney, 21, 336 ff.; relations with Denham, 343 ff.; travelling name, 345.

Overweg, 12, 23, 332, 370.

owl, 135.

oxen, 165, 178, 199, 211, 376.

ox-pecker, 137.

Pagenstecher, 219-20.

palm, date, 85.

— deleb, 98, 133.

— dum, 84.

— raphia, 77.

Palmer, 231, 239, 329.

Pan-islam, 209.

parrots, 129.

‘Parsees, African’, 194.

Passarge, 111, 194, 204, 207.

Pavel, 38.

paw-paw, 77, 97, 109.

Pearce, 368.

pelican, 143.

_Pennisetum dichotomum_, 92.

— _penicillaria_, 105.

pepper, 109.

Perrin, 342, 385.

Perron, 232.

Petermann, 24.

Phrygian cap, 199.

piassava, 77.

pigeon, 138, 167.

_Pistia stratiotes_, 96, 100.

plough, 211.

plover, 140-1.

pomegranate, 109.

porcupine, 121.

potatoes, 107, 227.

Pott, 231.

presents to Shehu, 373.

Prins, 34.

pumpkin, 108.

Puss, 192.

_Quarterly Review_, 231.

Rabah, 280; _vid._ Rabeh.

Rabeh, 26, 29 ff., 169, 181, 186, 205, 277 ff., 331.

Rabeh’s death, 36.

— gown, 33, 174.

— gun-men, 31, 32, 278, 279.

— mark, 32, 293.

railway, 212, 213, 218, 221.

rain, 72; rainfall, 307.

Ramadan, 325.

‘raphia’, 77.

rats, 121.

‘rattal’, 214, 215.

razzias, _vid._ slave-raids.

Reffell, 339.

_rehaina_, 91.

Resener, 300.

Residents, position of, 207.

‘retam’, 85, 86, 167.

rhinoceros, 57, 126.

rhyolite, 45.

rice, 106.

Richardson, 22, 381.

Robinson, 313.

rock-partridge, 139.

Rohlfs, 12, 25, 47, 111, 127, 143, 155, 161, 170, 173, 199, 203, 216, 218, 228, 381.

roller, 132.

Royal Military College, 339, 350.

‘rottl’, _vid._ ‘rattal’.

Rouse, 380.

Sachau, 280.

‘Sahara Mission’, 35.

salamander, 149.

Salamé, 209.

salt, 81, 86, 180, 194.

_Salvadora persica_, 85.

Samory, 281.

Sandaram, 330.

sand-grouse, 139.

sandstone, 45.

sappers, 24.

Sara, 260.

‘Sarikin Mussulmi’, 209.

Saus, _vid._ Sos.

Schultze, 7.

scorpion, 162.

Seaforth, 340, 379.

seeds, 373.

Sef, 14, 247; Sefua, 14, 22, 246 ff., 335; cf. Tubbas.

Seibu Aisami, 247.

Seledeba, 44.

Selleri, 265.

Senegal, 19.

Senussi, 30, 208, 333.

Senussiya, 285.

serval, 118.

sesame, 108, 212.

Seyorum, 52.

Shari, 30, 32, 33, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59.

shea-butter, 80, 102.

sheep, 166, 213, 231, 377.

— disease, 166.

Shegorama, 125.

Shehu Abdurrahman (Durman), 27, 267, 268 ff.

— Ashimi, 28, 30, 188, 277-8, 288, 298.

— Bukar (Abubakr), 28, 270, 271 ff.

— Garbai, 37, 38, 382, 383.

— Ibrahim, 28, 277, 303.

— Kiari, 30, 275, 278-9, 288-9, 298.

— Omar, 22 ff., 170, 250, 265 ff., 292.

— — doubts as to birth of, 267.

— — Sanda (Sanda Kura), 31, 35, 37.

— Sanda of German Bornu, 32, 38, 171, 181.

— Umar, _vid._ Shehu Omar.

Shehuri, 20, 34, 384.

Shehus, genealogical table of, 239, 288, 305.

Sheikh, the, i.e. Lamino, _q.v._

Sheikh Abdullahi of Koiyam, 329.

— Mohammed ibn Umar, 232.

— Umar of Koiyam, 330.

shells, 163.

Shetima, 275.

Shetima Allah Rhama, 262.

Shira, 291, 299.

shrike, 137.

Shuwa Arabs, 149, 182, 196 ff., 319, 326 ff., 333.

Siemens, 3.

Sierra Morena, 44.

— Nevada, 79.

silk-cotton tree, 97.

Simkins, 365.

‘sittatunga’, 123.

skunk, 121.

Slatin Pasha, 29, 285.

slave-raids, 23, 26, 171, 189, 193, 203, 205.

slave-reservoir, 26.

slavery, 204, 301.

slave-trade, 203, 216, 293.

sleeping sickness, 159.

snails, 164.

snakes, 142, 146 ff.

snipe, 140-1.

Sokoto, 19, 33, 199, 209, 232, 272, 342.

Solingen, 214.

‘sorghum’, 105.

Sos, 16, 247, 248 ff., 314, 326.

sparrows, 135.

spiders, 162.

St. John, Bayle, 19, 232.

St. Martin, 333.

starlings, 137.

Stambul, _vid._ Constantinople.

Steiermark, 214.

Stephani, 329.

_Sterculia acuminata_, _vid._ kola.

— _tomentosa_, 101.

Stewart, 362.

Stieber, 68, 190.

stork, 141-2, 144.

strangulation, 271.

Struck, 224, 233.

Sufi mallam, 264.

Sugurti, 259, 267, 326.

Suleiman, son of Zobeir, 28, 282-3, 285.

sun-birds, 138.

Surrikulo, 97.

Sururu, 34.

swallows, 137.

Sympkins, _vid._ Simkins.

Syria, 246.

Tagari, 276.

tails, men with, 226.

Talba, 275.

‘talha’, 87.

tamarind, 90.

Tanamari, 300.

‘tata’, 36.

tattooing, 174, 226.

Tchad, _vid._ Chad.

Teda, _vid._ Tubu.

temperature, 63 ff.

Tenimu, 268.

‘terminalia’, 101.

termites, 155, 160-1, 227.

tern, 143.

thermometrical table, 67; observations, 306.

throwing-knives, _vid._ ‘ngalio’.

Tibbu, _vid._ Tubu.

Tibesti, 51, 285.

ticks, 163.

Tijani, _vid._ Tojani.

Tilho, 6, 54, 233, 251, 308.

Timbuctoo vocabulary, reference to, 222.

tobacco, 110, 191, 208.

tobe, 33.

Togbao, 35.

Tojani, 208, 333.

tomato, 108.

Toole, 21, 354, 355 ff.; travelling name, 345.

tornadoes, 66, 70.

Tou, 247.

Tremearne, 313, 329.

tribal marks, 226.

Trieste, 215.

Tripoli, 18, 22, 25, 174, 189, 203, 214, 289, 293.

— British consul at, 21, 225.

— War, 217, 218.

trypanosomiasis, 74.

tsetse, 159.

Tshendam, 211.

Tuareg, 19, 28, 41, 62, 118, 195-6, 218, 330.

Tubba Lowel, 246.

Tubbas, 246 ff., 275, 329.

Tubu, 14, 15, 195.

— vocabulary, reference to, 229.

Tully, 387.

Tumbi dan Hawa, 261 ff.

‘tumfafia’, 83.

‘tundub’, 85.

Tunis, 15, 293.

turtle, 144-5.

Tyrwhitt, 21, 352, 355 ff., 369, 375; travelling name, 345.

Uba, 45, 104, 157.

Uele, 286.

Uje, 316, 319, 327.

Ulugo, 54, 60, 91, 116, 136, 146.

vaccination, 364.

Valpreda, 25.

vegetables, 373.

venereal disease, 75, 89.

Vischer, 239, 346.

Vogel, 12, 24, 181, 203, 225, 231, 233.

Volkens, 76.

Vollers, 4.

vulture, 134.

Wacha, 252.

Wadai, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 232, 266, 286, 294, 297, 333.

wagtail, 135, 144.

Wahhabism, 208.

Wandala, _vid._ Mandara tribe.

Wara, 290, 311.

Wari, 263.

Warrington, 232, 345, _et passim_; Warrington and Tyrwhitt, 357.

— Walter Bornow, 364.

wart-hog, 127.

Wasa, 43, 45.

wasp, 155.

‘wassili’, _vid._ Arabs, Tripoli.

water-buck, 123.

weaver-birds, 135-6.

weaving, 179.

wells, 178, 332.

wheat, 107.

wheat-ear, 144.

Wilmot, 345, _et passim_.

winds, 50, 53, 68 ff., 307.

Windsor, 140, 380.

witchcraft, 184.

Wobe, _vid._ Yo, River.

wood-pecker, 133.

worms, guinea, 75, 165; intestinal, 75, 142, 165; earth, 164.

wryneck, 144.

Wudi, 47.

Wuliya, 192.

Wupti, 139.

Wurno, 292.

Yadza, 319.

Yakubu of Bauchi, 260, 301-2.

Yale, 264.

Yamia, 62, 255.

Yarima, _vid._ Yerima.

Yedina, _vid._ Budduma.

Yedseram, River, 37, 60, 88, 183, 206, 331; etymology of, 319.

Yemen, 246, 329, 332.

Yerima, etymology of, 319.

— Bukar, afterwards Shehu Bukar, _q.v._

— Umar, afterwards Shehu Umar, _q.v._

Yeriwa, 20, 384.

Yiroma, 274-5.

Yo, River, 16, 19, 47, 61 ff., 194, 195, 229, 279, 332, 367.

— town of, 256, 332.

Zagarari, 265.

Zaria, 300.

Zigaba, 331.

Zigagué, 266.

Zimmermann, 206.

Zinder, 23, 28, 33, 35, 41, 43, 77, 98, 167, 194, 227, 267, 268, 278, 282, 285, 292, 300-1.

‘zizyphus’, 83.

Zobehr, _vid._ Zobeir.

Zobeir, 28, 29, 297.

zodiacal lights, 70.

zoology, 222; cf. Fauna, Chapter VI.

Zouïla, 252.

OXFORD: HORACE HART PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

[Illustration: BORNU UND SEINE GRENZGEBIETE Entworfen und gezeichnet von Arnold Schultze.

Beigabe zu Dr. Arnold Schultze, Das Sultanat Bornu mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Deutsch-Bornu. (G. D. Baedeker, Verlagshandlung in Essen.)]

[Illustration: Übersichts-Skizze zur Geschichte Bornus von Dr. Arn. Schultze.

Beigabe zu Dr. Arnold Schultze, Das Sultanat Bornu mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Deutsch-Bornu. (G. D. Baedeker, Verlagshandlung in Essen.)]

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

KANURI READINGS

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