PART XL.

RESPONSIBILITY AND QUALIFICATIONS OF LOCOMOTIVE RUNNERS.[119]

[119] NOTE.--The greater part of this chapter is a translation from Prof. George Kosak’s “Katechismus der Einrichtung und des Betriebes der Locomotive.”

QUESTION 561. _What are the dangers to which the runner and the fireman are exposed by their work on the engine?_

_Answer._ Runners and firemen are not only exposed to great bodily injury or even death by every accident which may happen to their engine, but unless they are very careful to preserve their health it is quickly destroyed by the constant changes of the weather to which their position exposes them, and also by the effect of the heat of the fire and by the smoke by which they are often surrounded.

In order to protect themselves in a measure from the injurious effects of change of weather, smoke, cold, etc., frequent bathing and cleansing of the skin are absolutely necessary, and also the wearing of a woolen undershirt next the skin at all seasons.

The gases of coal which pour out of the furnace-door, if it is opened when the throttle is closed, have an especially injurious effect on the throat, lungs, etc. They should always see to it, therefore, that the blower is always started before the fire-door is opened, in order that these injurious gases, which have collected during a halt, may be drawn forward and up the smoke-stack by the draft.

The steady, loud clatter which the engine makes while running has an injurious influence on the nervous system. The runner should therefore endeavor to lessen these shocks of the engine as far as possible by keeping watch over it and keeping its parts accurately adjusted. In order to keep himself fresh and strong in his service, which is extremely exhaustive to body and mind, the runner must try to strengthen himself by regular, temperate living, and eating abundant nourishing food. The common use of strong drinks, which undermines the mental and physical strength of men, should be avoided by a person occupying the exhaustive and responsible position of a locomotive runner. If in ordinary life a drunken man is unfit for any simple work, how shall a drunken runner or fireman undertake the difficult management of so great, so delicate and so costly a machine as a locomotive? How can hundreds of men quietly trust their lives and limbs to such a man, whom no one can help despising? Rightfully, therefore, conscientious railroad managers place the greatest stress on the _sobriety_ of the runners and firemen, and instantly discharge from their service those who give themselves up to a passion for drink.

Owing to the demands which their daily labor makes upon their strength and endurance, locomotive runners should be careful not to increase the drain by dissipation, irregular hours or overwork. There seems to be something about the power of endurance of the human frame analogous to the capacity of a bar of iron or steel to resist strains. So long as the strains do not exceed the elastic limit, that is if the bar recovers its original length when the strain is removed, it will bear millions of such strains without becoming weaker; but if it is strained so hard that it is permanently stretched, then comparatively few applications of the force will rupture the bar. In a similar way, if the strain or fatigue which a man endures is no more than he will recover from after the ordinary rest, he can endure an almost unlimited number of such strains, but if the fatigue exceeds his “elastic limit,” then he soon becomes permanently injured thereby. It often happens that an excessive amount of work is unavoidable, but when it can be avoided it should be by those who wish to preserve their health and strength.

In order to save themselves from great injuries, runners and firemen should always act with the greatest caution, and never rush carelessly into danger. They should never adopt the principle of foolhardy and thoughtless people, who by the consciousness of continual danger fall into the habit of carelessly “trusting to their luck,” etc. On the contrary, they should always face the danger with their eyes open and with the greatest conscientiousness. Many try to show great courage by scorning the danger, and some such even wish to meet a little in order to be able to show their pluck. These should bear in mind that they have a great responsibility laid upon them, and that it is not alone their own well-being or life which is at stake in case of any mishap, but that by their careless behavior they may wound or kill the helpless people who are committed to their care, cause incalculable misery by robbing families of their sole support and of their children; and bring great sorrow and mourning to their fellow-men. The thought of the curse and the despair of the survivors may give sleepless hours even to a locomotive runner who knows himself to have been without any fault regarding an accident; how much more must it be with him who cannot give himself this assurance? There are not wanting instances in which the runner who caused such an accident by his thoughtlessness, driven to despair by his own heavily-burdened conscience, went miserably to ruin.

QUESTION 562. _What requirements and duties should every locomotive runner fulfill?_

_Answer._ Every locomotive runner should fulfill the following requirements and duties:

1. He should have an exact knowledge of the engine intrusted to him, and a general knowledge of the nature and construction of steam engines generally. Likewise, he should be perfectly familiar with the management of the boiler, the running of the engine, and the way of keeping the working parts in good condition; also, with the forms and peculiarities of the line of road on which he runs, the rules which govern the running of trains and with the signal system adopted.

2. _Health_ and _bodily strength_ he must have in abundant measure in his position, which is exhausting and in which he is exposed to all sorts of weather.

3. He should have a good, plain common-school education, and be ready at reading, writing and arithmetic.

4. He should always carry out _exactly_ and _cheerfully_ the regulations of the service, or the instructions given him by special orders from the officers over him.

5. _Faithfulness_, _frankness_ and _honesty_, which characterize an upright man in ordinary life, and also the strictest _temperance_ in the use of strong drink, he should possess in a high degree in his very responsible position.

6. He should have acquired a certain degree of skill in putting together and taking apart locomotives, and also in repairing separate parts of them. It is desirable that he should always be present when his own engine is taken apart, put together or repaired, in order that he may acquire a thorough knowledge of its condition and learn to understand properly the importance of its various parts.

7. In caring for his engine he must preserve perfect cleanliness and order, and in using fuel he must manifest the greatest care and rigid economy.

8. Whenever there is danger, coolness and self-possession are indispensably necessary, and any thoughtlessness or recklessness is to be strictly avoided.

9. Towards his superior officers his behavior should be respectful and obliging; towards those under him, patient and kindly, and at all times he should avoid profanity and all intemperate language. He should endeavor, as far as possible, to instruct the fireman who accompanies him and make him familiar with the construction and management of the engine, and should see that he does his work strictly in accordance with his instructions.

It is the _fireman’s_ duty to follow the runner’s instructions strictly, and in case of any sudden disability of the runner he must stop the engine in accordance with the instructions given him, and then give the proper signals for help, until another runner arrives. In the meanwhile the engine is to be kept at a halt with all the usual precautions.

10. The runner should try to keep himself informed of the progress and improvement of locomotives by reading suitable hooks and technical periodicals, and when possible acquire some skill in geometrical and mechanical drawing, in order to accustom himself to accurate work and sound and systematic thinking.

QUESTION 563. _What studies should mechanics, locomotive runners and firemen take up, and what technical books should they read?_

_Answer._ As already stated, they should know how to read and write their own language, and understand arithmetic and have some knowledge of geography. Every locomotive runner and fireman has a good deal of spare time, a part of which he can devote to study, and all of them, even if they have not had the advantage of early education, could by industry and perseverance acquire a knowledge of “reading, writing and ciphering.” The assistance of a good teacher should always be procured, if possible. With so much knowledge, some book on natural philosophy can be read to advantage, and then some book on mechanics. The following list of books is given, which the student will do well to read in the order in which they are named. It should always be remembered, however, that the mere buying of books contributes very little knowledge to the owner. It is the reading and _understanding_ them which “increases knowledge.”

LIST OF BOOKS FOR MECHANICS, LOCOMOTIVE RUNNERS, FIREMEN, ETC.

A Hand Book of the Steam Engine, by John Bourne; published by Longmans, London; $2.00.

A Catechism of the Steam Engine, by John Bourne; published by Longmans, London; $2.00.

Lessons in Elementary Physics, by Balfour Stewart; published by Macmillan & Co., New York; $1.50.

Experimental Mechanics, by Prof. Ball; published by Macmillan & Co., New York; $6.00.

The New Chemistry, by Prof. J. P. Cooke; published by Appleton & Co., New York; $2.00.

Elementary Treatise on Heat, by Balfour Stewart; published by Macmillan & Co., New York; $3.00.

Combustion of Coal, by C. Wye Williams; published by Lockwood & Co., London; $1.20.

A Treatise on Steam Boilers, by Robert Wilson; published by Lockwood & Co., London; $3.00.

Link-Valve Motion, by Wm. S. Auchincloss; published by D. Van Nostrand, New York; $3.00.

The Conservation of Energy, by Balfour Stewart; published by Appleton & Co., New York; $1.50.

Richards’ Steam Engine Indicator, by Charles T. Porter; published by Longmans, London; $2.50.

PLATES

PLATE IV.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF FOUR-WHEELED SWITCHING LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE HINKLEY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, BOSTON, MASS.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels None. Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 6 ft. 9 in. Distance between Front and Back Driving-Wheels 6 ft. 9 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 48,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 48,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 50 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels None. Diameter of Cylinders 15 in. Stroke of Cylinders 22 Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler ring 44³⁄₄ in. Size of Grate 3 × 3²⁄₃ ft. Number of Tubes 121 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 10¹⁄₂ ft. Square Feet of Grate surface 11 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 71 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 580 Total Feet of Heating surface 651 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2³⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 10 × 1¹⁄₄ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₄ in. Throw of Eccentrics 4¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve None. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ × 7 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ × 7 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal None. Diameter of Pump Plunger 1⁷⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 22 in. Capacity of Tank 1,200 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate IV.

FOUR-WHEELED SWITCHING LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE HINKLEY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, BOSTON, MASS. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE V.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE

BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 21 ft. 9 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 96 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 65,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 42,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 60³⁄₄ in. Diameter of Truck Wheels 28 in. Diameter of Cylinders 16 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 48 in. Size of Grate 65 × 34¹⁄₂ in. Number of Tubes 144 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 10 ft. 11 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 15.5 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 100.6 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 825.4 Total Feet of Heating surface 926 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2³⁄₄ to 3¹⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₄ × 15 in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₂ × 15 in. Throw of Eccentrics 5¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₃₂ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ × 7¹⁄₂ in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2 in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,000 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate V.

EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 foot.]

PLATE VI.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE

BY THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 21 ft. 9 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 8 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 62,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 42,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 61 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 28 in. Diameter of Cylinders 16 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 48 in. Size of Grate 60 × 34 in. Number of Tubes 140 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft. Square Feet of Grate surface 14 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 98 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 805 Total Feet of Heating surface 903 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 3¹⁄₄ to 3³⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₄ × 14 in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₂ × 14 in. Throw of Eccentrics 5 in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve None. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ dia. × 7³⁄₄ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ dia. × 7³⁄₄ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ dia. × 8 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2 in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,000 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate VI.

EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE VII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE

BY THE DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE CO., PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 21 ft 2 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving- Wheels, 7 ft. 9 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 60,200 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 38,350 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 5 ft. 7⁵⁄₈ in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 2 ft. 6 in. Diameter of Cylinders 15 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 3 ft. 10 in. Size of Grate 56 × 34¹⁄₂ in. Number of Tubes 136 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft. Square Feet of Grate surface 13.5 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 86 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 775 Total Feet of Heating surface 861 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2³⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₄ × 13¹⁄₂ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₂ × 13¹⁄₂ in. Throw of Eccentrics 5¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁷⁄₈ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₈ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2¹⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 1,800 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate VII.

EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE CO., PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE VIII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE

BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASS.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ In. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 22 ft. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 8 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 62,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 40,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 5 ft. 6 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 2 ft. 9 in. Diameter of Cylinders 1 ft. 5 in. Stroke of Cylinders 2 ft. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 3 ft. 10 in.[120] Size of Grate 66 × 35³⁄₄ in. Number of Tubes 155 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft 2 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 16.38 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 105 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 906 Total Feet of Heating surface 1011 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Single. Diameter of Nozzle 3³⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 15 × 1¹⁄₄ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 15 × 2³⁄₄ in. Throw of Eccentrics 4¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁷⁄₈ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₁₆ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ × 7¹⁄₂ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal Size of Truck-axle Journal 3¹⁄₄ × 6¹⁄₂ in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 1³⁄₄ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,250 gallons.

[120] The Boiler is made conical, 46 in. diameter at the Smoke-Box and 50 in. at the Fire-Box.

[Illustration: Plate VIII.

EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASSACHUSETTS. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE IX.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE

BY THE HINKLEY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, BOSTON, MASS.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 21 ft. 4¹⁄₂ in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 7 ft. 6 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 63,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 41,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 68 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 30 in. Diameter of Cylinders 16 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 46 in. Size of Grate 3 ft. × 5 ft. Number of Tubes 150 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft. Square Feet of Grate surface 15 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 100 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 755 Total Feet of Heating surface 855 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 3 in. Size of Steam Ports 14 × 1¹⁄₄ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2³⁄₈ in. Throw of Eccentrics 5 in. Outside Lap of Valve ¹³⁄₁₆ in. Inside Lap of Valve None. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 7 × 7 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 7 × 7 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ × 7 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 1⁷⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,000 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate IX.

EIGHT-WHEELED “AMERICAN” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE HINKLEY LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE X.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF TEN-WHEELED LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA.

Gauge of Road 4 ft 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 6 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 23 ft. 6 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 88 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 78,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 58,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 54 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 26 in. Diameter of Cylinders 18 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 50 in. Size of Grate 60 × 34¹⁄₂ in. Number of Tubes 152 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 12 ft. 9 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 14.37 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 94 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 1014 Total Feet of Heating surface 1108 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 3 to 3¹⁄₂ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₄ × 16 in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₂ × 16 in. Throw of Eccentrics 5¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₃₂ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₄ × 7¹⁄₂ in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2 in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,200 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate X.

TEN-WHEELED LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XI.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF “MOGUL” LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 6 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 2 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 22 ft. 8 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 96 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 77,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 66,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 52 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 30 in. Diameter of Cylinders 18 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 50 in. Size of Grate 66 × 34¹⁄₂ in. Number of Tubes 161 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft. 3 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 16 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 102.7 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 948 Total Feet of Heating surface 1051 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 3 to 3¹⁄₂ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₄ × 16 in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2¹⁄₂ × 16 in. Throw of Eccentrics 5¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₃₂ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 7 in. dia. × 8 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 5 in. dia. × 8 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2 in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,200 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XI.

“MOGUL” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF “CONSOLIDATION” LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE CO., PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 8 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 2 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 23 ft. 2 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 15 ft. 7 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 96,550 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 86,430 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 4 ft. 2 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 2 ft. 7 in. Diameter of Cylinders 20 in. Stroke of Cylinders 24 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 4 ft. 2 in. Size of Grate 120 × 34³⁄₄ in. Number of Tubes 165 Diameter of Tubes 2¹⁄₄ in. Length of Tubes 13 ft. 9¹⁄₄ in. Square Feet of Grate surface 29 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 139 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 1370 Total Feet of Heating surface 1509 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double Diameter of Nozzle 3¹⁄₂ in. Size of Steam Ports 1¹⁄₂ x 15¹⁄₂ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 2³⁄₄ × 15¹⁄₂ in. Throw of Eccentrics 5¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁵⁄₈ in. Inside Lap of Valve None. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6³⁄₄ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6³⁄₄ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 5 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 2¹⁄₄ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 24 in. Capacity of Tank 2,400 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XII.

“CONSOLIDATION” LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE DANFORTH LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE CO., PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XIII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF DOUBLE-END TANK LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 6 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 2 Number of Back Truck-Wheels 2 Total Wheel Base 24 ft. 7¹⁄₂ in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 12 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 84,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 68,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 40¹⁄₄ in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 26 in. Diameter of Cylinders 15 in. Stroke of Cylinders 20 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 46¹⁄₄ in. Size of Grate 34 × 48 in. Number of Tubes 132 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 9 ft. 9¹⁄₄ in. Square Feet of Grate surface 11.7 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 67 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 608 Total Feet of Heating surface 675 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2¹⁄₈ to 2³⁄₈ in. Size of Steam Ports 13³⁄₄ × 1³⁄₁₆ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 13³⁄₄ × 2⁷⁄₁₆ in. Throw of Eccentrics 4³⁄₄ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁵⁄₈ × ¹⁄₆₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₁₆ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7¹⁄₂ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7¹⁄₂ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ × 8 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 1⁷⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 20 in. Capacity of Tank 1,600 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XIII.

DOUBLE-END TANK LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XIV.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF DOUBLE-END TANK LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 2 Number of Back Truck-Wheels 4 Total Wheel Base 25 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 6 ft. 6 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 75,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 40,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 48³⁄₄ in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 30 and 26 in. Diameter of Cylinders 15 in. Stroke of Cylinders 22 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 43⁵⁄₈ in. Size of Grate 34 × 50 in. Number of Tubes 139 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 8 ft. 10¹⁄₂ in. Square Feet of Grate surface 11.84 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 82 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 711 Total Feet of Heating surface 793 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2³⁄₈ to 2⁵⁄₈ in. Size of Steam Ports 13³⁄₄ × 1³⁄₁₆ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 13³⁄₄ × 2⁷⁄₁₆ in. Throw of Eccentrics 4¹⁄₄ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁵⁄₈ × ¹⁄₆₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₁₆ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7¹⁄₂ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7¹⁄₂ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ × 7¹⁄₂ in.[121] Diameter of Pump Plunger 1⁷⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 22 in. Capacity of Tank 1,000 gallons.

[121] Above is the Front Truck-axle Journal. That of the Back Truck-axle is 4¹⁄₄ × 7¹⁄₂ in.

[Illustration: Plate XIV.

DOUBLE-END TANK LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE ROGERS LOCOMOTIVE AND MACHINE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XV.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF IMPROVED TANK LOCOMOTIVE,

DESIGNED BY M. N. FORNEY, 73 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 20 ft. 9 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving- Wheels 6 ft. 8 in. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 60,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 44,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 50 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 26 in. Diameter of Cylinders 14 in. Stroke of Cylinders 20 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 46 in. Size of Grate 54 × 36⁵⁄₈ in. Number of Tubes 139 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 10 ft. 1¹⁄₂ in. Square Feet of Grate surface 14 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 78 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 734 Total Feet of Heating surface 812 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2³⁄₄ in. Size of Steam Ports 12 × 1¹⁄₄ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 12 × 2¹⁄₂ in. Throw of Eccentrics 5 in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₃₂ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6 × 7 in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 3³⁄₄ × 7 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 4 in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 5 in. Capacity of Tank 1,500 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XV.

IMPROVED TANK LOCOMOTIVE, DESIGNED BY M. N. FORNEY, 73 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XVI.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF DOUBLE-TRUCK NARROW-GAUGE TANK LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASS.

Gauge of Road 3 ft. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 4 Number of Back Truck-Wheels 4 Total Wheel Base 19 ft. 6 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 5 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 24,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 2 ft. 9 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 2 ft. 6 in. Diameter of Cylinders 10 in. Stroke of Cylinders 1 ft. 3 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 3 ft. Size of Grate 41¹⁄₂ × 31 in. Number of Tubes 81 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 8 ft. 2 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 8.93 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 56 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 346 Total Feet of Heating surface 402 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Single. Diameter of Nozzle 2¹⁄₂ in. Size of Steam Ports 9¹⁄₂ × 1¹⁄₈ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 9¹⁄₂ × 2¹⁄₂ in. Throw of Eccentrics 3³⁄₄ in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₁₆ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 5 × 7 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal Size of Truck-axle Journal 3¹⁄₂ × 6¹⁄₂ in. Diameter of Pump Plunger Stroke of Pump Plunger Capacity of Tank 800 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XVI.

DOUBLE-TRUCK NARROW-GAUGE TANK LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASSACHUSETTS. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XVII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF DOUBLE-TRUCK TANK FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASS.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 6 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 6 Number of Back Truck-Wheels 6 Total Wheel Base 31 ft. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 8 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 66,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 3 ft. 6 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 2 ft. 6 in. Diameter of Cylinders 1 ft. 4 in. Stroke of Cylinders 2 ft. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 4 ft. Size of Grate 66 × 48³⁄₈ in. Number of Tubes 154 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 11 ft. 6 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 22.17 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 126 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 927 Total Feet of Heating surface 1053 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Single. Diameter of Nozzle Variable. Size of Steam Ports 15 × 1¹⁄₄ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 15 × 2³⁄₄ in. Throw of Eccentrics 8 in.[122] Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₁₆ in. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6¹⁄₂ × 10 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal Size of Truck-axle Journal 4 × 8 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger Stroke of Pump Plunger Capacity of Tank 2,530 gallons.

[122] This engine has Walschaert’s valve gear, which is worked by a crank of 8 inches throw.

[Illustration: Plate XVII.

DOUBLE-TRUCK TANK FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE MASON MACHINE WORKS, TAUNTON, MASSACHUSETTS. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XVIII.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF DOUBLE-END LOCOMOTIVE,

BY THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 8¹⁄₂ in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels 2 Number of Back Truck-Wheels 2 Total Wheel Base 19 ft. 9 in. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 7 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 52,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 42,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 56 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels 28 in. Diameter of Cylinders 14 in. Stroke of Cylinders 22 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 42 in. Size of Grate 73 × 34 in. Number of Tubes 124 Diameter of Tubes 2 in. Length of Tubes 7 ft. 10 in. Square Feet of Grate surface 16.5 Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 80.8 Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 468.5 Total Feet of Heating surface 549.3 Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2¹⁄₂ to 3⁷⁄₈ in. Size of Steam Ports 14 × 1¹⁄₈ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 14 × 2¹⁄₄ in. Throw of Eccentrics 5 in. Outside Lap of Valve ³⁄₄ in. Inside Lap of Valve None. Size of Main Driving-axle Journal 6 dia. × 7³⁄₄ in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal 6 dia. × 7³⁄₄ in. Size of Truck-axle Journal 4¹⁄₂ dia. × 8 in. Diameter of Pump Plunger 3¹⁄₂ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 5 in. Capacity of Tank 1,600 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XVIII.

DOUBLE-END LOCOMOTIVE, BY THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, PATERSON, N. J. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

PLATE XIX.

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, ETC., OF LOCOMOTIVE FOR THE N. Y. ELEVATED R. R.

DESIGNED BY D. W. WYMAN, SUPERINTENDENT.

Gauge of Road 4 ft. 10 in. Number of Driving-Wheels 4 Number of Front Truck-Wheels None. Number of Back Truck-Wheels None. Total Wheel Base 5 ft. Distance between centres of Front and Back Driving-Wheels 5 ft. Total Weight of Locomotive in working order 8,000 lbs. Total Weight on Driving-Wheels 8,000 lbs. Diameter of Driving-Wheels 30 in. Diameter of Truck-Wheels None. Diameter of Cylinders 7 in. Stroke of Cylinders 10 in. Outside Diameter of smallest Boiler Ring 28 in. Size of Grate 28 × 28 in. Number of Tubes 140 Diameter of Tubes 1¹⁄₄ in. Length of Tubes 3 ft. Square Feet of Grate surface 5¹⁄₂ ft. Square Feet of Heating surface in Fire-Box 25 ft. Square Feet of Heating surface in Tubes 126 ft. Total Feet of Heating surface 151 ft. Exhaust Nozzles--single or double Double. Diameter of Nozzle 2 in. Size of Steam Ports 6 × ⁵⁄₈ in. Size of Exhaust Ports 6 × 2 in. Throw of Eccentrics 2¹⁄₂ in. Outside Lap of Valve ⁵⁄₈ in. Inside Lap of Valve ¹⁄₃₂ in. Diameter of Main Driving-axle Journal 3 in. Size of other Driving-axle Journal Size of Truck-axle Journal Diameter of Pump Plunger 1³⁄₈ in. Stroke of Pump Plunger 10 in. Capacity of Tank 109 gallons.

[Illustration: Plate XIX.

LOCOMOTIVE FOR THE NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILROAD, DESIGNED BY D. W. WYMAN, SUPERINTENDENT. Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.]

_Appendix I._

+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. | +--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+-----------+ | | | | | | Relative | | Total | | | | | volume of | |pressure| | | | Weight| the steam | | per sq.| | Sensible | Total heat| of one| compared | | inch, | |temperature| in degrees| cubic | with the | |measured| Pressure | in | from zero | foot | water from| | from a | above the | Fahrenheit| of | of | which it | | vacuum.|atmosphere.| degrees. |Fahrenheit.| steam.|was raised.| +--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-------+-----------+ | Lb. | Lb. | Deg. | Deg. | Lb. | | | 1 | .. | 102.1 | 1144.5 | .0030 | 20582 | | 2 | .. | 126.3 | 1151.7 | .0058 | 10721 | | 3 | .. | 141.6 | 1156.6 | .0085 | 7322 | | 4 | .. | 153.1 | 1160.1 | .0112 | 5583 | | 5 | .. | 162.3 | 1162.9 | .0138 | 4527 | | 6 | .. | 170.2 | 1165.3 | .0163 | 3813 | | 7 | .. | 176.9 | 1167.3 | .0189 | 3298 | | 8 | .. | 182.9 | 1169.2 | .0214 | 2909 | | 9 | .. | 188.3 | 1170.8 | .0239 | 2604 | | 10 | .. | 193.3 | 1172.3 | .0264 | 2358 | | 11 | .. | 197.8 | 1173.7 | .0289 | 2157 | | 12 | .. | 202.0 | 1175.0 | .0314 | 1986 | | 13 | .. | 205.9 | 1176.2 | .0338 | 1842 | | 14 | .. | 209.6 | 1177.3 | .0362 | 1720 | | 14.7 | 0. | 212.0 | 1178.1 | .0380 | 1642 | | 15 | .3 | 213.1 | 1178.4 | .0387 | 1610 | | 16 | 1.3 | 216.3 | 1179.4 | .0411 | 1515 | | 17 | 2.3 | 219.6 | 1180.3 | .0435 | 1431 | | 18 | 3.3 | 222.4 | 1181.2 | .0459 | 1357 | | 19 | 4.3 | 225.3 | 1182.1 | .0483 | 1290 | | 20 | 5.3 | 228.0 | 1182.9 | .0507 | 1229 | | 21 | 6.3 | 230.6 | 1183.7 | .0531 | 1174 | | 22 | 7.3 | 233.1 | 1184.5 | .0555 | 1123 | | 23 | 8.3 | 235.5 | 1185.2 | .0580 | 1075 | | 24 | 9.3 | 237.8 | 1185.9 | .0601 | 1036 | | 25 | 10.3 | 240.1 | 1186.6 | .0625 | 996 | | 26 | 11.3 | 242.3 | 1187.3 | .0650 | 958 | | 27 | 12.3 | 244.4 | 1187.8 | .0673 | 926 | | 28 | 13.3 | 246.4 | 1188.4 | .0696 | 895 | | 29 | 14.3 | 248.4 | 1189.1 | .0719 | 866 | | 30 | 15.3 | 250.4 | 1189.8 | .0743 | 838 | | 31 | 16.3 | 252.2 | 1190.4 | .0766 | 813 | | 32 | 17.3 | 254.1 | 1190.9 | .0789 | 789 | | 33 | 18.3 | 255.9 | 1191.5 | .0812 | 767 | | 34 | 19.3 | 257.6 | 1192.0 | .0835 | 746 | | 35 | 20.3 | 259.3 | 1192.5 | .0858 | 726 | | 36 | 21.3 | 260.9 | 1193.0 | .0881 | 707 | | 37 | 22.3 | 262.6 | 1193.5 | .0905 | 688 | | 38 | 23.3 | 264.2 | 1194.0 | .0929 | 671 | | 39 | 24.3 | 265.8 | 1194.5 | .0952 | 655 | | 40 | 25.3 | 267.3 | 1194.9 | .0974 | 640 | | 41 | 26.3 | 268.7 | 1195.4 | .0996 | 625 | | 42 | 27.3 | 270.2 | 1195.8 | .1020 | 611 | | 43 | 28.3 | 271.6 | 1196.2 | .1042 | 598 | | 44 | 29.3 | 273.0 | 1196.6 | .1065 | 585 | | 45 | 30.3 | 274.4 | 1197.1 | .1089 | 572 | | 46 | 31.3 | 275.8 | 1197.5 | .1111 | 561 | | 47 | 32.3 | 277.1 | 1197.9 | .1133 | 550 | | 48 | 33.3 | 278.4 | 1198.3 | .1156 | 539 | | 49 | 34.3 | 279.7 | 1198.7 | .1179 | 529 | | 50 | 35.3 | 281.0 | 1199.1 | .1202 | 518 | | 51 | 36.3 | 282.3 | 1199.5 | .1224 | 509 | | 52 | 37.3 | 283.5 | 1199.9 | .1246 | 500 | | 53 | 38.3 | 284.7 | 1200.3 | .1269 | 491 | | 54 | 39.3 | 285.9 | 1200.6 | .1291 | 482 | | 55 | 40.3 | 287.1 | 1201.0 | .1314 | 474 | | 56 | 41.3 | 288.2 | 1201.3 | .1336 | 466 | | 57 | 42.3 | 289.3 | 1201.7 | .1364 | 458 | | 58 | 43.3 | 290.4 | 1202.0 | .1380 | 451 | | 59 | 44.3 | 291.6 | 1202.4 | .1403 | 444 | | 60 | 45.3 | 292.7 | 1202.7 | .1425 | 437 | | 61 | 46.3 | 293.8 | 1203.1 | .1447 | 430 | | 62 | 47.3 | 294.8 | 1203.4 | .1469 | 424 | | 63 | 48.3 | 295.9 | 1203.7 | .1493 | 417 | | 64 | 49.3 | 296.9 | 1204.0 | .1516 | 411 | | 65 | 50.3 | 298.0 | 1204.3 | .1538 | 405 | | 66 | 51.3 | 299.0 | 1204.6 | .1560 | 399 | | 67 | 52.3 | 300.0 | 1204.9 | .1583 | 393 | | 68 | 53.3 | 300.9 | 1205.2 | .1605 | 388 | | 69 | 54.3 | 301.9 | 1205.5 | .1627 | 383 | | 70 | 55.3 | 302.9 | 1205.8 | .1648 | 378 | | 71 | 56.3 | 303.9 | 1206.1 | .1670 | 373 | | 72 | 57.3 | 304.8 | 1266.3 | .1692 | 368 | | 73 | 58.3 | 305.7 | 1206.6 | .1714 | 363 | | 74 | 59.3 | 306.6 | 1206.9 | .1736 | 359 | | 75 | 60.3 | 307.5 | 1207.2 | .1759 | 353 | | 76 | 61.3 | 308.4 | 1207.4 | .1782 | 349 | | 77 | 62.3 | 309.3 | 1207.7 | .1804 | 345 | | 78 | 63.3 | 310.2 | 1208.0 | .1826 | 341 | | 79 | 64.3 | 311.1 | 1208.3 | .1848 | 337 | | 80 | 65.3 | 312.0 | 1208.5 | .1869 | 333 | | 81 | 66.3 | 312.8 | 1208.8 | .1891 | 329 | | 82 | 67.3 | 313.6 | 1209.1 | .1913 | 325 | | 83 | 68.3 | 314.5 | 1209.4 | .1935 | 321 | | 84 | 69.3 | 315.3 | 1209.6 | .1957 | 318 | | 85 | 70.3 | 316.1 | 1209.9 | .1980 | 314 | | 86 | 71.3 | 316.9 | 1210.1 | .2002 | 311 | | 87 | 72.3 | 317.8 | 1210.4 | .2024 | 308 | | 88 | 73.3 | 318.6 | 1210.6 | .2044 | 305 | | 89 | 74.3 | 319.4 | 1210.9 | .2067 | 301 | | 90 | 75.3 | 320.2 | 1211.1 | .2089 | 298 | | 91 | 76.3 | 321.0 | 1211.3 | .2111 | 295 | | 92 | 77.3 | 321.7 | 1211.5 | .2133 | 292 | | 93 | 78.3 | 322.5 | 1211.8 | .2155 | 289 | | 94 | 79.3 | 323.3 | 1212.0 | .2176 | 286 | | 95 | 80.3 | 324.1 | 1212.3 | .2198 | 283 | | 96 | 81.3 | 324.8 | 1212.5 | .2219 | 281 | | 97 | 82.3 | 325.6 | 1212.8 | .2241 | 278 | | 98 | 83.3 | 326.3 | 1213.0 | .2263 | 275 | | 99 | 84.3 | 327.1 | 1213.2 | .2285 | 272 | | 100 | 85.3 | 327.9 | 1213.4 | .2307 | 270 | | 101 | 86.3 | 328.5 | 1213.6 | .2329 | 267 | | 102 | 87.3 | 329.1 | 1213.8 | .2351 | 265 | | 103 | 88.3 | 329.9 | 1214.0 | .2373 | 262 | | 104 | 89.3 | 330.6 | 1214.2 | .2393 | 260 | | 105 | 90.3 | 331.3 | 1214.4 | .2414 | 257 | | 106 | 91.3 | 331.9 | 1214.6 | .2435 | 255 | | 107 | 92.3 | 332.6 | 1214.8 | .2456 | 253 | | 108 | 93.3 | 333.3 | 1215.0 | .2477 | 251 | | 109 | 94.3 | 334.0 | 1215.3 | .2499 | 249 | | 110 | 95.3 | 334.6 | 1215.5 | .2521 | 247 | | 111 | 96.3 | 335.3 | 1215.7 | .2543 | 245 | | 112 | 97.3 | 336.0 | 1215.9 | .2564 | 243 | | 113 | 98.3 | 336.7 | 1216.1 | .2586 | 241 | | 114 | 99.3 | 337.4 | 1216.3 | .2607 | 239 | | 115 | 100.3 | 338.0 | 1216.5 | .2628 | 237 | | 116 | 101.3 | 338.6 | 1216.7 | .2649 | 235 | | 117 | 102.3 | 339.3 | 1216.9 | .2674 | 233 | | 118 | 103.3 | 339.9 | 1217.1 | .2696 | 231 | | 119 | 104.3 | 340.5 | 1217.3 | .2738 | 229 | | 120 | 105.3 | 341.1 | 1217.4 | .2759 | 227 | | 121 | 106.3 | 341.8 | 1217.6 | .2780 | 225 | | 122 | 107.3 | 342.4 | 1217.8 | .2801 | 224 | | 123 | 108.3 | 343.0 | 1218.0 | .2822 | 222 | | 124 | 109.3 | 343.6 | 1218.2 | .2845 | 221 | | 125 | 110.3 | 344.2 | 1218.4 | .2867 | 219 | | 126 | 111.3 | 344.8 | 1218.6 | .2889 | 217 | | 127 | 112.3 | 345.4 | 1218.8 | .2911 | 215 | | 128 | 113.3 | 346.0 | 1218.9 | .2933 | 214 | | 129 | 114.3 | 346.6 | 1219.1 | .2955 | 212 | | 130 | 115.3 | 347.2 | 1219.3 | .2977 | 211 | | 131 | 116.3 | 347.8 | 1219.5 | .2999 | 209 | | 132 | 117.3 | 348.3 | 1219.6 | .3020 | 208 | | 133 | 118.3 | 348.9 | 1219.8 | .3040 | 206 | | 134 | 119.3 | 349.5 | 1220.0 | .3060 | 205 | | 135 | 120.3 | 350.1 | 1220.2 | .3080 | 203 | | 136 | 121.3 | 350.6 | 1220.3 | .3101 | 202 | | 137 | 122.3 | 351.2 | 1220.5 | .3121 | 200 | | 138 | 123.3 | 351.8 | 1220.7 | .3142 | 199 | | 139 | 124.3 | 352.4 | 1220.9 | .3162 | 198 | | 140 | 125.3 | 352.9 | 1221.0 | .3184 | 197 | | 141 | 126.3 | 353.5 | 1221.2 | .3206 | 195 | | 142 | 127.3 | 354.0 | 1221.4 | .3228 | 194 | | 143 | 128.3 | 354.5 | 1221.6 | .3250 | 193 | | 144 | 129.3 | 355.0 | 1221.7 | .3273 | 192 | | 145 | 130.3 | 355.6 | 1221.9 | .3294 | 190 | | 146 | 131.3 | 356.1 | 1222.0 | .3315 | 189 | | 147 | 132.3 | 356.7 | 1222.2 | .3336 | 188 | | 148 | 133.3 | 357.2 | 1222.3 | .3357 | 187 | | 149 | 134.3 | 357.8 | 1222.5 | .3377 | 186 | | 150 | 135.3 | 358.3 | 1222.7 | .3397 | 184 | | 155 | 140.3 | 361.0 | 1223.5 | .3500 | 179 | | 160 | 145.3 | 363.4 | 1224.2 | .3607 | 174 | | 165 | 150.3 | 366.0 | 1224.9 | .3714 | 169 | | 170 | 155.3 | 368.2 | 1225.7 | .3821 | 164 | | 175 | 160.3 | 370.8 | 1226.4 | .3928 | 159 | | 180 | 165.3 | 372.9 | 1227.1 | .4035 | 155 | | 185 | 170.3 | 375.3 | 1227.8 | .4142 | 151 | | 190 | 175.3 | 377.5 | 1228.5 | .4250 | 148 | | 195 | 180.3 | 379.7 | 1229.2 | .4357 | 144 | | 200 | 185.3 | 381.7 | 1229.8 | .4464 | 141 | | 210 | 195.3 | 386.0 | 1231.1 | .4668 | 135 | | 220 | 205.3 | 389.9 | 1232.3 | .4872 | 129 | | 230 | 215.3 | 393.8 | 1233.5 | .5072 | 123 | | 240 | 225.3 | 397.5 | 1234.6 | .5270 | 119 | | 250 | 235.3 | 401.1 | 1235.7 | .5471 | 114 | | 260 | 245.3 | 404.5 | 1236.8 | .5670 | 110 | | 270 | 255.3 | 407.9 | 1237.8 | .5871 | 106 | | 280 | 265.3 | 411.2 | 1238.8 | .6070 | 102 | | 290 | 275.3 | 414.4 | 1239.8 | .6268 | 99 | | 300 | 285.3 | 417.5 | 1240.7 | .6469 | 96 | +========+===========+===========+===========+=======+===========+

_Appendix II._

+------------+ |_Table of | |Hyperbolic | |Logarithms._| +----+-------+ | | Loga- | |Num.|rithms.| +----+-------+ |1.01| .0099| |1.02| .0198| |1.03| .0295| |1.04| .0392| |1.05| .0487| |1.06| .0582| |1.07| .0676| |1.08| .0769| |1.09| .0861| |1.10| .0953| |1.11| .1043| |1.12| .1133| |1.13| .1222| |1.14| .1310| |1.15| .1397| |1.16| .1484| |1.17| .1570| |1.18| .1655| |1.19| .1739| |1.20| .1823| |1.21| .1962| |1.22| .1988| |1.23| .2070| |1.24| .2151| |1.25| .2231| |1.26| .2341| |1.27| .2390| |1.28| .2468| |1.29| .2546| |1.30| .2623| |1.31| .2700| |1.32| .2776| |1.33| .2851| |1.34| .2926| |1.35| .3001| |1.36| .3074| |1.37| .3148| |1.38| .3220| |1.39| .3293| |1.40| .3364| |1.41| .3435| |1.42| .3506| |1.43| .3576| |1.44| .3646| |1.45| .3715| |1.46| .3784| |1.47| .3852| |1.48| .3920| |1.49| .3987| |1.50| .4054| |1.51| .4121| |1.52| .4187| |1.53| .4252| |1.54| .4317| |1.55| .4382| |1.56| .4446| |1.57| .4510| |1.58| .4574| |1.59| .4637| |1.60| .4700| |1.61| .4762| |1.62| .4824| |1.63| .4885| |1.64| .4946| |1.65| .5007| |1.66| .5068| |1.67| .5128| |1.68| .5187| |1.69| .5247| |1.70| .5306| |1.71| .5364| |1.72| .5423| |1.73| .5481| |1.74| .5538| |1.75| .5596| |1.76| .5653| |1.77| .5709| |1.78| .5766| |1.79| .5822| |1.80| .5877| |1.81| .5933| |1.82| .5988| |1.83| .6043| |1.84| .6097| |1.85| .6151| |1.86| .6205| |1.87| .6259| |1.88| .6312| |1.89| .6365| |1.90| .6418| |1.91| .6471| |1.92| .6523| |1.93| .6575| |1.94| .6626| |1.95| .6678| |1.96| .6729| |1.97| .6780| |1.98| .6830| |1.99| .6881| |2.00| .6931| |2.01| .6981| |2.02| .7030| |2.03| .7080| |2.04| .7129| |2.05| .7178| |2.06| .7227| |2.07| .7275| |2.08| .7323| |2.09| .7371| |2.10| .7419| |2.11| .7466| |2.12| .7514| |2.13| .7561| |2.14| .7608| |2.15| .7654| |2.16| .7701| |2.17| .7747| |2.18| .7793| |2.19| .7839| |2.20| .7884| |2.21| .7929| |2.22| .7975| |2.23| .8021| |2.24| .8064| |2.25| .8109| |2.26| .8153| |2.27| .8197| |2.28| .8241| |2.29| .8285| |2.30| .8329| |2.31| .8372| |2.32| .8415| |2.33| .8458| |2.34| .8501| |2.35| .8544| |2.36| .8586| |2.37| .8628| |2.38| .8671| |2.39| .8712| |2.40| .8754| |2.41| .8796| |2.42| .8837| |2.43| .8878| |2.44| .8919| |2.45| .8060| |2.46| .9001| |2.47| .9042| |2.48| .9082| |2.49| .9122| |2.50| .9162| |2.51| .9202| |2.52| .9242| |2.53| .9282| |2.54| .9321| |2.55| .9360| |2.56| .9400| |2.57| .9439| |2.58| .9477| |2.59| .9516| |2.60| .9555| |2.61| .9593| |2.62| .9631| |2.63| .9669| |2.64| .9707| |2.65| .9745| |2.66| .9783| |2.67| .9820| |2.68| .9858| |2.69| .9895| |2.70| .9932| |2.71| .9969| |2.72| 1.0006| |2.73| 1.0043| |2.74| 1.0079| |2.75| 1.0116| |2.76| 1.0152| |2.77| 1.0188| |2.78| 1.0224| |2.79| 1.0260| |2.80| 1.0296| |2.81| 1.0331| |2.82| 1.0367| |2.83| 1.0402| |2.84| 1.0438| |2.85| 1.0473| |2.86| 1.0508| |2.87| 1.0543| |2.88| 1.0577| |2.89| 1.0612| |2.90| 1.0647| |2.91| 1.0681| |2.92| 1.0715| |2.93| 1.0750| |2.94| 1.0784| |2.95| 1.0818| |2.96| 1.0851| |2.97| 1.0885| |2.98| 1.0919| |2.99| 1.0952| |3.00| 1.0986| |3.01| 1.1019| |3.02| 1.1052| |3.03| 1.1085| |3.04| 1.1118| |3.05| 1.1151| |3.06| 1.1184| |3.07| 1.1216| |3.08| 1.1249| |3.09| 1.1281| |3.10| 1.1314| |3.11| 1.1346| |3.12| 1.1378| |3.13| 1.1410| |3.14| 1.1442| |3.15| 1.1474| |3.16| 1.1505| |3.17| 1.1537| |3.18| 1.1568| |3.19| 1.1600| |3.20| 1.1631| |3.21| 1.1662| |3.22| 1.1693| |3.23| 1.1724| |3.24| 1.1755| |3.25| 1.1786| |3.26| 1.1817| |3.27| 1.1847| |3.28| 1.1878| |3.29| 1.1908| |3.30| 1.1939| |3.31| 1.1969| |3.32| 1.1999| |3.33| 1.2029| |3.34| 1.2059| |3.35| 1.2089| |3.36| 1.2119| |3.37| 1.2149| |3.38| 1.2178| |3.39| 1.2208| |3.40| 1.2237| |3.41| 1.2267| |3.42| 1.2296| |3.43| 1.2325| |3.44| 1.2354| |3.45| 1.2387| |3.46| 1.2412| |3.47| 1.2441| |3.48| 1.2470| |3.49| 1.2499| |3.50| 1.2527| |3.51| 1.2556| |3.52| 1.2584| |3.53| 1.2612| |3.54| 1.2641| |3.55| 1.2669| |3.56| 1.2697| |3.57| 1.2725| |3.58| 1.2753| |3.59| 1.2781| |3.60| 1.2809| |3.61| 1.2837| |3.62| 1.2864| |3.63| 1.2892| |3.64| 1.2919| |3.65| 1.2947| |3.66| 1.2974| |3.67| 1.3001| |3.68| 1.3029| |3.69| 1.3056| |3.70| 1.3083| |3.71| 1.3110| |3.72| 1.3137| |3.73| 1.3164| |3.74| 1.3190| |3.75| 1.3217| |3.76| 1.3244| |3.77| 1.3271| |3.78| 1.3297| |3.79| 1.3323| |3.80| 1.3350| |3.81| 1.3376| |3.82| 1.3402| |3.83| 1.3428| |3.84| 1.3454| |3.85| 1.3480| |3.86| 1.3506| |3.87| 1.3532| |3.88| 1.3558| |3.89| 1.3584| |3.90| 1.3609| |3.91| 1.3635| |3.92| 1.3660| |3.93| 1.3686| |3.94| 1.3711| |3.95| 1.3737| |3.96| 1.3726| |3.97| 1.3787| |3.98| 1.3812| |3.99| 1.3837| |4.00| 1.3862| |4.01| 1.3887| |4.02| 1.3912| |4.03| 1.3937| |4.04| 1.3962| |4.05| 1.3987| |4.06| 1.4011| |4.07| 1.4036| |4.08| 1.4060| |4.09| 1.4085| |4.10| 1.4109| |4.11| 1.4134| |4.12| 1.4158| |4.13| 1.4182| |4.14| 1.4206| |4.15| 1.4231| |4.16| 1.4255| |4.17| 1.4279| |4.18| 1.4303| |4.19| 1.4327| |4.20| 1.4350| |4.21| 1.4374| |4.22| 1.4398| |4.23| 1.4422| |4.24| 1.4445| |4.25| 1.4469| |4.26| 1.4492| |4.27| 1.4516| |4.28| 1.4539| |4.29| 1.4562| |4.30| 1.4586| |4.31| 1.4609| |4.32| 1.4632| |4.33| 1.4655| |4.34| 1.4678| |4.35| 1.4701| |4.36| 1.4724| |4.37| 1.4747| |4.38| 1.4778| |4.39| 1.4793| |4.40| 1.4816| |4.41| 1.4838| |4.42| 1.4838| |4.43| 1.4883| |4.44| 1.4906| |4.45| 1.4929| |4.46| 1.4914| |4.47| 1.4973| |4.48| 1.4996| |4.49| 1.5018| |4.50| 1.5040| |4.51| 1.5062| |4.52| 1.5085| |4.53| 1.5107| |4.54| 1.5129| |4.55| 1.5151| |4.56| 1.5173| |4.57| 1.5195| |4.58| 1.5216| |4.59| 1.5238| |4.60| 1.5260| |4.61| 1.5282| |4.62| 1.5303| |4.63| 1.5325| |4.64| 1.5347| |4.65| 1.5368| |4.66| 1.5390| |4.67| 1.5411| |4.68| 1.5432| |4.69| 1.5454| |4.70| 1.5475| |4.71| 1.5496| |4.72| 1.5518| |4.73| 1.5539| |4.74| 1.5560| |4.75| 1.5581| |4.76| 1.5602| |4.77| 1.5623| |4.78| 1.5644| |4.79| 1.5665| |4.80| 1.5686| |4.81| 1.5706| |4.82| 1.5727| |4.83| 1.5748| |4.84| 1.5769| |4.85| 1.5789| |4.86| 1.5810| |4.87| 1.5830| |4.88| 1.5851| |4.89| 1.5870| |4.90| 1.5892| |4.91| 1.5912| |4.92| 1.5933| |4.93| 1.5953| |4.94| 1.5973| |4.95| 1.5993| |4.96| 1.6014| |4.97| 1.6034| |4.98| 1.6054| |4.99| 1.6074| |5.00| 1.6094| |5.01| 1.6114| |5.02| 1.6134| |5.03| 1.6154| |5.04| 1.6174| |5.05| 1.6193| |5.06| 1.6213| |5.07| 1.6233| |5.08| 1.6253| |5.09| 1.6272| |5.10| 1.6292| |5.11| 1.6311| |5.12| 1.6331| |5.13| 1.6351| |5.14| 1.6370| |5.15| 1.6389| |5.16| 1.6409| |5.17| 1.6428| |5.18| 1.6448| |5.19| 1.6463| |5.20| 1.6486| |5.21| 1.6505| |5.22| 1.6524| |5.23| 1.6544| |5.24| 1.6563| |5.25| 1.6582| |5.26| 1.6601| |5.27| 1.6620| |5.28| 1.6639| |5.29| 1.6658| |5.30| 1.6677| |5.31| 1.6695| |5.32| 1.6714| |5.33| 1.6733| |5.34| 1.6752| |5.35| 1.6770| |5.36| 1.6789| |5.37| 1.6808| |5.38| 1.6826| |5.39| 1.6845| |5.40| 1.6863| |5.41| 1.6882| |5.42| 1.6900| |5.43| 1.6919| |5.44| 1.6937| |5.45| 1.6956| |5.46| 1.6974| |5.47| 1.6992| |5.48| 1.7011| |5.49| 1.7029| |5.50| 1.7047| |5.51| 1.7065| |5.52| 1.7083| |5.53| 1.7101| |5.54| 1.7119| |5.55| 1.7137| |5.56| 1.7155| |5.57| 1.7173| |5.58| 1.7191| |5.59| 1.7209| |5.60| 1.7227| |5.61| 1.7245| |5.62| 1.7263| |5.63| 1.7281| |5.64| 1.7298| |5.65| 1.7316| |5.66| 1.7334| |5.67| 1.7351| |5.68| 1.7369| |5.69| 1.7387| |5.70| 1.7404| |5.71| 1.7422| |5.72| 1.7439| |5.73| 1.7457| |5.74| 1.7474| |5.75| 1.7491| |5.76| 1.7509| |5.77| 1.7526| |5.78| 1.7544| |5.79| 1.7561| |5.80| 1.7578| |5.81| 1.7595| |5.82| 1.7613| |5.83| 1.7630| |5.84| 1.7647| |5.85| 1.7664| |5.86| 1.7681| |5.87| 1.7698| |5.88| 1.7715| |5.89| 1.7732| |5.90| 1.7749| |5.91| 1.7766| |5.92| 1.7783| |5.93| 1.7800| |5.94| 1.7817| |5.95| 1.7833| |5.96| 1.7850| |5.97| 1.7867| |5.98| 1.7884| |5.99| 1.7900| |6.00| 1.7917| |6.01| 1.7934| |6.02| 1.7950| |6.03| 1.7967| |6.04| 1.7984| |6.05| 1.8000| |6.06| 1.8017| |6.07| 1.8033| |6.08| 1.8050| |6.09| 1.8066| |6.10| 1.8082| |6.11| 1.8099| |6.12| 1.8115| |6.13| 1.8131| |6.14| 1.8148| |6.15| 1.8164| |6.16| 1.8180| |6.17| 1.8196| |6.18| 1.8213| |6.19| 1.8229| |6.20| 1.8245| |6.21| 1.8261| |6.22| 1.8277| |6.23| 1.8293| |6.24| 1.8309| |6.25| 1.8325| |6.26| 1.8341| |6.27| 1.8357| |6.28| 1.8373| |6.29| 1.8389| |6.30| 1.8405| |6.31| 1.8421| |6.32| 1.8437| |6.33| 1.8453| |6.34| 1.8468| |6.35| 1.8484| |6.36| 1.8500| |6.37| 1.8515| |6.38| 1.8531| |6.39| 1.8547| |6.40| 1.8562| +----+-------+

_Appendix III._

_Table Showing the Value and Properties of Various Kinds of Coal._

+---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cubic | | | | Weight | feet | | | | per |of space| Volatile | | | cubic |required|combustible| | | foot by | to stow| matter in | | DESIGNATION OF COAL. |experiment| a ton | 100 parts | +---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+ |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 54.93 | 40.78 | 2.38 | |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 56.19 | 39.86 | 2.66 | |Forest improvement Pa.| 53.66 | 41.75 | 3.07 | |Peach Mountain Pa.| 53.7 | 41.64 | 2.96 | |Lehigh Pa.| 55.32 | 40.50 | 5.28 | |Lackawanna Pa.| 48.89 | 45.82 | 3.91 | |Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 48.56 | 46.13 | 6.88 | |Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| 55.08 | 40.65 | --- | |Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 46.64 | 48.03 | 12.44 | |Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| 32.70 | 68.50 | --- | |Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | | |coal Md.| 31.57 | 70.95 | --- | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |Meadow | 54.29 | 41.26 | --- | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |Meadow | 54.51 | 41.09 | --- | |New York and Maryland Mining | | | | |Company’s Md.| 53.70 | 41.71 | 12.31 | |Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 54.29 | 41.26 | 12.67 | |Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 53.47 | 41.90 | 14.98 | |Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 52.92 | 42.33 | 15.53 | |Easby & Smith’s Md.| 51.16 | 43.78 | 15.52 | |Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 53.29 | 42.04 | 14.87 | |Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 50.54 | 44.32 | 13.82 | |Blossburg Pa.| 53.05 | 42.22 | 14.78 | |Lycoming Creek Pa.| 55.38 | 40.45 | 13.84 | |Quin’s Run Pa.| 50.34 | 44.50 | 17.97 | |Karthaus Pa.| 52.54 | 42.63 | 19.53 | |Cambria County Pa.| 53.46 | 41.90 | 20.52 | |Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 53.17 | 42.13 | 19.78 | |Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 53.59 | 41.80 | 24.38 | |Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 50.52 | 44.34 | 27.28 | |Creek Company’s coal Va.| 46.50 | 48.17 | 32.47 | |Clover Hill Va.| 45.49 | 49.25 | 32.21 | |Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 45.55 | 49.18 | 32.63 | |Midlothian (average) Va.| 54.04 | 41.45 | 29.86 | |Tippecanoe Va.| 45.10 | 49.67 | 34.54 | |Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 47.90 | 46.76 | 35.77 | |Midlothian (screened) Va.| 45.72 | 48.99 | 34.70 | |Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 54.47 | 41.13 | 29.12 | |Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 53.55 | 41.83 | 27.83 | |Sidney N. S.| 47.44 | 47.22 | 23.81 | |Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 49.25 | 45.48 | 25.97 | |Liverpool Eng.| 47.88 | 46.78 | 39.96 | |Newcastle Eng.| 50.82 | 44.08 | 35.83 | |Scotch Scotland| 51.09 | 43.84 | 39.19 | |Pittsburg Pa.| 46.81 | 47.85 | 36.76 | |Cannelton Ind.| 47.65 | 47.01 | 33.99 | |Dry Pine Wood | 21.01 | 106.02 | --- | +---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+

+---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+ | | | | | Total | | | | | | waste | | | | | | in the | | | | | Pounds | state of| | | Fixed|Earthy| of steam|ashes and| | |carbon|matter| to 1 | clinker | | |in 100|in 100| of coal | from 100| | DESIGNATION OF COAL. | parts| parts|from 212°| of coal | +---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+ |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 88.94| 7.11| 9.21 | 11.96 | |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 91.4 | 5.15| 9.88 | 6.74 | |Forest improvement Pa.| 90.75| 4.41| 10.06 | 6.97 | |Peach Mountain Pa.| 89.02| 6.13| 10.11 | 6.97 | |Lehigh Pa.| 89.15| 5.56| 8.93 | 7.22 | |Lackawanna Pa.| 87.74| 6.35| 9.79 | 8.93 | |Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 83.84| 9.25| 9.46 | 12.24 | |Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| --- | 8.10| 9.08 | 8.10 | |Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 75.08| 11.83| 8.47 | 18.46 | |Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| --- | 16.55| 8.63 | 16.54 | |Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | | | |coal Md.| --- | 13.34| 9.00 | 13.34 | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | | |Meadow | --- | 8.88| 8.86 | 8.88 | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | | |Meadow | --- | 8.18| 9.18 | 8.18 | |New York and Maryland Mining | | | | | |Company’s Md.| 73.50| 12.40| 9.78 | 12.71 | |Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 74.53| 10.34| 9.44 | 10.96 | |Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 76.26| 8.08| 10.02 | 8.38 | |Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 76.69| 7.33| 10.70 | 7.96 | |Easby & Smith’s Md.| 74.29| 9.30| 9.96 | 9.69 | |Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 70.85| 14.98| --- | 14.53 | |Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 74.24| 11.49| 9.34 | 16.36 | |Blossburg Pa.| 73.11| 10.77| 9.72 | 11.20 | |Lycoming Creek Pa.| 71.53| 13.96| 8.91 | 16.92 | |Quin’s Run Pa.| 72.79| 8.41| 10.27 | 8.94 | |Karthaus Pa.| 73.77| 7.00| 9.09 | 7.89 | |Cambria County Pa.| 69.37| 9.15| 9.24 | 9.75 | |Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 67.96| 10.47| 9.02 | 11.07 | |Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 59.98| 14.28| 8.34 | 14.34 | |Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 61.08| 10.47| 8.58 | 10.70 | |Creek Company’s coal Va.| 60.30| 8.57| 8.42 | 8.64 | |Clover Hill Va.| 56.83| 10.13| 7.67 | 10.60 | |Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 58.79| 8.63| 9.00 | 9.07 | |Midlothian (average) Va.| 53.01| 14.74| 8.29 | 14.83 | |Tippecanoe Va.| 54.62| 9.37| 7.75 | 9.72 | |Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 56.40| 9.44| 8.75 | 10.26 | |Midlothian (screened) Va.| 54.06| 9.66| 8.94 | 10.27 | |Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 56.11| 14.14| --- | --- | |Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 56.98| 13.39| 8.41 | 13.37 | |Sidney N. S.| 67.57| 5.49| 7.99 | 6.01 | |Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 60.74| 12.51| 8.48 | 12.06 | |Liverpool Eng.| 54.90| 4.62| 7.48 | 5.04 | |Newcastle Eng.| 57.00| 5.40| 8.66 | 5.68 | |Scotch Scotland| 48.81| 9.34| 6.95 | 10.10 | |Pittsburg Pa.| 54.93| 7.07| 8.20 | 8.25 | |Cannelton Ind.| 58.44| 4.97| 7.34 | 5.12 | |Dry Pine Wood | --- | 0.30| 4.69 | 0.30 | +---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+

+---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+ | | | | | | | Weight|Av. weight| | | | of | in lbs. | | | |clinker|of unburnt| Steam | | | alone | coke left| from 212° | | | from | on grate | from 1 of | | | 100 of|after each|combustible| | DESIGNATION OF COAL. | coal |experiment| matter | +---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+ |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 1.01 | 112.4 | 10.462 | |Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 0.60 | 61.2 | 10.592 | |Forest improvement Pa.| 0.81 | 40.2 | 10.807 | |Peach Mountain Pa.| 3.03 | 26.6 | 10.871 | |Lehigh Pa.| 1.08 | 36.1 | 9.626 | |Lackawanna Pa.| 1.24 | 57.2 | 10.764 | |Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 4.40 | 18.0 | 10.788 | |Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| 1.40 | 107.1 | 9.881 | |Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 5.31 | 60.9 | 10.389 | |Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| 10.51 | 53.2 | 10.343 | |Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | | |coal Md.| 3.55 | 43.7 | 10.381 | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |Meadow | 4.91 | 9.5 | 9.725 | |Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |Meadow | 3.09 | 16.0 | 9.997 | |New York and Maryland Mining | | | | |Company’s Md.| 5.43 | 10.1 | 11.208 | |Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 4.53 | 6.1 | 10.604 | |Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 1.33 | 18.2 | 10.935 | |Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 2.12 | 5.1 | 11.624 | |Easby & Smith’s Md.| 3.04 | 5.3 | 11.034 | |Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 2.29 | 13.5 | --- | |Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 3.50 | 23.7 | 11.171 | |Blossburg Pa.| 3.40 | 13.7 | 10.956 | |Lycoming Creek Pa.| 3.26 | 46.2 | 10.724 | |Quin’s Run Pa.| 1.31 | 14.7 | 11.275 | |Karthaus Pa.| 3.66 | 52.5 | 9.887 | |Cambria County Pa.| 3.48 | 14.8 | 10.239 | |Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 4.78 | 6.4 | 10.142 | |Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 5.37 | 6.0 | 9.740 | |Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 6.47 | 5.9 | 9.611 | |Creek Company’s coal Va.| 4.41 | 10.5 | 9.211 | |Clover Hill Va.| 3.86 | 11.5 | 8.588 | |Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 4.19 | 10.5 | 9.896 | |Midlothian (average) Va.| 8.82 | 6.4 | 9.741 | |Tippecanoe Va.| 4.03 | 11.2 | 8.583 | |Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 4.21 | 17.1 | 9.751 | |Midlothian (screened) Va.| 3.33 | 14.8 | 9.970 | |Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 4.42 | 43.2 | --- | |Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 6.13 | 5.7 | 9.710 | |Sidney N. S.| 2.24 | 5.9 | 8.497 | |Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 6.19 | 3.7 | 9.648 | |Liverpool Eng.| 1.86 | 11.1 | 8.255 | |Newcastle Eng.| 3.14 | 10.7 | 9.178 | |Scotch Scotland| 5.63 | 5.7 | 7.719 | |Pittsburg Pa.| 0.94 | 9.9 | 8.942 | |Cannelton Ind.| 1.64 | 6.4 | 7.734 | |Dry Pine Wood | --- | --- | 4.707 | +---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+

_Appendix IV._

_Table of Resistances of Railroad Trains with Different Grades and Speeds._

+---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | || Resistance || Total | | | | | | | || due to ||resistance,| | | | | | | ||ascent alone|| lbs. | | | | | | | Rise of || in lbs. || per ton, | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | |gradient,|| per ton || at rate of|miles|miles|miles|miles|miles| | feet per||(2,000 lbs.)|| 5 miles | per | per | per | per | per | | mile. || of train. || per hour. |hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.| +---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 0 || || 6.1 | 6.6| 7.3| 8.3| 9.6| 11.2| | 5 || 1.8 || 7.9 | 8.4| 9.1| 10.1| 11.4| 13.0| | 10 || 3.7 || 9.8 | 10.3| 11.0| 12.0| 13.4| 14.9| | 15 || 5.6 || 11.7 | 12.2| 12.9| 13.9| 15.2| 16.8| | 20 || 7.5 || 13.6 | 14.1| 14.8| 15.8| 17.1| 18.7| | 25 || 9.4 || 15.5 | 16.0| 16.7| 17.7| 19.0| 20.6| | 30 || 11.3 || 17.4 | 17.9| 18.6| 19.6| 21.9| 22.5| | 35 || 13.2 || 19.3 | 19.8| 20.5| 21.5| 22.8| 24.4| | 40 || 15.1 || 21.2 | 21.7| 22.4| 23.4| 24.7| 26.3| | 45 || 17.0 || 23.1 | 23.6| 24.3| 25.3| 26.6| 28.2| | 50 || 18.9 || 25.0 | 25.5| 26.2| 27.2| 28.5| 30.1| | 60 || 22.7 || 28.8 | 29.3| 30.0| 31.0| 32.3| 38.9| | 70 || 26.5 || 32.6 | 33.1| 33.8| 34.8| 36.1| 37.7| | 80 || 30.3 || 36.4 | 36.9| 37.6| 38.6| 39.9| 40.5| | 90 || 34.0 || 41.0 | 40.6| 41.3| 42.3| 43.6| 45.2| | 100 || 37.8 || 43.9 | 44.4| 45.1| 46.1| 47.4| 49.0| | 110 || 41.6 || 47.7 | 48.2| 48.9| 49.9| 51.2| 52.8| | 120 || 45.4 || 51.5 | 52.0| 52.7| 53.7| 55.0| 56.6| | 130 || 49.2 || 55.3 | 55.8| 56.5| 57.5| 58.8| 60.4| | 140 || 53.0 || 59.1 | 59.6| 60.3| 61.3| 62.6| 64.2| | 150 || 56.8 || 62.9 | 63.4| 64.1| 65.1| 66.4| 68.0| | 160 || 60.6 || 66.7 | 67.2| 67.9| 68.9| 70.2| 71.8| | 170 || 64.3 || 70.4 | 70.9| 71.6| 72.6| 73.9| 75.5| | 180 || 68.1 || 74.2 | 74.7| 75.4| 76.4| 77.7| 79.3| | 190 || 71.9 || 78.0 | 78.5| 79.2| 80.2| 81.5| 83.1| | 200 || 75.7 || 81.8 | 82.3| 83.0| 84.0| 85.3| 86.9| | 210 || 79.5 || 85.6 | 86.1| 86.8| 87.8| 89.1| 90.7| | 220 || 83.3 || 89.4 | 89.9| 90.6| 91.6| 92.9| 94.5| | 230 || 87.1 || 93.2 | 93.7| 94.4| 95.4| 96.7| 98.3| | 240 || 90.8 || 96.9 | 97.4| 98.1| 99.1|100.4|102.0| | 250 || 94.6 || 100.7 |101.2|101.9|102.9|103.2|105.8| | 260 || 98.4 || 104.5 |105.0|105.7|106.7|107.0|108.6| | 270 || 102.2 || 108.3 |108.8|109.5|110.5|111.8|113.4| | 280 || 106.0 || 112.1 |112.6|113.3|114.3|115.6|117.2| | 290 || 109.8 || 115.9 |116.4|117.1|118.1|119.4|121.0| | 300 || 113.6 || 119.7 |120.2|120.9|121.9|123.2|124.8| +---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

+---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | || Resistance || | | | | | | | || due to || | | | | | | | ||ascent alone|| | | | | | | | Rise of || in lbs. || 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 60 | 70 | |gradient,|| per ton ||miles|miles|miles|miles|miles|miles| | feet per||(2,000 lbs.)|| per | per | per | per | per | per | | mile. || of train. ||hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.| +---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | 0 || || 13.1| 15.3| 17.8| 20.6| 27.0| 34.6| | 5 || 1.8 || 14.9| 17.1| 19.6| 22.4| 28.8| 36.4| | 10 || 3.7 || 16.8| 19.0| 21.5| 24.3| 30.7| 38.3| | 15 || 5.6 || 18.7| 21.9| 24.4| 27.2| 33.6| 41.2| | 20 || 7.5 || 20.6| 22.8| 25.3| 28.1| 34.5| 42.1| | 25 || 9.4 || 22.5| 24.7| 27.2| 31.0| 37.4| 45.0| | 30 || 11.3 || 24.4| 26.6| 29.1| 31.9| 38.3| 45.9| | 35 || 13.2 || 26.3| 28.5| 31.0| 33.8| 40.2| 47.8| | 40 || 15.1 || 28.2| 30.4| 32.9| 35.7| 42.1| 49.7| | 45 || 17.0 || 30.1| 32.3| 34.8| 37.6| 44.0| 51.6| | 50 || 18.9 || 32.0| 34.2| 36.7| 39.5| 45.9| 53.5| | 60 || 22.7 || 35.8| 38.0| 40.5| 43.5| 49.9| 57.5| | 70 || 26.5 || 39.6| 41.8| 44.3| 47.1| 53.5| 61.1| | 80 || 30.3 || 42.4| 44.6| 47.1| 49.9| 56.3| 63.9| | 90 || 34.0 || 47.1| 49.3| 51.8| 54.6| 61.0| 68.6| | 100 || 37.8 || 51.9| 54.1| 56.6| 59.4| 65.8| 73.4| | 110 || 41.6 || 54.7| 56.9| 59.4| 62.2| 68.6| 76.2| | 120 || 45.4 || 58.5| 60.7| 63.2| 66.0| 72.4| 80.0| | 130 || 49.2 || 62.3| 64.5| 67.0| 69.8| 76.2| 83.8| | 140 || 53.0 || 66.1| 68.3| 70.8| 73.6| 80.0| 87.6| | 150 || 56.8 || 69.9| 72.1| 74.6| 77.4| 83.8| 91.4| | 160 || 60.6 || 73.7| 75.9| 78.4| 81.2| 87.6| 95.2| | 170 || 64.3 || 77.4| 79.6| 82.1| 84.9| 91.3| 98.9| | 180 || 68.1 || 81.2| 83.4| 85.9| 88.7| 95.1|102.7| | 190 || 71.9 || 85.0| 87.2| 89.7| 92.5| 98.9|106.5| | 200 || 75.7 || 88.8| 91.0| 93.5| 96.3|102.7|110.3| | 210 || 79.5 || 92.6| 94.8| 97.3|100.1|106.5|114.1| | 220 || 83.3 || 96.4| 98.6|101.1|103.9|110.3|117.6| | 230 || 87.1 ||100.2|102.4|104.9|107.7|114.1|121.7| | 240 || 90.8 ||103.9|106.1|108.6|111.4|117.8|125.4| | 250 || 94.6 ||107.7|109.9|112.4|115.2|121.6|129.2| | 260 || 98.4 ||110.5|112.7|115.2|118.0|124.4|132.0| | 270 || 102.2 ||115.3|117.5|120.0|122.8|129.2|136.8| | 280 || 106.0 ||119.1|121.3|123.8|126.6|133.0|140.6| | 290 || 109.8 ||122.9|125.1|127.6|130.4|136.8|144.4| | 300 || 113.6 ||126.7|128.9|131.4|134.2|140.6|148.2| +---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

INDEX.

THE FIGURES BELOW REFER TO THE NUMBERS OF THE PAGES.

=Absolute= pressure, 13.

Accidents to locomotives, 509.

Accidents and injuries to persons, 533; danger from, 535.

Actual energy, 24.

Adhesion, 62, 319; amount of, 320; proportion of to resistance, 412.

Adhesive weight, 321.

Admission, depends on, 222; how affected, 255; how equalized, 249; of steam, 30; period of, 249.

Admission line, 236, 237.

Air, admission of to fire-box, 380; control of supply of, 384; forces of, 8; method of admitting to the fire-box, 382; pressure of, 8, 9; quantity necessary for combustion, 381, 388; quantity needed for dilution of gases, 389; quantity to be admitted through the grate and above the fire, 391; weight of, 8.

Air chamber, 117.

Alarm check, 126.

Algebra, x.

Algebraic symbols, x.

Allen valve, 224.

American locomotive, 429; engraving of, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.

American Railway Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.

Angular advance, 251.

Animal oil, 504.

Anthracite coal, 112, 152, 403; firing with, 503.

Aquafortis, 368.

Argand-burner, 336.

Arterial bleeding, 536.

Artery, 536; injury to, 537, 539; position of, 537.

Ash-pan, 67; construction of, 81.

Ash-pan dampers, 81; operation of, 153.

Atmospheric line, 48.

Automatic brakes, 442; management of, 495.

Axle, adjustment of, 475; breaking of, 509, 523; how made to assume a radical position, 278, 282; main driving, 63.

Axle box, arrangement of, 296; bearing of, 290; driving, 290; for tenders, 355; wear of, 297.

=Babbitt’s= metal, 173, 175, 180.

Back elevation, xiv.

Back pressure, 56, 163; line of, 236, 243.

Back view, xiv.

Backward motion or gear, 187.

Baldwin Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 555, 565, 567.

Ball joint, 160.

Bearings, brass, 177; for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 354; for truck axles, 292; proportions of, 362; wear of, 179.

Bearing-bars, 152.

Bed-casting, 164.

Bed-plate, 146.

Bell, 335; use of, 479.

Bissell truck, 432.

Bituminous coal, 368; composition of, 369, 388; use of, 503.

Blast orifice, 71; (see also exhaust nozzle).

Bleeding, danger from, 535; stopping of, 537, 540.

Blower, 149; use of, 480.

Blower cock, 149.

Blow-off cock, 148.

Block, link, 185; (see link block).

Boiler, 66, 71; advantages of large size, 422; calculations of, 419; capacity of, 71, 418; cleaning of, 147, 505; emptying of, 147; expansion of, 90, 295, 478; explosion of, 509, 514; feeding of, 483; filling of, 506; inspection of, 461; irregular action of, 421; organs of, 66; operation of, 420; proportions of, 419; size of, 417, 420; strains on, 85, 478; testing of, 461.

Boiler attachments, 115; examination of, 465.

Boiler plate, fastenings of, 90; resistance of, 95; strength of, 89, 95; unequal strain on, 92.

Boiler pressure, 223; difficulty of maintaining in cylinders, 223.

Boiler seams, form of, 103; strength of, 93, 106.

Boiling, 10.

Boiling point, 11.

Bones, injury to, 542.

Books, list of, 550.

Boss, 207.

Boxes, for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 355; for truck axles, 292.

Braces, 80, 107; for frames, 292; proportions of, 108.

Brakes, continuous train, 442; for tenders, 356; inspection of, 475; reliance on, 494.

Brass bearings, 177; (see bearings).

Brasses, 177.

Breaking joints, 173.

Bridges, 31; width of, 260.

Buchanan, William, see preface, 402.

Bumper-timber, 292.

Bunsen burner, 374.

Burns, treatment of, 542.

Bushing, 174, 180.

Butt-joints, 106.

=Cages=, 116.

Candle, 375; flame of, 375.

Carbon, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388; total heat of combustion, 380.

Carbonic-acid gas, 378.

Carbonic dioxide, 378.

Carbonic oxide, 378.

Carburetted hydrogen, 369.

Carrying wheels, 268.

Cars, resistance of, 406.

Casing, for cylinders, 170.

Caulking, 106; effect of, 107.

Caulking edge, 106.

Centre bearing, 356; lubrication of, 475.

Centre of gravity, calculation for, 329, 330, 331.

Centre-pin, 269, 271, 316.

Centre-plate, lower, for truck, 316; lubrication of, 475; upper, 316.

Check-chains, 340, 350.

Check-valve, failure of, 509, 518; for injector, 120; for pump, 117.

Chemical element, 365; combination of, 366.

Chemical equivalent, 367.

Chilling, 291.

Chimney, 66; construction of, 112.

Clearance, of piston, 221; effect of, 228; of valve, 42.

Coal, amount of water evaporated by, 73, 394; condition of when put on fire, 387; value and properties of, 594.

Cock, blower, 149; blow-off, 148; cylinder, 171; feed, 119; frost, 119; gauge, 130; heater, 149; oil, 169; pet, 118; try, 130.

Co-efficient of friction, 359.

Coke, 379; air needed for combustion of, 392.

Cold weather, 496.

Color blindness, 493.

Collision, 509; prevention of, 510.

Combustion, 365; air required for, 380, 388; chemical process of, 379; effect on of enlarging the grate, 392; how explained, 370; in locomotive fire-box, 377; intensity of, 393; in tubes, 386; products of, 378; rate of, 73, 365; total heat of, 380, 393; when complete, 373.

Compression, 44, 221; calculation of, 243; effected by, 228; effect of, 247; line or curve of, 236.

Compressive strain, 89.

Combining tube, 31.

Condensation, 17.

Conduction, 18; of heat through heating surfaces, 395.

Cone, 112; cone of wheel, effect of, 274, 277; advantage of, 285.

Connecting-rod, 5, 164; angularity of, 45, 175; breaking of, 509; construction of, 177; effect of, 44; inspection of, 467, 471; main, 177; pressure of, 174; wear of, 177.

Consolidation locomotive, 430, 569.

Continuous train brakes, 442.

Convection, 111, 118.

Counterbalance weights, (see counterweights.)

Countersunk joint, 156.

Counterweights, 289, 328; calculation for, 328, 331, 333; construction of, 333.

Coupling, breaking of, 510, 531; engine to tender, 480.

Coupling-pin, 350.

Coupling-rod, 177; why taken down, 523.

Covering strip, 100, 103.

Cow-catcher, 294, 338.

Crank, 5, 63.

Crank-pin, 64; breaking of, 509, 522; construction of, 288; how fastened, 288; inspection of, 468; pressure on, 244.

Creamer’s brake, 442.

Crow-feet, 107.

Cross-head, 174; accident to, 509; inspection of, 471.

Crossing, approach to, 493, 511.

Crown-bars, 80.

Crown-sheet, or crown-plate, 75, 80.

Crushing, 95, 98; treatment of, 542.

Curve, degree of, 410; resistance on, 410; running through, 489.

Curve of compression, 236.

Curve of expansion, 236.

Cut-off, 16, 41; advantage of, 483; effect of link on, 217; effect of throw of eccentric on, 252.

Cushion, 38, 230.

Cylinder, 163, 164; breaking of, 509, 521; construction of, 164; distance between, 69; inspection of, 63; location of, 63; protection of, 170; size of, 69, 413.

Cylinder capacity, 414; calculation for, 415, 416.

Cylinder casing, 170.

Cylinder cocks, 171; use of, 479.

Cylinder-heads, 165; breaking of, 521.

Cylinder-head covers, 170.

Cylinder lagging, 170.

=Dampers=, for ash-pan, 81, 153.

Danforth Locomotive and Machine Co., 429; locomotive by, 559, 569.

Dangers to which locomotive runners are exposed, 544.

Dead-point, 5.

Dead-grate, 387.

Deflector, for fire-box door, 400; for sparks, 112.

Delivery-tube, 120.

Diaphragm, 140.

Different kinds of locomotives, 427.

Dilution of gases, air needed for, 389.

Distribution of steam, 220; defects of, 248; effect of, 231.

Distribution of weight, on driving wheels, 413.

Dome, 110; location of, 110.

Double-end tank locomotive, 571, 573, 581.

Double poppet valve, 155.

Double truck locomotive, 435, 577, 579.

Draft, 67, 72.

Draw-bar, 334.

Draw-bridge, approach to, 493; running into, 509, 511.

Drawings, xiii.

Drilled holes, 92, 96, 98, 103.

Drilling cars, 427.

Drip-pipe, 132.

Driving-axle, breaking of, 523; main, 70; (see also axle).

Driving-axle boxes, 290; bearing of, 290.

Driving-wheels, 70, 268; action of, 323; adhesion of, 62, 319; breaking of, 523; construction of, 285; distance between, 68; effect of their size on combustion and evaporation, 424; friction of, 62, 319; how fastened, 288; motion of around curves, 284; relation between size of and that of boiler, 425; size of, 68, 413, 425; weight on, 69.

Drop-door, 153.

Dry-pipe, 111.

Duplicate parts, 477.

Dust guard, 356.

=Ebullition=, 11, 485.

Eccentric, 6; effect of throw of, 252, 255; how set, 182, 528; motion how communicated to valve, 185; motion same as that of crank, 31; slipping of, 526, 528; throw of, 31, 251; with varying lap, 258.

Eccentric-rod, 7; breaking of, 527, 529.

Eccentric-strap, 6; breaking of, 529.

Effective pressure, 14.

Eight-wheeled American locomotive, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.

Ejector, 446.

Elasticity, limit of, 89, 302; of spring, 302.

Elastic strength, of spring, 302.

Elementary substances, 365.

Energy, 22, 23; actual, 24, 29; of repulsion, 28; possible or potential, 28.

Endurance, 545.

Equalizing lever, 309; advantages of, 313; breaking of, 509, 525; construction of, 310; distribution of weight by, 310; of truck, 316.

Evaporation, amount required, 72; latent heat of, 26.

Exhaust of steam, 30, 67; how affected by link, 217, 249.

Exhaust line, 236, 242.

Exhaust-nozzle, 68, 71.

Exhaust passage, 165.

Exhaust pipe, 162.

Exhaust-port, 5; width of, 260.

Exhaust steam, action of, 71, 72.

Expander, 84.

Expansion, 16, 221; advantages of, 55, 60, 482; limits of economy, 60.

Expansion clamps, 294.

Expansion curve or line, 51.

Experiments with locomotives, 450.

Explosion of boiler, 509; cause of, 514; prevention of, 516.

=Fairlie= engine, 435.

Feed-cock, 119, 149.

Final pressure, 56, 482.

Fire, depth or thickness of, 383; management of, 500; method of feeding, 383; method of starting, 478.

Firing, 499, 501.

Fire-box, 66, 67; construction of, 75; expansion of, 479; form of, 397; size of, 69.

Fire-brick arch, 397.

Flame, length of, 376; nature of, 371, 375.

Flange of wheel, 278; friction of, 281.

Flue, 66, 67; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516; fastening of, 83.

Flue expander, 84.

Flutter of water, 487.

Fly-wheel, 5.

Foaming, 484; cause of, 486; effect of, 488; prevention of, 486.

Follower bolts, 172.

Follower plate, 172.

Foot-board or plate, 261, 338; effect of weight of, 339.

Foot pound, 23.

Force-pump, 115.

Forney locomotive, 434, 575.

Forward motion or gear, 187.

Four-wheeled locomotive, 428; disadvantages of, 428; engraving of, 553.

Frames, 65, 292; attachment to the fire-box, 295; breaking of, 510, 526; fastening of, 294.

Franklin Institute, system of screw threads, 342.

Freezing of water in boiler, 507; in pumps, 119, 507, 532.

Freight locomotive, 429.

Freight traffic, 427, 429.

Friction, 358; depends on, 358; co-efficient of, 359; effect of pressure and velocity of surfaces on, 361; effect of area of surfaces in contact, 364; law of, 363; of wheel flanges, 281; of wheels, 62, 319.

Front view, xiv.

Front elevation, xiv.

Frost-bite, treatment of, 543.

Frost-cock, 119.

Fuel, value of, 404.; waste of, 394.

Fulcrum of driving wheel, 312.

Furnace door, 67, 80, 149.

=Gas=, 368; combustion of, 376.

Gas-light, 371.

Gauge of road, 75.

Gauge-cocks, 130.

Gibs, 175.

Gland, 173.

Glass water-gauge, 130; inspection of, 465.

Grades, effect of on water level, 491; resistance on, 408; running on, 490.

Grant Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 557.

Grate, 67, 73, 81, 149; dead, 387; inspection of, 465; management of, 504, 506; rocking, 152; shaking, 152; surface, 419; water, 152.

Grate-bars, 150.

Greenwich Street Elevated Railroad, 441.

Guide-blocks, 176.

Guide-rods or bars, 164; inspection of, 467; object of, 174; wear of, 176.

Guide-yoke, 175.

=Half-gear=, 195.

Hand-holes, 148.

Hand-rails, 337.

Head-light, 336; inspection of, 476; use of, 495.

Heat, conduction of, 74; convertible into work, 25; equivalent of, 24; latent, 26; loss of, 395; mechanical equivalent of, 22; total of, steam, 29, 585; transmission of, 381, 395, 423; waste of, 18, 395.

Heater-cocks, 149; use of, 486.

Heating surface, 67; amount needed, 73, 419, 420.

Heat of evaporation or gasification, 369.

Helper, 497.

Henderson’s brake, 442.

Hinkley Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 553, 563.

Hood for fire-box door, 400.

Horizontal section, xiv.

Hose, 350.

Hudson River Railroad, locomotives used on, 440.

Hydrogen, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388.

Hyperbolic curve, 51, 237.

Hyperbolic logarithms, 54; table of, 590.

Hyponitrous acid, 368.

=Igniting= temperature, 370, 376; of coal gas, 387.

Incrustating substances, 454.

Indicator, steam, 47, 231; method of attaching, 234.

Indicator, diagram, 51, 233; form of, 235, 240, 241, 247.

Induced current, 374.

Initial pressure, 60.

Injector, 120; action of, 120; action of fixed nozzle injector, 123; action of hot water on, 123; fixed nozzle, 120; failure of, 509, 518; inspection of, 465; location of, 127; self-regulating, 124.

Injuries to persons, 533.

Insensibility, treatment of, 541.

Inside pipe, 113.

Inspection of locomotives, 461.

Intensity of combustion, 393.

Internal disturbing forces, 328.

Introduction, ix.

Inverted plane, xv.

=Jauriet, C. F.=; water tables, 399.

Jaws, 292.

Johnson, Walter B., experiments on coal, 405.

Journal, 177; effect of increased diameter, 362; heating of, 504; oiling of, 179; of driving axle, 290; of truck axles, 292.

Journal bearing, of driving axle, 290; of tender axles, 351; of truck axles, 354.

=Keys=, 179.

=Lagging=, 111; for cylinders, 169.

Lamp, 373; for head-light, 336, 376.

Lap, 40, 251; inside, 40; effect of, 41; outside, 40; effect of, 41, 44; effect of reducing, 255; effect of varying, 258.

Latent heat, 26; of evaporation, 26, 29.

Lateral motion, 317, 430.

Laughing gas, 368.

Lead, 38, 220, 249, 253; cause of, 218; effect of, 44; how affected by link, 218; how equalized, 249; inside, 38; necessity for, 221.

Lift of pump valves, 117.

Lifting arm, 66; breaking of, 529.

Lifting shaft, 185; breaking of, 530; position of, 250.

Limit of elasticity, 89; of spring, 302.

Line and line, 237.

Linear advance, 252.

Line of back-pressure, 236, 243.

Line of compression, 236.

Line of expansion, 236.

Liners, 175.

Link, 66, 185; motion of, 189; radius of, 200.

Link-block, 185.

Link-hanger, 185, 250; breaking of, 529.

Link motion, 181, 196, 248.

Link-saddle, 187; breaking of, 529.

List of books, 550.

Live steam, 229.

Locomotive, 62; advance of, 323; capacity of, 421; cleaning and repairing of, 505; cost of operating, 448; different kinds, 427; dimensions of, 68, 429; escape of, 509, 511; experiments with, 450; general description of, 62; how turned around, 455; inspection of, 461; list of parts of, 69; number of miles run to a ton of coal, 449; principal parts of, 62; proportions of, 412; resistance of, 62; speed of, 419; starting of, 480; weight of, 67.

Longitudinal section, xv.

Lost motion, 180.

Loughridge’s brake, 442.

Lubricant, 360; manner of applying, 360.

Lubrication, 358; effect of pressure and velocity of surfaces on, 361; method of, 477.

=Man-hole=, 349.

Mason Machine Works, 429, 436; locomotive by, 561, 577, 579.

Mason, William, 435.

Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.

Mechanical equivalent of heat, 22.

Metropolitan railroads, 427, 437; locomotives for, 436, 438, 440.

Mid-gear, 195.

Miles run to ton of coal, 449.

Mineral oil, 504.

Miscellaneous, 335.

Model of valve-gear, 204.

Modulus of propulsion, 415.

Mogul locomotive, 430, 567.

Molecular activity, 376.

Momentum of piston, 230, 244; creates resistance to turning of crank, 246.

Motion, reciprocating, 5; rotary, 5.

Motion curves, 34, 196; how drawn, 197, 204, 208.

Motion diagram, 213, 214.

Mud-drum, 148.

Mud-holes, 148.

=New York= elevated railroad, 441; locomotive for, 583.

Nitric acid, 368.

Nitrogen, 368.

Nitrous acid, 368.

Nitrous oxide, 368.

Nuts, 341; proportions of, 348.

=Oil=, 360; animal, 504; manner of applying, 360; mineral, 504.

Oil boxes, for tender, 354.

Oil cellars, 179, 290.

Oil-cock, 169.

Oil-cup, 176.

Open-road, 428; running on, 489.

Operating locomotives, cost of, 448.

Outside shell of fire-box, 75.

Overflow, 120.

Overflow-nozzle, 121.

Oxalate of ammonia, 454.

Oxygen, 368, 370.

=Packing=, 173.

Packing-bolts, 173.

Packing-nuts, 132, 173.

Packing-rings, 172; inspection of, 468; setting out, 469.

Packing-springs, 172.

Parabolic reflector, 337.

Parallel motion, 233.

Parallel-rods, 177.

Passenger traffic, 427; locomotive for, 436.

Perforated pipe, 488.

Performance and cost of operating locomotives, 448.

Periods of distribution of steam, 220.

Periphery of wheel, 277.

Pet-cock, 118, 149.

Petticoat-pipe, 113.

Pile-driving machine, 28.

Pilot, (see cow-catcher,) 294, 338.

Piston, 1; accident to, 509, 522; diameter of, 69, 164, 416; construction of, 172; how oiled, 169; inspection of, 467; momentum of, 38, 230, 244; stroke of, 416.

Piston-head, 172.

Piston-rod, 2; action of, 174; breaking of, 509; construction of, 171.

Pitch of screw-threads, 341, 343.

Plan, xiv.

Plates, 551.

Potential energy, 24, 28.

Pre-admission, 197, 220, 237, 240.

Preface, iii.

Pre-release, 221, 226, 249.

Pressure-valve, 115.

Priming, 170, 484; cause and prevention of, 486; effect of, 488.

Properties of saturated steam, table of, 585.

Proportions of locomotives, 412.

Prosser’s expander, 84.

Pump, 115; construction of, 115; failure of, 509, 518; freezing of, 120, 507, 532; inspection of, 466; location of, 119; regulation of, 119; working of, 176; in a snow storm, 532.

Pump-barrel, 115.

Pump-lug, 177.

Pump-plunger, 155, 177.

Pump-valve, 115.

Punched holes, 9, 93, 103.

Punching holes, 91, 93.

Pushing-bar, 338.

Pyrometer, 397.

=Quadrants=, 261.

=Radiation=, 18, 111; from boiler, 397.

Rain storm, running in, 497.

Receiving-tube, 120.

Reciprocating motion, 5.

Reflector, 337.

Release of steam, 41, 221; governed by, 227; how affected by link, 217.

Repulsion of particles, 28.

Requirements and duties of locomotive runners, 547.

Reserve engine, 497.

Resistance of trains, 406; on curves, 410; on grades, 408; table of, 407, 596.

Responsibility and qualifications of locomotive runners, 544.

Reverse-lever, 66, 187; breaking of, 530; construction and location of, 261; length of, 263.

Reverse-rod, 187, 261; breaking of, 530.

Reversing gear, 264.

Richardson safety valve, 140.

Richard’s steam engine indicator, 231.

Riveted seams, 91; strength of, 93, 95, 106.

Riveting, chain, 100; double, 100; machine, 97; single, 95; strength of, 103; strongest form of, 99.

Rivets, 90; arrangement of, 91; crushing of, 95, 98; diameter of, 98; proportions of, 91; shearing of, 94; staggered, 101; strength of, 94; zigzag, 101.

Rocker, 7; accident to, 529.

Rocker-arm, breaking of, 529; length of, 204.

Rocker-pin, 185.

Rocking grate, 152.

Rogers Locomotive Works, 402, 571, 573.

Rotary motion, 5.

Running-board, 337.

Running-gear, 268; inspection of, 473.

Running locomotives, 478.

Running off the track, 509, 512.

Russia iron, 111.

=Saddles=, 296.

Safety chains, 340, 350.

Safety-valve, 134; effect of blowing off, 485; inspection of, 465; pressure on, 136; Richardson’s, 140.

Safety-valve lever, 135.

Safety-valve seat, 139.

Sand box, 335; use of, 481.

Saturated steam, 13; properties of, 585.

Scalds, treatment of, 542.

Scale, 453.

Screw-threads, 341; form of, 343; proportions of, 345; system of, 342; table of, 348.

Seams, riveted, 91; strength of, 95.

Section, xiv.

Sectional view, xiv.

Sectors, 261; arrangement of notches in, 263.

Sellers, William, 342; system of screw-threads, 342, 344.

Sellers, William & Co., turn table by, 456.

Setting out packing, 469.

Set-screws, 179.

Shaking grate, 152.

Shearing, 94, 98.

Shock, treatment of, 541.

Shoes, 297.

Shunting, 427.

Side-bearing, 356.

Side elevation, xiv.

Side rods, 177.

Side view, xiv.

Signals, 447; observance of, 481, 489, 493.

Slack of the train, 481.

Slides, 174; how oiled, 176; wear of, 175.

Slide-valve, 6, 30; advance of, 38; conditions which it must fulfill, 30; disadvantages of first form of, 37; first form of, 30; how made steam tight, 169; inspection of, 472; lap of, 40; middle position of, 184; motion of modified by the proportions of link motion, 248; oiling of, 169, 492; proportions of, 260; setting of, 264; travel of, 38.

Smith, A. F., 441.

Smith’s vacuum brake, 442.

Smoke, 368; cause of, 372; prevention of, 503.

Smoke-box, 66, 111; temperature in, 396.

Smoke-stack, 66; construction of, 112; inspection of, 465; proportions of, 112; size of, 69.

Snow, 497; melting of, 532.

Snow storm, blockade by, 532; running in, 497.

Sobriety, importance of, 545.

Soot, 371.

Spacing rivets, 96, 98.

Spark deflector, 112.

Speed of locomotives, 450.

Spherical joints, 160.

Spider, 172.

Spread of wheels, 285.

Spring, 295, 297; breaking of, 509, 525; construction of, 297; curvature of, 301, 307; elasticity of, 297, 303, 306; necessity for, 295; number of plates of, 306; proportions of, 304; span of, 306; strength of, 303.

Spring balance, 137.

Spring balance lever, 138.

Spring hanger, 297; attachment of, 308; breaking of, 509.

Spring strap, 300.

Staggered rivets, 101.

Starting-valve, 126.

Stations, running into, 494; running past, 492; stop at, 503.

Stay-bolts, 76; breaking of, 79, 463; strain on, 78.

Steam, 10; absolute pressure of, 13, 585; admission of, 30, 155; advantages of using expansively, 55; application of, 1; condensation of, 17; cut-off, 41; effective pressure of, 14; exhaust of, 30; expansion of, 14, 41, 47; expansive force of, 1; generation of greatest amount of, 500; pressure in cylinders, 47, 52, 53, 223; pressure, limit of, 134; pressure of, 11; pressure of after expansion, 16; properties of, 56, 585; quantity required, 420; release of, 41; saturated, 13; superheated, 13; total heat of, 29, 57, 585; temperature of, 585; weight of, 585; volume of, 14, 163, 585; wire drawn, 59.

Steam-dome, 110; location of, 110.

Steam-chest, 6; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 169; protection of, 170.

Steam-chest cover, 169.

Steam-gauge, 140; connection of, 145; inspecting of, 465; testing of, 145.

Steam indicator, 231; method of applying, 234.

Steam line, 236.

Steam passage, 165.

Steam pipes, 111, 155; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 158.

Steam ports, 5; opening of, 217.

Steam space, 109.

Steam ways, 5, 122; effect of, 228.

Steam whistle, 146.

Steel plates, 479.

Straps, 177.

Stroke, 16.

Stub-end, 179.

Studies for mechanics, locomotive runners, &c., 549.

Stuffing-box, 173; inspection of, 470.

Suburban railroads, 427; locomotives for, 436, 438.

Suction-pipe, 115.

Suction-valve, 115.

Sun stroke, treatment of, 543.

Superheated steam, 13.

Surface-cock, 487.

Suspending-link, 250.

Suspension, point of, 249.

Suspension-links, 318.

Switch, 269.

Switching locomotive, 427, 428; running of, 499; engraving of, 553.

=Tangent=, 209.

Tank, 68, 349; capacity and weight of, 69, 346, 359; how strengthened, 350.

Tank locomotive, 428, 432, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583.

Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, 428.

Temperature in fire-box, 387; necessary to ignite coal gas, 387.

Tender, 68; capacity and weight of, 69, 349, 357; construction of, 349.

Tender trucks, 350, 356.

Tender-valve, 350.

Tensile strain, 89.

Ten-wheeled locomotive, 430, 565.

Testing of boilers, 461; of steam gauges, 145.

Threads (of screws); see screw-threads, 341.

Three-legged principle, 317.

Throttle-pipe, 111.

Throttle-valve, 155; failure of, 510, 530; inspection of, 466; operation of, 158; use of, 481.

Throttle-valve lever, 158.

Throw of eccentric, 31.

Thumb tool, 84.

Tires, 63, 285; breaking of, 509, 524; how fastened, 286; standard size of, 288.

Tools for engine, 476.

Top view, xiv.

Total heat of combustion, 380, 393; of steam, 29, 57.

Total pressure of steam, table of, 585.

Tourniquet, 537.

T pipe, 159.

Traction, 319.

Tractive power, 321.

Traffic, freight and passenger, 427.

Trailing wheels, 65; breaking of, 524.

Train, protection of, 514.

Transverse section, xv.

Travel of valve, 38; effect of changing, 42, 195, 214, 216; how changed, 187.

Tread of wheel, 277.

Truck, 268; construction of, 314; effect of on movement of locomotive around curves, 273; for tender, 356; lateral motion of, 317; resistance to rolling, 280; use of, 269; with single pair of wheels, 271, 430.

Truck axle, 280; breaking of, 524.

Truck boxes, 292, 314.

Truck frame, 314.

Truck springs, 314.

Truck wheels, 65, 268; breaking of, 524; construction of, 291; size of, 68; slip of, 273; weight on, 69; why two are used, 269.

Truss-bars, 316.

Try-cocks, 130.

Tubes, 66; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516; fastening of, 83; number and size of, 69, 74.

Tube-expander, 84.

Turn-table, 451; construction of, 455.

=Unguent=, 360.

Ultimate strength, 90; of springs, 302.

Unit of heat, 58.

Unit of work, 23.

United States standard for screw-threads, 343.

=Vacuum= brake, 442; construction of, 446.

Vacuum line, 48.

Valve, slide, 6. (See slide-valve).

Valve, Allen’s, 224.

Valve-face, 40.

Valve-gear, 181; construction of, 181; dimensions of, 216; injury to, 510; inspection of, 472; model of, 250.

Valve-rod, 7.

Valve-seat, 5.

Valve-stem, 7; accident to, 529.

Vapor, 10.

Variable exhaust, 163.

Venous bleeding, 536.

Vertical section, xiv.

Volume, 14.

=Wagon= top, 109.

Waist of boiler, 67.

Ward’s air brake, 442.

Water, amount evaporated per pound of coal, 73, 394; freezing of, 507; height of in boiler, 130, 484; muddy, 486; “solid,” 487; supply exhausted, 531.

Water crane, 452.

Water gauge, 130, 132.

Water grate, 152.

Water space, 67; size of, 69, 75.

Water supply, 453.

Water table, 399.

Water tank, effect of carrying weight of on driving-wheels, 433, 451.

Wedges, 294, 297; bolts for, 475.

Weight, distribution of, 413.

Welt, 100, 103.

Westinghouse brake, 442.

Wheels, driving, 268; adhesion of, 62; breaking of, 509, 524; carrying, 268; size of, 68; trailing, 65; truck, 65, 268.

Wheel-base, 69, 285.

Wheel centres, 63, 286.

Wheel guards, 340.

Wild engine, 498.

Wire drawn, 59, 197, 482.

Wire netting, 465; method of cleaning, 466.

Work, 22; convertible into heat, 25.

Working water, 170.

Wrist-pin, 175.

Wyman, D. W., locomotive by, 583.

=Y=, 460.

=Zigzag= rivets, 101.

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistencies in spelling, lay-out, hyphenation, etc. have been retained, except as mentioned under Changes below.

Some reference letters’ case in the text does not correspond to that shown in the illustration, and some of the reference letters are used inconsistently in different illustrations; this has not been rectified unless mentioned below. The not always numerical order of the illustrations in this e-text is the order of the source document. Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their settings, not all elements may display as intended. The scale as indicated in the illustrations in this e-text is not necessarily correct.

Several characters as used in this text are used to represent the shape of the symbol or letter rather than the symbol’s (e.g., ⟂) or letter’s (e.g., ~U~) actual meaning.

Page 47, ... a spiral spring, s s, fig. 31, which is compressed ...: the letters s are not visible in the illustration (the spring is).

Page 52, ... if we construct a scale S, S, fig. 38, ...: the printing quality of the source document was not sufficient to make this entirely visible in the illustration; the text and fig. 39 may provide clarity. The parts that were legible have been enhanced.

Page 77: Fig. 41 contains different reference letters h: two in the smoke stack (left-hand side of the illustration), one underneath the steam whistle. Both are referenced in the text.

Page 102, ... the distance d f will then be the centre ...: one or more words may be missing (... which will then be ... or similar).

Page 154, ... with two handles, l, l, fig. 71, which are raised ...: reference letters l do not occur in the illustration (nor are they listed in the parts list following the illustration).

Page 166, Fig. 93: the right-most reference letter is an upside-down W, not an M.

Page 181, ... and the other two the reverse way: possibly an error for ... and the other the reverse way.

Page 258, caption with fig. 145: Scale ³⁄₁₆ in. = 1 foot is probably an error for Scale ³⁄₁₆ in. = 1 inch.

Page 269, ... and y, plate II, and fig. 40, the centre-pin ...: the centre-pin is indicated by Y in Plate II.

Page 337, The running-boards are planks, i i, plate I, ...: the reference letters i i are not visible in Plate I.

Page 430, Sentence starting For this reason a truck consisting of a single pair of wheels, ...: as printed in the source document; some text may be missing.

Page 448/449, Table and paragraph starting From this table it will be seen ...: probably the last two columns of the table list decimal fractions rather than percentages (e.g., fuel is probably 0.3 of operating costs of locomotives rather than 0.3%).

Page 544: Part XL should have been called Part XXX.

Appendices: unless mentioned under Changes below the tables are given here as printed, although they may contain (minor) errors.

Changes made

Footnotes and illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs. Some of the illustrations have been rotated. Figure numbers and scale indicators have been removed from within some illustrations and have been transcribed as (top or bottom) captions.

Where they were missing, periods have been added to illustration captions. Numbered questions have (where relevant) been standardised to end in a question mark. Reference letters in the text have been standardised to italics.

Some obviously missing punctuation has been inserted; some minor obvious typographical errors were corrected silently. In some tables and lists ditto marks have been replaced with the dittoed text.

Page iv: Die Schule des Locomotivfuhrers ... changed to Die Schule des Locomotivführers ....

Page xvi: ... as shown in the sections of the apple at A and B. changed to ... as shown in the sections of the apple at C and D.

Page 1: The steam, if admitted at c ... changed to The steam, if admitted at C ....

Page 40: ... those portions of the face h, i, and p, q, which cover the steam-ports, ... changed to ... those portions of the face h, i, and h′, q, which cover the steam-ports ....

Page 56: ... conditions which were used in the answer to Question 60 ... changed to ... conditions which were used in the answer to Question 57 ....

Page 58: It was shown in answer to Question 56 ... changed to It was shown in answer to Question 57 ....

Page 102: ... we will step off the distance d f f ... changed to ... we will step off the distance d f ....

Page 111: ... (shown also in fig. 43,) ... changed to ... (shown also in fig. 40,) ....

Page 129: first comma deleted from a, a′, Heater Pipe.

Page 135: Fig. 74: reference letter J changed to j.

Page 162: ... flanges, f f, cast on the pipes. changed to flanges, f, f, cast on the pipes.

Page 165: ... _heads_, A and _B_, ... changed to ... _heads_, _A_ and _B_, ....

Page 176: ... the tops guides are usually ... changed to ... the top guides are usually ....

Page 179: ... the journals of the coupling-rods, the brasses at m, m, ... changed to ... the journals of the coupling-rods, the brasses at n, n, ....

Page 195: Thus the line -o -o, ... changed to Thus the line -0 -0 ....

Page 216, table, row 4, column Point of release, Backward stroke 20¹¹⁄₁₅ changed to 20¹¹⁄₁₆.

Page 220: ... the slide-valve and ink motion? changed to ... the slide-valve and link motion?

Page 234 and 236: The first illustration with caption Fig. 136 has been renumbered Fig. 136a, the second one Fig. 136b.

Page 236, Fig. 136b: reference letter e (top centre) changed to c.

Page 261: The reverse-rod l′ k, which connects the lever with the vertical arm k ... changed to The reverse-rod e k, which connects the lever with the vertical arm k ....

Page 281: ... if two pairs of wheels, a, a′, b, b′, fig. 151, ... changed to ... if two pairs of wheels, a a′, b b′, fig. 151, ....

Page 292: ... a heavy timber, called a bumper-timber, E E, plates I, II and III, ... changed to ... a heavy timber, called a bumper-timber, E′ E′, plates I, II and III, ....

Page 297: These plates are of different lengths, as shown at B, B, in fig. 169, ... changed to These plates are of different lengths, as shown at B, B′, in fig. 169, ....

Page 308, answer to question 299: references to Fig. 178 changed to Fig. 177 (three times).

Page 327: ... the end of a longer lever E G′ B, fig. 192, ... changed to ... the end of a longer lever E G B, fig. 192, ....

Page 337: The hand-rails, m m′ m′, are brass or iron pipes ... changed to The hand-rails, m′ m′ m′, are brass or iron pipes ....

Page 345: closing quote mark inserted after formula.

Page 346, first formula: 1,266 changed to 1.266 as elsewhere.

Page 366: the source has two footnote anchors for a single footnote; the footnote has been copied.

Page 423: ... 649,725 units of heats, ... changed to ... 649,725 units of heat, ....

Page 432, answer to question 435: quote marks inserted around Consolidation as elsewhere.

Page 499, footnote 111: Katechismus der Einrichtung und Betriebes der Locomtive changed to Katechismus der Einrichtung und des Betriebes der Locomotive.

Page 544, footnote119: Katechismus der Einrichtung und Betriebes der Locomotive changed to Katechismus der Einrichtung und des Betriebes der Locomotive.

Page 561, Plate VIII: Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = ft. changed to Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = 1 ft.

Appendices: chapter headings Appendix I, Appendix II, Appendix III and Appendix IV have been inserted.

Index: some page numbers were corrected. Minor spelling differences between the text and the index have not been changed.