Part 10

Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the symbols. One is like the normal female (Venus) sign, but with no cross stroke on the downward stroke. The other is the symbol for Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign crowned with crescent horns.}

Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared receptaculum.

Niger: black.

Nigricans: black, tinged with gray.

Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg.

Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface.

Niveous -eus: snowy white.

Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night.

Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward inner margin.

Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises from upper sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin.

Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants.

Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob.

Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen.

Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots.

Nodule: a little knot, lump or node.

Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture of knots or links, connected by an undulating line.

Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in.

Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects.

Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary.

Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture.

Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin.

Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of the head which is apparent from a dorsal aspect.

Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface.

Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v.

Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen.

Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum.

Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax.

Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus.

Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily affected by staining fluids.

Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded in the cell contents.

Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture.

Nuditas: = nudity.

Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture.

Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, when nursing is given up.

Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.

Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with granular nutritive material used in developing the egg cells.

Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa.

Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q.v.

Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced stage of development: see also pupipara.

O

Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely.

Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward.

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of another object or part.

Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen.

Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened at two opposite ends.

Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal.

Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2 and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its front end, backward and outward; in reality the basal part of Rs.

Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct.

Oblong: longer than broad.

Obovate: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end downward.

Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped.

Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined.

Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies.

Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.

Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering.

Obtected: applied to pupae when they are covered with a chitinous case which confines and conceals all appendages, though their outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and coarctate.

Obtuse: not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to form an obtuse angle.

Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see acutilingues.

Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum.

Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head.

Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; situated on posterior orbit of eye.

Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole posterior surface of the head: in bees, the space between the vertex and the neck.

Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e.g. spiracles.

Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view.

Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually directed forward: often absent.

Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye region in butterfly chrysalids.

Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on which the ocelli are situated; Diptera.

Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots on the wings, bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil.

Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata.

Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli.

Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, which conveys an image to a retina.

Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in adults: the compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli.

Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow and brown ochre].

Ochraeus -eus: = ochraceous.

Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous.

Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the head in which the eye is received posteriorly.

Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment in the eyes.

Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin.

Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum; q.v.

Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head.

Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the hinder part of each eye.

Oculi -us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes.

Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera.

Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long teeth on the maxilla and labium.

Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; metamorphosis incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of abdomen, separate from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragon flies and damselflies}

Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies.

Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs.

OEcology: see ecology.

OEdagus: the penis.

OEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each side of body cavity: associated with blood and fat bodies.

OEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in Psocidae.

OEsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v.

OEsophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but more generally applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet.

OEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum.

Oesophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that controls the entrance of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule.

Oesophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the crop.

Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise.

Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to Cecidomyids.

Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive green].

Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies.

Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in Coleoptera; a corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are attached; also the lateral margin of the prothorax; also the lateral margin of the scutellum in Carabids and Dytiscids.

Ommateum: the compound eye.

Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is composed.

Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both.

Oncus -i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars.

Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; applied to certain Lycaenid and other caterpillars.

Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual.

Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from that of the species: see phylogeny.

Onyches: claws of tarsi.

Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process on the feet of some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the claws: see also arolium and pulvillus.

Oöblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg.

Oögenesis: the process of egg-formation.

Oölemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane.

Oötheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain Orthoptera: see egg case.

Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre.

Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals.

Opalinus: = opalescent; q.v.

Opaque: without lustre: not transparent.

Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera.

Operative: in working order or actually working.

Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath.

Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous envelope covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock: the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata: in Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure closing the vasiform orifice; q.v.

Ophthalmic: relating to the eye.

Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes.

Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body.

Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries.

Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to.

Optic: relating to the organs of vision.

Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the compound eyes.

Optic lobes: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in which are centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision.

Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon.

Optic segment: =procerebral segment; q.

Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye.

Ora: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of prothorax.

Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra.

Orad: toward the mouth.

Oral: pertaining to the mouth.

Oral cavity: the mouth; = buccal cavity.

Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles.

Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth.

Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in sonic moths, a round or oval macula in the median cell.

Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are divided into vertical or superior; frontal and facial or anterior; of the cheek or inferior; occipital or posterior.

Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes.

Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera.

Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive.

Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; q.v.

Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.

Orificium: the anal or genital opening.

Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published description is prepared.

Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms.

Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head set into prothorax, the latter free; metamorphosis incomplete.

Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see cyclorrhapha.

Orthorrhaphous: straight-seamed.

Os: the mouth of insects, in general.

Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side.

Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series.

Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a penetrating odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from openings elsewhere in the bodies of other forms. {Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is "osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an error on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I can find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".}

Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a membrane or septum.

Osselet: = ossicle; q.v.

Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone.

Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the wings to the thorax.

Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart.

Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole.

Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and metathorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted.

Ostium: singular of Ostia; q.v.

-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality expressed in the stem word.

Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle.

Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst.

Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; q.v.

Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle.

Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg.

Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung.

Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for the larva.

Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar.

Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen of the female.

Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells forming the future ova: a single one of the mass which, taken together, form the ovaries.

Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body cavity of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed: the individual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct.

Ovariole: an ovarian tube: q.v.

Ovary: singular of ovaries; q.v.

Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval.

Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor: q.v.

Oviform: egg-shaped.

Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female.

Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs.

Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes extended far beyond the end of the body.

Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q.v.

Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female reproductive organs.

Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are hatched in the body of the parent.

P

Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California and most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran.

Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and retraction in some Coleoptera.

Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera.

Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the external flattened surface of the caudal femora.

Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose and the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda.

Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs hinged and the femora grooved.

Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera.

Palate: = hypopharynx; q.v.

Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous.

Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance.

Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.

Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic insects which cannot be assigned to existing orders.

Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are distinct and the pupa is free: includes the Micropterygidae only: see protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera.

Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint.

Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the anterior feet of male Dytiscidae.

Pallid: pale or very pale.

Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow.

Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink].

Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli.

Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened or specifically modified.

Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes.

Palmula: = pulvillus; q.v.

Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus.

Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi.

Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous support to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an amount of extension not possible when they are fixed.

Palpi: plural of palpus; q.v.

Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi.

Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite hearing the maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes.

Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus.

Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is attached corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used in the same general sense.

Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q.v.

Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed.

Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi).

Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially constricted.

Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; q.v.

Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like those of a panther.

Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing.

Papilionaceous: butterfly-like.

Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in silk spinning caterpillars.

Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded.

Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip.

Papilliform: like a wart or pimple.

Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples.

Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus.

Pappas: a fine down.

Para-: next to; near by; at the side of.

Parabiosis: see symbiosis.

Parabolic: elongately rounded.

Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in some of the generalized families on each side of the maxillary palpi.

Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at sides.

Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae.

Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to the galea of maxilla.

Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant.

Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures.

Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used to throw frass pellets to a distance.

Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v.

Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera.

Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles.

Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.

Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves.

Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the middle lobe.

Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid scutellum, defining the parapsidae.

Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows.

Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera.

Parasita: = parasitica: q.v.

Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply.

Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host.

Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizoötic.

Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see symbiosis; commensalism.

Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v.

Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae.

Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was selected see type and cotype.

Parse: sparse or sparsely.

Parcidentate: with few teeth.

Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue.

Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies.

Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v.

Parthenogenetic: see asexual.

Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in plant lice, gall wasps, etc.

## Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or

more color fields.

## Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae.

Parum: not much.

Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.: assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax: homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax.

Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae; plate-like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: the first coxal joint.

Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.

Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the underside of the patella.

Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart.

Patric: home or country of origin.

Patulous-ose: open, spreading.

Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any pouch-like appendage of the alimentary canal.

Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.

Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for groups of plant lice.

Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.

Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl.

Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of pollen-gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.

Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb.

Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair.

Pectoralis: relating to the breast.

Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum.

Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a comb: e.g. some maxillary structures.

Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera, for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum: in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs.

Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet.

Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar).

Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies.

Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet.

Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their excrement and cast skins on an anal fork.

Pedes: the feet, or really, legs.