Book IV

., 10, xxv. Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt, Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.

BALK Balk, v. i. Etym: [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.]

Defn: To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring.

BALKER Balk"er, n. Etym: [See 2d Balk.]

Defn: One who, or that which balks.

BALKER Balk"er, n. Etym: [See last Balk.]

Defn: A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer.

BALKINGLY Balk"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In manner to balk or frustrate.

BALKISH Balk"ish, a.

Defn: Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed.

BALKY Balk"y, a.

Defn: Apt to balk; as, a balky horse.

BALL Ball, n. Etym: [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. böllr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.]

1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as, a ball of twine; a ball of snow.

2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc.

3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football.

4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as, a cannon ball; a rifball; -- often used collectively; as, powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets.

5. (Pirotechnics & Mil.)

Defn: A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as, a fire ball; a stink ball.

6. (Print.)

Defn: A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; -- formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller.

7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as, the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot.

8. (Far.)

Defn: A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White.

9. The globe or earth. Pope. Move round the dark terrestrial ball. Addison. Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. -- Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. -- Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. -- Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. -- Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. -- Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. -- Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; -- formerly, the pupil of the eye. -- Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. -- Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. -- Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker's sign or shop.

Syn. -- See Globe.

BALL Ball, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balled (p. pr. & vb. n. Balling.]

Defn: To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as, the horse balls; the snow balls.

BALL Ball, v. t.

1. (Metal.)

Defn: To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling.

2. To form or wind into a ball; as, to ball cotton.

BALL Ball, n. Etym: [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. to toss or throw, or , , to leap, bound, to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.]

Defn: A social assembly for the purpose of dancing.

BALLAD Bal"lad, n. Etym: [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.]

Defn: A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as, the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas.

BALLAD Bal"lad, v. i.

Defn: To make or sing ballads. [Obs.]

BALLAD Bal"lad, v. t.

Defn: To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.]

BALLADE Bal*lade", n. Etym: [See Ballad, n.]

Defn: A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy.

BALLADER Bal"lad*er, n.

Defn: A writer of ballads.

BALLAD MONGER Bal"lad mon`ger. Etym: [See Monger.]

Defn: A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak.

BALLADRY Bal"lad*ry, n. Etym: [From Ballad, n. ]

Defn: Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. "Base balladry is so beloved." Drayton.

BALLAHOO; BALLAHOU Bal"la*hoo, Bal"la*hou, n.

Defn: A fast-sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies.

BALLARAG Bal"la*rag, v. i. Etym: [Corrupted fr. bullirag.]

Defn: To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton.

BALLAST Bal"last, n. Etym: [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing.

2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness.

3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid.

4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete.

5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security. It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity. Barrow. Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. -- Ship in ballast, a ship carring only ballast.

BALLAST Bal"last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ballasting.]

1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold.

2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid.

3. To keep steady; to steady, morally. 'T is charity must ballast the heart. Hammond.

BALLASTAGE Bal"last*age, n. (Law)

Defn: A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor.

BALLASTING Bal"last*ing, n.

Defn: That which is used for steadying anything; ballast.

BALLATRY Bal"la*try, n.

Defn: See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton.

BALLET Bal"let`, n. Etym: [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.]

1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing.

2. The company of persons who perform the ballet.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, -- most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers.

4. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color.

BALL-FLOWER Ball"-flow`er, n. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, -- usually inserted in a hollow molding.

BALLISTA Bal*lis"ta, n.; pl. Ballist. Etym: [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. to throw.]

Defn: An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

BALLISTER Bal"lis*ter, n. Etym: [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.]

Defn: A crossbow. [Obs.]

BALLISTIC Bal*lis"tic, a.

1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine.

2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile. Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it.

BALLISTICS Bal*lis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.]

Defn: The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell.

BALLISTITE Bal"lis*tite, n. [See Ballista.] (Chem.)

Defn: A smokeless powder containing equal parts of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.

BALLIUM Bal"li*um, n. Etym: [LL.]

Defn: See Bailey.

BALLOON Bal*loon", n. Etym: [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.]

1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for aërial navigation.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul's, in London. [R.]

3. (Chem.)

Defn: A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form.

4. (Pyrotechnics)

Defn: A bomb or shell. [Obs.]

5. A game played with a large inf [Obs.]

6. (Engraving)

Defn: The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure. Air balloon, a balloon for aërial navigation. -- Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. -- Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp.

BALLOON Bal*loon", v. t.

Defn: To take up in, or as if in, a balloon.

BALLOON Bal*loon", v. i.

1. To go up or voyage in a balloon.

2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon.

BALLOONED Bal*looned", a.

Defn: Swelled out like a balloon.

BALLOONER Bal*loon"er, n.

Defn: One who goes up in a balloon; an aëronaut.

BALLOON FISH Bal*loon" fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish.

BALLOONING Bal*loon"ing, n.

1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them.

2. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.]

BALLOONING SPIDER Bal*loon"ing spi"der. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds ( esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft.

BALLOONIST Bal*loon"ist, n.

Defn: An aëronaut.

BALLOONRY Bal*loon"ry, n.

Defn: The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; aëronautics.

BALLOT Bal"lot, n. Etym: [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.]

1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting.

2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets. The insufficiency of the ballot. Dickens.

3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district. Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots.

BALLOT Bal"lot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] Etym: [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.]

Defn: To vote or decide by ballot; as, to ballot for a candidate.

BALLOT Bal"lot, v. t.

Defn: To vote for or in opposition to. None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others. Sir H. Wotton.

BALLOTADE Bal"lo*tade`, n. Etym: [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. i.] (Man.)

Defn: A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out.

BALLOTAGE Bal"lot*age, n. [F. ballottage.]

Defn: In France, a second ballot taken after an indecisive first ballot to decide between two or several candidates.

BALLOTATION Bal`lo*ta"tion, n.

Defn: Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

BALLOTER Bal"lot*er, n.

Defn: One who votes by ballot.

BALLOTIN Bal"lo*tin, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington.

BALLOW Bal"low, n.

Defn: A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak.

BALLPROOF Ball"proof`, a.

Defn: Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms.

BALLROOM Ball"room` (, n.

Defn: A room for balls or dancing.

BALM Balm, n. Etym: [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. basam. Cf. Balsam.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa.

2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden.

3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak.

4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. "Balm for each ill." Mrs. Hemans. Balm cricket (Zoöl.), the European cicada. Tennyson. -- Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

BALM Balm, v. i.

Defn: To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak.

BALMIFY Balm"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Balm + -fy.]

Defn: To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne.

BALMILY Balm"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a balmy manner. Coleridge.

BALMORAL Bal*mor"al, n. Etym: [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.]

1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress.

2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front. A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes. George Eliot.

BALMY Balm"y, a.

1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. "The balmy breeze." Tickell. Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! Young.

2. Producing balm. "The balmy tree." Pope.

Syn. -- Fragrant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy.

BALNEAL Bal"ne*al, a. Etym: [L. balneum bath.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell.

BALNEARY Bal"ne*a*ry, n. Etym: [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.]

Defn: A bathing room. Sir T. Browne.

BALNEATION Bal`ne*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.]

Defn: The act of bathing. [R.]

BALNEATORY Bal"ne*a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. balneatorius.]

Defn: Belonging to a bath. [Obs.]

BALNEOGRAPHY Bal`ne*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + -graphy.]

Defn: A description of baths.

BALNEOLOGY Bal`ne*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + -logy.]

Defn: A treatise on baths; the science of bathing.

BALNEOTHERAPY Bal`ne*o*ther"a*py, n. Etym: [L. balneum bath + Gr. to heal.]

Defn: The treatment of disease by baths.

BALOPTICON Bal*op"ti*con, n. [Gr. to throw + stereopticon.]

Defn: See Projector, below.

BALOTADE Bal"o*tade`, n.

Defn: See Ballotade.

BALSA Bal"sa, n. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.)

Defn: A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

BALSAM Bal"sam, n. Etym: [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. . See Balm, n.]

1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil.

Note: The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously or by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given.

2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine.

3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores. Was not the people's blessing a balsam to thy blood Tennyson. Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant ( Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange-yellow cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. -- Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. -- Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. -- Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. -- Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree ( Myroxylon Pereiræ and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. -- Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree ( Myxoxylon toluiferum.). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. -- Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. -- Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm.

BALSAM Bal"sam, v. t.

Defn: To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic.

BALSAMATION Bal`sam*a"tion, n.

1. The act of imparting balsamic properties.

2. The art or process of embalming.

BALSAMIC; BALSAMICAL Bal*sam"ic, Bal*sam"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. balsamique.]

Defn: Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative.

BALSAMIFEROUS Bal`sam*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Balsam + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing balsam.

BALSAMINE Bal"sam*ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. balsam plant.] (Bot.)

Defn: The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam.

BALSAMOUS Bal"sam*ous, a.

Defn: Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. "A balsamous substance." Sterne.

BALTER Bal"ter, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.]

Defn: To stick together.[Obs.] Holland.

BALTIC Bal"tic, a. Etym: [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea.

BALTIMORE BIRD; BALTIMORE ORIOLE Bal"ti*more bird`. Bal"ti*more o"ri*ole. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; -- called also golden robin.

BALUSTER Bal"us*ter, n. Etym: [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. ; -- so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.)

Defn: A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

BALUSTERED Bal"us*tered (-terd), a.

Defn: Having balusters. Dryden.

BALUSTRADE Bal"us*trade` (-trad`), n. [F. balustrade, It. balaustrata fr. balaustro. See Baluster.] (Arch.)

Defn: A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

BAM Bam, n. Etym: [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.]

Defn: An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick. To relieve the tediumbams. Prof. Wilson.

BAM Bam, v. t.

Defn: To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote.

BAMBINO Bam*bi"no, n. Etym: [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. , , to chatter.]

Defn: A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes.

BAMBOCCIADE Bam*boc`ci*ade", n. Etym: [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.)

Defn: A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life.

BAMBOO Bam*boo", n. Etym: [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries.

Note: The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc.

BAMBOO Bam*boo", v. t.

Defn: To flog with the bamboo.

BAMBOOZLE Bam*boo"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling ( Etym: [Said to be of Gipsy origin.]

Defn: To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison. What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you J. H. Newman.

BAMBOOZLER Bam*boo"zler, n.

Defn: A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot.

BAN Ban, n. Etym: [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. Abandon, Fame.]

1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation.

2. (Feudal & Mil.)

Defn: A calling together of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for military service; also, the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army.

3. pl.

Defn: Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense).

4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. "Under ban to touch." Milton.

5. A curse or anathema. "Hecate's ban." Shak.

6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away.

BAN Ban, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] Etym: [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.]

1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott.

2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron.

BAN Ban, v. i.

Defn: To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser.

BAN Ban, n. Etym: [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a masterban.]

Defn: An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia.

BANAL Ban"al, a. Etym: [F., fr. ban an ordinance.]

Defn: Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite.

BANALITY Ba*nal"i*ty, n.; pl. Banalities. Etym: [F. banalité. See Banal.]

Defn: Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech. The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse. J. Morley.

BANANA Ba*na"na, n. Etym: [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa.

Note: The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food. Banana bird (Zoöl.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. -- Banana quit (Zoöl.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers.

BANANA SOLUTION Ba*na"na so*lu"tion.

Defn: A solution used as a vehicle in applying bronze pigments. In addition to acetote, benzine, and a little pyroxylin, it contains amyl acetate, which gives it the odor of bananas.

BANAT Ban"at, n. Etym: [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.]

Defn: The territory governed by a ban.

BANC; BANCUS; BANK Banc, Ban"cus, Bank, n. Etym: [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.]

Defn: A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court. In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as, sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nisi prius).

BANCAL Ban*cal", n.; pl. -cales (#). [Sp., fr. banca, banco, bench. Cf. Bench.]

Defn: An ornamental covering, as of carpet or leather, for a bench or form.

BANCO Ban"co, n. Etym: [It. See Bank.]

Defn: A bank, especially that of Venice.

Note: This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated.

BAND Band, n. Etym: [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. banti, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. Bind, v. t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.]

1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter. Every one's bands were loosed. Acis xvi 26.

2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts.

3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. "To join in Hymen's bands." Shak.

4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries.

5. pl.

Defn: Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress.

6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. "Band and gusset and seam." Hood.

7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men. Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot. Shak.

8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals.

9. (Bot.)

Defn: A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants.

10. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body.

11. (Mech.)

Defn: A belt or strap.

12. A bond [Obs.] "Thy oath and band." Shak.

13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser. Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels.

BAND Band, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. & vb. n. Banding.]

1. To bind or tie with a band.

2. To mark with a band.

3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. "Banded against his throne." Milton. Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles.

BAND Band, v. i.

Defn: To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together. Certain of the Jews banded together. Acts xxiii. 12.

BAND Band, v. t.

Defn: To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.]

BAND Band, imp.

Defn: of Bind. [Obs.]

BANDAGE Band"age, n. Etym: [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.]

1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc.

2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature. Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes. Addison.

BANDAGE Band"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (p. pr. & vb. n. Bandaging (

Defn: To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as, to bandage the eyes.

BANDALA Ban*da"la, n.

Defn: A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis).

BANDANNA; BANDANA Ban*dan"na, Ban*dan"a, n. Etym: [Hind. bandhn a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.]

1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form.

2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure.

BANDBOX Band"box`, n.

Defn: A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc.

BANDEAU Ban"deau, n.; pl. Bandeaux. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head-dress. Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather. Sir W. Scott.

BANDELET; BANDLET Band"e*let, Band"let, n. Etym: [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and ch. Bendlet.] (Arch.)

Defn: A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt.

BANDER Band"er, n.

Defn: One banded with others. [R.]

BANDERILLA Ban`de*ril"la, n. [Sp., dim. of bandera banner. See Banner, and cf. Banderole.]

Defn: A barbed dart carrying a banderole which the banderillero thrusts into the neck or shoulder of the bull in a bullfight.

BANDERILLERO Ban`de*ril*le"ro, n. [Sp.]

Defn: One who thrusts in the banderillas in bullfighting. W. D. Howells.

BANDEROLE; BANDROL Band"e*role, Band"rol, n. Etym: [F. banderole, dim. of bandière, bannière, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.]

Defn: A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.] From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross. Sir W. Scott.

BAND FISH Band" fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish.

BANDICOOT Ban"di*coot, n. Etym: [A corruption of the native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania.

BANDING PLANE Band"ing plane`.

Defn: A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work.

BANDIT Ban"dit, n.; pl.Bandits, or Banditti. Etym: [It. bandito outlaw, p.p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.]

Defn: An outlaw; a brigand. No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer. Milton.

Note: The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun. Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti. Sir W. Scott.

BANDLE Ban"dle, n. Etym: [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.]

Defn: An Irish measure of two feet in length.

BANDLET Band"let, n.

Defn: Same as Bandelet.

BANDMASTER Band"mas`ter, n.

Defn: The conductor of a musical band.

BANDOG Ban"dog`, n. Etym: [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.]

Defn: A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up. The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name. Sir W. Scott.

BANDOLEER; BANDOLIER Ban`do*leer", Ban`do*lier", n. Etym: [F. bandoulière (cf.It. bandoliera, Sp.bandolera), fr.F. bande band, Sp.&It. banda. See Band, n.]

1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt.

2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.]

BANDOLINE Ban"do*line, n. Etym: [Perh. allied to band.]

Defn: A glutinous pomatum for the fair.

BANDON Ban"don, n. Etym: [OF. bandon. See Abandon.]

Defn: Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

BANDORE Ban"dore, n. Etym: [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. . Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.]

Defn: A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore.

BANDROL Band"rol, n.

Defn: Same as Banderole.

BANDY Ban"dy, n. Etym: [Telugu bandi.]

Defn: A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks.

BANDY Ban"dy, n.; pl. Bandies (. Etym: [Cf. F. bandé, p.p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.]

1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson.

2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball.

BANDY Ban"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (p. pr. & vb. n. Bandying.]

1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy. Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us . . . by rackets from without. Cudworth.

2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. "To bandy hasty words." Shak.

3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate. Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation. I. Watts.

BANDY Ban"dy, v. i.

Defn: To content, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way. Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons. Shak.

BANDY Ban"dy, a.

Defn: Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as, a bandy leg.

BANDY-LEGGED Ban"dy-legged`, a.

Defn: Having crooked legs.

BANE Bane, n. Etym: [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike.

1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.]

2. Destruction; death. [Obs.] The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane. Milton.

3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe. Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe. Herbert.

4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot.

Syn. -- Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest.

BANE Bane, v. t.

Defn: To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller.

BANEBERRY Bane"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Actæa) of plants, of the order Ranunculaceæ, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous.

BANEFUL Bane"ful, a.

Defn: Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. "Baneful hemlock." Garth. "Baneful wrath." Chapman. -- Bane"ful*ly, adv. --Bane"ful*ness, n.

BANEWORT Bane"wort, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Deadly nightshade.

BANG Bang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged; p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] Etym: [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw.bångas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.]

1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks. Shak.

2. To beat or thump, or to cause ( something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as, to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it.

BANG Bang, v. i.

Defn: To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as, the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano.

BANG Bang, n.

1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow. Many a stiff thwack, many a bang. Hudibras.

2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion.

BANG Bang, v. t.

Defn: To cut squarely across, as the tail of a hors, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair). His hair banged even with his eyebrows. The Century Mag.

BANG Bang, n.

Defn: The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn. His hair cut in front like a young lady's bang. W. D. Howells.

BANG; BANGUE Bang, Bangue, n.

Defn: See Bhang.

BANGING Bang"ing, a.

Defn: Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby.

BANGLE Ban"gle, v. t. Etym: [From 1st Bang.]

Defn: To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.]

BANGLE Ban"gle, n. Etym: [Hind. bangri bracelet, bangle.]

Defn: An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet. Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel.

BANIAN Ban"ian, n. Etym: [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.]

1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.]

2. A man's loose gown, like that worn by the Banians.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The Indian fig. See Banyan. Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh.

BANISH Ban"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished(p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] Etym: [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.]

1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the ruling power. "We banish you our territories." Shak.

2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; -- used with from and out of. How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland. Blair.

3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. "Banish all offense." Shak.

Syn. -- To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish, summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as, to expel from a college; expelled from decent society.

BANISHER Ban"ish*er, n.

Defn: One who banishes.

BANISHMENT Ban"ish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bannissement.]

Defn: The act of banishing, or the state of being banished. He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies. Johnson. Round the wide world in banishment we roam. Dryden.

Syn. -- Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry.

BANISTER Ban"is*ter, n. Etym: [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.]

Defn: A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands.

BANJO Ban"jo, n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.]

Defn: A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands.

BANJORINE Ban`jo*rine", n. [From banjore banjo. See Banjo.] (Music.)

Defn: A kind of banjo, with a short neck, tuned a fourth higher than the common banjo; -- popularly so called.

BANK Bank, n. Etym: [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin.; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.]

1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as, a bank of clouds; a bank of snow. They cast up a bank against the city. 2 Sam. xx. 15.

2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine.

3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow. Tiber trembled underneath her banks. Shak.

4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as, the banks of Newfoundland.

5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as, ores are brought to bank. Bank beaver (Zoöl.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] -- Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank.

BANK Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked(p. pr. & vb. n. Banking.]

1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. "Banked well with earth." Holland.

2. To heap or pile up; as, to bank sand.

3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak. To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive.

BANK Bank, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.]

1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also, a tier of oars. Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep. Waller.

2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill.

3. (Printing)

Defn: A sort of table used by printers.

4. (Music)

Defn: A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight.

BANK Bank, n. Etym: [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.]

1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity.

2. The building or office used for banking purposes.

3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.] Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money. Bacon.

4. (Gaming)

Defn: The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses.

5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw. Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has give -- Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. -- Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer.

BANK Bank, v. t.

Defn: To deposit in a bank.

BANK Bank, v. i.

1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker.

2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker.

BANKABLE Bank"a*ble, a.

Defn: Receivable at a bank.

BANK BILL Bank" bill`.

1. In America (and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note.

2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency.

BANK BOOK Bank" book`.

Defn: A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor's account with the bank.

BANK DISCOUNT Bank discount.

Defn: A sum equal to the interest at a given rate on the principal (face) of a bill or note from the time of discounting until it becomes due.

BANKER Bank"er, n.Etym: [See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.]

1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc.

2. A money changer. [Obs.]

3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house.

4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J. Q. Adams.

5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.]

6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale.

BANKERESS Bank"er*ess, n.

Defn: A female banker. Thackeray.

BANKING Bank"ing, n.

Defn: The business of a bank or of a banker. Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done.

BANK NOTE Bank" note`.

1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand.

Note: In the United States popularly called a bank bill.

2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.]

3. A promissory note payable at a bank.

BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, n. Etym: [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.]

1. (Old Eng. Low)

Defn: A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone.

2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. M

3. (Law)

Defn: A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities.

Note: In England, until the year 1861 none but a "trader" could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an "insolvent". But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade.

BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, a.

1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one's debts; as, a bankrupt merchant.

2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as, a bankrupt treasury.

3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy.

4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). "Bankrupt in gratitude." Sheridan. Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a.

BANKRUPT Bank"rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.]

Defn: To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish.

BANKRUPTCY Bank"rupt*cy, n.; pl. Bankruptcies(

1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt.

2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt.

3. Complete loss; -- followed by of.

BANKSIDE Bank"side`, n.

Defn: The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam.

BANK-SIDED Bank"-sid`ed, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; -- opposed to wall- sided.

BANK SWALLOW Bank" swal"low.

Defn: See under 1st Bank, n.

BANLIEUE Ban"li*eue`, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.]

Defn: The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.

BANNER Ban"ner, n. Etym: [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.]

1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle. Hang out our banners on the outward walls. Shak.

2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place.

3. Any flag or standard; as, the star-spangled banner. Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic.

BANNERED Ban"nered, a.

Defn: Decorated with a banner or banners "bannered host." Milton.

BANNERET Ban"ner*et, n.Etym: [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.]

1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; -- commonly used as a title of rank.

2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also, the person bearing such title or rank.

Note: The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner.

3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons.

4. A small banner. Shak.

BANNEROL Ban"ner*ol, n.

Defn: A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole.

BANNITION Ban*ni"tion, n. Etym: [LL. bannitio. See Banish.]

Defn: The act of expulsion.[Obs.] Abp. Laud.

BANNOCK Ban"nock, n. Etym: [Gael. bonnach.]

Defn: A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; -- used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson. Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.]

BANNS Banns, n. pl. Etym: [See Ban.]

Defn: Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place.

BANQUET Ban"quet, n. Etym: [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.]

1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches.

2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.] We'll dine in the great room, but let the music And banquet be prepared here. Massinger.

BANQUET Ban"quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.]

Defn: To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast. Just in time to banquet The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge.

BANQUET Ban"quet, v.i.

1. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking; to feast. Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets, I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton.

2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.] Where they did both sup and banquet. Cavendish.

BANQUETTE Ban*quette", n. Etym: [F. See Banquet, n.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser.

BANQUETTER; BANQUETER Ban"quet*ter, n.

Defn: One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts.

BANSHEE; BANSHIE Ban"shee, Ban"shie, n. Etym: [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.]

Defn: A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house.

BANSSHEE; BANSHIE Bans"shee, Ban"shie, n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] (Celtic Folklore)

Defn: A supernatural being supposed to warn a family of the approaching death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice.

BANSTICKLE Ban"stic`kle, n. Etym: [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.

BANTAM Ban"tam, n.

Defn: A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java.

BANTAM WORK Ban"tam work`.

Defn: Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware.

BANTENG Ban"teng, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng).

BANTER Ban"ter, v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered(p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.]

1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, -- the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as, he bantered me about my credulity. Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on my haggard looks the next day. W. Irving.

2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic] If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them. Chatham.

3. To delude or trick, -- esp. by way of jest. [Obs.] We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain. De Foe.

4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.]

BANTER Ban"ter, n.

Defn: The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good- humored raillery; pleasantry. Part banter, part affection. Tennyson.

BANTERER Ban"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who banters or rallies.

BANTINGISM Ban"ting*ism, n.

Defn: A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; -- so called from William Banting of London.

BANTLING Bant"ling, n. Etym: [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.]

Defn: A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.] In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings. W. Irving.

BANTU Ban"tu, n.

Defn: A member of one of the great family of Negroid tribes occupying equatorial and southern Africa. These tribes include, as important divisions, the Kafirs, Damaras, Bechuanas, and many tribes whose names begin with Aba-, Ama-, Ba-, Ma-, Wa-, variants of the Bantu plural personal prefix Aba-, as in Ba-ntu, or Aba-ntu, itself a combination of this prefix with the syllable -ntu, a person. -- Ban"tu, a.

BANXRING Banx"ring, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.

BANYAN Ban"yan, n. Etym: [See Banian.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men.

BANZAI Ban"zai", interj. [Jap. banzai, banzei, ten thousand years, forever.]

Defn: Lit., May you live ten thousand years; -- used in salutation of the emperor and as a battle cry. [Japan]

BAOBAB Ba"o*bab, n. Etym: [The native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia.

BAPHOMET Baph"o*met, n.Etym: [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.]

Defn: An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.

BAPTISM Bap"tism, n. Etym: [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. , fr. to baptize, fr. to dip in water, akin to deep, Skr. gah to dip, bathe, v. i.]

Defn: The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.

BAPTISMAL Bap*tis"mal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. baptismal.]

Defn: Pertaining to baptism; as, baptismal vows. Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism.

BAPTISMALLY Bap*tis"mal*ly, adv.

Defn: In a baptismal manner.

BAPTIST Bap"tist, n. Etym: [L. baptista, G. ]

1. One who administers baptism; -- specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton.

2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist.

Note: In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc. Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. -- Seventh-day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists.

BAPTISTERY; BAPTISTRY Bap"tis*ter*y,Bap"tis*try, n.; pl. Baptisteries (, -tries (. Etym: [L. baptisterium, Gr. : cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services.

BAPTISTIC Bap*tis"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. ]

Defn: Of or for baptism; baptismal.

BAPTISTICAL Bap*tis"tic*al, a.

Defn: Baptistic. [R.]

BAPTIZABLE Bap*tiz"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter.

BAPTIZATION Bap`ti*za"tion, n.

Defn: Baptism. [Obs.] Their baptizations were null. Jer. Taylor.

BAPTIZE Bap*tize", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] Etym: [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. . See Baptism.]

1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to.

2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name. I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Shak.

3. To sanctify; to consecrate.

BAPTIZEMENT Bap*tize"ment, n.

Defn: The act of baptizing.[R.]

BAPTIZER Bap*tiz"er, n.

Defn: One who baptizes.

BAR Bar, n. Etym: [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar.

1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door. Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood. Ex. xxvi. 26.

2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as, a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap.

3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier. Must I new bars to my own joy create Dryden.

4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation.

5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as, the bar of the House of Commons.

6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff's

## action.

7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion; the bar of God.

8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept.

9. (Her.)

Defn: An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field.

10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as, a bar of light; a bar of color.

11. (Mus.)

Defn: A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures.

Note: A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as, a passage of eight bars; two bars' rest.

12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole.

13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode.

14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar. Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. -- Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; -- formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. -- Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. -- Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. -- Blank bar (Law). See Blank. -- Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. -- In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. -- Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, a plea which is a final defense in an action. -- Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's

## action absolutely and entirely.

-- Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court.

BAR Bar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] Etym: [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.]

1. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar a door or gate.

2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as, to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff's recovery; -- sometimes with up. He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon. Hawthorne.

3. To except; to exclude by exception. Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me By what we do to- night. Shak.

4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines. For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly. Burney.

BARACA Ba*ra"ca, n.

Defn: An international, interdenominational organization of Bible classes of young men; -- so named in allusion to the Hebrew word Berachah (Meaning blessing) occurring in 2 Chron. xx. 26 and 1 Chron. xii.

BARAD Bar"ad, n. [Gr. weight.] (Physics)

Defn: The pressure of one dyne per square centimeter; -- used as a unit of pressure.

BARAESTHESIOMETER; BARESTHESIOMETER Bar`æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Bar`es*the`si*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. weight + æsthesiometer.] (Physiol.)

Defn: An instrument for determining the delicacy of the sense of pressure. -- Bar`æs*the`si*o*met"ric, Bar`es*the`si*o*met"ric (#), a.

BARATHEA Bar`a*the"a, n.

Defn: A soft fabric with a kind of basket weave and a diapered pattern.

BARB Barb, n. Etym: [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.]

1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it. The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth. Walton.

2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.]

3. pl.

Defn: Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.]

4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. "Having two barbs or points." Ascham.

5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser.

6. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather.

7. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; -- also improperly called whiting.

8. (Bot.)

Defn: A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

BARB Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed (p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.]

1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.]

2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston.

3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc. But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. Milton.

BARB Barb, n. Etym: [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.]

1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduces from Barbary into Spain by the Moors.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary.

BARB Barb, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. bard.]

Defn: Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.

BARBACAN Bar"ba*can, n.

Defn: See Barbican.

BARBACANAGE Bar"ba*can*age, n.

Defn: See Barbicanage.

BARBADIAN Bar*ba"di*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Barbados. -- n.

Defn: A native of Barbados.

BARBADOS; BARBADOES Bar*ba"dos or Bar*ba"does, n.

Defn: A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc. Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. -- Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. -- Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.

BARBARA Bar"ba*ra, n. Etym: [Coined by logicians.] (Logic)

Defn: The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately.

BARBARESQUE Bar`ba*resque", a.

Defn: Barbaric in form or style; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.

BARBARIAN Bar*ba"ri*an, n. Etym: [See Barbarous.]

1. A foreigner. [Historical] Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.

2. A man in a rule, savage, or uncivilized state.

3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold.

4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. "Thou fell barbarian." Philips.

BARBARIAN Bar*ba"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as, barbarian governments or nations.

BARBARIC Bar*ba"ric, a. Etym: [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. .]

1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; -- often with reference to barbarous nations of east. "Barbaric pearl and gold." Milton.

2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. "Wild, barbaric music." Sir W. Scott.

BARBARISM Bar"ba*rism, n. Etym: [L. barbarismus, Gr.; cf. F. barbarisme.]

1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott.

2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage. A heinous barbarism . . . against the honor of marriage. Milton.

3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism. The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism. G. Campbell.

BARBARITY Bar*bar"i*ty, n.; pl. Barbarities. Etym: [From Barbarous.]

Defn: The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization.

2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity. Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem. Macaulay.

3. A barbarous or cruel act.

4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift.

BARBARIZE Bar"ba*rize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing (.]

1. To become barbarous. The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan. De Quincey.

2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech. The ill habit . . . of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms. Milton.

BARBARIZE Bar"ba*rize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.]

Defn: To make barbarous. The hideous changes which have barbarized France. Burke.

BARBAROUS Bar"ba*rous, a. Etym: [L. barbarus, Gr. , strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.]

1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as, a barbarous people; a barbarous country.

2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste.[Obs.] Barbarous gold. Dryden.

3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless. By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon.

4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language. A barbarous expression G. Campbell.

Syn. -- Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious.

BARBAROUSLY Bar"ba*rous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a barbarous manner.

BARBAROUSNESS Bar"ba*rous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.

BARBARY Bar"ba*ry, n. Etym: [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.]

Defn: The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] Also, a kind of pigeon. Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen.

BARBASTEL Bar"ba*stel`, n. Etym: [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips.

BARBATE Bar"bate, a. Etym: [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs.

BARBATED Bar"ba*ted, a.

Defn: Having barbed points. A dart uncommonly barbated. T. Warton.

BARBECUE Bar"be*cue, n. Etym: [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.]

1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast.

2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole.

3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun-dried.

BARBECUE Bar"be*cue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbecued (; p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.]

1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron. They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke. Stedman.

2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog. Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued. Pope.

BARBED Barbed, a. Etym: [See 4th Bare.]

Defn: Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse. See Barded ( which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh.

BARBED Barbed, a.

Defn: Furnished with a barb or barbs; as, a barbed arrow; barbed wire. Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences.

BARBEL Bar"bel, n.Etym: [OE. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fished.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large fresh-water fish ( Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels.

3. pl.

Defn: Barbs or paps under the tongued of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb, 3.

BARBELLATE Bar"bel*late, a. Etym: [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray.

BARBELLULATE Bar*bel"lu*late, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs.

BARBER Bar"ber, n. Etym: [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.]

Defn: One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. Barber's itch. See under Itch.

Note: Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon ( old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc.

BARBER Bar"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbered (p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.]

Defn: To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak.

BARBER FISH Bar"ber fish. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Surgeon fish.

BARBERMONGER Bar"ber*mon`ger, n.

Defn: A fop. [Obs.]

BARBERRY Bar"ber*ry, n. Etym: [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.)

Defn: A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.]

BARBET Bar"bet, n. Etym: [F. barbet, fr.barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconidæ, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides.

BARBETTE Bar*bette", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Barbet.] (Fort.)

Defn: A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet. En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. -- Barbette gun, or Barbette battery, a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. -- Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.]

BARBICAN; BARBACAN Bar"bi*can, Bar"ba*can, n. Etym: [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.]

1. ( Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own.

2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy.

BARBICANAGE; BARBACANAGE Bar"bi*can*age, Bar"ba*can*age, n. Etym: [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.]

Defn: Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.]

BARBICEL Bar"bi*cel, n. Etym: [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers.

BARBIERS Bar"biers, n. (Med.)

Defn: A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; -- considered by many to be the same as beriberi in chronic form.

BARBIGEROUS Bar*big"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. barba a beard + gerous.]

Defn: Having a beard; bearded; hairy.

BARBITON Bar"bi*ton, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. .] (Mus.)

Defn: An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre.

BARBITURIC ACID Bar`bi*tu"ric ac"id. (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline substance,

BARBIZON SCHOOL; BARBISON SCHOOL Bar`bi`zon" school or Bar`bi`son" school. (Painting)

Defn: A French school of the middle of the 19th century centering in the village of Barbizon near the forest of Fontainebleau. Its members went straight to nature in disregard of academic tradition, treating their subjects faithfully and with poetic feeling for color, light, and atmosphere. It is exemplified, esp. in landscapes, by Corot, Rousseau, Daubigny, Jules Dupré, and Diaz. Associated with them are certain painters of animals, as Troyon and Jaque, and of peasant life, as Millet and Jules Breton.

BARBLE Bar"ble, n.

Defn: See Barbel.

BARBOTINE Bar"bo*tine, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief.

BARBRE Bar"bre, a.

Defn: Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BARBULE Bar"bule, n. Etym: [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.]

1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather.

BARCAROLLE Bar"ca*rolle, n. Etym: [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song.

BARCON Bar"con, n. Etym: [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.]

Defn: A vessel for freight; -- used in Mediterranean.

BARD Bard, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.]

1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men.

2. Hence: A poet; as, the bard of Avon.

BARD; BARDE Bard, Barde, n. Etym: [F. barde, of doubtful origin.]

1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse's neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.]

2. pl.

Defn: Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms.

3. (Cookery)

Defn: A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game.

BARD Bard, v. t. (Cookery)

Defn: To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon.

BARD Bard, n. Etym: [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. börkr, LG. & HG. borke.]

1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind.

2. Specifically, Peruvian bark. Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). -- Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. -- Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's bark (called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat.

BARDED Bard"ed, p.a. Etym: [See Bard horse armor.]

1. Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Wearing rich caparisons. Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped. Stow.

BARDIC Bard"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. "The bardic lays of ancient Greece." G. P. Marsh.

BARDIGLIO Bar*di"glio, n. [It.]

Defn: An Italian marble of which the principal varieties occur in the neighborhood of Carrara and in Corsica. It commonly shows a dark gray or bluish ground traversed by veins.

BARDISH Bard"ish, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. "Bardish impostures." Selden.

BARDISM Bard"ism, n.

Defn: The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards.

BARDLING Bard"ling, n.

Defn: An inferior bard. J. Cunningham.

BARDSHIP Bard"ship, n.

Defn: The state of being a bard.

BARE Bare, a. Etym: [OE. bar, bare, AS. bær; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bos barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhas to shine

1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as, his body is bare; the trees are bare.

2. With head uncovered; bareheaded. When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. Herbert.

3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one's thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed. Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear ! Milton.

4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. "Uttering bare truth." Shak.

5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; -- used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as, a room bare of furniture. "A bare treasury." Dryden.

6. Threadbare; much worn. It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words. Shak.

7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as, a bare majority. "The bare necessaries of life." Addison. Nor are men prevailed upon by bare of naked truth. South. Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set.

BARE Bare, n.

1. Surface; body; substance. [R.] You have touched the very bare of naked truth. Marston.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather.

BARE Bare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bared(p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] Etym: [AS. barian. See Bare, a.]

Defn: To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as, to bare the breast.

BARE Bare.

Defn: Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v.

BAREBACK Bare"back`, adv.

Defn: On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as, to ride bareback.

BAREBACKED Bare"backed`, a.

Defn: Having the back uncovered; as, a barebacked horse.

BAREBONE Bare"bone`, n.

Defn: A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak.

BAREFACED Bare"faced`, a.

1. With the face uncovered; not masked. "You will play barefaced." Shak.

2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. "Barefaced treason." J. Baillie.

BAREFACEDLY Bare"faced`ly, adv.

Defn: Openly; shamelessly. Locke.

BAREFACEDNESS Bare"faced`ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness.

BAREFOOT Bare"foot, a. & adv.

Defn: With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings.

BAREFOOTED Bare"foot`ed, a.

Defn: Having the feet bare.

BAREGE Ba*rége", n. Etym: [F. barége, so called from Baréges, a town in the Pyrenees.]

Defn: A gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted.

BAREHANDED Bare"hand`ed, n.

Defn: Having bare hands.

BAREHEADED; BAREHEAD Bare"head`ed, Bare"head, a. & adv.

Defn: Having the head uncovered; as, a bareheaded girl.

BARELEGGED Bare"legged`, a.

Defn: Having the legs bare.

BARELY Bare"ly, adv.

1. Without covering; nakedly.

2. Without concealment or disguise.

3. Merely; only. R. For now his son is duke. W. Barely in title, not in revenue. Shak.

4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as, there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped.

BARENECKED Bare"necked`, a.

Defn: Having the neck bare.

BARENESS Bare"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being bare.

BARESARK Bare"sark, n. Etym: [Literally, bare sark or shirt.]

Defn: A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor.

BARFISH Bar"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Calico bass.

BARFUL Bar"ful, a.

Defn: Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak.

BARGAIN Bar"gain, n. Etym: [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ]

1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. A contract is a bargain that is legally binding. Wharton.

2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge. And whon your honors mean to solemnize The bargain of your faith. Shak.

3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as, to buy a thing at a bargain.

4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also, anything bought cheap. She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. Shak. Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i.e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. -- Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. -- To sell bargains, to make saucy ( usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. -- To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. "A bargain was struck." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement.

BARGAIN Bar"gain, v. i. Etym: [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.]

Defn: To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; -- followed by with and for; as, to bargain with a farmer for a cow. So worthless peasants bargain for their wives. Shak.

BARGAIN Bar"gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained (p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.]

Defn: To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as, to bargain one horse for another. To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; -- usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as, to bargain away one's birthright. "The heir . . . had somehow bargained away the estate." G. Eliot.

BARGAINEE Bar`gain*ee", n. Etym: [OF. bargaigné, p.p. See Bargain, v. i.] (Law)

Defn: The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone.

BARGAINER Bar"gain*er, n.

Defn: One who makes a bargain; -- sometimes in the sense of bargainor.

BARGAINOR Bar`gain*or", n. (Law)

Defn: One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone.

BARGE Barge, n. Etym: [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. , prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.]

1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated.

2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as, a ship's barge; a charcoal barge.

3. A large boat used by flag officers.

4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.]

5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.]

BARGEBOARD Barge"board`, n. Etym: [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.]

Defn: A vergeboard.

BARGECOURSE Barge"course`, n. Etym: [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.)

Defn: A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt.

BARGEE Bar*gee", n.

Defn: A bargeman. [Eng.]

BARGEMAN Barge"man, n.

Defn: The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

BARGEMASTTER Barge"mast`ter, n.

Defn: The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

BARGER Bar"ger, n.

Defn: The manager of a barge. [Obs.]

BARGHEST Bar"ghest`, n. Etym: [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or bär a bear + geist.]

Defn: A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.]

BARIA Ba"ri*a, n. Etym: [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.)

Defn: Baryta.

BARIC Bar"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to barium; as, baric oxide.

BARIC Bar"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. weight.] (Physics)

Defn: Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer.

BARILLA Ba*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp. barrilla.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes.

2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure. Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; -- called also Barilla de cobre.

BARILLET Bar"il*let, n. Etym: [F., dim. of baril barrel.]

Defn: A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart.

BAR IRON Bar" i`ron.

Defn: See under Iron.

BARITE Ba"rite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins.

BARITONE Bar"i*tone, a. & n.

Defn: See Barytone.

BARIUM Ba"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. bary`s heavy.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver-white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.]

Note: Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal.

BARK Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.]

1. To strip the bark from; to peel.

2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one's heel.

3. To girdle. See Girdle, v. t., 3.

4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as, to bark the roof of a hut.

BARK Bark, v. i. Etym: [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.]

1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; -- said of some animals, but especially of dogs.

2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries. They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics. Tyndale. Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed. Fuller.

BARK Bark, n.

Defn: The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals.

BARK; BARQUE Bark, Barque, n. Etym: [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.]

1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also, a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast squarerigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

BARKANTINE Bark"an*tine, n.

Defn: Same as Barkentine.

BARK BEETLE Bark" bee`tle. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidæ), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage.

BARKBOUND Bark"bound`, a.

Defn: Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close.

BARKEEPER Bar"keep`er, n.

Defn: One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors.

BARKEN Bark"en, a.

Defn: Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier.

BARKENTINE Bark"en*tine, n. Etym: [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.)

Defn: A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append.

BARKER Bark"er, n.

1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably.

2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg [Cant, Eng.]

3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The spotted redshank.

BARKER Bark"er, n.

Defn: One who strips trees of their bark.

BARKER'S MILL Bark"er's mill`. Etym: [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.]

Defn: A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis.

BARKERY Bark"er*y, n.

Defn: A tanhouse.

BARKING IRONS Bark"ing i`rons.

1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner.

2. A pair of pistols. [Slang]

BARKLESS Bark"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of bark.

BARK LOUSE Bark" louse`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect of the family Coccidæ, which infests the bark of trees and vines.

Note: The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale.

BARKY Bark"y, a.

Defn: Covered with, or containing, bark. "The barky fingers of the elm." Shak.

BARLEY Bar"ley, n. Etym: [OE. barli, barlich, AS. bærlic; bere barley + lic (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. leac leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.)

Defn: A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky. Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. -- Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. -- Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent.

BARLEYBRAKE; BARLEYBREAK Bar"ley*brake` Bar"ley*break`, n.

Defn: An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.

BARLEY-BREE Bar"ley-bree`, n. Etym: [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.]

Defn: Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns.

BARLEYCORN Bar"ley*corn`, n. Etym: [See Corn.]

1. A grain or "corn" of barley.

2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch. John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky.

BARM Barm, n. Etym: [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermenium. *93.]

Defn: Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak.

BARM Barm, n. Etym: [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. beorma; akin to E. bear to support.]

Defn: The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BARMAID Bar"maid`, n.

Defn: A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop. A bouncing barmaid. W. Irving.

BARMASTER Bar"mas`ter, n. Etym: [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.]

Defn: Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.]

BARMCLOTH Barm"cloth`, n.

Defn: Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BARMECIDAL Bar"me*ci`dal, a. Etym: [See Barmecide.]

Defn: Unreal; illusory. "A sort of Barmecidal feast." Hood.

BARMECIDE Bar"me*cide, n. Etym: [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the "Arabian Nights' Tales", pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.]

Defn: One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. "A Barmecide feast." Dickens.

BARMOTE Bar"mote`, n. Etym: [Barg + mote meeting.]

Defn: A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount.

BARMY Barm"y, a.

Defn: Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden.

BARMY Barm"y (bärm"y), a.

Defn: Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden.

BARN Barn, n. Etym: [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, ærn, a close place. Barley.]

Defn: A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables. Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. -- Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns.

BARN Barn, v. t.

Defn: To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak. Men . . . often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain. Fuller.

BARN Barn, n.

Defn: A child. [Obs.] See Bairn.

BARNABITE Bar"na*bite, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas.

BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. ham Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle. Barnacle eater (Zoöl.), the orange filefish. -- Barnacle scale (Zoöl.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form.

BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [See Bernicle.]

Defn: A bernicle goose.

BARNACLE Bar"na*cle, n. Etym: [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.]

1. pl. (Far.)

Defn: An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him.

Note: [Formerly used in the sing.] The barnacles . . . give pain almost equal to that of the switch. Youatt.

2. pl.

Defn: Spectacles; -- so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens.

BARNBURNER Barn"burn`er, n. [So called in allusion to the fable of the man who burned his barn in order to rid it of rats.]

Defn: A member of the radical section of the Democratic party in New York, about the middle of the 19th century, which was hostile to extension of slavery, public debts, corporate privileges, etc., and supported Van Buren against Cass for president in 1848; --opposed to Hunker. [Political Cant, U. S.]

BARNSTORMER Barn"storm`er, n. [Barn + storm, v.]

Defn: An itinerant theatrical player who plays in barns when a theatre is lacking; hence, an inferior actor, or one who plays in the country away from the larger cities. --Barn"storm`ing, n. [Theatrical Cant]

BARNYARD Barn"yard`, n.

Defn: A yard belonging to a barn.

BAROCCO Ba*roc"co, a. Etym: [It.] (Arch.)

Defn: See Baroque.

BAROCYCLONOMETER Bar`o*cy`clon*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. weight + cyclone + -meter.] (Meteorol.)

Defn: An aneroid barometer for use with accompanying graphic diagrams and printed directions designed to aid mariners to interpret the indications of the barometer so as to determine the existence of a violent storm at a distance of several hundred miles.

BAROGRAM Bar"o*gram, n. [Gr. weight + -gram.] (Meteor.)

Defn: A tracing, usually made by the barograph, showing graphically the variations of atmospheric pressure for a given time.

BAROGRAPH Bar"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -graph.] (Meteor.)

Defn: An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure.

BAROKO Ba*ro"ko, n. Etym: [A mnemonic word.] (Logic)

Defn: A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negative.

BAROLOGY Ba*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -logy.]

Defn: The science of weight or gravity.

BAROMACROMETER Bar`o*ma*crom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + long + -meter.] (Med.)

Defn: An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant.

BAROMETER Ba*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -meter: cf. F. baromètre.]

Defn: An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent.

Note: The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol. Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. -- Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. -- Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. -- Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. -- Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index.

BAROMETRIC; BAROMETRICAL Bar`o*met"ric, Bar`o*met"ric*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as, barometric changes; barometrical observations.

BAROMETRICALLY Bar`o*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Defn: By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations.

BAROMETROGRAPH Bar`o*met"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + measure + -graph.]

Defn: A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure.

BAROMETRY Ba*rom"e*try, n.

Defn: The art or process of making barometrical measurements.

BAROMETZ Bar"o*metz, n. Etym: [Cf. Russ. baranets' clubmoss.] (Bot.)

Defn: The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; -- called also Scythian lamb.

BARON Bar"on, n. Etym: [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.]

1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount.

Note: "The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England's history . . . . Barons are addressed as 'My Lord,' and are styled 'Right Honorable.' All their sons and daughters 'Honorable.'" Cussans.

2. (Old Law)

Defn: A husband; as, baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell. Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. -- Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. -- Baron of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished.

BARONAGE Bar"on*age, n. Etym: [OE. barnage, baronage, OF.barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.]

1. The whole body of barons or peers. The baronage of the kingdom. Bp. Burnet.

2. The dignity or rank of a baron.

3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.]

BARONESS Bar"on*ess, n.

Defn: A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

BARONET Bar"on*et, n. Etym: [Baron + -et.]

Defn: A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners.

Note: The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. "Baronets have the title of 'Sir' prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as 'Lady' or 'Madam'. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond 'Esquire.'" Cussans.

BARONETAGE Bar"on*et*age, n.

1. State or rank of a baronet.

2. The collective body of baronets.

BARONETCY Bar"on*et*cy, n.

Defn: The rank or patent of a baronet.

BARONG Ba*rong", n. [Native name.]

Defn: A kind of cutting weapon with a thick back and thin razorlike edge, used by the Moros of the Philippine Islands.

BARONIAL Ba*ro"ni*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a baron or a barony. "Baronial tenure." Hallam.

BARONY Bar"o*ny, n.; pl. Baronies (. Etym: [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.]

1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron.

2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C.

BAROQUE Ba*roque", a. Etym: [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.)

Defn: In bad taste; grotesque; odd.

BAROSCOPE Bar"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. weight + -scope: cf. F. baroscope.]

Defn: Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also, less appropriately, any instrument that indicates - or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes.

BAROSCOPIC; BAROSCOPICAL Bar`o*scop"ic, Bar`o*scop"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope.

BAROTHERMOGRAPH Bar`o*ther"mo*graph, n. [Gr. weight + thermograph.]

Defn: An instrument for recording both pressure and temperature, as of the atmosphere.

BAROUCHE Ba*rouche", n. Etym: [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi=bis twice + rota wheel.]

Defn: A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat.

BAROUCHET Ba`rou*chet", n.

Defn: A kind of light barouche.

BARPOST Bar"post`, n.

Defn: A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field.

BARQUE Barque, n.

Defn: Same as 3d Bark, n.

BARRACAN Bar"ra*can, n. Etym: [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrakan a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel's hair.]

Defn: A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; -- still used for outer garments in the Levant.

BARRACK Bar"rack, n. Etym: [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings. He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw. Gibbon.

2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.]

BARRACK Bar"rack, v. t.

Defn: To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as, to barrack troops.

BARRACK Bar"rack, v. i.

Defn: To live or lodge in barracks.

BARRACLADE Bar"ra*clade, n. Etym: [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.]

Defn: A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

BARRACOON Bar"ra*coon`, n. Etym: [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.]

Defn: A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu.

BARRACUDA; BARRACOUTA Bar`ra*cu"da, Bar`ra*cou"ta, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A voracious pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyræna, sometimes used as food.

Note: That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyræna spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

BARRAGE Bar"rage, n. Etym: [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.)

Defn: An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or water course to increase the depth of water; as, the barrages of the Nile.

BARRAMUNDI Bar`ra*mun"di, n. [Written also barramunda.] [Native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A remarkable Australian fresh-water ganoid fish of the genus Ceratodus. (b) An Australian river fish (Osteoglossum Leichhardtii).

BARRANCA Bar*ran"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.]

BARRAS Bar"ras, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A resin, called also galipot.

BARRATOR Bar"ra*tor, n. Etym: [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v. i.]

Defn: One guilty of barratry.

BARRATROUS Bar"ra*trous, (Law)

Defn: Tainter with, or constituting, barratry. -- Bar"ra*trous*ly, adv. Kent.

BARRATRY Bar"ra*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone.

2. (Mar. Law)

Defn: A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Part.

3. (Scots Law)

Defn: The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton.

BARRED OWL Barred" owl". (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); -- so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast.

BARREL Bar"rel, n.Etym: [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.]

1. A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads.

2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31

3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled.

4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight.

5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12.

6. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hollow basal part of a feather. Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. -- Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. -- Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. -- Barrel of the ear (Anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. -- Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. -- Barrel vault. See under Vault.

BARREL Bar"rel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.]

Defn: To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels.

BARRELED; BARRELLED Bar"reled, Bar"relled, a.

Defn: Having a barrel; -- used in composition; as, a double-barreled gun.

BARREL PROCESS Bar"rel proc"ess. (Metal.)

Defn: A process of extracting gold or silver by treating the ore in a revolving barrel, or drum, with mercury, chlorine, cyanide solution, or other reagent.

BARREN Bar"ren, a. Etym: [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, brehaigne, baraigne, F. bréhaigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. brékha, markha, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.]

1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; -- She was barren of children. Bp. Hall.

2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; "Barren mountain tracts." Macaulay.

3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty. Brilliant but barren reveries. Prescott. Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter. Swift.

4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak. Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which as neither stamens nor pistils. -- Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. -- Barren Ground bear (Zoöl.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. -- Barren Ground caribou (Zoöl.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Groenlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland.

BARREN Bar"ren, n.

1. A tract of barren land.

2. pl.

Defn: Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as, pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering.

BARRENLY Bar"ren*ly, adv.

Defn: Unfruitfully; unproductively.

BARRENNESS Bar"ren*ness, n.

Defn: The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness. A total barrenness of invention. Dryden.

BARRENWORT Bar"ren*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific.

BARRET Bar"ret, n. Etym: [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.]

Defn: A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; -- called also barret cap. Also, the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics.

BARRETTER Bar"ret*ter, n. [OF. bareter to exchange. Cf. Barter.] (Wireless Teleg.)

Defn: A thermal cymoscope which operates by increased resistance when subjected to the influence of electric waves. The original form consisted of an extremely fine platinum wire loop attached to terminals and inclosed in a small glass or silver bulb. In a later variety, called the liquid barretter, wire is replace by a column of liquid in a very fine capillary tube.

BARRICADE Bar`ri*cade", n. Etym: [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy's access.

2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense. Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere. Derham.

BARRICADE Bar`ri*cade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] Etym: [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.]

Defn: To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as, the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris. The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels. Hakluyt.

BARRICADER Bar`ri*cad"er, n.

Defn: One who constructs barricades.

BARRICADO Bar`ri*ca"do, n. & v. t.

Defn: See Barricade. Shak.

BARRIER Bar"ri*er, n. Etym: [OE. barrere, barere, F. barrière, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy.

2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach.

3. pl.

Defn: A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd. No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists. Sir W. Scott.

4. An any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. "Constitutional barriers." Hopkinson.

5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation. 'Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier ! Pope. Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. -- Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. -- To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.]

BARRIGUDO Bar`ri*gu"do, n. Etym: [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, dark-colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail.

BARRINGOUT Bar`ring*out", n.

Defn: The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; -- a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift.

BARRIO Bar"ri*o, n.; pl. Barrios (#). [Sp.]

Defn: In Spain and countries colonized by Spain, a village, ward, or district outside a town or city to whose jurisdiction it belongs.

BARRISTER Bar"ris*ter, n. Etym: [From Bar, n.]

Defn: Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.]

BARROOM Bar"room`, n.

Defn: A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold.

BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.]

1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow.

2. (Salt Works)

Defn: A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain.

BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. börgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch.

Defn: A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland.

BARROW Bar"row, n. Etym: [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. b high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.]

1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus.

2. (Mining)

Defn: A heap of rubbish, attle, etc.

BARROWIST Bar"row*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1953.

BARRULET Bar"ru*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.)

Defn: A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width.

BARRULY Bar"ru*ly, a. (Her.)

Defn: Traversed by barrulets or small bars; -- said of the field.

BARRY Bar"ry, a. (Her.)

Defn: , Divided into bars; -- said of the field.

BARSE Barse, n. Etym: [AS. bears, bærs, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.]

Defn: The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

BARTENDER Bar"tend`er, n.

Defn: A barkeeper.

BARTER Bar"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bartered (p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] Etym: [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.]

Defn: To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck.

BARTER Bar"ter, v. t.

Defn: To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; -- sometimes followed by away; as, to barter away goods or honor.

BARTER Bar"ter, n.

1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods. The spirit of huckstering and barter. Burke.

2. The thing given in exchange.

Syn. -- Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck.

BARTERER Bar"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who barters.

BARTERY Bar"ter*y, n.

Defn: Barter. [Obs.] Camden.

BARTH Barth, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.]

Defn: A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

BARTHOLOMEW TIDE Bar*thol"o*mew tide`.

Defn: Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak.

BARTIZAN Bar"ti*zan`, n. Etym: [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.)

Defn: A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway.

BARTLETT Bart"lett, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams' Bonchrétien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

BARTON Bar"ton, n. Etym: [AS. beret courtyard, grange; bere barley + t an inclosure. ]

1. The demesne lands of a manor; also, the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton.

2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey.

BARTRAM Bar"tram, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Bertram. Johnson.

BARWAY Bar"way`, n.

Defn: A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts.

BARWISE Bar"wise`, adv. (Her.)

Defn: Horizontally.

BARWOOD Bar"wood`, n.

Defn: A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gaboon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner's work.

BARYCENTRIC Bar`y*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Gr. heavy + center.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

BARYPHONY Ba*ryph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy + a sound voice.] (Med.)

Defn: Difficulty of speech.

BARYSPHERE Bar"y*sphere, n. [Gr. heavy + sphere.] (Geol.)

Defn: The heavy interior portion of the earth, within the lithosphere.

BARYTA Ba*ry"ta, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

BARYTES Ba*ry"tes, n. Etym: [Gr. heavy: cf. Gr. heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.)

Defn: Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite.

BARYTIC Ba*ryt"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to baryta.

BARYTO-CALCITE Ba*ry"to-cal"cite, n. Etym: [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium.

BARYTONE; BARITONE Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone, a. Etym: [Gr. ; heavy + tone.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice.

2. (Greek Gram.)

Defn: Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

BARYTONE; BARITONE Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone, n. Etym: [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.]

1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused.

2. (Greek Gram.)

Defn: A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

BARYTUM Ba*ry"tum, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.)

Defn: The metal barium. See Barium. [R.]

BASAL Ba"sal, a.

Defn: Relating to, or forming, the base. Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. -- Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis.

BASAL-NERVED Ba"sal-nerved`, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the nerves radiating from the base; -- said of leaves.

BASALT Ba*salt", n. Etym: [N. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.]

1. (Geol.)

Defn: A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle- green particles of olivine frequently disseminated.

Note: It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads.

2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain.

BASALTIC Ba*salt"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. basaltique.]

Defn: Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava.

BASALTIFORM Ba*salt"i*form, a. Etym: [Basalt + -form.]

Defn: In the form of basalt; columnar.

BASALTOID Ba*salt"oid, a. Etym: [Basalt + -oid.]

Defn: Formed like basalt; basaltiform.

BASAN Bas"an, n.

Defn: Same as Basil, a sheepskin.

BASANITE Bas"a*nite, n. Etym: [L. basanites lapis, Gr. the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.)

Defn: Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal.

BASBLEU Bas`bleu", n. Etym: [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.]

Defn: A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive]

BASCINET Bas"ci*net, n. Etym: [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.]

Defn: A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.]

BASCULE Bas"cule, n. Etym: [F., a seesaw.]

Defn: In mechanics an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls. Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air.

BASE Base, a. Etym: [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.]

1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak.

2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] "A pleasant and base swain." Bacon.

4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic] Why bastard wherefore base Shak.

5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals.

6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.

7. Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. "A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia). "Base ingratitude." Milton.

8. Not classical or correct. "Base Latin." Fuller.

9. Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.]

10. (Law)

Defn: Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. -- Base metal. See under Metal.

Syn. -- Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low-minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. -- Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high-minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean.

BASE Base, n. Etym: [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. a stepping step, a base, pedestal, fr. to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.]

1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue. "The base of mighty mountains." Prescott.

2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork.

3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also, the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration.

4. (Bot.)

Defn: That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support.

5. (Chem.)

Defn: The positive, or non-acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; -- applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids.

6. (Pharmacy)

Defn: The chief ingredient in a compound.

7. (Dyeing)

Defn: A substance used as a mordant. Ure.

8. (Fort.)

Defn: The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions.

9. (Geom.)

Defn: The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand.

10. (Math.)

Defn: The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms.

11. Etym: [See Base low.]

Defn: A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.] The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden.

12. (Mil.)

Defn: A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc.

13. (Mil.)

Defn: The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.]

14. (Zoöl.)

Defn: That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ.

15. (Crystallog.)

Defn: The basal plane of a crystal.

16. (Geol.)

Defn: The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline.

17. (Her.)

Defn: The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon.

18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.]

19. pl.

Defn: A kind of skirt ( often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.]

20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.]

21. An apron. [Obs.] "Bakers in their linen bases." Marston.

22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games. To their appointed base they went. Dryden.

23. (Surv.)

Defn: A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman.

24. A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars. "To run the country base." Shak.

25. (Baseball)

Defn: Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield. Altern base. See under Altern. -- Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. -- Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones of a mass of concrete; -- called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. -- Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. -- Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. -- Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. -- Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott.

BASE Base, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] Etym: [From Base, n.]

Defn: To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon. Bacon.

BASE Base, v. t. Etym: [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.]

1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.] If any . . . based his pike. Sir T. North.

2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.] Metals which we can not base. Bacon.

BASEBALL Base"ball", n.

1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds ( four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball.

2. The ball used in this game.

BASEBOARD Base"board, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; -- also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard.

BASEBORN Base"born`, a.

1. Born out of wedlock. Gay.

2. Born of low parentage.

3. Vile; mean. "Thy baseborn heart." Shak.

BASE-BURNER Base"-burn`er, n.

Defn: A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.

BASE-COURT Base"-court`, n. Etym: [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.]

1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle.

2. (Law)

Defn: An inferior court of law, not of record.

BASED Based, p. p. & a.

1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.

2. Etym: [See Base, n., 18-21.]

Defn: Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] "Based in lawny velvet." E. Hall.

BASEDOW'S DISEASE Ba"se*dow's dis*ease". Etym: [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.)

Defn: A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; -- called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint.

BASELARD Bas"e*lard, n. Etym: [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.]

Defn: A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt.

BASELESS Base"less, a.

Defn: Without a base; having no foundation or support. "The baseless fabric of this vision." Shak.

BASELY Base"ly, adv.

1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully.

2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles.

BASEMENT Base"ment, n. Etym: [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.)

Defn: The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. ( See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively. Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed.

BASENESS Base"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness. I once did hold it a baseness to write fair. Shak.

BASENET Bas"e*net, n.

Defn: See Bascinet. [Obs.]

BASE VIOL Base" vi`ol.

Defn: See Bass viol.

BASH Bash, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.]

Defn: To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.] His countenance was bold and bashed not. Spenser.

BASHAW Ba*shaw", n. Etym: [See Pasha.]

1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha.

2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; -- also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat.

BASHFUL Bash"ful, a. Etym: [See Bash.]

1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.]

2. Very modest, or modest excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as, a bashful person, action, expression.

Syn. -- Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish.

BASHFULLY Bash"ful*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bashful manner.

BASHFULNESS Bash"ful*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being bashful.

Syn. -- Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming at all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence is society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness.

BASHI-BAZOUK Bash"i-ba*zouk", n. Etym: [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.]

Defn: A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army.

BASHLESS Bash"less, a.

Defn: Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser.

BASHYLE Bas"hyle, n. (Chem.)

Defn: See Basyle.

BASI- Ba"si-.

Defn: A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc.

BASIC Ba"sic, a.

1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper.

2. (Min.)

Defn: Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt. Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical.

BASICERITE Ba*sic"er*ite, n. Etym: [Basi- + Gr. horn, antenna.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The second joint of the antennæ of crustaceans.

BASICITY Ba*sic"i*ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid.

BASIC PROCESS Ba"sic proc"ess. (Iron Metal.)

Defn: A Bessemer or open-hearth steel-making process in which a lining that is basic, or not siliceous, is used, and additions of basic material are made to the molten charge during treatment. Opposed to acid process, above. Called also Thomas process.

BASIC SLAG Basic slag.

Defn: A by-product from the manufacture of steel by the basic process, used as a fertilizer. It is rich in lime and contains 14 to 20 per cent of phosphoric acid. Called also Thomas slag, phosphatic slag, and odorless phosphate.

BASIC STEEL Basic steel.

Defn: Steel produced by the basic process.

BASIDIOMYCETES Ba*sid`i*o*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL., fr. NL. & E. basidium + Gr. , , fungus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large subdivision of fungi coördinate with the Ascomycetes, characterized by having the spores borne on a basidium. It embraces those fungi best known to the public, such as mushrooms, toadstools, etc.

BASIDIOSPORE Ba*sid"i*o*spore, n. Etym: [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.)

Defn: A spore borne by a basidium. -- Ba*sid`i*o*spor"ous (, a.

BASIDIUM Ba*sid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. base.] (Bot.)

Defn: A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example.

BASIFIER Ba"si*fi`er, n. (Chem.)

Defn: That which converts into a salifiable base.

BASIFUGAL Ba*sif"u*gal, a. Etym: [Base,n.+ L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.)

Defn: Tending or proceeding away from the base; as, a basifugal growth.

BASIFY Ba"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Base + -fy.] (Chem.)

Defn: To convert into a salifiable base.

BASIGYNIUM Ba`si*gyn"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. base + woman.] (Bot.)

Defn: The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore.

BASIHYAL Ba`si*hy"al, a. Etym: [Basi- + Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch.

BASIHYOID Ba`si*hy"oid, n. Etym: [Basi- + hyoid.] (Anat.)

Defn: The central tongue bone.

BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.]

Defn: The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier.

BASIL Bas"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled (p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.]

Defn: To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon.

BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [F. basilic, fr. L. badilicus royal, Gr. , fr. king.] (Bot.)

Defn: The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum). Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. -- Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family.

BASIL Bas"il, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithana, prop., lining.]

Defn: The skin of a sheep tanned with bark.

BASILAR; BASILARY Bas"i*lar, Bas"i*la*ry, a. Etym: [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.]

1. Relating to, or situated at, the base.

2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] "Basilar instincts." H. W. Beecher.

BASILIC Ba*sil"ic, n. Etym: [F. basilique.]

Defn: Basilica.

BASILIC; BASILICAL Ba*sil"ic, Ba*sil"ic*al, a. Etym: [See Basilica.]

1. Royal; kingly; also, basilican.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm.

BASILICA Ba*sil"i*ca, n.; pl. Basilicas; sometimes Basilic. Etym: [L. basilica, Gr. ( sc. , or ) fr. royal, fr. .]

Defn: Originally, the place of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose.

2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

BASILICA Ba*sil"i*ca, n.

Defn: A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc.

BASILICAN Ba*sil"i*can, a.

Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical. There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form. Milman.

BASILICOK Ba*sil"i*cok, n. Etym: [OF. basilicoc.]

Defn: The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer

BASILICON Ba*sil"i*con, n. Etym: [L. basilicon, Gr. , neut. of : cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.)

Defn: An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance.

BASILISK Bas"i*lisk, n. Etym: [L. basiliscus, Gr. little king, kind of serpent, dim. of king; -- so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.]

1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice. Make me not sighted like the basilisk. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanidæ.

Note: This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.]

BASIN Ba"sin, n. Etym: [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.]

1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses.

2. The quantity contained in a basin.

3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc.

4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay.

5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake.

6. (Geol.)

Defn: An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; -- especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields.

BASINED Ba"sined, a.

Defn: Inclosed in a basin. "Basined rivers." Young.

BASINET Bas"i*net, n.

Defn: Same as Bascinet.

BASIOCCIPITAL Ba`si*oc*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [Basi- + occipital.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. -- n.

Defn: The basioccipital bone.

BASION Ba"si*on, n. Etym: [Gr. a base.] (Anat.)

Defn: The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull.

BASIPODITE Ba*sip"o*dite, n. Etym: [Basi- + , , foot.] (Anat.)

Defn: The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.

BASIPTERYGIUM Ba*sip`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a base + a fin.] (Anat.)

Defn: A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. -- Ba*sip`ter*yg"i*al (, a.

BASIPTERYGOID Ba`sip*ter"y*goid, a. & n. Etym: [Basi- + pierygoid.] (Anat.)

Defn: Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone.

BASIS Ba"sis, n.; pl. Bases. Etym: [L. basis, Gr. . See Base, n.]

1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden.

2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.] If no basis bear my rising name. Pope.

3. The ground work the first or fundamental principle; that which supports. The basis of public credit is good faith. A. Hamilton.

4. The principal component part of a thing.

BASISOLUTE Ba*sis"o*lute, a. Etym: [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.)

Defn: Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves.

BASISPHENOID; BASISPHENOIDAL Ba`si*sphe"noid, Ba`si*sphe*noid"al, a. Etym: [Basi- + spheroid.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

BASISPHENOID Ba`si*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.)

Defn: The basisphenoid bone.

BASK Bask, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] Etym: [ OScand. ba to bathe one's self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.]

Defn: To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat. Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave. Goldsmith.

BASK Bask, v. t.

Defn: To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton.

BASKET Bas"ket, n. Etym: [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.]

1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. "Rude baskets . . . woven of the flexile willow." Dyer.

2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as, a basket of peaches.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt.

4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith. Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. -- Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Baskethilted, a. -- Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. -- Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeræformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females.

BASKET Bas"ket, v. t.

Defn: To put into a basket. [R.]

BASKET BALL Bas"ket ball`.

Defn: A game, usually played indoors, in which two parties of players contest with each other to toss a large inflated ball into opposite goals resembling baskets.

BASKETFUL Bas"ket*ful, n.; pl. Basketfuls (.

Defn: As much as a basket will contain.

BASKETRY Bas"ket*ry, n.

Defn: The art of making baskets; also, baskets, taken collectively.

BASKING SHARK Bask"ing shark`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species.

BASNET Bas"net, n.

Defn: Same as Bascinet.

BASOMMATOPHORA Ba*som`ma*toph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. base + eye + to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

BASON Ba"son, n.

Defn: A basin. [Obs. or Special form]

BASQUE Basque, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language.

BASQUE Basque, n. Etym: [F.]

1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France.

2. The language spoken by the Basque people.

3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; -- probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.

BASQUISH Basqu"ish, a. Etym: [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.]

Defn: Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

BAS-RELIEF Bas`-re*lief", n. Etym: [F. bas-relief; bas law + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.]

Defn: Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; -- called also bassrelief and basso- rilievo. See Alto-rilievo.

BASS Bass, n.

Defn: ; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses. Etym: [A corruption of barse.] (Zoöl.)

1. An edible, spiny-finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species.

Note: The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes. (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus).

2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass.

3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass.

4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sciæna ocellata). See Redfish.

Note: The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico.

BASS Bass, n. Etym: [A corruption of bast.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also, its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast.

2. (Pron.

Defn: A hassock or thick mat.

BASS Bass, n. Etym: [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.]

1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone.

2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.] Thorough bass. See Thorough bass.

BASS Bass, a.

Defn: Deep or grave in tone. Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] -- Bass voice, a deepsounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass.

BASS Bass, v. t.

Defn: To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak.

BASSA; BASSAW Bas"sa, Bas*saw", n.

Defn: See Bashaw.

BASS DRUM Bass` drum". (Mus.)

Defn: The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a.

BASSET Bas"set, n. Etym: [F. bassette, fr.It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.]

Defn: A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice. Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget Your piquet parties, and your dear basset. Rowe.

BASSET Bas"set, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.)

Defn: Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of strata. Lyell.

BASSET Bas"set, n. (Geol.)

Defn: The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop.

BASSET Bas"set, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.)

Defn: To inclined upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as, a vein of coal bassets.

BASSET HORN Bas"set horn`. Etym: [See Basset, a.] (Mus.)

Defn: An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves.

BASSET HOUND Bas"set hound`. Etym: [F. basset.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog.

BASSETING Bas"set*ing, n.

Defn: The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface.

BASSETTO Bas*set"to, n. Etym: [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.)

Defn: A tenor or small bass viol.

BASS HORN Bass" horn". (Mus.)

Defn: A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone.

BASSINET Bas"si*net, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.]

1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle.

2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton.

BASSO Bas"so, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as, to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso. Basso continuo (. Etym: [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass.

BASSOCK Bas"sock, n.

Defn: A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

BASSOON Bas*soon", n. Etym: [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.)

Defn: A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc.

Note: Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot.

BASSOONIST Bas*soon"ist, n.

Defn: A performer on the bassoon. Busby.

BASSO-RILIEVO; BASSO-RELIEVO Bas"so-ri*lie"vo, Bas"so-re*lie"vo, n. Etym: [It. basso-rilievo.]

Defn: Same as Bas-relief.

BASSORIN Bas"so*rin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure.

BASS-RELIEF Bass"-re*lief`, n.

Defn: Some as Bas-relief.

BASS VIOL Bass" vi`ol. (Mus.)

Defn: A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello.

BASSWOOD Bass"wood`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree. All the bowls were made of basswood, White and polished very smoothly. Longfellow.

BAST Bast, n. Etym: [AS. bæst; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.]

1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom.

2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

BASTA Bas"ta, interj. Etym: [It.]

Defn: Enough; stop. Shak.

BASTARD Bas"tard, n. Etym: [OF. bastard, bastart, F. b, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. b, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, "Don Quixote," chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.]

1. A "natural" child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union.

Note: By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone.

2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained.

3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor. Brown bastard is your only drink. Shak.

4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper.

BASTARD Bas"tard, a.

1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note.

2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; -- applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so. That bastard self-love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices. Barrow.

3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as, a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.]

4. (Print.)

Defn: Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book. Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. -- Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. -- Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e.g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. -- Bastard wing (Zoöl.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mam malia; the alula.

BASTARD Bas"tard, v. t.

Defn: To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon.

BASTARDISM Bas"tard*ism, n.

Defn: The state of being a bastard; bastardy.

BASTARDIZE Bas"tard*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastardized (p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.]

1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate. The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock. Blackstone.

2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak.

BASTARDLY Bas"tard*ly, a.

Defn: Bastardlike; baseborn; spuripous; corrupt. [Obs.] -- adv.

Defn: In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne.

BASTARDY Bas"tar*dy, n.

1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy.

2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton.

BASTE Baste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.]

1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel. One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters. Pepys.

2. (Cookery)

Defn: To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting.

3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

BASTE Baste, v. t. Etym: [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. b, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.]

Defn: To sew loosely, or with long stitches; -- usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak.

BASTILE; BASTILLE Bas*tile" Bas*tille", n. Etym: [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. b.]

1. (Feud. Fort.)

Defn: A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place. The high bastiles . . . which overtopped the walls. Holland.

2. "The Bastille", formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison.

BASTINADE Bas`ti*nade", n.

Defn: See Bastinado, n.

BASTINADE Bas`ti*nade", v. t.

Defn: To bastinado. [Archaic]

BASTINADO Bas`ti*na"do, n.; pl. Bastinadoes. Etym: [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. b) a stick or staff. See Baston.]

1. A blow with a stick or cudgel.

2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet.

BASTINADO Bas`ti*na"do, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoes (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.]

Defn: To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet.

BASTION Bas"tion, n. Etym: [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. b, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.)

Defn: A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin.

BASTIONED Bas"tioned, a.

Defn: Furnished with a bastion; having bastions.

BASTO Bas"to, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: The ace of clubs in qua Pope.

BASTON Bas"ton, n. Etym: [OF. baston, F. b, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.]

1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] "To fight with blunt bastons." Holland.

2. (Her.)

Defn: See Baton.

3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king's court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W.

BASUTOS Ba*su"tos, n. pl.; sing. Basuto. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A warlike South African people of the Bantu stock, divided into many tribes, subject to the English. They formerly practiced cannibalism, but have now adopted many European customs.

BASYLE Bas"yle, n. Etym: [Gr. base + wood. See -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A positive or nonacid constituent of compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element.

BASYLOUS Bas"y*lous, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro- positive; basic; -- opposed to chlorous. Graham.

BAT Bat, n. Etym: [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.]

1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc.

2. (Mining)

Defn: Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan.

3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting.

4. A part of a brick with one whole end. Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight.

BAT Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.]

Defn: To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland.

BAT Bat, v. i.

Defn: To use a bat, as in a game of baseball.

BAT Bat, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften- bakke] (aften evening), Sw. natt-backa] (natt night), Icel. le (le leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire. Bat tick (Zoöl.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats.

BATABLE Bat"a*ble, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from debatable.]

Defn: Disputable. [Obs.]

Note: The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground.

BATAILLED Bat"ailled, a.

Defn: Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BATARDEAU Ba`tar*deau", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A cofferdam. Brande & C.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall.

BATATAS; BATATA Ba*ta"tas, Ba*ta"ta, n.

Defn: An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomæa batatas).

BATAVIAN Ba*ta"vi*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) as, a Batavian legion. Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795.

BATAVIAN Ba*ta"vi*an, n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft.

BATCH Batch, n. Etym: [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. gebäck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.]

1. The quantity of bread baked at one time.

2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as, a batch of letters; the next batch of business. "A new batch of Lords." Lady M. W. Montagu.

BATE Bate, n. Etym: [Prob. abbrev. from debate.]

Defn: Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak.

BATE Bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] Etym: [From abate.]

1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower. He must either bate the laborer's wages, or not employ or not pay him. Locke.

2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction. To whom he bates nothing or what he stood upon with the parliament. South.

3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.] Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood. He lies that says it. Beau. & Fl.

4. To remove. [Obs.] About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare. Holland.

5. To deprive of. [Obs.] When baseness is exalted, do not bate The place its honor for the person's sake. Herbert.

BATE Bate, v. i.

1. To remit or retrench a part; -- with of. Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden.

2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak.

BATE Bate, v. t.

Defn: To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser.

BATE Bate, imp.

Defn: of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser.

BATE Bate, v. i. Etym: [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.]

Defn: To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon.

BATE Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.)

Defn: See 2d Bath.

BATE Bate, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.]

Defn: An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; -- employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight.

BATE Bate, v. t.

Defn: To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather.

BATEAU Ba*teau", n.; pl. Bateaux. Etym: [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boa, which agrees with AS. bat boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.]

Defn: A boat; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also, but less properly, batteau.] Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux.

BATED Bat"ed, a.

Defn: Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath. Macaulay.

BATEFUL Bate"ful, a.

Defn: Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] "It did bateful question frame. " Sidney.

BATELESS Bate"less, a.

Defn: Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak.

BATEMENT Bate"ment, n. Etym: [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.]

Defn: Abatement; diminution. Moxon. Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase.

BATFISH Bat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.)

BATFOWLER Bat"fowl`er, n.

Defn: One who practices or finds sport in batfowling.

BATFOWLING Bat"fowl`ing, n. Etym: [From Bat a stick.]

Defn: A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise.

BATFUL Bat"ful, a. Etym: [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga-batnan to profit. Batten, v. i., Better.]

Defn: Rich; fertile. [Obs.] "Batful valleys." Drayton.

BATH Bath, n.; pl. Baths. Etym: [AS. bæ; akin to OS. & Icel. ba, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. bähen to foment.]

1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as, a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath.

2. Water or other liquid for bathing.

3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water.

4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing. Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence. Gwilt.

5. (Chem.)

Defn: A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body.

6. (Photog.)

Defn: A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also, the receptacle holding the solution.

Note: Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as, bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper. Douche bath. See Douche. -- Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. -- Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. -- Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. -- Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; -- also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses.

BATH Bath, n. Etym: [Heb.]

Defn: A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure.

BATH Bath, n.

Defn: A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects. Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. -- Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. "People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs." Dickens. -- Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. -- Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. -- Bath stone, a species of limestone (oölite) found near Bath, used for building.

BATHE Bathe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] Etym: [OE. ba, AS. ba, fr. bæ bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.]

1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath. Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus. South.

2. To lave; to wet. "The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain." T. Arnold.

3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid. And let us bathe our hands in Cæsar's blood. Shak.

4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as, to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one's forehead with camphor.

5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. "The rosy shadows bathe me. " Tennyson. "The bright sunshine bathing all the world." Longfellow.

BATHE Bathe, v. i.

1. To bathe one's self; to take a bath or baths. "They bathe in summer." Waller.

2. To immerse or cover one's self, as in a bath. "To bathe in fiery floods." Shak. "Bathe in the dimples of her cheek." Lloyd.

3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BATHE Bathe, n.

Defn: The immersion of the body in water; as to take one's usual bathe. Edin. Rev.

BATHER Bath"er, n.

Defn: One who bathes.

BATHETIC Ba*thet"ic, a.

Defn: Having the character of bathos. [R.]

BATHING Bath"ing, n.

Defn: Act of taking a bath or baths. Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein.

BATHMISM Bath"mism, n.

Defn: See Vital force.

BATHOMETER Ba*thom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. depth + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line.

BATHORSE Bat"horse`, n. Etym: [F. b packsaddle (cheval de b packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.]

Defn: A horse which carries an officer's baggage during a campaign.

BATHOS Ba"thos, n. Etym: [Gr. depth, fr. deep.] (Rhet.)

Defn: A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax.

BATHYBIUS Ba*thyb"i*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. deep + life] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin.

BATHYGRAPHIC Bath`y*graph"ic, a. [Gr. deep + graphic.]

Defn: Descriptive of the ocean depth; as, a bathygraphic chart.

BATHYMETRIC; BATHYMETRICAL Bath`y*met"ric, Bath`y*met"ric*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea.

BATHYMETRY Ba*thym"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. depth + -metry.]

Defn: The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea.

BATING Bat"ing, prep. Etym: [Strictly p. pr. of Bat to abate.]

Defn: With the exception of; excepting. We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke.

BATISTE Ba*tiste", n. Etym: [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littré.]

Defn: Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton.

BATLET Bat"let, n. Etym: [Bat stick + -let.]

Defn: A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; -- called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak.

BATMAN Bat"man, n. Etym: [Turk. batman.]

Defn: A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds.

BATMAN Bat"man, n.; pl. Batmen. Etym: [F. b packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.]

Defn: A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay.

BATOIDEI Ba*toi"de*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. a kind of ray + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates.

BATON Bat"on, n. Etym: [F. b. See Baston.]

1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as, the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances. He held the baton of command. Prescott.

2. (Her.)

Defn: An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; -- called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister.

BATOON Ba*toon", n.

Defn: See Baton, and Baston.

BAT PRINTING Bat" print`ing. (Ceramics)

Defn: A mode of printing on glazed ware.

BATRACHIA Ba*tra"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. belonging to a frog, fr. frog.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

BATRACHIAN Ba*tra"chi*an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the Batrachia. -- n.

Defn: One of the Batrachia.

BATRACHOID Bat"ra*choid, a. Etym: [Batrachia + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachidæ, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines.

BATRACHOMYOMACHY Bat`ra*cho*my*om"a*chy, n. Etym: [Gr. ; frog + mouse + battle.]

Defn: The battle between the frogs and mice; -- a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship.

BATRACHOPHAGOUS Bat`ra*choph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. frog + to eat.]

Defn: Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev.

BATSMAN Bats"man, n.; pl. Batsmen (.

Defn: The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc.

BAT'S-WING; BATWING Bat's"-wing" or Bat"wing, a.

Defn: Shaped like a bat's wing; as, a bat's-wing burner.

BATTA Bat"ta, n. Etym: [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.]

Defn: Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth.

BATTA Bat"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. ba.]

Defn: Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins. [India]

BATTABLE Bat"ta*ble, a. Etym: [See Batful.]

Defn: Capable of culti [Obs.] Burton.

BATTAILANT Bat"tail*ant, a. Etym: [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.]

Defn: Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. -- n.

Defn: A combatant. Shelton.

BATTAILOUS Bat"tail*ous, a. Etym: [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.]

Defn: Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] "In battailous aspect." Milton.

BATTALIA Bat*tal"ia, n. Etym: [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.]

1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action. A drawing up the armies in battalia. Jer. Taylor.

2. An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak.

BATTALION Bat*tal"ion, n. Etym: [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.]

1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. "The whole battalion views." Milton.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle.

BATTALION Bat*tal"ion, v. t.

Defn: To form into battalions. [R.]

BATTEL Bat"tel, n. Etym: [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: A single combat; as, trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager.

BATTEL Bat"tel, n. Etym: [Of uncertain etymology.]

Defn: Provisions ordered from the buttery; also, the charges for them; -- only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

BATTEL Bat"tel, v. i.

Defn: To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

BATTEL Bat"tel, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.]

Defn: To make fertile. [Obs.] "To battel barren land." Ray.

BATTEL Bat"tel, a.

Defn: Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.] A battel soil for grain, for pasture good. Fairfax.

BATTELER; BATTLER Bat"tel*er, Bat"tler, n. Etym: [See 2d Battel, n.]

Defn: A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright.

BATTEN Bat"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battened (p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] Etym: [See Batful.]

1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. "Battening our flocks." Milton.

2. To fertilize or enrich, as land.

BATTEN Bat"ten, v. i.

Defn: To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one's self. Dryden. The pampered monarch lay battening in ease. Garth. Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, -- persecutions, inquisitions. Emerson.

BATTEN Bat"ten, n . Etym: [F. b stick, staff. See Baton.]

Defn: A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as, (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc. Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise.

BATTEN Bat"ten, v. t.

Defn: To furnish or fasten with battens. To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm.

BATTEN Bat"ten, n. Etym: [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.]

Defn: The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof.

BATTENING Bat"ten*ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall.

BATTER Bat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered (; p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] Etym: [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.]

1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as, to batter a wall or rampart.

2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. "Each battered jade." Pope.

3. (Metallurgy)

Defn: To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.

BATTER Bat"ter, n. Etym: [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.]

1. A semi-liquid mixture of several ingredients, as, flour, eggs, milk, etc. , beaten together and used in cookery. King.

2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland.

3. (Printing)

Defn: A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form.

BATTER Bat"ter, n.

Defn: A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope. Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building.

BATTER Bat"ter, v. i. (Arch.)

Defn: To slope gently backward.

BATTER Bat"ter, n.

Defn: One who wields a bat; a batsman.

BATTERER Bat"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, batters.

BATTERING-RAM Bat"ter*ing-ram`, n.

Defn: 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places.

Note: It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes t a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose.

2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally.

BATTERING TRAIN Bat"ter*ing train`. (Mil.)

Defn: A train of artillery for siege operations.

BATTERY Bat"ter*y, n.; pl. Batteries. Etym: [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.]

1. The act of battering or beating.

2. (Law)

Defn: The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another's person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him.

3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns. Barbette battery. See Barbette. -- Battery d'enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. -- Battery en écharpe, one that plays obliquely. -- Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number, of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. -- Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. -- In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. -- Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. -- Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading.

4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity.

Note: In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end-plates are brought together. In Daniell's battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove's battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen's or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove's. In Leclanché's battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator.

5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as, a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc.

6. (Metallurgy)

Defn: A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight.

7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down.

8. (Baseball)

Defn: The pitcher and catcher together.

BATTING Bat"ting, n.

1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason.

2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as, cotton batting.

BATTLE Bat"tle, a.

Defn: Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.]

BATTLE Bat"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ]

1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat.

2. A struggle; a contest; as, the battle of life. The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day. H. Morley.

3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.] The king divided his army into three battles. Bacon. The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action. Robertson.

4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward.

Note: Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self- explaining compound; as, battle brand, a "brand" or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battlearray; battle song. Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. -- Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a mêlée. Thackeray. -- Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. -- To give battle, to attack an enemy. -- To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. -- Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. -- Wager of battle. See under Wager, n.

Syn. -- Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as, a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict.

BATTLE Bat"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Battled (p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] Etym: [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.]

Defn: To join in battle; to contend in fight; as, to battle over theories. To meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior.

BATTLE Bat"tle, v. t.

Defn: To assail in battle; to fight.

BATTLE-AX; BATTLE-AXE Bat"tle-ax` Bat"tle-axe`, n. (Mil.)

Defn: A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon.

BATTLED Bat"tled, p. p.

Defn: Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson.

BATTLEDOOR Bat"tle*door`, n. Etym: [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.]

1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also, the play of battledoor and shuttlecock.

2. Etym: [OE. battleder.]

Defn: A child's hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell.

BATTLEMENT Bat"tle*ment, n. Etym: [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches.

BATTLEMENTED Bat"tle*ment*ed, a.

Defn: Having battlements. A battlemented portal. Sir W. Scott.

BATTLE RANGE Bat"tle range`. (Mil.)

Defn: The range within which the fire of small arms is very destructive. With the magazine rifle, this is six hundred yards.

BATTLE SHIP Battle ship. (Nav.)

Defn: An armor-plated man-of-war built of steel and heavily armed, generally having from ten thousand to fifteen thousand tons displacement, and intended to be fit to meet the heaviest ships in line of battle.

BATTOLOGIST Bat*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who battologizes.

BATTOLOGIZE Bat*tol"o*gize, v. t.

Defn: To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert.

BATTOLOGY Bat*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [F. battologie, fr. Gr. ; a stammerer + speech.]

Defn: A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton.

BATTON Bat"ton, n.

Defn: See Batten, and Baton.

BATTUE Bat"tue`, n. Etym: [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt.

BATTURE Bat`ture", n. Etym: [F., fr. battre to beat. ]

Defn: An elevated river bed or sea bed.

BATTUTA Bat*tu"ta, n. Etym: [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.)

Defn: The measuring of time by beating.

BATTY Bat"ty, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. "Batty wings." Shak.

BATULE Bat"ule, n.

Defn: A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; -- called also batule board.

BATZ Batz, n.; pl. Batzen. Etym: [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. bätz, betz, bear.]

Defn: A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents.

BAUBEE Bau*bee", n.

Defn: Same as Bawbee.

BAUBLE Bau"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. baubel a child's plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus,a baburrus, foolish.]

1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything. The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod. Sheridan.

2. The fool's club. [Obs.] "A fool's bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass's ears fantastically carved upon it." Nares.

BAUBLING Bau"bling

Defn: , a. See Bawbling. [Obs.]

BAUDEKIN Bau"de*kin, n. Etym: [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.]

Defn: The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery : -- made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares.

BAUDRICK Bau"drick, n.

Defn: A belt. See Baldric.

BAUK; BAULK Bauk, Baulk, n. & v.

Defn: See Balk.

BAUME Bau`mé", a.

Defn: Designating or conforming to either of the scales used by the French chemist Antoine Baumé in the graduation of his hydrometers; of or relating to Baumé's scales or hydrometers. There are two Baumé hydrometers. One, which is used with liquids heavier than water, sinks to 0º in pure water, and to 15º in a 15 per cent salt solution; the other, for liquids lighter than water, sinks to 0º in a 10 per cent salt solution and to 10º in pure water. In both cases the graduation, based on the distance between these fundamental points, is continued along the stem as far as desired. Since all the degrees on a Baumé scale are thus equal in length, while those on a specific- gravity scale grow smaller as the density increases, there is no simple relation between degrees Bé. and Sp. gr. However, readings on Baumés scale may be approximately reduced to specific gravities by the following formulæ (x in each case being the reading on Baumé's scale) : (a) for liquids heavier than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (144 - x); (b) for liquids lighter than water, sp. gr. = 144 ÷ (134 + x).

BAUNSCHEIDTISM Baun"scheidt*ism, n. Etym: [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.)

Defn: A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid.

BAUXITE; BEAUXITE Baux"ite, Beaux"ite,n. Etym: [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.)

Defn: A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat.

BAVARDAGE Ba`var`dage", n. [F.]

Defn: Much talking; prattle; chatter. Byron.

BAVARIAN Ba*va"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bavaria. -- n.

Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria. Bavarian cream. See under Cream.

BAVAROY Bav"a*roy, n. Etym: [F. Bavarois Bavarian.]

Defn: A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson. Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace. Gay.

BAVIAN Ba"vi*an, n. Etym: [See Baboon.]

Defn: A baboon.

BAVIN Bav"in, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.]

1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

BAWBEE Baw*bee", n. Etym: [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.]

Defn: A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

BAWBLE Baw"ble, n.

Defn: A trinket. See Bauble.

BAWBLING Baw"bling, a.

Defn: Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.]

BAWCOCK Baw"cock, n. Etym: [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.]

Defn: A fine fellow; -- a term of endearment. [Obs.] "How now, my bawcock " Shak.

BAWD Bawd, n. Etym: [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.]

Defn: A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; -- usually applied to a woman.

BAWD Bawd, v. i.

Defn: To procure women for lewd purposes.

BAWDILY Bawd"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Obscenely; lewdly.

BAWDINESS Bawd"i*ness, n.

Defn: Obscenity; lewdness.

BAWDRICK Bawd"rick, n.

Defn: A belt. See Baldric.

BAWDRY Bawd"ry, n. Etym: [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.]

1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust.

2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak.

3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. "The pert style of the pit bawdry." Steele.

BAWDY Bawd"y, a.

1. Dirty; foul; -- said of clothes. [Obs.] It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also. Chaucer.

2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. "A bawdy story." Burke.

BAWDYHOUSE Baw"dy*house`, n.

Defn: A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel.

BAWHORSE Baw"horse`, n.

Defn: Same as Bathorse.

BAWL Bawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] Etym: [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. böla; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.]

1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate.

2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation.

BAWL Bawl, v. t.

Defn: To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift.

BAWL Bawl, n.

Defn: A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry.

BAWLER Bawl"er, n.

Defn: One who bawls.

BAWN Bawn, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.]

1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift.

BAWREL Baw"rel, n. Etym: [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.]

Defn: A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell.

BAWSIN; BAWSON Baw"sin, Baw"son, n. Etym: [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, baucant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.]

1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares.

BAXTER Bax"ter, n. Etym: [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. bæcestre, prop. fem. of bæcere baker. See Baker.]

Defn: A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch]

BAY Bay, a. Etym: [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnutcolored; -- used only of horses.]

Defn: Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; -- applied to the color of horses. Bay cat (Zoöl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). -- Bay lynx (Zoöl.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa).

BAY Bay, n. Etym: [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.]

1. (Geol.)

Defn: An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character.

Note: The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as, Hudson's Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used foe any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as, the Bay of Biscay.

2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc.

3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay.

4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers.

5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks.

6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay. Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten.

BAY Bay, n. Etym: [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.]

1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.]

2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel. The patriot's honors and the poet's bays. Trumbull.

3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.] Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste.

BAY Bay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bayed (p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] Etym: [ OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden.

BAY Bay, v. t.

Defn: To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as, to bay the bear. Shak.

BAY Bay, n. Etym: [See Bay, v. i.]

1. Deep-toned, prolonged barking. "The bay of curs." Cowper.

2. Etym: [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at bay.]

Defn: A state of being obliged to face an antagonist or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible. Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay. Dryden. The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts. I. Taylor

BAY Bay, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. bæwen to bathe, and G. bähen to foment.]

Defn: To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser.

BAY Bay, n.

Defn: A bank or dam to keep back water.

BAY Bay, v. t.

Defn: To dam, as water; -- with up or back.

BAYA Ba"ya, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus).

BAYAD; BAYATTE Ba*yad", Ba*yatte", n. Etym: [Ar. bayad.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac).

BAYADERE Ba`ya*dere", n. Etym: [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.]

Defn: A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.]

BAYAMO Ba*ya"mo, n. (Meteor.)

Defn: A violent thunder squall occurring on the south coast of Cuba, esp. near Bayamo. The gusts, called bayamo winds, are modified foehn winds.

BAY-ANTLER Bay"-ant`ler, n. Etym: [See Bez-Antler.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The second tine of a stag's horn. See under Antler.

BAYARD Bay"ard, n.

1. Etym: [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.]

Defn: Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse. Blind bayard moves the mill. Philips.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.]

Defn: A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BAYARDLY Bay"ard*ly, a.

Defn: Blind; stupid. [Obs.] "A formal and bayardly round of duties." Goodman.

BAYBERRY Bay"ber*ry, n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; -- called also candleberry tree. Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; -- called also myrtle wax.

BAYBOLT Bay"bolt`, n.

Defn: A bolt with a barbed shank.

BAYED Bayed, a.

Defn: Having a bay or bays. "The large bayed barn." Drayton.

BAYEUX TAPESTRY Ba`yeux" tap"es*try.

Defn: A piece of linen about 1 ft. 8 in. wide by 213 ft. long, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the Conqueror's expedition to England, preserved in the town museum of Bayeux in Normandy. It is probably of the 11th century, and is attributed by tradition to Matilda, the Conqueror's wife.

BAY ICE Bay" ice`.

Defn: See under Ice.

BAY LEAF Bay" leaf`.

Defn: See under 3d Bay.

BAYMAN Bay"man, n. (Nav.)

Defn: In the United States navy, a sick-bay nurse; -- now officially designated as hospital apprentice.

BAYONET Bay"o*net, n. Etym: [F. bayonnette, baïonnette; -- so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense.

Note: Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery. Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. -- Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight.

BAYONET Bay"o*net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.]

1. To stab with a bayonet.

2. To compel or drive by the bayonet. To bayonet us into submission. Burke.

BAYOU Bay"ou, n.; pl. Bayous (.Etym: [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.]

Defn: An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.] A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses. G. W. Cable.

BAYOU STATE Bay"ou State`.

Defn: Mississippi; -- a nickname, from its numerous bayous.

BAY RUM Bay" rum".

Defn: A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes.

Note: The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacopoeia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water.

BAYS; BAYZE Bays, Bayze, n.

Defn: See Baize. [Obs.]

BAY SALT Bay" salt`.

Defn: Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure.

BAY STATE Bay State.

Defn: Massachusetts, which had been called the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; -- a nickname.

BAY TREE Bay" tree`.

Defn: A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis).

BAY WINDOW Bay" win"dow. (Arch.)

Defn: A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; -- often corruptly called a bow window.

BAY YARN Bay" yarn`.

Defn: Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

BAZAAR; BAZAR Ba*zaar" Ba*zar", n. Etym: [Per. bazar market.]

1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale.

2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair.

3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable objects. Macaulay.

BDELLIUM Bdel"lium, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. ; cf. Heb. b'dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).]

1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia.

2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa.

Note: Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxb. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc.

BDELLOIDEA Bdel*loi"de*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. leech + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

BDELLOMETER Bdel*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. leech + -meter.] (Med.)

Defn: A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison.

BDELLOMORPHA Bdel`lo*mor"pha,n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. leech + form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

BE Be, v. i. [imp. Was; p. p. Been; p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] Etym: [OE. been, beon, AS. beón to be, beóm I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav. by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be about to be, and perh to fieri to become, Gr. to be born, to be, Skr. bh to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb "to be", which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. Future, Physic.]

1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have ex To be contents his natural desire. Pope. To be, or not to be: that is the question. Shak.

2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, -- whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, -- a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as, to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man.

3. To take place; to happen; as, the meeting was on Thursday.

4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to. The field is the world. Matt. xiii. 38. The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. Rev. i. 20.

Note: The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as, John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as, "Ye have come too late -- but ye are come. " "The minstrel boy to the war is gone." The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as, government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to-morrow.

Note: Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. "I have been to Paris." Sydney Smith. "Have you been to Franchard " R. L. Stevenson.

Note: Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. "Ye ben light of the world." Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: "They that be with us are more than they that be with them." 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: "To ben of such power." R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: "But if it be a question of words and names." Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used. Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. -- If so be, in case. -- To be from, to have come from; as, from what place are you I am from Chicago. -- To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. "Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade." Spenser.

Syn. -- To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare case, like that of Shakespeare's "To be, or not to be", is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as, man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as, when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase "there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes." We may, indeed, say, "a friendship has long existed between them," instead of saying, "there has long been a friendship between them;" but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence.

BE Be*. Etym: [AS. be, and in accented form bi, akin to OS. be and bi, OHG. bi, pi, and pi, MHG. be and bi, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. about (cf. AS. beseón to look about). By, Amb-.]

Defn: A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as, bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as, befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as, beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around).

Note: It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as, bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as, belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between. In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as, in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong.

BEACH Beach, n.; pl. Beaches (. Etym: [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.]

1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle.

2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand. Beach flea (Zoöl.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestidæ, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. -- Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas, which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. -- Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. -- Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions.

BEACH Beach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beached (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.]

Defn: To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as, to beach a ship.

BEACH COMBER Beach" comb`er.

Defn: A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.]

BEACHED Beached, p. p. & a.

1. Bordered by a beach. The beached verge of the salt flood. Shak.

2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as, the ship is beached.

BEACHY Beach"y, a.

Defn: Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly. The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak.

BEACON Bea"con, n. Etym: [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, b; akin to OS. b, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.]

1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning. No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar. Gay.

2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners.

3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.]

4. That which gives notice of danger. Modest doubt is called The beacon of the wise. Shak. Beacon fire, a signal fire.

BEACON Bea"con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.]

1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine. That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell.

2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.

BEACONAGE Bea"con*age, n.

Defn: Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also, beacons, collectively.

BEACONLESS Bea"con*less, a.

Defn: Having no beacon.

BEAD Bead, n. Etym: [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.]

1. A prayer. [Obs.]

2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to at one's beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer.

3. Any small globular body; as, (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. "Cold beads of midnight dew." Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as, the borax bead; the iron bead, etc. Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. -- Beat mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] -- Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. -- Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.

BEAD Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.]

Defn: To ornament with beads or beading.

BEAD Bead, v. i.

Defn: To form beadlike bubbles.

BEADHOUSE; BEDEHOUSE Bead"house`, Bede"house`, n. Etym: [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.]

Defn: An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.

BEADING Bead"ing, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Molding in imitation of beads.

2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as, the beading of a brand of whisky.

BEADLE Bea"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.]

1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; -- called also an apparitor or summoner.

2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.]

Note: In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved.

3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.

BEADLERY Bea"dle*ry, n.

Defn: Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.

BEADLESHIP Bea"dle*ship, n.

Defn: The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood.

BEAD PROOF Bead" proof`.

1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters.

2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken.

BEADROLL Bead"roll`, n. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general. On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be field. Spenser. It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line. Quart. Rev.

BEADSMAN; BEDESMAN Beads"man, Bedes"man, n.; pl. -men (.

Defn: A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman. Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God. Fuller.

BEADSNAKE Bead"snake`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black.

BEADSWOMAN; BEDESWOMAN Beads"wom`an, Bedes"wom`an, n.; pl. -women (.

Defn: Fem. of Beadsman.

BEADWORK Bead"work`, n.

Defn: Ornamental work in beads.

BEADY Bead"y, a.

1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. "Beady eyes." Thackeray.

2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads.

3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor.

BEAGLE Bea"gle, n. Etym: [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.]

1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

BEAK Beak, n. Etym: [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.]

Defn: 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varied much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew.

3. (Antiq.)

Defn: A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off.

6. (Bot.)

Defn: Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.

7. (Far.)

Defn: A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.).

8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

BEAKED Beaked, a.

1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. "Each beaked promontory." Milton.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate. Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

BEAKER Beak"er, n. Etym: [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; -- all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.]

1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard.

2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; -- used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.

BEAKHEAD Beak"head`, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker.

2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

BEAKIRON Beak"i*ron, n. Etym: [From Bickern.]

Defn: A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surface of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

BEAL Beal (, n. Etym: [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.)

Defn: A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

BEAL Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed (; p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.]

Defn: To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

BE-ALL Be"-all`, n.

Defn: The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.

BEAM Beam, n. Etym: [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bam tree, OS. b, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. ba, Goth. bahms and Gr. a growth, to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. Be; cf. Boom a spar.]

1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.

2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship. The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks. Totten.

3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another.

4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended. The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope.

5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches.

6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden.

7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam.

8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.

9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.

10. (Steam Engine)

Defn: A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; -- called also working beam or walking beam.

11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat. How far that little candle throws his beams ! Shak.

12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort. Mercy with her genial beam. Keble.

13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; -- called also beam feather. Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. -- Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. -- Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; -- used for drawing or describing large circles. -- Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. -- Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. -- On the beam , in a line with the beams, or at right angled with the keel. -- On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. -- To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position.

BEAM Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed (p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.]

Defn: To send forth; to emit; -- followed ordinarily by forth; as, to beam forth light.

BEAM Beam, v. i.

Defn: To emit beams of light. He beamed, the daystar of the rising age. Trumbull.

BEAMBIRD Beam"bird`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa gricola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building.

BEAMED Beamed, a.

Defn: Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag. Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky. Sir W. Scott.

BEAMFUL Beam"ful, a.

Defn: Beamy; radiant.

BEAMILY Beam"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a beaming manner.

BEAMINESS Beam"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being beamy.

BEAMING Beam"ing, a.

Defn: Emitting beams; radiant.

BEAMINGLY Beam"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a beaming manner; radiantly.

BEAMLESS Beam"less, a.

1. Not having a beam.

2. Not emitting light.

BEAMLET Beam"let, n.

Defn: A small beam of light.

BEAM TREE Beam" tree`. Etym: [AS. beám a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple.

BEAMY Beam"y, a.

1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. "Beamy gold." Tickell.

2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy. His double-biting ax, and beamy spear. Dryden.

3. Having horns, or antlers. Beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden.

BEAN Bean, n. Etym: [OE. bene, AS.beán; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. p, Icel. baun, Dan. bönne, Sw. böna, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also, to the herbs.

Note: The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black-eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. maltiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris. As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables.

2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans. Bean aphis (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Aphis fabæ) which infests the bean plant. -- Bean fly (Zoöl.), a fly found on bean flowers. -- Bean goose (Zoöl.), a species of goose (Anser segetum). -- Bean weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species in Bruchus fabæ. -- Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. -- Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius's bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. -- Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. -- Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; -- so called from its size. -- Sacred bean. See under Sacred. -- Screw bean. See under Screw. -- Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. -- Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. -- Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla.

BEAN CAPER Bean" ca`per. (Bot.)

Defn: A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum.

BEAN TREFOIL Bean" tre"foil. (Bot.)

Defn: A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris foetida).

BEAR Bear, v. t. [imp. Bore (formerly Bare (); p. p. Born, Borne (p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] Etym: [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. gebären, Goth. baíran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. bära, Dan. bære, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. , OSlav brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bh to bear. sq. root92. Cf. Fertile.]

1. To support or sustain; to hold up.

2. To support and remove or carry; to convey. I 'll bear your logs the while. Shak.

3. To conduct; to bring; -- said of persons. [Obs.] Bear them to my house. Shak.

4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise. Every man should bear rule in his own house. Esther i. 22.

5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as, the tablet bears this inscription.

6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name.

7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden. The ancient grudge I bear him. Shak.

8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer. Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne. Pope. I cannot bear The murmur of this lake to hear. Shelley. My punishment is greater than I can bear. Gen. iv. 13.

9. To gain or win. [Obs.] Some think to bear it by speaking a great word. Bacon. She was . . . found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge. Latimer.

10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc. He shall bear their iniquities. Is. liii. 11. Somewhat that will bear your charges. Dryden.

11. To render or give; to bring forward. "Your testimony bear" Dryden.

12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. "The credit of bearing a part in the conversation." Locke.

13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change. In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear. Swift.

14. To manage, wield, or direct. "Thus must thou thy body bear." Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct. Hath he borne himself penitently in prison Shak.

15. To afford; to be to ; to supply with. bear him company. Pope.

16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden.

Note: In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle. To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. "His nose, . . . large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance." Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. -- To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. -- To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] "How you were borne in hand, how crossed." Shak. -- To bear in mind, to remember. -- To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. -- To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] "Cæsar doth bear me hard." Shak. -- To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. "Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing." South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. -- To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. "Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addison.

Syn. -- To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

BEAR Bear, v. i.

1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden.

2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden. But man is born to bear. Pope.

3. To endure with patience; to be patient. I can not, can not bear. Dryden.

4. To press; -- with on or upon, or against. These men bear hard on the suspected party. Addison.

5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear.

6. To relate or refer; -- with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question

7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect. Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform. Hawthorne.

8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E. To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] -- To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. -- To bear back, to retreat. "Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott. -- To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. -- To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. -- To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. -- To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly. -- To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. -- To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. -- To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

BEAR Bear, n.

Defn: A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.

BEAR Bear, n. Etym: [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel. & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. beast, Skr. bhalla bear.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects.

Note: The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person.

5. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market.

Note: The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up.

6. (Mach.)

Defn: A portable punching machine.

7. (Naut.)

Defn: A block covered with coarse matting; -- used to scour the deck. Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. -- Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. -- Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. -- Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. -- Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

BEAR Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market.

BEAR; BERE Bear, Bere, n. Etym: [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.)

Defn: Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hord. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

BEARABLE Bear"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. -- Bear"a*bly, adv.

BEARBERRY Bear"ber*ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

BEARBIND Bear"bind`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

BEARD Beard, n. Etym: [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.]

1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as, the beard of grain.

4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out.

5. That part of the under side of a horse's lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle.

6. (Print.)

Defn: That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face.

7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer. Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. -- To one's beard, to one's face; in open defiance.

BEARD Beard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.]

1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt.

2. To oppose to the gills; to set at defiance. No admiral, bearded by three corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial. Macaulay.

3. To deprive of the gills; -- used only of oysters and similar shellfish.

BEARDED Beard"ed, a.

Defn: Having a beard. "Bearded fellow." Shak. "Bearded grain." Dryden. Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir. -- Bearded tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Matamata.

BEARDIE Beard"ie, n. Etym: [From Beard, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.]

BEARDLESS Beard"less, a.

1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful.

2. Destitute of an awn; as, beardless wheat.

BEARDLESSNESS Beard"less*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being destitute of beard.

BEARER Bear"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. "Bearers of burdens." 2 Chron. ii. 18. "The bearer of unhappy news." Dryden.

2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton.

3. A palanquin carrier; also, a house servant. [India]

4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as, a good bearer.

5. (Com.)

Defn: One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as, pay to bearer.

6. (Print.)

Defn: A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also, a type or type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved.

BEARHERD Bear"herd`, n.

Defn: A man who tends a bear.

BEARHOUND Bear"hound`, n.

Defn: A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Car

BEARING Bear"ing, n.

1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one's self; mien; behavior; carriage. I know him by his bearing. Shak.

2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint.

3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection. But of this frame, the bearings and the ties, The strong connections, nice dependencies. Pope.

4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect.

5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as, a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing. [His mother] in travail of his bearing. R. of Gloucester.

6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as, a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as, the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports.

7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates.

8. (Her.)

Defn: Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms -- commonly in the pl. A carriage covered with armorial bearings. Thackeray.

9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as, the bearing of the cape was W. N. W. (b) pl.

Defn: The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. (c) pl.

Defn: The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast. Ball bearings. See under Ball. -- To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. -- To lose one's bearings, to become bewildered. -- To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one's position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity.

Syn. -- Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence.

BEARING CLOTH Bear"ing cloth`.

Defn: A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak.

BEARING REIN Bear"ing rein`.

Defn: A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse's head up; -- called in the United States a checkrein.

BEARING RING Bear"ing ring`.

Defn: In a balloon, the braced wooden ring attached to the suspension ropes at the bottom, functionally analogous to the keel of a ship.

BEARISH Bear"ish, a.

Defn: Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris.

BEARISHNESS Bear"ish*ness, n.

Defn: Behavior like that of a bear.

BEARN Bearn, n.

Defn: See Bairn. [Obs.]

BEAR'S-BREECH Bear's"-breech`, n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior.

BEAR'S-EAR Bear's-ear`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf.

BEAR'S-FOOT Bear's"-foot`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of hellebore (Helleborus foetidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic.

BEARSKIN Bear"skin`, n.

1. The skin of a bear.

2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats.

3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.

BEAR'S-PAW Bear's"-paw`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament.

BEAR STATE Bear State.

Defn: Arkansas; -- a nickname, from the many bears once inhabiting its forests.

BEAR-TRAP DAM Bear"-trap` dam. (Engin.)

Defn: A kind of movable dam, in one form consisting of two leaves resting against each other at the top when raised and folding down one over the other when lowered, for deepening shallow parts in a river.

BEARWARD Bear"ward`, n. Etym: [Bear + ward a keeper.]

Defn: A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak.

BEAST Beast, n. Etym: [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. bête, fr. L. bestia.]

1. Any living creature; an animal; -- including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as, a beast of burden. A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast. Prov. xii. 10.

3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal.

4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow.

5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright.

6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc. Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also, we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute.

BEASTHOOD Beast"hood, n.

Defn: State or nature of a beast.

BEASTINGS Beast"ings, n. pl.

Defn: See Biestings.

BEASTLIHEAD Beast"li*head, n. Etym: [Beastly + -head state.]

Defn: Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

BEASTLIKE Beast"like", a.

Defn: Like a beast.

BEASTLINESS Beast"li*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being beastly.

BEASTLY Beast"ly, a.

1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. Beastly divinities and droves of gods. Prior.

2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy. The beastly vice of drinking to excess. Swift.

3. Abominable; as, beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.]

Syn. -- Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading.

BEAT Beat, v. t. [imp. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] Etym: [OE. beaten, beten, AS. beátan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. b. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.]

1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum. Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small. Ex. xxx. 36. They did beat the gold into thin plates. Ex. xxxix. 3.

2. To punish by blows; to thrash.

3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game. To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey. Prior.

4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind. A frozen continent . . . beat with perpetual storms. Milton.

5. To tread, as a path. Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way. Blackmore.

6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass. He beat them in a bloody battle. Prescott. For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that. M. Arnold.

7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; -- often with out. [Colloq.]

8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble. Why should any one . . . beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic Locke.

9. (Mil.)

Defn: To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc. To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] -- To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. -- To beat off, to repel or drive back. -- To beat out, to extend by hammering. -- To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. "Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day." South. -- To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. -- To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. -- To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. -- To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. -- To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as, to beat up an enemy's quarters.

Syn. -- To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome.

BEAT Beat, v. i.

1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated blaows; to knock vigorously or loudly. The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges. xix. 22.

2. To move with pulsation or throbbing. A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron.

3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as, rain, wind, and waves do. Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden. They [winds] beat at the crazy casement. Longfellow. The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wisbed in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8. Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers. Bacon.

4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic] To still my beating mind. Shak .

5. (Naut.)

Defn: To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse.

6. To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat.

7. (Mil.)

Defn: To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters.

8. (Acoustics & Mus.)

Defn: To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; -- said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison. A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. -- To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. -- To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. -- To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; -- said of a stag. -- To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise.

BEAT Beat, n.

1. A stroke; a blow. He, with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden.

2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse.

3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament.

4. (Acoustics & Mus.)

Defn: A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.

5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat.

6. A place of habitual or frequent resort.

7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat. [Low] Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. -- Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the strokes is at equal or unequal intervals.

BEAT Beat, a.

Defn: Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.] Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed. Dickens.

BEATEN Beat"en, a.

1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. "A broad and beaten way." Milton. "Beaten gold." Shak.

2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled.

3. Exhausted; tired out.

4. Become common or trite; as, a beaten phrase. [Obs.]

5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BEATER Beat"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, beats.

2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.

BEATH Beath, v. t. Etym: [AS. be to foment.]

Defn: To bathe; also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser.

BEATIFIC; BEATIFICAL Be`a*tif"ic, Be`a*tif"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. béatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.]

Defn: Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. "The beatific vision." South. -- Be`a*tif"ic*al*ly, adv.

BEATIFICATE Be`a*tif"i*cate, v. t.

Defn: To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller.

BEATIFICATION Be*at`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. béatification.]

Defn: The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," or has attained the second degree of sanctity, -- usually a stage in the process of canonization. "The beatification of his spirit." Jer. Taylor.

BEATIFY Be*at"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] Etym: [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. béatifier. See Bounty.]

1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness. The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth. Barrow.

2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. "Beatified spirits." Dryden.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of "the blessed" and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized.

BEATING Beat"ing, n.

1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows.

2. Pulsation; throbbing; as, the beating of the heart.

3. (Acoustics & Mus.)

Defn: Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction.

BEATITUDE Be*at"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. beatitudo: cf. F. béatitude. See Beatify.]

1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss.

2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: Beatification. Milman.

Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; happiness.

BEAU Beau, n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. b), E. Beaus. Etym: [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.]

1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy.

2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover.

BEAUCATCHER Beau"catch`er, n.

Defn: A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous]

BEAUFET Beau"fet, n. Etym: [See Buffet.]

Defn: A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet. A beaufet . . . filled with gold and silver vessels. Prescott.

BEAUFIN Beau"fin, n.

Defn: See Biffin. Wright.

BEAUFORT'S SCALE Beau"fort's scale`. (Meteor.)

Defn: A scale of wind force devised by Sir F. Beaufort, R. N., in 1805, in which the force is indicated by numbers from 0 to 12.

The full scale is as follows: -- 0, calm; 1, light air; 2, light breeze; 3, gentle breeze; 4, moderate breeze; 5, fresh breeze; 6, strong breeze; 7, moderate gale; 8, fresh gale; 9, strong gale; 10, whole gale; 11, storm; 12, hurricane.

BEAU IDEAL Beau" i*de"al. Etym: [F. beau beautiful + idéal ideal.]

Defn: A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model.

BEAUISH Beau"ish, n.

Defn: Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. "A beauish young spark." Byrom.

BEAU MONDE Beau` monde". Etym: [F. beau fine + monde world.]

Defn: The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior.

BEAUMONTAGUE Beau`mon"ta*gue, n.

Defn: A cement used in making joints, filling cracks, etc. For iron, the principal constituents are iron borings and sal ammoniac; for wood, white lead or litharge, whiting, and linseed oil.

BEAUPERE Beau"pere`, n. Etym: [F. beau pére; beau fair + pére father.]

1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

BEAUSEANT Beau`se`ant", n. Etym: [F. beaucéant.]

Defn: The black and white standard of the Knights Templars.

BEAUSHIP Beau"ship, n.

Defn: The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden.

BEAUTEOUS Beau"te*ous, a.

Defn: Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. --

Defn: Beau"te*ous*ness, n.

BEAUTIED Beau"tied, p. a.

Defn: Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak.

BEAUTIFIER Beau"ti*fi`er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful.

BEAUTIFUL Beau"ti*ful, a.

Defn: Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind. A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram. Lord Kames.

Syn. -- Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine. -- Beau"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Beau"ti*ful*ness, n.

BEAUTIFY Beau"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beautified (p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] Etym: [Beauty + -fy.]

Defn: To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish. The arts that beautify and polish life. Burke.

Syn. -- To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate.

BEAUTIFY Beau"ti*fy, v. i.

Defn: To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison.

BEAUTILESS Beau"ti*less, a.

Defn: Destitute of beauty. Hammond.

BEAUTY Beau"ty, n.; pl. Beauties. Etym: [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beauté, biauté, Pr. beltat, F. beauté, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.]

1. An assemblage or graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the æsthetic faculty, or the moral sense. Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder. Locke. The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole. Wordsworth. The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was, "multitude in unity;" and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty. Coleridge.

2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as, the beauties of nature.

3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. All the admired beauties of Verona. Shak.

4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.] She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty. Jer. Taylor. Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast.

BEAUX Beaux, n.,

Defn: pl. of Beau.

BEAUXITE Beaux"ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: See Bauxite.

BEAVER Bea"ver, n. Etym: [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. bäfver, Dan. bæver, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr', Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. Brown.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor.

Note: It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis.

2. The fur of the beaver.

3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk. A brown beaver slouched over his eyes. Prescott.

4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats. Beaver rat (Zoöl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). -- Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. -- Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank.

BEAVER Bea"ver, n. Etym: [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavière, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavière, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.]

Defn: That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink.

BEAVERED Bea"vered, a.

Defn: Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. "His beavered brow." Pope.

BEAVER STATE Bea"ver State.

Defn: Oregon; -- a nickname.

BEAVERTEEN Bea"ver*teen, n.

Defn: A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds.

BEBEERINE; BEBIRINE Be*bee"rine, or Be*bi"rine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodioei). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.]

BEBEERU Be*bee"ru, n. [Written also bibiru.] [Native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tropical South American tree (Nectandra Rodioi), the bark of which yields the alkaloid bebeerine, and the wood of which is known as green heart.

BEBLEED Be*bleed", v. t.

Defn: To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEBLOOD; BEBLOODY Be*blood", Be*blood"y, v. t.

Defn: To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon.

BEBLOT Be*blot", v. t.

Defn: To blot; to stain. Chaucer.

BEBLUBBER Be*blub"ber, v. t.

Defn: To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as, her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered.

BEBUNG Be"bung, n. [G., lit., a trembling.] (Music)

Defn: A tremolo effect, such as that produced on the piano by vibratory repetition of a note with sustained use of the pedal.

BECALM Be*calm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Becalmed (p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.]

1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease. Soft whispering airs . . . becalm the mind. Philips.

2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as, the fleet was becalmed.

BECAME Be*came", imp.

Defn: of Become.

BECARD Bec"ard, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor).

BECAUSE Be*cause", conj. Etym: [OE. bycause; by + cause.]

1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton.

2. In order that; that. [Obs.] And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace. Matt. xx. 31. Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.] Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. Eph. v. 6.

Syn, -- Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that "on account of" which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as, I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as, in Shakespeare, "I hate him, for he is a Christian." Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as, I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as, Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it.

BECCABUNGA Bec`ca*bun"ga, n. Etym: [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.]

Defn: See Brooklime.

BECCAFICO Bec`ca*fi"co, n.; pl. Beccaficos (. Etym: [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.

BECCHI'S TEST Bec"chi's test. [After E. Becchi, Italian chemist.] (Chem.)

Defn: A qualitative test for cottonseed oil, based on the fact this oil imparts a maroon color to an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate.

BECHAMEL Bech"a*mel, n. Etym: [F. béchamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Béchamel.] (Cookery)

Defn: A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.

BECHANCE Be*chance", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- for by + chance.]

Defn: By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton.

BECHANCE Be*chance", v. t. & i.

Defn: To befall; to chance; to happen to. God knows what hath bechanced them. Shak.

BECHARM Be*charm", v. t.

Defn: To charm; to captivate.

BECHE DE MER Bêche` de mer". Etym: [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The trepang.

BECHIC Be"chic, a. Etym: [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. , fr. cough: cf. F. béchique.] (Med.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. -- n.

Defn: A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.

BECHUANAS Bech`u*a"nas, n. pl.

Defn: A division of the Bantus, dwelling between the Orange and Zambezi rivers, supposed to be the most ancient Bantu population of South Africa. They are divided into totemic clans; they are intelligent and progressive.

BECK Beck, n.

Defn: See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser.

BECK Beck, n. Etym: [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.]

Defn: A small brook. The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton.

BECK Beck, n.

Defn: A vat. See Back.

BECK Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked (; p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] Etym: [Contr. of beckon.]

Defn: To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton.

BECK Beck, v. t.

Defn: To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic] When gold and silver becks me to come on. Shak.

BECK Beck, n.

Defn: A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. They have troops of soldiers at their beck. Shak.

BECKER Beck"er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise.

BECKET Beck"et, n. Etym: [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope

2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

BECKON Beck"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned (p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.]

Defn: To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand. His distant friends, he beckons near. Dryden. It beckons you to go away with it. Shak.

BECKON Beck"on, n.

Defn: A sign made without words; a beck. "At the first beckon." Bolingbroke.

BECK'S SCALE Beck's scale.

Defn: A hydrometer scale on which the zero point corresponds to sp. gr. 1.00, and the 30º-point to sp. gr. 0.85. From these points the scale is extended both ways, all the degrees being of equal length.

BECLAP Be*clap, v. t. Etym: [OE. biclappen.]

Defn: To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BECLIP Be*clip", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped ( Etym: [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.]

Defn: To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif.

BECLOUD Be*cloud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.]

Defn: To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud. If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye. Quarles.

BECOME Be*come", v. i. [imp. Became; p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] Etym: [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.]

1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character. The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7. That error now which is become my crime. Milton.

2. To come; to get. [Obs.] But, madam, where is Warwick then become! Shak. To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of. What is then become of so huge a multitude Sir W. Raleigh.

BECOME Be*come", v. t.

Defn: To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; -- said of persons and things. It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryden. I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress. Coleridge.

BECOMED Be*com"ed, a.

Defn: Proper; decorous. [Obs.] And gave him what becomed love I might. Shak.

BECOMING Be*com"ing, a.

Defn: Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting. A low and becoming tone. Thackeray.

Note: Formerly sometimes followed by of. Such discourses as are becoming of them. Dryden.

Syn. -- Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper.

BECOMING Be*com"ing, n.

Defn: That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.]

BECOMINGLY Be*com"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a becoming manner.

BECOMINGNESS Be*com"ing*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness. The becomingness of human nature. Grew.

BECQUEREL RAYS Becque`rel" rays". (Physics)

Defn: Radiations first observed by the French physicist Henri Becquerel, in working with uranium and its compounds. They consist of a mixture of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

BECRIPPLE Be*crip"ple, v. t.

Defn: To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More.

BECUIBA; BECUIBA NUT Be*cui"ba, n., Be*cui"ba nut`. [Native name.] (Bot.)

Defn: The nut of the Brazilian tree Myristica Bicuhyba, which yields a medicinal balsam used for rheumatism.

BECUNA Be*cu"na, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyræna spet). See Barracuda.

BECURL Be*curl", v. t.

Defn: To curl; to adorn with curls.

BED Bed, n. Etym: [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. be, Dan. bed, Sw. bädd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.]

1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as, a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs. And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed. Byron. I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . . make the beds. Shak. In bed he slept not for my urging it. Shak.

2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage. George, the eldest son of his second bed. Clarendon.

3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. "Beds of hyacinth and roses." Milton.

4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as, a bed of ashes or coals.

5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as, the bed of a river. So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed. Milton.

6. (Geol.)

Defn: A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc.

7. (Gun.)

Defn: See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed.

8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as, the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight.

9. (Mech.)

Defn: The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as, the bed of an engine.

10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad.

11. (Printing)

Defn: The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid.

Note: Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as, bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc. Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. -- To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; -- often followed by of; as, to be brought to bed of a son. -- To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. -- From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by

## partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of

matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony.

BED Bed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.]

1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To make partaker of one's bed; to cohabit with. I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her. Shak.

3. To furnish with a bed or bedding.

4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as, to bed the roots of a plant in mold.

5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as, to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock. Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded. Wordsworth.

6. (Masonry)

Defn: To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed.

7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. "Bedded hair." Shak.

BED Bed, v. i.

Defn: To go to bed; to cohabit. If he be married, and bed with his wife. Wiseman.

BEDABBLE Be*dab*ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedabbled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling (.]

Defn: To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak.

BEDAFF Be*daff", v. t.

Defn: To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEDAGAT Bed"a*gat, n.

Defn: The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom.

BEDAGGLE Be*dag"gle, v. t.

Defn: To daggle.

BEDASH Be*dash", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedashed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.]

Defn: To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. "Trees bedashed with rain." Shak.

BEDAUB Be*daub", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedaubed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.]

Defn: To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty. Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish. Barrow.

BEDAZZLE Be*daz"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedazzled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling (

Defn: To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. "Bedazzled with the sun." Shak.

BEDBUG Bed"bug`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix.

BEDCHAIR Bed"chair`, n.

Defn: A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed.

BEDCHAMBER Bed"cham`ber, n.

Defn: A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak. Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] -- Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.]

BEDCLOTHES Bed"clothes`, n. pl.

Defn: Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak.

BEDCORD Bed"cord`, n.

Defn: A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed.

BEDDED Bed"ded, a.

Defn: Provided with a bed; as, double-bedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds.

BEDDING Bed"ding, n. Etym: [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.]

1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: The state or position of beds and layers.

BEDE Bede, v. t. Etym: [See Bid, v. t.]

Defn: To pray; also, to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer.

BEDE Bede, n. (Mining)

Defn: A kind of pickax.

BEDECK Be*deck", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedecked (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.]

Defn: To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace. Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands. Pennant.

BEDEGUAR; BEDEGAR Bed"e*guar, Bed"e*gar, n. Etym: [F., fr. Per. bad-award, or bad- awardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.]

Defn: A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites rosæ). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties.

BEDEHOUSE Bede"house`

Defn: ,n.Same as Beadhouse.

BEDEL; BEDELL Be"del, Be"dell

Defn: ,n.Same as Beadle.

BEDELRY Be"del*ry, n.

Defn: Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount.

BEDEN Bed"en, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible.

BEDESMAN Bedes"man, n.

Defn: Same as Beadsman. [Obs.]

BEDEVIL Be*dev"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedevilled (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.]

1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment. Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew. Sterne.

2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright.

BEDEVILMENT Be*dev"il*ment, n.

Defn: The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.]

BEDEW Be*dew", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedewed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.]

Defn: To moisten with dew, or as with dew. "Falling tears his face bedew." Dryden.

BEDEWER Be*dew"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bedews.

BEDEWY Be*dew"y, a.

Defn: Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.] Night with her bedewy wings. A. Brewer.

BEDFELLOW Bed"fel`low, n.

Defn: One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one's couch.

BEDFERE; BEDPHERE Bed"fere` Bed"phere`, n. Etym: [Bed + AS. fera a companion.]

Defn: A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman.

BEDGOWN Bed"gown`, n.

Defn: A nightgown.

BEDIGHT Be*dight", v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.]

Defn: To bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton.

BEDIM Be*dim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedimmed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.]

Defn: To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak.

BEDIZEN Be*diz"en, v. t.

Defn: To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste. Remnants of tapestried hangings, . . . and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters. Sir W. Scott.

BEDIZENMENT Be*diz"en*ment, n.

Defn: That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily.

BEDKEY Bed"key`, n.

Defn: An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead.

BEDLAM Bed"lam, n. Etym: [See Bethlehem.]

1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson.

2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.] Let's get the bedlam to lead him. Shak.

3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail.

BEDLAM Bed"lam, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. "The bedlam, brainsick duchess." Shak.

BEDLAMITE Bed"lam*ite, n.

Defn: An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. "Raving bedlamites." Beattie.

BEDMAKER Bed"mak`er, n.

Defn: One who makes beds.

BED-MOLDING; BED-MOULDING Bed"-mold`ing Bed"-mould`ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss.

BEDOTE Be*dote", v. t.

Defn: To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEDOUIN Bed"ou*in, n. Etym: [F. bédouin, OF. béduin, fr. Ar. bedawi rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bada to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.]

Defn: One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. -- Bed"ou*in*ism (, n.

BEDOUIN Bed"ou*in, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad.

BEDPAN Bed"pan`, n.

1. A pan for warming beds. Nares.

2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed.

BEDPHERE Bed"phere`, n.

Defn: See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BEDPIECE; BEDPLATE Bed"piece`, Bed"plate`, n. (Mach.)

Defn: The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; -- called also baseplate and soleplate.

BEDPOST Bed"post`, n.

1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead.

2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer.

BEDQUILT Bed"quilt`, n.

Defn: A quilt for a bed; a coverlet.

BEDRABBLE Be*drab"ble, v. t.

Defn: To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble.

BEDRAGGLE Be*drag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedraggled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling (.]

Defn: To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift.

BEDRENCH Be*drench", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedrenched (p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.]

Defn: To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak.

BEDRIBBLE Be*drib"ble, v. t.

Defn: To dribble upon.

BEDRID; BEDRIDDEN Bed"rid`, Bed"rid`den, a. Etym: [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ]

Defn: Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. "Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father." Shak. "The estate of a bedridden old gentleman." Macaulay.

BEDRIGHT; BEDRITE Bed"right` Bed"rite`, n. Etym: [Bed + right, rite.]

Defn: The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak.

BEDRIZZLE Be*driz"zle, v. t.

Defn: To drizzle upon.

BED ROCK Bed" rock". (Mining)

Defn: The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig.

BEDROOM Bed"room, n.

1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room.

2. Room in a bed.

Note: [In this sense preferably bed room.] Then by your side no bed room me deny. Shak.

BEDROP Be*drop", v. t.

Defn: To sprinkle, as with drops. The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold. Pope.

BEDRUG Be*drug", v. t.

Defn: To drug abundantly or excessively.

BED SCREW Bed" screw`.

1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching.

2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces.

BEDSIDE Bed"side`, n.

Defn: The side of a bed.

BEDSITE Bed"site`, n.

Defn: A recess in a room for a bed. Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed. Quart. Rev.

BEDSORE Bed"sore`, n. (Med.)

Defn: A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed.

BEDSPREAD Bed"spread`, n.

Defn: A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.]

BEDSTAFF Bed"staff`, n.; pl. Bedstaves (.

Defn: "A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side." Johnson. Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff. B. Jonson. Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves. Brome.

BEDSTEAD Bed"stead, n. Etym: [Bed + stead a frame.]

Defn: A framework for supporting a bed.

BED STEPS Bed" steps`.

Defn: Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height.

BEDSTOCK Bed"stock, n.

Defn: The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

BEDSTRAW Bed"straw`, n.

1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers. Our Lady's bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. -- White bedstraw is G. mollugo.

BEDSWERVER Bed"swerv`er, n.

Defn: One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak.

BEDTICK Bed"tick`, n.

Defn: A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed.

BEDTIME Bed"time`, n.

Defn: The time to go to bed. Shak.

BEDUCK Be*duck", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked (.]

Defn: To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. "Deep himself beducked." Spenser.

BEDUIN Bed"uin, n.

Defn: See Bedouin.

BEDUNG Be*dung", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged.]

Defn: To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall.

BEDUST Be*dust", v. t.

Defn: To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood.

BEDWARD Bed"ward, adv.

Defn: Towards bed.

BEDWARF Be*dwarf", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwarfed.]

Defn: To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne.

BEDYE Be*dye", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.]

Defn: To dye or stain. Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed. Spenser.

BEE Bee,

Defn: p. p. of Be; -- used for been. [Obs.] Spenser.

BEE Bee, n. Etym: [AS. beó; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. sq. root97.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apidæ (the honeybees), or family Andrenidæ (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee.

Note: There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona.

2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as, a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.] The cellar . . . was dug by a bee in a single day. S. G. Goodrich.

3. pl. Etym: [Prob. fr. AS. beáh ring, fr. b to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.)

Defn: Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore-topmast stays through; -- called also bee blocks. Bee beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. -- Bee bird (Zoöl.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. -- Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. -- Bee fly (Zoöl.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliidæ. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. -- Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. -- Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; -- called also propolis. -- Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. -- Bee killer (Zoöl.), a large two-winged fly of the family Asilidæ (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. -- Bee louse (Zoöl.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula cæca) parasitic on hive bees. -- Bee martin (Zoöl.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. -- Bee moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvæ feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. -- Bee wolf (Zoöl.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. -- To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. "She's whiles crack-brained, and has a bee in her head." Sir W. Scott.

BEEBREAD Bee"bread`, n.

Defn: A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young.

BEECH Beech, n.; pl. Beeches. Etym: [OE. beche, AS. b; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. bög, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. oak, to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree of the genus Fagus.

Note: It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America. Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana). -- Beech marten (Zoöl.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). -- Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. -- Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. -- Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper- colored, shining leaves.

BEECHEN Beech"en, a. Etym: [AS. b.]

Defn: Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. "Plain beechen vessels." Dryden.

BEECHNUT Beech"nut`, n.

Defn: The nut of the beech tree.

BEECH TREE Beech" tree`.

Defn: The beech.

BEECHY Beech"y, a.

Defn: Of or relating to beeches.

BEE-EATER Bee"-eat`er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes.

BEEF Beef, n. Etym: [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. b, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. , Skr. g cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.]

1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food.

Note: [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (.] A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine. Milton.

2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food.

Note: [In this sense, the word has no plural.] "Great meals of beef." Shak.

3. Applied colloquially to human flesh.

BEEF Beef, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef. Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth.

BEEFEATER Beef"eat`er, n. Etym: [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another's beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlaf servant, properly a loaf eater.]

1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person.

2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larvæ of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known.

BEEFSTEAK Beef"steak`, n.

Defn: A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling.

BEEF-WITTED Beef"-wit`ted, n.

Defn: Stupid; dull. Shak.

BEEFWOOD Beef"wood`, n.

Defn: An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also, the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland.

BEEFY Beef"y, a.

Defn: Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy.

BEEHIVE Bee"hive`, n.

Defn: A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively.

Note: A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses.

BEEHOUSE Bee"house`, n.

Defn: A house for bees; an apiary.

BEE LARKSPUR Bee" lark`spur.

Defn: (Bot.) See Larkspur.

BEELD Beeld, n.

Defn: Same as Beild. Fairfax.

BEE LINE Bee" line`.

Defn: The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. "A bee line for the brig." Kane.

BEELZEBUB Be*el"ze*bub, n.

Defn: The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal.

BEEM Beem, n. Etym: [AS. b, b.]

Defn: A trumpet. [Obs.]

BEEMASTER Bee"mas`ter, n.

Defn: One who keeps bees.

BEEN Been. Etym: [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.]

Defn: The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee. Assembled been a senate grave and stout. Fairfax.

BEER Beer, n. Etym: [OE. beor, ber, AS. beór; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bj, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. *93, See Brew.]

1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor.

Note: Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale.

2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc. Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. "To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer." Shak.

BEEREGAR Beer"e*gar, n. Etym: [Beer + eager.]

Defn: Sour beer. [Obs.]

BEERHOUSE Beer"house`, n.

Defn: A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse.

BEERINESS Beer"i*ness, n.

Defn: Beery condition.

BEERY Beer"y, a.

Defn: Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin.

BEESTINGS Beest"ings, n.

Defn: Same as Biestings.

BEESWAX Bees"wax`, n.

Defn: The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed.

BEESWING Bees"wing`, n.

Defn: The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee.

BEET Beet, n. Etym: [AS. bete, from L. beta.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year.

2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar.

Note: There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old "white beet", cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla).

BEETE; BETE Beete, Bete, v. t. Etym: [AS. b to mend. See Better.]

1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEETLE Bee"tle, n. Etym: [OE. betel, AS. bitl, b, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.]

1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc.

2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; -- called also beetling machine. Knight.

BEETLE Bee"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.]

1. To beat with a heavy mallet.

2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as, to beetle cotton goods.

BEETLE Bee"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. b, fr. b to bite. See Bite, v. t.]

Defn: Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera. Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidæ, parasitic on beetles. -- Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis).

BEETLE Bee"tle, v. i. Etym: [See Beetlebrowed.]

Defn: To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut. To the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shak. Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime. Wordsworth.

BEETLE BROW Bee"tle brow`.

Defn: An overhanging brow.

BEETLE-BROWED Bee"tle-browed`, a. Etym: [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.]

Defn: Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen.

Note: The earlier meaning was, "Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows."

BEETLEHEAD Bee"tle*head`, n. Etym: [Beetle a mallet + head.]

1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover.

BEETLE-HEADED Bee"tle-head`ed, a.

Defn: Dull; stupid. Shak.

BEETLESTOCK Bee"tle*stock`, n.

Defn: The handle of a beetle.

BEET RADISH Beet" rad`ish.

Defn: Same as Beetrave.

BEETRAVE Beet"rave`, n. Etym: [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.]

Defn: The common beet (Beta vulgaris).

BEEVE Beeve, n. Etym: [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.]

Defn: A beef; a beef creature. They would knock down the first beeve they met with. W. Irving.

BEEVES Beeves, n.

Defn: ; plural of Beef, the animal.

BEFALL Be*fall", v. t. [imp. Befell; p. p. Befallen; p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] Etym: [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.]

Defn: To happen to. I beseech your grace that I may know The worst that may befall me. Shak.

BEFALL Be*fall", v. i.

Defn: To come to pass; to happen. I have revealed . . . the discord which befell. Milton.

BEFIT Be*fit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.]

Defn: To be suitable to; to suit; to become. That name best befits thee. Milton.

BEFITTING Be*fit"ting, a.

Defn: Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting.

BEFITTINGLY Be*fit"ting*ly, adv.

Defn: In a befitting manner; suitably.

BEFLATTER Be*flat"ter, v. t.

Defn: To flatter excessively.

BEFLOWER Be*flow"er, v. t.

Defn: To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.

BEFOG Be*fog", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging.]

1. To involve in a fog; -- mostly as a participle or part. adj.

2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify.

BEFOOL Be*fool", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled; p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] Etym: [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.]

1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive. This story . . . contrived to befool credulous men. Fuller.

2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. "Some befooling drug." G. Eliot.

BEFORE Be*fore", prep. Etym: [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before. See Be-, and Fore.]

1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as, to stand before the fire; before the house. His angel, who shall go Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire. Milton.

2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; -- sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that. Before Abraham was, I am. John viii. 58. Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary. Swift.

Note: Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. "Before that Philip called thee . . . I saw thee." John i. 48.

3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time. The golden age . . . is before us. Carlyle.

4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than. He that cometh after me is preferred before me. John i. 15. The eldest son is before the younger in succession. Johnson.

5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing. Abraham bowed down himself before the people. Gen. xxiii. 12. Wherewith shall I come before the Lord Micah vi. 6.

6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of. If a suit be begun before an archdeacon. Ayliffe.

7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of. The world was all before them where to choose. Milton. Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, -- because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. -- Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft.

BEFORE Be*fore", adv.

1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; -- opposed to in the rear. The battle was before and behind. 2 Chron. xiii. 14.

2. In advance. "I come before to tell you." Shak.

3. In time past; previously; already. You tell me, mother, what I knew before. Dryden.

4. Earlier; sooner than; until then. When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before. Shak.

Note: Before is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, before- cited, before-mentioned; beforesaid.

BEFOREHAND Be*fore"hand`, adv. Etym: [Before + hand.]

1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; -- often followed by with. Agricola . . . resolves to be beforehand with the danger. Milton. The last cited author has been beforehand with me. Addison.

2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime. They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking. Hooker.

BEFOREHAND Be*fore"hand`, a.

Defn: In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded. Rich and much beforehand. Bacon.

BEFORETIME Be*fore"time`, adv.

Defn: Formerly; aforetime. [They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime. 2 Kings xiii. 5.

BEFORTUNE Be*for"tune, v. t.

Defn: To befall. [Poetic] I wish all good befortune you. Shak.

BEFOUL Be*foul", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befouled; p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] Etym: [Cf. AS. bef; pref. be- + f to foul. See Foul, a.]

1. To make foul; to soil.

2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.

BEFRIEND Be*friend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.]

Defn: To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance. By the darkness befriended. Longfellow.

BEFRIENDMENT Be*friend"ment, n.

Defn: Act of befriending. [R.]

BEFRILL Be*frill", v. t.

Defn: To furnish or deck with a frill.

BEFRINGE Be*fringe", v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller.

BEFUDDLE Be*fud"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befuddled]

Defn: To becloud and confuse, as with liquor.

BEG Beg, n. Etym: [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.]

Defn: A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey.

BEG Beg, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begged; p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] Etym: [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.]

1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech. I do beg your good will in this case. Shak. [Joseph] begged the body of Jesus. Matt. xxvii. 58.

Note: Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as, I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you.

2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house. Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. Ps. xxxvii. 25.

3. To make petition to; to entreat; as, to beg a person to grant a favor.

4. To take for granted; to assume without proof.

5. (Old Law)

Defn: To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for. Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards. Harrington. Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool. I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as, I beg to inform you. -- To bag the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. -- To go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as, grapes are so plentiful there that they go a-begging.

Syn. -- To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person's acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, "we can never talk of asking a person's acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor." This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America.

BEG Beg, v. i.

Defn: To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms. I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke xvi. 3.

BEGA Be"ga, n.

Defn: See Bigha.

BEGEM Be*gem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begemmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.]

Defn: To adorn with gems, or as with gems. Begemmed with dewdrops. Sir W. Scott. Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem. Shelley.

BEGET Be*get", v. t. [imp. Begot, (Archaic) Begat (; p. p. Begot, Begotten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] Etym: [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be- + gitan. See Get, v. t. ]

1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; -- commonly said of the father. Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget. Milton.

2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak.

3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist. Love is begot by fancy. Granville.

BEGETTER Be*get"ter, n.

Defn: One who begets; a father.

BEGGABLE Beg"ga*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being begged.

BEGGAR Beg"gar, n. Etym: [OE. beggere, fr. beg.]

1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner.

2. One who makes it his business to ask alms.

3. One who is dependent upon others for support; -- a contemptuous or sarcastic use.

4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson.

BEGGAR Beg"gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beggared; p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.]

1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as, he had beggared himself. Milton.

2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate. It beggared all description. Shak.

BEGGARHOOD Beg"gar*hood, n.

Defn: The condition of being a beggar; also, the class of beggars.

BEGGARISM Beg"gar*ism, n.

Defn: Beggary. [R.]

BEGGARLINESS Beg"gar*li*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness.

BEGGARLY Beg"gar*ly, a.

1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty-stricken; mean; poor; contemptible. "A bankrupt, beggarly fellow." South. "A beggarly fellowship." Swift. "Beggarly elements." Gal. iv. 9.

2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.] Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation. Jer. Taylor.

BEGGARLY Beg"gar*ly, adv.

Defn: In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar.

BEGGAR'S LICE Beg"gar's lice`. (Bot.)

Defn: The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them.

BEGGAR'S TICKS Beg"gar's ticks`.

Defn: The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity.

BEGGARY Beg"gar*y, n. Etym: [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.]

1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty.

2. Beggarly appearance. [R.] The freedom and the beggary of the old studio. Thackeray.

Syn. -- Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy.

BEGGARY Beg"gar*y, a.

Defn: Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BEGGESTERE Beg"ge*stere, n. Etym: [Beg + -ster.]

Defn: A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEGHARD; BEGUARD Be*ghard" Be*guard", n. Etym: [F. bégard, béguard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + -ard or -hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins.

BEGILD Be*gild", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begilded or Begilt.]

Defn: To gild. B. Jonson.

BEGIN Be*gin", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Began, Begun; p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning.] Etym: [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be- + an assumed ginnan. sq. root31. See Gin to begin.]

1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence. Vast chain of being! which from God began. Pope.

2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. "Tears began to flow." Dryden. When I begin, I will also make an end. 1 Sam. iii. 12.

BEGIN Be*gin", v. t.

1. To enter on; to commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song. Pope.

2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of. The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke.

Syn. -- To commence; originate; set about; start.

BEGIN Be*gin", n.

Defn: Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser.

BEGINNER Be*gin"ner, n.

Defn: One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro. A sermon of a new beginner. Swift.

BEGINNING Be*gin"ning, n.

1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an

## action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a

course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1.

2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source. I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8.

3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element. Mighty things from small beginnings grow. Dryden.

4. Enterprise. "To hinder our beginnings." Shak.

Syn. -- Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation.

BEGIRD Be*gird", v. t. [imp. Begirt, Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] Etym: [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be- + gyrdan to gird.]

1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird.

2. To surround as with a band; to encompass.

BEGIRDLE Be*gir"dle, v. t.

Defn: To surround as with a girdle.

BEGIRT Be*girt", v. t.

Defn: To encompass; to begird. Milton.

BEGLERBEG Beg"ler*beg`, n. Etym: [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.]

Defn: The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier.

BEGNAW Be*gnaw", v. t. [p. p. Begnawed, (R.) Begnawn (.] Etym: [AS. begnagan; pref. be- + gnagan to gnaw.]

Defn: To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode. The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shak.

BEGOD Be*god", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begodded.]

Defn: To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] "Begodded saints." South.

BEGOHM Beg"ohm`, n. (Elec.)

Defn: A unit of resistance equal to one billion ohms, or one thousand megohms.

BEGONE Be*gone", interj. Etym: [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.]

Defn: Go away; depart; get you gone.

BEGONE Be*gone", p. p. Etym: [OE. begon, AS. bigan; pref. be- + gan to go.]

Defn: Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe-begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

BEGONIA Be*go"ni*a, n. Etym: [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one- sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

BEGORE Be*gore", v. t.

Defn: To besmear with gore.

BEGOT Be*got",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Beget.

BEGOTTEN Be*got"ten,

Defn: p. p. of Beget.

BEGRAVE Be*grave", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.]

Defn: To bury; also, to engrave. [Obs.] Gower.

BEGREASE Be*grease", v. t.

Defn: To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter.

BEGRIME Be*grime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.]

Defn: To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in. Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust. Macaulay.

BEGRIMER Be*grim"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, begrimes.

BEGRUDGE Be*grudge", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged; p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.]

Defn: To grudge; to envy the possession of.

BEGUILE Be*guile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.]

1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 13.

2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.] When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage. Shak.

3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert. Ballads . . . to beguile his incessant wayfaring. W. Irving.

Syn. -- To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain.

BEGUILEMENT Be*guile"ment, n.

Defn: The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled.

BEGUILER Be*guil"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, beguiles.

BEGUILING Be*guil"ing, a.

Defn: Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. -- Be*guil"ing*ly, adv.

BEGUIN Be`guin", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Beghard.

BEGUINAGE Be`gui`nage", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines.

BEGUINE Be`guine", n. Etym: [F. béguine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le Bègue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)]

Defn: A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows.

BEGUM Be"gum, n. Etym: [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.]

Defn: In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom.

BEGUN Be*gun", p. p.

Defn: of Begin.

BEHALF Be*half", n. Etym: [OE. on-behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be-, and Half, n.]

Defn: Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication. In behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney. Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation. Clarendon. In behalf of, in the interest of. -- On behalf of, on account of; on the part of.

BEHAPPEN Be*hap"pen, v. t.

Defn: To happen to. [Obs.]

BEHAVE Be*have", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] Etym: [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ]

1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.] He did behave his anger ere 't was spent. Shak.

2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; -- used reflexively. Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 Macc. ii. 21.

BEHAVE Be*have", v. i.

Defn: To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one's self; as, to behave well or ill.

Note: This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as, if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as, the ship behaved splendidly.

BEHAVIOR Be*hav"ior, n.

Defn: Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one's self; conduct; deportment; carriage; -- used also of inanimate objects; as, the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle. A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior. Steele. To be upon one's good behavior, To be put upon one's good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. -- During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one's self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety.

Syn. -- Bearing; demeanor; manner. -- Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy.

BEHEAD Be*head", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] Etym: [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.]

Defn: To sever the head from; to take off the head of.

BEHEADAL Be*head"al

Defn: ,n.Beheading. [Modern]

BEHELD Be*held",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Behold.

BEHEMOTH Be"he*moth, n. Etym: [Heb. behem, fr. Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.]

Defn: An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15- 24.

BEHEN; BEHN Be"hen, Behn, n. Etym: [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender.

BEHEST Be*hest", n. Etym: [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. beh promise; pref. be- + h command. See Hest, Hight.]

1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction. To do his master's high behest. Sir W. Scott.

2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made. Paston.

BEHEST Be*hest", v. t.

Defn: To vow. [Obs.] Paston.

BEHETE Be*hete", v. t.

Defn: See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEHIGHT Be*hight", v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] Etym: [OE. bihaten, AS. behatan to vow, promise; pref. be- + hatan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.]

1. To promise; to vow. Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey.

2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust. The keys are to thy hand behight. Spenser.

3. To adjudge; to assign by authority. The second was to Triamond behight. Spenser.

4. To mean, or intend. More than heart behighteth. Mir. for Mag.

5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be. All the lookers-on him dead behight. Spenser.

6. To call; to name; to address. Whom . . . he knew and thus behight. Spenser.

7. To command; to order. He behight those gates to be unbarred. Spenser.

BEHIGHT Be*hight", n.

Defn: A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey.

BEHIND Be*hind", prep. Etym: [AS. behindan; pref. be- + hindan. See Hind, a.]

1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a hill. A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood. Bp. Hall.

2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death. A small part of what he left behind him. Pope.

3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement. I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5.

BEHIND Be*hind", adv.

1. At the back part; in the rear. "I shall not lag behind." Milton.

2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as, to look behind.

3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining. We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke.

4. Backward in time or order of succession; past. Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. ii. 13.

5. After the departure of another; as, to stay behind. Leave not a rack behind. Shak.

BEHIND Be*hind", n.

Defn: The backside; the rump. [Low]

BEHINDHAND Be*hind"hand`, adv. & a. Etym: [Behind + hand.]

1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds.

2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as, behindhand in studies or in work. In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand. Addison.

BEHITHER Be*hith"er, prep.

Defn: On this side of. [Obs.] Two miles behither Clifden. Evelyn.

BEHOLD Be*hold", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld ( (p. p. formerly Beholden (, now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] Etym: [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be- + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.]

Defn: To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John. i. 29.

Syn. -- To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern.

BEHOLD Be*hold", v. i.

Defn: To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see. And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, . . . a lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6.

BEHOLDEN Be*hold"en, p. a. Etym: [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.]

Defn: Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted. But being so beholden to the Prince. Tennyson.

BEHOLDER Be*hold"er, n.

Defn: One who beholds; a spectator.

BEHOLDING Be*hold"ing, a.

Defn: Obliged; beholden. [Obs.] I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father. Robynson (More's Utopia). So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister's children. Fuller.

BEHOLDING Be*hold"ing, n.

Defn: The act of seeing; sight; also, that which is beheld. Shak.

BEHOLDINGNESS Be*hold"ing*ness, n.

Defn: , The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

BEHOOF Be*hoof", n. Etym: [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. beh advantage, a word implied in beh necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings "to hold, make use of." See Heave, v. t.]

Defn: Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use. No mean recompense it brings To your behoof. Milton.

BEHOOVABLE Be*hoov"a*ble, a.

Defn: Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall.

BEHOOVE Be*hoove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved; p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] Etym: [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. beh to have need of, fr. beh. See Behoof.]

Defn: To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; -- mostly used impersonally. And thus it behooved Christ to suffer. Luke xxiv. 46. [Also written behove.]

BEHOOVE Be*hoove", v. i.

Defn: To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer.

BEHOOVE Be*hoove", n.

Defn: Advantage; behoof. [Obs.] It shall not be to his behoove. Gower.

BEHOOVEFUL Be*hoove"ful, a.

Defn: Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] -- Be*hoove"ful*ly, adv. -- Be*hoove"ful*ness, n. [Archaic]

BEHOVE Be*hove", v.

Defn: , and derivatives. See Behoove, & c.

BEHOVELY Be*hove"ly, a. & adv.

Defn: Useful, or usefully. [Obs.]

BEHOWL Be*howl", v. t.

Defn: To howl at. [Obs.] The wolf behowls the moon. Shak.

BEIGE Beige, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Debeige.

BEILD Beild, n. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.]

Defn: A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.] The random beild o' clod or stane. Burns.

BEING Be"ing, p. pr. from Be.

Defn: Existing.

Note: Being was formerly used where we now use having. "Being to go to a ball in a few days." Miss Edgeworth.

Note: In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past

## participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process

toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building. A man who is being strangled. Lamb. While the article on Burns was being written. Froude. Fresh experience is always being gained. Jowett (Thucyd. )

BEING Be"ing, n.

1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence. In Him we live, and move, and have our being. Acts xvii. 28.

2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as, a human being; spiritual beings. What a sweet being is an honest mind ! Beau. & Fl. A Being of infinite benevolence and power. Wordsworth.

3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.] Claudius, thou Wast follower of his fortunes in his being. Webster (1654).

4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into little beings within my manor. Steele.

BEING Be"ing, adv.

Defn: Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.] And being you have Declined his means, you have increased his malice. Beau. & Fl.

BEJADE Be*jade", v. t.

Defn: To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.

BEJAPE Be*jape", v. t.

Defn: To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEJAUNDICE Be*jaun"dice, v. t.

Defn: To infect with jaundice.

BEJEWEL Be*jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.]

Defn: To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. "Bejeweled hands." Thackeray.

BEJUCO Be*ju"co, n. [Sp., a reed or woody vine.]

Defn: Any climbing woody vine of the tropics with the habit of a liane; in the Philippines, esp. any of various species of Calamus, the cane or rattan palm.

BEJUMBLE Be*jum"ble, v. t.

Defn: To jumble together.

BEKAH Be"kah, n. Etym: [Heb.]

Defn: Half a shekel.

BEKNAVE Be*knave", v. t.

Defn: To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.

BEKNOW Be*know", v. t.

Defn: To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEL Bel, n.

Defn: The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.

BELABOR Be*la"bor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.]

1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. "If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn." Barrow.

2. To beat soundly; to cudgel. Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden.

BEL-ACCOYLE Bel`-ac*coyle", n. Etym: [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.]

Defn: A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.]

BELACE Be*lace", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced.]

1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.]

2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont.

3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.

BELAM Be*lam", v. t. Etym: [See Lam.]

Defn: To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd.

BELAMOUR Bel"a*mour, n. Etym: [F. bel amour fair love.]

1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.] Her snowy brows, like budded belamours. Spenser.

BELAMY Bel"a*my, n. Etym: [F. bel ami fair friend.]

Defn: Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BELATE Be*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.]

Defn: To retard or make too late. Davenant.

BELATED Be*lat"ed, a.

Defn: Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. "Some belated peasant." Milton. -- Be*lat"ed*ness, n. Milton.

BELAUD Be*laud", v. t.

Defn: To laud or praise greatly.

BELAY Be*lay", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] Etym: [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.]

1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.] Jacket . . . belayed with silver lace. Spenser.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten.

3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden. Belay thee! Stop.

BELAYING PIN Be*lay"ing pin`. (Naut.)

Defn: A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.

BELCH Belch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched; p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] Etym: [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.]

1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct. I belched a hurricane of wind. Swift.

2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent. Within the gates that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame. Milton.

BELCH Belch, v. i.

1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate.

2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.

BELCH Belch, n.

1. The act of belching; also, that which is belched; an eructation.

2. Malt liquor; -- vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis.

BELCHER Belch"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, belches.

BELDAM; BELDAME Bel"dam Bel"dame, n. Etym: [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.]

1. Grandmother; -- corresponding to belsire. To show the beldam daughters of her daughter. Shak.

2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag. Around the beldam all erect they hang. Akenside.

BELEAGUER Be*lea"guer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beleaguered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] Etym: [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. belägra, Dan. beleire); pref. be- = E. be- + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.]

Defn: To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade. The wail of famine in beleaguered towns. Longfellow.

Syn. -- To block up; environ; invest; encompass.

BELEAGUERER Be*lea"guer*er, n.

Defn: One who beleaguers.

BELEAVE Be*leave", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleft.]

Defn: To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May.

BELECTURE Be*lec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belectured; p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.]

Defn: To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently.

BELEE Be*lee", v. t.

Defn: To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak.

BELEMNITE Be*lem"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. dart, fr. dart, fr. to throw: cf. F. bélemnite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. -- Bel*em*nit"ic, a.

BELEPER Be*lep"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered.]

Defn: To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BEL-ESPRIT Bel"-es*prit", n.; pl. Beaux-esprits. Etym: [F., fine wit.]

Defn: A fine genius, or man of wit. "A man of letters and a bel esprit." W. Irving.

BELFRY Bel"fry, n. Etym: [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.]

1. (Mil. Antiq.)

Defn: A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense.

2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile.

3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: The framing on which a bell is suspended.

BELGARD Bel*gard", n. Etym: [It. bel guardo.]

Defn: A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser.

BELGIAN Bel"gi*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Belgium. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Belgium.

BELGIAN BLOCK Belgian block.

Defn: A nearly cubical block of some tough stone, esp. granite, used as a material for street pavements. Its usual diameter is 5 to 7 inches.

BELGIC Bel"gic, a. Etym: [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.]

1. Of or pertaining to the Belgæ, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. How unlike their Belgic sires of old. Goldsmith.

2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium.

BELGRAVIAN Bel*gra"vi*an, a.

Defn: Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic.

BELIAL Be"li*al, n. Etym: [Heb. beli ya'al; beli without + ya'al profit.]

Defn: An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil. What concord hath Christ with Belia 2 Cor. vi. 15. A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12.

BELIBEL Be*li"bel, v. t. Etym: [See Libel, v. t. ]

Defn: To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller.

BELIE Be*lie", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belied; p. pr. & vb. n. Belying.] Etym: [OE. bilien, bili, AS. beleógan; pref. be- + leógan to lie. See Lie, n.]

1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood. Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden.

2. To give a false representation or account of. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak.

3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander. Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him. Shak.

4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden.

5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] "The breath of slander doth belie all corners of the world." Shak.

BELIEF Be*lief", n. Etym: [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. geleáfa. See Believe.]

1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as, belief of a witness; the belief of our senses. Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance. Reid.

2. (Theol.)

Defn: A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith. No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth. Hooker.

3. The thing believed; the object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon.

4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed. In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation. Hooker. Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn. -- Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion.

BELIEFFUL Be*lief"ful, a.

Defn: Having belief or faith.

BELIEVABLE Be*liev"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being believed; credible. -- Be*liev"a*ble*ness, n. -- Be*liev`a*bil"i*ty (, n.

BELIEVE Be*lieve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed; p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] Etym: [OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gel, gel; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gil, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.]

Defn: To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as, to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine. Our conqueror (whom I now Of force believe almighty). Milton. King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets Acts xxvi. Often followed by a dependent clause. I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Acts viii. 37.

Syn. -- See Expect.

BELIEVE Be*lieve", v. i.

1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith. Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief. Mark ix. 24. With the heart man believeth unto righteousness. Rom. x. 10.

2. To think; to suppose. I will not believe so meanly of you. Fielding. To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; -- as, to believe in the resurrection of the dead. "She does not believe in Jupiter." J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; -- especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. "Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me." John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an

## action or state are beneficial: as, to believe in sea bathing, or in

abstinence from alcoholic beverages. -- To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in.

BELIEVER Be*liev"er, n.

1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing.

2. (Theol.)

Defn: One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; -- in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel. Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers. Book of Com. Prayer.

3. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction.

BELIEVING Be*liev"ing, a.

Defn: That believes; having belief. -- Be*liev"ing*ly, adv.

BELIGHT Be*light", v. t.

Defn: To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley.

BELIKE Be*like", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- (for by) + like.]

Defn: It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] -- Be*like"ly, adv. Belike, boy, then you are in love. Shak.

BELIME Be*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belimed.]

Defn: To besmear or insnare with birdlime.

BELITTLE Be*lit"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled; p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.]

Defn: To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson.

BELIVE Be*live", adv. Etym: [Cf. Live, a.]

Defn: Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BELK Belk, v. t. Etym: [See Belch.]

Defn: To vomit. [Obs.]

BELL Bell, n. Etym: [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.]

1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck.

Note: Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin. The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof."

2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved.

3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. "In a cowslip's bell I lie." Shak.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital.

5. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated.

Note: On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o'clock. Half an hour after it has struck "eight bells" it is struck once, and at every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is increased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which constitute a watch, it is struck eight times. To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. Fuller. -- To bear the bell, to be the first or leader; -- in allusion to the bellwether or a flock, or the leading animal of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. -- To curse by bell, book, and candle, a solemn form of excommunication used in the Roman Catholic church, the bell being tolled, the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies. Nares. -- To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. "In single fight he lost the bell." Fairfax. -- To shake the bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak.

Note: Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations; as, bell clapper; bell foundry; bell hanger; bell-mouthed; bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self-explaining. Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the curve of an ogee. -- Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arch.), a timber frame constructed to carry one or more large bells. -- Bell cot (Arch.), a small or subsidiary construction, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a structure, and used to contain and support one or more bells. -- Bell deck (Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a roof to the rooms below. -- Bell founder, one whose occupation it is to found or cast bells. -- Bell foundry, or Bell foundery, a place where bells are founded or cast. -- Bell gable (Arch.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with one or more openings, and used to contain bells. -- Bell glass. See Bell jar. -- Bell hanger, a man who hangs or puts up bells. -- Bell pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connecting with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell when pulled. Aytoun. -- Bell punch, a kind of conductor's punch which rings a bell when used. -- Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. -- Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. -- Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. -- Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. -- Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

BELL Bell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled; p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.]

Defn: To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat.

2. To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube.

BELL Bell, v. i.

Defn: To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell.

BELL Bell, v. t. Etym: [AS. bellan. See Bellow.]

Defn: To utter by bellowing. [Obs.]

BELL Bell, v. i.

Defn: To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar. As loud as belleth wind in hell. Chaucer. The wild buck bells from ferny brake. Sir W. Scott.

BELLADONNA Bel`la*don"na, n. Etym: [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

BELL ANIMALCULE Bell" an`i*mal"cule. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An infusorian of the family Vorticellidæ, common in fresh-water ponds.

BELLARMINE Bel"lar*mine, n.

Defn: A stoneware jug of a pattern originated in the neighborhood of Cologne, Germany, in the 16th century. It has a bearded face or mask supposed to represent Cardinal Bellarmine, a leader in the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, following the Reformation; -- called also graybeard, longbeard.

BELL BEARER Bell" bear`er. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bell-shaped appendages of its thorax.

BELLBIRD Bell"bird`, n. Etym: [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidæ, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

BELL CRANK Bell" crank`.

Defn: A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.

BELLE Belle, n. Etym: [F. belle, fem. of bel, beau, beautiful, fine. See Beau.]

Defn: A young lady of superior beauty and attractions; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice in society; a fair lady.

BELLED Belled, a.

Defn: Hung with a bell or bells.

BELLEEK WARE Bel*leek" ware.

Defn: A porcelainlike kind of decorative pottery with a high gloss, which is sometimes iridescent. A very fine kind is made at Belleek in Ireland.

BELLE-LETTRIST Belle-let"trist, n.

Defn: One versed in belleslettres.

BELLEROPHON Bel*ler"o*phon, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Heteropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age.

BELLES-LETTRES Belles-let"tres, n. pl. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Polite or elegant literature; the humanities; -- used somewhat vaguely for literary works in which imagination and taste are predominant.

BELLETRISTIC; BELLETRISTICAL Bel`le*tris"tic, Bel`le*tris"tic*al, a.

Defn: Occupied with, or pertaining to, belles-lettres. "An unlearned, belletristic trifler." M. Arnold.

BELL-FACED Bell"-faced`, a.

Defn: Having the striking surface convex; -- said of hammers.

BELLFLOWER Bell"flow`er, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Campanula; -- so named from its bell- shaped flowers.

BELLFLOWER Bell"flow`er, n. Etym: [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.]

Defn: A kind of apple. The yellow bellflower is a large, yellow winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.]

BELLIBONE Bel"li*bone, n. Etym: [F. belle et bonne, beautiful and good.]

Defn: A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness; a fair maid. [Obs.] Spenser.

BELLIC; BELLICAL Bel"lic, Bel"li*cal, a. Etym: [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to war; warlike; martial. [Obs.] "Bellic Cæsar." Feltham.

BELLICOSE Bel"li*cose`, a. Etym: [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.]

Defn: Inclined to war or contention; warlike; pugnacious. Arnold was, in fact, in a bellicose vein. W. Irving.

BELLICOSELY Bel"li*cose`ly, adv.

Defn: In a bellicose manner.

BELLICOUS Bel"li*cous, a.

Defn: Bellicose. [Obs.]

BELLIED Bel"lied

Defn: , a. Having (such) a belly; puffed out; -- used in composition; as, pot-bellied; shad-bellied.

BELLIGERENCE; BELLIGERENCY Bel*lig"er*ence, Bel*lig"er*en*cy, n.

Defn: The quality of being belligerent; act or state of making war; warfare.

BELLIGERENT Bel*lig"er*ent, a. Etym: [L. bellum war + gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage: cf. F. belligérant. See Bellicose, Jest.]

1. Waging war; carrying on war. "Belligerent powers." E. Everett.

2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to belligerents; as, a belligerent tone; belligerent rights.

BELLIGERENT Bel*lig"er*ent, n.

Defn: A nation or state recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in warfare.

BELLIGERENTLY Bel*lig"er*ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a belligerent manner; hostilely.

BELLING Bell"ing, n. Etym: [From Bell to bellow.]

Defn: A bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson.

BELLIPOTENT Bel*lip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. bellipotens; bellum war + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.]

Defn: Mighty in war; armipotent. [R.] Blount.

BELL JAR Bell" jar`. (Phys.)

Defn: A glass vessel, varying in size, open at the bottom and closed at the top like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top for lifting it. It is used for a great variety of purposes; as, with the air pump, and for holding gases, also for keeping the dust from articles exposed to view.

BELLMAN Bell"man, n.

Defn: A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of anything in the streets. Formerly, also, a night watchman who called the hours. Milton.

BELL METAL Bell" met`al.

Defn: A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; -- used for making bells. Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite.

BELL-MOUTHED Bell"-mouthed`, a.

Defn: Expanding at the mouth; as, a bell-mouthed gun. Byron.

BELLON Bel"lon, n.

Defn: Lead colic.

BELLONA Bel*lo"na, n. Etym: [L., from bellum war.] (Rom. Myth.)

Defn: The goddess of war.

BELLOW Bel"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] Etym: [OE. belwen, belowen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan; akin to G. bellen, and perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith. balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v., Bawl, Bull.]

1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull.

2. To bowl; to vociferate; to clamor. Dryden.

3. To roar; as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound. The bellowing voice of boiling seas. Dryden.

BELLOW Bel"low, v. t.

Defn: To emit with a loud voice; to shout; -- used with out. "Would bellow out a laugh." Dryden.

BELLOW Bel"low, n.

Defn: A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of an enraged bull; a roar.

BELLOWER Bel"low*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bellows.

BELLOWS Bel"lows, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [OE. bely, below, belly, bellows, AS. bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly. Bellows is prop. a pl. and the orig. sense is bag. See Belly.]

Defn: An instrument, utensil, or machine, which, by alternate expansion and contraction, or by rise and fall of the top, draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube for various purposes, as blowing fires, ventilating mines, or filling the pipes of an organ with wind. Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera, which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. -- Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. -- A pair of bellows, the ordinary household instrument for blowing fires, consisting of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles, connected by leather, and having a valve and tube.

BELLOWS FISH Bel"lows fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European fish (Centriscus scolopax), distinguished by a long tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; -- called also trumpet fish, and snipe fish.

BELL PEPPER Bell" pep`per. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper (C. annuum). It is the red pepper of the gardens.

BELL PROCESS Bell process. (Iron Metal.)

Defn: The process of washing molten pig iron by adding iron oxide, proposed by I. Lowthian Bell of England about 1875.

BELL-SHAPED Bell"-shaped`, a.

Defn: Having the shape of a widemouthed bell; campanulate.

BELL'S PALSY Bell's palsy.

Defn: Paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one side of the face.

BELL SYSTEM OF CONTROL Bell system of control. (Aëronautics)

Defn: See Cloche.

BELLUINE Bel"lu*ine, a. Etym: [L. belluinus, fr. bellua beast.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or like, a beast; brutal. [R.] Animal and belluine life. Atterbury.

BELLWETHER Bell"weth`er, n.

1. A wether, or sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck.

2. Hence: A leader. [Contemptuous] Swift.

BELLWORT Bell"wort", n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants (Uvularia) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers.

BELLY Bel"ly, n.; pl. Bellies. Etym: [OE. bali, bely, AS. belg, bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly; akin to Icel. belgr bag, bellows, Sw. bälg, Dan. bælg, D. & G. balg, cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf. Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Bilge.]

1. That part of the human body which extends downward from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen.

Note: Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities were called bellies; -- the lower belly being the abdomen; the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the head. Dunglison.

2. The under part of the body of animals, corresponding to the human belly. Underneath the belly of their steeds. Shak.

3. The womb. [Obs.] Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee. Jer. i. 5.

4. The part of anything which resembles the human belly in protuberance or in cavity; the innermost part; as, the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship. Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back. Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging down so as to cover the belly. Shak. -- Belly fretting, the chafing of a horse's belly with a girth. Johnson. -- Belly timber, food. [Ludicrous] Prior. -- Belly worm, a worm that breeds or lives in the belly (stomach or intestines). Johnson.

BELLY Bel"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellying.]

Defn: To cause to swell out; to fill. [R.] Your breath of full consent bellied his sails. Shak.

BELLY Bel"ly, v. i.

Defn: To swell and become protuberant, like the belly; to bulge. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden.

BELLYACHE Bel"ly*ache`, n.

Defn: Pain in the bowels; colic.

BELLYBAND Bel"ly*band`, n.

1. A band that passes under the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in place; a girth.

2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A band of canvas, to strengthen a sail.

BELLYBOUND Bel"ly*bound` (, a.

Defn: Costive; constipated.

BELLYCHEAT Bel"ly*cheat`, n.

Defn: An apron or covering for the front of the person. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BELLYCHEER Bel"ly*cheer`, n. Etym: [Perh. from F. belle chère.]

Defn: Good cheer; viands. [Obs.] "Bellycheer and banquets." Rowlands. "Loaves and bellycheer." Milton.

BELLYCHEER Bel"ly*cheer`, v. i.

Defn: To revel; to feast. [Obs.] A pack of clergymen [assembled] by themselves to bellycheer in their presumptuous Sion. Milton.

BELLYFUL Bel"ly*ful, n.

Defn: As much as satisfies the appetite. Hence: A great abundance; more than enough. Lloyd. King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments. Johnson.

BELLY-GOD Bel"ly-god`, n.

Defn: One whose great pleasure it is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure.

BELLY-PINCHED Bel"ly-pinched`, a.

Defn: Pinched with hunger; starved. "The belly-pinched wolf." Shak.

BELOCK Be*lock", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked.] Etym: [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. bel.]

Defn: To lock, or fasten as with a lock. [Obs.] Shak.

BELOMANCY Bel"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. ; arrow + a diviner: cf. F. bélomancie.]

Defn: A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to foreshow the future. Encyc. Brit.

BELONG Be*long", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Belonged; p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] Etym: [OE. belongen (akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to, to concern); pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.]

Note: [Usually construed with to.]

1. To be the property of; as, Jamaica belongs to Great Britain.

2. To be a part of, or connected with; to be appendant or related; to owe allegiance or service. A desert place belonging to . . . Bethsaids. Luke ix. 10. The mighty men which belonged to David. 1 Kings i. 8.

3. To be the concern or proper business or function of; to appertain to. "Do not interpretations belong to God " Gen. xl. 8.

4. To be suitable for; to be due to. Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age. Heb. v. 14. No blame belongs to thee. Shak.

5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong. Blackstone.

BELONG Be*long", v. t.

Defn: To be deserved by. [Obs.] More evils belong us than happen to us. B. Jonson.

BELONGING Be*long"ing, n. Etym: [Commonly in the pl.]

1. That which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects. "Thyself and thy belongings." Shak.

2. That which is connected with a principal or greater thing; an appendage; an appurtenance.

3. Family; relations; household. [Colloq.] Few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, before they did her bidding, to ask her reasons. Thackeray.

BELONITE Bel"o*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. a needle.] (Min.)

Defn: Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes observed in glassy volcanic rocks.

BELOOCHE; BELOOCHEE Bel*oo"che Bel*oo"chee, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Beloochistan, or to its inhabitants. -- n.

Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan.

BELORD Be*lord", v. t.

1. To act the lord over.

2. To address by the title of "lord".

BELOVE Be*love", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved.] Etym: [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be-, and Love, v. t.]

Defn: To love. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

BELOVED Be*loved", p. p. & a.

Defn: Greatly loved; dear to the heart. Antony, so well beloved of Cæsar. Shak. This is my beloved Son. Matt. iii. 17.

BELOVED Be*lov"ed, n.

Defn: One greatly loved. My beloved is mine, and I am his. Cant. ii. 16.

BELOW Be*low", prep. Etym: [Pref. be- by + low.]

1. Under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; as, below the moon; below the knee. Shak.

2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value, amount, price, etc.; lower in quality. "One degree below kings." Addison.

3. Unworthy of; unbefitting; beneath. They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, . . . how below all history the persons and their actions were. Milton. Who thinks no fact below his regard. Hallam.

Syn. -- Underneath; under; beneath.

BELOW Be*low", adv.

1. In a lower place, with respect to any object; in a lower room; beneath. Lord Marmion waits below. Sir W. Scott.

2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. The fairest child of Jove below. Prior.

3. In hell, or the regions of the dead. What businesss brought him to the realms below. Dryden.

4. In court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction; as, at the trial below. Wheaton.

5. In some part or page following.

BELOWT Be*lowt", v. t.

Defn: To treat as a lout; to talk abusively to. [Obs.] Camden.

BELSIRE Bel"sire`, n. Etym: [Pref. bel- + sire. Cf. Beldam.]

Defn: A grandfather, or ancestor. "His great belsire Brute." [Obs.] Drayton.

BELSWAGGER Bel"swag`ger, n. Etym: [Contr. from bellyswagger.]

Defn: A lewd man; also, a bully. [Obs.] Dryden.

BELT Belt, n. Etym: [AS. belt; akin to Icel. belti, Sw. bälte, Dan. bælte, OHG. balz, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael. balt bo

1. That which engirdles a person or thing; a band or girdle; as, a lady's belt; a sword belt. The shining belt with gold inlaid. Dryden.

2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle. He cannot buckle his distempered cause Within the belt of rule. Shak.

3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or crosses like a belt; a strip or stripe; as, a belt of trees; a belt of sand.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Band, n., 2. A very broad band is more properly termed a belt.

5. (Astron.)

Defn: One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds.

6. (Geog.)

Defn: A narrow passage or strait; as, the Great Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea.

7. (Her.)

Defn: A token or badge of knightly rank.

8. (Mech.)

Defn: A band of leather, or other flexible substance, passing around two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other.

Note: [See Illust. of Pulley.]

9. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: A band or stripe, as of color, round any organ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges. Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of machine belting.

BELT Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belted; p. pr. & vb. n. Belting.]

Defn: To encircle with, or as with, a belt; to encompass; to surround. A coarse black robe belted round the waist. C. Reade. They belt him round with hearts undaunted. Wordsworth.

2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

BELTANE Bel"tane, n. Etym: [Gael. bealltainn, bealltuinn.]

1. The first day of May (Old Style). The quarter-days anciently in Scotland were Hallowmas, Candlemas, Beltane, and Lammas. New English Dict.

2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kindled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

BELTED Belt"ed, a.

1. Encircled by, or secured with, a belt; as, a belted plaid; girt with a belt, as an honorary distinction; as, a belted knight; a belted earl.

2. Marked with a band or circle; as, a belted stalk.

3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt. Three men with belted brands. Sir W. Scott. Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest of the body is black; -- called also blanketed cattle.

BELTEIN; BELTIN Bel"tein, Bel"tin, n.

Defn: See Beltane.

BELTING Belt"ing, n.

Defn: The material of which belts for machinery are made; also, belts, taken collectively.

BELUGA Be*lu"ga, n. Etym: [Russ. bieluga a sort of large sturgeon, prop. white fish, fr. bieluii white.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cetacean allied to the dolphins.

Note: The northern beluga (Delphinapterus catodon) is the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows to be from twelve to eighteen feet long.

BELUTE Be*lute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Beluting.] Etym: [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.]

Defn: To bespatter, as with mud. [R.] Sterne.

BELVEDERE Bel`ve*dere", n. Etym: [It., fr. bello, bel, beautiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.)

Defn: A small building, or a part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a place commanding a fine prospect.

BELZEBUTH Bel"ze*buth, n. Etym: [From Beelzebub.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Brazil.

BEMA Be"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. step, platform.]

1. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly. Mitford.

2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel. (b) Erroneously: A pulpit.

BEMAD Be*mad", v. t.

Defn: To make mad. [Obs.] Fuller.

BEMANGLE Be*man"gle, v. t.

Defn: To mangle; to tear asunder. [R.] Beaumont.

BEMASK Be*mask", v. t.

Defn: To mask; to conceal.

BEMASTER Be*mas"ter, v. t.

Defn: To master thoroughly.

BEMAUL Be*maul", v. t.

Defn: To maul or beat severely; to bruise. "In order to bemaul Yorick." Sterne.

BEMAZE Be*maze, v. t. Etym: [OE. bimasen; pref. be- + masen to maze.]

Defn: To bewilder. Intellects bemazed in endless doubt. Cowper.

BEMEAN Be*mean", v. t.

Defn: To make mean; to lower. C. Reade.

BEMEET Be*meet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemet; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemeeting.]

Defn: To meet. [Obs.] Our very loving sister, well bemet. Shak.

BEMETE Be*mete", v. t.

Defn: To mete. [Obs.] Shak.

BEMINGLE Be*min"gle, v. t.

Defn: To mingle; to mix.

BEMIRE Be*mire", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemired; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemiring.]

Defn: To drag through, encumber with, or fix in, the mire; to soil by passing through mud or dirt. Bemired and benighted in the dog. Burke.

BEMIST Be*mist", v. t.

Defn: To envelop in mist. [Obs.]

BEMOAN Be*moan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] Etym: [OE. bimenen, AS. bem; pref. be- + m to moan. See Moan.]

Defn: To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with. Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans. Dryden.

Syn. -- See Deplore.

BEMOANER Be*moan"er, n.

Defn: One who bemoans.

BEMOCK Be*mock", v. t.

Defn: To mock; to ridicule. Bemock the modest moon. Shak.

BEMOIL Be*moil", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + moil, fr. F. mouiller to wet; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS. mal spot: cf. E. mole.]

Defn: To soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [Obs.] Shak.

BEMOL Be"mol, n. Etym: [F. bémol, fr. bé soft.] (Mus.)

Defn: The sign [Obs.]

BEMONSTER Be*mon"ster, v. t.

Defn: To make monstrous or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak.

BEMOURN Be*mourn", v. t.

Defn: To mourn over. Wyclif.

BEMUDDLE Be*mud"dle, v. t.

Defn: To muddle; to stupefy or bewilder; to confuse.

BEMUFFLE Be*muf"fle, v. t.

Defn: To cover as with a muffler; to wrap up. Bemuffled with the externals of religion. Sterne.

BEMUSE Be*muse", v. t.

Defn: To muddle, daze, or partially stupefy, as with liquor. A parson much bemused in beer. Pope.

BEN; BEN NUT Ben, Ben" nut`. Etym: [Ar. ban, name of the tree.] (Bot.)

Defn: The seed of one or more species of moringa; as, oil of ben. See Moringa.

BEN Ben, adv. & prep. Etym: [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + innan within, in in.]

Defn: Within; in; in or into the interior; toward the inner apartment. [Scot.]

BEN Ben, n. Etym: [See Ben, adv.]

Defn: The inner or principal room in a hut or house of two rooms; -- opposed to but, the outer apartment. [Scot.]

BEN Ben.

Defn: An old form of the pl. indic. pr. of Be. [Obs.]

BENAME Be*name", v. t. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.]

Defn: To promise; to name. [Obs.]

BENCH Bench, n.; pl. Benches. Etym: [OE. bench, benk, AS. benc; akin to Sw. bänk, Dan bænk, Icel. bekkr, OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bank, Beach.]

1. A long seat, differing from a stool in its greater length. Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs. Sir W. Scott.

2. A long table at which mechanics and other work; as, a carpenter's bench.

3. The seat where judges sit in court. To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak.

4. The persons who sit as judges; the court; as, the opinion of the full bench. See King's Bench.

5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the public; -- so named because the animals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms.

6. A conformation like a bench; a long stretch of flat ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river. Bench mark (Leveling), one of a number of marks along a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show where leveling staffs were placed. -- Bench of bishops, the whole body of English prelates assembled in council. -- Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners for working a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes. -- Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. -- Bench table (Arch.), a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a pillar, sufficient to form a seat.

BENCH Bench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched; p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.]

1. To furnish with benches. 'T was benched with turf. Dryden. Stately theaters benched crescentwise. Tennyson.

2. To place on a bench or seat of honor. Whom I . . . have benched and reared to worship. Shak.

BENCH Bench, v. i.

Defn: To sit on a seat of justice. [R.] Shak.

BENCHER Bench"er, n.

1. (Eng. Law)

Defn: One of the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court.

2. An alderman of a corporation. [Eng.] Ashmole.

3. A member of a court or council. [Obs.] Shak.

4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern; an idler. [Obs.]

BENCH MARK Bench mark. (Leveling)

Defn: Any permanent mark to which other levels may be referred. Specif. : A horizontal mark at the water's edge with reference to which the height of tides and floods may be measured.

BENCH WARRANT Bench" war`rant. (Law)

Defn: A process issued by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime; -- so called in distinction from a justice's warrant.

BEND Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent; p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] Etym: [AS. bendan to bend, fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v. t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.]

1. To strain or move out of a straight line; to crook by straining; to make crooked; to curve; to make ready for use by drawing into a curve; as, to bend a bow; to bend the knee.

2. To turn toward some certain point; to direct; to incline. "Bend thine ear to supplication." Milton. Towards Coventry bend we our course. Shak. Bending her eyes . . . upon her parent. Sir W. Scott.

3. To apply closely or with interest; to direct. To bend his mind to any public business. Temple. But when to mischief mortals bend their will. Pope.

4. To cause to yield; to render submissive; to subdue. "Except she bend her humor." Shak.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard or stay; or as a cable to the ring of an anchor. Totten. To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought or in anger; to scowl; to frown. Camden.

Syn. -- To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield.

BEND Bend, v. i.

1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to crook or be curving; to bow. The green earth's end Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend. Milton.

2. To jut over; to overhang. There is a cliff, whose high and bending head Looks fearfully in the confined deep. Shak.

3. To be inclined; to be directed. To whom our vows and wished bend. Milton.

4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission. While each to his great Father bends. Coleridge.

BEND Bend, n. Etym: [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.]

1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper direction or normal position; a curve; a crook; as, a slight bend of the body; a bend in a road.

2. Turn; purpose; inclination; ends. [Obs.] Farewell, poor swain; thou art not for my bend. Fletcher.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten.

4. (Leather Trade)

Defn: The best quality of sole leather; a butt. See Butt.

5. (Mining)

Defn: Hard, indurated clay; bind. Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They have the beams, knees, and foothooks bolted to them. Also, the frames or ribs that form the ship's body from the keel to the top of the sides; as, the midship bend.

BEND Bend, n. Etym: [AS. bend. See Band, and cf. the preceding noun.]

1. A band. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Etym: [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base.

BENDABLE Bend"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being bent.

BENDER Bend"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, bends.

2. An instrument used for bending.

3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.]

BENDING Bend"ing, n.

Defn: The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BENDLET Bend"let, n. Etym: [Bend + -let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.)

Defn: A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend.

BENDWISE Bend"wise, adv. (Her.)

Defn: Diagonally.

BENDY Ben"dy, a. Etym: [From Bend a band.] (Her.)

Defn: Divided into an even number of bends; -- said of a shield or its charge. Cussans.

BENE Ben"e, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Benne.

BENE Be"ne, n. Etym: [AS. b.]

Defn: A prayer; boon. [Archaic] What is good for a bootless bene Wordsworth.

BENE; BEN Bene, Ben, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis).

BENEAPED Be*neaped", a. (Naut.)

Defn: See Neaped.

BENEATH Be*neath", prep. Etym: [OE. benethe, bineo, AS. beneo, beny; pref. be- + neo, ny, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether. See Nether.]

1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of. "Beneath the mount." Ex. xxxii. 19. Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies. Pope.

2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak.

3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming. He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury.

BENEATH Be*neath", adv.

1. In a lower place; underneath. The earth you take from beneath will be barren. Mortimer.

2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region or position; as, in earth beneath.

BENEDICITE Ben`e*dic"i*te, n. Etym: [L., (imperative pl.,) bless ye, praise ye.]

Defn: A canticle (the Latin version of which begins with this word) which may be used in the order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chapter of Daniel.

BENEDICITE Ben`e*dic"i*te, interj. Etym: [See Benedicite, n.]

Defn: An exclamation corresponding to Bless you !.

BENEDICT; BENEDICK Ben"e*dict, Ben"e*dick, n. Etym: [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."]

Defn: A married man, or a man newly married.

BENEDICT Ben"e*dict, a. Etym: [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.]

Defn: Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon.

BENEDICTINE Ben`e*dic"tine, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet.

BENEDICTINE Ben`e*dic"tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846.

Note: The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Fr which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

BENEDICTION Ben`e*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. benedictio: cf. F. bénédiction. See Benison.]

1. The act of blessing.

2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness. So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus Followed with benediction. Milton. Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon her. Longfellow. Specifically:

Defn: The short prayer which closes public worship; as, to give the benediction.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe.

4. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

BENEDICTIONAL Ben`e*dic"tion*al, n.

Defn: A book of benedictions.

BENEDICTIONARY Ben`e*dic"tion*a*ry, n.

Defn: A collected series of benedictions. The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold. G. Gurton's Needle.

BENEDICTIVE Ben`e*dic"tive, a.

Defn: Tending to bless. Gauden.

BENEDICTORY Ben`e*dic"to*ry, a.

Defn: Expressing wishes for good; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.

BENEDICTUS Ben`e*dic"tus, n. Etym: [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.]

Defn: The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); -- so named from the first word of the Latin version.

BENEDIGHT Ben"e*dight, a.

Defn: Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.

BENEFACTION Ben`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]

1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson.

2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation.

Syn. -- Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

BENEFACTOR Ben`e*fac"tor,n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.

BENEFACTRESS Ben`e*fac"tress, n.

Defn: A woman who confers a benefit. His benefactress blushes at the deed. Cowper.

BENEFIC Be*nef"ic, a. Etym: [L. beneficus. See Benefice.]

Defn: Favorable; beneficent. Milton.

BENEFICE Ben"e*fice, n. Etym: [F. bénéfice, L. beneficium, a kindness , in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]

1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter.

2. (Feudal Law)

Defn: An estate in lands; a fief.

Note: Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings.

3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson.

Note: All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

BENEFICE Ben"e*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.]

Defn: To endow with a benefice.

Note: [Commonly in the past participle.]

BENEFICED Ben"e*ficed, a.

Defn: Possessed of a benefice o "Beneficed clergymen." Burke.

BENEFICELESS Ben"e*fice*less, a.

Defn: Having no benefice. "Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon.

BENEFICENCE Be*nef"i*cence, n. Etym: [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. bénéficence. See Benefice.]

Defn: The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness. And whose beneficence no charge exhausts. Cowper.

Syn. -- See Benevolence.

BENEFICENT Be*nef`i*cent

Defn: , a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence. The beneficent fruits of Christianity. Prescott.

Syn. -- See Benevolent.

BENEFICENTIAL Be*nef`i*cen"tial, a.

Defn: Relating to beneficence.

BENEFICENTLY Be*nef"i*cent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

BENEFICIAL Ben`e*fi"cial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bénéficial, LL. beneficialis.]

1. Conferring benefits; useful; profito. The war which would have been most beneficial to us. Swift.

2. (Law)

Defn: Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as, the beneficial owner of an estate. Kent.

3. King. [Obs.] "A beneficial foe." B. Jonson.

Syn. -- See Advantage.

BENEFICIALLY Ben`e*fi"cial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

BENEFICIALNESS Ben`e*fi"cial*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

BENEFICIARY Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bénéficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.]

1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession. A feudatory or beneficiary king of England. Bacon.

2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts.

BENEFICIARY Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries (.

1. A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe.

2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate. The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are. Jer. Taylor.

BENEFICIATE Ben`e*fi"ci*ate, v. t. Etym: [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining)

Defn: To reduce (ores). -- Ben`e*fi`ci*a"tion (n.

BENEFICIENT Ben`e*fi"cient, a.

Defn: Beneficent. [Obs.]

BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, n. Etym: [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.]

1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits. Ps. ciii. 2.

2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit. Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke.

3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use.

4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

5. pl.

Defn: Natural advantaged; endowments; accomplishments. [R.] "The benefits of your own country." Shak. Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy.

Syn. -- Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.

BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr. & vb. n. Benefitting.]

Defn: To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit. I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them. Jer. xviii. 10.

BENEFIT Ben"e*fit, v. i.

Defn: To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as, he will benefit by the change.

BENEFITER Ben"e*fit`er, n.

Defn: One who confers a benefit; -- also, one who receives a benefit.

BENEFIT SOCIETY Benefit society.

Defn: A society or association formed for mutual insurance, as among tradesmen or in labor unions, to provide for relief in sickness, old age, and for the expenses of burial. Usually called friendly society in Great Britain.

BENEME Be*neme", v. t. Etym: [AS. ben. Cf. Benim.]

Defn: To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.]

BENEMPT Be*nempt", p. p.

Defn: of Bename.

1. Promised; vowed. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.

BENE PLACITO Be`ne plac"i*to. Etym: [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.]

1. At or during pleasure. For our English judges there never was . . . any bene placito as their tenure. F. Harrison.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: At pleasure; ad libitum.

BENET Be*net", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.]

Defn: To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak.

BENEVOLENCE Be*nev"o*lence, n. Etym: [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.]

1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness. The wakeful benevolence of the gospel. Chalmers.

2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given.

3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity.

Syn. -- Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters.

BENEVOLENT Be*nev"o*lent, a. Etym: [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.]

Defn: Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. -- Be*nev"o*lent*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor. This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase "benevolent labors" turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, "beneficent intentions" point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while "benevolent intentions" would only denote a general wish and design to do good.

BENEVOLOUS Be*nev"o*lous, a. Etym: [L. benevolus.]

Defn: Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller.

BENGAL Ben*gal", n.

1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc.

2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal.

3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes. Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; -- called also blue light. -- Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. -- Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger.

BENGALEE; BENGALI Ben*gal"ee, Ben*gal"i, n.

Defn: The language spoken in Bengal.

BENGALESE Ben`gal*ese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bengal. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal.

BENGOLA Ben*go"la, n.

Defn: A Bengal light.

BENIGHT Be*night", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.]

1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic] The clouds benight the sky. Garth.

2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day's journey or task. Some virgin, sure, . . . benighted in these woods. Milton.

3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light. Shall we to men benighted The lamp of life deny Heber.

BENIGHTMENT Be*night"ment, n.

Defn: The condition of being benighted.

BENIGN Be*nign", a. Etym: [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. bénin, fem. bénigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.]

1. Of a kind or gentle disposition; gracious; generous; favorable; benignant. Creator bounteous and benign. Milton.

2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; mild; kindly; salutary; wholesome. Kind influences and benign aspects. South.

3. Of a mild type or character; as, a benign disease.

Syn. -- Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious; favorable salutary; gracious; liberal.

BENIGNANCY Be*nig"nan*cy, n.

Defn: Benignant quality; kindliness.

BENIGNANT Be*nig"nant, a. Etym: [LL. benignans, p. pr. of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.]

Defn: Kind; gracious; favorable. -- Be*nig"nant*ly, adv.

BENIGNITY Be*nig"ni*ty, n. Etym: [OE. benignite, F. bénignité, OF. bénigneté, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.]

1. The quality of being benign; goodness; kindness; graciousness. "Benignity of aspect." Sir W. Scott.

2. Mildness; gentleness. The benignity or inclemency of the season. Spectator.

3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman.

BENIGNLY Be*nign"ly, adv.

Defn: In a benign manner.

BENIM Be*nim", v. t. Etym: [AS. beniman. See Benumb, and cf. Nim.]

Defn: To take away. [Obs.] Ire . . . benimeth the man fro God. Chaucer.

BENISON Ben"i*son, n. Etym: [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneï, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and cf. Benediction.]

Defn: Blessing; beatitude; benediction. Shak. More precious than the benison of friends. Talfourd.

BENITIER Bé*ni"tier`, n. Etym: [F., fr. bénir to bless.] (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A holy-water stoup. Shipley.

BENJAMIN Ben"ja*min, n. Etym: [Corrupted from benzoin.]

Defn: See Benzoin.

BENJAMIN Ben"ja*min, n.

Defn: A kind of upper coat for men. [Colloq. Eng.]

BENJAMITE Ben"ja*mite, n.

Defn: A descendant of Benjamin; one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. iii. 15.

BENNE Ben"ne, n. Etym: [Malay bijen.] (Bot.)

Defn: The name of two plants (Sesamum orientale and S. indicum), originally Asiatic; -- also called oil plant. From their seeds an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for making soap. In the southern United States the seeds are used in candy.

BENNET Ben"net, n. Etym: [F. benoîte, fr. L. benedicta, fem. of benedictus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.] (Bot.)

Defn: The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe (Geum urbanum); herb bennet. The name is sometimes given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc.

BENSHEE Ben"shee, n.

Defn: See Banshee.

BENT Bent,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bend.

BENT Bent, a. & p. p.

1. Changed by pressure so as to be no longer straight; crooked; as, a bent pin; a bent lever.

2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be resolved, determined, set, etc.; -- said of the mind, character, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as, to be bent on going to college; he is bent on mischief.

BENT Bent, n. Etym: [See Bend, n. & v.]

1. The state of being curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line; flexure; curvity; as, the bent of a bow. [Obs.] Wilkins.

2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [R.] Dryden.

3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind; inclination; disposition; purpose; aim. Shak. With a native bent did good pursue. Dryden.

4. Particular direction or tendency; flexion; course. Bents and turns of the matter. Locke.

5. (Carp.)

Defn: A transverse frame of a framed structure.

6. Tension; force of acting; energy; impetus. [Archaic] The full bent and stress of the soul. Norris.

Syn. -- Predilection; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination, Prepossession. These words agree in describing a permanent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and applies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken conjointly; as, the whole bent of his character was toward evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies particularly to the judgment, and denotes something which acts with a permanent force on the character through that faculty; as, the bias of early education, early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire or appetency; as, a strong inclination to the study of the law. Prepossession is a mingled state of feeling and opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry. The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavorable impression of this kind being denominated a prejudice. "Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually labor under a strong bias; but there is no mind so weak and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so guarded as to be without its prepossessions." Crabb.

BENT Bent, n. Etym: [AS. beonet; akin to OHG. pinuz, G. binse, rush, bent grass; of unknown origin.]

1. A reedlike grass; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass. His spear a bent, both stiff and strong. Drayton.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many other grasses, esp. in America.

3. Any neglected field or broken ground; a common; a moor. [Obs.] Wright. Bowmen bickered upon the bent. Chevy Chase.

BENT GRASS Bent" grass`. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Bent, a kind of grass.

BENTHAL Ben"thal, a. Etym: [Gr. the depth of the sea.]

Defn: Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean.

BENTHAMIC Ben*tham"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bentham or Benthamism.

BENTHAMISM Ben"tham*ism, n.

Defn: That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.

BENTHAMITE Ben"tham*ite, n.

Defn: One who believes in Benthamism.

BENTHOS Ben"thos, n. [NL., fr. Gr. depth of the sea.]

Defn: The bottom of the sea, esp. of the deep oceans; hence (Bot. & Zoöl.), the fauna and flora of the sea bottom; -- opposed to plankton.

BENTING TIME Bent"ing time".

Defn: The season when pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe. Bare benting times . . . may come. Dryden.

BENTY Bent"y, a.

1. A bounding in bents, or the stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass; as, benty fields.

2. Resembling bent. Holland.

BENUMB Be*numb", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] Etym: [OE. binomen, p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be + niman to take. See Numb, a., and cf. Benim.]

Defn: To make torpid; to deprive of sensation or sensibility; to stupefy; as, a hand or foot benumbed by cold. The creeping death benumbed her senses first. Dryden.

BENUMBED Be*numbed", a.

Defn: Made torpid; numbed; stupefied; deadened; as, a benumbed body and mind. -- Be*numbed"ness, n.

BENUMBMENT Be*numb"ment, n.

Defn: Act of benumbing, or state of being benumbed; torpor. Kirby.

BENZAL Ben"zal, n. Etym: [Benzoic + aldehyde.] (Chem.)

Defn: A transparent crystalline substance,

BENZAMIDE Ben*zam"ide, n. Etym: [Benzoin + amide.] (Chem.)

Defn: A transparent crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.NH2, obtained by the action of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions with benzoyl compounds.

BENZENE Ben"zene, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C6H6, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the impure commercial product or benzole, and also, but rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum. Benzene nucleus, Benzene ring (Chem.), a closed chain or ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached, regarded as the type from which the aromatic compounds are derived. This ring formula is provisionally accepted as representing the probable constitution of the benzene molecule, C6H6, and as the type on which its derivatives are formed.

BENZILE Ben"zile, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellowish crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.CO.C6H5, formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical.

BENZINE Ben"zine, n. Etym: [From Benzoin.] (Chem.)

1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil, used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics; -- called also petroleum spirit, petroleum benzine. Varieties or similar products are gasoline, naphtha, rhigolene, ligroin, etc.

2. Same as Benzene. [R.]

Note: The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essentially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series.

BENZOATE Ben"zo*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. benzoate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

BENZOIC Ben*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. benzoïque.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, benzoin. Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, a peculiar vegetable acid, C6H5.CO2H, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crystallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes; its odor is aromatic; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous. -- Benzoic aldehyde, oil of bitter almonds; the aldehyde, C6H5.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thin colorless liquid.

BENZOIN Ben*zoin", n. Etym: [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjui, Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. luban-jawi incense form Sumatra (named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf. Benjamin.]

Note: [Called also benjamin.]

1. A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume.

2. A white crystalline substance, C14H12O2, obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic.

BENZOINATED Ben*zoin"a*ted, a. (Med.)

Defn: Containing or impregnated with benzoin; as, benzoinated lard.

BENZOLE; BENZOL Ben"zole Ben"zol, n. Etym: [Benzoin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: An impure benzene, used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes. See Benzene.

Note: It has great solvent powers, and is used by manufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for cleaning soiled kid gloves, and for other purposes.

BENZOLINE Ben"zo*line, n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Benzole. (b) Same as Amarine. [R.] Watts.

BENZONAPHTHOL; BENZONAPHTOL Ben`zo*naph"thol, n. Also Ben`zo*naph"tol . [Benzoin + naphthol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline powder used as an intestinal antiseptic; beta-naphthol benzoate.

BENZOSOL Ben"zo*sol, n. (Pharm.)

Defn: Guaiacol benzoate, used as an intestinal antiseptic and as a substitute for creosote in phthisis. It is a colorless crystalline pewder.

BENZOYL Ben"zoyl, n. Etym: [Benzoic + Gr. -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound radical, C6H5.CO; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [Formerly written also benzule.]

BENZYL Ben"zyl, n. Etym: [Benzoic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound radical, C6H5.CH2, related to toluene and benzoic acid; -- commonly used adjectively.

BEPAINT Be*paint", v. t.

Defn: To paint; to cover or color with, or as with, paint. Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek. Shak.

BEPELT Be*pelt", v. t.

Defn: To pelt roundly.

BEPINCH Be*pinch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepinched.]

Defn: To pinch, or mark with pinches. Chapman.

BEPLASTER Be*plas"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beplastered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beplastering.]

Defn: To plaster over; to cover or smear thickly; to bedaub. Beplastered with rouge. Goldsmith.

BEPLUMED Be*plumed", a.

Defn: Decked with feathers.

BEPOMMEL Be*pom"mel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepommeled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.]

Defn: To pommel; to beat, as with a stick; figuratively, to assail or criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray.

BEPOWDER Be*pow"der, v. t.

Defn: To sprinkle or cover with powder; to powder.

BEPRAISE Be*praise", v. t.

Defn: To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith.

BEPROSE Be*prose", v. t.

Defn: To reduce to prose. [R.] "To beprose all rhyme." Mallet.

BEPUFFED Be*puffed", a.

Defn: Puffed; praised. Carlyle.

BEPURPLE Be*pur"ple, v. t.

Defn: To tinge or dye with a purple color.

BEQUEATH Be*queath", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] Etym: [OE. biquethen, AS. becwe to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cwe to say, speak. See Quoth.]

1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; -- said especially of personal property. My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me. Shak.

2. To hand down; to transmit. To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it. Glanvill.

3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.] To whom, with all submission, on my knee I do bequeath my faithful services And true subjection everlastingly. Shak.

Syn. -- To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee. In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts.

BEQUEATHABLE Be*queath"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being bequeathed.

BEQUEATHAL Be*queath"al, n.

Defn: The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller.

BEQUEATHMENT Be*queath"ment, n.

Defn: The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest.

BEQUEST Be*quest", n. Etym: [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becwe to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.]

1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as, a bequest of property by A. to B.

2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also, a gift.

BEQUEST Be*quest", v. t.

Defn: To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] "All I have to bequest." Gascoigne.

BEQUETHEN Be*queth"en,

Defn: old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEQUOTE Be*quote", v. t.

Defn: To quote constantly or with great frequency.

BERAIN Be*rain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained; p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.]

Defn: To rain upon; to wet with rain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BERATE Be*rate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr. & vb. n. Berating.]

Defn: To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland. Motley.

BERATTLE Be*rat"tle (, v. t.

Defn: To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.

BERAY Be*ray" v.t. Etym: [Pref. be + ray to defile]

Defn: TO make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.

BERBE Berbe, n. Etym: [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet.

BERBER Ber"ber, n. Etym: [See Barbary.]

Defn: A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; -- called also Kabyles. Also, the language spoken by this people.

BERBERINE Ber"ber*ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants.

BERBERRY Ber"ber*ry,n.

Defn: See Barberry.

BERCEUSE Ber`ceuse", n. [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: A vocal or instrumental composition of a soft tranquil character, having a lulling effect; a cradle song.

BERDASH Ber"dash

Defn: ,n.A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.] A treatise against the cravat and berdash. Steele.

BERE Bere

Defn: , v. t. Etym: [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BERE Bere

Defn: ,n.See Bear, barley. [Scot.]

BEREAVE Be*reave" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (, Bereft (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] Etym: [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.]

1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; -- with of before the person or thing taken away. Madam, you have bereft me of all words. Shak. Bereft of him who taught me how to sing. Tickell.

2. To take away from. [Obs.] All your interest in those territories Is utterly bereft you; all is lost. Shak.

3. To take away. [Obs.] Shall move you to bereave my life. Marlowe.

Note: The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength.

Syn. -- To dispossess; to divest.

BEREAVEMENT Be*reave"ment, n.

Defn: The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death.

BEREAVER Be*reav"er, n.

Defn: One who bereaves.

BEREFT Be*reft", imp. & p. p.

Defn: of Bereave.

BERENICE'S HAIR Ber`e*ni"ce's Hair`. [See Berenice's, Locks, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Astron.)

Defn: See Coma Berenices, under Coma.

BERETTA Be*ret"ta, n.

Defn: Same as Berretta.

BERG Berg, n. Etym: [sq. root95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.]

Defn: A large mass or hill, as of ice. Glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson .

BERGAMOT Ber"ga*mot, n. Etym: [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg arm

1 . (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. Also, the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata).

2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit.

3. A variety of pear. Johnson.

4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot. The better hand . . . gives the nose its bergamot. Cowper .

5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair; -- said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit. Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa).

BERGANDER Ber"gan*der, n. Etym: [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake.

BERGERET Ber"ger*et, n. Etym: [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.]

Defn: A pastoral song. [Obs.]

BERGH Bergh, n. Etym: [AS. beorg.]

Defn: A hill. [Obs.]

BERGMASTER Berg"mas`ter, n.

Defn: See Barmaster.

BERGMEAL Berg"meal, n. Etym: [G. berg mountain + mehl meal.]

Defn: (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour. It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name is also given to a white powdery variety of calcite.

BERGMOTE Berg"mote, n.

Defn: See Barmote.

BERGOMASK Ber"go*mask, n.

Defn: A rustic dance, so called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy, once noted for their clownishness.

BERGSCHRUND Berg"schrund`, n. [G., lit., mountain gap.] (Phys. Geog.)

Defn: The crevasse or series of crevasses, usually deep and often broad, frequently occurring near the head of a mountain glacier, about where the névé field joins the valley portion of the glacier.

BERGSTOCK Berg"stock`, n. [G., lit., mountain stick.]

Defn: A long pole with a spike at the end, used in climbing mountains; an alpenstock.

BERGYLT Ber"gylt, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Norway haddock. See Rosefish.

BERHYME Be*rhyme" (, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed; p. pr. & vb. n. Berhyming.]

Defn: To mention in rhyme or verse; to rhyme about.

Note: [Sometimes use depreciatively.] Shak.

BERIBERI Be`ri*be"ri, n. Etym: [Singhalese beri weakness.]

Defn: An acute disease occurring in India, characterized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and cachexy.

BERIME Be*rime" (, v. t.

Defn: To berhyme.

Note: [The earlier and etymologically preferable spelling.]

BERING SEA CONTROVERSY Be"ring Sea Controversy.

Defn: A controversy (1886 --93) between Great Britain and the United States as to the right of Canadians not licensed by the United States to carry on seal fishing in the Bering Sea, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction as a mare clausum. A court of arbitration, meeting in Paris in 1893, decided against the claim of the United States, but established regulations for the preservation of the fur seal.

BERKELEIAN Berke*le"ian

Defn: ,a.Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as, Berkeleian philosophy. -- Berke"ley*ism, n.

BERLIN Ber"lin, n. Etym: [The capital of Prussia]

1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in the 17th century, at Berlin.

2. Fine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; -- called also Berlin wool. Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead surface; -- used for coating the better kinds of ironware. Ure. -- Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ure. -- Berlin green, a complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and similar to Prussian blue. -- Berlin iron, a very fusible variety of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate articles are manufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in imitation of bronze. -- Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such work. -- Berlin work, worsted embroidery.

BERM; BERME Berm Berme, n. Etym: [F. berme, of German origin; cf. G. brame, bräme, border, akin to E. brim.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch.

2. (Engineering)

Defn: A ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank.

BERMUDA GRASS Ber*mu"da grass`. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed for pasture in the Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Europe, but is now wide-spread in warm countries; -- called also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass.

BERMUDA LILY Ber*mu"da lil"y. (Bot.)

Defn: The large white lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium, syn. L. Harrisii) which is extensively cultivated in Bermuda.

BERNACLE Ber"na*cle, n.

Defn: See Barnacle.

BERNA FLY Ber"na fly`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Brazilian dipterous insect of the genus Trypeta, which lays its eggs in the nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvæ do great injury.

BERNARDINE Ber"nar*dine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to St. Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. -- n.

Defn: A Cistercian monk.

BERNESE Ber*nese", a.

Defn: Pertaining to the city o -- n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Bern.

BERNICLE Ber"ni*cle, n. Etym: [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.]

Defn: A bernicle goose. [Written also barnacle.] Bernicle goose (Zoöl.), a goose (Branta leucopsis), of Arctic Europe and America. It was formerly believed that it hatched from the cirripeds of the sea (Lepas), which were, therefore, called barnacles, goose barnacles, or Anatifers. The name is also applied to other related species. See Anatifa and Cirripedia.

BERNOUSE Ber*nouse", n.

Defn: Some as Burnoose.

BEROB Be*rob", v. t.

Defn: To rob; to plunder. [Obs.]

BEROE Ber"o*e, n. Etym: [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidæ Gr. : cf. F. beroé.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, oval, transparent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora.

BERRETTA Ber*ret"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. LL. birrettum, berretum, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep off rain, cf. Gr. tawny, red: cf. Sp. birreta, Pg. barrete, and E. Barret.]

Defn: A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop's is lined with green. [Also spelt beretta, biretta, etc.]

BERRIED Ber"ried, a.

Defn: Furnished with berries; consisting of a berry; baccate; as, a berried shrub.

BERRY Ber"ry, n.; pl. Berries. Etym: [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin to D. bes, G. beere, OS. and OHG. beri, Icel. ber, Sw. bär, Goth. basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.]

1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry.

3. The coffee bean.

4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis. In berry, containing ova or spawn.

BERRY Ber"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Berried; p. pr. & vb. n. Berrying.]

Defn: To bear or produce berries.

BERRY Ber"ry, n. Etym: [AS. beorh. See Barrow a hill.]

Defn: A mound; a hillock. W. Browne.

BERRYING Ber"ry*ing, n.

Defn: A seeking for or gathering of berries, esp. of such as grow wild.

BERSEEM Ber*seem", n. [Ar. bershim clover.]

Defn: An Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) extensively cultivated as a forage plant and soil-renewing crop in the alkaline soils of the Nile valley, and now introduced into the southwestern United States. It is more succulent than other clovers or than alfalfa. Called also Egyptian clover.

BERSERK; BERSERKER Ber"serk, Ber"serk*er, n. Etym: [Icel. berserkr.]

1. (Scand. Myth.)

Defn: One of a class of legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow.

2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker.

BERSTLE Bers"tle, n.

Defn: See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BERTH Berth, n. Etym: [From the root of bear to produce, like birth nativity. See Birth.] [Also written birth.]

1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship's company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf.

2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. "He has a good berth." Totten.

3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in. Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.

BERTH Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed; p. pr. & vb. n. Berthing.]

1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as, she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide.

2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as, to berth a ship's company. Totten.

BERTHA Ber"tha, n. Etym: [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's name.]

Defn: A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

BERTHAGE Berth"age, n.

Defn: A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor.

BERTHIERITE Ber"thi*er*ite, n. Etym: [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.)

Defn: A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.

BERTHING Berth"ing, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.

BERTILLON SYSTEM Ber`til`lon" sys"tem. [After Alphonse Bertillon, French anthropologist.]

Defn: A system for the identification of persons by a physical description based upon anthropometric measurements, notes of markings, deformities, color, impression of thumb lines, etc.

BERTRAM Ber"tram, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. a hot spicy plant, fr. fire.] (Bot.)

Defn: Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

BERYCOID Ber"y*coid, a. Etym: [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + - oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Berycidæ, a family of marine fishes.

BERYL Ber"yl, n. Etym: [F. béryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. , prob. fr. Skr. vaid. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium.

BERYLLINE Ber"yl*line, a.

Defn: Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color.

BERYLLIUM Be*ryl"li*um (, n. Etym: [NL.] (Chem.)

Defn: A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.

BERYLLOID Ber"yl*loid, n. Etym: [Beryl + -oid.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: A solid consisting of a double twelve-sided pyramid; -- so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl.

BESAIEL; BESAILE; BESAYLE Be*saiel", Be*saile", Be*sayle" (, n. Etym: [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim. of L. avus grandfather.]

1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.]

2. (Law)

Defn: A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone.

BESAINT Be*saint", v. t.

Defn: To make a saint of.

BESANT Be*sant", n.

Defn: See Bezant.

BES-ANTLER Bes-ant"ler, n.

Defn: Same as Bez-antler.

BESCATTER Be*scat"ter, v. t.

1. To scatter over.

2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. "With flowers bescattered." Spenser.

BESCORN Be*scorn", v. t.

Defn: To treat with scorn. "Then was he bescorned." Chaucer.

BESCRATCH Be*scratch", v. t.

Defn: To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches.

BESCRAWL Be*scrawl", v. t.

Defn: To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton.

BESCREEN Be*screen", v. t.

Defn: To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak.

BESCRIBBLE Be*scrib"ble, v. t.

Defn: To scribble over. "Bescribbled with impertinences." Milton.

BESCUMBER; BESCUMMER Be*scum"ber, Be*scum"mer, v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.]

Defn: To discharge ordure or dung upon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BESEE Be*see", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. beseón; pref. be- + to see.]

Defn: To see; to look; to mind. [Obs.] Wyclif.

BESEECH Be*seech", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] Etym: [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.]

1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore. I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts. Shak. But Eve . . . besought his peace. Milton.

Syn. -- To beg; to crave. -- To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence.

BESEECH Be*seech", n.

Defn: Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

BESEECHER Be*seech"er, n.

Defn: One who beseeches.

BESEECHING Be*seech"ing, a.

Defn: Entreating urgently; imploring; as, a beseeching look. -- Be*seech"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seech"ing*ness, n.

BESEECHMENT Be*seech"ment, n.

Defn: The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin.

BESEEK Be*seek", v. t.

Defn: To beseech. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BESEEM Be*seem", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] Etym: [Pref. be- + seem.]

Defn: Literally: To appear or seem (well, ill, best, etc.) for (one) to do or to have. Hence: To be fit, suitable, or proper for, or worthy of; to become; to befit. A duty well beseeming the preachers. Clarendon. What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God Hocker.

BESEEM Be*seem", v. i.

Defn: To seem; to appear; to be fitting. [Obs.] "As beseemed best." Spenser.

BESEEMING Be*seem"ing, n.

1. Appearance; look; garb. [Obs.] I . . . did company these three in poor beseeming. Shak.

2. Comeliness. Baret.

BESEEMING Be*seem"ing, a.

Defn: Becoming; suitable. [Archaic] -- Be*seem"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seem"ing*ness, n.

BESEEMLY Be*seem"ly, a.

Defn: Fit; suitable; becoming. [Archaic] In beseemly order sitten there. Shenstone.

BESEEN Be*seen", a. Etym: [Properly the p. p. of besee.]

1. Seen; appearing. [Obs. or Archaic]

2. Decked or adorned; clad. [Archaic] Chaucer.

3. Accomplished; versed. [Archaic] Spenser.

BESET Be*set", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beset; p. pr. & vb. n. Besetting.] Etym: [AS. besettan (akin to OHG. bisazjan, G. besetzen, D. bezetten); pref. be- + settan to set. See Set.]

1. To set or stud (anything) with ornaments or prominent objects. A robe of azure beset with drops of gold. Spectator. The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it perfumes the air. Evelyn.

2. To hem in; to waylay; to surround; to besiege; to blockade. "Beset with foes." Milton. Let thy troops beset our gates. Addison.

3. To set upon on all sides; to perplex; to harass; -- said of dangers, obstacles, etc. "Adam, sore beset, replied." Milton. "Beset with ills." Addison. "Incommodities which beset old age." Burke.

4. To occupy; to employ; to use up. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press.

BESETMENT Be*set"ment, n.

Defn: The act of besetting, or the state of being beset; also, that which besets one, as a sin. "Fearing a besetment." Kane.

BESETTER Be*set"ter, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, besets.

BESETTING Be*set"ting, a.

Defn: Habitually attacking, harassing, or pressing upon or about; as, a besetting sin.

BESHINE Be*shine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone; p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.]

Defn: To shine upon; to ullumine.

BESHOW Be*show", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large food fish (Anoplopoma fimbria) of the north Pacific coast; -- called also candlefish.

BESHREW Be*shrew", v. t.

Defn: To curse; to execrate. Beshrew me, but I love her heartily. Shak.

Note: Often a very mild form of imprecation; sometimes so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coaxingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt.

BESHROUD Be*shroud", v. t.

Defn: To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to screen.

BESHUT Be*shut", v. t.

Defn: To shut up or out. [Obs.]

BESIDE Be*side", prep. Etym: [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides, prep. and adv., beside, besides; pref. be- by + side. Cf. Besides, and see Side, n.]

1. At the side of; on one side of. "Beside him hung his bow." Milton.

2. Aside from; out of the regular course or order of; in a state of deviation from; out of. [You] have done enough To put him quite beside his patience. Shak.

3. Over and above; distinct from; in addition to.

Note: [In this use besides is now commoner.] Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the Christian records. Addison. To be beside one's self, to be out ob one's wits or senses. Paul, thou art beside thyself. Acts xxvi. 24.

Syn. -- Beside, Besides. These words, whether used as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the following distinction between them: 1. That beside be used only and always as a preposition, with the original meaning "by the side of; " as, to sit beside a fountain; or with the closely allied meaning "aside from", "apart from", or "out of"; as, this is beside our present purpose; to be beside one's self with joy. The adverbial sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2. That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense "in addition to", as, besides all this; besides the considerations here offered. "There was a famine in the land besides the first famine." Gen. xxvi. 1. And that it also take the adverbial sense of "moreover", "beyond", etc., which had been divided between the words; as, besides, there are other considerations which belong to this case. The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of the words: -- Lovely Thais sits beside thee. Dryden. Only be patient till we have appeased The multitude, beside themselves with fear. Shak. It is beside my present business to enlarge on this speculation. Locke. Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are expected to be charitable. Bp. Porteus. And, besides, the Moor May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril. Shak. That man that does not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides. Tillotson.

Note: See Moreover.

BESIDES; BESIDE Be*sides", Be*side", adv. Etym: [OE. Same as beside, prep.; the ending -s is an adverbial one, prop. a genitive sign.]

1. On one side. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

2. More than that; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned; moreover; in addition. The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides Gen. xix. 12. To all beside, as much an empty shade, An Eugene living, as a Cæsar dead. Pope.

Note: These sentences may be considered as elliptical.

BESIDES Be*sides, prep.

Defn: Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than; else than. See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside. Besides your cheer, you shall have sport. Shak.

BESIEGE Be*siege", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged; p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] Etym: [OE. bisegen; pref. be- + segen to siege. See Siege.]

Defn: To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset. Till Paris was besieged, famished, and lost. Shak.

Syn. -- To environ; hem in; invest; encompass.

BESIEGEMENT Be*siege"ment, n.

Defn: The act of besieging, or the state of being besieged. Golding.

BESIEGER Be*sie"ger, n.

Defn: One who besieges; -- opposed to the besieged.

BESIEGING Be*sie"ging, a.

Defn: That besieges; laying siege to. -- Be*sie"ging*ly, adv.

BESIT Be*sit", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + sit.]

Defn: To suit; to fit; to become. [Obs.]

BESLABBER Be*slab"ber, v. t.

Defn: To beslobber.

BESLAVE Be*slave", v. t.

Defn: To enslave. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

BESLAVER Be*slav"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beslavered; p. pr. & vb. n. Beslavering.]

Defn: To defile with slaver; to beslobber.

BESLIME Be*slime", v. t.

Defn: To daub with slime; to soil. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BESLOBBER Be*slob"ber, v. t.

Defn: To slobber on; to smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig.: as, to beslobber with praise.

BESLUBBER Be*slub"ber, v. t.

Defn: To beslobber.

BESMEAR Be*smear", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmeared; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.]

Defn: To smear with any viscous, glutinous matter; to bedaub; to soil. Besmeared with precious balm. Spenser.

BESMEARER Be*smear"er, n.

Defn: One that besmears.

BESMIRCH Be*smirch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmirched; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.]

Defn: To smirch or soil; to discolor; to obscure. Hence: To dishonor; to sully. Shak.

BESMOKE Be*smoke", v. t.

1. To foul with smoke.

2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson.

BESMUT Be*smut", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] Etym: [Pref. be- + smut: cf. AS. besmitan, and also OE. besmotren.]

Defn: To blacken with smut; to foul with soot.

BESNOW Be*snow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed.] Etym: [OE. bisnewen, AS. besniwan; pref. be- + sniwan to snow.]

1. To scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. [R.] Gower.

2. To cover with snow; to whiten with snow, or as with snow.

BESNUFF Be*snuff", v. t.

Defn: To befoul with snuff. Young.

BESOGNE Be*sogne", n. Etym: [F. bisogne.]

Defn: A worthless fellow; a bezonian. [Obs.]

BESOM Be"som, n. Etym: [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; akin to D. bezem, OHG pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom; anything which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig.] I will sweep it with the besom of destruction. Isa. xiv. 23. The housemaid with her besom. W. Irving.

BESOM Be"som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed.]

Defn: To sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic] Cowper. Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain. Barlow.

BESOMER Be"som*er, n.

Defn: One who uses a besom. [Archaic]

BESORT Be*sort", v. t.

Defn: To assort or be congruous with; to fit, or become. [Obs.] Such men as may besort your age. Shak.

BESORT Be*sort", n.

Defn: Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.] With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding. Shak.

BESOT Be*sot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.]

Defn: To make sottish; to make dull or stupid; to stupefy; to infatuate. Fools besotted with their crimes. Hudibras.

BESOTTED Be*sot"ted, a.

Defn: Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated; characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation; stupefied. "Besotted devotion." Sir W. Scott. -- Be*sot"ted*ly, adv. -- Be*sot"ted*ness, n. Milton.

BESOTTINGLY Be*sot"ting*ly, adv.

Defn: In a besotting manner.

BESOUGHT Be*sought", p. p.

Defn: of Beseech.

BESPANGLE Be*span"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespangling.]

Defn: To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or glittering. The grass . . . is all bespangled with dewdrops. Cowper.

BESPATTER Be*spat"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.]

1. To soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water, mud, or anything which will leave foul spots or stains.

2. To asperse with calumny or reproach. Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift.

BESPAWL Be*spawl", v. t.

Defn: To daub, soil, or make foul with spawl or spittle. [Obs.] Milton.

BESPEAK Be*speak", v. t. [imp. Bespoke, Bespake (Archaic); p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] Etym: [OE. bispeken, AS. besprecan, to speak to, accuse; pref. be- + sprecan to speak. See Speak.]

1. To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as, to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor. Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to bespeak his favor. Sir W. Scott.

2. To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate. [They] bespoke dangers . . . in order to scare the allies. Swift.

3. To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances. When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster. Locke.

4. To speak to; to address. [Poetic] He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden.

BESPEAK Be*speak", v. i.

Defn: To speak. [Obs.] Milton.

BESPEAK Be*speak", n.

Defn: A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.) "The night of her bespeak." Dickens.

BESPEAKER Be*speak"er, n.

Defn: One who bespeaks.

BESPECKLE Be*spec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespeckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.]

Defn: To mark with speckles or spots. Milton.

BESPEW Be*spew", v. t.

Defn: To soil or daub with spew; to vomit on.

BESPICE Be*spice", v. t.

Defn: To season with spice, or with some spicy drug. Shak.

BESPIRT Be*spirt", v. t.

Defn: Same as Bespurt.

BESPIT Be*spit, v. t. [imp. Bespit; p. p. Bespit, Bespitten (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespitting.]

Defn: To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson.

BESPOKE Be*spoke",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bespeak.

BESPOT Be*spot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespotting.]

Defn: To mark with spots, or as with spots.

BESPREAD Be*spread", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespread; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespreading.]

Defn: To spread or cover over. The carpet which bespread His rich pavilion's floor. Glover.

BESPRENT Be*sprent", p. p. Etym: [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.]

Defn: Sprinkled over; strewed. His face besprent with liquid crystal shines. Shenstone. The floor with tassels of fir was besprent. Longfellow.

BESPRINKLE Be*sprin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besprinkled; p. pr. & vb. n. Besprinkling.]

Defn: To sprinkle over; to scatter over. The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground. Dryden.

BESPRINKLER Be*sprin"kler, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, besprinkles.

BESPRINKLING Be*sprin"kling, n.

Defn: The act of sprinkling anything; a sprinkling over.

BESPURT Be*spurt", v. t.

Defn: To spurt on or over; to asperse. [Obs.] Milton.

BESSEMER STEEL Bes"se*mer steel` (.

Defn: Steel made directly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon and other impurities that the latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the molten metal; -- so called from Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inventor of the process.

BEST Best, a.; superl. of Good. Etym: [AS. besta, best, contr. from betest, betst, betsta; akin to Goth. batists, OHG. pezzisto, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan. best, Sw. bäst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Better.]

1. Having good qualities in the highest degree; most good, kind, desirable, suitable, etc.; most excellent; as, the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities. When he is best, he is a little worse than a man. Shak. Heaven's last, best gift, my ever new delight. Milton.

2. Most advanced; most correct or complete; as, the best scholar; the best view of a subject.

3. Most; largest; as, the best part of a week. Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding ceremony.

BEST Best, n.

Defn: Utmost; highest endeavor or state; most nearly perfect thing, or being, or action; as, to do one's best; to the best of our ability. At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case; under the most favorable circumstances; as, life is at best very short. -- For best, finally. [Obs.] "Those constitutions . . . are now established for best, and not to be mended." Milton. -- To get the best of, to gain an advantage over, whether fairly or unfairly. -- To make the best of. (a) To improve to the utmost; to use or dispose of to the greatest advantage. "Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they can make the best of them." Bacon. (b) To reduce to the least possible inconvenience; as, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.

BEST Best, adv.; superl. of Well.

1. In the highest degree; beyond all others. "Thou serpent! That name best befits thee." Milton. He prayeth best, who loveth best All things both great and small. Coleridge.

2. To the most advantage; with the most success, case, profit, benefit, or propriety. Had we best retire I see a storm. Milton. Had I not best go to her Thackeray.

3. Most intimately; most thoroughly or correctly; as, what is expedient is best known to himself.

BEST Best, v. t.

Defn: To get the better of. [Colloq.]

BESTAD Be*stad", imp. & p. p. of Bestead.

Defn: Beset; put in peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BESTAIN Be*stain", v. t.

Defn: To stain.

BESTAR Be*star", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestarred.]

Defn: To sprinkle with, or as with, stars; to decorate with, or as with, stars; to bestud. "Bestarred with anemones." W. Black.

BESTEAD Be*stead", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or Bested, also (Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] Etym: [Pref. be- + stead a place.]

1. To put in a certain situation or condition; to circumstance; to place. [Only in p. p.] They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: . . . and curse their king and their God. Is. viii. 21. Many far worse bestead than ourselves. Barrow.

2. To put in peril; to beset.

Note: [Only in p. p.] Chaucer.

3. To serve; to assist; to profit; to avail. Milton.

BESTIAL Bes"tial, a. Etym: [F. bestial, L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast. See Beast.]

1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. Among the bestial herds to range. Milton.

2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity; irrational; carnal; beastly; sensual. Shak.

Syn. -- Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual; filthy.

BESTIAL Bes"tial, n.

Defn: A domestic animal; also collectively, cattle; as, other kinds of bestial. [Scot.]

BESTIALITY Bes*tial"i*ty, n. Etym: [F. bestialité.]

1. The state or quality of being bestial.

2. Unnatural connection with a beast.

BESTIALIZE Bes"tial*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.]

Defn: To make bestial, or like a beast; to degrade; to brutalize. The process of bestializing humanity. Hare.

BESTIALLY Bes"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bestial manner.

BESTIARY Bes"ti*a*ry, n. [LL. bestiarium, fr. L. bestiarius pert. to beasts, fr. bestia beast: cf. F. bestiaire.]

Defn: A treatise on beasts; esp., one of the moralizing or allegorical beast tales written in the Middle Ages.

A bestiary . . . in itself one of the numerous mediæval renderings of the fantastic mystical zoölogy. Saintsbury.

BESTICK Be*stick", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestuck; p. pr. & vb. n. Besticking.]

Defn: To stick over, as with sharp points pressed in; to mark by infixing points or spots here and there; to pierce. Truth shall retire Bestuck with slanderous darts. Milton.

BESTILL Be*still", v. t.

Defn: To make still.

BESTIR Be*stir", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestirring.]

Defn: To put into brisk or vigorous action; to move with life and vigor; -- usually with the reciprocal pronoun. You have so bestirred your valor. Shak. Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton.

BESTORM Be*storm", v. i. & t.

Defn: To storm. Young.

BESTOW Be*stow", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] Etym: [OE. bestowen; pref. be- + stow a place. See Stow.]

1. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow; to place; to put. "He bestowed it in a pouch." Sir W. Scott. See that the women are bestowed in safety. Byron.

2. To use; to apply; to devote, as time or strength in some occupation.

3. To expend, as money. [Obs.]

4. To give or confer; to impart; -- with on or upon. Empire is on us bestowed. Cowper. Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor. 1 Cor. xiii. 3.

5. To give in marriage. I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman. Tatler.

6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; -- followed by a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.] How might we see Falstaff bestow himself to-night in his true colors, and not ourselves be seen Shak.

Syn. -- To give; grant; present; confer; accord.

BESTOWAL Be*stow"al, n.

Defn: The act of bestowing; disposal.

BESTOWER Be*stow"er, n.

Defn: One that bestows.

BESTOWMENT Be*stow"ment, n.

1. The act of giving or bestowing; a conferring or bestowal. If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view. Chauncy.

2. That which is given or bestowed. They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God's own bestowments. I. Taylor.

BESTRADDLE Be*strad"dle, v. t.

Defn: To bestride.

BESTRAUGHT Be*straught", a. Etym: [Pref. be- + straught; prob. here used for distraught.]

Defn: Out of one's senses; distracted; mad. [Obs.] Shak.

BESTREAK Be*streak", v. t.

Defn: To streak.

BESTREW Be*strew", v. t. [imp. Bestrewed; p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown (p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.]

Defn: To strew or scatter over; to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrow.] Milton.

BESTRIDE Be*stride", v. t. [imp. Bestrode, (Obs. or R.) Bestrid (; p. p. Bestridden, Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] Etym: [AS. bestridan; pref. be- + stridan to stride.]

1. To stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs astride; to stand over That horse that thou so often hast bestrid. Shak. Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world Like a Colossus. Shak.

2. To step over; to stride over or across; as, to bestride a threshold.

BESTRODE Be*strode",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bestride.

BESTROWN Be*strown",

Defn: p. p. of Bestrew.

BESTUCK Be*stuck",

Defn: imp. & p. p. Bestick.

BESTUD Be*stud", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestudding.]

Defn: To set or adorn, as with studs or bosses; to set thickly; to stud; as, to bestud with stars. Milton.

BESWIKE Be*swike", v. t. Etym: [AS. beswican; be- + swican to deceive, entice; akin to OS. swikan, OHG. swihhan, Icel. svikja.]

Defn: To lure; to cheat. [Obs.] Gower.

BET Bet, n. Etym: [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. abet, fr. abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.]

Defn: That which is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon the event of a contest or any contingent issue; the act of giving such a pledge; a wager. "Having made his bets." Goldsmith.

BET Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted; p. pr. & vb. n. Betting.]

Defn: To stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; to wager. John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head. Shak. I'll bet you two to one I'll make him do it. O. W. Holmes.

BET Bet,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Beat. [Obs.]

BET Bet, a. & adv.

Defn: An early form of Better. [Obs.] To go bet, to go fast; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BETA Be"ta, n. [Gr. bh a.]

Defn: The second letter of the Greek alphabet, B, b. See B, and cf. etymology of Alphabet. Beta (B, b) is used variously for classifying, as: (a) (Astron.) To designate some bright star, usually the second brightest, of a constellation, as, b Aurigæ. (b) (Chem.) To distinguish one of two or more isomers; also, to indicate the position of substituting atoms or groups in certain compounds; as, b-naphthol. With acids, it commonly indicates that the substituent is in union with the carbon atom next to that to which the carboxyl group is attached.

BETACISM; BETACISMUS Be"ta*cism, Be`ta*cis"mus, n.

Defn: Excessive or extended use of the b sound in speech, due to conversion of other sounds into it, as through inability to distinguish them from b, or because of difficulty in pronouncing them.

BETAINE Be"ta*ine, n. Etym: [From beta, generic name of the beet.] (Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beetroot molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.

BETAKE Be*take", v. t. [imp. Betook; p. p. Betaken; p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] Etym: [Pref. be- + take.]

1. To take or seize. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To have recourse to; to apply; to resort; to go; -- with a reflexive pronoun. They betook themselves to treaty and submission. Burke. The rest, in imitation, to like arms Betook them. Milton. Whither shall I betake me, where subsist Milton.

3. To commend or intrust to; to commit to. [Obs.]

BETA RAYS Be"ta rays. (Physics)

Defn: Penetrating rays readily deflected by a magnetic or electric field, emitted by radioactive substances, as radium. They consist of negatively charged particles or electrons, apparently the same in kind as those of the cathode rays, but having much higher velocities (about 35,000 to 180,000 miles per second).

BETAUGHT Be*taught",a. Etym: [p. p. of OE. bitechen, AS. bet, to assign, deliver. See Teach.]

Defn: Delivered; committed in trust. [Obs.]

BETE Bete, v. t.

Defn: To better; to mend. See Beete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BETEELA Be*tee"la, n. Etym: [Pg. beatilha.]

Defn: An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.]

BETEEM Be*teem", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + an old verb teem to be fitting; cf. D. betamen to beseem, G. ziemen, Goth. gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.]

1. To give ; to bestow; to grant; to accord; to consent. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

2. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [Obs.] So loving to my mother, That he might not beteem the winds of heaven Visit her face too roughly. Shak.

BETEL Be"tel, n. Etym: [Pg., fr. Tamil vettilei, prop. meaning, a mere leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. I is a woody climber with ovate manynerved leaves.

BETELGUESE Bet"el*guese, n. Etym: [F. Bételgeuse, of Arabic origin.] (Astron.)

Defn: A bright star of the first magnitude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betelgeux and Betelgeuse.]

BETEL NUT Be"tel nut`.

Defn: The nutlike seed of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and shell lime.

BETE NOIRE Bête" noire". Etym: [Fr., lit. black beast.]

Defn: Something especially hated or dreaded; a bugbear.

BETHABARA WOOD Beth*ab"a*ra wood`. (Bot.)

Defn: A highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian.

BETHEL Beth"el, n. Etym: [Heb. b house of God.]

1. A place of worship; a hallowed spot. S. F. Adams.

2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.]

3. A house of worship for seamen.

BETHINK Be*think", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethought; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] Etym: [AS. be; pref. be- + to think. See Think.]

Defn: To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration; to think; to consider; -- generally followed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before the subject of thought. I have bethought me of another fault. Shak. The rest . . . may . . . bethink themselves, and recover. Milton. We bethink a means to break it off. Shak.

Syn. -- To recollect; remember; reflect.

BETHINK Be*think", v. i.

Defn: To think; to recollect; to consider. "Bethink ere thou dismiss us." Byron.

BETHLEHEM Beth"le*hem, n. Etym: [Heb. b house of food; b house + lekhem food, lakham to eat. Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in London, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.]

1. A hospital for lunatics; -- corrupted into bedlam.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: In the Ethiopic church, a small building attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for the eucharist is made. Audsley.

BETHLEHEMITE; BETHLEMITE Beth"le*hem*ite, Beth"lem*ite, n.

1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea.

2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite.

3. One of an extinct English order of monks.

BETHOUGHT Be*thought",

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bethink.

BETHRALL Be*thrall", v. t.

Defn: To reduce to thralldom; to inthrall. [Obs.] Spenser.

BETHUMB Be*thumb", v. t.

Defn: To handle; to wear or soil by handling; as books. Poe.

BETHUMP Be*thump", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethumped, or Bethumpt; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethumping.]

Defn: To beat or thump soundly. Shak.

BETIDE Be*tide", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided, Obs. Betid; p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.] Etym: [OE. bitiden; pref. bi-, be- + tiden, fr. AS. tidan, to happen, fr. tid time. See Tide.]

Defn: To happen to; to befall; to come to ; as, woe betide the wanderer. What will betide the few Milton.

BETIDE Be*tide", v. i.

Defn: To come to pass; to happen; to occur. A salve for any sore that may betide. Shak.

Note: Shakespeare has used it with of. "What would betide of me "

BETIME; BETIMES Be*time", Be*times", adv. Etym: [Pref. be- (for by) + time; that is, by the proper time. The -s is an adverbial ending.]

1. In good season or time; before it is late; seasonably; early. To measure life learn thou betimes. Milton. To rise betimes is often harder than to do all the day's work. Barrow.

2. In a short time; soon; speedily; forth with. He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes. Shak.

BETITLE Be*ti"tle, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a title or titles; to entitle. [Obs.] Carlyle.

BETOKEN Be*to"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betokened; p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.]

1. To signify by some visible object; to show by signs or tokens. A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow . . . Betokening peace from God, and covenant new. Milton.

2. To foreshow by present signs; to indicate something future by that which is seen or known; as, a dark cloud often betokens a storm.

Syn. -- To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note.

BETON Bé`ton", n. Etym: [F. béton, fr. L. bitumen bitumen.] (Masonry)

Defn: The French name for concrete; hence, concrete made after the French fashion.

BETONGUE Be*tongue", v. t.

Defn: To attack with the tongue; to abuse; to insult.

BETONY Bet"o*ny, n.; pl. Betonies. Etym: [OE. betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.).

Note: The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.) is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine, and (according to Loudon) in dyeing wool a yellow color.

BETOOK Be*took", imp.

Defn: of Betake.

BETORN Be*torn", a.

Defn: Torn in pieces; tattered.

BETOSS Be*toss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betossed.]

Defn: To put in violent motion; to agitate; to disturb; to toss. "My betossed soul." Shak.

BETRAP Be*trap", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrapped.]

1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap; to insnare; to circumvent. Gower.

2. To put trappings on; to clothe; to deck. After them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same. Stow.

BETRAY Be*tray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] Etym: [OE. betraien, bitraien; pref. be- + OF. traïr to bertray, F. trahir, fr. L. tradere. See Traitor.]

1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly; as, an officer betrayed the city. Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. Matt. xvii. 22.

2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive; as, to betray a person or a cause. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me. Johnson.

3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known. Willing to serve or betray any government for hire. Macaulay.

4. To disclose or discover, as something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance. T. Watts.

5. To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen to lead into error or sin. Genius . . . often betrays itself into great errors. T. Watts.

6. To lead astray, as a maiden; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon.

7. To show or to indicate; -- said of what is not obvious at first, or would otherwise be concealed. All the names in the country betray great antiquity. Bryant.

BETRAYAL Be*tray"al n.

Defn: The act or the result of betraying.

BETRAYER Be*tray"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, betrays.

BETRAYMENT Be*tray"ment, n.

Defn: Betrayal. [R.] Udall.

BETRIM Be*trim", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimming.]

Defn: To set in order; to adorn; to deck, to embellish; to trim. Shak.

BETROTH Be*troth", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrothed; p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] Etym: [Pref. be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Truth.]

1. To contract to any one for a marriage; to engage or promise in order to marriage; to affiance; -- used esp. of a woman. He, in the first flower of my freshest age, Betrothed me unto the only heir. Spenser. Ay, and we are betrothed. Shak.

2. To promise to take (as a future spouse); to plight one's troth to. What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her Deut. xx. 7.

3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. Ayliffe.

BETROTHAL Be*troth"al, n.

Defn: The act of betrothing, or the fact of being betrothed; a mutual promise, engagement, or contract for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; betrothment; affiance. "The feast of betrothal." Longfellow.

BETROTHMENT Be*troth"ment, n.

Defn: The act of betrothing, or the state of being betrothed; betrothal.

BETRUST Be*trust", v. t.

Defn: To trust or intrust. [Obs.]

BETRUSTMENT Be*trust"ment, n.

Defn: The act of intrusting, or the thing intrusted. [Obs.] Chipman.

BETSO Bet"so, n. Etym: [It. bezzo.]

Defn: A small brass Venetian coin. [Obs.]

BETTER Bet"ter, a.; compar. of Good. Etym: [OE. betere, bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.; akin to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth. batiza, adj., OHG. bezziro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv., E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.]

1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as, a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air. Could make the worse appear The better reason. Milton.

2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect. To obey is better than sacrifice. 1 Sam. xv. 22. It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes. Ps. cxviii. 9.

3. Greater in amount; larger; more.

4. Improved in health; less affected with disease; as, the patient is better.

5. More advanced; more perfect; as, upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject. All the better. See under All, adv. -- Better half, an expression used to designate one's wife. My dear, my better half (said he), I find I must now leave thee. Sir P. Sidney. -- To be better off, to be in a better condition. -- Had better. (See under Had).

Note: The phrase had better, followed by an infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of construction was "were better" with a dative; as, "Him were better go beside." (Gower.) i. e., It would be better for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. Thus we have the construction now used. By all that's holy, he had better starve Than but once think this place becomes thee not. Shak.

BETTER Bet"ter, n.

1. Advantage, superiority, or victory; -- usually with of; as, to get the better of an enemy.

2. One who has a claim to precedence; a superior, as in merit, social standing, etc.; -- usually in the plural. Their betters would hardly be found. Hooker. For the better, in the way of improvement; so as to produce improvement. "If I have altered him anywhere for the better." Dryden.

BETTER Bet"ter, adv.; compar. of Well.

1. In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as, Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits. I could have better spared a better man. Shak.

2. More correctly or thoroughly. The better to understand the extent of our knowledge. Locke.

3. In a higher or greater degree; more; as, to love one better than another. Never was monarch better feared, and loved. Shak.

4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as, ten miles and better. [Colloq.] To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable opinion of any one. -- To think better of (an opinion, resolution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one's decision.

BETTER Bet"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] Etym: [AS. beterian, betrian, fr. betera better. See Better, a.]

1. To improve or ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of. Love betters what is best. Wordsworth. He thought to better his circumstances. Thackeray.

2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise. The constant effort of every man to better himself. Macaulay.

3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel. The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered. Hooker.

4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of. [Obs.] Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton.

Syn. -- To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote.

BETTER Bet"ter, v. i.

Defn: To become better; to improve. Carlyle.

BETTER Bet"ter, n.

Defn: One who bets or lays a wager.

BETTERMENT Bet"ter*ment, n.

1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu.

2. (Law)

Defn: An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; -- generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier.

BETTERMOST Bet"ter*most`, a.

Defn: Best. [R.] "The bettermost classes." Brougham.

BETTERNESS Bet"ter*ness, n.

1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard.

BETTONG Bet"tong, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo.

BETTOR Bet"tor, n.

Defn: One who bets; a better. Addison.

BETTY Bet"ty, n.

1. Etym: [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).]

Defn: A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also bettee.] The powerful betty, or the artful picklock. Arbuthnot.

2. Etym: [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.]

Defn: A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters.

3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; -- called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett.

BETULIN Bet"u*lin, n. Etym: [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; -- called also birch camphor. Watts.

BETUMBLE Be*tum"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled.]

Defn: To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.] From her betumbled couch she starteth. Shak.

BETUTOR Be*tu"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored.]

Defn: To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge.

BETWEEN Be*tween", prep. Etym: [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.]

1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as, New York is between Boston and Philadelphia.

2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two. If things should go so between them. Bacon.

3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both. Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them. Locke.

4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal

## action or affecting their mutual relation; as, opposition between

science and religion. An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty. Hume.

5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as, to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations.

6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as, between nine and ten o'clock. Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. -- Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others.

Syn. -- Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as, a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation. I . . . hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance. Johnson. Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as, the prize money was equally divided among the ship's crew.

BETWEEN Be*tween", n.

Defn: Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak.

BETWIXT Be*twixt", prep. Etym: [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwih; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. twa two. See Between.]

1. In the space which separates; between. From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton.

2. From one to another of; mutually affecting. There was some speech of marriage Betwixt myself and her. Shak. Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.]

BEURRE Beur*ré", n. Etym: [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.)

Defn: A beurré (or buttery) pear, one with the meas, Beurré d'Anjou; Beurré Clairgeau.

BEVEL Bev"el, n. Etym: [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.]

1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as, to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber.

2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; -- called also a bevel square. Gwilt.

BEVEL Bev"el, a.

1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.

2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic] I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel. Shak. A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90º. -- Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight.

BEVEL Bev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled (Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.]

Defn: To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.

BEVEL Bev"el, v. i.

Defn: To deviate or incline from an angle of 90 Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel. Swift.

BEVELED; BEVELLED Bev"eled, Bev"elled, a.

1. Formed to a bevel angle; sloping; as, the beveled edge of a table.

2. (Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; having its edges replaces by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid.

BEVEL GEAR Bev"el gear`. (Mech.)

Defn: A kind of gear in which the two wheels working together lie in different planes, and have their teeth cut at right angles to the surfaces of two cones whose apices coincide with the point where the axes of the wheels would meet.

BEVELMENT Bev"el*ment, n. (Min.)

Defn: The replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes.

BEVER Be"ver, n. Etym: [OE. bever a drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre, to drink, fr. L. bibere.]

Defn: A light repast between meals; a lunch. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BEVER Be"ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bevered (

Defn: To take a light repast between meals. [Obs.]

BEVERAGE Bev"er*age, n. Etym: [OF. bevrage, F. breuvage, fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison, Potable.]

1. Liquid for drinking; drink; -- usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as, an intoxicating beverage. He knew no beverage but the flowing stream. Thomson.

2. Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of drink.

3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang]

BEVILE Bev"ile, n. Etym: [See Bevel.] (Her.)

Defn: A chief broken or opening like a carpenter's bevel. Encyc. Brit.

BEVILED; BEVILLED Bev"iled, Bev"illed, a. (Her.)

Defn: Notched with an angle like that inclosed by a carpenter's bevel; -- said of a partition line of a shield.

BEVY Bev"y, n.; pl. Bevies. Etym: [Perhaps orig. a drinking company, fr. OF. bevée (cf. It. beva) a drink, beverage; then, perh., a company in general, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to larks, quails, etc. See Beverage.]

1. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies. What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here ! Beau. & Fl.

2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks; also, a herd of roes.

BEWAIL Be*wail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewailing.]

Defn: To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing; to lament; to wail over. Hath widowed and unchilded many a one, Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shak.

Syn. -- To bemoan; grieve. -- See Deplore.

BEWAIL Be*wail", v. i.

Defn: To express grief; to lament. Shak.

BEWAILABLE Be*wail"a*ble, a.

Defn: Such as may, or ought to, be bewailed; lamentable.

BEWAILER Be*wail"er, n.

Defn: One who bewails or laments.

BEWAILING Be*wail"ing, a.

Defn: Wailing over; lamenting. -- Be*wail"ing*ly, adv.

BEWAILMENT Be*wail"ment, n.

Defn: The act of bewailing.

BEWAKE Be*wake", v. t. & i.

Defn: To keep watch over; to keep awake. [Obs.] Gower.

BEWARE Be*ware", v. i. Etym: [Be, imperative of verb to be + ware. See Ware, Wary.]

1. To be on one's guard; to be cautious; to take care; -- commonly followed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided. Beware of all, but most beware of man ! Pope. Beware the awful avalanche. Longfellow.

2. To have a special regard; to heed. [Obs.] Behold, I send an Angel before thee. . . . Beware of him, and obey his voice. Ex. xxiii. 20, 21.

Note: This word is a compound from be and the Old English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. "Be ye war of false prophetis." Wyclif, Matt. vii. 15. It is used commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with the infinitive.

BEWARE Be*ware", v. t.

Defn: To avoid; to take care of; to have a care for. [Obs.] "Priest, beware your beard." Shak. To wish them beware the son. Milton.

BEWASH Be*wash", v. t.

Defn: To drench or souse with water. "Let the maids bewash the men." Herrick.

BEWEEP Be*weep", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept; p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] Etym: [AS. bew; pref. be- + weep.]

Defn: To weep over; to deplore; to bedew with tears. "His timeless death beweeping." Drayton.

BEWEEP Be*weep", v. i.

Defn: To weep. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BEWET Be*wet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewet, Bewetted.]

Defn: To wet or moisten. Gay.

BEWHORE Be*whore", v. t.

1. To corrupt with regard to chastity; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher.

2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak.

BEWIG Be*wig", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged.]

Defn: To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne.

BEWILDER Be*wil"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewildered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] Etym: [Pref. be- + wilder.]

Defn: To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for want of a plain path; to perplex with mazes; or in general, to perplex or confuse greatly. Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search. Addison.

Syn. -- To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; confound; mystify; embarrass; lead astray.

BEWILDERED Be*wil"dered, a.

Defn: Greatly perplexed; as, a bewildered mind.

BEWILDEREDNESS Be*wil"dered*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being bewildered; bewilderment. [R.]

BEWILDERING Be*wil"der*ing, a.

Defn: Causing bewilderment or great perplexity; as, bewildering difficulties. -- Be*wil"der*ing*ly, adv.

BEWILDERMENT Be*wil"der*ment, n.

1. The state of being bewildered.

2. A bewildering tangle or confusion. He . . . soon lost all traces of it amid bewilderment of tree trunks and underbrush. Hawthorne.

BEWINTER Be*win"ter, v. t.

Defn: To make wintry. [Obs.]

BEWIT Bew"it, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L. boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Buoy.]

Defn: A double slip of leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk's legs.

BEWITCH Be*witch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewitched; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.]

1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations; to affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery. See how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm Is like a blasted sapling withered up. Shak.

2. To charm; to fascinate; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance; to enchant. The charms of poetry our souls bewitch. Dryden.

Syn. -- To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance.

BEWITCHEDNESS Be*witch"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being bewitched. Gauden.

BEWITCHER Be*witch"er, n.

Defn: One who bewitches.

BEWITCHERY Be*witch"er*y, n.

Defn: The power of bewitching or fascinating; bewitchment; charm; fascination. There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words. South.

BEWITCHING Be*witch"ing, a.

Defn: Having power to bewitch or fascinate; enchanting; captivating; charming. -- Be*witch"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*witch"ing*ness, n.

BEWITCHMENT Be*witch"ment, n.

1. The act of bewitching, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor.

2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak.

BEWONDER Be*won"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewondered.]

1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.]

2. To wonder at; to admire. [Obs.]

BEWRAP Be*wrap", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrapped.]

Defn: To wrap up; to cover. Fairfax.

BEWRAY Be*wray", v. t.

Defn: To soil. See Beray.

BEWRAY Be*wray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bewraying.] Etym: [OE. bewraien, biwreyen; pref. be- + AS. wr to accuse, betray; akin to OS. wr, OHG. ruog, G. rügen, Icel. rægja, Goth. wr to accuse.]

Defn: To expose; to reveal; to disclose; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic] The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more hope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known. Robynson (More's Utopia. ) Thy speech bewrayeth thee. Matt. xxvi. 73.

BEWRAYER Be*wray"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bewrays; a revealer. [Obs. or Archaic] Addison.

BEWRAYMENT Be*wray"ment, n.

Defn: Betrayal. [R.]

BEWRECK Be*wreck", v. t.

Defn: To wreck. [Obs.]

BEWREKE Be*wreke", v. t. Etym: [Pref. be- + wreak.]

Defn: To wreak; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

BEWROUGHT Be*wrought", a. Etym: [Pref. be- + wrought, p. p. of work, v. t. ]

Defn: Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BEY Bey, n. Etym: [See Beg a bey.]

Defn: A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also, in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as, the bey of Tunis.

BEYLIC Bey"lic, n. Etym: [Turk.]

Defn: The territory ruled by a bey.

BEYOND Be*yond", prep. Etym: [OE. biyonde, bi, AS. begeondan, prep. and adv.; pref. be- + geond yond, yonder. See Yon, Yonder.]

1. On the further side of; in the same direction as, and further on or away than. Beyond that flaming hill. G. Fletcher.

2. At a place or time not yet reached; before. A thing beyond us, even before our death. Pope.

3. Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as, the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one's strength.

4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing; proceeding to a greater degree than; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. "Beyond expectation." Barrow. Beyond any of the great men of my country. Sir P. Sidney. Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. -- To go beyond, to exceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else; hence, in a bed sense, to deceive or circumvent. That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter. 1 Thess. iv. 6.

BEYOND Be*yond", adv.

Defn: Further away; at a distance; yonder. Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing. Spenser.

BEZANT Be*zant", n. Etym: [See Byzant.]

1. A gold coin of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and value, usually (those current in England) between a sovereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.]

2. (Her.)

Defn: A circle in or, i. e., gold, representing the gold coin called bezant. Burke.

3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt, representing circular disks lapping one upon another.

BEZ-ANTLER Bez`-ant"ler, n. Etym: [L. bis twice (OF. bes) + E. antler.]

Defn: The second branch of a stag's horn.

BEZEL Bez"el, n. Etym: [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.]

Defn: The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which it is set.

BEZIQUE Bé*zique", n. Etym: [F. bésigue.]

Defn: A game at cards in which various combinations of cards in the hand, when declared, score points.

BEZOAR Be"zoar, n. Etym: [F. bézoard, fr. Ar. bazahr, badizahr, fr. Per. pad-zahr bezoar; pad protecting + zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.]

Defn: A calculous concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals (as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama) formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison, and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid diseases. Hence: Any antidote or panacea.

Note: Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar orientale of India, and the Bezoar occidentale of Peru. Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. -- Bezoar goat (Zoöl.), the wild goat (Capra ægagrus). -- Bezoar mineral, an old preparation of oxide of antimony. Ure.

BEZOARDIC Bez`o*ar"dic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bézoardique, bézoartique.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar. -- n.

Defn: A medicine containing bezoar.

BEZOARTIC; BEZOARTICAL Bez`o*ar"tic, Bez`o*ar"tic*al, a. Etym: [See Bezoardic.]

Defn: Having the qualities of an antidote, or of bezoar; healing. [Obs.]

BEZONIAN Be*zo"ni*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. besoin need, want, It bisogno.]

Defn: A low fellow or scoundrel; a beggar. Great men oft die by vile bezonians. Shak.

BEZPOPOVTSY Bez`po*pov"tsy, n. [Russ.; bez without + popovtsy, a derivative of pop priest.]

Defn: A Russian sect. See Raskolnik.

BEZZLE Bez"zle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bezzled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling.] Etym: [OF. besillier, besiler, to maltreat, pillage; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Embezzle.]

Defn: To plunder; to waste in riot. [Obs.]

BEZZLE Bez"zle, v. i.

Defn: To drink to excess; to revel. [Obs.]

BHANG Bhang, n. Etym: [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bhanga hemp.]

Defn: An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp (Cannabis Indica), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication. See Hasheesh.

BHEESTY; BHEESTIE Bhees"ty, Bhees"tie, n. [Written also bhistee, bhisti, etc.] [Per. bihishti lit., heavenly.]

Defn: A water carrier, as to a household or a regiment. [India]

BHISTEE; BHISTI Bhis"tee, Bhis"ti, n.

Defn: Same as Bheesty. [India]

BHUNDER Bhun"der, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An Indian monkey (Macacus Rhesus), protected by the Hindoos as sacred. See Rhesus.

BI; BI- Bi*. Etym: [L. bis twice, which in composition drops the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.]

1. In most branches of science bi- in composition denotes two, twice, or doubly; as, bidentate, two-toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, etc.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: In the composition of chemical names bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the other component, or that such constituent is present in double the ordinary proportion; as, bichromate, bisulphide. Be- and di- are often used interchangeably.

BIACID Bi*ac"id, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.)

Defn: Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by negative atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of bases. See Diacid.

BIACUMINATE Bi`a*cu"mi*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + acuminate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having points in two directions.

BIANGULAR Bi*an"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angular.]

Defn: Having two angles or corners.

BIANGULATE; BIANGULATED Bi*an"gu*late, Bi*an"gu*la`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angulate, angulated.]

Defn: Biangular.

BIANGULOUS Bi*an"gu*lous,a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + angulous.]

Defn: Biangular. [R.]

BIANNUAL Bi*an"nu*al, a. [Pref. bi- + annual.]

Defn: Occurring twice a year; half-yearly; semiannual.

BIANTHERIFEROUS Bi*an`ther*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + antherigerous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two anthers.

BIARTICULATE Bi`ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + articulate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having, or consisting of, tow joints.

BIAS Bi"as, n.; pl. Biases. Etym: [F. biasis, perh. fr. LL. bifax two- faced; L. bis + facies face. See Bi-, and cf. Face.]

1. A weight on the side of the ball used in the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball, which turns it from a straight line. Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the spheroid, which will . . . swerve away. Sir W. Scott.

2. A learning of the mind; propensity or prepossession toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indifferent; bent inclination. Strong love is a bias upon the thoughts. South. Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their

## actions. Locke.

3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumference.

4. A slant; a diagonal; as, to cut cloth on the bias.

Syn. -- Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclination. See Bent.

BIAS Bi"as, a.

1. Inclined to one side; swelled on one side. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth.

BIAS Bi"as, adv.

Defn: In a slanting manner; crosswise; obliquely; diagonally; as, to cut cloth bias.

BIAS Bi"as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased; p. pr. & vb. n. Biasing.]

Defn: To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice; to prepossess. Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have biased any just critic in the counter direction. De. Quincey.

BIAURICULATE Bi`au*ric"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + au riculate.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Having two auricles, as the heart of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two earlike projections at its base, as a leaf.

BIAXAL; BIAXIAL Bi*ax"al, Bi*ax"i*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + axal, axial.] (Opt.)

Defn: Having two axes; as, biaxial polarization. Brewster. -- Bi*ax"i*al*ly, adv.

BIB Bib, n. Etym: [From Bib, v., because the bib receives the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.]

1. A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to protect the clothes.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod; -- called also pout and whiting pout.

3. A bibcock.

BIB; BIBBE Bib, Bibbe, v. t. Etym: [L. bibere. See Beverage, and cf. Imbibe.]

Defn: To drink; to tipple. [Obs.] This miller hath . . . bibbed ale. Chaucer.

BIB Bib, v. i.

Defn: To drink; to sip; to tipple. He was constantly bibbing. Locke.

BIBACIOUS Bi*ba"cious, a. Etym: [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere. See Bib.]

Defn: Addicted to drinking.

BIBACITY Bi*bac"i*ty, n.

Defn: The practice or habit of drinking too much; tippling. Blount.

BIBASIC Bi*ba"sic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + basic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Having to hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of acids. See Dibasic.

BIBB Bibb, n.

Defn: A bibcock. See Bib, n., 3.

BIBBER Bib"ber, n.

Defn: One given to drinking alcoholic beverages too freely; a tippler; -- chiefly used in composition; as, winebibber.

BIBBLE-BABBLE Bib"ble-bab"ble, n. Etym: [A reduplication of babble.]

Defn: Idle talk; babble. Shak.

BIBBS Bibbs, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast tp support the trestletrees.

BIBCOCK Bib"cock`, n.

Defn: A cock or faucet having a bent down nozzle. Knight.

BIBELOT Bi`be*lot", n. [F.]

Defn: A small decorative object without practical utility.

Her pictures, her furniture, and her bibelots. M. Crawford.

BIBIRINE Bi*bi"rine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: See Bebeerine.

BIBITORY Bib"i*to*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to drinking or tippling.

BIBLE Bi"ble, n. Etym: [F. bible, L. biblia, pl., fr. Gr. , pl. of , dim. of , , book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.]

1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. The Book by way of eminence, -- that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; -- sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as, King James's Bible; Douay Bible; Luther's Bible. Also, the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as, a rabbinical Bible.

3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as, the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible. Fig.)

Defn: A book with an authoritative exposition of some topic, respected by many experts on the field. Bible Society, an association for securing the multiplication and wide distribution of the Bible. -- Douay Bible. See Douay Bible. -- Geneva Bible. See under Geneva.

BIBLER Bib"ler, n. Etym: [See Bib, v. t.]

Defn: A great drinker; a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler.]

BIBLICAL Bib"li*cal, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the Bible; as, biblical learning; biblical authority.

BIBLICALITY Bib`li*cal"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being biblical; a biblical subject. [R.]

BIBLICALLY Bib"li*cal*ly, adv.

Defn: According to the Bible.

BIBLICISM Bib"li*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. biblicisme.]

Defn: Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.]

BIBLICIST Bib"li*cist, n.

Defn: One skilled in the knowledge of the Bible; a demonstrator of religious truth by the Scriptures.

BIBLIOGRAPH Bib"li*o*graph`, n.

Defn: Bibliographer.

BIBLIOGRAPHER Bib`li*og"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Gr. , fr. book + to write : cf. F. bibliographe.]

Defn: One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC; BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Bib`li*o*graph"ic, Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bibliographique.]

Defn: Pertaining to bibliography, or the history of books. -- Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bib`li*og"ra*phy n.; pl. Bibliographies. Etym: [Gr. : cf. F. bibliographie.]

Defn: A history or description of books and manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc.

BIBLIOLATER; BIBLIOLATRIST Bib`li*ol"a*ter, Bib`li*ol"a*trist, n. Etym: [See. Bibliolatry.]

Defn: A worshiper of books; especially, a worshiper of the Bible; a believer in its verbal inspiration. De Quincey.

BIBLIOLATRY Bib`li*ol"a*try, n. Etym: [Gr. book + service, worship, to serve.]

Defn: Book worship, esp. of the Bible; -- applied by Roman Catholic divine Coleridge. F. W. Newman.

BIBLIOLOGICAL Bib`li*o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to bibliology.

BIBLIOLOGY Bib`li*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. book + -logy.]

1. An account of books; book lore; bibliography.

2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible.

BIBLIOMANCY Bib"li*o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. book + -mancy: cf. F. bibliomancie.]

Defn: A kind of divination, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events.

BIBLIOMANIA Bib`li*o*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [Gr. book + madness: cf. F. bibliomanie.]

Defn: A mania for acquiring books.

BIBLIOMANIAC Bib`li*o*ma"ni*ac, n.

Defn: One who has a mania for books. -- a.

Defn: Relating to a bibliomaniac.

BIBLIOMANIACAL Bib`li*o*ma*ni"ac*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a passion for books; relating to a bibliomaniac.

BIBLIOPEGIC Bib`li*o*peg"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. book + to make fast.]

Defn: Relating to the binding of books. [R.]

BIBLIOPEGIST Bib`li*op"e*gist, n.

Defn: A bookbinder.

BIBLIOPEGISTIC Bib`li*op`e*gis"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the art of binding books. [R.] Dibdin.

BIBLIOPEGY Bib`li*op"e*gy, n. Etym: [See Bibliopegic.]

Defn: The art of binding books. [R.]

BIBLIOPHILE Bib"li*o*phile, n. Etym: [Gr. book + to love: cf. F. bibliophile.]

Defn: A lover of books.

BIBLIOPHILISM Bib`li*oph"i*lism, n.

Defn: Love of books.

BIBLIOPHILIST Bib`li*oph"i*list, n.

Defn: A lover of books.

BIBLIOPHOBIA Bib`li*o*pho"bi*a, n. Etym: [Gr. book + to fear.]

Defn: A dread of books. [R.]

BIBLIOPOLE Bib"li*o*pole, n. Etym: [L. bibliopola, Gr. ; book + to sell: cf. F. bibliopole.]

Defn: One who sells books.

BIBLIOPOLIC; BIBLIOPOLAR Bib`li*o*pol"ic, Bib`li*op"o*lar, a. Etym: [See Bibliopole.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the sale of books. "Bibliopolic difficulties." Carlyle.

BIBLIOPOLISM Bib`li*op"o*lism, n.

Defn: The trade or business of selling books.

BIBLIOPOLIST Bib`li*op"o*list, n.

Defn: Same as Bibliopole.

BIBLIOPOLISTIC Bib`li*op`o*lis"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to bibliopolism. Dibdin.

BIBLIOTAPH; BIBLIOTAPHIST Bib"li*o*taph, Bib`li*ot"a*phist, n. Etym: [Gr. book + a burial.]

Defn: One who hides away books, as in a tomb. [R.] Crabb.

BIBLIOTHEC Bib"li*o*thec, n.

Defn: A librarian.

BIBLIOTHECA Bib`li*o*the"ca, n. Etym: [L. See Bibliotheke.]

Defn: A library.

BIBLIOTHECAL Bib`li*o*the"cal, a. Etym: [L. bibliothecalis. See Bibliotheke.]

Defn: Belonging to a library. Byrom.

BIBLIOTHECARY Bib`li*oth"e*ca*ry, n. Etym: [L. bibliothecarius: cf. F. bibliothécaire.]

Defn: A librarian. [Obs.] Evelin.

BIBLIOTHEKE Bib"li*o*theke, n. Etym: [L. bibliotheca, Gr. ; book + a case, box, fr. to place: cf. F. bibliothèque.]

Defn: A library. [Obs.] Bale.

BIBLIST Bib"list, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bibliste. See Bible.]

1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith.

2. A biblical scholar; a biblicist. I. Taylor.

BIBRACTEATE Bi*brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + bracteate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Furnished with, or having, two bracts.

BIBULOUS Bib"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink. See Bib, v. t. ]

1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy; as, bibulous blotting paper.

2. Inclined to drink; addicted to tippling.

BIBULOUSLY Bib"u*lous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bibulous manner; with profuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey.

BICALCARATE Bi*cal"ca*rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + calcarate.]

Defn: Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird.

BICALLOSE; BICALLOUS Bi*cal"lose, Bi*cal"lous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + callose, callous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two callosities or hard spots. Gray.

BICAMERAL Bi*cam"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + camera.]

Defn: Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative branches. Bentham.

BICAPSULAR Bi*cap"su*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two capsules; as, a bicapsular pericarp.

BICARBONATE Bi*car"bon*ate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi-+ carbonate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; -- sometimes called supercarbonate.

BICARBURETED; BICARBURETTED Bi*car"bu*ret`ed or -ret`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + carbureted.] (Chem.)

Defn: Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. [Obs. or R.]

BICARINATE Bi*car"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + carinate.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses.

BICAUDAL Bi*cau"dal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + caudal.]

Defn: Having, or terminating in, two tails.

BICAUDATE Bi*cau"date, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + caudate.]

Defn: Two-tailed; bicaudal.

BICCHED Bic"ched, a. Etym: [Of unknown origin.]

Defn: Pecked; pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones; dice.

BICE; BISE Bice, Bise, n. Etym: [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light gray, tawny.] (Paint.)

Defn: A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt; -- called also blue bice. Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande & C.

BICENTENARY Bi*cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + centenary.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two hundred years; as, a bicentenary celebration. -- n.

Defn: The two hundredth anniversary, or its celebration.

BICENTENNIAL Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + centennial.]

1. Consisting of two hundred years.

2. Occurring every two hundred years.

BICENTENNIAL Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, n.

Defn: The two hundredth year or anniversary, or its celebration.

BICEPHALOUS Bi*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + cephalous: cf. F. bicéphale.]

Defn: Having two heads.

BICEPS Bi"ceps, n. Etym: [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput head. See Capital.] (Anat.)

Defn: A muscle having two heads or origins; -- applied particularly to a flexor in the arm, and to another in the thigh.

BICHIR Bi*chir", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A remarkable ganoid fish (Polypterus bichir) found in the Nile and other African rivers. See Brachioganoidei.

BICHLORIDE Bi*chlo"ride, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + chloride.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or more atoms of another element; -- called also dichloride. Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride; -- sometimes called corrosive sublimate.

BICHO Bi"cho, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Jigger.

BICHROMATE Bi*chro"mate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + chromate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other ingredients; as, potassium bichromate; -- called also dichromate.

BICHROMATIZE Bi*chro"ma*tize, v. t.

Defn: To combine or treat with a bichromate, esp. with bichromate of potassium; as, bichromatized gelatine.

BICIPITAL Bi*cip"i*tal, a. Etym: [L. biceps, bicipitis: cf. F. bicipital. See Biceps.]

1. (Anat.) (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. (b) Pertaining to a biceps muscle; as, bicipital furrows, the depressions on either side of the biceps of the arm.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Dividing into two parts at one extremity; having two heads or two supports; as, a bicipital tree.

BICIPITOUS Bi*cip"i*tous, a.

Defn: Having two heads; bicipital. "Bicipitous serpents." Sir T. Browne.

BICKER Bick"er, n. Etym: [See Beaker.]

Defn: A small wooden vessel made of staves and hoops, like a tub. [Prov. Eng.]

BICKER Bick"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] Etym: [OE. bikeren, perh. fr. Celtic; cf. W. bicra to fight, bicker, bicre conflict, skirmish; perh. akin to E. beak.]

1. To skirmish; to exchange blows; to fight. [Obs.] Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together. Holland.

2. To contend in petulant altercation; to wrangle. Petty things about which men cark and bicker. Barrow.

3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a pattering noise; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame. They [streamlets] bickered through the sunny shade. Thomson.

BICKER Bick"er, n.

1. A skirmish; an encounter. [Obs.]

2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys. [Scot.] Jamieson.

3. A wrangle; also, a noise,, as in angry contention.

BICKERER Bick"er*er, n.

Defn: One who bickers.

BICKERING Bick"er*ing, n.

1. A skirmishing. "Frays and bickerings." Milton.

2. Altercation; wrangling.

BICKERMENT Bick"er*ment, n.

Defn: Contention. [Obs.] Spenser.

BICKERN Bick"ern, n. Etym: [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.]

Defn: An anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks); also, the beak or horn itself.

BICKFORD FUSE; BICKFORD FUZE; BICKFORD MATCH Bick"ford fuse, Bick"ford fuze, Bick"ford match.

Defn: A fuse used in blasting, consisting of a long cylinder of explosive material inclosed in a varnished wrapping of rope or hose. It burns from 2 to 4 feet a minute.

BICOLLIGATE Bi*col"li*gate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + colligatus, p. p. See Colligate, v. t. ] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the anterior toes connected by a basal web.

BICOLOR; BICOLORED Bi"col`or, Bi"col`ored, a. Etym: [L. bicolor; bis twice + color color.]

Defn: Of two colors.

BICONCAVE Bi*con"cave, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + concave.]

Defn: Concave on both sides; as, biconcave vertebræ.

BICONJUGATE Bi*con"ju*gate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + conjugate, a.] (Bot.)

Defn: Twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. Gray.

BICONVEX Bi*con"vex, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + convex.]

Defn: Convex on both sides; as, a biconvex lens.

BICORN; BICORNED; BICORNOUS Bi"corn, Bi"corned, Bi*cor"nous, a. Etym: [L. bicornis; bis twice + cornu horn: cf. F. bicorne. Cf. Bickern.]

Defn: Having two horns; two-horned; crescentlike.

BICORPORAL Bi*cor"po*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + corporal.]

Defn: Having two bodies.

BICORPORATE Bi*cor"po*rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + corporate.] (Her.)

Defn: Double-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies.

BICOSTATE Bi*cos"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + costate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two principal ribs running longitudinally, as a leaf.

BICRENATE Bi*cre"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crenate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Twice crenated, as in the case of leaves whose crenatures are themselves crenate.

BICRESCENTIC Bi`cres*cen"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crescent.]

Defn: Having the form of a double crescent.

BICRURAL Bi*cru"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + crural.]

Defn: Having two legs. Hooker.

BICUSPID; BICUSPIDATE Bi*cus"pid, Bi*cus"pid*ate, a. Etym: [See pref. Bi-, and Cuspidate.]

Defn: Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; -- said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc.

BICUSPID Bi*cus"pid, n. (Anat.)

Defn: One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, n.

BICYANIDE Bi*cy"a*nide, n.

Defn: See Dicyanide.

BICYCLE Bi"cy*cle, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + cycle.]

Defn: A light vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider's feet acting on cranks or levers.

BICYCLER Bi"cy*cler, n.

Defn: One who rides a bicycle.

BICYCLIC Bi*cyc"lic, a.

Defn: Relating to bicycles.

BICYCLING Bi"cy*cling, n.

Defn: The use of a bicycle; the act or practice of riding a bicycle.

BICYCLISM Bi"cy*clism, n.

Defn: The art of riding a bicycle.

BICYCLIST Bi"cy*clist, n.

Defn: A bicycler.

BICYCULAR Bi*cyc"u*lar, a.

Defn: Relating to bicycling.

BID Bid, v. t. [imp. Bade, Bid, (Obs.) Bad; p. p. Bidden, Bid; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] Etym: [OE. bidden, prop to ask, beg, AS. biddan; akin to OS. biddian, Icel. bi, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray, ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. to persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS. beódan, to offer, command; akin to Icel. bj, Goth. biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bieten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. to learn by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present OSlav. bud to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of OE. beden to command, except in "to bid beads." sq. root30.]

1. To make an offer of; to propose. Specifically : To offer to pay ( a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract).

2. To offer in words; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, etc.; as, to bid one welcome; to bid good morning, farewell, etc. Neither bid him God speed. 2. John 10. He bids defiance to the gaping crowd. Granrille.

3. To proclaim; to declare publicly; to make known. [Mostly obs.] "Our banns thrice bid !" Gay.

4. To order; to direct; to enjoin; to command. That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow. Pope Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee. Matt. xiv. 28 I was bid to pick up shells. D. Jerrold.

5. To invite; to call in; to request to come. As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. Matt. xxii. 9 To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catholics; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. [Obs.] -- To bid defiance to , to defy openly; to brave. -- To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise; to seem likely.

Syn. -- To offer; proffer; tender; propose; order; command; direct; charge; enjoin.

BID Bid,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bid.

BID Bid, n.

Defn: An offer of a price, especially at auctions; a statement of a sum which one will give for something to be received, or will take for something to be done or furnished; that which is offered.

BID Bid, v. i. Etym: [See Bid, v. t.]

1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To make a bid; to state what one will pay or take.

BIDALE Bid"ale`, n. Etym: [Bid + ale.]

Defn: An invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man's house, and there to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.]

BIDARKEE; BIDARKA Bi*dar"kee, Bi*dar"ka, n. [Russ. baidarka, dim. Cf. Baidar.]

Defn: A portable boat made of skins stretched on a frame. [Alaska] The Century.

BIDDABLE Bid"da*ble, a.

Defn: Obedient; docile. [Scot.]

BIDDEN Bid"den, p. p.

Defn: of Bid.

BIDDER Bid"der, n. Etym: [AS. biddere. ]

Defn: One who bids or offers a price. Burke.

BIDDERY WARE Bid"der*y ware`. Etym: [From Beder or Bidar a town in India.]

Defn: A kind of metallic ware made in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.]

BIDDING Bid"ding, n.

1. Command; order; a proclamation or notifying. "Do thou thy master's bidding." Shak.

2. The act or process of making bids; an offer; a proposal of a price, as at an auction.

BIDDING PRAYER Bid"ding prayer`.

1. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: The prayer for the souls of benefactors, said before the sermon.

2. (Angl. Ch.)

Defn: The prayer before the sermon, with petitions for various specified classes of persons.

BIDDY Bid"dy, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain.]

Defn: A name used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak.

BIDDY Bid"dy, n. Etym: [A familiar form of Bridget.]

Defn: An Irish serving woman or girl. [Colloq.]

BIDE Bide, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bided; p. pr. & vb. n. Biding.] Etym: [OE. biden, AS. bidan; akin to OHG. bitan, Goth. beidan, Icel. bi; perh. orig., to wait with trust, and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide.]

1. To dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to stay. All knees to thee shall bow of them that bide In heaven or earth, or under earth, in hell. Milton.

2. To remain; to continue or be permanent in a place or state; to continue to be. Shak.

BIDE Bide, v. t.

1. To encounter; to remain firm under (a hardship); to endure; to suffer; to undergo. Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm. Shak.

2. To wait for; as, I bide my time. See Abide.

BIDENT Bi"dent, n. Etym: [L. bidens, -entis, having two prongs; bis twice + dens a tooth.]

Defn: An instrument or weapon with two prongs.

BIDENTAL Bi*den"tal, a.

Defn: Having two teeth. Swift.

BIDENTATE Bi*den"tate, a. (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two teeth or two toothlike processes; two-toothed.

BIDET Bi*det", n. Etym: [F. bidet, perh. fr. Celtic; cr. Gael. bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.]

1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson.

2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths; a sitz bath.

BIDIGITATE Bi*dig"i*tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + digitate.]

Defn: Having two fingers or fingerlike projections.

BIDING Bid"ing, n.

Defn: Residence; habitation. Rowe.

BIELA'S COMET Bie"la's com"et. (Astron.)

Defn: A periodic coment, discovered by Biela in 1826, which revolves around the sun in 6.6 years. The November meteors (Andromedes or Bielids) move in its orbit, and may be fragments of the comet.

BIELD Bield, n.

Defn: A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.]

BIELD Bield, v. t.

Defn: To shelter. [Scot.]

BIELID Bie"lid, n. (Astron.)

Defn: See Andromede.

BIENNIAL Bi*en"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. biennalis and biennis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year. Cf. Annual.]

1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years; as, a biennial election.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year, and produce fruit the second.

BIENNIAL Bi*en"ni*al, n.

1. Something which takes place or appears once in two years; esp. a biennial examination.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant which exists or lasts for two years.

BIENNIALLY Bi*en"ni*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Once in two years.

BIER Bier, n. Etym: [OE. bæe, beere, AS. b, b; akin to D. baar, OHG. bara, G. bahre, Icel barar, Dbaare, L. feretrum, Gr. , from the same bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.]

1. A handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed or borne to the grave.

2. (Weaving)

Defn: A count of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. Knight.

BIERBALK Bier"balk`, n. Etym: [See Bier, and Balk, n.]

Defn: A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for funerals. [Obs.] Homilies.

BIESTINGS; BEESTINGS Biest"ings, Beest"ings, n. pl. Etym: [OE. bestynge, AS. b, fr. b, beost; akin to D. biest, OHG. biost, G. biest; of unknown origin.]

Defn: The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson. The thick and curdy milk . . . commonly called biestings. Newton. (1574).

BIFACIAL Bi*fa"cial, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + facial.]

Defn: Having the opposite surfaces alike.

BIFARIOUS Bi*fa"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. bifarius; bis twice + fari to speak. Cf. Gr.

1. Twofold; arranged in two rows.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch; in two vertical rows.

BIFARIOUSLY Bi*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bifarious manner.

BIFEROUS Bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. bifer; bis twice + ferre to bear.]

Defn: Bearing fruit twice a year.

BIFFIN Bif"fin, n. Etym: [Cf. Beaufin.]

1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng.

Note: [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] Wright.

2. A baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake; a dried apple. Dickens.

BIFID Bi"fid, a. Etym: [L. bifidus; bis twice + root of findere to cleave or split: cf. F. bifide.]

Defn: Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond the middle; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins.

BIFIDATE Bif"i*date, a. Etym: [L. bifidatus.]

Defn: See Bifid.

BIFILAR Bi*fi"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + filar.]

Defn: Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads; as, bifilar suspension; a bifilar balance. Bifilar micrometer (often called a bifilar), an instrument form measuring minute distances or angles by means of two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of which, at least, is movable; -- more commonly called a filar micrometer.

BIFLABELLATE Bi`fla*bel"late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + flabellate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Flabellate on both sides.

BIFLAGELLATE Bi`fla*gel"late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + flagellate.]

Defn: Having two long, narrow, whiplike appendages.

BIFLORATE; BIFLOROUS Bi*flo"rate, Bi*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bearing two flowers; two-flowered.

BIFOCAL Bi*fo"cal, a. [Pref. bi-+ focal.]

Defn: Having two foci, as some spectacle lenses.

BIFOLD Bi"fold, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + fold.]

Defn: Twofold; double; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak.

BIFOLIATE Bi*fo"li*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + foliate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two leaves; two-leaved.

BIFOLIOLATE Bi*fo"li*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + foliolate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves.

BIFORATE Bif"o*rate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + foratus, p. p. of forare to bore or pierce.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two perforations.

BIFORINE Bif"o*rine, n. Etym: [L. biforis, biforus, having two doors; bis twice + foris door.] (Bot.)

Defn: An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceæ. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.

BIFORKED Bi"forked, a.

Defn: Bifurcate.

BIFORM Bi"form, a. Etym: [L. biformis; bis twice + forma shape: cf. F. biforme.]

Defn: Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Croxall.

BIFORMED Bi"formed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + form.]

Defn: Having two forms. Johnson.

BIFORMITY Bi*form"i*ty, n.

Defn: A double form.

BIFORN Bi*forn", prep. & adv.

Defn: Before. [Obs.]

BIFOROUS Bif"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. biforis having two doors; bis twice, two + foris door.]

Defn: See Biforate.

BIFRONTED Bi*front"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + front.]

Defn: Having two fronts. "Bifronted Janus." Massinger.

BIFURCATE; BIFURCATED Bi*fur"cate, Bi*fur"ca*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + furcate.]

Defn: Two-pronged; forked.

BIFURCATE Bi*fur"cate, v. i.

Defn: To divide into two branches.

BIFURCATION Bi`fur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bifurcation.]

Defn: A forking, or division into two branches.

BIFURCOUS Bi*fur"cous, a. Etym: [L. bifurcus; bis twice + furca fork.]

Defn: See Bifurcate, a. [R.] Coles.

BIG Big, a. [compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] Etym: [Perh. from Celtic; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant, with child, fr. baich burden, Arm. beac'h; or cf. OE. bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable; (then) magnigicent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell, build, akin to E. be.]

1. Having largeness of size; of much bulk or magnitude; of great size; large. "He's too big to go in there." Shak.

2. Great with young; pregnant; swelling; ready to give birth or produce; -- often figuratively. [Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison.

3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as, a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride. God hath not in heaven a bigger argument. Jer. Taylor.

Note: Big is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, big-boned; big-sounding; big-named; big-voiced. To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously. I talked big to them at first. De Foe.

Syn. -- Bulky; large; great; massive; gross.

BIG; BIGG Big, Bigg, n. Etym: [OE. bif, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] (Bot.)

Defn: Barley, especially the hardy four-rowed kind. "Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now with bigg." New English Dict.

BIG; BIGG Big, Bigg, v. t. Etym: [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to inhabit, to build, b (neut.) to dwell (active) to make ready. See Boor, and Bound.]

Defn: To build. [Scot. & North of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott.

BIGA Bi"ga, n. Etym: [L.] (Antiq.)

Defn: A two-horse chariot.

BIGAM Big"am, n. Etym: [L. bigamus twice married: cf. F. bigame. See Bigamy.]

Defn: A bigamist. [Obs.]

BIGAMIST Big"a*mist, n. Etym: [Cf. Digamist.]

Defn: One who is guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe.

BIGAMOUS Big"a*mous, a.

Defn: Guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy; as, a bigamous marriage.

BIGAMY Big"a*my, n. Etym: [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus twice married; bis twice + Gr. marriage; prob. akin to Skt. jamis related, and L. gemini twins, the root meaning to bind, join: cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.] (Law)

Defn: The offense of marrying one person when already legally married to another. Wharton.

Note: It is not strictly correct to call this offense bigamy: it more properly denominated polygamy, i. e., having a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and in several statutes in the United States the offense is classed under the head of polygamy. In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two virgins successively, or one after the death of the other, or once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare uses the word in the latter sense. Blackstone. Bouvier. Base declension and loathed bigamy. Shak.

BIGARREAU; BIGAROON Big`ar*reau", Big`a*roon", n. Etym: [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarré variegated.] (Bot.)

Defn: The large white-heart cherry.

BIG-BELLIED Big"-bel`lied, a.

Defn: Having a great belly; as, a big-bellied man or flagon; advanced in pregnancy.

BIG BEND STATE Big Bend State.

Defn: Tennessee; -- a nickname.

BIGEMINATE Bi*gem"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + geminate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having a forked petiole, and a pair of leaflets at the end of each division; biconjugate; twice paired; -- said of a decompound leaf.

BIGENTIAL Bi*gen"tial, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + L. gens, gentis, tribe.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Including two tribes or races of men.

BIGEYE Big"eye`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the genus Priacanthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye.

BIGG Bigg, n. & v.

Defn: See Big, n. & v.

BIGGEN Big"gen, v. t. & i.

Defn: To make or become big; to enlarge. [Obs. or Dial.] Steele.

BIGGER Big"ger, a.

Defn: , compar. of Big.

BIGGEST Big"gest, a.

Defn: , superl. of Big.

BIGGIN Big"gin, n. Etym: [F. béguin, prob. from the cap worn by the Béguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.]

Defn: A child's cap; a hood, or something worn on the head. An old woman's biggin for a nightcap. Massinger.

BIGGIN Big"gin, n.

Defn: A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through which boiling water is poured; -- so called from Mr. Biggin, the inventor.

BIGGIN; BIGGING Big"gin, Big"ging, n. Etym: [OE. bigging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.]

Defn: A building. [Obs.]

BIGGON; BIGGONNET Big"gon, Big"gon*net, n. Etym: [F. béguin and OF. beguinet, dim of béguin. See Biggin a cap.]

Defn: A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears.

BIGHA Big"ha, n.

Defn: A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

BIGHORN Big"horn`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis or Caprovis montana).

BIGHT Bight, n. Etym: [OE. bi a bending; cf. Sw. & Dan. bugt bend, bay; fr. AS. byht, fr. b. sq. root88. Cf. Bout, Bought a bend, and see Bow, v.]

1. A corner, bend, or angle; a hollow; as, the bight of a horse's knee; the bight of an elbow.

2. (Geog.)

Defn: A bend in a coast forming an open bay; as, the Bight of Benin.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: The double part of a rope when folded, in distinction from the ends; that is, a round, bend, or coil not including the ends; a loop.

BIGLANDULAR Bi*glan"du*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + glandular.]

Defn: Having two glands, as a plant.

BIGLY Big"ly, adv. Etym: [From Big, a.]

Defn: In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently. He brawleth bigly. Robynson (More's Utopia. )

BIGNESS Big"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being big; largeness; size; bulk.

BIGNONIA Big*no"ni*a, n. Etym: [Named from the Abbé Bignon.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

BIGNONIACEOUS Big*no`ni*a"ceous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the trumpet flower is an example.

BIGOT Big"ot, n. Etym: [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown origin; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker; hombre de bigote a man of spirit and vigor; cf. It. s- bigottire to terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.]

1. A hypocrite; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. [Obs.]

2. A person who regards his own faith and views in matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person who is intolerant of opinions which conflict with his own, as in politics or morals; one obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion. To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and believe. Macaulay.

BIGOT Big"ot, a.

Defn: Bigoted. [Obs.] In a country more bigot than ours. Dryden.

BIGOTED Big"ot*ed, a.

Defn: Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion practice, or ritual; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. "Bigoted to strife." Byron.

Syn. -- Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded.

BIGOTEDLY Big"ot*ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a bigot.

BIGOTRY Big"ot*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bigoterie.]

1. The state of mind of a bigot; obstinate and unreasoning attachment of one's own belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them.

2. The practice or tenets of a bigot.

BIGWIG Big"wig`, n. Etym: [Big,a.+ wig.]

Defn: A person of consequence; as, the bigwigs of society. [Jocose] In our youth we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with extreme condescension. Dickens.

BIG-WIGGED Big"-wigged`, a.

Defn: characterized by pomposity of manner. [Eng.]

BIHYDROGURET Bi`hy*drog"u*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + hydroguret.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of two atoms of hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.]

BIJOU Bi*jou", n.; pl. Bijoux. Etym: [F.; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: A trinket; a jewel; -- a word applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship.

BIJOUTRY Bi*jou"try, n. Etym: [F. bijouterie. See Bijou.]

Defn: Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc.

BIJUGATE Bij"u*gate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two pairs, as of leaflets.

BIJUGOUS Bij"u*gous, a. Etym: [L. bijugus yoked two together; bis twice + jugum yoke, pair.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bijugate.

BIKE Bike, n. Etym: [Ethymol. unknown.]

Defn: A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

BIKH Bikh, n. Etym: [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.] (Bot.)

Defn: The East Indian name of a virulent poison extracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite: also, the plant itself.

BILABIATE Bi*la"bi*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + labiate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two lips, as the corols of certain flowers.

BILACINIATE Bi`la*cin"i*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + laciniate.]

Defn: Doubly fringed.

BILALO Bi*la"lo, n.

Defn: A two-masted passenger boat or small vessel, used in the bay of Manila.

BILAMELLATE; BILAMELLATED Bi*lam"el*late, Bi*lam"el*la`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lamellate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus; also, having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain flowers.

BILAMINAR; BILAMINATE Bi*lam"i*nar, Bi*lam"i*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + laminar, laminate.]

Defn: Formed of, or having, two laminæ, or thin plates.

BILAND Bi"land, n.

Defn: A byland. [Obs.] Holland.

BILANDER Bil"an*der, n. Etym: [D. bijlander; bij by + land land, country.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small two-masted merchant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in canals, as in Holland. Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep Along the coast, and land in view to keep Dryden.

BILATERAL Bi*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lateral: cf. F. bilatéral.]

1. Having two sides; arranged upon two sides; affecting two sides or two parties.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central area or organ, or of a central axis; as, bilateral symmetry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts on the right and left sides of the body.

BILATERALITY Bi*lat`er*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: State of being bilateral.

BILBERRY Bil"ber*ry, n.; pl. Bilberries (. Etym: [Cf. Dan. böllebær bilberry, where bölle is perh. akin to E. ball.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also, its edible bluish black fruit. There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Shak.

2. (Bot.) Any similar plant or its fruit; esp., in America, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. cæspitosum and V. uliginosum.

BILBO Bil"bo, n.; pl. Bilboes (.

1. A rapier; a sword; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak.

2. pl.

Defn: A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles, and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, esp. on board of ships. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Shak.

BILBOQUET Bil"bo*quet, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The toy called cup and ball.

BILCOCK Bil"cock, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European water rail.

BILDSTEIN Bild"stein, n. Etym: [G., fr. bild image, likeness + stein stone.]

Defn: Same as Agalmatolite.

BILE Bile, n. Etym: [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.]

1. (Physiol.)

Defn: A yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters.

2. Bitterness of feeling; choler; anger; ill humor; as, to stir one's bile. Prescott.

Note: The ancients considered the bile to be the "humor" which caused irascibility.

BILE Bile, n. Etym: [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. b, b; skin to D. buil, G. beule, and Goth. ufbauljan to puff up. Cf. Boil a tumor, Bulge.]

Defn: A boil. [Obs. or Archaic]

BILECTION Bi*lec"tion, n. (Arch.)

Defn: That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection.

BILESTONE Bile"stone`, n. Etym: [Bile + stone.]

Defn: A gallstone, or biliary calculus. See Biliary. E. Darwin.

BILGE Bilge, n. Etym: [A different orthography of bulge, of same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.]

1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: That part of a ship's hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would rest if aground.

3. Bilge water. Bilge free (Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is clear of everything; -- said of a cask. -- Bilge pump, a pump to draw the bilge water from the gold of a ship. -- Bilge water (Naut.), water which collects in the bilge or bottom of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain till it becomes very offensive. -- Bilge ways, the timbers which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and which slide upon the launching ways in launching the vessel.

BILGE Bilge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilging.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge.

2. To bulge.

BILGE Bilge, v. t.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: To fracture the bilge of, or stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel).

2. To cause to bulge.

BILGY Bil"gy, a.

Defn: Having the smell of bilge water.

BILIARY Bil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [L. bilis bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as, biliary acids; biliary ducts. Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion formed in the gall bladder or its duct.

BILIATION Bil`i*a"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The production and excretion of bile.

BILIFEROUS Bi*lif"er*ous, a.

Defn: Generating bile.

BILIFUSCIN Bil`i*fus"cin, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + fuscus dark.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A brownish green pigment found in human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of bilirubin.

BILIMBI; BILIMBING Bi*lim"bi, Bi*lim"bing, n. Etym: [Malay.]

Defn: The berries of two East Indian species of Averrhoa, of the Oxalideæ or Sorrel family. They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin diseases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.]

BILIMENT Bil"i*ment, n.

Defn: A woman's ornament; habiliment. [Obs.]

BILIN Bi"lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A name applied to the amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alcohol and ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids.

BILINEAR Bi*lin"e*ar, a. (Math.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coördinates.

BILINGUAL Bi*lin"gual, a. Etym: [L. bilinguis; bis twice + lingua tongue, language.]

Defn: Containing, or consisting of, two languages; expressed in two languages; as, a bilingual inscription; a bilingual dictionary. -- Bi*lin"gual*ly, adv.

BILINGUALISM Bi*lin"gual*ism, n.

Defn: Quality of being bilingual. The bilingualism of King's English. Earle.

BILINGUAR Bi*lin"guar, a.

Defn: See Bilingual.

BILINGUIST Bi*lin"guist, n.

Defn: One versed in two languages.

BILINGUOUS Bi*lin"guous, a. Etym: [L. bilinguis.]

Defn: Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [Obs.]

BILIOUS Bil"ious, a. Etym: [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.]

1. Of or pertaining to the bile.

2. Disordered in respect to the bile; troubled with and excess of bile; as, a bilious patient; dependent on, or characterized by, an excess of bile; as, bilious symptoms.

3. Choleric; passionate; ill tempered. "A bilious old nabob." Macaulay. Bilious temperament. See Temperament.

BILIOUSNESS Bil"ious*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being bilious.

BILIPRASIN Bil`i*pra"sin, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + prasinus green.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A dark green pigment found in small quantity in human gallstones.

BILIRUBIN Bil`i*ru"bin, n. Etym: [L. bilis biel + ruber red.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A reddish yellow pigment present in human bile, and in that from carnivorous and herbivorous animals; the normal biliary pigment.

BILITERAL Bi*lit"er*al, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + littera letter.]

Defn: Consisting of two letters; as, a biliteral root of a Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. -- n.

Defn: A word, syllable, or root, consisting of two letters.

BILITERALISM Bi*lit"er*al*ism, n.

Defn: The property or state of being biliteral.

BILIVERDIN Bil`i*ver"din, n. Etym: [L. bilis bile + viridis green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A green pigment present in the bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation.

BILK Bilk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bilking.] Etym: [Origin unknown. Cf. Balk.]

Defn: To frustrate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch; to give the slip to; as, to bilk a creditor. Thackeray.

BILK Bilk, n.

1. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk.

2. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. Hudibras.

3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson.

4. A person who tricks a creditor; an untrustworthy, tricky person. Marryat.

BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird, proboscis; cf. Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird's bill. Cf. Bill a weapon.]

Defn: A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes of a turtle or other animal. Milton.

BILL Bill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billed; p. pr. & vb. n. Billing.]

1. To strike; to peck. [Obs.]

2. To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness. "As pigeons bill." Shak. To bill and coo, to interchange caresses; -- said of doves; also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray.

BILL Bill, n.

Defn: The bell, or boom, of the bittern The bittern's hollow bill was heard. Wordsworth.

BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bil sword, OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill bea

1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with a handle; -- used in pruning, etc.; a billhook. When short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill.

2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centuries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the top, and attached to the end of a long staff. France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows end bills. Macaulay.

3. One who wields a bill; a billman. Strype.

4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.]

5. (Naut.)

Defn: The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.

BILL Bill, v. t.

Defn: To work upon ( as to dig, hoe, hack, or chop anything) with a bill.

BILL Bill, n. Etym: [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll; cf. F. bille a ball, prob. fr. Ger.; cf. MHG. bickel, D. bikkel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict, Billet a paper.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law.

2. A writing binding the signer or signers to pay a certain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without interest, as may be stated in the document. [Eng.]

Note: In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note.

3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature for enactment; a proposed or projected law.

4. A paper, written or printed, and posted up or given away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the sale of goods; a placard; a poster; a handbill. She put up the bill in her parlor window. Dickens.

5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work done, with the price or charge; a statement of a creditor's claim, in gross or by items; as, a grocer's bill.

6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars; as, a bill of charges or expenditures; a weekly bill of mortality; a bill of fare, etc. Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. -- Bill of costs, a statement of the items which form the total amount of the costs of a party to a suit or action. -- Bill of credit. (a) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. No State shall "emit bills of credit." U. S. Const. Peters. Wharton. Bouvier (b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money. -- Bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer. iii. 8. -- Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the customhouse, whether imported or intended for exportation. -- Bill of exceptions. See under Exception. -- Bill of exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a certain sum of money therein generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to order or to bearer. So also the order generally expresses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn for value. The person who draws the bil is called the drawer, the person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the drawee, -- after acceptance, the acceptor; the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the payee. The person making the order may himself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called a draft. See Exchange. Chitty. -- Bill of fare, a written or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed) which may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. -- Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's company at the time of her leaving port. -- Bill of indictment, a written accusation lawfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they indorse it "A true bill," or "Not found," or "Ignoramus", or "Ignored." -- Bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. -- Bill of mortality, an official statement of the number of deaths in a place or district within a given time; also, a district required to be covered by such statement; as, a place within the bills of mortality of London. -- Bill of pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature which inflicts a punishment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Bouvier. Wharton. -- Bill of parcels, an account given by the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased, with the price of each. -- Bill of particulars (Law), a detailed statement of the items of a plaintiff's demand in an action, or of the defendant's set-off. -- Bill of rights, a summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of Orange in 1688, and enacted in Parliament after they became king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several States. -- Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. -- Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. -- Bill of store, a license granted at the customhouse to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wharton. -- Bills payable (pl.), the outstanding unpaid notes or acceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. -- Bills receivable (pl.), the unpaid promissory notes or acceptances held by an individual or firm. McElrath. -- A true bill, a bill of indictment sanctioned by a grand jury.

BILL Bill, v. t.

1. To advertise by a bill or public notice.

2. To charge or enter in a bill; as, to bill goods.

BILLABONG Bil"la*bong`, n. [Native name.]

Defn: In Australia, a blind channel leading out from a river; -- sometimes called an anabranch. This is the sense of the word as used in the Public Works Department; but the term has also been locally applied to mere back-waters forming stagnant pools and to certain water channels arising from a source.

BILLAGE Bil"lage, n.

Defn: and v. t. & i. Same as Bilge.

BILLARD Bil"lard, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An English fish, allied to the cod; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.]

BILLBEETLE; BILLBUG Bill`bee"tle, or Bill"bug`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. See Curculio.

BILLBOARD Bill"board`, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A piece of thick plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the anchor to rest on. Totten.

2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted; a bulletin board.

BILL BOOK Bill" book`. (Com.)

Defn: A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives.

BILL BROKER Bill" bro`ker.

Defn: One who negotiates the discount of bills.

BILLED Billed, a.

Defn: Furnished with, or having, a bill, as a bird; -- used in composition; as, broad-billed.

BILLET Bil"let, n. Etym: [F. billet, dim. of an OF. bille bill. See Bill a writing.]

1. A small paper; a note; a short letter. "I got your melancholy billet." Sterne.

2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge; as, a billet of residence.

BILLET Bil"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Billeting.] Etym: [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.)

Defn: To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence: To quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. Billeted in so antiquated a mansion. W. Irving.

BILLET Bil"let, n. Etym: [F. billette, bille, log; of unknown origin; a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Billot.]

1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood. They shall beat out my brains with billets. Shak.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood either square or round.

4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap which enters a buckle. (b) A loop which receives the end of a buckled strap. Knight.

5. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle.

BILLET-DOUX Bil`let-doux", n.; pl. Billets-doux. Etym: [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.]

Defn: A love letter or note. A lover chanting out a billet-doux. Spectator.

BILLETHEAD Bil"let*head`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon lone is run out when the whale darts off.

BILLFISH Bill"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name applied to several distinct fishes: (a) The garfish (Tylosurus, or Belone, longirostris) and allied species. (b) The saury, a slender fish of the Atlantic coast (Scomberesox saurus). (c) The Tetrapturus albidus, a large oceanic species related to the swordfish; the spearfish. (d) The American fresh-water garpike (Lepidosteus osseus).

BILLHEAD Bill"head`, n.

Defn: A printed form, used by merchants in making out bills or rendering accounts.

BILL HOLDER Bill" hold`er.

1. A person who holds a bill or acceptance.

2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held.

BILLHOOK Bill"hook`, n. Etym: [Bill + hook.]

Defn: A thick, heavy knife with a hooked point, used in pruning hedges, etc. When it has a short handle, it is sometimes called a hand bill; when the handle is long, a hedge bill or scimiter.

BILLIARD Bil"liard, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the game of billiards. "Smooth as is a billiard ball." B. Jonson.

BILLIARDS Bil"liards, n. Etym: [F. billiard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue form playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a stick.]

Defn: A game played with ivory balls o a cloth-covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it shall either strike (carom upon) two other balls, or drive another ball into one of the pockets with which the table sometimes is furnished.

BILLING Bill"ing, a. & n.

Defn: Caressing; kissing.

BILLINGSGATE Bil"lings*gate`, n.

1. A market near the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul language.

2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vituperation; ribaldry.

BILLION Bil"lion, n. Etym: [F. billion, arbitrarily formed fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See Million.]

Defn: According to the French and American method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration.

BILLMAN Bill"man, n.; pl. Billmen (.

Defn: One who uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. "A billman of the guard." Savile.

BILLON Bil`lon", n. Etym: [F. Cf. Billet a stick.]

Defn: An alloy of gold and silver with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage.

BILLOT Bil"lot, n. Etym: [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Billet a stick.]

Defn: Bullion in the bar or mass.

BILLOW Bil"low, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan. bölge, Sw. bölja; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to E. bulge. See Bulge.]

1. A great wave or surge of the sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind. Whom the winds waft where'er the billows roll. Cowper.

2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton.

BILLOW Bil"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Billowing.]

Defn: To surge; to rise and roll in waves or surges; to undulate. "The billowing snow." Prior.

BILLOWY Bil"low*y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to billows; swelling or swollen into large waves; full of billows or surges; resembling billows. And whitening down the many-tinctured stream, Descends the billowy foam. Thomson.

BILLPOSTER; BILLSTICKER Bill"post`er, Bill"stick"er, n.

Defn: One whose occupation is to post handbills or posters in public places.

BILLY Bil"ly, n.

1. A club; esp., a policeman's club.

2. (Wool Manuf.)

Defn: A slubbing or roving machine.

BILLYBOY Bil"ly*boy`, n.

Defn: A flat-bottomed river barge or coasting vessel. [Eng.]

BILLYCOCK; BILLYCOCK HAT Bil"ly*cock, n., or Bil"ly*cock hat`. [Perh. from bully + cock; that is, cocked like the hats of the bullies.]

Defn: A round, low-crowned felt hat; a wideawake. "The undignified billycocks and pantaloons of the West." B. H. Chamberlain.

Little acquiesced, and Ransome disguised him in a beard, and a loose set of clothes, and a billicock hat. Charles Reade.

BILLY GOAT Bil"ly goat`.

Defn: A male goat. [Colloq.]

BILOBATE Bi*lo"bate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lobate.]

Defn: Divided into two lobes or segments.

BILOBED Bi"lobed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + lobe.]

Defn: Bilobate.

BILOCATION Bi`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + location.]

Defn: Double location; the state or power of being in two places at the same instant; -- a miraculous power attributed to some of the saints. Tylor.

BILOCULAR Bi*loc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + locular: cf. F. biloculaire.]

Defn: Divided into two cells or compartments; as, a bilocular pericarp. Gray.

BILSTED Bil"sted, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Sweet gum.

BILTONG Bil"tong, n. Etym: [S. African.]

Defn: Lean meat cut into strips and sun-dried. H. R. Haggard.

BIMACULATE Bi*mac"u*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + maculate, a.]

Defn: Having, or marked with, two spots.

BIMANA Bim"a*na, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Bimanous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Animals having two hands; -- a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

BIMANOUS Bim"a*nous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + manus hand.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two hands; two-handed.

BIMARGINATE Bi*mar"gin*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + marginate.]

Defn: Having a double margin, as certain shells.

BIMASTISM Bi*mas"tism, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + Gr. breast.] (Anat.)

Defn: The condition of having two mammæ or teats.

BIMEDIAL Bi*me"di*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + medial.] (Geom.)

Defn: Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square).

BIMEMBRAL Bi*mem"bral, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + membrum member.] (Gram.)

Defn: Having two members; as, a bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibbs.

BIMENSAL Bi*men"sal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + mensal.]

Defn: See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or R.]

BIMESTRIAL Bi*mes"tri*al, a. Etym: [L. bimestris; bis twice + mensis month.]

Defn: Continuing two months. [R.]

BIMETALLIC Bi`me*tal"lic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + metallic: cf. F. bimétallique.]

Defn: Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency.

BIMETALLISM Bi*met"al*lism, n. Etym: [F. bimétalisme.]

Defn: The legalized use of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; -- in opposition to monometallism.

Note: The words bimétallisme and monométallisme are due to M. Cernuschi [1869]. Littré.

BIMETALLIST Bi*met"al*list, n.

Defn: An advocate of bimetallism.

BIMOLECULAR Bi"mo*lec"u*lar, a. [Pref. bi-+ molecular.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or formed from, two molecules; as, a bimolecular reaction (a reaction between two molecules).

BIMONTHLY Bi*month"ly, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + monthly.]

Defn: Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months; as, bimonthly visits; bimonthly publications. -- n.

Defn: A bimonthly publication.

BIMONTHLY Bi*month"ly, adv.

Defn: Once in two months.

BIMUSCULAR Bi*mus"cu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + muscular.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve mollusk.

BIN Bin, n. Etym: [OE. binne, AS. binn manager, crib; perh. akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of carriage ( a Gallic word), W. benn, men, wain, cart.]

Defn: A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle for any commodity; as, a corn bin; a wine bin; a coal bin.

BIN Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned; p. pr. & vb. n. Binning.]

Defn: To put into a bin; as, to bin wine.

BIN Bin.

Defn: An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.]

BIN; BIN- Bin*.

Defn: A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-.

BINAL Bi"nal, a. Etym: [See Binary.]

Defn: Twofold; double. [R.] "Binal revenge, all this." Ford.

BINARSENIATE Bin`ar*se"ni*ate, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + arseniate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt having two equivalents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham.

BINARY Bi"na*ry, a. Etym: [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice; akin to E. two: cf. F. binaire.]

Defn: Compounded or consisting of two things or parts; characterized by two (things). Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc. Davies & Peck. -- Binary compound (Chem.), a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. -- Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations, in which 1 is logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modulus 1.442695 instead of .43429448. -- Binary measure (Mus.), measure divisible by two or four; common time. -- Binary nomenclature (Nat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the names designate both genus and species. -- Binary scale (Arith.), a uniform scale of notation whose ratio is two. -- Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. -- Binary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities.

BINARY Bi"na*ry, n.

Defn: That which is constituted of two figures, things, or parts; two; duality. Fotherby.

BINATE Bi"nate, a. Etym: [L. bini two and two.] (Bot.)

Defn: Double; growing in pairs or couples. Gray.

BINAURAL Bin*au"ral, a. Etym: [Pref. bin- + aural.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears.

BINBASHI Bin*bash"i, n. [Turk., prop., chief of a thousand; bin thousand + bash head.] (Mil.)

Defn: A major in the Turkish army.

BIND Bind, v. t. [imp. Bound; p. p. Bound, formerly Bounden; p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] Etym: [AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden; akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda, Goth. bindan, Skr. bandh (for bhandh) to bind, cf. Gr. (for ) cable, and L. offendix. sq. root90.]

1. To tie, or confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc.; to fetter; to make fast; as, to bind grain in bundles; to bind a prisoner.

2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as, attraction binds the planets to the sun; frost binds the earth, or the streams. He bindeth the floods from overflowing. Job xxviii. 11. Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years. Luke xiii. 16.

3. To cover, as with a bandage; to bandage or dress; -- sometimes with up; as, to bind up a wound.

4. To make fast ( a thing) about or upon something, as by tying; to encircle with something; as, to bind a belt about one; to bind a compress upon a part.

5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action; as, certain drugs bind the bowels.

6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as the edge of a carpet or garment.

7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover; as, to bind a book.

8. Fig.: To oblige, restrain, or hold, by authority, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie; as, to bind the conscience; to bind by kindness; bound by affection; commerce binds nations to each other. Who made our laws to bind us, not himself. Milton.

9. (Law) (a) To bring (any one) under definite legal obligations; esp. under the obligation of a bond or covenant. Abbott. (b) To place under legal obligation to serve; to indenture; as, to bind an apprentice; -- sometimes with out; as, bound out to service. To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. -- To bind to, to contract; as, to bind one's self to a wife. -- To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with; to absorb in.

Syn. -- To fetter; tie; fasten; restrain; restrict; oblige.

BIND Bind, v. i.

1. To tie; to confine by any ligature. They that reap must sheaf and bind. Shak.

2. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; to cohere or stick together in a mass; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer.

3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action, as by friction.

4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke.

BIND Bind, n.

1. That which binds or ties.

2. Any twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine; a bine.

3. (Metal.)

Defn: Indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxide of iron. Kirwan.

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A ligature or tie for grouping notes.

BINDER Bind"er, n.

1. One who binds; as, a binder of sheaves; one whose trade is to bind; as, a binder of books.

2. Anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; a bandage; -- esp. the principal piece of timber intended to bind together any building.

BINDERY Bind"er*y, n.

Defn: A place where books, or other articles, are bound; a bookbinder's establishment.

BINDHEIMITE Bind"heim*ite, n. Etym: [From Bindheim, a German who analyzed it.] (Min.)

Defn: An amorphous antimonate of lead, produced from the alteration of other ores, as from jamesonite.

BINDING Bind"ing, a.

Defn: That binds; obligatory. Binding beam (Arch.), the main timber in double flooring. -- Binding joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in double-framed flooring.

Syn. -- Obligatory; restraining; restrictive; stringent; astringent; costive; styptic.

BINDING Bind"ing, n.

1. The act or process of one who, or that which, binds.

2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover of a book, or the cover with the sewing, etc.; something that secures the edge of cloth from raveling.

3. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: The transoms, knees, beams, keelson, and other chief timbers used for connecting and strengthening the parts of a vessel.

BINDINGLY Bind"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to bind.

BINDINGNESS Bind"ing*ness, n.

Defn: The condition or property of being binding; obligatory quality. Coleridge.

BINDING POST Bind"ing post`. (Elec.)

Defn: A metallic post attached to electrical apparatus for convenience in making connections.

BINDING SCREW Bind"ing screw`.

Defn: A set screw used to bind parts together, esp. one for making a connection in an electrical circuit.

BINDWEED Bind"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Convolvulus; as, greater bindweed (C. Sepium); lesser bindweed (C. arvensis); the white, the blue, the Syrian, bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed. The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings. Tennyson.

BINE Bine, n. Etym: [Bind, cf. Woodbine.]

Defn: The winding or twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant.

BINERVATE Bi*nerv"ate, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + nervus sinew, nerve.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Two-nerved; -- applied to leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having only two nerves, as the wings of some insects.

BING Bing, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige, beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the uppermost stratum of coal.]

Defn: A heap or pile; as, a bing of wood. "Potato bings." Burns. "A bing of corn." Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.]

BINIODIDE Bin*i"o*dide, n.

Defn: Same as Diiodide.

BINK Bink, n.

Defn: A bench. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

BINNACLE Bin"na*cle, n. Etym: [For bittacle, corrupted (perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bitacola binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place, fr. habitare to dwell. See Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] (Naut.)

Defn: A case or box placed near the helmsman, containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Totten.

BINNY Bin"ny, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large species of barbel (Barbus bynni), found in the Nile, and much esteemed for food.

BINOCLE Bin"o*cle, n. Etym: [F. binocle; L. bini two at a time + oculus eye.] (Opt.)

Defn: A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once; a double- barreled field glass or an opera glass.

BINOCULAR Bin*oc"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. binoculaire. See Binocle.]

1. Having two eyes. "Most animals are binocular." Derham.

2. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as, binocular vision.

3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as, a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster.

BINOCULAR Bin*oc"u*lar, n.

Defn: A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.

BINOCULARLY Bin*oc"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In a binocular manner.

BINOCULATE Bin*oc"u*late, a.

Defn: Having two eyes.

BINOMIAL Bi*no"mi*al, n. Etym: [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. distribution ). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.)

Defn: An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as, a+b, or 7-3.

BINOMIAL Bi*no"mi*al, a.

1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as, a binomial root.

2. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: Having two names; -- used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs. Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial.

BINOMINAL Bi*nom"i*nal, a. Etym: [See Binomial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to two names; binomial.

BINOMINOUS Bi*nom"i*nous, a.

Defn: Binominal. [Obs.]

BINOTONOUS Bi*not"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. , tone.]

Defn: Consisting of two notes; as, a binotonous cry.

BINOUS Bi"nous, a.

Defn: Same as Binate.

BINOXALATE Bin*ox"a*late, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + oxalate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate.

BINOXIDE Bin*ox"ide, n. Etym: [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Dioxide.

BINTURONG Bin"tu*rong, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis.

BINUCLEAR; BINUCLEATE Bi*nu"cle*ar, Bi*nu"cle*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having two nuclei; as, binucleate cells.

BINUCLEOLATE Bi*nu"cle*o*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having two nucleoli.

BIOBLAST Bi"o*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -blast.] (Biol.)

Defn: Same as Bioplast.

BIOCELLATE Bi*oc"el*late, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + ocellatus. See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); -- said of a wing, etc.

BIOCHEMISTRY Bi`o*chem"is*try, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. chemistry.] (Biol.)

Defn: The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

BIODYNAMIC; BIODYNAMICAL Bi`o*dy*nam"ic, Bi`o*dy*nam"ic*al, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to biodynamics, or the doctrine of vital forces or energy.

BIODYNAMICS Bi`o*dy*nam"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. dynamics.] (Biol.)

Defn: The doctrine of vital forces or energy.

BIOGEN Bi"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -gen.] (Biol.)

Defn: Bioplasm.

BIOGENESIS; BIOGENY Bi`o*gen"e*sis, Bi*og"e*ny, n. Etym: [Gr. life + , , birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; -- opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life development generally.

BIOGENETIC Bi`o*ge*net"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Pertaining to biogenesis.

BIOGENIST Bi*og"e*nist, n.

Defn: A believer in the theory of biogenesis.

BIOGEOGRAPHY Bi`o*ge*og"ra*phy, n. [Gr. bi`os life + E. geography.]

Defn: The branch of biology which deals with the geographical distribution of animals and plants. It includes both zoögeography and phytogeography. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Bi`o*ge`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

BIOGNOSIS Bi`og*no"sis, n. Etym: [Gr. life + investigation.] (Biol.)

Defn: The investigation of life.

BIOGRAPH Bi"o*graph, n. [Gr. bi`os life + -graph.]

1.

Defn: An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph.

2. [Cf. Biography.] A biographical sketch. [Rare]

BIOGRAPHER Bi*og"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who writes an account or history of the life of a

## particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch.

BIOGRAPHIC; BIOGRAPHICAL Bi"o*graph"ic, Bi`o*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. -- Bi`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

BIOGRAPHIZE Bi*og"ra*phize, v. t.

Defn: To write a history of the life of. Southey.

BIOGRAPHY Bi*og"ra*phy, n.; pl. Biographies. Etym: [Gr. ; life + to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.]

1. The written history of a person's life.

2. Biographical writings in general.

BIOLOGIC; BIOLOGICAL Bi`o*log"ic, Bi`o*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or relating to biology. -- Bi`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

BIOLOGIST Bi*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.

BIOLOGY Bi*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.]

Defn: The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants.

BIOLYSIS Bi*ol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. life + a dissolving.] (Biol.)

Defn: The destruction of life.

BIOLYTIC Bi`o*lyt"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. life + to destroy.]

Defn: Relating to the destruction of life.

BIOMAGNETIC Bi`o*mag*net"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to biomagnetism.

BIOMAGNETISM Bi`o*mag"net*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. magnetism.]

Defn: Animal magnetism.

BIOMETRY Bi*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. life + -metry.]

Defn: Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life.

BION Bi"on, n. Etym: [Gr. living, p. pr. of to live.] (Biol.)

Defn: The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon.

BIONOMY Bi*on"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. life + law.]

Defn: Physiology. [R.] Dunglison.

BIOPHOR; BIOPHORE Bi"o*phor` Bi"o*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr. life + bearing, fr. to bear.] (Biol.)

Defn: One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity. See Pangen, in Supplement.

BIOPHOTOPHONE Bi`o*pho"to*phone, n. [Gr. bi`os life + photo + fwnh` sound, voice.]

Defn: An instrument combining a cinematograph and a phonograph so that the moving figures on the screen are accompanied by the appropriate sounds.

BIOPLASM Bi"o*plasm, n. Etym: [Gr. life + form, mold, fr. to mold.] (Biol.)

Defn: A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm.

BIOPLASMIC Bi`o*plas"mic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or consisting of, bioplasm.

BIOPLAST Bi"o*plast, n. Etym: [Gr. life + to form.] (Biol.)

Defn: A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living unit and having formative power, as a living white blood corpuscle; bioblast.

BIOPLASTIC Bi`o*plas"tic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Bioplasmic.

BIOPSYCHIC; BIOPSYCHICAL Bi`o*psy"chic, Bi`o*psy"chic*al, a. [Gr. bi`os life + psychic, -cal.]

Defn: Pertaining to psychical phenomena in their relation to the living organism or to the general phenomena of life.

BIORGAN Bi*or"gan, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. organ.] (Biol.)

Defn: A physiological organ; a living organ; an organ endowed with function; -- distinguished from idorgan.

BIOSCOPE Bi"o*scope, n. [Gr. bi`os life + -scope.]

1.

Defn: A view of life; that which gives such a view.

Bagman's Bioscope: Various Views of Men and Manners. [Book Title.] W. Bayley (1824).

2. An animated picture machine for screen projection; a cinematograph (which see).

BIOSTATICS Bi`o*stat"ics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + . See Statics.] (Biol.)

Defn: The physical phenomena of organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital phenomena.

BIOSTATISTICS Bi`o*sta*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr. life + E. statistics.] (Biol.)

Defn: Vital statistics.

BIOTAXY Bi"o*tax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. life + arrangement.] (Biol.)

Defn: The classification of living organisms according to their structural character; taxonomy.

BIOTIC Bi*ot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. pert. to life.] (Biol.)

Defn: Relating to life; as, the biotic principle.

BIOTITE Bi"o*tite, n. Etym: [From Biot, a French naturalist.] (Min.)

Defn: Mica containing iron and magnesia, generally of a black or dark green color; -- a common constituent of crystalline rocks. See Mica.

BIPALMATE Bi*pal"mate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + palmate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Palmately branched, with the branches again palmated.

BIPARIETAL Bi`pa*ri"e*tal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + parietal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one parietal fossa to the other.

BIPAROUS Bip"a*rous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + parere to bring forth.]

Defn: Bringing forth two at a birth.

BIPARTIBLE Bi*part"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bipartible. See Bipartite.]

Defn: Capable of being divided into two parts.

BIPARTIENT Bi*par"tient, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.]

Defn: Dividing into two parts. -- n.

Defn: A number that divides another into two equal parts without a remainder.

BIPARTILE Bi*par"tile, a.

Defn: Divisible into two parts.

BIPARTITE Bip"ar*tite, a. Etym: [L. bipartitus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice +

## partire. See Partite.]

1. Being in two parts; having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party; shared by two; as, a bipartite treaty.

2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf; consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray.

BIPARTITION Bi`par*ti"tion, n.

Defn: The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or the state of being so divided.

BIPECTINATE; BIPECTINATED Bi*pec"ti*nate, Bi*pec"ti*na`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pectinate.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having two margins toothed like a comb.

BIPED Bi"ped, n. Etym: [L. bipes; bis twice + pes, pedis, bipède.]

Defn: A two-footed animal, as man.

BIPED Bi"ped, a.

Defn: Having two feet; two-footed. By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased, Became a helpless, naked, biped beast. Byrom.

BIPEDAL Bip"e*dal, a. Etym: [L. bipedalis: cf. F. bipédal. See Biped, n.]

1. Having two feet; biped.

2. Pertaining to a biped.

BIPELTATE Bi*pel"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + peltate.]

Defn: Having a shell or covering like a double shield.

BIPENNATE; BIPENNATED Bi*pen"nate, Bi*pen"na*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bipinnate.]

Defn: Having two wings. "Bipennated insects." Derham.

BIPENNIS Bi*pen"nis, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: An ax with an edge or blade on each side of the handle.

BIPETALOUS Bi*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + petalous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two petals.

BIPINNARIA Bi`pin*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. bis twice + pinna feather.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free- swimming stage.

BIPINNATE; BIPINNATED Bi*pin"nate, Bi*pin"na*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pinnate; cf. F. bipinné. Cf. Bipennate.]

Defn: Twice pinnate.

BIPINNATIFID Bi`pin*nat"i*fid, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.)

Defn: Doubly pinnatifid.

Note: A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments or divisions also pinnatifid. The primary divisions are pinnæ and the secondary pinnules.

BIPLANE Bi"plane, n. [Pref. bi- + plane.] (Aëronautics)

Defn: An aëroplane with two main supporting surfaces one above the other.

BIPLANE Bi"plane, a. (Aëronautics)

Defn: Having, or consisting of, two superposed planes, aërocurves, or the like; of or pertaining to a biplane; as, a biplane rudder.

BIPLICATE Bip"li*cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + plicate.]

Defn: Twice folded together. Henslow.

BIPLICITY Bi*plic"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being twice folded; reduplication. [R.] Bailey.

BIPOLAR Bi*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + polar. Cf. Dipolar.]

Defn: Doubly polar; having two poles; as, a bipolar cell or corpuscle.

BIPOLARITY Bi`po*lar"i*ty, n.

Defn: Bipolar quality.

BIPONT; BIPONTINE Bi"pont, Bi*pont"ine, a. (Bibliog.)

Defn: Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bipontium (Zweibrücken), in Bavaria.

BIPRISM Bi"prism, n. [Pref. bi- + prism.]

1.

Defn: A prism whose refracting angle is very nearly 180 degrees.

2. A combination of two short rectangular glass prisms cemented together at their diagonal faces so as to form a cube; -- called also optical cube. It is used in one form of photometer.

BIPUNCTATE Bi*punc"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + punctate.]

Defn: Having two punctures, or spots.

BIPUNCTUAL Bi*punc"tu*al, a.

Defn: Having two points.

BIPUPILLATE Bi*pu"pil*late, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pupil (of the eye).] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having an eyelike spot on the wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in some butterflies.

BIPYRAMIDAL Bi`py*ram"i*dal, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + pyramidal.]

Defn: Consisting of two pyramids placed base to base; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism, as in quartz crystals.

BIQUADRATE Bi*quad"rate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quadrate.] (Math.)

Defn: The fourth power, or the square of the square. Thus 4x4=16, the square of 4, and 16x16=256, the biquadrate of 4.

BIQUADRATIC Bi`quad*rat"ic, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quadratic: cf. F. biquadratique.] (Math.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the biquadrate, or fourth power. Biquadratic equation (Alg.), an equation of the fourth degree, or an equation in some term of which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. -- Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Hutton.

BIQUADRATIC Bi`quad*rat"ic, n. (Math.) (a) A biquadrate. (b) A biquadratic equation.

BIQUINTILE Bi*quin"tile, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + quintile: cf. F. biquintile.] (Astron.)

Defn: An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle -- that is, twice 72 degrees.

BIRADIATE; BIRADIATED Bi*ra"di*ate, Bi*ra"di*a`ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + radiate.]

Defn: Having two rays; as, a biradiate fin.

BIRAMOUS Bi*ra"mous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ramous.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having, or consisting of, two branches.

BIRCH Birch, n.; pl. Birches. Etym: [OE. birche, birk, AS. birce, beorc; akin to Icel. björk, Sw. björk, Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, birke, G. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr. bh. sq. root254. Cf. 1st Birk.]

1. A tree of several species, constituting the genus Betula; as, the white or common birch (B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady birch); the dwarf birch (B. glandulosa); the paper or canoe birch (B. papyracea); the yellow birch (B. lutea); the black or cherry birch (B. lenta).

2. The wood or timber of the birch.

3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging.

Note: The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba), being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods in schools. They were also made into brooms. The threatening twigs of birch. Shak.

4. A birch-bark canoe. Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera gummifera) of turpentine tree. -- Birch partridge. (Zoöl.) See Ruffed grouse. -- Birch wine, wine made of the spring sap of the birch. -- Oil of birch. (a) An oil obtained from the bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), and used in the preparation of genuine ( and sometimes of the imitation) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor. (b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is largely sold.

BIRCH Birch, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the birch; birchen.

BIRCH Birch, v. t. [imp & p. p. Birched; p. pr. & vb. n. Birching.]

Defn: To whip with a birch rod or twig; to flog.

BIRCHEN Birch"en, a.

Defn: Of or relating to birch. He passed where Newark's stately tower Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower. Sir W. Scott.

BIRD Bird, n. Etym: [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, AS. bridd young bird.

1. Orig., a chicken; the young of a fowl; a young eaglet; a nestling; and hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2). That ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird. Shak. The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes. Tyndale (Matt. viii. 20).

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate provided with wings. See Aves.

3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird.

4. Fig.: A girl; a maiden. And by my word! the bonny bird In danger shall not tarry. Campbell. Arabian bird, the phenix. -- Bird of Jove, the eagle. -- Bird of Juno, the peacock. -- Bird louse (Zoöl.), a wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of which the genera and species are very numerous and mostly parasitic upon birds. -- Bird mite (Zoöl.), a small mite (genera Dermanyssus, Dermaleichus and allies) parasitic upon birds. The species are numerous. -- Bird of passage, a migratory bird. -- Bird spider (Zoöl.), a very large South American spider (Mygale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and kill small birds. -- Bird tick (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect parasitic upon birds (genus Ornithomyia, and allies), usually winged.

BIRD Bird, v. i.

1. To catch or shoot birds.

2. Hence: To seek for game or plunder; to thieve. [R.] B. Jonson.

BIRDBOLT Bird"bolt`, n.

Defn: A short blunt arrow for killing birds without piercing them. Hence: Anything which smites without penetrating. Shak.

BIRD CAGE; BIRDCAGE Bird" cage", or Bird"cage`, n.

Defn: A cage for confining birds.

BIRDCALL Bird"call`, n.

1. A sound made in imitation of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying the bird or its mate.

2. An instrument of any kind, as a whistle, used in making the sound of a birdcall.

BIRDCATCHER Bird"catch`er, n.

Defn: One whose employment it is to catch birds; a fowler.

BIRDCATCHING Bird"catch`ing, n.

Defn: The art, act, or occupation or catching birds or wild fowls.

BIRD CHERRY Bird" cher`ry. (Bot.)

Defn: A shrub (Prunus Padus ) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears small black cherries.

BIRDER Bird"er, n.

Defn: A birdcatcher.

BIRD-EYED Bird"-eyed`, a.

Defn: Quick-sighted; catching a glance as one goes.

BIRD FANCIER Bird" fan`ci*er.

1. One who takes pleasure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds.

2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages.

BIRDIE Bird"ie, n.

Defn: A pretty or dear little bird; -- a pet name. Tennyson.

BIRDIKIN Bird"i*kin, n.

Defn: A young bird. Thackeray.

BIRDING Bird"ing, n.

Defn: Birdcatching or fowling. Shak. Birding piece, a fowling piece. Shak.

BIRDLET Bird"let, n.

Defn: A little bird; a nestling.

BIRDLIKE Bird"like`, a.

Defn: Resembling a bird.

BIRDLIME Bird"lime`, n. Etym: [Bird + lime viscous substance.]

Defn: An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fermenting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with this substance it will hold small birds which may light upon it. Hence: Anything which insnares. Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce A more tenacious mass of clammy juice. Dryden.

Note: Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc.

BIRDLIME Bird"lime`, v. t. T

Defn: o smear with birdlime; to catch with birdlime; to insnare. When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to everything it meets with. Coodwin.

BIRDLING Bird"ling, n.

Defn: A little bird; a nestling.

BIRDMAN Bird"man, n.

Defn: A fowler or birdcatcher.

BIRD OF PARADISE Bird" of par"a*dise. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The name of several very beautiful birds of the genus Paradisea and allied genera, inhabiting New Guinea and the adjacent islands. The males have brilliant colors, elegant plumes, and often remarkable tail feathers.

Note: The Great emerald (Paradisea apoda) and the Lesser emerald (P. minor) furnish many of the plumes used as ornaments by ladies; the Red is P. rubra or sanguinea; the Golden is Parotia aurea or sexsetacea; the King is Cincinnurus regius. The name is also applied to the longer-billed birds of another related group (Epimachinæ) from the same region. The Twelve-wired (Seleucides alba) is one of these. See Paradise bird, and Note under Apod.

BIRD PEPPER Bird" pep`per.

Defn: A species of capsicum (Capsicum baccatum), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is among the most piquant of all red peppers.

BIRD'S-BEAK Bird's"-beak`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A molding whose section is thought to resemble a beak.

BIRDSEED Bird"seed`, n.

Defn: Canary seed, hemp, millet or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds.

BIRD'S-EYE Bird's"-eye`, a.

1. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; embraced at a glance; hence, generalas, a bird's-eye view.

2. Marked with spots resembling bird's eyes; as, bird's-eye diaper; bird's-eye maple.

BIRD'S-EYE Bird's"-eye`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant with a small bright flower, as the Adonis or pheasant's eye, the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), and species of Veronica, Geranium, etc.

BIRD'S-EYE MAPLE Bird's"-eye` ma"ple.

Defn: See under Maple.

BIRD'S-FOOT Bird's"-foot`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A papilionaceous plant, the Ornithopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod tipped with a short, clawlike point. Bird's-foot trefoil. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus) with clawlike pods. L. corniculatas, with yellow flowers, is very common in Great Britain. (b) the related plant, Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European.

BIRD'S-MOUTH Bird's-mouth`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: An interior acrow's-foot in the United States.

BIRD'S NEST; BIRD'S-NEST Bird's" nest`, or Bird's-nest, n.

1. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young.

2. (Cookery)

Defn: The nest of a small swallow (Collocalia nidifica and several allied species), of China and the neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups.

Note: The nests are found in caverns and fissures of cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algæ. They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance resemble isinglass. See Illust. under Edible.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: An orchideous plant with matted roots, of the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis.) Bird's-nest pudding, a pudding containing apples whose cores have been replaces by sugar. -- Yellow bird's nest, a plant, the Monotropa hypopitys.

BIRD'S-NESTING Bird's-nest`ing, n.

Defn: Hunting for, or taking, birds' nests or their contents.

BIRD'S-TONGUE Bird's"-tongue`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare).

BIRD-WITTED Bird"-wit`ted, a.

Defn: Flighty; passing rapidly from one subject to another; not having the faculty of attention. Bacon.

BIRDWOMAN Bird"wom`an, n.

Defn: An airwoman; an aviatress. [Colloq.]

BIRECTANGULAR Bi`rec*tan"gu*lar, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + rectangular.]

Defn: Containing or having two right angles; as, a birectangular spherical triangle.

BIREME Bi"reme, n. Etym: [L. biremis; bis twice + remus oar: cf. F. birème.]

Defn: An ancient galley or vessel with two banks or tiers of oars.

BIRETTA Bi*ret"ta, n.

Defn: Same as Berretta.

BIRGANDER Bir"gan*der, n.

Defn: See Bergander.

BIRK Birk, n. Etym: [See Birch, n.]

Defn: A birch tree. [Prov. Eng.] "The silver birk." Tennyson.

BIRK Birk, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus).

BIRKEN Birk"en, v. t. Etym: [From 1st Birk.]

Defn: To whip with a birch or rod. [Obs.]

BIRKEN Birk"en, a.

Defn: Birchen; as, birken groves. Burns.

BIRKIE Bir"kie, n.

Defn: A lively or mettlesome fellow. [Jocular, Scot.] Burns.

BIRL Birl, v. t. & i.

Defn: To revolve or cause to revolve; to spin. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

BIRL Birl, v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. byrlian.

Defn: To pour (beer or wine); to ply with drink; to drink; to carouse. [Obs. or Dial.] Skelton.

BIRLAW Bir"law, n. Etym: [See By-law.] (Law)

Defn: A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs; a rustic or local law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.]

BIROSTRATE; BIROSTRATED Bi*ros`trate, Bi*ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + rostrate.]

Defn: Having a double beak, or two processes resembling beaks. The capsule is bilocular and birostrated. Ed. Encyc.

BIRR Birr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Birred; p. pr. & vb. n. Birring.] Etym: [Cf. OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind, fr. Icel. byrr wind. Perh. imitative.]

Defn: To make, or move with, a whirring noise, as of wheels in motion.

BIRR Birr, n.

1. A whirring sound, as of a spinning wheel.

2. A rush or impetus; force.

BIRRUS Bir"rus, n. Etym: [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak. See Berretta.]

Defn: A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn by the poor in the Middle Ages; also, a woolen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head.

BIRSE Birse, n.

Defn: A bristle or bristles. [Scot.]

BIRT Birt, n. Etym: [OE. byrte; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf. Bret, Burt.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the turbot kind; the brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.]

BIRTH Birth, n. Etym: [OE. burth, birth, AS. beor, gebyrd, fr. beran to bear, bring forth; akin to D. geboorate, OHG. burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. bur, Skr. bhrti bearing, supporting; cf. Ir. & Gael. beirthe born, brought forth. Bear, and cf. Berth.]

1. The act or fact of coming into life, or of being born; -- generally applied to human beings; as, the birth of a son.

2. Lineage; extraction; descent; sometimes, high birth; noble extraction. Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifications. Prescott.

3. The condition to which a person is born; natural state or position; inherited disposition or tendency. A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name. Dryden.

4. The act of bringing forth; as, she had two children at a birth. "At her next birth." Milton.

5. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable. Poets are far rarer births that kings. B. Jonson. Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to shift for itself. Addison.

6. Origin; beginning; as, the birth of an empire. New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life.

Syn. -- Parentage; extraction; lineage; race; family.

BIRTH Birth, n.

Defn: See Berth. [Obs.] De Foe.

BIRTHDAY Birth"day`, n.

1. The day in which any person is born; day of origin or commencement. Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next The birthday of invention. Cowper.

2. The day of the month in which a person was born, in whatever succeeding year it may recur; the anniversary of one's birth. This is my birthday; as this very day Was Cassius born. Shak.

BIRTHDAY Birth"day`, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the day of birth, or its anniversary; as, birthday gifts or festivities.

BIRTHDOM Birth"dom, n. Etym: [Birth + -dom.]

Defn: The land of one's birth; one's inheritance. [R.] Shak.

BIRTHING Birth"ing, n. (Naut.)

Defn: Anything added to raise the sides of a ship. Bailey.

BIRTHLESS Birth"less, a.

Defn: Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

BIRTHMARK Birth"mark`, n.

Defn: Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth. Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a natural birthmark, . . . a snake. Sir T. North.

BIRTHNIGHT Birth"night`, n.

Defn: The night in which a person is born; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years. The angelic song in Bethlehem field, On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior born. Milton.

BIRTHPLACE Birth"place`, n.

Defn: The town, city, or country, where a person is born; place of origin or birth, in its more general sense. "The birthplace of valor." Burns.

BIRTHRIGHT Birth"right`, n.

Defn: Any right, privilege, or possession to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution; esp. the rights or inheritance of the first born. Lest there be any . . . profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. Heb. xii. 16.

BIRTHROOT Birth"root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An herbaceous plant (Trillium erectum), and its astringent rootstock, which is said to have medicinal properties.

BIRTHWORT Birth"wort`, n.

Defn: A genus of herbs and shrubs (Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties.

BIS Bis, adv. Etym: [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo two. See Two, and cf. Bi-.]

Defn: Twice; -- a word showing that something is, or is to be, repeated; as a passage of music, or an item in accounts.

BIS; BIS- Bis*, pref.

Defn: A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c, or a vowel.

BISA ANTELOPE Bi"sa an"te*lope. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Oryx.

BISACCATE Bi*sac"cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + saccate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches.

BISCAYAN Bis*cay"an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Biscay in Spain. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Biscay.

BISCOTIN Bis"co*tin, n. Etym: [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.]

Defn: A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; a sweet biscuit.

BISCUIT Bis"cuit, n. Etym: [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind of porcelain.]

1. A kind of unraised bread, of many varieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat cakes, and bakes hard; as, ship biscuit. According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven. Gibbon.

2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened, or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a number are baked in the same pan, forming a sheet or card.

3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing.

4. (Sculp.)

Defn: A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature. Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form biscuits.

BISCUTATE Bi*scu"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + scutate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Resembling two bucklers placed side by side.

BISE Bise, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A cold north wind which prevails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, etc.; -- nearly the same as the mistral.

BISE Bise, n. (Paint.)

Defn: See Bice.

BISECT Bi*sect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] Etym: [L. bis twice + secare, sectum, to cut.]

1. To cut or divide into two parts.

2. (Geom.)

Defn: To divide into two equal parts.

BISECTION Bi*sec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bissection.]

Defn: Division into two parts, esp. two equal parts.

BISECTOR Bi*sec"tor, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bisects; esp. (Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle.

BISECTRIX Bi*sec"trix, n.

Defn: The line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.

BISEGMENT Bi*seg"ment, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + segment.]

Defn: One of tow equal parts of a line, or other magnitude.

BISEPTATE Bi*sep"tate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + septate.]

Defn: With two partitions or septa. Gray.

BISERIAL; BISERIATE Bi*se"ri*al, Bi*se"ri*ate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + serial, seriate.]

Defn: In two rows or series.

BISERRATE Bi*ser"rate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + serrate.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate, as in some leaves.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Serrate on both sides, as some antennæ.

BISETOSE; BISETOUS Bi*se"tose, Bi*se"tous, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + setose, setous.]

Defn: Having two bristles.

BISEXOUS Bi*sex"ous, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + sexus sex: cf. F. bissexe.]

Defn: Bisexual. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

BISEXUAL Bi*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sexual.] (Biol.)

Defn: Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes.

BISEXUOUS Bi*sex"u*ous, a.

Defn: Bisexual.

BISEYE Bi*seye", p. p.

Defn: of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Evil biseye, ill looking. [Obs.]

BISH Bish, n.

Defn: Same as Bikh.

BISHOP Bish"op, n. Etym: [OE. bischop, biscop, bisceop, AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus overseer, superintendent, bishop, fr. Gr. , over + inspector, fr. root of , , to look to, perh. akin to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.]

1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director. Ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. 1 Pet. ii. 25. It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the church is called indifferently "bishop" ( J. B. Lightfoot.

2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the highest order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, bishopric, or see. Bishop in partibus [infidelium] (R. C. Ch.), a bishop of a see which does not actually exist; one who has the office of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. -- Titular bishop (R. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882 for bishop in partibus. -- Bench of Bishops. See under Bench.

3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches, one of the highest church officers or superintendents.

4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a representation of a bishop's miter; -- formerly called archer.

5. A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. Swift.

6. An old name for a woman's bustle. [U. S.] If, by her bishop, or her "grace" alone, A genuine lady, or a church, is known. Saxe.

BISHOP Bish"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.]

Defn: To admit into the church by confirmation; to confirm; hence, to receive formally to favor.

BISHOP Bish"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] Etym: [From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.)

Defn: To make seem younger, by operating on the teeth; as, to bishop an old horse or his teeth.

Note: The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting instrument the operator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. H. Walsh.

BISHOPDOM Bish"op*dom, n.

Defn: Jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate. "Divine right of bishopdom." Milton.

BISHOPLIKE Bish"op*like`, a.

Defn: Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Fulke.

BISHOPLY Bish"op*ly, a.

Defn: Bishoplike; episcopal. [Obs.]

BISHOPLY Bish"op*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.]

BISHOPRIC Bish"op*ric, n. Etym: [AS. bisceoprice; bisceop bishop + rice dominion. See -ric.]

1. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends.

2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle, bishop, or presbyter. Acts i. 20.

BISHOP'S CAP Bish"op's cap`. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Mitella; miterwort. Longfellow.

BISHOP SLEEVE Bish"op sleeve`.

Defn: A wide sleeve, once worn by women.

BISHOP'S LENGTH Bish"op's length`.

Defn: A canvas for a portrait measuring 58 by 94 inches. The half bishop measures 45 of 56.

BISHOP-STOOL Bish"op-stool`, n.

Defn: A bishop's seat or see.

BISHOP'S-WEED Bish"op's-weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (b) Goutweed (Ægopodium podagraria).

BISHOP'S-WORT Bish"op's-wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Wood betony (Stachys betonica); also, the plant called fennel flower (Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bush.

BISIE Bis"ie, v. t.

Defn: To busy; to employ. [Obs.]

BISILICATE Bi*sil"i*cate, n. (Min. Chem.)

Defn: A salt of metasilicic acid; -- so called because the ratio of the oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two to one. The bisilicates include many of the most common and important minerals.

BISK Bisk, n. Etym: [F. bisque.]

Defn: Soup or broth made by boiling several sorts of flesh together. King.

BISK Bisk, n. Etym: [F. bisque.] (Tennis)

Defn: See Bisque.

BISKARA BOIL; BISKARA BUTTON Bis"ka*ra boil`, Bis"ka*ra but"ton . [Named after the town Biskara, in Algeria.] (Med.)

Defn: Same as Aleppo boil.

BISMARE; BISMER Bi*smare", Bi*smer", n. Etym: [AS. bismer.]

Defn: Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BISMER Bis"mer, n.

1. A rule steelyard. [Scot.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The fifteen-spined (Gasterosteus spinachia).

BISMILLAH Bis*mil"lah, interj. Etym: [Arabic, in the name of God!]

Defn: An adjuration or exclamation common among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.]

BISMITE Bis"mite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher.

BISMUTH Bis"muth, n. Etym: [Ger. bismuth, wismuth: cf. F. bismuth.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507º Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.

Note: Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals; it is used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic substance known. Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide; bismuthinite. -- Bismuth ocher, a native bismuth oxide; bismite.

BISMUTHAL Bis"muth*al, a.

Defn: Containing bismuth.

BISMUTHIC Bis"muth*ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as, bismuthic oxide.

BISMUTHIFEROUS Bis`muth*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bismuth + -ferous.]

Defn: Containing bismuth.

BISMUTHINE; BISMUTHINITE Bis"muth*ine, Bis"muth*in*ite, n.

Defn: Native bismuth sulphide; -- sometimes called bismuthite.

BISMUTHOUS Bis"muth*ous, a.

Defn: Of, or containing, bismuth, when this element has its lower valence.

BISMUTHYL Bis"muth*yl`, n. (Min.)

Defn: Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color. [Written also bismuthite.]

BISON Bi"son, n. Etym: [L. bison, Gr. , a wild ox; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisant, G. wisent, AS. wesend, Icel. visundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zoöl.) (a) The aurochs or European bison. (b) The American bison buffalo (Bison Americanus), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly roamed in herds over most of the temperate portion of North America, but is now restricted to very limited districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is rapidly decreasing in numbers.

BISPINOSE Bi*spi"nose, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + spinose.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having two spines.

BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [A corruption of biscuit.]

Defn: Unglazed white porcelain.

BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A point taken by the receiver of odds in the game of tennis; also, an extra innings allowed to a weaker player in croquet.

BISQUE Bisque, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A white soup made of crayfish.

BISSELL TRUCK Bis"sell truck.

Defn: A truck for railroad rolling stock, consisting of two ordinary axle boxes sliding in guides attached to a triangular frame; -- called also pony truck.

BISSEXTILE Bis*sex"tile, n. Etym: [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bissextus (bis + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.]

Defn: Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on account of the excess of the tropical year (365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four years is equivalent to six hours each year, which is 11 m. 14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400.

BISSEXTILE Bis*sex"tile, a.

Defn: Pertaining to leap year.

BISSON Bis"son, a. Etym: [OE. bisen, bisne, AS. bisen, prob. for bis; bi by + s clear, akin to seón to see; clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.]

Defn: Purblind; blinding. [Obs.] "Bisson rheum." Shak.

BISTER; BISTRE Bis"ter, Bis"tre, n. Etym: [F. bistre a color made of soot; of unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. biester frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.)

Defn: A dark brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood.

BISTIPULED Bi*stip"uled, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + stipule.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having two stipules.

BISTORT Bis"tort, n. Etym: [L. bis + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.] (Bot.)

Defn: An herbaceous plant of the genus Polygonum, section Bistorta; snakeweed; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an astringent.

BISTOURY Bis"tou*ry, n.; pl. Bistouries. Etym: [F. bistouri.]

Defn: A surgical instrument consisting of a slender knife, either straight or curved, generally used by introducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting towards the surface.

BISTRE Bis"tre, n.

Defn: See Bister.

BISULCATE Bi*sul"cate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulcate.]

1. Having two grooves or furrows.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Cloven; said of a foot or hoof.

BISULCOUS Bi*sul"cous, a. Etym: [L. bisulcus; bis twice + sulcus furrow.]

Defn: Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne.

BISULPHATE Bi*sul"phate, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal sulphates; an acid sulphate.

BISULPHIDE Bi*sul"phide, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphide.] (Chem.)

Defn: A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2; -- less frequently called bisulphuret.

BISULPHITE Bi*sul"phite, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of sulphurous acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of the acid; an acid sulphite.

BISULPHURET Bi*sul"phu*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Bisulphide.

BIT Bit, n. Etym: [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. bitan to bite. See Bite, n. & v., and cf. Bit a morsel.]

1. The part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the reins are fastened. Shak. The foamy bridle with the bit of gold. Chaucer.

2. Fig.: Anything which curbs or restrains.

BIT Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bitting.]

Defn: To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.

BIT Bit,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bite.

BIT Bit, n. Etym: [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. bitan to bite; akin to D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit part of a bridle.]

1. A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite.

2. Somewhat; something, but not very great. My young companion was a bit of a poet. T. Hook.

Note: This word is used, also, like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree; as, he is not a bit wiser.

3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock.

4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight.

5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight.

6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small silver coin (as the real) formerly current; commonly, one worth about 12 1/2 cents; also, the sum of 12 1/2 cents. Bit my bit, piecemeal. Pope.

BIT Bit, 3d sing. pr.

Defn: of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BITAKE Bi*take", v. t. Etym: [See Betake, Betaught.]

Defn: To commend; to commit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BITANGENT Bi*tan"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + tangent.] (Geom.)

Defn: Possessing the property of touching at two points. -- n.

Defn: A line that touches a curve in two points.

BITARTRATE Bi*tar"trate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.

BITCH Bitch, n. Etym: [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf. Icel. bikkja, G. betze, peize.]

1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox.

2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a lewd woman. Pope.

BITE Bite, v. t. [imp. Bit; p. p. Bitten, Bit; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] Etym: [OE. biten, AS. bitan; akin to D. bijten, OS. bitan, OHG. bizan, G. beissen, Goth. beitan, Icel. bita, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. sq. root87. Cf. Fissure.]

1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as, to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man. Such smiling rogues as these, Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain. Shak.

2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of some insects) used in taking food.

3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to; to hurt or injure, in a literal or a figurative sense; as, pepper bites the mouth. "Frosts do bite the meads." Shak.

4. To cheat; to trick; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope.

5. To take hold of; to hold fast; to adhere to; as, the anchor bites the ground. The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, . . . it turned and turned with nothing to bite. Dickens. To bite the dust, To bite the ground, to fall in the agonies of death; as, he made his enemy bite the dust. -- To bite in (Etching), to corrode or eat into metallic plates by means of an acid. -- To bite the thumb at (any one), formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; to defy. "Do you bite your thumb at us " Shak. -- To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak.

BITE Bite, v. i.

1. To seize something forcibly with the teeth; to wound with the teeth; to have the habit of so doing; as, does the dog bite

2. To cause a smarting sensation; to have a property which causes such a sensation; to be pungent; as, it bites like pepper or mustard.

3. To cause sharp pain; to produce anguish; to hurt or injure; to have the property of so doing. At the last it [wine] biteth like serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Prov. xxiii. 32.

4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does; hence, to take a tempting offer.

5. To take or keep a firm hold; as, the anchor bites.

BITE Bite, n. Etym: [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. bitan to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit.]

1. The act of seizing with the teeth or mouth; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth or mouth; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a bait; as, to give anything a hard bite. I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite. Walton.

2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ for taking food, as is done by some insects.

3. The wound made by biting; as, the pain of a dog's or snake's bite; the bite of a mosquito.

4. A morsel; as much as is taken at once by biting.

5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a machine has upon another.

6. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. [Colloq.] The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by deceiving and overreaching. Humorist.

7. A sharper; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson.

8. (Print.)

Defn: A blank on the edge or corner of a page, owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else, intervening between the type and paper.

BITER Bit"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, bites; that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog or fish. "Great barkers are no biters." Camden.

2. One who cheats; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator.

BITERNATE Bi*ter"nate, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ternate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. -- Bi*ter"nate*ly, adv. Gray.

BITHEISM Bi"the*ism, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + theism.]

Defn: Belief in the existence of two gods; dualism.

BITING Bit"ing, a.

Defn: That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caustic. "A biting affliction." "A biting jest." Shak.

BITING IN Bit"ing in". (Etching.)

Defn: The process of corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an acid. See Etch. G. Francis.

BITINGLY Bit"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a biting manner.

BITLESS Bit"less, a.

Defn: Not having a bit or bridle.

BITO; BITO TREE Bi"to, n., Bi"to tree`. [Etym. uncertain.] (Bot.)

Defn: A small scrubby tree (Balanites Ægyptiaca) growing in dry regions of tropical Africa and Asia.

The hard yellowish white wood is made into plows in Abyssinia; the bark is used in Farther India to stupefy fish; the ripe fruit is edible, when green it is an anthelmintic; the fermented juice is used as a beverage; the seeds yield a medicinal oil called zachun. The African name of the tree is hajilij.

BITSTOCK Bit"stock`, n.

Defn: A stock or handle for holding and rotating a bit; a brace.

BITT Bitt, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Bitts.

BITT Bitt, v. t. Etym: [See Bitts.] (Naut.)

Defn: To put round the bitts; as, to bitt the cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken it gradually, which is called veering away. Totten.

BITTACLE Bit"ta*cle, n.

Defn: A binnacle. [Obs.]

BITTEN Bit"ten, p. p.

Defn: of Bite.

BITTEN Bit"ten, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Terminating abruptly, as if bitten off; premorse.

BITTER Bit"ter, n. Etym: [See Bitts.] (Naut.)

Defn: AA turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bitter end, that part of a cable which is abaft the bitts, and so within board, when the ship rides at anchor.

BITTER Bit"ter, a. Etym: [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite. See Bite, v. t.]

1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops; as, a bitter medicine; bitter as aloes.

2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe; as, a bitter cold day.

3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind; calamitous; poignant. It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God. Jer. ii. 19.

4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh; stern; virulent; as, bitter reproach. Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them. Col. iii. 19.

5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable. The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with hard bondage. Ex. i. 14. Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See Colocynth. -- Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp. C. amara. -- Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia. -- Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined chemical characteristics. -- Bitter salt, Epsom salts;; magnesium sulphate. -- Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia. -- To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however calamitous.

Syn. -- Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe; acrimonious.

BITTER Bit"ter, n.

Defn: Any substance that is bitter. See Bitters.

BITTER Bit"ter, v. t.

Defn: To make bitter. Wolcott.

BITTERBUMP Bit"ter*bump`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: the butterbump or bittern.

BITTERFUL Bit"ter*ful, a.

Defn: Full of bitterness. [Obs.]

BITTERING Bit"ter*ing, n.

Defn: A bitter compound used in adulterating beer; bittern.

BITTERISH Bit"ter*ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith.

BITTERLING Bit"ter*ling, n. Etym: [G.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A roachlike European fish (Rhodima amarus).

BITTERLY Bit"ter*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bitter manner.

BITTERN Bit"tern, n. Etym: [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr. F. butor; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wading bird of the genus Botaurus, allied to the herons, of various species.

Note: The common European bittern is Botaurus stellaris. It makes, during the brooding season, a noise called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. The American bittern is B. lentiginosus, and is also called stake-driver and meadow hen. See Stake-driver.

Note: The name is applied to other related birds, as the least bittern (Ardetta exilis), and the sun bittern.

BITTERN Bit"tern, n. Etym: [From Bitter, a.]

1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted, having a bitter taste from the chloride of magnesium which it contains.

2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indicus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating beer. Cooley.

BITTERNESS Bit"ter*ness, n. Etym: [AS. biternys; biter better + -nys = -ness.]

1. The quality or state of being bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative sense; implacableness; resentfulness; severity; keenness of reproach or sarcasm; deep distress, grief, or vexation of mind. The lip that curls with bitterness. Percival. I will complain in the bitterness of my soul. Job vii. 11.

2. A state of extreme impiety or enmity to God. Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity. Acts viii. 23.

3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy. Looking diligently, . . . lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you. Heb. xii. 15.

BITTERNUT Bit"ter*nut", n. (Bot.)

Defn: The swamp hickory (Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter.

BITTERROOT Bit"ter*root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Lewisia rediviva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous roots, growing in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river. The Indians call both the plant and the river Spæt'lum.

BITTERS Bit"ters, n. pl.

Defn: A liquor, generally spirituous in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped.

BITTER SPAR Bit"ter spar".

Defn: A common name of dolomite; -- so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite.

BITTERSWEET Bit"ter*sweet`, a.

Defn: Sweet and then bitter or bitter and then sweet; esp. sweet with a bitter after taste; hence (Fig.), pleasant but painful.

BITTERSWEET Bit"ter*sweet`, n.

1. Anything which is bittersweet.

2. A kind of apple so called. Gower.

3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, with oval coral-red berries (Solanum dulcamara); woody nightshade. The whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish and then bitter. The branches are the officinal dulcamara. (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scandens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; -- also called Roxbury waxwork.

BITTERWEED Bit"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Ambrosia (A. artemisiæfolia); Roman worm wood. Gray.

BITTERWOOD Bit"ter*wood`, n.

Defn: A West Indian tree (Picræna excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug Jamaica quassia is obtained.

BITTERWORT Bit"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste.

BITTOCK Bit"tock, n. Etym: [See Bit a morsel.]

Defn: A small bit of anything, of indefinite size or quantity; a short distance. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

BITTOR; BITTOUR Bit"tor Bit"tour, n. Etym: [See Bittern] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bittern. Dryden.

BITTS Bitts, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam. (Naut.)

Defn: A frame of two strong timbers fixed perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables as the ship rides at anchor, or in warping. Other bitts are used for belaying (belaying bitts), for sustaining the windlass (carrick bitts, winch bitts, or windlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pawl bitts) etc.

BITUME Bi*tume", n. Etym: [F. See Bitumen.]

Defn: Bitumen. [Poetic] May.

BITUMED Bi*tumed", a.

Defn: Smeared with bitumen. [R.] "The hatches caulked and bitumed." Shak.

BITUMEN Bi*tu"men, n. Etym: [L. bitumen: cf. F. bitume. Cf. Béton.]

1. Mineral pitch; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright flame; Jew's pitch. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc. See Asphalt.

2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.

BITUMEN PROCESS Bi*tu"men proc"ess. (Photog.)

Defn: Any process in which advantage is taken of the fact that prepared bitumen is rendered insoluble by exposure to light, as in photolithography.

BITUMINATE Bi*tu"mi*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] Etym: [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.]

Defn: To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. "Bituminated walls of Babylon." Feltham.

BITUMINIFEROUS Bi*tu`mi*nif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bitumen + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing bitumen. Kirwan.

BITUMINIZATION Bi*tu`mi*ni*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bituminisation.]

Defn: The process of bituminizing. Mantell.

BITUMINIZE Bi*tu"mi*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. bituminiser.]

Defn: To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen.

BITUMINOUS Bi*tu"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.]

Defn: Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed. Milton. Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. -- Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. -- Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal.

BIURET Bi"u*ret, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid.

BIVALENCY Biv"a*len*cy, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The quality of being bivalent.

BIVALENT Biv"a*lent, a. Etym: [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.)

Defn: Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

BIVALVE Bi"valve, n. Etym: [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, -- or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves.

BIVALVE Bi"valve, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl. & Bot.)

Defn: Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels.

BIVALVED Bi"valved, a.

Defn: Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve.

BIVALVOUS Bi*val"vous, a.

Defn: Bivalvular.

BIVALVULAR Bi*val"vu*lar, a.

Defn: Having two valves.

BIVAULTED Bi*vault"ed, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + vault.]

Defn: Having two vaults or arches.

BIVECTOR Bi*vec"tor, n. Etym: [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.)

Defn: A term made up of the two parts

BIVENTRAL Bi*ven"tral, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + ventral.]

Defn: (Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as, a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum.

BIVIAL Biv"i*al, a.

Defn: Of or relating to the bivium.

BIVIOUS Biv"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.]

Defn: Having, or leading, two ways. Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines. Sir T. Browne.

BIVIUM Biv"i*um, n. Etym: [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.

BIVOUAC Biv"ouac, n. Etym: [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack. (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering.

BIVOUAC Biv"ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked (p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering.

BIWEEKLY Bi"week`ly, a. Etym: [Pref. bi- + weekly.]

Defn: Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. -- n.

Defn: A publication issued every two weeks. -- Bi"week"ly, adv.

BIWREYE Bi*wreye", v. t.

Defn: To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.]

BIZANTINE Biz"an*tine.

Defn: See Byzantine.

BIZARRE Bi*zarre", a. Etym: [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.]

Defn: Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley.

BIZET Bi*zet", n. Etym: [Cf. Bezel.]

Defn: The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n.

BLAB Blab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed (p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.]

Defn: To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall. And yonder a vile physician blabbing The case of his patient. Tennyson.

BLAB Blab, v. i.

Defn: To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales. She must burst or blab. Dryden.

BLAB Blab, n. Etym: [OE. blabbe.]

Defn: One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. "Avoided as a blab." Milton. For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler. Bacon.

BLABBER Blab"ber, n.

Defn: A tattler; a telltale.

BLACK Black, a. Etym: [OE. blak, AS. blæc; akin to Icel. blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. bläck ink, Dan. blæk, OHG. blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS. blac, E. bleak pallid.

1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as, black cloth; black hair or eyes. O night, with hue so black! Shak.

2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in darkness; very dark or gloomy; as, a black night; the heavens black with clouds. I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud. Shak.

3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked; cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. "This day's black fate." "Black villainy." "Arise, black vengeance." "Black day." "Black despair." Shak.

4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen; foreboding; as, to regard one with black looks.

Note: Black is often used in self-explaining compound words; as, black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired, black-visaged. Black act, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been called black acts. -- Black angel (Zoöl.), a fish of the West Indies and Florida (Holacanthus tricolor), with the head and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. -- Black antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, Sb2S3, used in pyrotechnics, etc. -- Black bear (Zoöl.), the common American bear (Ursus Americanus). -- Black beast. See Bête noire. -- Black beetle (Zoöl.), the common large cockroach (Blatta orientalis). -- Black and blue, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. "To pinch the slatterns black and blue." Hudibras. -- Black bonnet (Zoöl.), the black-headed bunting (Embriza Schoeniclus) of Europe. -- Black canker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. -- Black cat (Zoöl.), the fisher, a quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but larger. See Fisher. -- Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.] -- Black cherry. See under Cherry. -- Black cockatoo (Zoöl.), the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. -- Black copper. Same as Melaconite. -- Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. -- Black diamond. (Min.) See Carbonado. -- Black draught (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and magnesia. -- Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar. -- Black earth, mold; earth of a dark color. Woodward. -- Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance. -- Black flea (Zoöl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injurious to turnips. -- Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande & C. -- Black fly. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged fly of the genus Simulium of several species, exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern forests. The larvæ are aquatic. (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis (A. fabæ). -- Black Forest Etym: [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in Baden and Würtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient Hercynian forest. -- Black game, or Black grouse. (Zoöl.) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Heath grouse. -- Black grass (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay. -- Black gum (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo. -- Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of dark purple or "black" grape. -- Black horse (Zoöl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elongatus), of the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. -- Black lemur (Zoöl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar; the acoumbo of the natives. -- Black list, a list of persons who are for some reason thought deserving of censure or punishment; -- esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See Blacklist, v. t. -- Black manganese (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnO2. -- Black Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. -- Black martin (Zoöl.), the chimney swift. See Swift. -- Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the southern United States. See Tillandsia. -- Black oak. See under Oak. -- Black ocher. See Wad. -- Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers' ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar. -- Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned. Knight. -- Black quarter, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. -- Black rat (Zoöl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), commonly infesting houses. -- Black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. -- Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. -- Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the rest, and makes trouble. -- Black silver. (Min.) See under Silver. -- Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with tan color or reddish brown; -- used in describing certain breeds of dogs. -- Black tea. See under Tea. -- Black tin (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a black powder, like fine sand. Knight. -- Black walnut. See under Walnut. -- Black warrior (Zoöl.), an American hawk (Buteo Harlani).

Syn. -- Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart; Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious.

BLACK Black, adv.

Defn: Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously; so as to produce blackness.

BLACK Black, n.

1. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as, a cloth has a good black. Black is the badge of hell, The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night. Shak.

2. A black pigment or dye.

3. A negro; a person whose skin is of a black color, or shaded with black; esp. a member or descendant of certain African races.

4. A black garment or dress; as, she wears black; pl. (Obs.)

Defn: Mourning garments of a black color; funereal drapery. Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like show death terrible. Bacon. That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death of their fathers. Sir T. North.

5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the rest by being black. The black or sight of the eye. Sir K. Digby.

6. A stain; a spot; a smooch. Defiling her white lawn of chastity with ugly blacks of lust. Rowley. Black and white, writing or print; as, I must have that statement in black and white. -- Blue black, a pigment of a blue black color. -- Ivory black, a fine kind of animal charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in copperplate printing. -- Berlin black. See under Berlin.

BLACK Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blacked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Blacking.] Etym: [See Black, a., and cf. Blacken.]

1. To make black; to blacken; to soil; to sully. They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black theirs. Hakluyt. Sins which black thy soul. J. Fletcher.

2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by applying blacking and then polishing with a brush.

BLACKAMOOR Black"a*moor, n. Etym: [Black + Moor.]

Defn: A negro or negress. Shak.

BLACK ART Black" art`.

Defn: The art practiced by conjurers and witches; necromancy; conjuration; magic.

Note: This name was given in the Middle Ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger black, instead of nekro`s, a dead person, and mantei`a, divination. Wright.

BLACK-A-VISED Black"-a-vised`, a.

Defn: Dark-visaged; swart.

BLACKBALL Black"ball`, n.

1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, etc.; also, one for taking impressions of engraved work.

2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in voting; -- in this sense usually two words.

BLACKBALL Black"ball`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackballing.]

1. To vote against, by putting a black ball into a ballot box; to reject or exclude, as by voting against with black balls; to ostracize. He was blackballed at two clubs in succession. Thackeray.

2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking.

BLACKBAND Black"band`, n. (Min.)

Defn: An earthy carbonate of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter; -- valuable as an iron ore.

BLACK BASS Black" bass`. (Zoöl.)

1. An edible, fresh-water fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus. the small-mouthed kind is M. dolomiei; the largemouthed is M. salmoides.

2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3.

BLACKBERRY Black"ber*ry, n. Etym: [OE. blakberye, AS. blæcerie; blæc black + berie berry.]

Defn: The fruit of several species of bramble (Rubus); also, the plant itself. Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England; R. villosus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low blackberry of the United States. There are also other kinds.

BLACKBIRD Black"bird, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: In England, a species of thrush (Turdus merula), a singing bird with a fin note; the merle. In America the name is given to several birds, as the Quiscalus versicolor, or crow blackbird; the Agelæus phoeniceus, or red-winged blackbird; the cowbird; the rusty grackle, etc. See Redwing.

BLACKBIRDER Black"bird*er, n.

Defn: A slave ship; a slaver. [Colloq.] F. T. Bullen.

BLACKBIRDING Black"bird*ing, n.

1. The kidnaping of negroes or Polynesians to be sold as slaves.

2. The act or practice of collecting natives of the islands near Queensland for service on the Queensland sugar plantations. [Australia]

BLACKBOARD Black"board`, n.

Defn: A broad board painted black, or any black surface on which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much used in schools.

BLACK BOOK Black" book`.

1. One of several books of a political character, published at different times and for different purposes; -- so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents.

2. A book compiled in the twelfth century, containing a description of the court of exchequer of England, an official statement of the revenues of the crown, etc.

3. A book containing details of the enormities practiced in the English monasteries and religious houses, compiled by order of their visitors under Henry VIII., to hasten their dissolution.

4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority, compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Wharton.

5. A book kept for the purpose of registering the names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in the English universities, or the English armies.

6. Any book which treats of necromancy.

BLACK-BROWED Black"-browed`, a.

Defn: Having black eyebrows. Hence: Gloomy; dismal; threatening; forbidding. Shak. Dryden.

BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER Black*bur"ni*an war"bler. Etym: [Named from Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beautiful warbler of the United States (Dendroica Blackburniæ). The male is strongly marked with orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has an orange-yellow breast.

BLACKCAP Black"cap`, n.

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European song bird (Sylvia atricapilla), with a black crown; the mock nightingale. (b) An American titmouse (Parus atricapillus); the chickadee.

2. (Cookery)

Defn: An apple roasted till black, to be served in a dish of boiled custard.

3. The black raspberry.

BLACKCOAT Black"coat`, n.

Defn: A clergyman; -- familiarly so called, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a bluecoat.

BLACKCOCK Black"cock`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The male of the European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Linn.); - - so called by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See Heath grouse.

BLACK DEATH Black" death`.

Defn: A pestilence which ravaged Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century.

BLACKEN Black"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] Etym: [See Black, a., and cf. Black, v. t. ]

1. To make or render black. While the long funerals blacken all the way. Pope

2. To make dark; to darken; to cloud. "Blackened the whole heavens." South.

3. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous; as, vice blackens the character.

Syn. -- To denigrate; defame; vilify; slander; calumniate; traduce; malign; asperse.

BLACKEN Black"en, v. i.

Defn: To grow black or dark.

BLACKENER Black"en*er, n.

Defn: One who blackens.

BLACK-EYED Black"-eyed`, a.

Defn: Having black eyes. Dryden.

BLACK-EYED SUSAN Black"-eyed` Su"san. (Bot.) (a) The coneflower, or yellow daisy (Rudbeckia hirta). (b) The bladder ketmie.

BLACK-FACED Black"-faced`, a.

Defn: Having a black, dark, or gloomy face or aspect.

BLACKFEET Black"feet`, n. pl. (Ethn.)

Defn: A tribe of North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but now much reduced in numbers.

BLACKFIN Black"fin`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Bluefin.

BLACKFISH Black"fish, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small kind of whale, of the genus Globicephalus, of several species. The most common is G. melas. Also sometimes applied to other whales of larger size.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The tautog of New England (Tautoga).

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The black sea bass (Centropristis atrarius) of the Atlantic coast. It is excellent food fish; -- locally called also black Harry.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus pompilus) of the Mackerel family.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The female salmon in the spawning season.

Note: The name is locally applied to other fishes.

BLACK FLAGS Black Flags.

Defn: An organization composed originally of Chinese rebels that had been driven into Tonkin by the suppression of the Taiping rebellion, but later increased by bands of pirates and adventurers. It took a prominent part in fighting the French during their hostilities with Anam, 1873-85.

BLACKFOOT Black"foot`, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Blackfeet; as, a Blackfoot Indian. -- n.

Defn: A Blackfoot Indian.

BLACK FRIAR Black" fri`ar. (Eccl.)

Defn: A friar of the Dominican order; -- called also predicant and preaching friar; in France, Jacobin. Also, sometimes, a Benedictine.

BLACK FRIDAY Black Friday.

Defn: Any Friday on which a public disaster has occurred, as: In England, December 6, 1745, when the news of the landing of the Pretender reached London, or May 11, 1866, when a financial panic commenced. In the United States, September 24, 1869, and September 18, 1873, on which financial panics began.

BLACKGUARD Black"guard, n. Etym: [Black + guard.]

1. The scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman's household, who, in a removal from one residence to another, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smutted by them, were jocularly called the "black guard"; also, the servants and hangers-on of an army. [Obs.] A lousy slave, that . . . rode with the black guard in the duke's carriage, 'mongst spits and dripping pans. Webster (1612).

2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town or community, collectively. [Obs.]

3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse; a scoundrel; a rough. A man whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below those of his class deserves to be called a blackguard. Macaulay.

4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [Obs.]

BLACKGUARD Black"guard`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackguarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackguarding.]

Defn: To revile or abuse in scurrilous language. Southey.

BLACKGUARD Black"guard, a.

Defn: Scurrilous; abusive; low; worthless; vicious; as, blackguard language.

BLACKGUARDISM Black"guard*ism, n.

Defn: The conduct or language of a blackguard; rufflanism.

BLACKGUARDLY Black"guard*ly, adv. & a.

Defn: In the manner of or resembling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly.

BLACK HAMBURG Black Ham"burg.

Defn: A sweet and juicy variety of European grape, of a dark purplish black color, much grown under glass in northern latitudes.

BLACK HAND Black Hand. [A trans. of Sp. mano negra.]

1.

Defn: A Spanish anarchistic society, many of the members of which were imprisoned in 1883.

2. A lawless or blackmailing secret society, esp. among Italians. [U. S.]

BLACKHEAD Black"head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The scaup duck.

BLACKHEART Black"heart`, n.

Defn: A heart-shaped cherry with a very dark-colored skin.

BLACK-HEARTED Black"-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Having a wicked, malignant disposition; morally bad.

BLACK HOLE Black" hole`.

Defn: A dungeon or dark cell in a prison; a military lock-up or guardroom; -- now commonly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort at Calcutta, into which 146 English prisoners were thrust by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 17656, and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning from lack of air. A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole. H. Spencer.

BLACKING Black"ing, n.

1. Any preparation for making things black; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes, or to stoves.

2. The act or process of making black.

BLACKISH Black"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat black.

BLACK-JACK Black"-jack`, n.

1. (Min.)

Defn: A name given by English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende; - - called also false galena. See Blende.

2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits, ground coffee, etc.

3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [Obs.]

4. (Bot.)

Defn: The Quercus nigra, or barren oak.

5. The ensign of a pirate.

BLACK LEAD Black` lead".

Defn: Plumbago; graphite.It leaves a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite.

BLACKLEAD Black`lead", v. t.

Defn: To coat or to polish with black lead.

BLACKLEG Black"leg`, n.

1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.]

2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. [Eng.]

BLACK LETTER Black" let`ter.

Defn: The old English or Gothic letter, in which the Early English manuscripts were written, and the first English books were printed. It was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type.

BLACK-LETTER Black"-let`ter, a.

1. Written or printed in black letter; as, a black-letter manuscript or book.

2. Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date. Kemble, a black-letter man! J. Boaden.

3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not marked with red letters as saints' days. Hence: Unlucky; inauspicious.

BLACKLIST Black"list`, v. t.

Defn: To put in a black list as deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment; esp. to put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, -- as tradesmen and employers do for mutual protection; as, to blacklist a workman who has been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a. If you blacklist us, we will boycott you. John Swinton.

BLACKLY Black"ly, adv.

Defn: In a black manner; darkly, in color; gloomily; threateningly; atrociously. "Deeds so blackly grim and horrid." Feltham.

BLACKMAIL Black"mail`, n. Etym: [Black + mail a piece of money.]

1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from pillage. Sir W. Scott.

2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimidation; also, extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation, exposure, or censure.

3. (Eng. Law)

Defn: Black rent, or rent paid in corn, flesh, or the lowest coin, a opposed to "white rent", which paid in silver. To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation.

BLACKMAIL Black"mail`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.]

Defn: To extort money from by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc.; as, to blackmail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged fraud. [U. S.]

BLACKMAILER Black"mail`er, n.

Defn: One who extorts, or endeavors to extort, money, by black mailing.

BLACKMAILING Black"mail`ing, n.

Defn: The act or practice of extorting money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation.

BLACK MONDAY Black" Mon`day.

1. Easter Monday, so called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was so unusual that many of Edward III.'s soldiers, then before Paris, died from the cold. Stow. Then it was not for nothing that may nose fell a bleeding on Black Monday last. Shak.

2. The first Monday after the holidays; -- so called by English schoolboys. Halliwell.

BLACK MONK Black" monk`.

Defn: A Benedictine monk.

BLACKMOOR Black"moor, n.

Defn: See Blackamoor.

BLACK-MOUTHED Black"-mouthed`, a.

Defn: Using foul or scurrilous language; slanderous.

BLACKNESS Black"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being black; black color; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness. They're darker now than blackness. Donne.

BLACKPOLL Black"poll`, n. Etym: [Black + poll head.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A warbler of the United States (Dendroica striata).

BLACK PUDDING Black" pud"ding.

Defn: A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal. And fat black puddings, -- proper food, For warriors that delight in blood. Hudibras.

BLACK ROD Black" Rod`. (a) the usher to the Chapter of the Garter, so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king's chamber, and also usher to the House of Lords. [Eng.] (b) An usher in the legislature of British colonies. Cowell. Committed to the custody of the Black Rod. Macaulay.

BLACKROOT Black"root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Colicroot.

BLACKS Blacks, n. pl.

1. The name of a kind of in used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press.

2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.]

3. Black garments, etc. See Black, n., 4.

BLACKSALTER Black"salt`er, n.

Defn: One who,makes crude potash, or black salts.

BLACK SALTS Black" salts`.

Defn: Crude potash. De Colange.

BLACKSMITH Black"smith`, n. Etym: [Black (in allusion to the color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.]

1. A smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc. The blacksmith may forge what he pleases. Howell.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or Heliastes, punctipinnis), of a blackish color.

BLACK SNAKE; BLACKSNAKE Black" snake` or Black"snake, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A snake of a black color, of which two species are common in the United States, the Bascanium constrictor, or racer, sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghaniensis, seven or eight feet long.

Note: The name is also applied to various other black serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica.

BLACK SPANISH Black Spanish.

Defn: One of an old and well-known Mediterranean breed of domestic fowls with glossy black plumage, blue legs and feet, bright red comb and wattles, and white face. They are remarkable as egg layers.

BLACKSTRAP Black"strap`, n.

1. A mixture of spirituous liquor (usually rum) and molasses. No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop. Judd.

2. Bad port wine; any commo wine of the Mediterranean; -- so called by sailors.

BLACKTAIL Black"tail`, n. Etym: [Black + tail.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish; the ruff or pope.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The black-tailed deer (Cervus or Cariacus Columbianus) of California and Oregon; also, the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains. See Mule deer.

BLACKTHORN Black"thorn`, n. (Bot.) (a) A spreading thorny shrub or small tree (Prunus spinosa), with blackish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called sloes; the sloe. (b) A species of Cratægus or hawthorn (C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges.

BLACK VOMIT Black" vom"it. (Med.)

Defn: A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter; or the substance so discharged; -- one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever.

BLACK WASH; BLACKWASH Black" wash` or Black"wash, n.

1. (Med.)

Defn: A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water.

2. A wash that blackens, as opposed to whitewash; hence, figuratively, calumny. To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be seen. C. Kingsley.

BLACKWATER STATE Black"wa`ter State.

Defn: Nebraska; -- a nickname alluding to the dark color of the water of its rivers, due to the presence of a black vegetable mold in the soil.

BLACKWOOD Black"wood, n.

Defn: A name given to several dark-colored timbers. The East Indian black wood is from the tree Dalbergia latifolia. Balfour.

BLACKWORK Black"work`, n.

Defn: Work wrought by blacksmiths; -- so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Knight.

BLADDER Blad"der, n. Etym: [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS. bl, bl; akin to Icel. bla, SW. bläddra, Dan. blære, D. blaar, OHG. blatara the bladder in the body of animals, G. blatter blister, bustule; all fr. the same root as AS. blawan, E. blow, to puff. See Blow to puff.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some fluid; as, the urinary bladder; the gall bladder; -- applied especially to the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air.

2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A distended, membranaceous pericarp.

4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. "To swim with bladders of philosophy." Rochester. Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants (Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. -- Bladder pod (Bot.), a genus of low herbs (Vesicaria) with inflated seed pods. -- Bladdor senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Colutea), with membranaceous, inflated pods. -- Bladder worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Tænia), found in the flesh or other parts of animals. See Measle, Cysticercus. -- Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common black rock weed of the seacoast (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus) -- called also bladder tangle. See Wrack.

BLADDER Blad"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.]

1. To swell out like a bladder with air; to inflate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

2. To put up in bladders; as, bladdered lard.

BLADDERWORT Blad"der*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Utricularia) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear numerous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium.

BLADDERY Blad"der*y, a.

Defn: Having bladders; also, resembling a bladder.

BLADE Blade, n. Etym: [OE. blade, blad, AS. blæd leaf; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. bla, OHG. blat, G. blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. . The root is prob. the same as that of AS. bl, E. blow, to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.]

1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses. The crimson dulse . . . with its waving blade. Percival. First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear. Mark iv. 28.

2. The cutting part of an instrument; as, the blade of a knife or a sword.

3. The broad part of an oar; also, one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller.

4. The scapula or shoulder blade.

5. pl. (Arch.)

Defn: The principal rafters of a roof. Weale.

6. pl. (Com.)

Defn: The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange.

7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; -- a word of somewhat indefinite meaning. He saw a turnkey in a trice Fetter a troublesome blade. Coleridge.

BLADE Blade, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a blade.

BLADE Blade, v. i.

Defn: To put forth or have a blade. As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded As ever in the Muses' garden bladed. P. Fletcher.

BLADEBONE Blade"bone`, n.

Defn: The scapula. See Blade, 4.

BLADED Blad"ed, a.

1. Having a blade or blades; as a two-bladed knife. Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass. Shak.

2. Divested of blades; as, bladed corn.

3. (Min.)

Defn: Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife.

BLADEFISH Blade"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish.

BLADESMITH Blade"smith`, n.

Defn: A sword cutler. [Obs.]

BLADY Blad"y, a.

Defn: Consisting of blades. [R.] "Blady grass." Drayton.

BLAE Blæ, a. Etym: [See Blue.]

Defn: Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.]

BLAEBERRY Blæ"ber*ry, n. Etym: [Blæ + berry; akin to Icel blaber, Sw. bl, D. blaabær. Cf. Blueberry.]

Defn: The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

BLAGUE Blague, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Mendacious boasting; falcefood; humbug.

BLAIN Blain, n. Etym: [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. bl; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.]

1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister. Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton.

2. (Far.)

Defn: A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.

BLAMABLE Blam"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. blâmable.]

Defn: Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. -- Blam"a*ble*ness, n. -- Blam"a*bly (, adv.

BLAME Blame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] Etym: [OE. blamen, F. blâr, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. to speak ill to slander, to blaspheme, fr. evil speaking, perh, for ; injury (fr. to injure) + a saying, fr. to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.]

1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach. We have none to blame but ourselves. Tillotson.

2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.] She . . . blamed her noble blood. Spenser. To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as, the conductor was to blame for the accident. You were to blame, I must be plain with you. Shak.

BLAME Blame, n. Etym: [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.]

1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure. Let me bear the blame forever. Gen. xiiii. 9.

2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin. Holy and without blame before him in love. Eph. i. 4.

3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing.

BLAMEFUL Blame"ful, a.

1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak.

2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer. -- Blame"ful*ly, adv. -- Blame"ful*ness, n.

BLAMELESS Blame"less, a.

Defn: Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; -- sometimes followed by of. A bishop then must be blameless. 1 Tim. iii. 2. Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave. Mallet. We will be blameless of this thine oath. Josh. ii. 17.

Syn. -- Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. -- Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as, a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as, a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as, in this transaction he was wholly blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as, a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words.

BLAMELESSLY Blame"less*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blameless manner.

BLAMELESSNESS Blame"less*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being blameless; innocence.

BLAMER Blam"er, n.

Defn: One who blames. Wyclif.

BLAMEWORTHY Blame"wor`thy, a.

Defn: Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. -- Blame"wor`thi*ness, n.

BLANC Blanc, n. [F., white.]

1. A white cosmetic.

2. A white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables, used esp. for braised meat.

BLANCARD Blan"card, n. Etym: [F., fr. blanc white.]

Defn: A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is

## partly blanches before it is woven.

BLANCH Blanch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] Etym: [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.]

1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as, to blanch linen; age has blanched his hair.

2. (Gardening)

Defn: To bleach by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or tying them together.

3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding; as, to blanch almonds. (b) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices.

4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining.).

5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin.

6. Fig.: To whiten; to give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to palliate. Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things. Tillotson.

Syn. -- To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic term, denoting, to render white; as, to whiten the walls of a room. Usually (though not of necessity) this is supposed to be done by placing some white coloring matter in or upon the surface of the object in question. To blanch is to whiten by the removal of coloring matter; as, to blanch linen. So the cheek is blanched by fear, i. e., by the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white.

BLANCH Blanch, v. i.

Defn: To grow or become white; as, his cheek blanched with fear; the rose blanches in the sun. [Bones] blanching on the grass. Tennyson.

BLANCH Blanch, v. t. Etym: [See Blench.]

1. To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed. [Obs.] Ifs and ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his malice and blanch his danger. Bacon. I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way. Reliq. Wot.

2. To cause to turn aside or back; as, to blanch a deer.

BLANCH Blanch, v. i.

Defn: To use evasion. [Obs.] Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch. Bacon.

BLANCH Blanch, n. (Mining)

Defn: Ore, not in masses, but mixed with other minerals.

BLANCHARD LATHE Blan"chard lathe. [After Thomas Blanchard, American inventor.] (Mach.)

Defn: A kind of wood-turning lathe for making noncircular and irregular forms, as felloes, gun stocks, lasts, spokes, etc., after a given pattern. The pattern and work rotate on parallel spindles in the same direction with the same speed, and the work is shaped by a rapidly rotating cutter whose position is varied by the pattern

## acting as a cam upon a follower wheel traversing slowly along the

pattern.

BLANCHER Blanch"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, blanches or whitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money; also, a chemical preparation for this purpose.

BLANCHER Blanch"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, frightens away or turns aside. [Obs.] And Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from her. Sir P. Sidney. And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the market, to let and stop the light of the gospel. Latimer.

BLANCH HOLDING Blanch" hold`ing. (Scots Law)

Defn: A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise.

BLANCHIMETER Blanch*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [1st blanch + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of chloride of lime and potash; a chlorometer. Ure.

BLANCMANGE Blanc*mange", n. Etym: [F. blancmanger, lit. white food; blanc white + manger to eat.] (Cookery)

Defn: A preparation for desserts, etc., made from isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or starchy substance, with mild, usually sweetened and flavored, and shaped in a mold.

BLANCMANGER Blanc*man"ger, n. Etym: [F. See Blancmange.]

Defn: A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously made of capon, fish, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLAND Bland, a. Etym: [L. blandus, of unknown origin.]

1. Mild; soft; gentle; smooth and soothing in manner; suave; as, a bland temper; bland persuasion; a bland sycophant. "Exhilarating vapor bland." Milton.

2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or irritating; not stimulating; as, a bland oil; a bland diet.

BLANDATION Blan*da"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. L. blanditia, blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.]

Defn: Flattery. [Obs.]

BLANDILOQUENCE Blan*dil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. blandiloquentia; blandus mild + loqui to speak.]

Defn: Mild, flattering speech.

BLANDILOQUOUS; BLANDILOQUIOUS Blan*dil"o*quous, Blan*di*lo"qui*ous, a.

Defn: Fair-spoken; flattering.

BLANDISE Blan"dise, v. i. Etym: [Same word as Blandish.]

Defn: To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLANDISH Blan"dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blandished; p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] Etym: [OE. blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.]

1. To flatter with kind words or affectionate actions; to caress; to cajole.

2. To make agreeable and enticing. Mustering all her wiles, With blandished parleys. Milton.

BLANDISHER Blan"dish*er, n.

Defn: One who uses blandishments.

BLANDISHMENT Blan"dish*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. blandissement.]

Defn: The act of blandishing; a word or act expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; soft words and artful caresses; cajolery; allurement. Cowering low with blandishment. Milton. Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments. Macaulay.

BLANDLY Bland"ly, adv.

Defn: In a bland manner; mildly; suavely.

BLANDNESS Bland"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being bland.

BLANK Blank, a. Etym: [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche, fr. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white, G. blank; akin to E. blink, cf. also AS. blanc white. Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.]

1. Of a white or pale color; without color. To the blank moon Her office they prescribed. Milton.

2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; having an empty space to be filled in with some special writing; -- said of checks, official documents, etc.; as, blank paper; a blank check; a blank ballot.

3. Utterly confounded or discomfited. Adam . . . astonied stood, and blank. Milton.

4. Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as, a blank space; a blank day.

5. Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as, to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as, blank unconsciousness.

6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their associated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc.; expressionless; vacant. "Blank and horror-stricken faces." C. Kingsley. The blank . . . glance of a half returned consciousness. G. Eliot.

7. Absolute; downright; unmixed; as, blank terror. Blank bar (Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in an action of trespass to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed; -- called also common bar. -- Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. -- Blank deed. See Deed. -- Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient insertion of a door or window at a future time, should it be needed. -- Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made; it is usually made by simply writing the name of the indorser on the back of the bill. -- Blank line (Print.), a vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a line of quadrats. -- Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a flange. -- Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind. -- Blank verse. See under Verse. -- Blank wall, a wall in which there is no opening; a dead wall.

BLANK Blank, n.

1. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void. I can not write a paper full, I used to do; and yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you. Swift. From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of French legislation. Hallam. I was ill. I can't tell how long -- it was a blank. G. Eliot.

2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated. In Fortune's lottery lies A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize. Dryden.

3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters a blank ballot; -- especially, a paper on which are to be inserted designated items of information, for which spaces are left vacant; a bland form. The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote, and their dissent by a blank. Palfrey.

4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc.

5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white spot; hence, the object to which anything is directed. Let me still remain The true blank of thine eye. Shak.

6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.] I have stood . . . within the blank of his displeasure For my free speech. Shak.

7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England by Henry V., and worth about 8 pence; also, a French coin of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares.

8. (Mech.)

Defn: A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts.

9. (Dominoes)

Defn: A piece or division of a piece, without spots; as, the "double blank"; the "six blank." In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by another; as, to make out a check in blank.

BLANK Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanking.] Etym: [Cf. 3d Blanch.]

1. To make void; to annul. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.] Each opposite that blanks the face of joy. Shak.

BLANKET Blan"ket, n. Etym: [F. blanchet, OF. also blanket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a printing press; prop. white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white; blanquette a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.]

1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also, a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse.

2. (Print.)

Defn: A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic.

3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales.

Note: The use of blankets formerly as curtains in theaters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Nares. Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark To cry, "Hold, hold!" Shak. Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. -- A wet blanket, anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discour

BLANKET Blan"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanketing.]

1. To cover with a blanket. I'll . . . blanket my loins. Shak.

2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment. We'll have our men blanket 'em i' the hall. B. Jonson.

3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel) by sailing to windward of her. Blanket cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted.

BLANKET CLAUSE Blan"ket clause`. (Law)

Defn: A clause, as in a blanket mortgage or policy, that includes a group or class of things, rather than a number mentioned individually and having the burden, loss, or the like, apportioned among them.

BLANKETING Blan"ket*ing, n.

1. Cloth for blankets.

2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket. That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault thou wast guilty of. Smollett.

BLANKET MORTGAGE; BLANKET POLICY Blan"ket mortgage or Blan"ket policy .

Defn: One that covers a group or class of things or properties instead of one or more things mentioned individually, as where a mortgage secures various debts as a group, or subjects a group or class of different pieces of property to one general lien.

BLANKET STITCH Blanket stitch.

Defn: A buttonhole stitch worked wide apart on the edge of material, as blankets, too thick to hem.

BLANKLY Blank"ly, adv.

1. In a blank manner; without expression; vacuously; as, to stare blankly. G. Eliot.

2. Directly; flatly; point blank. De Quincey.

BLANKNESS Blank"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being blank.

BLANQUETTE Blan*quette", n. Etym: [F. blanquette, from blanc white.] (Cookery)

Defn: A white fricassee.

BLANQUILLO Blan*quil"lo, n. Etym: [Sp. blanquillo whitish.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies (Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow.

BLARE Blare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blared; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] Etym: [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, woop; cf. G. plärren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob. an imitative word, but cf. also E. blast. Cf. Blore.]

Defn: To sound loudly and somewhat harshly. "The trumpet blared." Tennyson.

BLARE Blare, v. t.

Defn: To cause to sound like the blare of a trumpet; to proclaim loudly. To blare its own interpretation. Tennyson.

BLARE Blare, n.

Defn: The harsh noise of a trumpet; a loud and somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a roar or bellowing. With blare of bugle, clamor of men. Tennyson. His ears are stunned with the thunder's blare. J. R. Drake.

BLARNEY Blar"ney, n. Etym: [Blarney, a village and castle near Cork.]

Defn: Smooth, wheedling talk; flattery. [Colloq.] Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney.

BLARNEY Blar"ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blarneying.]

Defn: To influence by blarney; to wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by blarney. "Blarneyed the landlord." Irving. Had blarneyed his way from Long Island. S. G. Goodrich.

BLASE Bla*sé", a. Etym: [F., p. p. of blaser.]

Defn: Having the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of enjoyment; sated or surfeited with pleasure; used up.

BLASPHEME Blas*pheme", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasphemed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] Etym: [OE. blasfem, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. : cf. F. blasphémer. See Blame, v.]

1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to revile impiously (anything sacred); as, to blaspheme the Holy Spirit. So Dagon shall be magnified, and God, Besides whom is no god, compared with idols, Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn. Milton. How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name Dr. W. Beveridge.

2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile; to abuse. You do blaspheme the good in mocking me. Shak. Those who from our labors heap their board, Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord. Pope.

BLASPHEME Blas*pheme", v. i.

Defn: To utter blasphemy. He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness. Mark iii. 29.

BLASPHEMER Blas*phem"er, n.

Defn: One who blasphemes. And each blasphemer quite escape the rod, Because the insult's not on man, but God Pope.

BLASPHEMOUS Blas"phe*mous, a. Etym: [L. blasphemus, Gr. .]

Defn: Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent; profane; as, a blasphemous person; containing blasphemy; as, a blasphemous book; a blasphemous caricature. "Blasphemous publications." Porteus. Nor from the Holy One of Heaven Refrained his tongue blasphemous. Milton.

Note: Formerly this word was accented on the second syllable, as in the above example.

BLASPHEMOUSLY Blas"phe*mous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blasphemous manner.

BLASPHEMY Blas"phe*my, n. Etym: [L. blasphemia, Gr. : cf. OF. blasphemie.]

1. An indignity offered to God in words, writing, or signs; impiously irreverent words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God; speaking evil of God; also, the act of claiming the attributes or prerogatives of deity.

Note: When used generally in statutes or at common law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to produce scandal or provoke violence.

2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor: Calumny; abuse; vilification. Punished for his blasphemy against learning. Bacon.

-BLAST -blast. Etym: [Gr. sprout, shoot.]

Defn: A suffix or terminal formative, used principally in biological terms, and signifying growth, formation; as, bioblast, epiblast, mesoblast, etc.

BLAST Blast, n. Etym: [AS. bl a puff of wind, a blowing; akin to Icel. blastr, OHG. blast, and fr. a verb akin to Icel. blasa to blow, OHG. blâsan, Goth. bl (in comp.); all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See Blow to eject air.]

1. A violent gust of wind. And see where surly Winter passes off, Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts; His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill. Thomson.

2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence: The continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a furnace; as, to melt so many tons of iron at a blast.

Note: The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed to designate whether the current is heated or not heated before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not in use.

3. The exhaust steam from and engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an intense draught through the fire; also, any draught produced by the blast.

4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument; strictly, the sound produces at one breath. One blast upon his bugle horn Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott. The blast of triumph o'er thy grave. Bryant.

5. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals and plants; a blight. By the blast of God they perish. Job iv. 9. Virtue preserved from fell destruction's blast. Shak.

6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; also, the charge used for this purpose. "Large blasts are often used." Tomlinson.

7. A flatulent disease of sheep. Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. -- Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through which water enters. -- Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe; -- called also blast orifice. -- In full blast, in complete operation; in a state of great

## activity. See Blast, n., 2. [Colloq.]

BLAST Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blasting.]

1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to cause to wither; to stop or check the growth of, and prevent from fruit-bearing, by some pernicious influence; to blight; to shrivel. Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind. Gen. xii. 6.

2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague, calamity, or blighting influence, which destroys or causes to fail; to visit with a curse; to curse; to ruin; as, to blast pride, hopes, or character. I'll cross it, though it blast me. Shak. Blasted with excess of light. T. Gray.

3. To confound by a loud blast or din. Trumpeters, With brazen din blast you the city's ear. Shak.

4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; to shatter; as, to blast rocks.

BLAST Blast, v. i.

1. To be blighted or withered; as, the bud blasted in the blossom.

2. To blow; to blow on a trumpet. [Obs.] Toke his blake trumpe faste And gan to puffen and to blaste. Chaucer.

BLASTED Blast"ed, a.

1. Blighted; withered. Upon this blasted heath. Shak.

2. Confounded; accursed; detestable. Some of her own blasted gypsies. Sir W. Scott.

3. Rent open by an explosive. The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote. Wordsworth.

BLASTEMA Blas*te"ma, n.; pl. Blastemata. Etym: [Gr. bud, sprout.] (Biol.)

Defn: The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

BLASTEMAL Blas*te"mal, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Relating to the blastema; rudimentary.

BLASTEMATIC Blas`te*mat"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Connected with, or proceeding from, the blastema; blastemal.

BLASTER Blast"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, blasts or destroys.

BLASTIDE Blas"tide, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout, fr. to grow.] (Biol.)

Defn: A small, clear space in the segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus.

BLASTING Blast"ing, n.

1. A blast; destruction by a blast, or by some pernicious cause. I have smitten you with blasting and mildew. Amos iv. 9.

2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts; the business of one who blasts.

BLAST LAMP Blast lamp.

Defn: A lamp provided with some arrangement for intensifying combustion by means of a blast.

BLASTMENT Blast"ment, n.

Defn: A sudden stroke or injury produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.] Shak.

BLASTOCARPOUS Blas`to*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. sprout, germ + fruit.] (Bot.)

Defn: Germinating inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C.

BLASTOCOELE Blas"to*coele, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + hollow.] (Biol.)

Defn: The cavity of the blastosphere, or segmentation cavity.

BLASTOCYST Blas"to*cyst, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. cyst.] (Biol.)

Defn: The germinal vesicle.

BLASTODERM Blas"to*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. derm.] (Biol.)

Defn: The germinal membrane in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed.

BLASTODERMATIC; BLASTODERMIC Blas`to*der*mat"ic, Blas`to*der"mic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the blastoderm.

BLASTOGENESIS Blas`to*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. genesis.] (Biol.)

Defn: Multiplication or increase by gemmation or budding.

BLASTOID Blas"toid, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Blastoidea.

BLASTOIDEA Blas*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. sprout + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

BLASTOMERE Blas"to*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + -mere.] (Biol.)

Defn: One of the segments first formed by the division of the ovum. Balfour.

BLASTOPHORAL; BLASTOPHORIC Blas`toph"o*ral, Blas`to*phor"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to the blastophore.

BLASTOPHORE Blas"to*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + to bear.] (Biol.)

Defn: That portion of the spermatospore which is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them.

BLASTOPORE Blas"to*pore, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. pore.] (Biol.)

Defn: The pore or opening leading into the cavity of invagination, or archenteron.

Note: [See Illust. of Invagination.] Balfour.

BLASTOSPHERE Blas"to*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout + E. sphere.] (Biol.)

Defn: The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum.

Note: [See Illust. of Invagination.]

BLASTOSTYLE Blas"to*style, n. Etym: [Gr. sprout, bud + a pillar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: In certain hydroids, an imperfect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid buds. See Hydroidea, and Athecata.

BLAST PIPE Blast" pipe`.

Defn: The exhaust pipe of a steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when so constructed as to cause a blast.

BLASTULA Blas"tu*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of Gr. a sprout.] (Biol.)

Defn: That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

BLASTULE Blas"tule, n. (Biol.)

Defn: Same as Blastula.

BLASTY Blast"y, a.

1. Affected by blasts; gusty.

2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.] Boyle.

BLAT Blat, v. i.

Defn: To cry, as a calf or sheep; to bleat; to make a senseless noise; to talk inconsiderately. [Low]

BLAT Blat, v. t.

Defn: To utter inconsiderately. [Low] If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out. W. D. Howells.

BLATANCY Bla"tan*cy, n.

Defn: Blatant quality.

BLATANT Bla"tant, a. Etym: [Cf. Bleat.]

Defn: Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly. "Harsh and blatant tone." R. H. Dana. A monster, which the blatant beast men call. Spenser. Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet. W. Irving.

BLATANTLY Bla"tant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blatant manner.

BLATHER Blath"er (blath"er), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Blathered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blathering.] [Written also blether.] [Icel. blaðra. Cf. Blatherskite.]

Defn: To talk foolishly, or nonsensically. G. Eliot.

BLATHER Blath"er, n. [Written also blether.]

Defn: Voluble, foolish, or nonsensical talk; -- often in the pl. Hall Caine.

BLATHERSKITE Blath"er*skite, n.

Defn: A blustering, talkative fellow. [Local slang, U. S.] Barllett.

BLATTER Blat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered.] Etym: [L. blaterare to babble: cf. F. blatérer to bleat.]

Defn: To prate; to babble; to rail; to make a senseless noise; to patter. [Archaic] "The rain blattered." Jeffrey. They procured . . . preachers to blatter against me, . . . so that they had place and time to belie me shamefully. Latimer.

BLATTERATION Blat`ter*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. blateratio a babbling.]

Defn: Blattering.

BLATTERER Blat"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who blatters; a babbler; a noisy, blustering boaster.

BLATTERING Blat"ter*ing, n.

Defn: Senseless babble or boasting.

BLATTEROON Blat`ter*oon", n. Etym: [L. blatero, -onis.]

Defn: A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] "I hate such blatteroons." Howell.

BLAUBOK Blau"bok, n. Etym: [D. blauwbok.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue.

BLAY Blay, n. Etym: [AS. bl, fr. bl, bleak, white; akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak, n. & a.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish. See Bleak, n.

BLAZE Blaze (blaz), n. Etym: [OE. blase, AS. blæse, blase; akin to OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. blas torch, Icel. blys torch; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf. Blast, Blush, Blink.]

1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and heat in the process of combustion; a bright flame. "To heaven the blaze uprolled." Croly.

2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat; as, to seek shelter from the blaze of the sun. O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon! Milton.

3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality; an outburst; a brilliant display. "Fierce blaze of riot." "His blaze of wrath." Shak. For what is glory but the blaze of fame Milton.

4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.]

Defn: A white spot on the forehead of a horse.

5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark. Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road. Carlton. In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. -- Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] "The horses did along like blazes tear." Poem in Essex dialect.

Note: In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as, blue as blazes. Neal.

Syn. -- Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as, the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as, he perished in the flames.

BLAZE Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazing.]

1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as, the fire blazes.

2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze. And far and wide the icy summit blazed. Wordsworth.

3. To be resplendent. Macaulay. To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; -- said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.) of speech or action. [Colloq.]

BLAZE Blaze, v. t.

1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark. I found my way by the blazed trees. Hoffman.

2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as, to blaze a line or path. Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others. Nott.

BLAZE Blaze, v. t. Etym: [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.]

1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous. On charitable lists he blazed his name. Pollok. To blaze those virtues which the good would hide. Pope.

2. (Her.)

Defn: To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.

BLAZER Blaz"er, n.

Defn: One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. "Blazers of crime." Spenser.

BLAZING Blaz"ing, a.

Defn: Burning with a blaze; as, a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott. Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as, to Chamælirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass.

BLAZON Bla"zon, n. Etym: [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blæse blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.]

1. A shield. [Obs.]

2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings. Their blazon o'er his towers displayed. Sir W. Scott.

3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham.

4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record. Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company. Collier. Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit, Do give thee fivefold blazon. Shak.

BLAZON Bla"zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning.] Etym: [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.]

1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide. Thyself thou blazon'st. Shak. There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow. Trumbull. To blazon his own worthless name. Cowper.

2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn. She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form. Garth.

3. (Her.)

Defn: To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also, to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon. The coat of , arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison.

BLAZON Bla"zon, v. i.

Defn: To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.]

BLAZONER Bla"zon*er, n.

Defn: One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke.

BLAZONMENT Bla"zon*ment, n.

Defn: The act or blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment.

BLAZONRY Bla"zon*ry, n.

1. Same as Blazon, 3. The principles of blazonry. Peacham.

2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings. The blazonry of Argyle. Lord Dufferin.

3. Artistic representation or display.

BLEA Blea, n.

Defn: The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

BLEABERRY Blea"ber*ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Blaeberry.

BLEACH Bleach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] Etym: [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blacian, bl, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blac pale. See Bleak, a.]

Defn: To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten. The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid. Ure. Immortal liberty, whose look sublime Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime. Smollett.

BLEACH Bleach, v. i.

Defn: To grow white or lose color; to whiten.

BLEACHED Bleached, a.

Defn: Whitened; make white. Let their bleached bones, and blood's unbleaching stain, Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe. Byron.

BLEACHER Bleach"er, n.

Defn: One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching.

BLEACHERY Bleach"er*y, n.; pl. Bleacheries (.

Defn: A place or an establishment where bleaching is done.

BLEACHING Bleach"ing, n.

Defn: The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure. Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of lime, or some other chemical or chemicals.

BLEAK Bleak, a. Etym: [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blac, bl, pale, wan; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg, OS. bl, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the root of AS. blican to shine; akin to OHG. blichen to shine; cf. L. flagrare to burn, Gr. to burn, shine, Skr. bhraj to shine, and E. flame. Bleach, Blink, Flame.]

1. Without color; pale; pallid. [Obs.] When she came out she looked as pale and as bleak as one that were laid out dead. Foxe.

2. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds. Wastes too bleak to rear The common growth of earth, the foodful ear. Wordsworth. At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach. Longfellow.

3. Cold and cutting; cheerless; as, a bleak blast. -- Bleak"ish, a. -- Bleak"ly, adv. -- Bleak"ness, n.

BLEAK Bleak, n. Etym: [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidæ; the blay. [Written also blick.]

Note: The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird.

BLEAKY Bleak"y, a.

Defn: Bleak. [Obs.] Dryden.

BLEAR Blear, a. Etym: [See Blear, v.]

1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; -- said of the eyes. His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin. Dryden.

2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight; dim. Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion. Milton.

BLEAR Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared; p. pr. & vb. n. Blearing.] Etym: [OE. bleren; cf. Dan. plire to blink, Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren; perh. from the same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blur.]

Defn: To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim, or blur, as the sight. Figuratively: To obscure (mental or moral perception); to blind; to hoodwink. That tickling rheums Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight. Cowper. To blear the eye of, to deceive; to impose upon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLEARED Bleared, a.

Defn: Dimmed, as by a watery humor; affected with rheum. -- Blear"ed*ness (, n. Dardanian wives, With bleared visages, come forth to view The issue of the exploit. Shak.

BLEAREYE Blear"eye`, n. (Med.)

Defn: A disease of the eyelids, consisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison.

BLEAR-EYED Blear"-eyed`, a.

1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dim with rheum; dim-sighted. The blear-eyed Crispin. Drant.

2. Lacking in perception or penetration; short-sighted; as, a blear- eyed bigot.

BLEAREYEDNESS Blear"eyed`ness, n.

Defn: The state of being blear-eyed.

BLEARY Blear"y, a.

Defn: Somewhat blear.

BLEAT Bleat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleating.] Etym: [OE. bleten, AS. bl; akin to D. blaten, bleeten, OHG. blazan, plazan; prob. of imitative origin.]

Defn: To make the noise of, or one like that of, a sheep; to cry like a sheep or calf. Then suddenly was heard along the main, To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train. Pope The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas, will never answer a calf when he bleats. Shak.

BLEAT Bleat, n.

Defn: A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep. The bleat of fleecy sheep. Chapman's Homer.

BLEATER Bleat"er, n.

Defn: One who bleats; a sheep. In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain Of gouty ails. Dyer.

BLEATING Bleat"ing, a.

Defn: Crying as a sheep does. Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside. Longfellow.

BLEATING Bleat"ing, n.

Defn: The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman.

BLEB Bleb, n. Etym: [Prov. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble, blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber, blabber, and perh. blow to puff.]

Defn: A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc. Arsenic abounds with air blebs. Kirwan.

BLEBBY Bleb"by, a.

Defn: Containing blebs, or characterized by blebs; as, blebby glass.

BLECK; BLEK Bleck, Blek, v. t.

Defn: To blacken; also, to defile. [Obs. or Dial.] Wyclif.

BLED Bled,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bleed.

BLEE Blee, n. Etym: [AS. bleó, bleóh.]

Defn: Complexion; color; hue; likeness; form. [Archaic] For him which is so bright of blee. Lament. of Mary Magd. That boy has a strong blee of his father. Forby.

BLEED Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleeding.] Etym: [OE. bleden, AS. bl, fr. bl blood; akin to Sw. blöda, Dan. blöde, D. bloeden, G. bluten. See Blood.]

1. To emit blood; to lose blood; to run with blood, by whatever means; as, the arm bleeds; the wound bled freely; to bleed at the nose.

2. To withdraw blood from the body; to let blood; as, Dr. A. bleeds in fevers.

3. To lose or shed one's blood, as in case of a violent death or severe wounds; to die by violence. "Cæsar must bleed." Shak. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope.

4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision. For me the balm shall bleed. Pope.

5. To lose sap, gum, or juice; as, a tree or a vine bleeds when tapped or wounded.

6. To pay or lose money; to have money drawn or extorted; as, to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.] To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from sympathy or pity.

BLEED Bleed, v. t.

1. To let blood from; to take or draw blood from, as by opening a vein.

2. To lose, as blood; to emit or let drop, as sap. A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber. H. Miller.

3. To draw money from (one); to induce to pay; as, they bled him freely for this fund. [Colloq.]

BLEEDER Bleed"er, n. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which, draws blood. (b) One in whom slight wounds give rise to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding.

BLEEDING Bleed"ing, a.

Defn: Emitting, or appearing to emit, blood or sap, etc.; also, expressing anguish or compassion.

BLEEDING Bleed"ing, n.

Defn: A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose or a wound; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery; a drawing or running of sap from a tree or plant.

BLEMISH Blem"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished; p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] Etym: [OE. blemissen, blemishen, OF. blemir, blesmir, to strike, injure, soil, F. blêmir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F. blême, prob. fr. Icel blaman the livid color of a wound, fr. blar blue; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty. See Blue.]

1. To mark with deformity; to injure or impair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind. Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul. Brathwait.

2. To tarnish, as reputation or character; to defame. There had nothing passed between us that might blemish reputation. Oldys.

BLEMISH Blem"ish, n.; pl. Blemishes (.

Defn: Any mark of deformity or injury, whether physical or moral; anything; that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that which is otherwise well formed; that which impairs reputation. He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish. Lev. xiv. 10. The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious character. Spectator.

Syn. -- Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; disgrace.

BLEMISHLESS Blem"ish*less, a.

Defn: Without blemish; spotless. A life in all so blemishless. Feltham.

BLEMISHMENT Blem"ish*ment, n.

Defn: The state of being blemished; blemish; disgrace; damage; impairment. For dread of blame and honor's blemishment. Spenser.

BLENCH Blench, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched; p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] Etym: [OE. blenchen to blench, elude, deceive, AS. blencan to deceive; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop. a causative of blink to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d Blanch.]

1. To shrink; to start back; to draw back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch; to quail. Blench not at thy chosen lot. Bryant. This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenched from its fulfillment. Jeffrey.

2. To fly off; to turn aside. [Obs.] Though sometimes you do blench from this to that. Shak.

BLENCH Blench, v. t.

1. To baffle; to disconcert; to turn away; -- also, to obstruct; to hinder. [Obs.] Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he might and would of likelihood have gone further. Sir T. More.

2. To draw back from; to deny from fear. [Obs.] He now blenched what before he affirmed. Evelyn.

BLENCH Blench, n.

Defn: A looking aside or askance. [Obs.] These blenches gave my heart another youth. Shak.

BLENCH Blench, v. i. & t. Etym: [See 1st Blanch.]

Defn: To grow or make pale. Barbour.

BLENCHER Blench"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, scares another; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the escape of the deer, at a hunt. See Blancher. [Obs.]

2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back.

BLENCH HOLDING Blench" hold`ing. (Law)

Defn: See Blanch holding.

BLEND Blend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent; p. pr. & vb. n. Blending.] Etym: [OE. blenden, blanden, AS. blandan to blend, mix; akin to Goth. blandan to mix, Icel. blanda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. blantan to mis; to unknown origin.]

1. To mix or mingle together; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation, can not be distinguished. Hence: To confuse; to confound. Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay. Percival.

2. To pollute by mixture or association; to spoil or corrupt; to blot; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To commingle; combine; fuse; merge; amalgamate; harmonize.

BLEND Blend, v. i.

Defn: To mingle; to mix; to unite intimately; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as colors. There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blends with our conviviality. Irving.

BLEND Blend, n.

Defn: A thorough mixture of one thing with another, as color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be known where one ends or the other begins.

BLEND Blend, v. t. Etym: [AS. blendan, from blind blind. See Blind, a.]

Defn: To make blind, literally or figuratively; to dazzle; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLENDE Blende, n. Etym: [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle, deceive, fr. blind blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.] (Min.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by miners mock lead, false galena, and black-jack. It is a zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resinous. (b) A general term for some minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but nonmetallic luster.

BLENDER Blend"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, blends; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending.

BLENDING Blend"ing, n.

1. The act of mingling.

2. (Paint.)

Defn: The method of laying on different tints so that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into each other insensibly. Weale.

BLENDOUS Blend"ous, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, blende.

BLENDWATER Blend"wa`ter, n.

Defn: A distemper incident to cattle, in which their livers are affected. Crabb.

BLENHEIM SPANIEL Blen"heim span"iel. Etym: [So called from Blenheim House, the seat of the duke of Marlborough, in England.]

Defn: A small variety of spaniel, kept as a pet.

BLENK Blenk, v. i.

Defn: To blink; to shine; to look. [Obs.]

BLENNIOID; BLENNIID Blen"ni*oid, Blen"ni*id, a. Etym: [Blenny + -oid] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the blennies.

BLENNOGENOUS Blen*nog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. mucus + -genous.]

Defn: Generating mucus.

BLENNORRHEA Blen`nor*rhe"a, n. Etym: [Gr. mucus + to flow.] (Med.) (a) An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus. (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison.

BLENNY Blen"ny, n.; pl. Blennies. Etym: [L. blennius, blendius, blendea, Gr. , fr. slime, mucus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine fish of the genus Blennius or family Blenniidæ; -- so called from its coating of mucus. The species are numerous.

BLENT Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to mingle.

Defn: Mingled; mixed; blended; also, polluted; stained. Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent. Byron.

BLENT Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind.

Defn: Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.]

BLEPHARITIS Bleph`a*ri"tis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. eyelid + -ilis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the eyelids. -- Bleph`a*rit"ic (#), a.

BLESBOK Bles"bok, n. Etym: [D., fr. bles a white spot on the forehead + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South African antelope (Alcelaphus albifrons), having a large white spot on the forehead.

BLESS Bless, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blessed or Blest; p. pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] Etym: [OE. blessien, bletsen, AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. bl blood; prob. originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See Blood.]

1. To make or pronounce holy; to consecrate And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it. Gen. ii. 3.

2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous; to confer prosperity or happiness upon; to grant divine favor to. The quality of mercy is . . . twice blest; It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. Shak. It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue forever before thee. 1 Chron. xvii. 27 (R. V. )

3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of; to invoke a blessing upon; -- applied to persons. Bless them which persecute you. Rom. xii. 14.

4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities upon; to invoke or confer a blessing on, -- as on food. Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them. Luke ix. 16.

5. To make the sign of the cross upon; to cross (one's self). [Archaic] Holinshed.

6. To guard; to keep; to protect. [Obs.]

7. To praise, or glorify; to extol for excellences. Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name. Ps. ciii. 1.

8. To esteem or account happy; to felicitate. The nations shall bless themselves in him. Jer. iv. 3.

9. To wave; to brandish. [Obs.] And burning blades about their heads do bless. Spenser. Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest. Fairfax.

Note: This is an old sense of the word, supposed by Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to all parts of it. "In drawing [their bow] some fetch such a compass as though they would turn about and bless all the field." Ascham.

Bless me! Bless us! an exclamation of surprise. Milton. -- To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from. "Bless me from marrying a usurer." Shak. To bless the doors from nightly harm. Milton. -- To bless with, To be blessed with, to favor or endow with; to be favored or endowed with; as, God blesses us with health; we are blessed with happiness.

BLESSED Bless"ed, a.

1. Hallowed; consecrated; worthy of blessing or adoration; heavenly; holy. O, run; prevent them with thy humble ode, And lay it lowly at his blessed feet. Milton.

2. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; happy; highly favored. All generations shall call me blessed. Luke i. 48. Towards England's blessed shore. Shak.

3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happiness; blissful; joyful. "Then was a blessed time." "So blessed a disposition." Shak.

4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or heavenly felicity; as, the blessed in heaven. Reverenced like a blessed saint. Shak. Cast out from God and blessed vision. Milton.

5. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: Beatified.

6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively. Not a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free. R. D. Blackmore.

BLESSEDLY Bless"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Happily; fortunately; joyfully. We shall blessedly meet again never to depart. Sir P. Sidney.

BLESSEDNESS Bless"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; bliss; heavenly joys; the favor of God. The assurance of a future blessedness. Tillotson. Single blessedness, the unmarried state. "Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness." Shak.

Syn. -- Delight; beatitude; ecstasy. See Happiness.

BLESSED THISTLE Bless"ed this"tle.

Defn: See under Thistle.

BLESSER Bless"er, n.

Defn: One who blesses; one who bestows or invokes a blessing.

BLESSING Bless"ing, n. Etym: [AS. bletsung. See Bless, v. t.]

1. The act of one who blesses.

2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation imploring divine favor on some or something; a benediction; a wish of happiness pronounces. This is the blessing, where with Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel. Deut. xxxiii. 1.

3. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare; a beneficent gift. Nature's full blessings would be well dispensed. Milton.

4. (Bib.)

Defn: A gift. [A Hebraism] Gen. xxxiii. 11.

5. Grateful praise or worship.

BLEST Blest, a.

Defn: Blessed. "This patriarch blest." Milton. White these blest sounds my ravished ear assail. Trumbull.

BLET Blet, n. Etym: [F. blet, blette, a., soft from over ripeness.]

Defn: A form of decay in fruit which is overripe.

BLETONISM Ble"ton*ism, n.

Defn: The supposed faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sensation; -- so called from one Bleton, of France.

BLETTING Blet"ting, n.

Defn: A form of decay seen in fleshy, overripe fruit. Lindley.

BLEW Blew, imp.

Defn: of Blow.

BLEYME Bleyme, n. Etym: [F. bleime.] (Far.)

Defn: An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. [Obs.]

BLEYNTE Bleyn"te, imp.

Defn: of Blench. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLICKEY Blick"ey, n. Etym: [D. blik tin.]

Defn: A tin dinner pail. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

BLIGHT Blight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] Etym: [Perh. contr. from AS. blicettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning "to blight" comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.]

1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of. [This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man. Woodward.

2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as, to blight one's prospects. Seared in heart and lone and blighted. Byron.

BLIGHT Blight, v. i.

Defn: To be affected by blight; to blast; as, this vine never blights.

BLIGHT Blight, n.

1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; -- applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences.

2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc.

3. That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes; that which impairs or destroys. A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes. Disraeli.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; -- also applied to several other injurious insects.

5. pl.

Defn: A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.]

BLIGHTING Blight"ing, a.

Defn: Causing blight.

BLIGHTINGLY Blight"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to cause blight.

BLIMBI; BLIMBING Blim"bi, Blim"bing, n.

Defn: See Bilimbi, etc.

BLIN Blin, v. t. & i. Etym: [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.]

Defn: To stop; to cease; to desist. [Obs.] Spenser.

BLIN Blin, n. Etym: [AS. blinn.]

Defn: Cessation; end. [Obs.]

BLIND Blind, a. Etym: [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.]

1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight. He that is strucken blind can not forget The precious treasure of his eyesight lost. Shak.

2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as, authors are blind to their own defects. But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more, That they may stumble on, and deeper fall. Milton.

3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate. This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation. Jay.

4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as, a blind path; a blind ditch.

5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced. The blind mazes of this tangled wood. Milton.

6. Having no openings for light or passage; as, a blind wall; open only at one end; as, a blind alley; a blind gut.

7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as, a blind passage in a book; illegible; as, blind writing.

8. (Hort.)

Defn: Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as, blind buds; blind flowers. Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a cul-de-sac. -- Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight. -- Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp. at night. -- Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. -- Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. -- Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light. See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. -- Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. -- Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead. -- Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. -- Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. -- Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidæ, with rudimentary eyes. -- Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. -- Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; -- called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. -- Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall.

BLIND Blind, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinding.]

1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. "To blind the truth and me." Tennyson. A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is . . . a much greater. South.

2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle. Her beauty all the rest did blind. P. Fletcher.

3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive. Such darkness blinds the sky. Dryden. The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound. Stillingfleet.

4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled.

BLIND Blind, n.

1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse.

2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge.

3. Etym: [Cf. F. blindes, pblende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.)

Defn: A blindage. See Blindage.

4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden.

BLIND; BLINDE Blind, Blinde, n.

Defn: See Blende.

BLINDAGE Blind"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.)

Defn: A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.

BLINDER Blind"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, blinds.

2. (Saddlery)

Defn: One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker.

BLINDFISH Blind"fish` (, n.

Defn: A small fish (Amblyopsis spelæus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Related fishes from other caves take the same name.

BLINDFOLD Blind"fold`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blindfolding.] Etym: [OE. blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen; AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, strike down.]

Defn: To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; to hinder from seeing. And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face. Luke xxii. 64.

BLINDFOLD Blind"fold`, a.

Defn: Having the eyes covered; blinded; having the mental eye darkened. Hence: Heedless; reckless; as, blindfold zeal; blindfold fury. Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns. Dryden.

BLINDING Blind"ing, a.

Defn: Making blind or as if blind; depriving of sight or of understanding; obscuring; as, blinding tears; blinding snow.

BLINDING Blind"ing, n.

Defn: A thin coating of sand and fine gravel over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4.

BLINDLY Blind"ly, adv.

Defn: Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one's own. By his imperious mistress blindly led. Dryden.

BLINDMAN'S BUFF Blind"man's buff" (. Etym: [See Buff a buffet.]

Defn: A play in which one person is blindfolded, and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is. Surely he fancies I play at blindman's buff with him, for he thinks I never have my eyes open. Stillingfleet.

BLINDMAN'S HOLIDAY Blind`man's hol"i*day.

Defn: The time between daylight and candle light. [Humorous]

BLINDNESS Blind"ness, n.

Defn: State or condition of being blind, literally or figuratively. Darwin. Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain color. See Daltonism.

BLIND READER Blind reader.

Defn: A post-office clerk whose duty is to decipher obscure addresses.

BLINDSTORY Blind"sto`ry, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The triforium as opposed to the clearstory.

BLINDWORM Blind"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, burrowing, snakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind; the slowworm; -- formerly a name for the adder. Newts and blindworms do no wrong. Shak.

BLINK Blink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] Etym: [OE. blenken; akin to dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wink, twinkle, D. blinken to shine; and prob. to D. blikken to glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blican to shine, E. bleak. sq. root98. See Bleak; cf. 1st Blench.]

1. To wink; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye. One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame. Pope

2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes. Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne. Shak.

3. To shine, esp. with intermittent light; to twinkle; to flicker; to glimmer, as a lamp. The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink. Wordsworth. The sun blinked fair on pool and stream . Sir W. Scott.

4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, mild, etc.

BLINK Blink, v. t.

1. To shut out of sight; to avoid, or purposely evade; to shirk; as, to blink the question.

2. To trick; to deceive. [Scot.] Jamieson.

BLINK Blink, n. Etym: [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i. ]

1. A glimpse or glance. This is the first blink that ever I had of him. Bp. Hall.

2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott. Not a blink of light was there. Wordsworth.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea; ice blink.

4. pl. Etym: [Cf. Blencher.] (Sporting)

Defn: Boughs cast where deer are to pass, to turn or check them. [Prov. Eng.]

BLINKARD Blink"ard, n. Etym: [Blind + -ard.]

1. One who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes. Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns. Marvell.

2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disappears. Hakewill.

BLINK BEER Blink" beer` (

Defn: Beer kept unbroached until it is sharp. Crabb.

BLINKER Blink"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, blinks.

2. A blinder for horses; a flap of leather on a horse's bridle to prevent him from seeing objects as his side hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment. Nor bigots who but one way see, through blinkers of authority. M. Green.

3. pl.

Defn: A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes form glare, etc.

BLINK-EYED Blink"-eyed` (, a.

Defn: Habitually winking. Marlowe.

BLIRT Blirt, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A gust of wind and rain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

BLISS Bliss, n.; pl. Blisses. Etym: [OE. blis, blisse, AS. blis, bli, fr. bli blithe. See Blithe.]

Defn: Orig., blithesomeness; gladness; now, the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; exalted felicity; heavenly joy. An then at last our bliss Full and perfect is. Milton.

Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy; enjoyment. See Happiness.

BLISSFUL Bliss"ful, a.

Defn: Full of, characterized by, or causing, joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree. "Blissful solitude." Milton. -- Bliss"ful*ly, adv. -- Bliss"ful*ness, n.

BLISSLESS Bliss"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney.

BLISSOM Blis"som, v. i. Etym: [For blithesome: but cf. also Icel. bl of a goat at heat.]

Defn: To be lustful; to be lascivious. [Obs.]

BLISSOM Blis"som, a.

Defn: Lascivious; also, in heat; -- said of ewes.

BLISTER Blis"ter, n. Etym: [OE.; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject wind.]

1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle. And painful blisters swelled my tender hands. Grainger.

2. Any elevation made by the separation of the film or skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel.

3. A vesicatory; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison. Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the Lytta (or Cantharis) vesicatoria, called Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists. See Cantharis. -- Blister fly, a blister beetle. -- Blister plaster, a plaster designed to raise a blister; -- usually made of Spanish flies. -- Blister steel, crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation; -- so called because of its blistered surface. Called also blistered steel. -- Blood blister. See under Blood.

BLISTER Blis"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blistering.]

Defn: To be affected with a blister or blisters; to have a blister form on. Let my tongue blister. Shak.

BLISTER Blis"ter, v. t.

1. To raise a blister or blisters upon. My hands were blistered. Franklin.

2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister. This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue. Shak.

BLISTERY Blis"ter*y, a.

Defn: Full of blisters. Hooker.

BLITE Blite, n. Etym: [L. blitum, Gr. .] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbs (Blitum) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum capitatum is the strawberry blite.

BLITHE Blithe, a. Etym: [AS. bli blithe, kind; akin to Goth. blei kind, Icel. bli mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw. blid gentle, D. blijd blithe, OHG. blidi kind, blithe.]

Defn: Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as, a blithe spirit. The blithe sounds of festal music. Prescott. A daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton.

BLITHEFUL Blithe"ful, a.

Defn: Gay; full of gayety; joyous.

BLITHELY Blithe"ly, adv.

Defn: In a blithe manner.

BLITHENESS Blithe"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being blithe. Chaucer.

BLITHESOME Blithe"some, a.

Defn: Cheery; gay; merry. The blithesome sounds of wassail gay. Sir W. Scott. -- Blithe"some*ly, adv. -- Blithe"some*ness, n.

BLIVE Blive, adv. Etym: [A contraction of Belive.]

Defn: Quickly; forthwith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLIZZARD Bliz"zard, n. Etym: [Cf. Blaze to flash. Formerly, in local use, a rattling volley; cf. "to blaze away" to fire away.]

Defn: A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually accompanied with fine and blinding snow; a furious blast. [U. S.]

BLOAT Bloat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloating.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. blotna to become soft, blautr soft, wet, Sw. blöt soft, blöta to soak; akin to G. bloss bare, and AS. bleát wretched; or perh. fr. root of Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.]

1. To make turgid, as with water or air; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from effusion of serum in the cellular tissue, producing a morbid enlargement, often accompanied with softness.

2. To inflate; to puff up; to make vain. Dryden.

BLOAT Bloat, v. i.

Defn: To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in the cellular tissue; to puff out; to swell. Arbuthnot.

BLOAT Bloat, a.

Defn: Bloated. [R.] Shak.

BLOAT Bloat, n.

Defn: A term of contempt for a worthless, dissipated fellow. [Slang]

BLOAT Bloat, v. t.

Defn: To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blote.

BLOATED Bloat"ed, p. a.

Defn: Distended beyond the natural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum, etc.; turgid; swollen; as, a bloated face. Also, puffed up with pride; pompous.

BLOATEDNESS Bloat"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being bloated.

BLOATER Bloat"er, n. Etym: [See Bloat, Blote.]

Defn: The common herring, esp. when of large size, smoked, and half dried; -- called also bloat herring.

BLOB Blob, n. Etym: [See Bleb.]

1. Something blunt and round; a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick; a drop; a bubble; a blister. Wright.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small fresh-water fish (Uranidea Richardsoni); the miller's thumb.

BLOBBER Blob"ber, n. Etym: [See Blubber, Blub.]

Defn: A bubble; blubber. [Low] T. Carew. Blobber lip, a thick, protruding lip. His blobber lips and beetle brows commend. Dryden.

BLOBBER-LIPPED Blob"ber-lipped`, a.

Defn: Having thick lips. "A blobber-lipped shell." Grew.

BLOCAGE Blo*cage", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.)

Defn: The roughest and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry.

BLOCK Block, n. Etym: [OE. blok; cf. F. bloc (fr. OHG.), D. & Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also an OHG. bloch, biloh; bi by + the same root as that of E. lock. Cf. Block, v. t., Blockade, and see Lock.]

1. A piece of wood more or less bulky; a solid mass of wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or approximately plane, faces; as, a block on which a butcher chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse; children's playing blocks, etc. Now all our neighbors' chimneys smoke, And Christmas blocks are burning. Wither. All her labor was but as a block Left in the quarry. Tennyson.

2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned persons lay their necks when they are beheaded. Noble heads which have been brought to the block. E. Everett.

3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped. Hence: The pattern on shape of a hat. He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block. Shak.

4. A large or long building divided into separate houses or shops, or a number of houses or shops built in contact with each other so as to form one building; a row of houses or shops.

5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets, whether occupied by buildings or not. The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, comprising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in Oxford Street. Lond. Quart. Rev.

6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or shell which is provided with a hook, eye, or strap, by which it may be attached to an object. It is used to change the direction of motion, as in raising a heavy object that can not be conveniently reached, and also, when two or more such sheaves are compounded, to change the rate of motion, or to exert increased force; -- used especially in the rigging of ships, and in tackles.

7. (Falconry)

Defn: The perch on which a bird of prey is kept.

8. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance; an obstacle; as, a block in the way.

9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers' work.

10. (Print.)

Defn: A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is mounted to make it type high.

11. A blockhead; a stupid fellow; a dolt. [Obs.] What a block art thou ! Shak.

12. A section of a railroad where the block system is used. See Block system, below. A block of shares (Stock Exchange), a large number of shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Bartlett. -- Block printing. (a) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. -- Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it.

BLOCK Block, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] Etym: [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.]

1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; -- used both of persons and things; -- often followed by up; as, to block up a road or harbor. With moles . . . would block the port. Rowe. A city . . . besieged and blocked about. Milton.

2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each.

3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as, to block a hat. To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as, to block out a plan.

BLOCKADE Block*ade", n. Etym: [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ]

1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.

Note: Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent.

2. An obstruction to passage. To raise a blockade. See under Raise.

BLOCKADE Block*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blockading.]

1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea." Gilpin.

2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress. Till storm and driving ice blockade him there. Wordsworth.

3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from. Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door. Pope.

BLOCKADER Block*ad"er, n.

1. One who blockades.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A vessel employed in blockading.

BLOCKAGE Block"age, n.

Defn: The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up.

BLOCK BOOK Block" book` (.

Defn: A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types.

BLOCK CHAIN Block chain. (Mach.)

Defn: A chain in which the alternate links are broad blocks connected by thin side links pivoted to the ends of the blocks, used with sprocket wheels to transmit power, as in a bicycle.

BLOCKHEAD Block"head` (, n. Etym: [Block + head.]

Defn: A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read, With loads of learned lumber in his head. Pope.

BLOCKHEADED Block"head`ed, a.

Defn: Stupid; dull.

BLOCKHEADISM Block"head*ism, n.

Defn: That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle.

BLOCKHOUSE Block"house` (, n. Etym: [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle with the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; -- formerly much used in America and Germany.

2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.]

BLOCKING Block"ing, n.

1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks.

2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.

BLOCKING COURSE Block"ing course` (. (Arch.)

Defn: The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice.

BLOCKISH Block"ish, a.

Defn: Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. "Blockish Ajax." Shak. -- Block"ish*ly, adv. -- Block"ish*ness, n.

BLOCKLIKE Block"like` (, a.

Defn: Like a block; stupid.

BLOCK SIGNAL Block signal. (Railroads)

Defn: One of the danger signals or safety signals which guide the movement of trains in a block system. The signal is often so coupled with a switch that act of opening or closing the switch operates the signal also.

BLOCK SYSTEM Block system. (Railroads)

Defn: A system by which the track is divided into short sections, as of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric, or combined electric and pneumatic, signals that no train enters a section or block until the preceding train has left it, as in absolute blocking, or that a train may be allowed to follow another into a block as long as it proceeds with excessive caution, as in permissive blocking.

BLOCK TIN Block" tin` (.

Defn: See under Tin.

BLOEDITE Bloe"dite, n. Etym: [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.

BLOLLY Blol"ly, n. (Bot.) (a) A shrub or small tree of southern Florida and the West Indies (Pisonia obtusata) with smooth oval leaves and a hard, 10-ribbed fruit. (b) The rubiaceous shrub Chicocca racemosa, of the same region.

BLOMARY Blom"a*ry, n.

Defn: See Bloomery.

BLONCKET; BLONKET Blonc"ket, Blon"ket, a. Etym: [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.]

Defn: Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.] Our bloncket liveries been all too sad. Spenser.

BLOND; BLONDE Blond, Blonde, a. Etym: [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop. blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ]

Defn: Of a fair color; light-colored; as, blond hair; a blond complexion.

BLONDE Blonde, n. Etym: [F.]

1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.]

2. Etym: [So called from its color.]

Defn: A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; -- called also blond lace.

BLOND METAL Blond" met`al.

Defn: A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools.

BLONDNESS Blond"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being blond. G. Eliot.

BLOOD Blood, n. Etym: [OE. blod, blood, AS. bl; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth, bl, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.]

1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial.

Note: The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute

## particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is

usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma.

2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship. To share the blood of Saxon royalty. Sir W. Scott. A friend of our own blood. Waller. Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. -- Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier. Peters.

3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage. Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam. Shak. I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shak.

4. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed.

Note: In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood.

5. The fleshy nature of man. Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood. Shak.

6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction. So wills the fierce, avenging sprite, Till blood for blood atones. Hood.

7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.] He was a thing of blood, whose every motion Was timed with dying cries. Shak.

8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; -- as if the blood were the seat of emotions. When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth. Shak.

Note: Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as, my blood was up.

9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake. Seest thou not . . . how giddily 'a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty Shak. It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood. Thackeray.

10. The juice of anything, especially if red. He washed . . . his clothes in the blood of grapes. Gen. xiix. 11.

Note: Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as, blood-bespotted, blood-bought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, blood-won. Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. -- Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. -- Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. -- Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. -- Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. -- Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the hæmoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; hæmatocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. -- Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ º Fahr. -- Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. -- Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. -- Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxæmia. -- Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. -- Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. -- Blood spavin. See under Spavin. -- Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover , has in it a tinge of blue; -- hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. -- Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. -- In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. -- To let blood. See under Let. -- Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal.

BLOOD Blood, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooding.]

1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper.

2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic] Reach out their spears afar, And blood their points. Dryden.

3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war. It was most important too that his troops should be blooded. Macaulay.

4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.] The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another. Bacon.

BLOODBIRD Blood"bird` (, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); -- so called from the bright red color of the male bird.

BLOOD-BOLTERED Blood"-bol`tered, a. Etym: [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.]

Defn: Having the hair matted with clotted blood. [Obs. & R.] The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me. Shak.

BLOODED Blood"ed, a.

Defn: Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock.

Note: Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as, cold-blooded; warm-blooded.

BLOODFLOWER Blood"flow`er, n. Etym: [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Hæmanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows.

BLOODGUILTY Blood"guilt`y, a.

Defn: Guilty of murder or bloodshed. "A bloodguilty life." Fairfax. -- Blood"guilt`i*ness (, n. -- Blood"guilt`less, a.

BLOODHOUND Blood"hound` (, n.

Defn: A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell. It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff.

BLOODILY Blood"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.

BLOODINESS Blood"i*ness, n.

1. The state of being bloody.

2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness. All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature. Holland.

BLOODLESS Blood"less, a. Etym: [AS. bl.]

1. Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as, bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead. The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold. Dryden.

2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as, a bloodless victory. Froude.

3. Without spirit or activity. Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood ! Shak. -- Blood"less*ly, adv. -- Blood"less*ness, n.

BLOODLET Blood"let` (, v. t. Etym: [AS. bl; bl blood + l to let.]

Defn: bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot.

BLOODLETTER Blood"let`ter, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, lets blood; a phlebotomist.

BLOODLETTING Blood"let`ting, n. (Med.)

Defn: The act or process of letting blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or by cupping or leeches; -- esp. applied to venesection.

BLOOD MONEY Blood" mon`ey.

1. Money paid to the next of kin of a person who has been killed by another.

2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another's life; -- said of a reward for supporting a capital charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale of that which will destroy the purchaser.

BLOODROOT Blood"root` (, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a pretty, white flower in early spring; -- called also puccoon, redroot, bloodwort, tetterwort, turmeric, and Indian paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstock is used as a stimulant expectorant. See Sanguinaria.

Note: In England the name is given to the tormentil, once used as a remedy for dysentery.

BLOODSHED Blood"shed` (, n. Etym: [Blood + shed]

Defn: The shedding or spilling of blood; slaughter; the act of shedding human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder.

BLOODSHEDDER Blood"shed`der, n.

Defn: One who sheds blood; a manslayer; a murderer.

BLOODSHEDDING Blood"shed`ding, n.

Defn: Bloodshed. Shak.

BLOODSHOT Blood"shot` (, a. Etym: [Blood + shot, p. p. of shoot to variegate.]

Defn: Red and inflamed; suffused with blood, or having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the conjunctiva is inflamed or irritated. His eyes were bloodshot, . . . and his hair disheveled. Dickens.

BLOOD-SHOTTEN Blood"-shot`ten, a.

Defn: Bloodshot. [Obs.]

BLOODSTICK Blood"stick", n. (Far.)

Defn: A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into the vein. Youatt.

BLOODSTONE Blood"stone` (, n. (Min.) (a) A green siliceous stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the name; -- called also heliotrope. (b) Hematite, an ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or "streak."

BLOODSTROKE Blood"stroke` (, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coup de sang.]

Defn: Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. Dunglison.

BLOODSUCKER Blood"suck`er, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any animal that sucks blood; esp., the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and related species.

2. One who sheds blood; a cruel, bloodthirsty man; one guilty of bloodshed; a murderer. [Obs.] Shak.

3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money lender; an extortioner.

BLOODTHIRSTY Blood"thirst`y, a.

Defn: Eager to shed blood; cruel; sanguinary; murderous. -- Blood"thirst`i*ness (n.

BLOODULF Blood"ulf, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European bullfinch.

BLOOD VESSEL Blood" ves`sel. (Anat.)

Defn: Any vessel or canal in which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery or vein.

BLOODWITE; BLOODWIT Blood"wite`, Blood"wit` (, n. Etym: [AS. bl; bl blood, + wite wite, fine.] (Anc. Law)

Defn: A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the shedding of blood; also, a riot wherein blood was spilled.

BLOODWOOD Blood"wood, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A tree having the wood or the sap of the color of blood.

Note: Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree (Baloghia lucida), from which the sap is collected for use as a plant. Various other trees have the name, chiefly on account of the color of the wood, as Gordonia Hæmatoxylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Eucalyptus; also the true logwood ( Hæmatoxylon campechianum).

BLOODWORT Blood"wort` (, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant, Rumex sanguineus, or bloody-veined dock. The name is applied also to bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an extensive order of plants (Hæmodoraceæ), the roots of many species of which contain a red coloring matter useful in dyeing.

BLOODY Blood"y, a. Etym: [AS. bl.]

1. Containing or resembling blood; of the nature of blood; as, bloody excretions; bloody sweat.

2. Smeared or stained with blood; as, bloody hands; a bloody handkerchief.

3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood; having a cruel, savage disposition; murderous; cruel. Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak.

4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed; sanguinary; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty; as, a bloody battle.

5. Infamous; contemptible; -- variously used for mere emphasis or as a low epithet. [Vulgar] Thackeray.

BLOODY Blood"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloodied (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloodying.]

Defn: To stain with blood. Overbury.

BLOODYBONES Blood"y*bones` (, n.

Defn: A terrible bugbear.

BLOODY FLUX Blood"y flux`.

Defn: The dysentery, a disease in which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot.

BLOODY HAND Blood"y hand` (.

1. A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man's trespass in the forest against venison. Jacob.

2. (Her.)

Defn: A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom.

BLOODY-MINDED Blood"y-mind"ed, a.

Defn: Having a cruel, ferocious disposition; bloodthirsty. Dryden.

BLOODY SWEAT Blood"y sweat` (.

Defn: A sweat accompanied by a discharge of blood; a disease, called sweating sickness, formerly prevalent in England and other countries.

BLOOM Bloom, n. Etym: [OE. blome, fr. Icel. bl, bl; akin to Sw. blom, Goth. bl, OS. bl, D. bloem, OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume; fr. the same root as AS. bl to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and cf. Blossom.]

1. A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud; flowers, collectively. The rich blooms of the tropics. Prescott.

2. The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open; as, the cherry trees are in bloom. "Sight of vernal bloom." Milton.

3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms; as, the bloom of youth. Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty. Hawthorne.

4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly- gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc. Hence: Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow. A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it. Thackeray.

5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture.

6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well- tanned leather. Knight.

7. (Min.)

Defn: A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as, the rose-red cobalt bloom.

BLOOM Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooming.]

1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower. A flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom. Milton.

2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers. A better country blooms to view, Beneath a brighter sky. Logan.

BLOOM Bloom, v. t.

1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.] Charitable affection bloomed them. Hooker.

2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton. While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day. Keats.

BLOOM Bloom, n. Etym: [AS. bl a mass or lump, isenes bl a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.

BLOOMARY Bloom"a*ry, n.

Defn: See Bloomery.

BLOOMER Bloom"er, n. Etym: [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.]

1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat.

2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.

BLOOMERY Bloom"er*y, n. (Manuf.)

Defn: A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron.

BLOOMING Bloom"ing, n. (Metal.)

Defn: The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.

BLOOMING Bloom"ing, a.

1. Opening in blossoms; flowering.

2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health.

BLOOMINGLY Bloom"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blooming manner.

BLOOMINGNESS Bloom"ing*ness, n.

Defn: A blooming condition.

BLOOMLESS Bloom"less, a.

Defn: Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.

BLOOMY Bloom"y, a.

1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as, a bloomy spray. But all the bloomy flush of life is fled. Goldsmith.

2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden.

BLOOTH Blooth, n.

Defn: Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.] All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands. T. Hardy.

BLORE Blore, n. Etym: [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf. Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.]

Defn: The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.] A most tempestuous blore. Chapman.

BLOSMY Blos"my, a.

Defn: Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BLOSSOM Blos"som, n. Etym: [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. bl, bl, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.]

1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as, the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom.

Note: The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers. Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day. Longfellow.

2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise. In the blossom of my youth. Massinger.

3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; -- otherwise called peach color. In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.

BLOSSOM Blos"som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] Etym: [AS. bl. See Blossom, n.]

1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower. The moving whisper of huge trees that branched And blossomed. Tennyson.

2. To flourish and prosper. Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit. Isa. xxvii. 6.

BLOSSOMLESS Blos"som*less, a.

Defn: Without blossoms.

BLOSSOMY Blos"som*y, a.

Defn: Full of blossoms; flowery.

BLOT Blot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.]

1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink. The brief was writ and blotted all with gore. Gascoigne.

2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil. It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads. Shak.

3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace. Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Rowe.

4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; -- generally with out; as, to blot out a word or a sentence. Often figuratively; as, to blot out offenses. One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. Dryden.

5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow. He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane. Cowley.

6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper.

Syn. -- To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch.

BLOT Blot, v. i.

Defn: To take a blot; as, this paper blots easily.

BLOT Blot, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.]

1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. "Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds." Shak.

2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden.

3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish. This deadly blot in thy digressing son. Shak.

BLOT Blot, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.]

1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up. He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may be so easily hit. Dryden.

2. A weak point; a failing; an exposed point or mark.

BLOTCH Blotch, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. blacche in blacchepot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akin to bleak. See Black, a., or cf. Blot a spot.]

1. A blot or spot, as of color or of ink; especially a large or irregular spot. Also Fig.; as, a moral blotch. Spots and blotches . . . some red, others yellow. Harvey.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A large pustule, or a coarse eruption. Foul scurf and blotches him defile. Thomson.

BLOTCHED Blotched, a.

Defn: Marked or covered with blotches. To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease. Drayton.

BLOTCHY Blotch"y, a.

Defn: Having blotches.

BLOTE Blote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloting.] Etym: [Cf. Sw. blöt-fisk soaked fish, fr. blöta to soak. See 1st Bloat.]

Defn: To cure, as herrings, by salting and smoking them; to bloat. [Obs.]

BLOTLESS Blot"less, a.

Defn: Without blot.

BLOTTER Blot"ter, n.

1. One who, or that which blots; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink.

2. (Com.)

Defn: A wastebook, in which entries of transactions are made as they take place.

BLOTTESQUE Blot*tesque" (, a. (Painting)

Defn: Characterized by blots or heavy touches; coarsely depicted; wanting in delineation. Ruskin.

BLOTTING PAPER Blot"ting pa`per.

Defn: A kind of thick, bibulous, unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from freshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots.

BLOUSE Blouse, n. Etym: [F. blouse. Of unknown origin.]

Defn: A light, loose over-garment, like a smock frock, worn especially by workingmen in France; also, a loose coat of any material, as the undress uniform coat of the United States army.

BLOW Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew; p. p. Blown; p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] Etym: [OE. blowen, AS. bl to blossom; akin to OS. bl, D. bloeijen, OHG. pluojan, MHG. bl, G. blühen, L. florere to flourish, OIr. blath blossom. Cf. Blow to puff, Flourish.]

Defn: To flower; to blossom; to bloom. How blows the citron grove. Milton.

BLOW Blow, v. t.

Defn: To cause to blossom; to put forth (blossoms or flowers). The odorous banks, that blow Flowers of more mingled hue. Milton.

BLOW Blow, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A blossom; a flower; also, a state of blossoming; a mass of blossoms. "Such a blow of tulips." Tatler.

BLOW Blow, n. Etym: [OE. blaw, blowe; cf. OHG. bliuwan, pliuwan, to beat, G. bläuen, Goth. bliggwan.]

1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod, a club, an ax, or a sword. Well struck ! there was blow for blow. Shak.

2. A sudden or forcible act or effort; an assault. A vigorous blow might win [Hanno's camp]. T. Arnold.

3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; something which produces mental, physical, or financial suffering or loss (esp. when sudden); a buffet. A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows. Shak. At a blow, suddenly; at one effort; by a single vigorous act. "They lose a province at a blow." Dryden. -- To come to blows, to engage in combat; to fight; -- said of individuals, armies, and nations.

Syn. -- Stroke; knock; shock; misfortune.

BLOW Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew; p. p. Blown; p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] Etym: [OE. blawen, blowen, AS. bl to blow, as wind; akin to OHG. pl, G. blähen, to blow up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. to spout out, and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to bloom.]

1. To produce a current of air; to move, as air, esp. to move rapidly or with power; as, the wind blows. Hark how it rains and blows ! Walton.

2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the mouth or from a pair of bellows.

3. To breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff. Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing. Shak.

4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet. There let the pealing organ blow. Milton.

5. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale.

6. To be carried or moved by the wind; as, the dust blows in from the street. The grass blows from their graves to thy own. M. Arnold.

7. To talk loudly; to boast; to storm. [Colloq.] You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my face. Bartlett. To blow hot and cold Etym: (a saying derived from a fable of , to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. -- To blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided for the purpose; as, the engine or steamer is blowing off. -- To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force of a gas or vapor; as, a steam cock or valve sometimes blows out. (b) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] -- To blow over, to pass away without effect; to cease, or be dissipated; as, the storm and the clouds have blown over. -- To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force of steam; to burst; to explode; as, a powder mill or steam boiler blows up. "The enemy's magazines blew up." Tatler.

BLOW Blow, v. t.

1. To force a current of air upon with the mouth, or by other means; as, to blow the fire.

2. To drive by a current air; to impel; as, the tempest blew the ship ashore. Off at sea northeast winds blow Sabean odors from the spicy shore. Milton.

3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the mouth, or otherwise; to cause to sound, as a wind instrument; as, to blow a trumpet; to blow an organ. Hath she no husband That will take pains to blow a horn before her Shak. Boy, blow the pipe until the bubble rise, Then cast it off to float upon the skies. Parnell.

4. To clear of contents by forcing air through; as, to blow an egg; to blow one's nose.

5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion; -- usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb; as, to blow up a building.

6. To spread by report; to publish; to disclose. Through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden. His language does his knowledge blow. Whiting.

7. To form by inflation; to swell by injecting air; as, to blow bubbles; to blow glass.

8. To inflate, as with pride; to puff up. Look how imagination blows him. Shak.

9. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue; as, to blow a horse. Sir W. Scott.

10. To deposit eggs or larvæ upon, or in (meat, etc.). To suffer The flesh fly blow my mouth. Shak. To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring blasts; -- said of the wind at sea or along the coast. -- To blow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off pipe, while under steam pressure; also, to eject (steam, water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. -- To blow one's own trumpet, to vaunt one's own exploits, or sound one's own praises. -- To blow out, to extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. -- To blow up. (a) To fill with air; to swell; as, to blow up a bladder or bubble. (b) To inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc.; to puff up; as, to blow one up with flattery. "Blown up with high conceits engendering pride." Milton. (c) To excite; as, to blow up a contention.(d) To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by an explosion; as, to blow up a fort. (e) To scold violently; as, to blow up a person for some offense. [Colloq.] I have blown him up well -- nobody can say I wink at what he does. G. Eliot. To blow upon. (a) To blast; to taint; to bring into discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (b) To inform against. [Colloq.] How far the very custom of hearing anything spouted withers and blows upon a fine passage, may be seen in those speeches from [Shakespeare's] Henry V. which are current in the mouths of schoolboys. C. Lamb. A lady's maid whose character had been blown upon. Macaulay.

BLOW Blow, n.

1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing of the wind; a gale; as, a heavy blow came on, and the ship put back to port.

2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through or from some instrument; as, to give a hard blow on a whistle or horn; to give the fire a blow with the bellows.

3. The spouting of a whale.

4. (Metal.)

Defn: A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Raymond.

5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. Chapman.

BLOWBALL Blow"ball` (, n.

Defn: The downy seed head of a dandelion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson.

BLOWEN; BLOWESS Blow"en, Blow"ess, n.

Defn: A prostitute; a courtesan; a strumpet. [Low] Smart.

BLOWER Blow"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, blows.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A device for producing a current of air; as: (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the upper part of a grate or open fire. (b) A machine for producing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a building or shaft, cleansing gram, etc.

3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a hole or fissure in a mine.

4. The whale; -- so called by seamen, from the circumstance of its spouting up a column of water.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small fish of the Atlantic coast (Tetrodon turgidus); the puffer.

6. A braggart, or loud talker. [Slang] Bartlett.

BLOWFLY Blow"fly`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of fly of the genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvæ (called flyblows and maggots) upon meat or other animal products.

BLOWGUN Blow"gun`, n.

Defn: A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long, through which an arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies; -- called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan.

BLOWHOLE Blow"hole`, n.

1. A cavern in a cliff, at the water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity, so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a lofty jet from the extremity.

2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean.

Note: There are two spiracles or blowholes in the common whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc.

3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe.

4. (Founding)

Defn: An air hole in a casting.

BLOWN Blown, p. p. & a.

1. Swollen; inflated; distended; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green food which develops gas.

2. Stale; worthless.

3. Out of breath; tired; exhausted. "Their horses much blown." Sir W. Scott.

4. Covered with the eggs and larvæ of flies; fly blown.

BLOWN Blown, p. p. & a.

Defn: Opened; in blossom or having blossomed, as a flower. Shak.

BLOW-OFF Blow"-off` (, n.

1. A blowing off steam, water, etc.; -- Also, adj.

Defn: as, a blow-off cock or pipe.

2. An outburst of temper or excitement. [Colloq.]

BLOW-OUT Blow"-out` (, n.

Defn: The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.

BLOWPIPE Blow"pipe` (, n.

1. A tube for directing a jet of air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or candle, so as to concentrate the heat on some object.

Note: It is called a mouth blowpipe when used with the mouth; but for both chemical and industrial purposes, it is often worked by a bellows or other contrivance. The common mouth blowpipe is a tapering tube with a very small orifice at the end to be inserted in the flame. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe, invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken from separate reservoirs, in the proportions of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It gives a heat that will consume the diamond, fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances.

2. A blowgun; a blowtube. Blowpipe analysis (Chem.), analysis by means of the blowpipe. -- Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of the blowpipe.

BLOWPOINT Blow"point` (, n.

Defn: A child's game. [Obs.]

BLOWSE Blowse, n.

Defn: See Blowze.

BLOWTH Blowth, n. Etym: [From Blow to blossom: cf. Growth.]

Defn: A blossoming; a bloom. [Obs. or Archaic] "In the blowth and bud." Sir W. Raleigh.

BLOWTUBE Blow"tube`, n.

1. A blowgun. Tylor.

2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys for discharging paper wads and other light missiles.

3. (Glassmaking)

Defn: A long wrought iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of "metal" (melted glass), and through which he blows to expand or shape it; -- called also blowing tube, and blowpipe.

BLOW VALVE Blow" valve` (. (Mach.)

Defn: See Snifting valve.

BLOWY Blow"y, a.

Defn: Windy; as, blowy weather; a blowy upland.

BLOWZE Blowze, n. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as blush.]

Defn: A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] Shak.

BLOWZED Blowzed, a.

Defn: Having high color from exposure to the weather; ruddy-faced; blowzy; disordered. Huge women blowzed with health and wind. Tennyson.

BLOWZY Blowz"y, a.

Defn: Coarse and ruddy-faced; fat and ruddy; high colored; frowzy.

BLUB Blub, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. Bleb, Blob.]

Defn: To swell; to puff out, as with weeping. [Obs.]

BLUBBER Blub"ber, n. Etym: [See Blobber, Blob, Bleb.]

1. A bubble. At his mouth a blubber stood of foam. Henryson.

2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under the skin and over the muscular flesh.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large sea nettle or medusa.

BLUBBER Blub"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.]

Defn: To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face; to cry in a childish manner. She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. Swift.

BLUBBER Blub"ber, v. t.

1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping; to wet with tears. Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face! Prior.

2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or cries); -- with forth or out.

BLUBBERED Blub"bered, p. p. & a.

Defn: Swollen; turgid; as, a blubbered lip. Spenser.

BLUBBERING Blub"ber*ing, n.

Defn: The act of weeping noisily. He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him. Winthrop.

BLUBBERY Blub"ber*y, a.

1. Swollen; protuberant.

2. Like blubber; gelatinous and quivering; as, a blubbery mass.

BLUCHER Blu"cher, n.

Defn: A kind of half boot, named from the Prussian general Blücher. Thackeray.

BLUDGEON Bludg"eon, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block, Gael. plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block; or perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow a stroke.]

Defn: A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier that the other, used as an offensive weapon.

BLUE Blue, a. [Compar. Bluer; superl. Bluest.] Etym: [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, Sw. bl, D. blauw, OHG. bl, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG. blao.]

1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it, whether lighter or darker; as, the deep, blue sea; as blue as a sapphire; blue violets. "The blue firmament." Milton.

2. Pale, without redness or glare, -- said of a flame; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of ghosts or devils; as, the candle burns blue; the air was blue with oaths.

3. Low in spirits; melancholy; as, to feel blue.

4. Suited to produce low spirits; gloomy in prospect; as, thongs looked blue. [Colloq.]

5. Severe or over strict in morals; gloom; as, blue and sour religionists; suiting one who is over strict in morals; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy mortality; as, blue laws.

6. Literary; -- applied to women; -- an abbreviation of bluestocking. [Colloq.] The ladies were very blue and well informed. Thackeray. Blue asbestus. See Crocidolite. -- Blue black, of, or having, a very dark blue color, almost black. -- Blue blood. See under Blood. -- Blue buck (Zoöl.), a small South African antelope (Cephalophus pygmæus); also applied to a larger species (Ægoceras leucophæus); the blaubok. -- Blue cod (Zoöl.), the buffalo cod. -- Blue crab (Zoöl.), the common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes hastatus). -- Blue curls (Bot.), a common plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling pennyroyal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. -- Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tremens; hence, very low spirits. "Can Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them all in a red sea of claret" Thackeray. -- Blue gage. See under Gage, a plum. -- Blue gum, an Australian myrtaceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest proportions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria. The essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine. The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. -- Blue jack, Blue stone, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Blue jacket, a man-of war's man; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. -- Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. -- Blue laws, a name first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven; hence, any puritanical laws. [U. S.] -- Blue light, a composition which burns with a brilliant blue flame; -- used in pyrotechnics and as a night signal at sea, and in military operations. -- Blue mantle (Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms; -- so called from the color of his official robes. -- Blue mass, a preparation of mercury from which is formed the blue pill. McElrath. -- Blue mold, or mould, the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on cheese. Brande & C. -- Blue Monday, a Monday following a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipation (as the Monday before Lent). -- Blue ointment (Med.), mercurial ointment. -- Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags. -- Blue pill. (Med.) (a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. (b) Blue mass. -- Blue ribbon. (a) The ribbon worn by members of the order of the Garter; -- hence, a member of that order. (b) Anything the attainment of which is an object of great ambition; a distinction; a prize. "These [scholarships] were the blue ribbon of the college." Farrar. (c) The distinctive badge of certain temperance or total abstinence organizations, as of the Blue ribbon Army. -- Blue ruin, utter ruin; also, gin. [Eng. Slang] Carlyle. -- Blue spar (Min.), azure spar; lazulite. See Lazulite. -- Blue thrush (Zoöl.), a European and Asiatic thrush (Petrocossyphus cyaneas). -- Blue verditer. See Verditer. -- Blue vitriol (Chem.), sulphate of copper, a violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. -- Blue water, the open ocean. -- To look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. -- True blue, genuine and thorough; not modified, nor mixed; not spurious; specifically, of uncompromising Presbyterianism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters.

For his religion . . . 'T was Presbyterian, true blue. Hudibras.

BLUE Blue, n.

1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky.

2. A pedantic woman; a bluestocking. [Colloq.]

3. pl. Etym: [Short for blue devils.]

Defn: Low spirits; a fit of despondency; melancholy. [Colloq.] Berlin blue, Prussian blue. -- Mineral blue. See under Mineral. -- Prussian blue. See under Prussian.

BLUE Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluing.]

Defn: To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, etc.

BLUEBACK Blue"back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A trout (Salmo oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine. (b) A salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River and northward. (c) An American river herring (Clupea æstivalis), closely allied to the alewife.

BLUEBEARD Blue"beard, n.

Defn: The hero of a mediæval French nursery legend, who, leaving home, enjoined his young wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She entered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former wives. -- Also used adjectively of a subject which it is forbidden to investigate. The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but his own must look. Carlyle.

BLUEBELL Blue"bell`, n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundifolia, which bears blue bell-shaped flowers; the harebell. (b) A plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans).

BLUEBERRY Blue"berry, n. Etym: [Cf. Blaeberry.] (Bot.)

Defn: The berry of several species of Vaccinium, and ericaceous genus, differing from the American huckleberries in containing numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets. The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry.

BLUEBILL Blue"bill`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A duck of the genus Fuligula. Two American species (F. marila and F. affinis) are common. See Scaup duck.

BLUEBIRD Blue"bird`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small song bird (Sialia sialis), very common in the United States, and, in the north, one of the earliest to arrive in spring. The male is blue, with the breast reddish. It is related to the European robin. Pairy bluebird (Zoöl.), a brilliant Indian or East Indian bird of the genus Irena, of several species.

BLUE BONNET; BLUE-BONNET Blue" bon`net or Blue"-bon`net, n.

1. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one waring such cap; a Scotchman.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant. Same as Bluebottle.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European blue titmouse (Parus coeruleus); the bluecap.

BLUE BOOK Blue" book`.

1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.]

2. The United States official "Biennial Register."

BLUEBOTTLE Blue"bot`tle, n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Centaurea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and troublesome species of blowfly (Musca vomitoria). Its body is steel blue.

BLUEBREAST Blue"breast`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European bird; the blue-throated warbler.

BLUECAP Blue"cap`, n.

1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bluepoll. (b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse.

2. A Scot; a Scotchman; -- so named from wearing a blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shak.

BLUECOAT Blue"coat`, n.

Defn: One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, a beadle, etc.

BLUE-EYE Blue"-eye`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The blue-cheeked honeysucker of Australia.

BLUE-EYED Blue"-eyed`, a.

Defn: Having blue eyes.

BLUE-EYED GRASS Blue-eyed grass (Bot.)

Defn: a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color.

BLUEFIN Blue"fin`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of whitefish (Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan.

BLUEFISH Blue"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

1. A large voracious fish (Pomatomus saitatrix), of the family Carangidæ, valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia saltwater tailor, or skipjack.

2. A West Indian fish (Platyglossus radiatus), of the family Labridæ.

Note: The name is applied locally to other species of fishes; as the cunner, sea bass, squeteague, etc.

BLUEGOWN Blue"gown`, n.

Defn: One of a class of paupers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to whim annually on the king's birthday were distributed certain alms, including a blue gown; a beadsman.

BLUE GRASS Blue" grass`. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of grass (Poa compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass. Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa pratensis) which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious.

BLUE-GRASS STATE Blue-grass State.

Defn: The Sate of Kentucky; -- a nickname alluding to the blue-grass region, where fine horses are bred.

BLUE HEN STATE Blue Hen State.

Defn: The State of Delaware; -- a popular sobriquet. It is said, though the story lacks proof, to have taken its origin from the insistence of a Delaware Revolutionary captain, named Caldwell, that no cock could be truly game unless the mother was a blue hen, whence Blue Hen's Chickens came to be a nickname for the people of Delaware.

BLUE JAY Blue" jay`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common jay of the United States (Cyanocitta, or Cyanura, cristata). The predominant color is bright blue.

BLUE-JOHN Blue"-john`, n.

Defn: A name given to fluor spar in Derbyshire, where it is used for ornamental purposes.

BLUELY Blue"ly, adv.

Defn: With a blue color. Swift.

BLUENESS Blue"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle.

BLUENOSE Blue"nose, n.

Defn: A nickname for a Nova Scotian.

BLUENOSE; BLUENOSER Blue"nose`, Blue"nos*er, n.

Defn: A Nova Scotian; also, a Nova Scotian ship (called also Blue"nos`er); a Nova Scotian potato, etc.

BLUEPOLL Blue"poll` (, n. Etym: [Blue + poll head.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found in Wales.

BLUEPRINT Blue"print.

Defn: See under Print.

BLUE-SKYLAW Blue"-sky"law`.

Defn: A law enacted to provide for the regulation and supervision of investment companies in order to protect the public against companies that do not intend to do a fair and honest business and that offer investments that do not promise a fair return; -- so called because the promises made by some investment companies are as boundless or alluring as the blue sky, or, perhaps, because designed to clear away the clouds and fogs from the simple investor's horizon. [Colloq.]

BLUESTOCKING Blue"stock`ing, n.

1. A literary lady; a female pedant. [Colloq.]

Note: As explained in Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson", this term is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies, in Johnson's time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. An eminent attendant of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for his conversational powers that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, "We can do nothing without the blue stockings." Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American avocet (Recurvirostra Americana).

BLUESTOCKINGISM Blue"stock`ing*ism, n.

Defn: The character or manner of a bluestocking; female pedantry. [Colloq.]

BLUESTONE Blue"stone` (, n.

1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison.

2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly used in the eastern United States.

BLUETHROAT Blue"throat`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A singing bird of northern Europe and Asia (Cyanecula Suecica), related to the nightingales; -- called also blue-throated robin and blue-throated warbler.

BLUETS Blu"ets, n. Etym: [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue. See Blue, a.] (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several different species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia coerulea, the Centaurea cyanus or bluebottle, and the Vaccinium angustifolium.

BLUE-VEINED Blue"-veined` (, a.

Defn: Having blue veins or blue streaks.

BLUEWING Blue"wing`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The blue-winged teal. See Teal.

BLUEY Blue"y

Defn: ,a.Bluish. Southey.

BLUFF Bluff, a. Etym: [Cf. OD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert one with a broad face, also, a boaster; or G. verblüffen to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten; to unknown origin.]

1. Having a broad, flattened front; as, the bluff bows of a ship. "Bluff visages." Irving.

2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. "A bluff or bold shore." Falconer. Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect. Judd.

3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough.

4. Abrupt; roughly frank; unceremonious; blunt; brusque; as, a bluff answer; a bluff manner of talking; a bluff sea captain. "Bluff King Hal." Sir W. Scott. There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense in a moment of surprise. I. Taylor.

BLUFF Bluff, n.

1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face. Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu. Whittier.

2. An act of bluffing; an expression of self-confidence for the purpose of intimidation; braggadocio; as, that is only bluff, or a bluff.

3. A game at cards; poker. [U.S.] Bartlett.

BLUFF Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bluffing.]

1. (Poker)

Defn: To deter (an opponent) from taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although it may be of less value. [U. S.]

2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose by making a show of confidence in one's strength or resources; as, he bluffed me off. [Colloq.]

BLUFF Bluff, v. i.

Defn: To act as in the game of bluff.

BLUFF-BOWED Bluff"-bowed` (, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

BLUFFER Bluff"er, ( n.

Defn: One who bluffs.

BLUFF-HEADED Bluff"-head`ed (, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

BLUFFNESS Bluff"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being bluff.

BLUFFY Bluff"y, a.

1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks.

2. Inclined to bo bluff; brusque.

BLUING Blu"ing, n.

1. The act of rendering blue; as, the bluing of steel. Tomlinson.

2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or preparations used by washerwomen.

BLUISH Blu"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat blue; as, bluish veins. "Bluish mists." Dryden. -- Blu"ish*ly, adv. -- Blu"ish*ness, n.

BLUNDER Blun"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] Etym: [OE. blunderen, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder; perh. allied to blend to mix, to confound by mixture.]

1. To make a gross error or mistake; as, to blunder in writing or preparing a medical prescription. Swift.

2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner; to flounder and stumble. I was never distinguished for address, and have often even blundered in making my bow. Goldsmith. Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place, And blunders on, and staggers every pace. Dryden. To blunder on. (a) To continue blundering. (b) To find or reach as if by an accident involving more or less stupidity, -- applied to something desirable; as, to blunder on a useful discovery.

BLUNDER Blun"der, v. t.

1. To cause to blunder. [Obs.] "To blunder an adversary." Ditton.

2. To do or treat in a blundering manner; to confuse. He blunders and confounds all these together. Stillingfleet.

BLUNDER Blun"der, n.

1. Confusion; disturbance. [Obs.]

2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from carelessness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance.

Syn. -- Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An error is a departure or deviation from that which is right or correct; as, an error of the press; an error of judgment. A mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for another, through haste, inadvertence, etc.; as, a careless mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind. It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas.

BLUNDERBUSS Blun"der*buss, n. Etym: [Either fr. blunder + D. bus tube, box, akin to G. büchse box, gun, E. box; or corrupted fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, musket.]

1. A short gun or firearm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim.

2. A stupid, blundering fellow.

BLUNDERER Blun"der*er, n.

Defn: One who is apt to blunder.

BLUNDERHEAD Blun"der*head` (, n. [Blunder + head.]

Defn: A stupid, blundering fellow.

BLUNDERING Blun"der*ing, a.

Defn: Characterized by blunders.

BLUNDERINGLY Blun"der*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blundering manner.

BLUNGE Blunge, v. t.

Defn: To amalgamate and blend; to beat up or mix in water, as clay.

BLUNGER Blun"ger, n. Etym: [Corrupted from plunger.]

Defn: A wooden blade with a cross handle, used for mi Tomlinson.

BLUNGING Blun"ging, n.

Defn: The process of mixing clay in potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson.

BLUNT Blunt, a. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. blunda; or perh. akin to E. blind.]

1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp. The murderous knife was dull and blunt. Shak.

2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment; stupid; -- opposed to acute. His wits are not so blunt. Shak.

3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious; wanting the forms of civility; rough in manners or speech. "Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior." "A plain, blunt man." Shak.

4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [R.] I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions. Pope.

Note: Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-edged, blunt- sighted, blunt-spoken.

Syn. -- Obtuse; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse; rude; brusque; impolite; uncivil.

BLUNT Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blunting.]

1. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to make blunt. Shak.

2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility, of; as, to blunt the feelings.

BLUNT Blunt, n.

1. A fencer's foil. [Obs.]

2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle.

3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.

BLUNTISH Blunt"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat blunt. -- Blunt"ish*ness, n.

BLUNTLY Blunt"ly, adv.

Defn: In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. Sometimes after bluntly giving his opinions, he would quietly lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations. Jeffrey.

BLUNTNESS Blunt"ness, n.

1. Want of edge or point; dullness; obtuseness; want of sharpness. The multitude of elements and bluntness of angles. Holland.

2. A bruptness of address; rude plainness. "Bluntness of speech." Boyle.

BLUNT-WITTED Blunt"-wit`ted, n.

Defn: Dull; stupid. Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor! Shak.

BLUR Blur, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] Etym: [Prob. of same origin as blear. See Blear.]

1. To render obscure by making the form or outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling; to smear; to make indistinct and confused; as, to blur manuscript by handling it while damp; to blur the impression of a woodcut by an excess of ink. But time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor Which then he wore. Shak.

2. To cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to darken. Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare. J. R. Drake.

3. To sully; to stain; to blemish, as reputation. Sarcasms may eclipse thine own, But can not blur my lost renown. Hudibras.

Syn. -- To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully.

BLUR Blur, n.

1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; a blot, as upon paper or other substance. As for those who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they make it worse. Fuller.

2. A dim, confused appearance; indistinctness of vision; as, to see things with a blur; it was all blur.

3. A moral stain or blot. Lest she . . . will with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name. Udall.

BLURRY Blur"ry, a.

Defn: Full of blurs; blurred.

BLURT Blurt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurting.] Etym: [Cf. Blare.]

Defn: To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; -- commonly with out. Others . . . can not hold, but blurt out, those words which afterward they forced to eat. Hakewill. To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of. [Obs.] Shak.

BLUSH Blush v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] Etym: [OE. bluschen to shine, look, turn red, AS. blyscan to glow; akin to blysa a torch, abl to blush, D. blozen, Dan. blusse to blaze, blush.]

1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion; to become red from such cause, as the cheeks or face. To the nuptial bower I led her blushing like the morn. Milton. In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young offender is ashamed to blush. Buckminster. He would stroke The head of modest and ingenuous worth, That blushed at its own praise. Cowper.

2. To grow red; to have a red or rosy color. The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set, But stayed, and made the western welkin blush. Shak.

3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses and other flowers. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen. T. Gray.

BLUSH Blush, v. t.

1. To suffuse with a blush; to redden; to make roseate. [Obs.] To blush and beautify the cheek again. Shak.

2. To express or make known by blushing. I'll blush you thanks. Shak.

BLUSH Blush, n.

1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty. The rosy blush of love. Trumbull.

2. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint. Light's last blushes tinged the distant hills. Lyttleton. At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appearance or view. "At the first blush, we thought they had been ships come from France." Hakluyt.

Note: This phrase is used now more of ideas, opinions, etc., than of material things. "All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at first blush, appear." etc. Locke. -- To put to the blush, to cause to blush with shame; to put to shame.

BLUSHER Blush"er, n.

Defn: One that blushes.

BLUSHET Blush"et, n.

Defn: A modest girl. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BLUSHFUL Blush"ful, a.

Defn: Full of blushes. While from his ardent look the turning Spring Averts her blushful face. Thomson.

BLUSHING Blush"ing, a.

Defn: Showing blushes; rosy red; having a warm and delicate color like some roses and other flowers; blooming; ruddy; roseate. The dappled pink and blushing rose. Prior.

BLUSHING Blush"ing, n.

Defn: The act of turning red; the appearance of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks.

BLUSHINGLY Blush"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blushing manner; with a blush or blushes; as, to answer or confess blushingly.

BLUSHLESS Blush"less, a.

Defn: Free from blushes; incapable of blushing; shameless; impudent. Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise. Dodsley.

BLUSHY Blush"y, a.

Defn: Like a blush; having the color of a blush; rosy. [R.] "A blushy color." Harvey.

BLUSTER Blus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] Etym: [Allied to blast.]

1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind; to be windy and boisterous, as the weather. And ever-threatening storms Of Chaos blustering round. Milton.

2. To talk with noisy violence; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person; to act in a noisy, tumultuous way; to play the bully; to storm; to rage. Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants. Burke.

BLUSTER Blus"ter, v. t.

Defn: To utter, or do, with noisy violence; to force by blustering; to bully. He bloweth and blustereth out . . . his abominable blasphemy. Sir T. More. As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedience to his commands. Fuller.

BLUSTER Blus"ter, n.

1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm; violent winds; boisterousness. To the winds they set Their corners, when with bluster to confound Sea, air, and shore. Milton.

2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk; noisy and boastful language. L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confusion; boasting; swaggering; bullying.

BLUSTERER Blus"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, blusters; a noisy swaggerer.

BLUSTERING Blus"ter*ing, a.

1. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the wind; stormy; tumultuous. A tempest and a blustering day. Shak.

2. Uttering noisy threats; noisy and swaggering; boisterous. "A blustering fellow." L'Estrange.

BLUSTERINGLY Blus"ter*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a blustering manner.

BLUSTEROUS Blus"ter*ous, a.

Defn: Inclined to bluster; given to blustering; blustering. Motley.

BLUSTROUS Blus"trous, a.

Defn: Blusterous. Shak.

BO Bo, interj. Etym: [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening or frightening; n., terror, fear, dread.]

Defn: An exclamation used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and boo.]

BOA Bo"a, n.; pl. Boas . Etym: [L. boa a kind of water serpent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques).

Note: The name is also applied to related genera; as, the dog-headed boa (Xiphosoma caninum).

2. A long, round fur tippet; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

BOA CONSTRICTOR Bo"a con*strict"or. Etym: [NL. See Boa, and Constrictor.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and powerful serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty feet long. See Illustration in Appendix.

Note: It has a succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by constriction. The name is also loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, particularly to those of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa.

BOANERGES Bo`a*ner"ges. Etym: [Gr. , fr. Heb. bn sons of thunder. -- an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See Mark iii. 17.]

Defn: Any declamatory and vociferous preacher or orator.

BOAR Boar, n. Etym: [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. bar; akin to OHG. p, MHG. b, G. bär, boar (but not bär bear), and perh. Russ. borov' boar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The uncastrated male of swine; specifically, the wild hog.

BOARD Board, n. Etym: [OE. bord, AS. bord board, shipboard; akin to bred plank, Icel. bor board, side of a ship, Goth. f footstool, D. bord board, G. brett, bort. See def. 8. sq. root92.]

1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth as compared with the thickness, -- used for building, etc.

Note: When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two inches, it is usually called a plank.

2. A table to put food upon.

Note: The term board answers to the modern table, but it was often movable, and placed on trestles. Halliwell. Fruit of all kinds . . . She gathers, tribute large, and on the board Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton.

3. Hence: What is served on a table as food; stated meals; provision; entertainment; -- usually as furnished for pay; as, to work for one's board; the price of board.

4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence: A council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meeting, public or private; a number of persons appointed or elected to sit in council for the management or direction of some public or private business or trust; as, the Board of Admiralty; a board of trade; a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc. Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat then at that board. Clarendon. We may judge from their letters to the board. Porteus.

5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other material used for some special purpose, as, a molding board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a game; as, a chessboard; a backgammon board.

6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book covers, etc.; pasteboard; as, to bind a book in boards.

7. pl.

Defn: The stage in a theater; as, to go upon the boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession.

8. Etym: [In this use originally perh. a different word meaning border, margin; cf. D. boord, G. bord, shipboard, and G. borte trimming; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a ship. Cf. Border.]

Defn: The border or side of anything. (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. "Now board to board the rival vessels row." Dryden. See On board, below. (b) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack.

Note: Board is much used adjectively or as the last part of a compound; as, fir board, clapboard, floor board, shipboard, sideboard, ironing board, chessboard, cardboard, pasteboard, seaboard; board measure. The American Board, a shortened form of "The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" (the foreign missionary society of the American Congregational churches). -- Bed and board. See under Bed. -- Board and board (Naut.), side by side. -- Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. -- Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. -- Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. -- Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as, to work hard, and get only board wages. (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. -- By the board, over the board, or side. "The mast went by the board." Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. -- To enter on the boards, to have one's name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] "Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college." Hallam. -- To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. -- To make short boards, to tack frequently. -- On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as, I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] -- Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election. [U.S.]

BOARD Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boarding.]

1. To cover with boards or boarding; as, to board a house. "The boarded hovel." Cowper.

2. Etym: [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.]

Defn: To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way. You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication. Totten.

3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.]

4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals.

5. To place at board, for compensation; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable.

BOARD Board, v. i.

Defn: To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as, he boards at the hotel. We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house. Spectator.

BOARD Board, v. t. Etym: [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.]

Defn: To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.] I will board her, though she chide as loud As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak.

BOARDABLE Board"a*ble, a.

Defn: That can be boarded, as a ship.

BOARDER Board"er, n.

1. One who has food statedly at another's table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy's ship. Totten.

BOARDING Board"ing, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose. Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate. Sir F. Drake.

2. The act of covering with boards; also, boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards.

3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay. Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. -- Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. -- Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. -- Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.

BOARFISH Boar"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidæ; -- so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog's snout. (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish.

BOARISH Boar"ish, a.

Defn: Swinish; brutal; cruel. In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs. Shak.

BOAST Boast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boasting.] Etym: [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.]

1. To vaunt one's self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one's self or of things belonging to one's self; as, to boast of one's exploits courage, descent, wealth. By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: .. not of works, lest any man should boast. Eph. ii. 8, 9.

2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult. In God we boast all the day long. Ps. xiiv. 8

Syn. -- To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big.

BOAST Boast, v. t.

1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol. Lest bad men should boast Their specious deeds. Milton.

2. To display vaingloriously.

3. To possess or have; as, to boast a name. To boast one's self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one's self; -- followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic] Boast not thyself of to-morrow. Prov. xxvii.

BOAST Boast, v. t. Etym: [Of uncertain etymology.]

1. (Masonry)

Defn: To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale.

2. (Sculp.)

Defn: To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required.

BOAST Boast, n.

1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging. Reason and morals and where live they most, In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast! Byron.

2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, -- sometimes of laudable pride or exultation. The boast of historians. Macaulay.

BOASTANCE Boast"ance, n.

Defn: Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOASTER Boast"er, n.

Defn: One who boasts; a braggart.

BOASTER Boast"er, n.

Defn: A stone mason's broad-faced chisel.

BOASTFUL Boast"ful, a.

Defn: Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast; vaunting; vainglorious; self-praising. -- Boast"ful*ly, adv. -- Boast"ful*ness, n.

BOASTING Boast"ing, n.

Defn: The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display. When boasting ends, then dignity begins. Young.

BOASTINGLY Boast"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: Boastfully; with boasting. "He boastingly tells you." Burke.

BOASTIVE Boast"ive, a.

Defn: Presumptuous. [R.]

BOASTLESS Boast"less, a.

Defn: Without boasting or ostentation.

BOAT Boat, n. Etym: [OE. boot, bat, AS. bat; akin to Icel. batr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D.& G. boot. Cf. Bateau.]

1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail.

Note: Different kinds of boats have different names; as, canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc.

2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as, pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as, the Cunard boats.

3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as, a stone boat; a gravy boat.

Note: Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as, boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped. Advice boat. See under Advice. -- Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. -- Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; -- usually called a painter. -- In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman.

BOAT Boat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.]

1. To transport in a boat; as, to boat goods.

2. To place in a boat; as, to boat oars. To boat the oars. See under Oar.

BOAT Boat, v. i.

Defn: To go or row in a boat. I boated over, ran my craft aground. Tennyson.

BOATABLE Boat"a*ble, a.

1. Such as can be transported in a boat.

2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft. The boatable waters of the Alleghany. J. Morse.

BOATAGE Boat"age, n.

Defn: Conveyance by boat; also, a charge for such conveyance.

BOATBILL Boat"bill` (, n. (Zoöl.)

1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America. Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost.

2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus.

BOAT BUG Boat" bug` (. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; -- so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.

BOATFUL Boat"ful, n.; pl. Boatfuls.

Defn: The quantity or amount that fills a boat.

BOATHOUSE Boat"house`, n.

Defn: A house for sheltering boats. Half the latticed boathouse hides. Wordsworth.

BOATING Boat"ing, n.

1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats.

2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish.

BOATION Bo*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.]

Defn: A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.] The guns were heard . . . about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations. Derham.

BOATMAN Boat"man, n.; pl. Boatmen (.

1. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat. As late the boatman hies him home. Percival.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A boat bug. See Boat bug.

BOATMANSHIP Boat"man*ship, n.

Defn: The art of managing a boat.

BOAT-SHAPED Boat"-shaped` (, a. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cymbiform.

BOAT SHELL Boat" shell` (. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba.

BOATSMAN Boats"man, n.

Defn: A boatman. [Archaic]

BOATSWAIN Boat"swain, n. Etym: [Boat + swain.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird. Boatswain's mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.

BOAT-TAIL Boat"-tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States.

BOATWOMAN Boat"wom`an, n.; pl. Boatwomen (.

Defn: A woman who manages a boat.

BOB Bob, n. Etym: [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as, a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.]

1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as, the bob at the end of a kite's tail. In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob. Dryden.

2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait. Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow, Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow. Lauson.

3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float.

4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also, the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line.

5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc.

6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as, a bob of the head.

7. (Steam Engine)

Defn: A working beam.

8. A knot or short curl of hair; also, a bob wig. A plain brown bob he wore. Shenstone.

9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells.

10. The refrain of a song. To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song. L'Estrange.

11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist.

12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or taunt; a trick. He that a fool doth very wisely hit, Doth very foolishly, although he smart, Not to seem senseless of the bob. Shak.

13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

BOB Bob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] Etym: [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.]

1. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob. "He bobbed his head." W. Irving.

2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap. If any man happened by long sitting to sleep . . . he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants. Elyot.

3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch. Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him. Shak.

4. To mock or delude; to cheat. To play her pranks, and bob the fool, The shrewish wife began. Turbervile.

5. To cut short; as, to bob the hair, or a horse's tail.

BOB Bob, v. i.

1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. "Bobbing and courtesying." Thackeray.

2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3. He ne'er had learned the art to bob For anything but eels. Saxe. To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water.

BOBAC Bo"bac, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac).

BOBANCE Bo*bance", n. Etym: [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.]

Defn: A boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOBBER Bob"ber, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bobs.

BOBBERY Bob"ber*y, n. Etym: [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bap re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).]

Defn: A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as, to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell.

BOBBIN Bob"bin, n. Etym: [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.]

1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension.

2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc.

3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch.

4. (Haberdashery)

Defn: A fine cord or narrow braid.

5. (Elec.)

Defn: A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current. Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. -- Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace.

BOBBINET Bob`bi*net", n. Etym: [Bobbin + net.]

Defn: A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.]The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced. Tomlinsom.

BOBBINWORK Bob"bin*work`, n.

Defn: Work woven with bobbins.

BOBBISH Bob"bish, a.

Defn: Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens.

BOBBY Bob"by, n.

Defn: A nickname for a policeman; -- from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

BOB-CHERRY Bob"-cher`ry, n.

Defn: A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth.

BOBFLY Bob"fly`, n. (Fishing)

Defn: The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly.

BOBOLINK Bob"o*link`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; -- called also, ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln. The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink. W. Irving.

BOBSLED; BOBSLEIGH Bob"sled`, Bob"sleigh`, n.

Defn: A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also, the compound sled so formed. [U. S.] The long wagon body set on bobsleds. W. D. Howells.

BOBSTAY Bob"stay` (, n. Etym: [Bob + stay.] (Naut.)

Defn: A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; -- usually in the pl.

BOBTAIL Bob"tail`, n. Etym: [Bob + tail.]

Defn: An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail. Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.

BOBTAIL Bob"tail`, a.

Defn: Bobtailed. "Bobtail cur." Marryat.

BOBTAILED Bob"tailed` (, a.

Defn: Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as, a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat.

BOBWHITE Bob"white`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common qua(Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); -- so called from its note.

BOB WIG Bob" wig` (.

Defn: A short wig with bobs or short curls; -- called also bobtail wig. Spectator.

BOCAL Bo"cal, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.

BOCARDO Bo*car"do, n. Etym: [A mnemonic word.]

1. (Logic)

Defn: A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative. Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians. Bowen.

2. A prison; -- originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer.

BOCASINE Boc"a*sine, n. Etym: [F. bocassin, boucassin.]

Defn: A sort of fine buckram.

BOCCA Boc"ca, n. Etym: [It., mouth.]

Defn: The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig.

BOCE Boce, n. Etym: [L. box, bocis, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; -- called also box, and bogue.

BOCK BEER Bock" beer` (. Etym: [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; -- said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.]

Defn: A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.]

BOCKELET Bock"e*let, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of long-winged hawk; -- called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.]

BOCKEY Bock"ey, n. Etym: [D. bokaal.]

Defn: A bowl or vessel made from a gourd. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

BOCKING Bock"ing, n.

Defn: A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor cloths, to cover carpets, etc.; -- so called from the town of Bocking, in England, where it was first made.

BOCKLAND Bock"land, n.

Defn: See Bookland.

BODDICE Bod"dice, n.

Defn: See Bodick.

BODE Bode, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boding.] Etym: [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell from bod command; akin to Icel. bo to announce, Sw. båda to announce, portend. sq. root89. See Bid.]

Defn: To indicate by signs, as future events; to be the omen of; to portend to presage; to foreshow. A raven that bodes nothing but mischief. Goldsmith. Good onset bodes good end. Spenser.

BODE Bode, v. i.

Defn: To foreshow something; to augur. Whatever now The omen proved, it boded well to you. Dryden.

Syn. -- To forebode; foreshadow; augur; betoken.

BODE Bode, n.

1. An omen; a foreshadowing. [Obs.] The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth. Chaucer.

2. A bid; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott

BODE Bode, n. Etym: [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo, OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.]

Defn: A messenger; a herald. Robertson.

BODE Bode, n. Etym: [See Abide.]

Defn: A stop; a halting; delay. [Obs.]

BODE Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide.

Defn: Abode. There that night they bode. Tennyson.

BODE Bode, p. p.

Defn: of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BODEFUL Bode"ful, a.

Defn: Portentous; ominous. Carlyle.

BODEMENT Bode"ment, n.

Defn: An omen; a prognostic. [Obs.] This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl Makes all these bodements. Shak.

BODGE Bodge, n.

Defn: A botch; a patch. [Dial.] Whitlock.

BODGE Bodge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodged.]

Defn: To botch; to mend clumsily; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.]

BODGE Bodge, v. i.

Defn: See Budge.

BODHISAT; BODHISATTVA; BODHISATTWA Bo"dhi*sat, Bo`dhi*satt"va, Bo`dhi*satt"wa, n. [Skr. bodhisattva (perh. through Pali bodhisatto); fr. bodhi knowledge, enlightenment + sattva being, essence.] (Buddhism)

Defn: One who has reached the highest degree of saintship, so that in his next incarnation he will be a Buddha, or savior of the world. -- Bo"dhi*sat`ship, n.

BODIAN Bo"di*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large food fish (Diagramma lineatum), native of the East Indies.

BODICE Bod"ice, n. Etym: [This is properly the plural of body, Oe. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice. Cf. Corset, and see Body.]

1. A kind of under waist stiffened with whalebone, etc., worn esp. by women; a corset; stays.

2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the upper part of a woman's dress, or a portion of it. Her bodice half way she unlaced. Prior.

BODICED Bod"iced, a.

Defn: Wearing a bodice. Thackeray.

BODIED Bod"ied, a.

Defn: Having a body; -- usually in composition; as, able-bodied. A doe . . . not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good bodied. Hakluyt.

BODILESS Bod"i*less, a.

1. Having no body.

2. Without material form; incorporeal. Phantoms bodiless and vain. Swift.

BODILINESS Bod"i*li*ness, n.

Defn: Corporeality. Minsheu.

BODILY Bod"i*ly, a.

1. Having a body or material form; physical; corporeal; consisting of matter. You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily part of us. Tatler.

2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind. "Bodily defects." L'Estrange.

3. Real; actual; put in execution. [Obs.] Be brought to bodily act. Shak. Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury.

Syn. -- See Corporal.

BODILY Bod"i*ly, adv.

1. Corporeally; in bodily form; united with a body or matter; in the body. For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily. Col. ii. 9

2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or mass; entirely; all at once; completely; as, to carry away bodily. "Leapt bodily below." Lowell.

BODING Bod"ing, a.

Defn: Foreshowing; presaging; ominous. -- Bod"ing*ly, adv.

BODING Bod"ing, n.

Defn: A prognostic; an omen; a foreboding.

BODKIN Bod"kin, n. Etym: [OE. boydekyn dagger; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bidog hanger, short sword, Ir. bideog, Gael. biodag.]

1. A dagger. [Obs.] When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin. Shak.

2. (Needlework)

Defn: An implement of steel, bone, ivory, etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing; a

3. (Print.)

Defn: A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking

4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point, for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem; a tape needle. Wedged whole ages in a bodkin's eye. Pope.

5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. To sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged between two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

BODKIN Bod"kin, n.

Defn: See Baudekin. [Obs.] Shirley.

BODLE Bo"dle, n.

Defn: A small Scotch coin worth about one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott.

BODLEIAN Bod"lei*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford, founded by him in the sixteenth century.

BODOCK Bo*dock", n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. bois d'arc.]

Defn: The Osage orange. [Southwestern U.S.]

BODRAGE Bod"rage, n. Etym: [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf. Bordrage.]

Defn: A raid. [Obs.]

BOD VEAL Bod veal.

Defn: Veal too immature to be suitable for food.

BODY Bod"y, n.; pl. Bodies. Etym: [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. sq. root257. Cf. Bodice.]

1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the physical person. Absent in body, but present in spirit. 1 Cor. v. 3 For of the soul the body form doth take. For soul is form, and doth the body make. Spenser.

2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as distinguished from the limbs and head; the main, central, or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc. Who set the body and the limbs Of this great sport together Shak. The van of the king's army was led by the general; . . . in the body was the king and the prince. Clarendon. Rivers that run up into the body of Italy. Addison.

3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the substance, as opposed to the shadow. Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ. Col. ii. 17.

4. A person; a human being; -- frequently in composition; as, anybody, nobody. A dry, shrewd kind of a body. W. Irving.

5. A number of individuals spoken of collectively, usually as united by some common tie, or as organized for some purpose; a collective whole or totality; a corporation; as, a legislative body; a clerical body. A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter. Prescott.

6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a system; a general collection; as, a great body of facts; a body of laws or of divinity.

7. Any mass or portion of matter; any substance distinct from others; as, a metallic body; a moving body; an aëriform body. "A body of cold air." Huxley. By collision of two bodies, grind The air attrite to fire. Milton.

8. Amount; quantity; extent.

9. That part of a garment covering the body, as distinguished from the parts covering the limbs.

10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed; as, a wagon body; a cart body.

11. (Print.)

Defn: The shank of a type, or the depth of the shank (by which the size is indicated); as, a nonpareil face on an agate body.

12. (Geom.)

Defn: A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness; any solid figure.

13. Consistency; thickness; substance; strength; as, this color has body; wine of a good body.

Note: Colors bear a body when they are capable of being ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat. -- Body cavity (Anat.), the space between the walls of the body and the inclosed viscera; the cælum; -- in mammals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. -- Body of a church, the nave. -- Body cloth; pl. Body cloths, a cloth or blanket for covering horses. -- Body clothes. (pl.)

1. Clothing for the body; esp. underclothing.

2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison. -- Body coat, a gentleman's dress coat. -- Body color (Paint.), a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in distinction from a tint or wash. -- Body of a law (Law), the main and operative part. -- Body louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Pediculus vestimenti), which sometimes infests the human body and clothes. See Grayback. -- Body plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the conbour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length. -- Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; also, a corporation. Wharton. As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate themselves, they take collectively the name of "people", or "nation". Bouvier. -- Body servant, a valet. -- The bodies seven (Alchemy), the metals corresponding to the planets. [Obs.] Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe (=call), Mars yren (=iron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Saturnus lead, and Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper. Chaucer. -- Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc.; a resurrectionist. -- Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave; usually for the purpose of dissection.

BODY Bod"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied (p. pr. & vb. n. Bodying.]

Defn: To furnish with, or as with, a body; to produce in definite shape; to embody. To body forth, to give from or shape to mentally. Imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown. Shak.

BODYGUARD Bod"y*guard` (, n.

1. A guard to protect or defend the person; a lifeguard.

2. Retinue; attendance; following. Bp. Porteus.

BOEOTIAN Boe*o"tian, a. Etym: [L. Boeotia, Gr. , noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Boeotia; hence, stupid; dull; obtuse. -- n.

Defn: A native of Boeotia; also, one who is dull and ignorant.

BOER Boer, n. Etym: [D., a farmer. See Boor.]

Defn: A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent.

BOES Bo"es, 3d sing. pr. of Behove.

Defn: Behoves or behooves. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOG Bog, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. bog soft, tender, moist: cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael. bogan quagmire.]

1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable matter; wet spongy ground where a heavy body is apt to sink; a marsh; a morass. Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit, Of treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread. R. Jago.

2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.] Bog bean. See Buck bean. -- Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern. [Prov.] -- Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of butterlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. -- Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and

## partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc.

-- Bog moss. (Bot.) Same as Sphagnum. -- Bog myrtle (Bot.), the sweet gale. -- Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. (b) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of manganese. -- Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs; saw grass. -- Bog spavin. See under Spavin.

BOG Bog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bogging.]

Defn: To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire. At another time, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough of Lochend. Sir W. Scott.

BOGBERRY Bog"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places.

BOGEY Bo"gey, n.

Defn: A goblin; a bugbear. See Bogy.

BOGGARD Bog"gard, n.

Defn: A bogey. [Local, Eng.]

BOGGLE Bog"gle, v. i. [imp & p. p. Boggled; p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling.] Etym: [ See Bogle, n.]

1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in doubt, or impeded by unforeseen difficulties; to take alarm; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision. We start and boggle at every unusual appearance. Glanvill. Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose. Barrow.

2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully.

3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell.

Syn. -- To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur.

BOGGLE Bog"gle, v. t.

Defn: To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.]

BOGGLER Bog"gler, n.

Defn: One who boggles.

BOGGLISH Bog"glish, a.

Defn: Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.]

BOGGY Bog"gy, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as, boggy land.

BOGIE Bo"gie, n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.]

Defn: A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track.

BOGIE ENGINE Bo"gie en"gine. (Railroads)

Defn: A switching engine the running gear and driving gear of which are on a bogie, or truck.

BOGLE Bo"gle, n. Etym: [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.]

Defn: A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.]

BOGSUCKER Bog"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American woodcock; -- so called from its feeding among the bogs.

BOGTROTTER Bog"trot`ter, n.

Defn: One who lives in a boggy country; -- applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell.

BOGTROTTING Bog"trot`ting, a.

Defn: Living among bogs.

BOGUE Bogue, v. i. (Naut.)

Defn: To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; -- said only of inferior craft.

BOGUE Bogue, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The boce; -- called also bogue bream. See Boce.

BOGUS Bo"gus, a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: Spurious; fictitious; sham; -- a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOGUS Bo"gus, n.

Defn: A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

BOGWOOD Bog"wood`, n.

Defn: The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.

BOGY Bo"gy, n.; pl. Bogies. Etym: [See Bogle.]

Defn: A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. "Death's heads and bogies." J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.] There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages. C. Kingsley.

BOHEA Bo*hea", n. Etym: [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.]

Defn: Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea.

Note: The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general.

BOHEMIA Bo*he"mi*a, n.

1. A country of central Europe.

2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3. She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia. Compton Reade.

BOHEMIAN Bo*he"mi*an, a.

1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2.

2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern] Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty. Blackw. Mag. Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays. W. Black. Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing. -- Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.

BOHEMIAN Bo*he"mi*an, n.

1. A native of Bohemia.

2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family.

3. A restless vagabond; -- originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern]

Note: In this sense from the French bohémien, a gypsy; also, a person of irregular habits. She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances. Thackeray.

BOHEMIANISM Bo*he"mi*an*ism, n.

Defn: The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern]

BOHUN UPAS Bo"hun u"pas.

Defn: See Upas.

BOIAR Bo*iar", n.

Defn: See Boyar.

BOIL Boil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] Etym: [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. , Lith. bumbuls. Cf. Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.]

1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as, the water boils.

2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as, the boiling waves. He maketh the deep to boil like a pot. Job xii. 31.

3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as, the water boils away.

4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as, his blood boils with anger. Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath. Surrey.

5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as, the potatoes are boiling. To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. -- To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.

BOIL Boil, v. t.

1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as, to boil water.

2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as, to boil sugar or salt.

3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as, to boil meat; to boil clothes. The stomach cook is for the hall, And boileth meate for them all. Gower.

4. To steep or soak in warm water. [Obs.] To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout sooner. Bacon. To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling; as, to boil down sap or sirup.

BOIL Boil, n.

Defn: Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.]

BOIL Boil, n. Etym: [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.]

Defn: A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration, discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core. A blind boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to come to a head. -- Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India (as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi.

BOILARY Boil"a*ry, n.

Defn: See Boilery.

BOILED Boiled, a.

Defn: Dressed or cooked by boiling; subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as, boiled meat; a boiled dinner; boiled clothes.

BOILER Boil"er, n.

1. One who boils.

2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled.

Note: The word boiler is a generic term covering a great variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators, coppers, retorts, etc.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure variously formed, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes.

Note: The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or sections of spheres, heated wholly from the outside. Watt used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of the boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers. Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the flues. -- Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of about a quarter to a half inch in thickness, used for making boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. -- Cylinder boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. -- Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small number of large flues, through which the heat either passes from the fire or returns to the chimney, and sometimes containing a fire box inclosed by water. -- Locomotive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and a large number of small flues leading to the chimney. -- Multiflue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. -- Sectional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections, which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and connected with, each other. By multiplication of the sections a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. -- Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tubes which form flues, and are surrounded by the water contained in the boiler. See Illust. of Steam boiler, under Steam. -- Tubulous boiler. See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue.

BOILERY Boil"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bouillerie.]

Defn: A place and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating brine in salt making.

BOILING Boil"ing, a.

Defn: Heated to the point of bubbling; heaving with bubbles; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling liquid; surging; seething; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion. Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. This is different for different liquids, and for the same liquid under different pressures. For water, at the level of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212 º Fahrenheit; for alcohol, 172.96º; for ether, 94.8º; for mercury, about 675º. The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Fahrenheit for about 550 feet of ascent above the level of the sea. -- Boiling spring, a spring which gives out very hot water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much force; a geyser. -- To be at the boiling point, to be very angry. -- To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively, as in certain games. [Colloq.]

BOILING Boil"ing, n.

1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous agitation.

2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid.

BOILINGLY Boil"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With boiling or ebullition. And lakes of bitumen rise boiling higher. Byron.

BOIS D'ARC Bois" d'arc". Etym: [F., bow wood. So called because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.)

Defn: The Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca). The bois d'arc seems to be the characteristic growth of the black prairies. U. S. Census (1880).

BOIS DURCI Bois" dur`ci". Etym: [F., hardened wood.]

Defn: A hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine sawdust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and pressed.

BOIST Boist, n. Etym: [OF. boiste, F. boîte, from the same root as E. box.]

Defn: A box. [Obs.]

BOISTEROUS Bois"ter*ous, a. Etym: [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.]

1. Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [Obs.] "Boisterous sword." "Boisterous hand." Shak.

2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting with noisy turbulence; violent; rough; stormy. The waters swell before a boisterous storm. Shak. The brute and boisterous force of violent men. Milton.

3. Noisy; rough; turbulent; as, boisterous mirth; boisterous behavior. I like not that loud, boisterous man. Addison.

4. Vehement; excessive. [R.] The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them. Woodward.

Syn. -- Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy; impetuous; vehement.

BOISTEROUSLY Bois"ter*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a boisterous manner.

BOISTEROUSNESS Bois"ter*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultuousness.

BOISTOUS Bois"tous, a.

Defn: Rough or rude; coarse; strong; violent; boisterous; noisy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bois"tous*ly, adv. -- Bois"tous*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOJANUS ORGAN Bo*ja"nus or"gan. Etym: [From Bojanus, the discoverer.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A glandular organ of bivalve mollusca, serving in part as a kidney.

BOKADAM Bo"ka*dam`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cerberus.

BOKE Boke, v. t. & i.

Defn: To poke; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.]

BOLAR Bo"lar, a. Etym: [See Bole clay.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to bole or clay; partaking of the nature and qualities of bole; clayey.

BOLAS Bo"las, n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A kind of missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a leather cord; -- used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal.

BOLD Bold, a. Etym: [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. balt, D. boud, Goth. bal boldness, It. baldo. In Ger. there remains only bald, adv. soon. Cf. Bawd, n.]

1. Forward to meet danger; venturesome; daring; not timorous or shrinking from risk; brave; courageous. Throngs of knights and barons bold. Milton.

2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger; planned with courage; daring; vigorous. "The bold design leased highly." Milton.

3. In a bad sense, too forward; taking undue liberties; over assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude; impudent. Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice. Shak.

4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature, etc.; taking liberties in o composition or expression; as, the figures of an author are bold. "Bold tales." Waller. The cathedral church is a very bold work. Addison.

5. Standing prominently out to view; markedly conspicuous; striking the eye; in high relief. Shadows in painting . . . make the figure bolder. Dryden.

6. Steep; abrupt; prominent. Where the bold cape its warning forehead rears. Trumbull.

BOLD Bold, v. t.

Defn: To make bold or daring. [Obs.] Shak.

BOLD Bold, v. i.

Defn: To be or become bold. [Obs.]

BOLD EAGLE Bold eagle, (Zoöl.)

Defn: an Australian eagle (Aquila audax), which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. -- To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty; to venture.

Syn. -- Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; valiant; manful; audacious; stouthearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent.

BOLDEN Bold"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened. ]

Defn: To make bold; to encourage; to embolden. Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to say more, . . . use less help of diligence and study. Ascham.

BOLD-FACED Bold"-faced` (, a.

1. Somewhat impudent; lacking modesty; as, a bold-faced woman. I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age. Bramhall.

2. (Print.)

Defn: Having a conspicuous or heavy face.

Note: This line is bold-faced nonpareil.

BOLDLY Bold"ly, adv. Etym: [AS. bealdlice.]

Defn: In a bold manner.

BOLDNESS Bold"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being bold.

Syn. -- Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hardihood; assurance.

BOLDO; BOLDU Bol"do, Bol"du, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A fragrant evergreen shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus). The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making charcoal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten.

BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [OE. bole, fr. Icel. bolr; akin to Sw. bål, Dan. bul, trunk, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick plank or board; cf. LG. boll round. Cf. Bulge.]

Defn: The trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it. Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean. Tennyson.

BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [Etym. doubtful.]

Defn: An aperture, with a wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light; also, a small closet. [Scot.] Open the bole wi'speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin. Sir W. Scott.

BOLE Bole, n.

Defn: A measure. See Boll, n., 2. Mortimer.

BOLE Bole, n. Etym: [Gr. a clod or lump of earth: cf. F. bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.]

1. Any one of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See Clay, and Terra alba.

2. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge. Armenian bole. See under Armenian. -- Bole Armoniac, or Armoniak, Armenian bole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOLECTION Bo*lec"tion, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt.

BOLERO Bo*le"ro, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Mus.)

Defn: A Spanish dance, or the lively music which accompanies it.

BOLETE bolete n.

Defn: any fungus of the family Boletaceae. [WordNet 1.5]

BOLETIC Bo*let"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the Boletus. Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomentarius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaric acid.

BOLETUS Bo*le"tus, n. Etym: [L. boletus, Gr. .] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of fungi having the under side of the pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous.

BOLEY; BOLYE Bo"ley, Bo"lye, n.

Defn: Same as Booly.

BOLIDE Bo"lide, n. Etym: [F. See Bolis.]

Defn: A kind of meteor; a bolis.

BOLIS Bo"lis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. missile, arrow, fr. to throw.]

Defn: A meteor or brilliant shooting star, followed by a train of light or sparks; esp. one which explodes.

BOLIVIAN Bo*liv"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bolivia. -- n.

Defn: A native of Bolivia.

BOLL Boll, n. Etym: [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See Bowl a vessel.]

1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton; a pericarp of a globular form.

2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use: for wheat and beans it contained four Winchester bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boll of meal is 140 lbs. avoirdupois. Also, a measure for salt of two bushels. [Sometimes spelled bole.]

BOLL Boll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled.]

Defn: To form a boll or seed vessel; to go to seed. The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled. Ex. ix. 31.

BOLLANDISTS Bol"land*ists, n. pl.

Defn: The Jesuit editors of the "Acta Sanctorum", or Lives of the Saints; -- named from John Bolland, who began the work.

BOLLARD Bol"lard, n. Etym: [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree, and Pollard.]

Defn: An upright wooden or iron post in a boat or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes. Bollard timber (Naut.), a timber, also called a knighthead, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side of the bowsprit, to secure its end.

BOLLEN Boll"en, a.

Defn: See Boln, a.

BOLLING Boll"ing, n. Etym: [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and Poll, v. t.]

Defn: A tree from which the branches have been cut; a pollard.

BOLLWORM Boll"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of a moth (Heliothis armigera) which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton plant, often doing great damage to the crops.

BOLN Boln, v. i. Etym: [OE. bolnen, bollen; cf. Dan. bulne. Cf. Bulge.]

Defn: To swell; to puff. Holland.

BOLN; BOLLEN Boln, Boll"en, a.

Defn: Swollen; puffed out. Thin, and boln out like a sail. B. Jonson.

BOLO Bo"lo, n. [Sp.]

Defn: A kind of large knife resembling a machete. [Phil. Islands]

BOLOGNA Bo*lo"gna, n.

1. A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects.

2. A Bologna sausage. Bologna sausage Etym: [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. -- Bologna stone (Min.), radiated barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. -- Bologna vial, a vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it a fragment of flint; whereas a bullet may be dropped into it without injury.

BOLOGNESE Bo*lo`gnese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bologna. -- n.

Defn: A native of Bologna. Bolognese school (Paint.), a school of painting founded by the Carracci, otherwise called the Lombard or Eclectic school, the object of which was to unite the excellences of the preceding schools.

BOLOGNIAN Bo*lo"gnian, a. & n.

Defn: Bolognese. Bolognian stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna.

BOLOMETER Bo*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. a stroke, ray + -meter.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different parts of the spectrum; -- called also actinic balance, thermic balance. S. P. Langley.

BOLSA Bol"sa, n. [Sp., lit., purse. See Bourse.]

Defn: An exchange for the transaction of business. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands]

BOLSTER Bol"ster, n. Etym: [AS. bolster; akin to Icel. b, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar, polstar, G. polster; from the same root as E. bole stem, bowl hollow vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.]

1. A long pillow or cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a bed; -- generally laid under the pillows. And here I'll fling the pillow, there the bolster, This way the coverlet, another way the sheets. Shak.

2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure, support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy upon a wounded part; a compress. This arm shall be a bolster for thy head. Gay.

3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in various forms of mechanism, etc.

4. (Saddlery)

Defn: A cushioned or a piece part of a saddle.

5. (Naut.) (a) A cushioned or a piece of soft wood covered with tarred canvas, placed on the trestletrees and against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on, to prevent chafing. (b) Anything used to prevent chafing.

6. A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly on the abutment.

7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on which the bed or body rests.

8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the body of a railway car; the central and principal cross beam of a car truck.

9. (Mech.)

Defn: the perforated plate in a punching machine on which anything rests when being punched.

10. (Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which abuts upon the end of the handle. (b) The metallic end of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis.

11. (Arch.)

Defn: The rolls forming the ends or sides of the Ionic capital. G. Francis.

12. (Mil.)

Defn: A block of wood on the carriage of a siege gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when arranged for transportation.

Note: [See Illust. of Gun carriage.] Bolster work (Arch.), members which are bellied or curved outward like cushions, as in friezes of certain classical styles.

BOLSTER Bol"ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.]

1. To support with a bolster or pillow. S. Sharp.

2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or unusual effort; -- often with up. To bolster baseness. Drayton. Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride. Compton Reade.

BOLSTERED Bol"stered, a.

1. Supported; upheld.

2. Swelled out.

BOLSTERER Bol"ster*er, n.

Defn: A supporter.

BOLT Bolt, n. Etym: [AS. bolt; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan. bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain origin.]

1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow; a quarrel; an arrow, or that which resembles an arrow; a dart. Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts. Sir W. Scott. A fool's bolt is soon shot. Shak.

2. Lightning; a thunderbolt.

3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and screw thread cut upon the other end.

4. A sliding catch, or fastening, as for a door or gate; the portion of a lock which is shot or withdrawn by the action of the key.

5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter. [Obs.] Away with him to prison! lay bolts enough upon him. Shak.

6. A compact package or roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, often containing about forty yards.

7. A bundle, as of oziers. Bolt auger, an auger of large size; an auger to make holes for the bolts used by shipwrights. -- Bolt and nut, a metallic pin with a head formed upon one end, and a movable piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the other end. See B, C, and D, in illust. above.

Note: See Tap bolt, Screw bolt, and Stud bolt.

BOLT Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.]

1. To shoot; to discharge or drive forth.

2. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out. I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments. Milton.

3. To swallow without chewing; as, to bolt food.

4. (U. S. Politics)

Defn: To refuse to support, as a nomination made by a party to which one has belonged or by a caucus in which one has taken part.

5. (Sporting)

Defn: To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc.

6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts, as a door, a timber, fetters; to shackle; to restrain. Let tenfold iron bolt my door. Langhorn. Which shackles accidents and bolts up change. Shak.

BOLT Bolt, v. i.

1. To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as, to bolt out of the room. This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, . . . And oft out of a bush doth bolt. Drayton.

2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt. His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads. Milton.

3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as, the horse bolted.

4. (U.S. Politics)

Defn: To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.

BOLT Bolt, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly. [He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon. Thackeray. Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOLT Bolt, n. Etym: [From Bolt, v. i.]

1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as, the horse made a bolt.

2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors. This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America -- or anywhere. Compton Reade.

3. (U. S. Politics)

Defn: A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party.

BOLT Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] Etym: [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.]

1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means. He now had bolted all the flour. Spenser. Ill schooled in bolted language. Shak.

2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; -- with out. Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things. L'Estrange.

3. (Law)

Defn: To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob. To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer. This bolts the matter fairly to the bran. Harte. The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran. Burke.

BOLT Bolt, n.

Defn: A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson.

BOLTEL Bol"tel, n.

Defn: See Boultel.

BOLTER Bolt"er, n.

Defn: One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party.

BOLTER Bolt"er, n.

1. One who sifts flour or meal.

2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve.

BOLTER Bolt"er, n.

Defn: A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.

BOLTHEAD Bolt"head` (, n.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A long, straightnecked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; -- called also a matrass or receiver.

2. The head of a bolt.

BOLTING Bolt"ing, n.

Defn: A darting away; a starting off or aside.

BOLTING Bolt"ing, n.

1. A sifting, as of flour or meal.

2. (Law)

Defn: A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.] Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; -- used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath. -- Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.) a receptacle.

BOLTONITE Bol"ton*ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family.

BOLTROPE Bolt"rope` (, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.

BOLTSPRIT Bolt"sprit` (, n. Etym: [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.)

Defn: See Bowsprit.

BOLTY Bol"ty, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.]

BOLUS Bo"lus, n.; pl. Boluses. Etym: [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.]

Defn: A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.

BOM Bom, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes.

BOMB Bomb, n. Etym: [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. .]

1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.] A pillar of iron . . . which if you had struck, would make . . . a great bomb in the chamber beneath. Bacon.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell.

3. A bomb ketch. Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. -- Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; -- called also mortar vessel. -- Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. -- Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. "I noticed volcanic bombs." Darwin.

BOMB Bomb, v. t.

Defn: To bombard. [Obs.] Prior.

BOMB Bomb, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Boom.]

Defn: To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BOMBACE Bom"bace, n. Etym: [OF.]

Defn: Cotton; padding. [Obs.]

BOMBARD Bom"bard, n. Etym: [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.]

1. (Gun.)

Defn: A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon. They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses. Knolles.

2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow.

3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.] Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. Shak.

4. pl.

Defn: Padded breeches. [Obs.] Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BOMBARD Bom"bard, n. Etym: [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.] (Mus.)

Defn: See Bombardo. [Obs.]

BOMBARD Bom*bard", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.]

Defn: To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into. Next, she means to bombard Naples. Burke. His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe. Wood.

BOMBARDIER Bom`bar*dier", n. Etym: [F. bombardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bombard; an artilleryman; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A noncommissioned officer in the British artillery. Bombardier beetle (Zoöl.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus crepitans), so called because, when disturbed, it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The name is applied to other related species, as the B. displosor, which can produce ten or twelve explosions successively. The common American species is B. fumans.

BOMBARDMAN Bom"bard*man, n.

Defn: One who carried liquor or beer in a can or bombard. [Obs.] They . . . made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady. B. Jonson.

BOMBARDMENT Bom*bard"ment, n. Etym: [F. bombardement.]

Defn: An attack upon a fortress or fortified town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc.; the act of throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place.

BOMBARDO; BOMBARDON Bom*bar"do, Bom*bar"don, n. Etym: [It. bombardo.] (Mus.)

Defn: Originally, a deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family; thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bombardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove.

BOMBASINE Bom`ba*sine", n.

Defn: Same as Bombazine.

BOMBAST Bom"bast, n. Etym: [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasium a doublet of cotton; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bombazine.]

1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.] A candle with a wick of bombast. Lupton.

2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.] How now, my sweet creature of bombast! Shak. Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bombast at least. Stubbes.

3. Fig.: High-sounding words; an inflated style; language above the dignity of the occasion; fustian. Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid. Dryden.

BOMBAST Bom"bast, a.

Defn: High-sounding; inflated; big without meaning; magniloquent; bombastic. [He] evades them with a bombast circumstance, Horribly stuffed with epithets of war. Shak. Nor a tall metaphor in bombast way. Cowley.

BOMBAST Bom*bast", v. t.

Defn: To swell or fill out; to pad; to inflate. [Obs.] Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed. Drayton.

BOMBASTIC; BOMBASTICAL Bom*bas"tic, Bom*bas"tic*al, a.

Defn: Characterized by bombast; highsounding; inflated. -- Bom*bas"tic*al*ly, adv. A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology. Burke.

Syn. -- Turgid; tumid; pompous; grandiloquent.

BOMBASTRY Bom"bast*ry, n.

Defn: Swelling words without much meaning; bombastic language; fustian. Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all. Swift.

BOMBAX Bom"bax, n. Etym: [LL., cotton. See Bombast, n.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees, called also the silkcotton tree; also, a tree of the genus Bombax.

BOMBAZET; BOMBAZETTE Bom`ba*zet" Bom`ba*zette", n. Etym: [Cf. Bombazine.]

Defn: A sort of thin woolen cloth. It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled.

BOMBAZINE Bom`ba*zine", n. Etym: [F. bombasin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinium, L. bombycinus silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. . Cf. Bombast, Bombycinous.]

Defn: A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk, and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bombasin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson.

BOMBIC Bom"bic, a. Etym: [L. bombyx silk, silkworm: cf. F. bombique.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silkworm; as, bombic acid.

BOMBILATE Bom"bi*late, v. i. Etym: [LL. bombilare, for L. bombitare. See Bomb, n.]

Defn: To hum; to buzz. [R.]

BOMBILATION Bom`bi*la"tion, n.

Defn: A humming sound; a booming. To . . . silence the bombilation of guns. Sir T. Browne.

BOMBINATE Bom"bi*nate, v. i.

Defn: To hum; to boom.

BOMBINATION Bom`bi*na"tion, n.

Defn: A humming or buzzing.

BOMBOLO Bom"bo*lo, n.; pl. Bomboloes. Etym: [Cf. It bombola a pitcher.]

Defn: A thin spheroidal glass retort or flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also bumbelo, and bumbolo.]

BOMBPROOF Bomb"proof`, a.

Defn: Secure against the explosive force of bombs. -- n.

Defn: A structure which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate.

BOMBSHELL Bomb"shell` (, n.

Defn: A bomb. See Bomb, n.

BOMBYCID Bom*by"cid, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or pertaining to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bombycidæ.

BOMBYCINOUS Bom*byc"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. bombycinus. See Bombazine.]

1. Silken; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles.

2. Being of the color of the silkworm; transparent with a yellow tint. E. Darwin.

BOMBYLIOUS Bom*byl"i*ous, a. Etym: [L. bombylius a bumblebee, Gr. .]

Defn: Buzzing, like a bumblebee; as, the bombylious noise of the horse fly. [Obs.] Derham.

BOMBYX Bom"byx, n. Etym: [L., silkworm. See Bombazine.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of moths, which includes the silkworm moth. See Silkworm.

BON Bon, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. bonus.]

Defn: Good; valid as security for something.

BON-ACCORD Bon-ac*cord", n.

Defn: Good will; good fellowship; agreement. [Scot.]

BONACI Bo`na*ci", n. [Amer. Sp. bonasí, prob. from native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) of Florida and the West Indies, valuable as a food fish; -- called also aguaji and, in Florida, black grouper. (b) Also, any one of several other similar fishes.

BONA FIDE Bo"na fi"de. Etym: [L.]

Defn: In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as, you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.

BONA FIDES Bo"na fi"des (bo"na fi"dez). [L.]

Defn: Good faith; honesty; freedom from fraud or deception.

BONAIR Bo*nair", a. Etym: [OE., also bonere, OF. bonnaire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair.]

Defn: Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.]

BONANZA Bo*nan"za, n. Etym: [Sp., prop. calm., fair weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.]

Defn: In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.]

BONAPARTEAN Bo`na*part"e*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family.

BONAPARTISM Bo"na*part`ism, n.

Defn: The policy of Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes.

BONAPARTIST Bo"na*part`ist, n.

Defn: One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes.

BONA PERITURA Bo"na per`i*tu"ra. Etym: [L.] (Law)

Defn: Perishable goods. Bouvier.

BONA ROBA Bo"na ro"ba. Etym: [It., prop. "good stuff."]

Defn: A showy wanton; a courtesan. Shak

BONASUS; BONASSUS Bo*na"sus, Bo*nas"sus, n. Etym: [L. bonasus, Gr. , .] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The aurochs or European bison. See Aurochs.

BONBON Bon"bon`, n. Etym: [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.]

Defn: Sugar confectionery; a sugarplum; hence, any dainty.

BONBONNIERE Bon`bon`nière", n.; pl. -nières (#). [F.]

Defn: A small fancy box or dish for bonbons.

BONCE Bonce, n. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.]

Defn: A boy's game played with large marbles.

BONCHRETIEN Bon`chré`tien", n. Etym: [F., good Christian.]

Defn: A name given to several kinds of pears. See Bartlett.

BONCILATE Bon"ci*late, n. Etym: [Empirical trade name.]

Defn: A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters, etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard balls, boxes, etc.

BOND Bond, n. Etym: [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.]

1. That which binds, ties, fastens,or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle. Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder, I gained my freedom. Shak.

2. pl.

Defn: The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. "This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds." Acts xxvi.

3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as, the bonds of fellowship. A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind. Burke.

4. Moral or political duty or obligation. I love your majesty According to my bond, nor more nor less. Shak.

5. (Law)

Defn: A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. Bouvier. Wharton.

6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as, a government, city, or railway bond.

7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as, merchandise in bond.

8. (Arch.)

Defn: The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other.

9. (Chem.)

Defn: A unit of chemical attraction; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formulæ by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence. Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. -- Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Blackstone. -- Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. Burrows. -- Bond (or lap) of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also, the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate. -- Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally.

Syn. -- Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.

BOND Bond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bonding.]

1. To place under the conditions of a bond; to mortgage; to secure the payment of the duties on (goods or merchandise) by giving a bond.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: To dispose in building, as the materials of a wall, so as to secure solidity.

BOND Bond, n. Etym: [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda]C, bunda, husband, bouseholder, from Icel. b husbandman, for b, fr. b to dwell. See Boor, Husband.]

Defn: A xassal or serf; a slave. [Obs. or Archaic]

BOND Bond, a.

Defn: In a state of servitude or slavery; captive. By one Spirit are we all baptized .. whether we be Jews or Bentiles, whether we be bond or free. 1 Cor. xii. 13.

BONDAGE Bond"age, n. Etym: [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.]

1. The state of being bound; condition of being under restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion; involuntary servitude; slavery; captivity. The King, when he designed you for my guard, Resolved he would not make my bondage hard. Dryden.

2. Obligation; tie of duty. He must resolve by no means to be . . . brought under the bondage of onserving oaths. South.

3. (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: Villenage; tenure of land on condition of doing the meanest services for the owner.

Syn. -- Thralldom; bond service; imprisonment.

BONDAGER Bond"a*ger, n.

Defn: A field worker, esp. a woman who works in the field. [Scot.]

BONDAR Bon"dar, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied to the genet; -- called also musk cat.

BONDED Bond"ed, a.

Defn: Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to coertain regulations. Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse; goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the customhouse. -- Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which goods on which the duties are unpaid are stored under bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his agent, and the customs officers.

BONDER Bond"er, n.

1. One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse.

2. (Masonry)

Defn: A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.

BONDER Bond"er, n. Etym: [Norwegian bonde.]

Defn: A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson.

BONDHOLDER Bond"hold`er, n.

Defn: A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time.

BONDMAID Bond"maid`, n. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ maid.]

Defn: A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant.

BONDMAN Bond"man, n.; pl. Bondmen. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ man.]

1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. "To enfranchise bondmen." Macaulay.

2. (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: A villain, or tenant in villenage.

BOND SERVANT Bond" serv`ant.

Defn: A slave; one who is bound to service without wages. If thy brother . . . be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant. Lev. xxv. 39, 40.

BOND SERVICE Bond" serv`ice.

Defn: The condition of a bond servant; sevice without wages; slavery. Their children . . . upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service. 1 Kings ix. 21.

BONDSLAVE Bond"slave` (, n.

Defn: A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master.

BONDSMAN Bonds"man, n.; pl. Bondsmen . Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ man.]

1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman. Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen. Derham.

2. (Law)

Defn: A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another.

BONDSTONE Bond"stone`, n. Etym: [Bond,n.+ stone.] (Masonry)

Defn: A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone.

BONDSWOMAN Bonds"wom`an, n.

Defn: See Bondwoman.

BONDUC Bon"duc, n. Etym: [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.)

Defn: See Nicker tree.

BONDWOMAN Bond"wom`an, n.; pl. Bondwomen. Etym: [Bond,a.orn.+ woman.]

Defn: A woman who is a slave, or in bondage. He who was of the bondwoman. Gal. iv. 23.

BONE Bone, n. Etym: [OE. bon, ban, AS. ban; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and bone.

Note: Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify.

2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as, a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also, any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body.

3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace.

4. pl.

Defn: Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music.

5. pl.

Defn: Dice.

6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset.

7. Fig.: The framework of anything. A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. -- A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one's self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). -- Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; -- used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. -- Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; -- called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. -- Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. -- Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. -- Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. -- Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. -- Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; -- also called Dippel's oil. -- Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. -- Bone spavin. See under Spavin. -- Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. -- Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. -- To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] -- To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] -- To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]

BONE Bone, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned (; p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.]

1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. "To bone a turkey." Soyer.

2. To put whalebone into; as, to bone stays. Ash.

3. To fertilize with bone.

4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang]

BONE Bone, v. t. Etym: [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.]

Defn: To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight. Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W. M. Buchanan.

BONEACHE Bone"ache`, n.

Defn: Pain in the bones. Shak.

BONEBLACK Bone"black`, n.

Defn: See Bone black, under Bone, n.

BONED Boned, a.

1. Having (such) bones; -- used in composition; as, big-boned; strong-boned. No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops' size. Shak.

2. Deprived of bones; as, boned turkey or codfish.

3. Manured with bone; as, boned land.

BONEDOG Bone"dog`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The spiny dogfish.

BONEFISH Bone"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Ladyfish.

BONELESS Bone"less, a.

Defn: Without bones. "Boneless gums." Shak.

BONESET Bone"set`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic.

BONESETTER Bone"set*ter, n.

Defn: One who sets broken or dislocated bones; -- commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. -- Bone"set*ting, n.

BONESHAW Bone"shaw, n. (Med.)

Defn: Sciatica. [Obs.]

BONETTA Bo*net"ta, n.

Defn: See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert.

BONFIRE Bon"fire`, n. Etym: [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a fire of bones; bone + fire; but cf. also Prov. E. bun a dry stalk.]

Defn: A large fire built in the open air, as an expression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement. Full soon by bonfire and by bell, We learnt our liege was passing well. Gay.

BONGO Bon"go (bon"go), n.

Defn: Either of two large antelopes (Boöcercus eurycercus of West Africa, and B. isaaci of East Africa) of a reddish or chestnut-brown color with narrow white stripes on the body. Their flesh is especially esteemed as food.

BONGRACE Bon"grace` (, n. Etym: [F. bon good + grâce grace, charm.]

Defn: A projecting bonnet or shade to protect the complexion; also, a wide-brimmed hat. [Obs.]

BONHOMIE; BONHOMMIE Bon`ho*mie", Bon`hom*mie" (, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: good nature; pleasant and easy manner.

BONIBELL Bon"i*bell, n.

Defn: See Bonnibel. [Obs.] Spenser.

BONIFACE Bon"i*face, n. Etym: [From the sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar's comedy of "The Beaux' Stratagem."]

Defn: An innkeeper.

BONIFORM Bon"i*form, a. Etym: [L. bonus good + -form.]

Defn: Sensitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More.

BONIFY Bon"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. bonus good + -fy: cf. F. bonifier.]

Defn: To convert into, or make, good. To bonify evils, or tincture them with good. Cudworth.

BONINESS Bon"i*ness, n.

Defn: The condition or quality of being bony.

BONING Bon"ing, n. Etym: [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr. 3d Bone.]

1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat.

2. The manuring of land with bones.

3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t.

BONITARY Bon"i*ta*ry, a.

Defn: Beneficial, as opposed to statutory or civil; as, bonitary dominion of land.

BONITO Bo*ni"to, n.; pl. Bonitoes (. Etym: [Sp. & Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. bainit and bainith.] [Often incorrectly written bonita.] (Zoöl.)

1. A large tropical fish (Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast.

2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic, an important and abundant food fish on the coast of the United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and other related species. They are large and active fishes, of a blue color with black oblique stripes.

3. The medregal (Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the southern of the United States and the West Indies.

4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate canada), an edible fish of the Middle and Southern United States.

BONMOT Bon"mot`, n.; pl. Bonsmots. Etym: [ F. bon good + mot word.]

Defn: A witty repartee; a jest.

BONNAZ Bon"naz, n.

Defn: A kind of embroidery made with a complicated sewing machine, said to have been originally invented by a Frenchman of the name of Bonnaz. The work is done either in freehand or by following a perforated design.

BONNE Bonne, n.

Defn: (F., prop. good woman.) A female servant charged with the care of a young child.

BONNE BOUCHE Bonne" bouche"; pl. Bonnes bouches (. Etym: [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + bouche mouth.]

Defn: A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit.

BONNET Bon"net, n. Etym: [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete. F. bonnet fr. LL. bonneta, bonetum; orig. the name of a stuff, and of unknown origin.]

1. A headdress for men and boys; a cap. [Obs.] Milton. Shak.

2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick, seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland. And pbonnets waving high. Sir W. Scott.

3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually protecting more or less the back and sides of the head, but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet varies greatly at different times; formerly the front part projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel.

4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use; as, (a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from enfilade fire. (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks. (d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occupants from objects falling down the shaft. (e) In pumps, a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt.

6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal.

7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or to bid; a decoy. [Cant] Bonnet head (Zoöl.), a shark (Sphyrna tiburio) of the southern United States and West Indies. -- Bonnet limpet (Zoöl.), a name given, from their shape, to various species of shells (family Calyptræidæ). -- Bonnet monkey (Zoöl.), an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of hair on its head; the munga. -- Bonnet piece, a gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king's head on which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. -- To have a bee in the bonnet. See under Bee. -- Black bonnet. See under Black. -- Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary.

BONNET Bon"net, v. i.

Defn: To take off the bonnet or cap as a mark of respect; to uncover. [Obs.] Shak.

BONNETED Bon"net*ed, a.

1. Wearing a bonnet. "Bonneted and shawled." Howitt.

2. (Fort.)

Defn: Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a).

BONNETLESS Bon"net*less, a.

Defn: Without a bonnet.

BONNET ROUGE Bon`net" rouge". [F.]

Defn: The red cap adopted by the extremists in the French Revolution, which became a sign of patriotism at that epoch; hence, a revolutionist; a Red Republican.

BONNIBEL Bon"ni*bel, n. Etym: [F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.]

Defn: A handsome girl. [Obs.]

BONNIE Bon"nie, a. Etym: [Scot.]

Defn: See Bonny, a.

BONNILASS Bon"ni*lass`, n. Etym: [Bonny + lass.]

Defn: A "bonny lass"; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser.

BONNILY Bon"ni*ly, adv.

Defn: Gayly; handsomely.

BONNINESS Bon"ni*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being bonny; gayety [R.]

BONNY Bon"ny, a. [Spelled bonnie by the Scotch.] Etym: [OE. boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.]

1. Handsome; beautiful; pretty; attractively lively and graceful. Till bonny Susan sped across the plain. Gay. Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr. Burns.

2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe. Be you blithe and bonny. Shak. Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the matiSir W. Scott.

BONNY Bon"ny, n. (Mining)

Defn: A round and compact bed of ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein.

BONNYCLABBER Bon"ny*clab`ber, n. Etym: [Ir. bainne, baine, milk + clabar mud, mire.]

Defn: Coagulated sour milk; loppered milk; curdled milk; -- sometimes called simply clabber. B. Jonson.

BON SILENE Bon" Si`lène". Etym: [F.] (Bot.)

Defn: A very fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink.

BONSPIEL Bon"spiel, n. Etym: [Scot.; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: A cur [Scot.]

BONTEBOK Bon"te*bok, n. Etym: [D. bont a sort of skin or fur, prop. variegated + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pied antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face and rump are white. Called also nunni.

BON TON Bon" ton". Etym: [F., good tone, manner.]

Defn: The height of the fashion; fashionable society.

BONUS Bo"nus, n.; pl. Bonuses (. Etym: [L. bonus good. Cf. Bonny.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company; as the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier.

2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock company, out of accumulated profits.

3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation.

BON VIVANT Bon" vi`vant"; pl. Bons vivants. Etym: [F. bon good + vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.]

Defn: A good fellow; a jovial companion; a free liver.

BONY Bon"y, a.

1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bones; pertaining to bones.

2. Having large or prominent bones. Bony fish (Zoöl.), the menhaden. -- Bony pike (Zoöl.), the gar pike (Lepidosteus).

BONZE Bon"ze, n. Etym: [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan bozu a Buddhist priest: cf. F. bonze.]

Defn: A Buddhist or Fohist priest, monk, or nun.

Note: The name was given by the Portuguese to the priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries.

BOOBY Boo"by, n.; pl. Boobies. Etym: [Sp. bobe dunce, idiot; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.]

1. A dunce; a stupid fellow.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula) related to the common gannet, and found in the West Indies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on account of its apparent stupidity. The name is also sometimes applied to other species of gannets; as, S. piscator, the red-footed booby. (b) A species of penguin of the antarctic seas.

Booby hatch (Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch, readily removable. -- Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. -- Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern part of England. Forby. -- Booby trap, a schoolboy's practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened.

BOOBY Boo"by, a.

Defn: Having the characteristics of a booby; stupid.

BOOBYISH Boo"by*ish, a.

Defn: Stupid; dull.

BOODH Boodh, n.

Defn: Same as Buddha. Malcom.

BOODHISM Boodh"ism, n.

Defn: Same as Buddhism.

BOODHIST Boodh"ist, n.

Defn: Same as Buddhist.

BOODLE Boo"dle, n. Etym: [Origin uncertain.]

1. The whole collection or lot; caboodle. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

2. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.]

BOOHOE Boo`hoe", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boohooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooing.] Etym: [An imitative word.]

Defn: To bawl; to cry loudly. [Low] Bartlett.

BOOHOO Boo"hoo`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The sailfish; -- called also woohoo.

BOOK Book, n. Etym: [OE. book, bok, AS. b; akin to Goth. b a letter, in pl. book, writing, Icel. b, Sw. bok, Dan. bog, OS. b, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch; and fr. AS. b, b, beech; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen board. Cf. Beech.]

1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing.

Note: When blank, it is called a blank book. When printed, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or a volume of some size, from a pamphlet.

Note: It has been held that, under the copyright law, a book is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets bound together; it may be printed on a single sheet, as music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott.

2. A composition, written or printed; a treatise. A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life. Milton.

3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work; as, the tenth book of "Paradise Lost."

4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept; a register of debts and credits, receipts and expenditures, etc.

5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist; in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards, forming a set.

Note: Book is used adjectively or as a part of many compounds; as, book buyer, bookrack, book club, book lore, book sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashbook. Book account, an account or register of debt or credit in a book. -- Book debt, a debt for items charged to the debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. -- Book learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished from practical knowledge. "Neither does it so much require book learning and scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false." Burnet. -- Book louse (Zoöl.), one of several species of minute, wingless insects injurious to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudoneuroptera. -- Book moth (Zoöl.), the name of several species of moths, the larvæ of which eat books. -- Book oath, an oath made on The Book, or Bible. -- The Book of Books, the Bible. -- Book post, a system under which books, bulky manuscripts, etc., may be transmitted by mail. -- Book scorpion (Zoöl.), one of the false scorpions (Chelifer cancroides) found among books and papers. It can run sidewise and backward, and feeds on small insects. -- Book stall, a stand or stall, often in the open air, for retailing books. -- Canonical books. See Canonical. -- In one's books, in one's favor. "I was so much in his books, that at his decease he left me his lamp." Addison. -- To bring to book. (a) To compel to give an account. (b) To compare with an admitted authority. "To bring it manifestly to book is impossible." M. Arnold. -- To course by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. -- To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets (recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccessful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses. -- To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness. -- Without book. (a) By memory. (b) Without authority.

BOOK Book, v. t. [imp & p. p. Booked; p. pr. & vb. n. Booking.]

1. To enter, write, or register in a book or list. Let it be booked with the rest of this day's deeds. Shak.

2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat; as, to be booked for Southampton; to book a seat in a theater.

3. To mark out for; to destine or assign for; as, he is booked for the valedictory. [Colloq.] Here I am booked for three days more in Paris. Charles Reade.

BOOKBINDER Book"bind`er, n.

Defn: One whose occupation is to bind books.

BOOKBINDERY Book"bind`er*y, n.

Defn: A bookbinder's shop; a place or establishment for binding books.

BOOKBINDING Book"bind`ing, n.

Defn: The art, process, or business of binding books.

## BOOKCASE

Book"case` (, n.

Defn: A case with shelves for holding books, esp. one with glazed doors.

## BOOKCRAFT

Book"craft`, n.

Defn: Authorship; literary skill.

BOOKED Booked, a.

1. Registered.

2. On the way; destined. [Colloq.]

BOOKER Book"er, n.

Defn: One who enters accounts or names, etc., in a book; a bookkeeper.

BOOKFUL Book"ful, n.

Defn: As much as will fill a book; a book full. Shak. -- a.

Defn: Filled with book learning. [R.] "The bookful blockhead." Pope.

BOOKHOLDER Book"hold`er, n.

1. A prompter at a theater. [Obs.] Beau & Fl.

2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one reads or copies from it.

## BOOKING CLERK

Book"ing clerk`.

Defn: A clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for conveyance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage tickets at a booking office.

## BOOKING OFFICE

Book"ing of`fice.

1. An office where passengers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by railway or steamship.

2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng.]

## BOOKISH

Book"ish, a.

1. Given to reading; fond of study; better acquainted with books than with men; learned from books. "A bookish man." Addison. "Bookish skill." Bp. Hall.

2. Characterized by a method of expression generally found in books; formal; labored; pedantic; as, a bookish way of talking; bookish sentences. -- Book"ish*ly, adv. -- Book"ish*ness, n.

BOOKKEEPER Book"keep`er, n.

Defn: One who keeps accounts; one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in an office.

BOOKKEEPING Book"keep`ing, n.

Defn: The art of recording pecuniary or business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the state of the business in which they occur; the art of keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a daybook, cashbook, journal, and ledger. See Daybook, Cashbook, Journal, and Ledger. Bookkeeping by single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account. -- Bookkeeping by double entry, a mode of bookkeeping in which two entries of every transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or left hand, side of one account, and the other to the Cr., or right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order thaItalian method.

## BOOKLAND; BOCKLAND

Book"land`, Bock"land`, n. Etym: [AS. b; b book + land land.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Charter land held by deed under certain rents and free services, which differed in nothing from free socage lands. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds.

BOOK-LEARNED Book"-learned`, a.

Defn: Versed in books; having knowledge derived from books. [Often in a disparaging sense.] Whate'er these book-learned blockheads say, Solon's the veriest fool in all the play. Dryden.

## BOOKLESS

Book"less, a.

Defn: Without books; unlearned. Shenstone.

## BOOKLET

Book"let, n.

Defn: A little book. T. Arnold.

## BOOKMAKER

Book"mak`er, n.

1. One who writes and publishes books; especially, one who gathers his materials from other books; a compiler.

2. (Horse Racing)

Defn: A betting man who "makes a book." See To make a book, under Book, n.

## BOOKMAN

Book"man, n.; pl. Bookmen (.

Defn: A studious man; a scholar. Shak.

## BOOKMARK

Book"mark`, n.

Defn: Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage; also, a label in a book to designate the owner; a bookplate.

## BOOKMATE

Book"mate`, n. Etym: [Book + mate.]

Defn: A schoolfellow; an associate in study.

## BOOKMONGER

Book"mon`ger, n.

Defn: A dealer in books.

## BOOK MUSLIN

Book" mus`lin.

1. A kind of muslin used for the covers of books.

2. A kind of thin white muslin for ladies' dresses.

BOOKPLATE Book"plate`, n.

Defn: A label, placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library.

BOOKSELLER Book"sell`er, n.

Defn: One who sells books.

BOOKSELLING Book"sell`ing, n.

Defn: The employment of selling books.

BOOKSHELF Book"shelf`, n.; pl. Bookshelves (.

Defn: A shelf to hold books.

BOOKSHOP Book"shop`, n.

Defn: A bookseller's shop. [Eng.]

BOOKSTALL Book"stall`, n.

Defn: A stall or stand where books are sold.

BOOKSTAND Book"stand`, n.

1. A place or stand for the sale of books in the streets; a bookstall.

2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference.

BOOKSTORE Book"store`, n.

Defn: A store where books are kept for sale; -- called in England a bookseller's shop.

BOOKWORK Book"work`, n.

1. Work done upon a book or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from newspaper or job work.

2. Study; application to books.

BOOKWORM Book"worm`, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any larva of a beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many species are known.

2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to study; a reader without appreciation. I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a bookworm as any there. Pope.

BOOKY Book"y, a.

Defn: Bookish.

BOOLY Boo"ly, n.; pl. Boolies. Etym: [Ir. buachail cowherd; bo cow + giolla boy.]

Defn: A company of Irish herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk, like the Tartars; also, a place in the mountain pastures inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [Obs.] [Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.] Spenser.

BOOM Boom (boom), n. Etym: [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See Beam.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A long pole or spar, run out for the purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail; as, the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A long spar or beam, projecting from the mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body to be lifted is suspended.

3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the channel in a river or harbor. [Obs.]

4. (Mil. & Naval)

Defn: A strong chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage.

5. (Lumbering)

Defn: A line of connected floating timbers stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to keep saw logs, etc., from floating away. Boom iron, one of the iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. -- The booms, that space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are stowed. Totten.

BOOM Boom (boom), v. t. (Naut.)

Defn: To extend, or push, with a boom or pole; as, to boom out a sail; to boom off a boat.

BOOM Boom (boom), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed, p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. bommen to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound; aderyn y bwmp, the bird of the hollow sound, i. e., the bittern. Cf. Bum, Bump, v. i., Bomb, v. i.]

1. To cry with a hollow note; to make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects. At eve the beetle boometh Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson.

2. To make a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon. Alarm guns booming through the night air. W. Irving.

3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of sail, before a free wind. She comes booming down before it. Totten.

4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popular favor; to go on rushingly.

BOOM Boom, n.

1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; also, the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming.

2. A strong and extensive advance, with more or less noisy excitement; -- applied colloquially or humorously to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities and to political chances of aspirants to office; as, a boom in the stock market; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOOM Boom, v. t.

Defn: To cause to advance rapidly in price; as, to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a "boom" for; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOOMDAS Boom"das, n. Etym: [D. boom tree + das badger.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arboreus) resembling the daman.

BOOMER Boom"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, booms.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A North American rodent, so named because it is said to make a booming noise. See Sewellel.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large male kangaroo.

4. One who works up a "boom". [Slang, U. S.]

BOOMERANG Boom"er*ang, n.

Defn: A very singular missile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in some parts of India. It is usually a curved stick of hard wood, from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes very remarkable curves, according to the shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it, often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then curving upward to a considerable height, and finally taking a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it.

BOOMING Boom"ing, a.

1. Rushing with violence; swelling with a hollow sound; making a hollow sound or note; roaring; resounding. O'er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar. Falcone.

2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement; as, booming prices; booming popularity. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOOMING Boom"ing, n.

Defn: The act of producing a hollow or roaring sound; a violent rushing with heavy roar; as, the booming of the sea; a deep, hollow sound; as, the booming of bitterns. Howitt.

BOOMKIN Boom"kin, n. (Naut.)

Defn: Same as Bumkin.

BOOMORAH Boo"mo*rah, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small West African chevrotain (Hyæmoschus aquaticus), resembling the musk deer.

BOOMSLANGE Boom"slang*e, n. Etym: [D. boom tree + slang snake.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large South African tree snake (Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous by natives, it has no poison fangs.

BOON Boon, n. Etym: [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. b; akin to Sw. & Dan. b, AS. b, and perh. to E. ban; but influenced by F. bon good, fr. L. bonus. Ban, Bounty.]

1. A prayer or petition. [Obs.] For which to God he made so many an idle boon. Spenser.

2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or favor; a gift; a benefaction; a grant; a present. Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above. James i. 17 (Rev. Ver. ).

BOON Boon, a. Etym: [F. bon. See Boon, n.]

1. Good; prosperous; as, boon voyage. [Obs.]

2. Kind; bountiful; benign. Which . . . Nature boon Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain. Milton.

3. Gay; merry; jovial; convivial. A boon companion, loving his bottle. Arbuthnot.

BOON Boon, n. Etym: [Scot. boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.]

Defn: The woody portion flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter by retting, braking, and scutching.

BOOR Boor, n. Etym: [D. boer farmer, boor; akin to AS. geb countryman, G. bauer; fr. the root of AS. b to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Neighbor, Boer, and Big to build.]

1. A husbandman; a peasant; a rustic; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman.

2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant; esp. a Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc.: a boer.

3. A rude ill-bred person; one who is clownish in manners.

BOORISH Boor"ish, a.

Defn: Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; unmannerly. -- Boor"ish*ly, adv. -- Boor"ish*ness, n. Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion. Milton.

BOORT Boort, n.

Defn: See Bort.

BOOSE Boose, n. Etym: [AS. bos, bosig; akin to Icel. bass, Sw. bås, Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth. bansts barn, Skr. bhasas stall. *252.]

Defn: A stall or a crib for an ox, cow, or other animal. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

BOOSE Boose, v. i.

Defn: To drink excessively. See Booze.

BOOSER Boos"er, n.

Defn: A toper; a guzzler. See Boozer.

BOOST Boost, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boosting.] Etym: [Cf. Boast, v. i.]

Defn: To lift or push from behind (one who is endeavoring to climb); to push up; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in making advancement. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOOST Boost, n.

Defn: A push from behind, as to one who is endeavoring to climb; help. [Colloq. U. S.]

BOOSTER Boost"er, n. (Elec.)

Defn: An instrument for regulating the electro-motive force in an alternating-current circuit; -- so called because used to "boost", or raise, the pressure in the circuit.

BOOT Boot, n. Etym: [OE. bot, bote, adbantage, amends, cure, AS. b; akin to Icel. b, Sw. bot, Dan. bod, Goth. b, D. boete, G. busse; prop., a making good or better, from the root of E. better, adj.

1. Remedy; relief; amends; reparation; hence, one who brings relief. He gaf the sike man his boote. Chaucer. Thou art boot for many a bruise And healest many a wound. Sir W. Scott. Next her Son, our soul's best boot. Wordsworth.

2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. I'll give you boot, I'll give you three for one. Shak.

3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. [Obs.] Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot. Shak. To boot, in addition; over and above; besides; as a compensation for the difference of value between things bartered. Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot. Shak. A man's heaviness is refreshed long before he comes to drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot. Jer. Taylor.

BOOT Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.]

1. To profit; to advantage; to avail; -- generally followed by it; as, what boots it What booteth it to others that we wish them well, and do nothing for them Hooker. What subdued To change like this a mind so far imbued With scorn of man, it little boots to know. Byron. What boots to us your victories Southey.

2. To enrich; to benefit; to give in addition. [Obs.] And I will boot thee with what gift beside Thy modesty can beg. Shak.

BOOT Boot, n. Etym: [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. botte, LL. botta; of uncertain origin.]

1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather.

2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland. So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the boots; for they put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and drive wedges between them and the leg. Bp. Burnet.

3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants rode; also, a low outside place before and behind the body of the coach. [Obs.]

4. A place for baggage at either end of an old-fashioned stagecoach.

5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud.

6. (Plumbing)

Defn: The metal casing and flange fitted about a pipe where it passes through a roof. Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. -- Boot closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots. -- Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. -- Boot hook, a hook with a handle, used for pulling on boots. -- Boots and saddles (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet call which is the first signal for mounted drill. -- Sly boots. See Slyboots, in the Vocabulary.

BOOT Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.]

1. To put boots on, esp. for riding. Coated and booted for it. B. Jonson.

2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. [U. S.]

BOOT Boot, v. i.

Defn: To boot one's self; to put on one's boots.

BOOT Boot, n.

Defn: Booty; spoil. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

BOOTBLACK Boot"black` (, n.

Defn: One who blacks boots.

BOOTED Boot"ed, a.

1. Wearing boots, especially boots with long tops, as for riding; as, a booted squire.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having an undivided, horny, bootlike covering; -- said of the tarsus of some birds.

BOOTEE Boot*ee", n.

Defn: A half boot or short boot.

BOOTES; BOOETES Bo*ö"tes, n. Etym: [L. Bootes, Gr. herdsman, fr. , gen. , ox, cow.] (Astron.)

Defn: A northern constellation, containing the bright star Arcturus.

BOOTH Booth, n. Etym: [OE. bothe; cf. Icel. b, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, G. bude, baude; from the same root as AS. b to dwell, E. boor, bower, be; cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. buda, Russ. budka, Lith. buda, W. bwth, pl. bythod, Gael. buth, Ir. both.]

1. A house or shed built of boards, boughs, or other slight materials, for temporary occupation. Camden.

2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair or market, or at a polling place.

BOOTHALE Boot"hale`, v. t. & i. Etym: [Boot, for booty + hale.]

Defn: To forage for booty; to plunder. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BOOTHOSE Boot"hose`, n.

1. Stocking hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak.

2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers on horseback. Sir W. Scott.

BOOTHY Booth"y, n.

Defn: See Bothy.

BOOTIKIN Boot"i*kin, n. Etym: [Boot + -kin.]

1. A little boot, legging, or gaiter.

2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. H. Walpole.

BOOTING Boot"ing, n.

Defn: Advantage; gain; gain by plunder; booty. [Obs.] Sir. J. Harrington.

BOOTING Boot"ing, n.

1. A kind of torture. See Boot, n., 2.

2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.]

BOOTJACK Boot"jack` (, n.

Defn: A device for pulling off boots.

BOOTLESS Boot"less, a. Etym: [From Boot profit.]

Defn: Unavailing; unprofitable; useless; without advantage or success. Chaucer. I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers. Shak. -- Boot"less*ly, adv. -- Boot"less*ness, n.

BOOTLICK Boot"lick` (, n.

Defn: A toady. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

BOOTMAKER Boot"mak`er, n.

Defn: One who makes boots. -- Boot"mak`ing, n.

BOOTS Boots, n.

Defn: A servant at a hotel or elsewhere, who cleans and blacks the boots and shoes.

BOOTTOPPING Boot"top`ping, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The act or process of daubing a vessel's bottom near the surface of the water with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin, as a temporary protection against worms, after the slime, shells, etc., have been scraped off.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.

BOOTTREE Boot"tree`, n. Etym: [Boot + tree wood, timber.]

Defn: An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. The pretty boots trimly stretched on boottrees. Thackeray.

BOOTY Boo"ty, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. b exchange, barter, Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was influenced in English by boot profit.]

Defn: That which is seized by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. Milton. To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose; to allow one's adversary to win at cards at first, in order to induce him to continue playing and victimize him afterwards. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

BOOZE Booze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed; p. pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] Etym: [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen, and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.]

Defn: To drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor; to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor. This is better than boozing in public houses. H. R. Haweis.

BOOZE Booze, n.

Defn: A carouse; a drinking. Sir W. Scott.

BOOZER Booz"er, n.

Defn: One who boozes; a toper; a guzzler of alcoholic liquors; a bouser.

BOOZY Booz"y, a.

Defn: A little intoxicated; fuddled; stupid with liquor; bousy. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley.

BOPEEP Bo*peep", n. Etym: [Bo + peep.]

Defn: The act of looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one (as by children in play), or of looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened. I for sorrow sung, That such a king should play bopeep, And go the fools among. Shak.

BORABLE Bor"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being bored. [R.]

BORACHTE Bo*rach"te, n. Etym: [Sp. borracha a leather bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.]

Defn: A large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of a goat or other animal. Hence: A drunkard. [Obs.] You're an absolute borachio. Congreve.

BORACIC Bo*rac"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. boracique. See Borax.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or produced from, borax; containing boron; boric; as, boracic acid.

BORACITE Bo"ra*cite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a white or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crystals; in composition it is a magnesium borate with magnesium chloride.

BORACOUS Bo"ra*cous, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Relating to, or obtained from, borax; containing borax.

BORAGE Bor"age, n. Etym: [OE. borage (cf. F. bourrache, It. borraggine, borrace, LL. borago, borrago, LGr. ), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.)

Defn: A mucilaginous plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used, esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic.

BORAGEWORT Bor"age*wort`, n.

Defn: Plant of the Borage family.

BORAGINACEOUS Bo*rag`i*na"ceous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boraginaceæ) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar's lice, and many pestiferous plants.

BORAGINEOUS Bor`a*gin"e*ous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Relating to the Borage tribe; boraginaceous.

BORAMEZ Bor"a*mez, n.

Defn: See Barometz.

BORATE Bo"rate, n. Etym: [From Boric.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical.

BORAX Bo"rax, n. Etym: [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. b, fr. Pers. b.]

Defn: A white or gray crystalline salt, with a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals, making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap. It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent to Europe under the name of tincal. Borax is a pyroborate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O. Borax bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3.

BORBORYGM Bor"bo*rygm, n. Etym: [F. borborygme, fr. Gr. , fr. to rumble in the bowels.] (Med.)

Defn: A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by wind in the bowels. Dunglison.

BORD Bord, n. Etym: [See Board, n.]

1. A board; a table. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Mining)

Defn: The face of coal parallel to the natural fissures.

BORD Bord, n.

Defn: See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser.

BORDAGE Bord"age, n. Etym: [LL. bordagium.]

Defn: The base or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage.

BORDAR Bord"ar, n. Etym: [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a cottage; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier. The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in the work of the home farm. J. R. Green.

BORDEAUX Bor*deaux", a.

Defn: Pertaining to Bordeaux in the south of France. -- n.

Defn: A claret wine from Bordeaux.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE Bor*deaux" mix"ture. (Hort.)

Defn: A fungicidal mixture composed of blue vitriol, lime, and water. The formula in common use is: blue vitriol, 6 lbs.; lime, 4 lbs.; water, 35 -- 50 gallons.

BORDEL; BORDELLO Bor"del, Bor*del"lo, n. Etym: [F. bordel, orig. a little hut, OF. borde hut, cabin, of German origin, and akin to E. board,n.See. Board, n.]

Defn: A brothel; a bawdyhouse; a house devoted to prostitution. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BORDELAIS Bor`de*lais", a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bordeaux, in France, or to the district around Bordeaux.

BORDELLER Bor"del*ler, n.

Defn: A keeper or a frequenter of a brothel. [Obs.] Gower.

BORDER Bor"der, n. Etym: [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. border to border, fr. bord a border; of German origin; cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, ribbon; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf. Bordure.]

1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden, etc.; margin; verge; brink. Upon the borders of these solitudes. Bentham. In the borders of death. Barrow.

2. A boundary; a frontier of a state or of the settled part of a country; a frontier district.

3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of something, as an ornament or finish.

4. A narrow flower bed. Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining countries; debatable land; -- often used figuratively; as, the border land of science. -- The Border, The Borders, specifically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England which lie adjacent. -- Over the border, across the boundary line or frontier.

Syn. -- Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary; confine.

BORDER Bor"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered; p. pr. & vb. n. Bordering.]

1. To touch at the edge or boundary; to be contiguous or adjacent; -- with on or upon as, Connecticut borders on Massachusetts.

2. To approach; to come near to; to verge. Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly. Abp. Tillotson.

BORDER Bor"der, v. t.

1. To make a border for; to furnish with a border, as for ornament; as, to border a garment or a garden.

2. To be, or to have, contiguous to; to touch, or be touched, as by a border; to be, or to have, near the limits or boundary; as, the region borders a forest, or is bordered on the north by a forest. The country is bordered by a broad tract called the "hot region." Prescott. Shebah and Raamah . . . border the sea called the Persian gulf. Sir W. Raleigh.

3. To confine within bounds; to limit. [Obs.] That nature, which contemns its origin, Can not be bordered certain in itself. Shak.

BORDEREAU Bor`de*reau", n.; pl. Bordereaux (#). [F.]

Defn: A note or memorandum, esp. one containing an enumeration of documents.

BORDERER Bor"der*er, n.

Defn: One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwells near to a place or region. Borderers of the Caspian. Dyer.

BORDLAND Bord"land`, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + land.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Either land held by a bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table. Spelman.

BORDLODE Bord"lode`, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + lode leading.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord's house. Bailey. Mozley & W.

BORDMAN Bord"man, n. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + man.]

Defn: A bordar; a tenant in bordage.

BORDRAG; BORDRAGING Bord"rag, Bord"ra`ging, n. Etym: [Perh. from OE. bord, for border + raging. Cf. Bodrage.]

Defn: An incursion upon the borders of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

BORD SERVICE Bord" serv`ice. Etym: [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + service.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Service due from a bordar; bordage.

BORDURE Bor"dure, n. Etym: [F. bordure. See Border, n.] (Her.)

Defn: A border one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. It is usually plain, but may be charged.

BORE Bore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bored; p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] Etym: [OE. borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora, Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. por, G. bohren, L. forare, Gr. to plow, Zend bar. sq. root91.]

1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument; to make a round hole in or through; to pierce; as, to bore a plank. I'll believe as soon this whole earth may be bored. Shak.

2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instrument or apparatus; as, to bore a steam cylinder or a gun barrel; to bore a hole. Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood. T. W. Harris.

3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in boring; as, to bore one's way through a crowd; to force a narrow and difficult passage through. "What bustling crowds I bored." Gay.

4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness; to tire; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester. He bores me with some trick. Shak. Used to come and bore me at rare intervals. Carlyle.

5. To befool; to trick. [Obs.] I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned, Baffled and bored, it seems. Beau. & Fl.

BORE Bore, v. i.

1. To make a hole or perforation with, or as with, a boring instrument; to cut a circular hole by the rotary motion of a tool; as, to bore for water or oil (i. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil); to bore with a gimlet; to bore into a tree (as insects).

2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that cuts as it turns; as, this timber does not bore well, or is hard to bore.

3. To push forward in a certain direction with laborious effort. They take their flight . . . boring to the west. Dryden.

4. (Ma

Defn: To shoot out the nose or toss it in the air; Crabb.

BORE Bore, n.

1. A hole made by boring; a perforation.

2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube. The bores of wind instruments. Bacon. Love's counselor should fill the bores of hearing. Shak.

3. The size of a hole; the interior diameter of a tube or gun barrel; the caliber.

4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger.

5. Caliber; importance. [Obs.] Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter. Shak.

6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; a tiresome person or affair; any person or thing which causes ennui. It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses. Hawthorne.

BORE Bore, n. Etym: [Icel. bara wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. sq. root92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien-tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.

BORE Bore,

Defn: imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.

BOREAL Bo"re*al, a. Etym: [L. borealis: cf. F. boréal. See Boreas.]

Defn: Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as, a boreal bird; a boreal blast. So from their own clear north in radiant streams, Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn. Thomson.

BOREAS Bo"re*as, n. Etym: [L. boreas, Gr. .]

Defn: The north wind; -- usually a personification.

BORECOLE Bore"cole`, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman's cabbage.]

Defn: A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.

BOREDOM Bore"dom, n.

1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens.

2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively.

BOREE Bo*ree", n.

Defn: Same as BourrÉ\'82. [Obs.] Swift.

BOREL Bor"el, n.

Defn: See Borrel.

BORELE Bor"e*le, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis).

BORER Bor"er, n.

1. One that bores; an instrument for boring.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvæ of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine).

BORIC Bo"ric, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron. Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany.

BORIDE Bo"ride, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; -- formerly called boruret.

BORING Bor"ing, n.

1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks. One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells. Tomlinson.

2. A hole made by boring.

3. pl.

Defn: The chips or fragments made by boring. Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. -- Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight.

BORN Born, p. p. & a. Etym: [See Bear, v. t.]

1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth. No one could be born into slavery in Mexico. Prescott.

2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as, a born liar. "A born matchmaker." W. D. Howells. Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. "Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God." John iii. 3. -- Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.]

BORNE Borne, p. p. of Bear.

Defn: Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.

BORNEOL Bor"ne*ol, n. Etym: [Borneo + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare variety of camphor, C10H17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.

BORNITE Bor"nite, n. Etym: [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.)

Defn: A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; -- also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface.

BOROFLUORIDE Bo`ro*flu"or*ide, n. Etym: [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.)

Defn: A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; -- called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate.

BOROGLYCERIDE Bo"ro*glyc"er*ide, n. Etym: [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic.

BORON Bo"ron, n. Etym: [See Borax.] (Chem.)

Defn: A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.

BOROSILICATE Bo"ro*sil"i*cate, n. Etym: [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.

BOROUGH Bor"ough, n. Etym: [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.]

1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine.

2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax. Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. -- Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament.

BOROUGH Bor"ough, n. Etym: [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.

BOROUGH-ENGLISH Bor"ough-Eng"lish, n. (Eng. Law)

Defn: A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone.

BOROUGHHEAD Bor"ough*head`, n.

Defn: See Headborough. [Obs.]

BOROUGHHOLDER Bor"ough*hold"er, n.

Defn: A headborough; a borsholder.

BOROUGHMASTER Bor"ough*mas"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. Burgomaster.]

Defn: The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.

BOROUGHMONGER Bor"ough*mon"ger, n.

Defn: One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs.

BOROUGHMONGERING; BOROUGHMONGERY Bor"ough*mon"ger*ing, Bor"ough*mon"ger*y, n.

Defn: The practices of a boroughmonger.

BORRACHO Bor*rach"o, n.

Defn: See Borachio. [Obs.]

BORRAGE; BORRAGINACEOUS Bor"rage, n., Bor*rag`i*na"ceous (, a., etc.

Defn: See Borage, n., etc.

BORREL Bor"rel, n. Etym: [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.]

1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.

BORREL Bor"rel, a. Etym: [Prob. from Borrel, n.]

Defn: Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BORROW Bor"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] Etym: [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. Borough.]

1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; -- the opposite of lend.

2. (Arith.)

Defn: To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; -- a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend.

3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as, to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another. Rites borrowed from the ancients. Macaulay. It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above. Milton.

4. To feign or counterfeit. "Borrowed hair." Spenser. The borrowed majesty of England. Shak.

5. To receive; to take; to derive. Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother. Shak. To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive.

BORROW Bor"row, n.

1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.] Ye may retain as borrows my two priests. Sir W. Scott.

2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.] Of your royal presence I'll adventure The borrow of a week. Shak.

BORROWER Bor"row*er, n.

Defn: One who borrows. Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Shak.

BORSHOLDER Bors"hold`er, n. Etym: [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman.

BORT Bort, n.

Defn: Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.

BORURET Bo"ru*ret, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A boride. [Obs.]

BORWE Bor"we, n.

Defn: Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOS Bos, n. Etym: [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.

BOSA Bo"sa, n. Etym: [Ar. b, Pers. b: cf. F. bosan.]

Defn: A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

BOSCAGE Bos"cage, n. Etym: [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.]

1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape.

2. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also, a tax on wood.

BOSH Bosh, n. Etym: [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.]

Defn: Figure; outline; show. [Obs.]

BOSH Bosh, n. Etym: [Turk.]

Defn: Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.]

BOSH Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes. Etym: [Cf. G. böschung a slope.]

1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also, one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace.

2. pl.

Defn: The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part.

3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled.

BOSHBOK Bosh"bok, n. Etym: [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of antelope. See Bush buck.

BOSHVARK Bosh"vark, n. Etym: [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.

BOSJESMAN Bos"jes*man, n.

Defn: ; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.]

Defn: See Bushman.

BOSK Bosk, n. Etym: [See Bosket.]

Defn: A thicket; a small wood. "Through bosk and dell." Sir W. Scott.

BOSKAGE Bos"kage, n.

Defn: Same as Boscage. Thridding the somber boskage of the wood. Tennyson.

BOSKET; BOSQUET Bos"ket, Bos"quet, n. Etym: [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening)

Defn: A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed.

BOSKINESS Bosk"i*ness, n.

Defn: Boscage; also, the state or quality of being bosky.

BOSKY Bosk"y, a. Etym: [Cf. Bushy.]

1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton.

2. Caused by boscage. Darkened over by long bosky shadows. H. James.

BOSOM Bos"om, n. Etym: [AS. b; akin to D. bozem, Fries. b, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.]

1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them. You must prepare your bosom for his knife. Shak.

2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; se Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know Wherefore they do it. Shak. If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom. Job xxxi. 33.

3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold. Within the bosom of that church. Hooker.

4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as, the bosom of the earth. "The bosom of the ocean." Addison.

5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as, the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom. He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow. Ex. iv. 6.

6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak.

7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight.

BOSOM Bos"om, a.

1. Of or pertaining to the bosom.

2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as, a bosom friend.

BOSOM Bos"om, v. t. [p. & p. p. Bosomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.]

1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish. Bosom up my counsel, You'll find it wholesome. Shak.

2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom. To happy convents bosomed deep in vines. Pope.

BOSOMED Bos"omed, a.

Defn: Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden.

BOSOMY Bos"om*y, a.

Defn: Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows.

BOSON Bo"son, n.

Defn: See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden.

BOSPORIAN Bos*po"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Bosporus, G. , lit., ox-ford, the ox's or heifer's ford, on account of Io's passage here as a heifer; fr. ox, heifer + ford.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus. The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians. Tooke.

BOSPORUS Bos"po*rus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas; as, the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]

BOSQUET Bos"quet, n.

Defn: See Bosket.

BOSS Boss, n.; pl. Bosses. Etym: [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bozo tuft, bunch, OHG. bozan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.]

1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as, a boss of wood.

2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations.

4. Etym: [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.]

Defn: A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt.

5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals.

6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.]

BOSS Boss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] Etym: [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.]

Defn: To ornament with bosses; to stud.

BOSS Boss, n. Etym: [D. baas master.]

Defn: A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.]

BOSSAGE Boss"age, n. Etym: [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.

BOSSED Bossed, a.

Defn: Embossed; also, bossy.

BOSSET Bos"set, n. Etym: [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer.

BOSSISM Boss"ism, n.

Defn: The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.]

BOSSY Boss"y, a.

Defn: Ornamented with bosses; studded.

BOSSY Bos"sy, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.]

Defn: A cow or calf; -- familiarly so called. [U. S.]

BOSTON Bos"ton, n.

Defn: A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; -- said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war.

BOSTRYX Bos"tryx, n. [NL.; irreg. fr. Gr. a curl.] (Bot.)

Defn: A form of cymose inflorescence with all the flowers on one side of the rachis, usually causing it to curl; -- called also a uniparous helicoid cyme.

BOSWELLIAN Bos*well"i*an, a.

Defn: Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.

BOSWELLISM Bos"well*ism, n.

Defn: The style of Boswell.

BOT Bot, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Bots.

BOTANIC; BOTANICAL Bo*tan"ic, Bo*tan"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as, a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. -- Botan"ic*al*ly, adv. Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. -- Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.

BOTANIST Bot"a*nist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. botaniste.]

Defn: One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants.

BOTANIZE Bot"a*nize, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. botaniser.]

Defn: To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants.

BOTANIZE Bot"a*nize, v. t.

Defn: To explore for botanical purposes.

BOTANIZER Bot"a*ni`zer, n.

Defn: One who botanizes.

BOTANOLOGER Bot`a*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: A botanist. [Obs.]

BOTANOLOGY Bot`a*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.]

Defn: The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey.

BOTANOMANCY Bot"a*no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.]

Defn: An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.

BOTANY Bot"a*ny, n.; pl. Botanies. Etym: [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. botanic, fr. herb, plant, fr. to feed, graze.]

1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant.

2. A book which treats of the science of botany.

Note: Botany is divided into various departments; as, Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

BOTANY BAY Bot"a*ny Bay".

Defn: A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; -- so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770.

Note: Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort. Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. -- Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhæa, esp. the grass three (X. hastilis.)

BOTARGO Bo*tar"go, n. Etym: [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.]

Defn: A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.

BOTCH Botch, n.; pl. Botches. Etym: [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.]

1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.] Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton.

2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner.

3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle. To leave no rubs nor botches in the work. Shak.

BOTCH Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched; p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] Etym: [See Botch, n.]

1. To mark with, or as with, botches. Young Hylas, botched with stains. Garth.

2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; -- sometimes with up. Sick bodies . . . to be kept and botched up for a time. Robynson (More's Utopia).

3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work. For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane. Dryden.

BOTCHEDLY Botch"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a clumsy manner.

BOTCHER Botch"er, n.

1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak.

2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young salmon; a grilse.

BOTCHERLY Botch"er*ly, a.

Defn: Bungling; awkward. [R.]

BOTCHERY Botch"er*y, n.

Defn: A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship.

BOTCHY Botch"y, a.

Defn: Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. "This botchy business." Bp. Watson.

BOTE Bote, n. Etym: [Old form of boot; -- used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as, man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries.

Note: This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as, housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.

BOTELESS Bote"less, a.

Defn: Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless.

BOTFLY Bot"fly`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A dipterous insect of the family (Estridæ, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvæ of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly.

BOTH Both, a. or pron. Etym: [OE. bothe, ba, fr. Icel. ba; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. baj, OHG. beid, b, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, ba, b, Goth. bai, and Gr. , L. ambo, Lith. abà, OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. sq. root310. Cf. Amb-.]

Defn: The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either.

Note: It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as, both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of.

Note: It frequently stands as a pronoun. She alone is heir to both of us. Shak. Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant. Gen. xxi. 27. He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both. Bolingbroke.

Note: It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns. Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes. Shak. This said, they both betook them several ways. Milton.

Note: Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as, both their armies; both our eyes.

Note: Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as, both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as, both the brothers.

BOTH Both, conj.

Defn: As well; not only; equally.

Note: Both precedes the first of two coördinate words or phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both . . . and . . . ; as well the one as the other; not only this, but also that; equally the former and the latter. It is also sometimes followed by more than two coördinate words, connected by and expressed or understood. To judge both quick and dead. Milton. A masterpiece both for argument and style. Goldsmith. To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene. Chaucer. Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound. Goldsmith. He prayeth well who loveth well Both man and bird and beast. Coleridge.

BOTHER Both"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bothered (p. pr. & vb. n. Bothering.] Etym: [Cf. Ir. buaidhirt trouble, buaidhrim I vex.]

Defn: To annoy; to trouble; to worry; to perplex. See Pother.

Note: The imperative is sometimes used as an exclamation mildly imprecatory.

BOTHER Both"er, v. i.

Defn: To feel care or anxiety; to make or take trouble; to be troublesome. Without bothering about it. H. James.

BOTHER Both"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, bothers; state of perplexity or annoyance; embarrassment; worry; disturbance; petty trouble; as, to be in a bother.

BOTHERATION Both`er*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of bothering, or state of being bothered; cause of trouble; perplexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.]

BOTHERER Both"er*er, n.

Defn: One who bothers.

BOTHERSOME Both"er*some, a.

Defn: Vexatious; causing bother; causing trouble or perplexity; troublesome.

BOTH-HANDS Both"-hands`, n.

Defn: A factotum. [R.] He is his master's both-hands, I assure you. B. Jonson.

BOTHIE Both"ie, n.

Defn: Same as Bothy. [Scot.]

BOTHNIAN; BOTHNIC Both"ni*an, Both"nic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Bothnia, a country of northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which forms the northern part of the Baltic sea.

BOTHRENCHYMA Both*ren"chy*ma, n. Etym: [Gr. pit + something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.)

Defn: Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood.

BOTHY; BOOTHY Both"y Booth"y n.; pl. -ies Etym: [Scottish. Cf. Booth.]

Defn: A wooden hut or humble cot, esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants; a shepherd's or hunter's hut; a booth. [Scot.]

BOTOCUDOS Bo`to*cu"dos, n. pl. Etym: [Pg. botoque stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in the pierced lower lip.]

Defn: A Brazilian tribe of Indians, noted for their use of poisons; - - also called Aymborés.

BO TREE Bo" tree`. (Bot.)

Defn: The peepul tree; esp., the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Ceylon, grown from a slip of the tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have become Buddha. The sacred bo tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa), which is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much veneration as the status of the god himself. . . . It differs from the banyan (Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots from its branches. Tennent.

BOTRYOGEN Bot"ry*o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -gen.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous sulphate of iron of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form.

BOTRYOID; BOTRYOIDAL Bot"ry*oid, Bot`ry*oid"al, a. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -oid.]

Defn: Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences.

BOTRYOLITE Bot"ry*o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. cluster of grapes + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of datolite, usually having a botryoidal structure.

BOTRYOSE Bot"ry*ose`, a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a cluster of grapes. (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. Gray.

BOTS Bots, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Gael. botus belly worm, boiteag maggot.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larvæ of several species of botfly, especially those larvæ which infest the stomach, throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be the cause of various ailments. [Written also botts.]

Note: See Illust. of Botfly.

BOTTINE Bot*tine", n. Etym: [F. See Boot (for the foot.).]

1. A small boot; a lady's boot.

2. An appliance resembling a small boot furnished with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent distortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison.

BOTTLE Bot"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bote, botelle, OF. botel, bouteille, F. bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, buttis, butta, flask. Cf. Butt a cask.]

1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather), with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids.

2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle contains; as, to drink a bottle of wine.

3. Fig.: Intoxicating liquor; as, to drown one's reason in the bottle.

Note: Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound. Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. -- Bottle brush, a cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. -- Bottle fish (Zoöl.), a kind of deep-sea eel (Saccopharynx ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its won size. -- Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. -- Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. -- Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. -- Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); -- called also foxtail, and green foxtail. -- Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; -- so called from the shape of its nest. -- Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. -- Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tubve), used in feeding infants.

BOTTLE Bot"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled p. pr. & vb. n. Bottling.]

Defn: To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as, to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one's wrath.

BOTTLE Bot"tle, n. Etym: [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.]

Defn: A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.

BOTTLED Bot"tled, a.

1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle.

2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak.

BOTTLE GREEN Bot"tle green`

Defn: A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass. -- Bot"tle-green`, a.

BOTTLEHEAD Bot"tle*head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cetacean allied to the grampus; -- called also bottle-nosed whale.

Note: There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1.

BOTTLEHOLDER Bot"tle*hold`er, n.

1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; -- so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge.

2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.] Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states. The London Times.

BOTTLE-NECK FRAME Bot"tle-neck` frame". (Automobiles)

Defn: An inswept frame. [Colloq.]

BOTTLE-NOSE Bot"tle-nose` (, n. (Zoöl.)

1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe.

2. The puffin.

BOTTLE-NOSED Bot"tle-nosed` (, a.

Defn: Having the nose bottleshaped, or large at the end. Dickens.

BOTTLER Bot"tler, n.

Defn: One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc.

BOTTLESCREW Bot"tle*screw` n.

Defn: A corkscrew. Swift.

BOTTLING Bot"tling n.

Defn: The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, n. Etym: [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn ), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr.budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.]

1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as, the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page. Or dive into the bottom of the deep. Shak.

2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship's hold; the under surface. Barrels with the bottom knocked out. Macaulay. No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms. W. Irving.

3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork.

4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea.

5. The fundament; the buttocks.

6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden.

7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. "The bottoms and the high grounds." Stoddard.

8. (Naut.)

Defn: The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship. My ventures are not in one bottom trusted. Shak. Not to sell the teas, but to return them to London in the same bottoms in which they were shipped. Bancroft. Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise.

9. Power of endurance; as, a horse of a good bottom.

10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson. At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. "He was at the bottom a good man." J. F. Cooper. -- To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman. He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels. Addison. -- To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. -- To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as, bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices. Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton. -Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. -- Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, n., 7.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.]

1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; -- followed by on or upon.

## Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle. Atterbury.

Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state]. South.

2. To furnish with a bottom; as, to bottom a chair.

3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. i.

1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; -- usually with on or upon. Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms. Locke.

2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free

## action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space

between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, n. Etym: [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button. See Button.]

Defn: A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.] Silkworms finish their bottoms in . . . fifteen days. Mortimer.

BOTTOM Bot"tom, v. t.

Defn: To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.] As you unwind her love from him, Lest it should ravel and be good to none, You must provide to bottom it on me. Shak.

BOTTOMED Bot"tomed, a.

Defn: Having at the bottom, or as a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; -- mostly, in composition; as, sharp-bottomed; well- bottomed.

BOTTOM FERMENTATION Bot"tom fer`men*ta"tion.

Defn: A slow alcoholic fermentation during which the yeast cells collect at the bottom of the fermenting liquid. It takes place at a temperature of 4º - 10º C. (39º - 50ºF.). It is used in making lager beer and wines of low alcohol content but fine bouquet.

BOTTOMLESS Bot"tom*less, a.

Defn: Without a bottom; hence, fathomless; baseless; as, a bottomless abyss. "Bottomless speculations." Burke.

BOTTOMRY Bot"tom*ry, n. Etym: [From 1st Bottom in sense 8: cf.D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar.Law)

Defn: A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully. If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses the money; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate of interest. See Hypothecation.

BOTTONY; BOTTONE Bot"ton*y, Bot"to*né, a. Etym: [F. boutonné, fr. boutonner to bud, button.] (Her.)

Defn: Having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons. Cross bottony (Her.), a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil.

BOTTS Botts, n. pl. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Bots.

BOTULIFORM Bot"u*li*form`, a. Etym: [L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the shape of a sausage. Henslow.

BOUCHE Bouche, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Same as Bush, a lining.

BOUCHE Bouche, v. t.

Defn: Same as Bush, to line.

BOUCHE; BOUCH Bouche, Bouch, n. Etym: [F. bouche mouth, victuals.]

1. A mouth. [Obs.]

2. An allowance of meat and drink for the tables of inferior officers or servants in a nobleman's palace or at court. [Obs.]

BOUCHEES Bou`chées", n. pl. Etym: [F., morsels, mouthfuls, fr. bouche mouth.] (Cookery)

Defn: Small patties.

BOUCHERIZE Bou"cher*ize, v. t. [After Dr. Auguste Boucherie, a French chemist, who invented the process.]

Defn: To impregnate with a preservative solution of copper sulphate, as timber, railroad ties, etc.

BOUD Boud, n.

Defn: A weevil; a worm that breeds in malt, biscuit, etc. [Obs.] Tusser., n. Etym: [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.]

Defn: A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady's (or sometimes a gentleman's) private room. Cowper.

BOUDOIR Bou*doir", n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.]

Defn: A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady's (or sometimes a gentleman's) private room. Cowper.

BOUFFE Bouffe, n. Etym: [F., buffoon.]

Defn: Comic opera. See Opera Bouffe.

BOUGAINVILLAEA Bou`gain*vil*læ`a, n. Etym: [Named from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceæ, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

BOUGE Bouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bouged] Etym: [Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.]

1. To swell out. [Obs.]

2. To bilge. [Obs.] "Their ship bouged." Hakluyt.

BOUGE Bouge, v. t.

Defn: To stave in; to bilge. [Obs.] Holland.

BOUGE Bouge, n. Etym: [F. bouche mouth, victuals.]

Defn: Bouche (see Bouche, 2); food and drink; provisions. [Obs.] [They] made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady or two, that fainted . . . with fasting. B. Jonson .

BOUGET Bou"get, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf. Budget.] (Her.)

Defn: A charge representing a leather vessel for carrying water; -- also called water bouget.

BOUGH Bough, n. Etym: [OE. bogh, AS. bog, boh, bough, shoulder; akin to Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship, Sw. bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug, and to Gr.bahu (for bhaghu) arm. sq. root88, 251. Cf. Bow of a ship.]

1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a large arm or main branch.

2. A gallows. [Archaic] Spenser.

BOUGHT Bought, n. Etym: [Cf. Dan. bugt bend, turning, Icel. bug. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.]

1. A flexure; a bend; a twist; a turn; a coil, as in a rope; as the boughts of a serpent. [Obs.] Spenser. The boughts of the fore legs. Sir T. Browne.

2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [Obs.]

BOUGHT Bought,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Buy.

BOUGHT Bought, p. a.

Defn: Purchased; bribed.

BOUGHTEN Bought"en, a.

Defn: Purchased; not obtained or produced at home. Coleridge.

BOUGHTY Bought"y, a.

Defn: Bending. [Obs.] Sherwood.

BOUGIE Bou*gie" (, n. Etym: [F. bougie wax candle, bougie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.]

1. (Surg.)

Defn: A long, flexible instrument, that is

Note: introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions, or for the other purposes. It was originally made of waxed linen rolled into cylindrical form.

2. (Pharm.)

Defn: A long slender rod consisting of gelatin or some other substance that melts at the temperature of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and designed for introduction into urethra, etc.

BOUGIE DECIMALE Bou*gie" dé`ci`male". [F., lit., decimal candle.]

Defn: A photometric standard used in France, having the value of one twentieth of the Violle platinum standard, or slightly less than a British standard candle. Called also decimal candle.

BOUILLI Bou`illi" (, n. Etym: [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] (Cookery)

Defn: Boiled or stewed meat; beef boiled with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be made; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made.

BOUILLON Bou`illon" (, n. Etym: [F., fr. bouillir to boil.]

1. A nutritious liquid food made by boiling beef, or other meat, in water; a clear soup or broth.

2. (Far.)

Defn: An excrescence on a horse's frush or frog.

BOUK Bouk, n. Etym: [AS. bücbauch, Icel. bü body.]

1. The body. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.]

BOUL Boul, n.

Defn: A curved handle. Sir W. Scott.

BOULANGERITE Bou*lan"ger*ite, n. Etym: [From Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses, also compact. It is sulphide of antimony and lead.

BOULANGISM Bou*lan"gism, n. [F. boulangisme.]

Defn: The spirit or principles of a French political movement identified with Gen. Georges Boulanger (d. 1891), whose militarism and advocacy of revenge on Germany attracted to him a miscellaneous party of monarchists and Republican malcontents. -- Bou*lan"gist (#), n.

BOULDER Boul"der, n.

Defn: Same as Bowlder.

BOULDERY Boul"der*y, a.

Defn: Characterized by bowlders.

BOULE; BOULEWORK Boule, Boule"work`, n.

Defn: Same as Buhl, Buhlwork.

BOULEVARD Bou"le*vard`, n. Etym: [F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.]

1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town.

2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city.

BOULEVARDIER Boule`var`dier", n. [F.]

Defn: A frequenter of a city boulevard, esp. in Paris. F. Harrison.

BOULEVERSEMENT Boule`verse`ment", n. Etym: [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.]

Defn: Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down.

BOULT Boult, n.

Defn: Corrupted form Bolt.

BOULT Boult (bolt), n.

Defn: Corrupted form Bolt.

BOULTEL; BOULTIN Boul"tel, Boul"tin, n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.]

BOULTER Boul"ter, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.

BOUN Boun, a. Etym: [See Bound ready.]

Defn: Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOUN Boun, v. t.

Defn: To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.

BOUNCE Bounce, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced; p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing.] Etym: [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.]

1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly. Another bounces as hard as he can knock. Swift. Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden.

2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as, she bounced into the room. Out bounced the mastiff. Swift. Bounced off his arm+chair. Thackeray.

3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.]

BOUNCE Bounce, v. t.

1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift.

2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss.

3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.]

4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher.

BOUNCE Bounce, n.

1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound.

2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump. The bounce burst open the door. Dryden.

3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.]

4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus).

BOUNCE Bounce, adv.

Defn: With a sudden leap; suddenly. This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me. Bickerstaff.

BOUNCER Boun"cer, n.

1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving.

2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson.

3. A bold lie; also, a liar. [Collog.] Marryat.

4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind. The stone must be a bouncer. De Quincey.

BOUNCING Boun"cing, a.

1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom. Many tall and bouncing young ladies. Thackeray.

2. Excessive; big. "A bouncing reckoning." B. & Fl. Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper's Mag.

BOUNCINGLY Boun"cing*ly, adv.

Defn: With a bounce.

BOUND Bound, n. Etym: [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.]

Defn: The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary. He hath compassed the waters with bounds. Job xxvi. 10. On earth's remotest bounds. Campbell. And mete the bounds of hate and love. Tennyson. To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion.

Syn. -- See Boundary.

BOUND Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bounding.]

1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; -- said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine. Where full measure only bounds excess. Milton. Phlegethon . . . Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds. Dryden.

2. To name the boundaries of; as, to bound France.

BOUND Bound, v. i. Etym: [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.]

1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain. Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds. Pope. And the waves bound beneath me as a steed That knows his rider. Byron.

2. To rebound, as an elastic ball.

BOUND Bound, v. t.

1. To make to bound or leap; as, to bound a horse. [R.] Shak.

2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as, to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.]

BOUND Bound, n.

1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump. A bound of graceful hardihood. Wordsworth.

2. Rebound; as, the bound of a ball. Johnson.

3. (Dancing)

Defn: Spring from one foot to the other.

BOUND Bound,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Bind.

BOUND Bound, p. p. & a.

1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like.

2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as, a bound volume.

3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation.

4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; -- followed by the infinitive; as, he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail.

5. Resolved; as, I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.]

6. Constipated; costive.

Note: Used also in composition; as, icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc. Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff's officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff's misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. -- Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from.

BOUND Bound, a. Etym: [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. bü, p. p. of büaboor and bower. See Bond, a., and cf. Busk, v.]

Defn: Ready or intending to go; on the way toward; going; -- with to or for, or with an adverb of motion; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. "The mariner bound homeward." Cowper.

BOUNDARY Bound"a*ry, n.; pl. Boundaries ( Etym: [From Bound a limit; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land with fixed limits.]

Defn: That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory; a bounding or separating line; a real or imaginary limit. But still his native country lies Beyond the boundaries of the skies. N. Cotton. That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and Meath. Macaulay. Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts. Locke.

Syn. -- Limit; bound; border; term; termination; barrier; verge; confines; precinct. Bound, Boundary. Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But in ordinary usage the two words are made interchangeable.

BOUNDEN Bound"en, p.p & a. Etym: [Old. p. p. of bind.]

1. Bound; fastened by bonds. [Obs.]

2. Under obligation; bound by some favor rendered; obliged; beholden. This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty toward our Lord God in every point. Ridley.

3. Made obligatory; imposed as a duty; binding. I am much bounden to your majesty. Shak.

BOUNDER Bound"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, limits; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert.

BOUNDING Bound"ing, a.

Defn: Moving with a bound or bounds. The bounding pulse, the languid limb. Montgomery.

BOUNDLESS Bound"less, a.

Defn: Without bounds or confines; illimitable; vast; unlimited. "The boundless sky." Bryant. "The boundless ocean." Dryden. "Boundless rapacity." "Boundless prospect of gain." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite. -- Bound"less*ly, adv. -- Bound"less*ness, n.

BOUNTEOUS Boun"te*ous, a. Etym: [OE. bountevous, fr. bounte bounty.]

Defn: Liberal in charity; disposed to give freely; generously liberal; munificent; beneficent; free in bestowing gifts; as, bounteous production. But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good. Cowper. -- Boun"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Boun"te*ous*ness, n.

BOUNTIFUL Boun"ti*ful, a.

1. Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors. God, the bountiful Author of our being. Locke.

2. Plentiful; abundant; as, a bountiful supply of food.

Syn. -- Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous. -- Boun"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Boun"ti*ful*ness, n.

BOUNTIHEAD; BOUNTYHOOD Boun"ti*head, Boun"ty*hood, n.

Defn: Goodness; generosity. [Obs.] Spenser.

BOUNTY Boun"ty, n.; pl. Bounties. Etym: [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonté, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.]

1. Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [Obs.] Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty. Gower.

2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; gracious or liberal giving; generosity; munificence. My bounty is as boundless as the sea. Shak.

3. That which is given generously or liberally. "Thy morning bounties." Cowper.

4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public service; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry or manufactures. Bounty jumper, one who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and deserted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty. [Collog.] -- Queen Anne's bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision made in Queen Anne's reign for augmenting poor clerical livings.

Syn. -- Munificence; generosity; beneficence.

BOUQUET Bou*quet", n. Etym: [F. bouquet bunch, bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousquet, bosquet, thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.]

1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers.

2. A perfume; an aroma; as, the bouquet of wine.

BOUQUETIN Bou`que*tin", n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ibex.

BOUR Bour, n. Etym: [See Bower a chamber.]

Defn: A chamber or a cottage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOURBON Bour"bon, n. Etym: [From the castle and seigniory of Bourbon in central France.]

1. A member of a family which has occupied several European thrones, and whose descendants still claim the throne of France.

2. A politician who is behind the age; a ruler or politician who neither forgets nor learns anything; an obstinate conservative.

BOURBONISM Bour"bon*ism, n.

Defn: The principles of those adhering to the house of Bourbon; obstinate conservatism.

BOURBONIST Bour"bon*ist, n.

Defn: One who adheres to the house of Bourbon; a legitimist.

BOURBON WHISKY Bour"bon whis"ky.

Defn: See under Whisky.

BOURD Bourd, n. Etym: [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, jest, joke.]

Defn: A jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOURD Bourd, v. i.

Defn: To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BOURDER Bourd"er, n.

Defn: A jester. [Obs.]

BOURDON Bour"don, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young she mule; also, crutch, prop.]

Defn: A pilgrim's staff.

BOURDON Bour"don`, n. Etym: [F. See Burden a refrain.] (Mus.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a hurdy-gurdy. See Burden (of a song.) (b) A kind of organ stop.

BOURGEOIS Bour*geois", n. Etym: [From a French type founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class; hence applied to an intermediate size of type between brevier and long primer: cf. G. bourgeois, borgis. Cf. Burgess.] (Print.)

Defn: A size of type between long primer and brevier. See Type.

Note: This line is printed in bourgeois type.

BOURGEOIS Bour*geois", n. Etym: [F., fr. bourg town; of German origin. See Burgess.]

Defn: A man of middle rank in society; one of the shopkeeping class. [France.] a.

Defn: Characteristic of the middle class, as in France.

BOURGEOISIE Bour*geoi*sie", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The French middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or dependent on, trade.

BOURGEON Bour"geon, v. i. Etym: [OE. burjoun a bud, burjounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud; cf. OHG. burjan to raise.]

Defn: To sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow. Sir W. Scott.

BOURI Bou"ri, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A mullet (Mugil capito) found in the rivers of Southern Europe and in Africa.

BOURN; BOURNE Bourn, Bourne, n. Etym: [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna; akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born, brunnen, OHG. prunno, Goth. brunna, Icel. brunnr, and perh. to Gr. burn, v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Torrent, and see Burn, v.]

Defn: A stream or rivulet; a burn. My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. Spenser.

BOURN; BOURNE Bourn, Bourne, n. Etym: [F. borne. See Bound a limit.]

Defn: A bound; a boundary; a limit. Hence: Point aimed at; goal. Where the land slopes to its watery bourn. Cowper. The undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveler returns. Shak. Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song. Wordsworth. To make the doctrine . . . their intellectual bourne. Tyndall.

BOURNLESS Bourn"less, a.

Defn: Without a bourn or limit.

BOURNONITE Bour"non*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Count Bournon, a minerologist.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a steel-gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crystallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels (wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony, lead, and copper.

BOURNOUS Bour*nous", n.

Defn: See Burnoose.

BOURREE Bour*rée, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: An old French dance tune in common time.

BOURSE Bourse, n. Etym: [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL. bursa, fr. Gr.Purse, Burse.]

Defn: An exchange, or place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business at certain hours; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris.

BOUSE Bouse, v. i.

Defn: To drink immoderately; to carouse; to booze. See Booze.

BOUSE Bouse, n.

Defn: Drink, esp. alcoholic drink; also, a carouse; a booze. "A good bouse of liquor." Carlyle.

BOUSER Bous"er, n.

Defn: A toper; a boozer.

BOUSTROPHEDON Bou`stro*phe"don, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: An ancient mode of writing, in alternate directions, one line from left to right, and the next from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek and Hittite.

BOUSTROPHEDONIC Bou*stroph`e*don"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to the boustrophedon mode of writing.

BOUSTROPHIC Bou*stroph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Boustrophedonic.

BOUSY Bousy, a.

Defn: Drunken; sotted; boozy. In his cups the bousy poet songs. Dryden.

BOUT Bout, n. Etym: [A different spelling and application of bought bend.]

1. As much of an action as is performed at one time; a going and returning, as of workmen in reaping, mowing, etc.; a turn; a round. In notes with many a winding bout Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton. The prince . . . has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for this bout. Goldsmith.

2. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial; a set-to at anything; as, a fencing bout; a drinking bout. The gentleman will, for his honor's sake, have one bout with you; he can not by the duello avoid it. Shak.

BOUTADE Bou*tade", n. Etym: [F., fr. bouter to thrust. See Butt.]

Defn: An outbreak; a caprice; a whim. [Obs.]

BOUTEFEU Boute"feu, n. Etym: [F.; bouter to thrust, put + feu fire.]

Defn: An incendiary; an inciter of quarrels. [Obs.] Animated by . . . John à Chamber, a very boutefeu, . . . they entered into open rebellion. Bacon.

BOUTONNIERE Bou`ton`nière", n. Etym: [F., buttonhole.]

Defn: A bouquet worn in a buttonhole.

BOUTS-RIMES Bouts`-ri*més", n. pl. Etym: [F. bout end + rimé rhymed.]

Defn: Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person to whom they are offered.

BOVATE Bo"vate, n. Etym: [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.] (O.Eng.Law.)

Defn: An oxgang, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; an ancient measure of land, of indefinite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres.

BOVEY COAL Bo"vey coal`. (Min.)

Defn: A kind of mineral coal, or brown lignite, burning with a weak flame, and generally a disagreeable odor; -- found at Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, England. It is of geological age of the oölite, and not of the true coal era.

BOVID Bo"vid, a. Etym: [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the genus Bos is the type.

BOVIFORM Bo"vi*form, a. Etym: [L. bos, bovis, ox + -form.]

Defn: Resembling an ox in form; ox-shaped. [R.]

BOVINE Bo"vine, a. Etym: [LL. bovinus, fr.L. bos, bovis, ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: of or pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow; oxlike; as, the bovine genus; a bovine antelope.

2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows; sluggish and patient; dull; as, a bovine temperament. The bovine gaze of gaping rustics. W. Black.

BOW Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] Etym: [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bugan (generally v.i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G. biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw. böja, Dan. böie, bugne, Coth. biugan; also to L. fugere to flee, Gr. bhuj to bend. sq. root88. Cf. Fugitive.]

1. To cause to deviate from straightness; to bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved. We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their natural straightness. Milton. The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyranny. Prescott.

2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over; to bend, figuratively; to turn; to incline. Adversities do more bow men's minds to religion. Bacon. Not to bow and bias their opinions. Fuller.

3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of respect, gratitude, assent, homage, or condescension. They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him. 2 Kings ii. 15.

4. To cause to bend down; to prostrate; to depress,; Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave. Shak.

5. To express by bowing; as, to bow one's thanks.

BOW Bow (bou), v. i.

1. To bend; to curve. [Obs.]

2. To stop. [Archaic] They stoop, they bow down together. Is. xlvi. 2

3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of reverence or submission; -- often with down. O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the Lord our maker. Ps. xcv. 6.

4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility, or assent; to make bow. Admired, adored by all circling crowd, For wheresoe'er she turned her face, they bowed. Dryden.

BOW Bow (bou), n.

Defn: An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission; an obeisance; as, a bow of deep humility.

BOW Bow (bo), n. Etym: [OE. bowe, boge, AS. boga, fr. AS. bü to bend; akin to D. boog, G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See Bow, v. t.]

1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve, as the rainbow. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13.

2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means of which an arrow is propelled.

3. An ornamental knot, with projecting lops, formed by doubling a ribbon or string.

4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an ox and fastens it to the yoke.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: An appliance consisting of an elastic rod, with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument.

6. An acrograph.

7. (Mech. & Manuf.)

Defn: Any instrument consisting of an elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for preparing and arranging the hair, fur, etc., used by hatters.

8. (Naut.)

Defn: A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for taking the sun's altitude at sea.

9. (Saddlery) sing. or pl.

Defn: Two pieces of wood which form the arched forward part of a saddletree. Bow bearer (O. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest who looked after trespassers. -- Bow drill, a drill worked by a bow and string. -- Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed instrument from which the tones are produced by the bow. -- Bow window (Arch.) See Bay window. -- To draw a long bow, to lie; to exaggerate. [Colloq.]

BOW Bow (bo), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.]

Defn: To play (music) with a bow. -- v. i.

Defn: To manage the bow.

BOW Bow (bo), n. Etym: [Icel. bogr shoulder, bow of a ship. See Bough.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The bending or rounded part of a ship forward; the stream or prow.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: One who rows in the forward part of a boat; the bow oar. Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while chasing another vessel. Totten. - Bow piece, a piece of ordnance carried at the bow of a ship. -- On the bow (Naut.), on that part of the horizon within 45º on either side of the line ahead. Totten.

BOWABLE Bow"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being bowed or bent; flexible; easily influenced; yielding. [Obs.]

BOWBELL Bow"bell`, n.

Defn: One born within hearing distance of Bow-bells; a cockney. Halliwell.

BOW-BELLS Bow"-bells`, n. pl.

Defn: The bells of Bow Church in London; cockneydom. People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called cockneys. Murray's Handbook of London.

BOWBENT Bow"bent`, a.

Defn: Bent, like a bow. Milton.

BOW-COMPASS Bow"-com`pass, n.; pl. Bow-compasses (.

1. An arcograph.

2. A small pair of compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil, or a pen, for drawing circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow- shaped spring, instead of by a joint.

3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other.

BOWDLERIZE Bowd"ler*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowdlerized; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowdlerizing.] [After Dr. Thomas Bowdler, an English physician, who published an expurgated edition of Shakespeare in 1818.]

Defn: To expurgate, as a book, by omitting or modifying the parts considered offensive.

It is a grave defect in the splendid tale of Tom Jones . . . that a Bowlderized version of it would be hardly intelligible as a tale. F. Harrison.

-- Bowd`ler*i*za"tion (#), n. --Bowd"ler*ism (#), n.

BOWEL Bow"el, n. Etym: [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel, boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL. also intestine, dim. of L. botulus sausage.]

1. One of the intestines of an animal; an entrail, especially of man; a gut; -- generally used in the plural. He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. Acts i. 18.

2. pl.

Defn: Hence, figuratively: The interior part of anything; as, the bowels of the earth. His soldiers . . . cried out amain, And rushed into the bowels of the battle. Shak.

3. pl.

Defn: The seat of pity or kindness. Hence: Tenderness; compassion. "Thou thing of no bowels." Shak. Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of guts, and empty of bowels. Fuller.

4. pl.

Defn: Offspring. [Obs.] Shak.

BOWEL Bow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled; p. pr.& vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.]

Defn: To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate; to disembowel.

BOWELED Bow"eled, a. [Written also bowelled.]

Defn: Having bowels; hollow. "The boweled cavern." Thomson.

BOWELLESS Bow"el*less, a.

Defn: Without pity. Sir T. Browne.

BOWENITE Bow"en*ite, n. Etym: [From G.T.Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.)

Defn: A hard, compact variety of serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green color and resembles jade.

BOWER Bo"wer, n. Etym: [From Bow, v. & n.]

1. One who bows or bends.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: An anchor carried at the bow of a ship.

3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [Obs.] His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers Were wont to rive steel plates and helmets hew. Spenser. Best bower, Small bower. See the Note under Anchor.

BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [G. bauer a peasant. So called from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. See Boor.]

Defn: One of the two highest cards in the pack commonly used in the game of euchre. Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card (except the "Joker") in the game. -- Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the right bower in value. -- Best bower or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games, an extra card sometimes added to the pack, which takes precedence of all others as the highest card.

BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [OE. bour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. bur, fr. the root of AS. buan to dwell; akin to Icel. bur chamber, storehouse, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pur room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. *97] Cf.Boor, Byre.]

1. Anciently, a chamber; a lodging room; esp., a lady's private apartment. Give me my lute in bed now as I lie, And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower. Gascoigne.

2. A rustic cottage or abode; poetically, an attractive abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Johnson.

3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together; an arbor; a shady recess.

BOWER Bow"er, v. t.

Defn: To embower; to inclose. Shak.

BOWER Bow"er, v. i.

Defn: To lodge. [Obs.] Spenser.

BOWER Bow"er, n. Etym: [From Bough, cf. Brancher.] (Falconry)

Defn: A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [Obs.]

BOWER-BARFF PROCESS Bow"er-Barff" proc`ess . (Metal.)

Defn: A certain process for producing upon articles of iron or steel an adherent coating of the magnetic oxide of iron (which is not liable to corrosion by air, moisture, or ordinary acids). This is accomplished by producing, by oxidation at about 1600º F. in a closed space, a coating containing more or less of the ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and the subsequent change of this in a reduced atmosphere to the magnetic oxide (Fe2O4).

BOWER BIRD Bow"er bird`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An Australian bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus or holosericeus), allied to the starling, which constructs singular bowers or playhouses of twigs and decorates them with brightcolored objects; the satin bird.

Note: The name is also applied to other related birds of the same region, having similar habits; as, the spotted bower bird (Chalmydodera maculata), and the regent bird (Sericulus melinus).

BOWERY Bow"er*y, a.

Defn: Shading, like a bower; full of bowers. A bowery maze that shades the purple streams. Trumbull.

BOWERY Bow"er*y, n.; pl. Boweries Etym: [D. bouwerij.]

Defn: A farm or plantation with its buildings. [U.S.Hist.] The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on boweries or plantations; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch authorities, to gather into "villages, towns, and hamlets, as the English were in the habit of doing." Bancroft.

BOWERY Bow"er*y, a.

Defn: Characteristic of the street called the Bowery, in New York city; swaggering; flashy.

BOWESS Bow"ess, n. (Falconry)

Defn: Same as Bower. [Obs.]

BOWFIN Bow"fin`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United States; the mudfish; -- called also Johnny Grindle, and dogfish.

BOWGE Bowge, v. i.

Defn: To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs.]

BOWGE Bowge, v. t.

Defn: To cause to leak. [Obs.] See Bouge.

BOWGRACE Bow"grace`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A frame or fender of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel to secure it from injury by floating ice.

BOW HAND Bow" hand`.

1. (Archery)

Defn: The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand. Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand. Spenser.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand.

BOWHEAD Bow"head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The great Arctic or Greenland whale. (Balæna mysticetus). See Baleen, and Whale.

BOWIE KNIFE Bow"ie knife`.

Defn: A knife with a strong blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged near the point; -- used as a hunting knife, and formerly as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United States. It was named from its inventor, Colonel James Bowie. Also, by extension, any large sheath knife.

BOWING Bow"ing, n. (Mus.)

1. The act or art of managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments. Bowing constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist, the violist, etc. J. W. Moore.

2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to prepare it for felting.

BOWINGLY Bow"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bending manner.

BOWKNOT Bow"knot`, n.

Defn: A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied.

BOWL Bowl, n. Etym: [OE. bolle, AS. bolla; akin to Icel. bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor. Cf. Boll.]

1. A concave vessel of various forms (often approximately hemisherical), to hold liquids, etc. Brought them food in bowls of basswood. Longfellow.

2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other spirituous liquors; hence, convival drinking.

3. The contents of a full bowl; what a bowl will hold.

4. The bollow part of a thing; as, the bowl of a spoon.

BOWL Bowl, n. Etym: [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. Cf. Bull an edict, Bill a writing.]

1. A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface in play; a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the other, so as to give it a bias when rolled.

2. pl.

Defn: An ancient game, popular in Great Britain, played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward. Like an uninstructed bowler, . . . who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it. Sir W. Scott.

3. pl.

Defn: The game of tenpins or bowling. [U.S.]

BOWL Bowl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowling.]

1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket ball. Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel, And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven. Shak.

2. To roll or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels; as, we were bowled rapidly along the road.

3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled. Alas, I had rather be set quick i' the earth, And bowled to death with turnipsShak. To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by knocking down a bail or a stump in bowling.

BOWL Bowl, v. i.

1. To play with bowls.

2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc.

3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as, the carriage bowled along.

BOWLDER; BOULDER Bowl"der, Boul"der, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. bullra to roar, rattle, Dan. buldre, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.]

1. A large stone, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water; a large pebble.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: A mass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. See Drift. Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Glacial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of bowlders. -- Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large stones or bowlders.

BOWLDERY Bowl"der*y, a.

Defn: Characterized by bowlders.

BOWLEG Bow"leg`, n.

Defn: A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor.

BOW-LEGGED Bow"-legged`, a.

Defn: Having crooked legs, esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson.

BOWLER Bowl"er, n.

Defn: One who plays at bowls, or who rolls the ball in cricket or any other game.

BOWLESS Bow"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of a bow.

BOWLINE Bow"line, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. böglïnabovline; properly the line attached to the shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and Line.] (Naut.)

Defn: A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is closehauled. Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. -- Bowline knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close to the wind; -- said of a ship.

BOWLING Bowl"ing, n.

Defn: The act of playing at or rolling bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket; the game of bowls or of tenpins. Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowls or tenpins. -- Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amsterdam played this game.

BOWLS Bowls, n. pl.

Defn: See Bowl, a ball, a game.

BOWMAN Bow"man, n.; pl. Bowmen (.

Defn: A man who uses a bow; an archer. The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen. Jer. iv. 29. Bowman's root. (Bot.) See Indian physic, under Indian.

BOWMAN Bow"man, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat; the bow oar.

BOWNE Bowne, v. t. Etym: [See Boun.]

Defn: To make ready; to prepare; to dress. [Obs.] We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet. Sir W. Scott.

BOW NET Bow" net`

Defn: .

1. A trap for lobsters, being a wickerwork cylinder with a funnel- shaped entrance at one end.

2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh.

BOW OAR Bow" oar`

Defn: .

1. The oar used by the bowman.

2. One who rows at the bow of a boat.

BOW-PEN Bow"-pen`, n.

Defn: Bow-compasses carrying a drawing pen. See Bow-compass.

BOW-PENCIL Bow"-pen`cil, n.

Defn: Bow-compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil.

BOW-SAW Bow"-saw`, n.

Defn: A saw with a thin or narrow blade set in a strong frame.

BOWSE Bowse, v. i. Etym: [See Booze, and Bouse.]

1. To carouse; to bouse; to booze. De Quincey.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To pull or haul; as, to bowse upon a tack; to bowse away, i. e., to pull all together.

BOWSE Bowse, n.

Defn: A carouse; a drinking bout; a booze.

BOWSHOT Bow"shot`, n.

Defn: The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow.

BOWSPRIT Bow"sprit`, n. Etym: [Bow + sprit; akin to D.boegspriet; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also Sw. bogspröt, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.)

Defn: A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward.

BOWSSEN Bows"sen, v. t.

Defn: To drench; to soak; especially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative properties). [Obs.] There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men. . . . If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again and again. Carew.

BOWSTRING Bow"string`, n.

1. The string of a bow.

2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders. Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a tie forming a chord of the arch. -- Bowstring girder, an arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two ends. -- Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from which bowstrings are made. Balfour.

BOWSTRING Bow"string`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowstringed ( or Bowstrung (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bowstringing.]

Defn: To strangle with a bowstring.

BOWSTRINGED Bow"stringed`, p.a.

1. Furnished with bowstring.

2. Put to death with a bowstring; strangled.

BOWTEL Bow"tel, n.

Defn: See Boultel.

BOWWOW Bow"wow`, n.

Defn: An onomatopoetic name for a dog or its bark. -- a.

Defn: Onomatopoetic; as, the bowwow theory of language; a bowwow word. [Jocose.]

BOWYER Bow"yer, n. Etym: [From Bow, like lawyer from law.]

1. An archer; one who uses bow.

2. One who makes or sells bows.

BOX Box, n. Etym: [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. Box a case.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwaft box (B.suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc. Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. -- Box holly, the butcher's broom (Russus aculeatus). -- Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). -- Box tree, the tree variety of the common box.

BOX Box, n.; pl. Boxes ( Etym: [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.]

1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes.

2. The quantity that a box contain.

3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement. Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage. Dorset. The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges. Dryden.

4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as, a poor box; a contribution box. Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks, Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box. J. Warton.

5. A small country house. "A shooting box." Wilson. Tight boxes neatly sashed. Cowper.

6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as, a sentry box.

7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump.

8. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach.

9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. "A Christmas box." Dickens.

10. (Baseball)

Defn: The square in which the pitcher stands.

11. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue.

Note: Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox. Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. -- Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. -- Box chronometer, a ship's chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. -- Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. -- Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. -- Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. -- Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. -- Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. -- Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. -- Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. -- Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the rigth and the left. -- Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; -- so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. Also, humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. -- In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) -- In the wrong box, out of one's place; out of one's element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554)

BOX Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.]

1. To inclose in a box.

2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form. To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. -- To box off, to divide into tight compartments. -- To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as, he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as, to be boxed up in narrow quarters.

BOX Box, n. Etym: [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.]

Defn: A blow on the head or ear with the hand. A good-humored box on the ear. W. Irving.

BOX Box, v. i.

Defn: To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.

BOX Box, v. t.

Defn: To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.

BOX Box, v. t. Etym: [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.]

Defn: To boxhaul. To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. -- To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.

BOXBERRY Box"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The wintergreern. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.]

BOXEN Box"en, a.

Defn: Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.] The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves. Dryden.

BOXER Box"er, n.

Defn: One who packs boxes.

BOXER Box"er, n.

Defn: One who boxes; a pugilist.

BOXFISH Box"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The trunkfish.

BOXHAUL Box"haul`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled.] (Naut.)

Defn: To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; -- so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten.

BOXHAULING Box"haul`ing, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul.

BOXING Box"ing, n.

1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation.

2. Material used in making boxes or casings.

3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.

BOXING Box"ing, n.

Defn: The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone. Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.

BOXING DAY Box"ing day`.

Defn: The first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday on which Christmas boxes are given to postmen, errand boys, employees, etc. The night of this day is boxing night. [Eng.]

BOX-IRON Box"-i`ron, n.

Defn: A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within.

BOXKEEPER Box"keep`er, n.

Defn: An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes.

BOX KITE Box kite.

Defn: A kite, invented by Lawrence Hargrave, of Sydney, Australia, which consist of two light rectangular boxes, or cells open on two sides, and fastened together horizontally. Called also Hargrave, or cellular, kite.

BOX TAIL Box tail. (Aëronautics)

Defn: In a flying machine, a tail or rudder, usually fixed, resembling a box kite.

BOXTHORN Box"thorn`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum.

BOXWOOD Box"wood`, n.

Defn: The wood of the box (Buxus).

BOY Boy, n. Etym: [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.]

Defn: A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son. My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee. Sir W. Scott.

Note: Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an assosiaton, fraternity, or party. Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] -- Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] -- Boy's love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum);) -- called also lad's love. -- Boy's play, childish amusements; anything trifling.

BOY Boy, v. t.

Defn: To act as a boy; -- in allusion to the former practice of boys

## acting women's parts on the stage.

I shall see Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. Shak.

BOYAR; BOYARD Bo*yar", Bo*yard", n. Etym: [Russ. boiárin'.]

Defn: A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania.

Note: English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars.

BOYAU Boy"au, n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus. Etym: [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] (Fort.)

Defn: A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.

BOYCOTT Boy"cott`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] Etym: [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.]

Defn: To combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations; to subject to a boycott.

BOYCOTT Boy"cott, n.

Defn: The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting; a combining to withhold or prevent dealing or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion.

BOYCOTTER Boy"cott`er, n.

Defn: A participant in boycotting.

BOYCOTTISM Boy"cott*ism, n.

Defn: Methods of boycotters.

BOYDEKIN Boy"de*kin, n.

Defn: A dagger; a bodkin. [Obs.]

BOYER Boy"er, n. Etym: [D. boeijer; -- so called because these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or buoys: cf. F. boyer. See Buoy.] (Naut.)

Defn: A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh.

BOYHOOD Boy"hood, n. Etym: [Boy + -hood.]

Defn: The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. Hood.

BOYISH Boy"ish, a.

Defn: Resembling a boy in a manners or opinions; belonging to a boy; childish; trifling; puerile. A boyish, odd conceit. Baillie.

BOYISHLY Boy"ish*ly, adv.

Defn: In a boyish manner; like a boy.

BOYISHNESS Boy"ish*ness, n.

Defn: The manners or behavior of a boy.

BOYISM Boy"ism, n.

1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton.

2. The nature of a boy; childishness. Dryden.

BOYLE'S LAW Boyle's" law`.

Defn: See under Law.

BOY SCOUT Boy scout.

Defn: Orig., a member of the "Boy Scouts," an organization of boys founded in 1908, by Sir R. S. S. Baden-Powell, to promote good citizenship by creating in them a spirit of civic duty and of usefulness to others, by stimulating their interest in wholesome mental, moral, industrial, and physical activities, etc. Hence, a member of any of the other similar organizations, which are now worldwide. In "The Boy Scouts of America" the local councils are generally under a scout commissioner, under whose supervision are scout masters, each in charge of a troop of two or more patrols of eight scouts each, who are of three classes, tenderfoot, second-class scout, and first-class scout.

BOZA Bo"za, n. Etym: [See Bosa.]

Defn: An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.]

BRABANTINE Bra*bant"ine, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Brabant, an ancient province of the Netherlands.

BRABBLE Brab"ble, v. i. Etym: [D. brabbelen to talk confusedly. Blab, Babble.]

Defn: To clamor; to contest noisily. [R.]

BRABBLE Brab"ble, n.

Defn: A broil; a noisy contest; a wrangle. This petty brabble will undo us all. Shak.

BRABBLEMENT Brab"ble*ment, n.

Defn: A brabble. [R.] Holland.

BRABBLER Brab"bler, n.

Defn: A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fellow; a wrangler. [R] Shak.

BRACCATE Brac"cate, a.Etym: [L. bracatus wearing breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Furnished with feathers which conceal the feet.

BRACE Brace, n. Etym: [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms, embrace, fathom, F. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the arms (stretched out), pl. of bracchium arm; cf. Gr.

1. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a bandage or a prop.

2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or maintaining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum. The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing it as the braces of the war drum do in that. Derham.

3. The state of being braced or tight; tension. The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension. Holder.

4. (Arch. & Engin.)

Defn: A piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or lines, which are to be taken together; thus, boll, bowl; or, in music, used to connect staves.

6. (Naut.)

Defn: A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally; also, a rudder gudgeon.

7. (Mech.)

Defn: A curved instrument or handle of iron or wood, for holding and turning bits, etc.; a bitstock.

8. A pair; a couple; as, a brace of ducks; now rarely applied to persons, except familiarly or with some contempt. "A brace of greyhounds." Shak. He is said to have shot . . . fifty brace of pheasants. Addison. A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning and religion, now appeared in the church. Fuller. But you, my brace of lords. Shak.

9. pl.

Defn: Straps or bands to sustain trousers; suspenders. I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces. Thackeray.

10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.] For that it stands not in such warlike brace. Shak.

11. Armor for the arm; vantbrace.

12. (Mining)

Defn: The mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall] Angle brace. See under Angle.

BRACE Brace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.]

1. To furnish with braces; to support; to prop; as, to brace a beam in a building.

2. To draw tight; to tighten; to put in a state of tension; to strain; to strengthen; as, to brace the nerves. And welcome war to brace her drums. Campbell.

3. To bind or tie closely; to fasten tightly. The women of China, by bracing and binding them from their infancy, have very little feet. Locke. Some who spurs had first braced on. Sir W. Scott.

4. To place in a position for resisting pressure; to hold firmly; as, he braced himself against the crowd. A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced. Fairfax.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: To move around by means of braces; as, to brace the yards. To brace about (Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the contrary tack. -- To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it horizontally by means of a brace. -- To brace in (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. -- To brace one's self, to call up one's energies. "He braced himself for an effort which he was little able to make." J. D. Forbes. - To brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by checking or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather one, to assist in tacking. -- To brace up (Naut.), to bring (a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the lee brace. -- To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard) as far forward as the rigging will permit.

BRACE Brace, v. i.

Defn: To get tone or vigor; to rouse one's energies; -with up. [Colloq.]

BRACELET Brace"let, n. Etym: [F. bracelet, dim. of OF. bracel armlet, prop. little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. bracchium. See Brace,n.]

1. An ornamental band or ring, for the wrist or the arm; in modern times, an ornament encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls.

2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson.

BRACER Bra"cer, n.

1. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage.

2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from the vibration of the string; also, a brassart. Chaucer.

3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson.

BRACH Brach, n. Etym: [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound or setting dog, OF. brache, braque, fr. OHG. braccho, G. bracke; possibly akin to E. fragrant, fr. L. fragrare to smell.]

Defn: A bitch of the hound kind. Shak.

BRACHELYTRA Brach*el"y*tra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ( (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

BRACHIA Brach"i*a, n. pl.

Defn: See Brachium.

BRACHIAL Brach"i*al or (, a. Etym: [L. brachialis (bracch-), from bracchium (bracch-) arm: cf. F. brachial.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining or belonging to the arm; as, the brachial artery; the brachial nerve.

2. Of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm.

BRACHIATA Brach`i*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [See Brachiate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

BRACHIATE Brach"i*ate, a. Etym: [L. brachiatus (bracch-) with boughs or branches like arms, from brackium (bracch-) arm.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac.

BRACHIOGANOID Brach`i*og"a*noid, n.

Defn: One of the Brachioganoidei.

BRACHIOGANOIDEI Brach`i*o*ga*noid"e*i, n. pl.Etym: [NL., from L. brachium (bracch-) arm + NL. ganoidei.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of ganoid fishes of which the bichir of Africa is a living example. See Crossopterygii.

BRACHIOLARIA Brach`i*o*la"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. brachiolum (bracch-), dim. of brachium (bracch-) arm.]

Defn: (Zoöl.) A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

BRACHIOPOD Brach"i*o*pod, n. Etym: [Cf.F. brachiopode.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell.

BRACHIOPODA Brach`i*op"o*da, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle.

Note: Within the shell is a pair of "arms," often long and spirally coiled, bearing rows of ciliated tentacles by which a current of water is made to flow into the mantle cavity, bringing the microscopic food to the mouth between the bases of the arms. The shell is both opened and closed by special muscles. They form two orders; Lyopoma, in which the shell is thin, and without a distinct hinge, as in Lingula; and Arthropoma, in which the firm calcareous shell has a regular hinge, as in Rhynchonella. See Arthropomata.

BRACHIUM Brach"i*um, n.; pl. Bracchia (. Etym: [L. brachium or bracchium, arm.] (Anat.)

Defn: The upper arm; the segment of the fore limb between the shoulder and the elbow.

BRACHMAN Brach"man, n. Etym: [L. Brachmanae, pl., Gr.

Defn: See Brahman. [Obs.]

BRACHYCATALECTIC Brach`y*cat`a*lec"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Gr.& Last. Pros.)

Defn: A verse wanting two syllables at its termination.

BRACHYCEPHALIC; BRACHYCEPHALOUS Brach`y*ce*phal"ic, Brach`y*ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Having the skull short in proportion to its breadth; shortheaded; -- in distinction from dolichocephalic.

BRACHYCEPHALY; BRACHYCEPHALISM Brach`y*ceph"a*ly, Brach`y*ceph"a*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Brachycéphalie] . (Anat.)

Defn: The state or condition of being brachycephalic; shortness of head.

BRACHYCERAL Bra*chyc"er*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having short antennæ, as certain insects.

BRACHYDIAGONAL Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. diagonal.]

Defn: Pertaining to the shorter diagonal, as of a rhombic prism. Brachydiagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal.

BRACHYDIAGONAL Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal, n.

Defn: The shorter of the diagonals in a rhombic prism.

BRACHYDOME Brach`y*dome, n. Etym: [Gr. dome.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: A dome parallel to the shorter lateral axis. See Dome.

BRACHYGRAPHER Bra*chyg"ra*pher, n.

Defn: A writer in short hand; a stenographer. He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of the sermon. Gayton.

BRACHYGRAPHY Bra*chyg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. brachygraphie.]

Defn: Stenograhy. B. Jonson.

BRACHYLOGY Bra*chyl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. brachylogie.] (Rhet.)

Defn: Conciseness of expression; brevity.

BRACHYPINACOID Brach`y*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. pinacoid.] (Crytallog.)

Defn: A plane of an orthorhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydiagonal) axis.

BRACHYPTERA Bra*chyp"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

BRACHYPTERES Bra*chyp"te*res, n.pl. Etym: [NL. See Brachyptera. ] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of birds, including auks, divers, and penguins.

BRACHYPTEROUS Bra*chyp"ter*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. brachyptère.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having short wings.

BRACHYSTOCHRONE Bra*chys"to*chrone, n. Etym: [Incorrect for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. brachistochrone. ] (Math.)

Defn: A curve, in which a body, starting from a given point, and descending solely by the force of gravity, will reach another given point in a shorter time than it could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent, as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as the cycloid.

BRACHYTYPOUS Brach"y*ty`pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Of a short form.

BRACHYURA Brach`y*u"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix.

BRACHYURAL; BRACHYUROUS Brach`y*u"ral, Brach`y*u"rous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. brachyure.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Brachyura.

BRACHYURAN Brach`y*u"ran, n.

Defn: One of the Brachyura.

BRACING Bra"cing, a.

Defn: Imparting strength or tone; strengthening; invigorating; as, a bracing north wind.

BRACING Bra"cing, n.

1. The act of strengthening, supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces; the state of being braced.

2. (Engin.)

Defn: Any system of braces; braces, collectively; as, the bracing of a truss.

BRACK Brack, n. Etym: [Cf.D. braak, Dan. bræk, a breaking, Sw. & Isel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.]

Defn: An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw. Stain or brack in her sweet reputation. J. Fletcher.

BRACK Brack, n. Etym: [D. brak, adj., salt; cf. LG. wrak refuse, G. brack.]

Defn: Salt or brackish water. [Obs.] Drayton.

BRACKEN Brack"en, n. Etym: [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See 2d Brake, n.]

Defn: A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott.

BRACKET Brack"et, n. Etym: [Cf.OF. braguette codpiece, F. brayette, Sp. bragueta, also a projecting mold in architecture; dim. fr.L. bracae breeches; cf. also, OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin. Cf. Breeches.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: An architectural member, plain or ornamental, projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling outside of the same; also, a decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office.

Note: This is the more general word. See Brace, Cantalever, Console, Corbel, Strut.

2. (Engin. & Mech.)

Defn: A piece or combination of pieces, usually triangular in general shape, projecting from, or fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy bodies or to strengthen angles.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A shot, crooked timber, resembling a knee, used as a support.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage.

5. (Print.)

Defn: One of two characters [], used to inclose a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other purposes; -- called also crotchet.

6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, column, or the like. Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a wall, column, etc.

BRACKET Brack"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracketing]

Defn: To place within brackets; to connect by brackets; to furnish with brackets.

BRACKETING Brack"et*ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A series or group of brackets; brackets, collectively.

BRACKISH Brack"ish, a. Etym: [See Brack salt water.]

Defn: Saltish, or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil. Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they be. Byron.

BRACKISHNESS Brack"ish*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being brackish, or somewhat salt.

BRACKY Brack"y, a.

Defn: Brackish. Drayton.

BRACT Bract, n. Etym: [See Bractea.] (Bot.) (a) A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises. (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower.

Note: Bracts are often inconspicuous, but sometimes large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cactaceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicuous forms of bracts.

BRACTEA Brac"te*a, n. Etym: [L., a thin plate of metal or wood, gold foil.] (Bot.)

Defn: A bract.

BRACTEAL Brac"te*al, a. Etym: [Cf.F. bractéal.]

Defn: Having the nature or appearance of a bract.

BRACTEATE Brac"te*ate, a. Etym: [Cf.L. bracteatus covered with gold plate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having a bract or bracts.

BRACTED Bract"ed, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Furnished with bracts.

BRACTEOLATE Brac"te*o*late, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Furnished with bracteoles or bractlets.

BRACTEOLE Brac"te*ole, n. Etym: [L. bracteola, dim. of bractea. See Bractea.] (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Bractlet.

BRACTLESS Bract"less, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Destitute of bracts.

BRACTLET Bract"let, n. Etym: [Bract + -let] (Bot.)

Defn: A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that support several flowers. Gray.

BRAD Brad, n. Etym: [Cf.OE. brod, Dan. braad prick, sting, brodde ice spur, frost nail, Sw. brodd frost nail, Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or stell; akin to AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle. See Bristle, n.]

Defn: A thin nail, usually small, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head; also, a small wire nail, with a flat circular head; sometimes, a small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a countersunk head.

BRAD AWL Brad" awl`.

Defn: A straight awl with chisel edge, used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale.

BRADOON Bra*doon", n.

Defn: Same as Bridoon.

BRAE Brae, n. Etym: [See Bray a hill.]

Defn: A hillside; a slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Burns.

BRAG Brag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] Etym: [OE. braggen to resound, blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt, boast, OF. brague merriment), from Icel. braka to creak, brak noise, fr. the same root as E. break; properly then, to make a noise, boast. 95.]

Defn: To talk about one's self, or things pertaining to one's self, in a manner intended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder; to talk boastfully; to boast; -- often followed by of; as, to brag of one's exploits, courage, or money, or of the great things one intends to do. Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, Brags of his substance, not of ornament. Shak.

Syn. -- To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish; talk big.

BRAG Brag, v. t.

Defn: To boast of. [Obs.] Shak.

BRAG Brag, n.

1. A boast or boasting; bragging; ostentatious pretense or self glorification. Cæsar . . . made not here his brag Of "came," and "saw," and "overcame." Shak.

2. The thing which is boasted of. Beauty is Nature's brag. Milton.

3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield.

BRAG Brag, a. Etym: [See Brag, v. i.]

Defn: Brisk; full of spirits; boasting; pretentious; conceited. [Arhaic] A brag young fellow. B. Jonson.

BRAG Brag, adv.

Defn: Proudly; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller.

BRAGGADOCIO Brag`ga*do"cio, n. Etym: [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser's "Faërie Queene."]

1. A braggart; a boaster; a swaggerer. Dryden.

2. Empty boasting; mere brag; pretension.

BRAGGARDISM Brag"gard*ism, n. Etym: [See Braggart.]

Defn: Boastfulness; act of bragging. Shak.

BRAGGART Brag"gart, n. Etym: [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.]

Defn: A boaster. O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, And braggart with my tongue. Shak.

BRAGGART Brag"gart, a.

Defn: Boastful. -- Brag"gart*ly, adv.

BRAGGER Brag"ger, n.

Defn: One who brags; a boaster.

BRAGGET Brag"get, n. Etym: [OE. braket, bragot, fr. W. bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.]

Defn: A liquor made of ale and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BRAGGINGLY Brag"ging`ly, adv.

Defn: Boastingly.

BRAGLESS Brag"less, a.

Defn: Without bragging. [R.] Shak.

BRAGLY Brag"ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner to be bragged of; finely; proudly. [Obs.] Spenser.

BRAHMA Brah"ma, n. Etym: [See Brahman.]

1. (Hindoo Myth.)

Defn: The One First Cause; also, one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer.

Note: According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma (with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence, the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal gods, Brahmá (with the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva, are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine Essence.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; -- called also Brahmapootra.

BRAHMAN; BRAHMIN Brah"man, Brah"min, n.; pl. Brahmans, Brahmins. Etym: [Skr. Brahmana (cf. Brahman worship, holiness; the God Brahma, also Brahman): cf. F. Brahmane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brachmanae, -manes, -mani, pl., Gr.

Defn: A person of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos. Brahman bull (Zoöl.), the male of a variety of the zebu, or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos.

BRAHMANESS Brah"man*ess, n.

Defn: A Brahmani.

BRAHMANI Brah"man*i, n. Etym: [Fem. of Brahman.]

Defn: Any Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.]

BRAHMANIC; BRAHMANICAL; BRAHMAN-ICAL; BRAHMINIC; BRAHMINICAL; BRAHMIN-ICAL Brah*man"ic, -ic*al , Brah*min"ic (, *ic*al (, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship.

BRAHMANISM; BRAHMINISM Brah"man*ism, Brah"min*ism, n.

Defn: The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans; the religion of Brahma.

BRAHMANIST; BRAHMINIST Brah"man*ist, Brah"min*ist, n.

Defn: An adherent of the religion of the Brahmans.

BRAHMOISM Brah"mo*ism, n.

Defn: The religious system of Brahmo-somaj. Balfour.

BRAHMO-SOMAJ Brah`mo-so*maj", n. Etym: [Bengalese, a wor

Defn: A modern reforming theistic sect among the Hindos. [Written also Brahma-samaj.]

BRAID Braid, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Braided; p. pr. & vb. n. Braiding.] Etym: [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach, braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave; akin. to Icel. breg, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave, OHG. brettan to brandish. Cf. Broid.]

1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait. Braid your locks with rosy twine. Milton.

2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consistence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in some culinary operations.

3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak.

BRAID Braid, n.

1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining or weaving together different strands. A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined together. Scott.

2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc.

BRAID Braid, n. Etym: [Cf.Icel. breg to move quickly.]

1. A quick motion; a start. [Obs.] Sackville.

2. A fancy; freak; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde.

BRAID Braid v. i.

Defn: To start; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRAID Braid, a. Etym: [AS. bræd, bred, deceit; akin to Icel. brag trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, i.e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.]

Defn: Deceitful. [Obs.] Since Frenchmen are so braid, Marry that will, I live and die a maid. Shak.

BRAIDING Braid"ing, n.

1. The act of making or using braids.

2. Braids, collectively; trimming. A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars, and braiding. Thackeray.

BRAIL Brail, n. Etym: [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol a band placed around the breeches, fr.F. braies, pl., breeches, fr.L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word; cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.]

1. (Falconry)

Defn: A thong of soft leather to bind up a hawk's wing.

2. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Ropes passing through pulleys, and used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of sails, preparatory to furling.

3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched.

BRAIL Brail, v. t. (Naut.)

Defn: To haul up by the brails; -- used with up; as, to brail up a sail.

BRAILLE Braille, n.

Defn: A system of printing or writing for the blind in which the characters are represented by tangible points or dots. It was invented by Louis Braille, a French teacher of the blind.

BRAIN Brain, n. Etym: [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, brægen; akin to LG. brägen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. 95.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain.

Note: In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest part of the forebrain, are enormously developed so as to overhang the cerebellum, the great lobe of the hindbrain, and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges, or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fissures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great transverse band of nervous matter, the corpus callosum, while the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the under side of the brain by the bridge, or pons Varolii.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates.

3. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding. " My brain is too dull." Sir W. Scott.

Note: In this sense, often used in the plural.

4. The affections; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak. To have on the brain, to have constantly in one's thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low] Brain box or case, the bony on cartilaginous case inclosing the brain. -- Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zoöl), a massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the genera Mæandrina and Diploria. -- Brain fag (Med.), brain weariness. See Cerebropathy. -- Brain fever (Med.), fever in which the brain is specially affected; any acute cerebral affection attended by fever. -- Brain sand, calcareous matter found in the pineal gland.

BRAIN Brain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained; p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.]

1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat. There thou mayst brain him. Shak. It was the swift celerity of the death . . . That brained my purpose. Shak.

2. To conceive; to understand. [Obs.] brain not. Shak.

BRAINED Brained, p.a.

Defn: Supplied with brains. If th' other two be brained like us. Shak.

BRAINISH Brain"ish, a.

Defn: Hot-headed; furious. [R.] Shak.

BRAINLESS Brain"less, a.

Defn: Without understanding; silly; thougthless; witless. -- Brain"less*ness, n.

BRAINPAN Brain"pan`, n. Etym: [Brain + pan.]

Defn: The bones which inclose the brain; the skull; the cranium.

BRAINSICK Brain"sick`, a.

Defn: Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. -- Brain"sick*ness, n.

BRAINSICKLY Brain"sick`ly, adv.

Defn: In a brainsick manner.

BRAINY Brain"y, a.

Defn: Having an active or vigorous mind. [Colloq.]

BRAISE; BRAIZE Braise, Braize, n. Etym: [So called from its iridescent colors.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European marine fish (Pagrus vulgaris) allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species. [Also written brazier.]

BRAISE; BRAIZE Braise, Braize, n. Etym: [F.]

1. Charcoal powder; breeze.

2. (Cookery)

Defn: Braised meat.

BRAISE Braise, v. t. Etym: [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery)

Defn: To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals; consequently the cooking is done from above, as well as below. Mrs. Henderson.

BRAISER Brais"er, n.

Defn: A kettle or pan for braising.

BRAIT Brait, n. Etym: [Cf.W. braith variegated, Ir. breath, breagh, fine, comely.]

Defn: A rough diamond.

BRAIZE Braize, n.

Defn: See Braise.

BRAKE Brake, imp.

Defn: of Break. [Arhaic] Tennyson.

BRAKE Brake, n. Etym: [OE. brake fern; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG. brake willow bush, Da. bregne fern, G. brach fallow; prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., cf. Bracken, and 2d Brake, n.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A fern of the genus Pteris, esp. the P. aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern.

2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough, To shelter thee from tempest and from rain. Shak. He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stone. Sir W. Scott. Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake.

BRAKE Brake, n. Etym: [OE. brake; cf. LG. brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.]

1. An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber.

2. An extended handle by means of which a number of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine.

3. A baker's kneading though. Johnson.

4. A sharp bit or snaffle. Pampered jades . . . which need nor break nor bit. Gascoigne.

5. A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. A horse . . . which Philip had bought . . . and because of his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars. J. Brende.

6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn.

7. (Mil.)

Defn: An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista.

8. (Agric.)

Defn: A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing; a drag.

9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted lever against a wheel or drum in a machine.

10. (Engin.)

Defn: An apparatus for testing the power of a steam engine, or other motor, by weighing the amount of friction that the motor will overcome; a friction brake.

11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in horses.

12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed. Air brake. See Air brake, in the Vocabulary. -- Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels. -- Brake block. (a) The part of a brake holding the brake shoe. (b) A brake shoe. -- Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs. -- Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated. -- Continuous brake . See under Continuous.

BRAKEMAN Brake"man, n.; pl. Brakemen (.

1. (Railroads)

Defn: A man in charge of a brake or brakes.

2. (Mining)

Defn: The man in charge of the winding (or hoisting) engine for a mine.

BRAKY Brak"y, a.

Defn: Full of brakes; abounding with brambles, shrubs, or ferns; rough; thorny. In the woods and braky glens. W. Browne.

BRAMA Bra"ma, n.

Defn: See Brahma.

BRAMAH PRESS Bra"mah press`.

Defn: A hydrostatic press of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of London. See under Hydrostatic.

BRAMBLE Bram"ble, n. Etym: [OE. brembil, AS.brbramal), fr. the same root as E. broom, As. br. See Broom.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub. The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The brambling or bramble finch.

BRAMBLE BUSH Bram"ble bush`. (Bot.)

Defn: The bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together. He jumped into a bramble bush And scratched out both his eyes. Mother Goose.

BRAMBLED Bram"bled, a.

Defn: Overgrown with brambles. Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor. T. Warton.

BRAMBLE NET Bram"ble net`.

Defn: A net to catch birds.

BRAMBLING Bram"bling, n. Etym: [OE. bramline. See Bramble, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European mountain finch (Fringilla montifringilla); -- called also bramble finch and bramble.

BRAMBLY Bram"bly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or full of, brambles. "In brambly wildernesses." Tennyson.

BRAME Brame, n. Etym: [Cf. Breme.]

Defn: Sharp passion; vexation. [Obs.] Heart-burning brame. Spenser.

BRAMIN; BRAMINIC Bra"min, Bra*min"ic

Defn: , etc. See Brahman, Brachmanic, etc.

BRAN Bran, n. Etym: [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran, from Celtic; cf. Armor. brenn, Ir. bran, bran, chaff.]

1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European carrion crow.

BRANCARD Bran"card, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A litter on which a person may be carried. [Obs.] Coigrave.

BRANCH Branch, n.; pl. Branches (. Etym: [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant.

2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as, the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway. Most of the branches , or streams, were dried up. W. Irving.

3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. "Branches of knowledge." Prescott. It is a branch and parcel of mine oath. Shak.

4. (Geom.)

Defn: One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as, the branches of an hyperbola.

5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as, the English branch of a family. His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock. Carew.

6. (Naut.)

Defn: A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters. Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb. -- Branch herring. See Alewife. -- Root and branch , totally, wholly.

Syn. -- Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig.

BRANCH Branch, a.

Defn: Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc.; as, a branch vein; a branch road or line; a branch topic; a branch store.

BRANCH Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched; p. pr. & vb. n. Branching.]

1. To shoot or spread in branches; to separate into branches; to ramify.

2. To divide into separate parts or subdivision. To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part; to diverge. -- To branch out, to speak diffusively; to extend one's discourse to other topics than the main one; also, to enlarge the scope of one's business, etc. To branch out into a long disputation. Spectator.

BRANCH Branch, v. t.

1. To divide as into branches; to make subordinate division in.

2. To adorn with needlework representing branches, flowers, or twigs. The train whereof loose far behind her strayed, Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought. Spenser.

BRANCHER Branch"er, n.

1. That which shoots forth branches; one who shows growth in various directions.

2. (Falconry)

Defn: A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches.

BRANCHERY Branch"er*y, n.

Defn: A system of branches.

BRANCHIA Bran"chi*a, n.; pl. Branchiæ. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

BRANCHIAL Bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to branchiæ or gills. Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which support the gills on each side of the throat of fishes and amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Branchial clefts, the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes.

BRANCHIATE Bran"chi*ate, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Furnished with branchiæ; as, branchiate segments.

BRANCHIFEROUS Bran*chif"er*ous, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Having gills; branchiate; as, branchiferous gastropods.

BRANCHINESS Branch"i*ness, n.

Defn: Fullness of branches.

BRANCHING Branch"ing, a.

Defn: Furnished with branches; shooting our branches; extending in a branch or branches. Shaded with branching palm. Milton.

BRANCHING Branch"ing, n.

Defn: The act or state of separation into branches; division into branches; a division or branch. The sciences, with their numerous branchings. L. Watts.

BRANCHIOGASTROPODA Bran`chi*o*gas*trop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. gastropoda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiæ, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

BRANCHIOMERISM Bran`chi*om"er*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. -mere.] (Anat.)

Defn: The state of being made up of branchiate segments. R. Wiedersheim.

BRANCHIOPOD Bran"chi*o*pod, n.

Defn: One of the Branchiopoda.

BRANCHIOPODA Bran"chi*o*poda, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. -poda: cf. F. branchiopode.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Entomostraca; -- so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

BRANCHIOSTEGAL Bran`chi*os"te*gal, a. Etym: [Gr. branchiostège.] (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of fishes. -- n. (Anat.)

Defn: A branchiostegal ray. See Illustration of Branchial arches in Appendix.

Note: This term was formerly applied to a group of fishes having boneless branchiæ. But the arrangement was artificial, and has been rejected.

BRANCHIOSTEGE Bran`chi*os"tege, (Anat.)

Defn: The branchiostegal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix.

BRANCHIOSTEGOUS Bran`chi*os"te*gous, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Branchiostegal.

BRANCHIOSTOMA Bran`chi*os"to*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr., Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

BRANCHIURA Bran"chi*u"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr., Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

BRANCHLESS Branch"less, a.

Defn: Destitude of branches or shoots; without any valuable product; barren; naked.

BRANCHLET Branch"let, n. Etym: [Branch + -let.]

Defn: A little branch; a twig.

BRANCH PILOT Branch" pi`lot.

Defn: A pilot who has a branch or commission, as from Trinity House, England, for special navigation.

BRANCHY Branch"y, a.

Defn: Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches. Beneath thy branchy bowers of thickest gloom. J. Scott.

BRAND Brand, n. Etym: [OE. brand, brond, AS. brand brond brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel. brandr a brand, blade of a sword. sq. root32. See Burn, v. t., and cf. Brandish.]

1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct. Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof. Palfrey.

2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. [Poetic] Tennyson. Paradise, so late their happy seat, Waved over by that flaming brand. Milton.

3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership; -- also, a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way, as with a stencil. Hence, figurately: Quality; kind; grade; as, a good brand of flour.

4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence: Any mark of infamy or vice; a stigma. The brand of private vice. Channing.

5. An instrument to brand with; a branding iron.

6. (Bot.)

Defn: Any minute fungus which produces a burnt appearance in plants. The brands are of many species and several genera of the order Pucciniæi.

BRAND Brand, v.t [imp. & p. p. Branded; p. pr. & vb. n. Branding.].

1. To burn a distinctive mark into or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership, etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict).

2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, name of manufacture, etc.

3. Fig.: To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon. The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy. Prescott. There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the first and most natural verdict of common humanity. South.

4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron. As if it were branded on my mind. Geo. Eliot. Brand"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron.

2. A gridiron. [Scot.]

BRANDENBURG Bran"den*burg, n. [So named after Brandenburg, a province and a town of Prussia.]

Defn: A kind of decoration for the breast of a coat, sometimes only a frog with a loop, but in some military uniforms enlarged into a broad horizontal stripe.

He wore a coat . . . trimmed with Brandenburgs. Smollett.

BRANDER Brand"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron.

2. A gridiron. [Scot.]

BRAND GOOSE Brand" goose`. Etym: [Prob. fr. 1st brand + goose: cf. Sw. brandgås. Cf. Brant.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) usually called in America brant. See Brant.

BRANDIED Bran"died, a.

Defn: Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the addition of brandy; flavored or treated with brandy; as, brandied peaches.

BRANDING IRON Brand"ing i`*ron.

Defn: An iron to brand with.

BRAND IRON Brand" i`ron.

1. A branding iron.

2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet.

3. The horizontal bar of an andiron.

BRANDISH Bran"dish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brandished; p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] Etym: [OE. braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG. brant brand. See Brand, n.]

1. To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish. The quivering lance which he brandished bright. Drake.

2. To play with; to flourish; as, to brandish syllogisms.

BRANDISH Bran"dish, n.

Defn: A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. "Brandishes of the fan." Tailer.

BRANDISHER Bran"dish*er, n.

Defn: One who brandishes.

BRANDLE Bran"dle, v. t. & i. Etym: [F. brandiller.]

Defn: To shake; to totter. [Obs.]

BRANDLING; BRANDLIN Brand"ling, Brand"lin, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Branlin, fish and worm.

BRAND-NEW Brand"-new", a. Etym: [See Brand, and cf. Brannew.]

Defn: Quite new; bright as if fresh from the forge.

BRAND SPORE Brand" spore`. (Bot.)

Defn: One of several spores growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the fungi called brand.

BRANDY Bran"dy, n.; pl. Brandies. Etym: [From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. branntwein. See Brand.]

Defn: A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain. Brandy fruit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar.

BRANDYWINE Bran"dy*wine`, n.

Defn: Brandy. [Obs.] Wiseman.

BRANGLE Bran"gle, n. Etym: [Prov. E. brangled confused, entangled, Scot. brangle to shake, menace; probably a variant of wrangle, confused with brawl.]

Defn: A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. [R.] A brangle between him and his neighbor. Swift.

BRANGLE Bran"gle, v.i [imp. & p. p. Brangled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brangling.]

Defn: To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. [R.]

BRANGLEMENT Bran"gle*ment, n.

Defn: Wrangle; brangle. [Obs.]

BRANGLER Bran"gler, n.

Defn: A quarrelsome person.

BRANGLING Bran"gling, n.

Defn: A quarrel. [R.] Whitlock.

BRANK Brank, n. Etym: [Prov. of Celtic origin; cf. L. brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white kind of corn.]

Defn: Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell.

BRANK; BRANKS Brank, Branks, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger fetter.]

1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Jamieson.

2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold.

BRANK Brank, v. i.

1. To hold up and toss the head; -- applied to horses as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

2. To prance; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

BRANKURSINE Brank"ur*sine, n. Etym: [F. branc-ursine, branch-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw + L. ursinus belonging to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i .e., bear's claw, because its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf. Branch.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bear's-breech, or Acanthus.

BRANLIN Bran"lin, n. Etym: [Scot. branlie fr. brand.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it has transverse black bands, as if burned by a gridiron.

BRANLIN Bran"lin, n. Etym: [See Brand.]

Defn: A small red worm or larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish; -- so called from its red color.

BRAN-NEW Bran"-new", a.

Defn: See Brand-new.

BRANNY Bran"ny, a.

Defn: Having the appearance of bran; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman.

BRANSLE Bran"sle, n. Etym: [See Brawl a dance.]

Defn: A brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser.

BRANT Brant, n. Etym: [Cf.Brand goose, Brent, Brenicle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) -- called also brent and brand goose. The name is also applied to other related species.

BRANT Brant, a. Etym: [See Brent.]

Defn: Steep. [Prov. Eng.]

BRANTAIL Bran"tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European redstart; -- so called from the red color of its tail.

BRANT-FOX Brant"-fox`, n. Etym: [For brand-fox; cf. G. brandfuchs, Sw. bradräf. So called from its yellowish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes alopex), smaller than the common fox (V. vulgaris), but probably a variety of it.

BRANULAR Bran"u*lar, a.

Defn: Relating to the brain; cerebral. I. Taylor.

BRASEN Bra"sen, a.

Defn: Same as Brazen.

BRASH Brash, a. Etym: [Cf. Gael. bras or G. barsch harsh, sharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.]

Defn: Hasty in temper; impetuous. Grose.

BRASH Brash, a. Etym: [Cf. Amer. bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle.]

Defn: Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.] Bartlett.

BRASH Brash, n. Etym: [See Brash brittle.]

1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness.

2. Refuse boughs of trees; also, the clippings of hedges. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell.

4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane. Water brash (Med.), an affection characterized by a spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a rising of watery liquid into the mouth; pyrosis. -- Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just weaned.

BRASHY Brash"y, a.

1. Resembling, or of the nature of, brash, or broken fragments; broken; crumbly.

Our progress was not at all impeded by the few soft, brashy floes that we encountered. F. T. Bullen.

2. Showery; characterized by brashes, or showers.

BRASIER; BRAZIER Bra"sier, Bra"zier, n. Etym: [OE. brasiere, F. braise live coals. See Brass.]

Defn: An artificer who works in brass. Franklin.

BRASIER; BRAZIER Bra"sier, Bra"zier, n. Etym: [F. brasier, braisíer, fr. braise live coals. See Brass.]

Defn: A pan for holding burning coals.

BRASILIN; BRASILEIN Bras"i*lin, Bras"i*lein, n. [Cf. F. brésiline. See 2d Brazil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance, C16H14O5, extracted from brazilwood as a yellow crystalline powder which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies on exposure to the air, being oxidized to bra*sil"e*in, C16H12O5, to which brazilwood owes its dyeing properties.

BRASQUE Brasque, n. [F.] (Metal.)

Defn: A paste made by mixing powdered charcoal, coal, or coke with clay, molasses, tar, or other suitable substance. It is used for lining hearths, crucibles, etc. Called also steep.

BRASS Brass, n.; pl. Brasses. Etym: [OE. bras, bres, AS. bræs; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze.]

1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: A journal bearing, so called because frequently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white metal lining. See Axle box, Journal Box, and Bearing.

3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [Obs.] Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey. Matt. x. 9.

4. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.]

5. pl.

Defn: Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass. The very scullion who cleans the brasses. Hopkinson.

6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc.

7. pl. (Mining)

Defn: Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass.

Note: The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze.

Note: Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry. Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. -- Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; -- called also Dutch gold.

BRASSAGE Bras"sage, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; -- now called seigniorage.

BRASSART Bras"sart, n. Etym: [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See Brace, n.]

Defn: Armor for the arm; -- generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

BRASSE Brasse, n. Etym: [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

BRASSETS Bras"sets, n.

Defn: See Brassart.

BRASSICA Bras"si*ca, n. Etym: [L., cabbage.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants embracing several species ad varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape of coleseed (B. napus), etc.

BRASSICACEOUS Bras`si*ca"ceous, a. Etym: [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.)

Defn: Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

BRASSIERE Bras`sière", n. [F.]

Defn: A form of woman's underwaist stiffened with whalebones, or the like, and worn to support the breasts.

BRASSINESS Brass"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state, conditions, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

BRASS-VISAGED Brass"-vis"aged, a.

Defn: Impudent; bold.

BRASSY Brass"y, a.

1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.

2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

BRAST Brast, v. t. & i. Etym: [See Burst.]

Defn: To burst. [Obs.] And both his yën braste out of his face. Chaucer. Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast. Spenser.

BRAT Brat, n. Etym: [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, raf, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child's bib or clout; hence, a child.]

1. A coarse garnment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.

3. A child; an offspring; -- formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This brat is none of mine." Shak. "A beggar's brat." Swift. O Israel! O household of the Lord! O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed! Gascoigne.

4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

BRAT Brat, n. (Mining)

Defn: A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

BRATSCHE Brat"sche, n. Etym: [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.]

Defn: The tenor viola, or viola.

BRATTICE Brat"tice, n. Etym: [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

BRATTISHING Brat"tish*ing, n.

1. See Brattice, n.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

BRAUNITE Braun"ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

BRAVADE Bra*vade" (, n.

Defn: Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

BRAVADO Bra*va"do, n., pl. Bravadoes. Etym: [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.]

Defn: Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace. In spite of our host's bravado. Irving.

BRAVE Brave, a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.] Etym: [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.]

1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; -- opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act.

2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; -- especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.] Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth. Bacon. It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall. Pepys.

3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic] Wear my dagger with the braver grace. Shak. For I have gold, and therefore will be brave. In silks I'll rattle it of every color. Robert Greene. Frog and lizard in holiday coats And turtle brave in his golden spots. Emerson.

Syn. -- Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stout- hearted. See Gallant.

BRAVE Brave, n.

1. A brave person; one who is daring. The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. F. S. Key.

2. Specifically, an Indian warrior.

3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully. Hot braves like thee may fight. Dryden.

4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.] Demetrius, thou dost overween in all; And so in this, to bear me down with braves. Shak.

BRAVE Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved; p. pr. & vb. n. Braving.]

1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare. These I can brave, but those I can not bear. Dryden.

2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.] Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I'll neither be faced or braved. Shak.

BRAVELY Brave"ly, adv.

1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.

2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily. And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her. Judith. x. 4.

3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]

BRAVENESS Brave"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of state or being brave.

BRAVERY Brav"er*y, n. Etym: [Cf. F. braverie.]

1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity. Remember, sir, my liege, . . . The natural bravery of your isle. Shak.

2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. [Obs.] Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons.

3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress. With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery. Shak. Like a stately ship . . . With all her bravery on, and tackle trim. Milton.

4. A showy person; a fine gentleman; a beau. [Obs.] A man that is the bravery of his age. Beau. & Fl.

Syn. -- Courage; heroism; interpidity; gallantry; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness. See Courage, and Heroism.

BRAVING Brav"ing, n.

Defn: A bravado; a boast. With so proud a strain Of threats and bravings. Chapman.

BRAVINGLY Brav"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a defiant manner.

BRAVO Bra"vo, n.; pl. Bravoes. Etym: [I. See Brave, a.]

Defn: A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance; a professional assassin or murderer. Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey. And stab, like bravoes, all who come this way. Churchill.

BRAVO Bra"vo, interj. Etym: [It. See Brave.]

Defn: Well done! excellent! an exclamation expressive of applause.

BRAVURA Bra*vu"ra, n. Etym: [It., (properly) bravery, spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Mus.)

Defn: A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music. Aria di bravura ( Etym: [It.], a florid air demanding brilliant execution.

BRAW Braw, a. [See Brave, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

1. Well-dressed; handsome; smart; brave; -- used of persons or their clothing, etc.; as, a braw lad. "A braw new gown." Burns.

2. Good; fine. "A braw night." Sir W. Scott.

BRAWL Brawl, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] Etym: [OE. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise; cf. LG. brallen to brag, MHG. prulen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout, Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag, Armor. bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl boast.

1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawleth openly with his wife. Golden Boke.

2. To complain loudly; to scold.

3. To make a loud confused noise, as the water of a rapid stream running over stones. Where the brook brawls along the painful road. Wordsworth.

Syn. -- To wrangle; squabble; contend.

BRAWL Brawl, n.

Defn: A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention; a wrangle; a tumult; as, a drunken brawl. His sports were hindered by the brawls. Shak .

Syn. -- Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult.

BRAWLER Brawl"er, n.

Defn: One that brawls; wrangler. Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighborhood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common law as a nuisance). Wharton.

BRAWLING Brawl"ing, a.

1. Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy. She is an irksome brawling scold. Shak.

2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3. A brawling stream. J. S. Shairp.

BRAWLINGLY Brawl"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a brawling manner.

BRAWN Brawn, n. Etym: [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. HG. br flesh, G. braten roast meat; akin to Icel. br flesh, food of beasts, AS. brbr to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. breed.]

1. A muscle; flesh. [Obs.] Formed well of brawns and of bones. Chaucer.

2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm. Brawn without brains is thine. Dryden. It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand. E. Hall. And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn. Shak.

3. The flesh of a boar; also, the salted and prepared flesh of a boar. The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn. Mortimer.

4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BRAWNED Brawned, a.

Defn: Brawny; strong; muscular. [Obs.] Spenser.

BRAWNER Brawn"er, n.

Defn: A boor killed for the table.

BRAWNINESS Brawn"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being brawny.

BRAWNY Brawn"y, a.

Defn: Having large, strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; strong. "Brawny limbs." W. Irving.

Syn. -- Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy; athletic; stalwart; powerful; robust.

BRAXY Brax"y, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sickness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.]

1. A disease of sheep. The term is variously applied in different localities. [Scot.]

2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton.

BRAY Bray, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Braying.] Etym: [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer to pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.]

Defn: To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar, . . . yet will not his foolishness depart from him. Prov. xxvii. 22.

BRAY Bray, v. i. Etym: [OE brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; perh. fr. the Celtic and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.]

1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass. Laugh, and they Return it louder than an ass can bray. Dryden.

2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise. Heard ye the din of battle bray Gray.

BRAY Bray, v. t.

Defn: To make or utter with a loud, discordant, or harsh and grating sound. Arms on armor clashing, brayed Horrible discord. MIlton. And varying notes the war pipes brayed. Sir W. Scott.

BRAY Bray, n.

Defn: The harsh cry of an ass; also, any harsh, grating, or discordant sound. The bray and roar of multitudinous London. Jerrold.

BRAY Bray, n. Etym: [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a hill, hill, bank, Scot. bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. br eyebrow, influenced by the allied Icel. br eyebrow, bank, also akin to AS. brBrow.]

Defn: A bank; the slope of a hill; a hill. See Brae, which is now the usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax.

BRAYER Bray"er, n.

Defn: An implement for braying and spreading ink in hand printing.

BRAYER Bray"er, n.

Defn: One that brays like an ass. Pope.

BRAYING Bray"ing, a.

Defn: Making a harsh noise; blaring. "Braying trumpets." Shak.

BRAZE Braze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brazed; p. pr & vb. n. Brazing.] Etym: [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.]

1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as, to braze the seams of a copper pipe.

2. To harden. "Now I am brazes to it." Shak.

BRAZE Braze, v. t. Etym: [AS. bræsian, fr. bræs brass. See Brass.]

Defn: To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman.

BRAZEN Bra"zen, a.Etym: [OE. brasen, AS. bræsen. See Brass.]

1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass.

2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass.

3. Impudent; immodest; shameless; having a front like brass; as, a brazen countenance. Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archæol.) See under Bronze. -- Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of brass, placed in Solomon's temple for the use of the priests.

BRAZEN Bra"zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened; p. pr. & vb. n. Brazening.]

Defn: To carry through impudently or shamelessly; as, to brazen the matter through. Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect. W. Black.

BRAZEN-BROWED Bra"zen-browed`, a.

Defn: Shamelessly impudent. Sir T. Browne.

BRAZENFACE Bra"zen*face`, n.

Defn: An impudent of shameless person. "Well said, brazenface; hold it out." Shak.

BRAZENFACED Bra"zen*faced`, a.

Defn: Impudent; shameless.

BRAZENLY Bra"zen*ly, adv.

Defn: In a bold, impudent manner.

BRAZENNESS Bra"zen*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being brazen. Johnson.

BRAZIER Bra"zier, n.

Defn: Same as Brasier.

BRAZILETTO Braz`i*let"to, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. & Sp. brasilete, It. brasiletto.]

Defn: See Brazil wood.

BRAZILIAN Bra*zil"ian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Brasil. -- n.

Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Brazil. Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2.

BRAZILIN Braz"i*lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. brésiline. See Brazil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezilin.]

BRAZIL NUT Bra*zil" nut`. (Bot.)

Defn: An oily, three-sided nut, the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut.

Note: From eighteen to twenty-four of the seed or "nuts" grow in a hard and nearly globular shell.

BRAZIL WOOD Bra*zil" wood`. Etym: [OE. brasil, LL. brasile (cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil, Pr. bresil, Pr. bresil); perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier); or Ar. vars plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.]

1. The wood of the oriental Cæsalpinia Sapan; -- so called before the discovery of America.

2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Cæsalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An interior sort comes from Jamaica, the timber of C. Braziliensis and C. crista. This is often distinguished as Braziletto , but the better kind is also frequently so named.

BREACH Breach, n. Etym: [OE. breke, breche, AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to Dan. bræk, MHG. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] .

1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense.

2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment; as, a breach of contract; a breach of promise.

3. A gap or opening made made by breaking or battering, as in a wall or fortification; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence; a break; a rupture. Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; Or close the wall up with our English dead. Shak.

4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel; the waters themselves; surge; surf. The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters. 2 Sam. v. 20 A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. -- A clean breach implies that everything on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

5. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture. There's fallen between him and my lord An unkind breach. Shak.

6. A bruise; a wound. Breach for breach, eye for eye. Lev. xxiv. 20

7. (Med.)

Defn: A hernia; a rupture.

8. A breaking out upon; an assault. The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza. 1. Chron. xiii. 11 Breach of falth, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an expressed or implied promise; a betrayal of confidence or trust. -- Breach of peace, disorderly conduct, disturbing the public peace. -- Breach of privilege, an act or default in violation of the privilege or either house of Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as, for instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley. Abbott. - Breach of promise, violation of one's plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. -- Breach of trust, violation of one's duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one.

Syn. -- Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; aperture; gap; break; disruption; fracture; rupture; infraction; infringement; violation; quarrel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding.

BREACH Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached ( ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaching.]

Defn: To make a breach or opening in; as, to breach the walls of a city.

BREACH Breach, v. i.

Defn: To break the water, as by leaping out; -- said of a whale.

BREACHY Breach"y, a.

Defn: Apt to break fences or to break out of pasture; unruly; as, breachy cattle.

BREAD Bread, v. t. Etym: [AS. brædan to make broad, to spread. See Broad, a.]

Defn: To spread. [Obs.] Ray.

BREAD Bread, n. Etym: [AS. breád; akin to OFries. brad, OS. br, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brau, Sw. & Dan. bröd. The root is probably that of E. brew. Brew.]

1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking.

Note: Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. -- Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream of tartar (acid tartrate of potassium) or some acid. -- Unleavened bread is usually mixed with water and salt only. Aërated bread. See under Aërated. Bread and butter (fig.), means of living. -- Brown bread, Indian bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown bread, under Brown. -- Bread tree. See Breadfruit.

2. Food; sustenance; support of life, in general. Give us this day our daily bread. Matt. vi. 11

BREAD Bread, v. t. (Cookery)

Defn: To cover with bread crumbs, preparatory to cooking; as, breaded cutlets.

BREADBASKET Bread"bas`ket, n.

Defn: The stomach. [Humorous] S. Foote.

BREADCORN Bread"corn`.

Defn: Corn of grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, etc.

BREADED Bread"ed, a.

Defn: Braided [Obs.] Spenser.

BREADEN Bread"en, a.

Defn: Made of bread. [R.]

BREADFRUIT Bread"fruit`, n. (Bot.)

1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, esp. the South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The tree itself, which is one of considerable size, with large, lobed leaves. Cloth is made from the bark, and the timber is used for many purposes. Called also breadfruit tree and bread tree.

BREADLESS Bread"less, a.

Defn: Without bread; destitude of food. Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull. P. Whitehead.

BREADROOT Bread`root", n. (Bot.)

Defn: The root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in farinaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food.

Note: It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs.

BREADSTUFF Bread"stuff, n.

Defn: Grain, flour, or meal of which bread is made.

BREADTH Breadth, n. Etym: [OE. brede, breede, whence later bredette, AS. brbrad broad. See Broad, a.]

1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing; measure across, or at right angles to the length; width.

2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to avoid to great multiplicity of details, producing an impression of largeness and simple grandeur; -- called also breadth of effect. Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting of all great masters. Weale.

BREADTHLESS Breadth"less, a.

Defn: Without breadth.

BREADTHWAYS Breadth"ways, ads.

Defn: Breadthwise. Whewell.

BREADTHWISE Breadth"wise, ads.

Defn: In the direction of the breadth.

BREADWINNER Bread"win`ner, n.

Defn: The member of a family whose labor supplies the food of the family; one who works for his living. H. Spencer.

BREAK Break, v. t. [imp. broke, (Obs. Brake); p. p. Broken (, (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaking.] Etym: [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. brekan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel.braka to creak, Sw. braka, bräkka to crack, Dan. brække to break, Goth. brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Bray to pound, Breach, Fragile.]

1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as, to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. Shak.

2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as, to break a package of goods.

3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. Katharine, break thy mind to me. Shak.

4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or promise. Out, out, hyena! these are thy wonted arts . . . To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray. Milton

5. To interrupt; to destroy the continuity of; to dissolve or terminate; as, to break silence; to break one's sleep; to break one's journey. Go, release them, Ariel; My charms I'll break, their senses I'll restore. Shak.

6. To destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from; as, to break a set.

7. To destroy the arrangement of; to throw into disorder; to pierce; as, the cavalry were not able to break the British squares.

8. To shatter to pieces; to reduce to fragments. The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with which he had solaced the hours of captivity. Prescott.

9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller denomination; as, to break a five dollar bill.

10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency of; as, to break flax.

11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirit, or mind. An old man, broken with the storms of state. Shak.

12. To diminish the force of; to lessen the shock of, as a fall or blow. I'll rather leap down first, and break your fall. Dryden.

13. To impart, as news or information; to broach; -- with to, and often with a modified word implying some reserve; as, to break the news gently to the widow; to break a purpose cautiously to a friend.

14. To tame; to reduce to subjection; to make tractable; to discipline; as, to break a horse to the harness or saddle. "To break a colt." Spenser. Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute Shak.

15. To destroy the financial credit of; to make bankrupt; to ruin. With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks, Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks. Dryden.

16. To destroy the official character and standing of; to cashier; to dismiss. I see a great officer broken. Swift.

Note: With prepositions or adverbs: --To break down. (a) To crush; to overwhelm; as, to break down one's strength; to break down opposition. (b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as, to break down a door or wall. -- To break in. (a) To force in; as, to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as, a horse well broken in. -- To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as, to break one of a habit. -- To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as, to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. "Break off thy sins by righteousness." Dan. iv. 27. -- To break open, to open by breaking. "Open the door, or I will break it open." Shak. -- To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as, to break out a pane of glass. -- To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. -- To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as, as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as, to break through the enemy's lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as, to break through the ceremony. -- To break up. (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). "Break up this capon." Shak. "Break up your fallow ground." Jer. iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. "Break up the court." Shak. -- To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.]

Note: With an immediate object: -To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as, to break the back of a difficult undertaking. -- To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. -- To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. -- To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. -- To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. -- To break ground. (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as, to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. -- To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. -- To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. -- To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. -- To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. -- To break a jest, to utter a jest. "Patroclus . . . the livelong day break scurril jests." Shak. -- To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. -- To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. -- To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. -- To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] -- To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. -- To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; -- a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. -- To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus.

Syn. -- To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate.

BREAK Break, v. i.

1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder.

2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag. Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out. Math. ix. 17.

3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn. The day begins to break, and night is fied. Shak. And from the turf a fountain broke, and gurgled at our feet. Wordswoorth.

4. To burst forth violently, as a storm. The clouds are still above; and, while I speak, A second deluge o'er our head may break. Shak.

5. To open up. to be scattered; t be dissipated; as, the clouds are breaking. At length the darkness begins to break. Macawlay.

6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength. See how the dean begins to break; Poor gentleman . Swift.

7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as, my heart is breaking.

8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt. He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty. Bacn.

9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as, to break into a run or gallop.

10. To fail in musical quality; as, a singer's voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. Also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty.

11. To fall out; to terminate friendship. To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited. Collier.

Note: With prepositions or adverbs: -To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance. Fear me not, man; I will not break away. Shak. To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as, the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking. He had broken down almost at the outset. Thackeray. -- To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. "Then shall thy light break forth as the morning." Isa. lviii. 8;

Note: often with into in expressing or giving vent to one's feelings. "Break forth into singing, ye mountains." Isa. xliv. 23. To break from, to go away from abruptly. This radiant from the circling crowd he broke. Dryden. -- To break into, to enter by breaking; as, a house. -- To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. "This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him." Milton. -- To break loose. (a) To extricate one's self forcibly. "Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell" Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. -- To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. "Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so." Shak. -- To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. -- To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. "For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert." Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions; -- said of a disease. (c) To have a rash or eruption on the akin; -- said of a patient. -- To break over, to overflow; to go beyond limits. -- To break up. (a) To become separated into parts or fragments; as, the ice break up in the rivers; the wreck will break up in the next storm. (b) To disperse. "The company breaks up." I. Watts. -- To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to; to dawn upon. -- To break with. (a) To fall out; to sever one's relations with; to part friendship. "It can not be the Volsces dare break with us." Shak. "If she did not intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with him altogether." Thackeray. (b) To come to an explanation; to enter into conference; to speak. [Obs.] "I will break with her and with her father." Shak.

BREAK Break, n. Etym: [See Break, v. t., and cf. Brake (the instrument), Breach, Brack a crack.]

1. An opening made by fracture or disruption.

2. An interruption of continuity; change of direction; as, a break in a wall; a break in the deck of a ship. Specifically: (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the face of a displacement in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current.

3. An interruption; a pause; as, a break in friendship; a break in the conversation.

4. An interruption in continuity in writing or printing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc. All modern trash is Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes. Swift.

5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning; the dawn; as, the break of day; the break of dawn.

6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight body and calash top, with the driver's seat in front and the footman's behind.

7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring friction. See Brake, n. 9 & 10.

8. (Teleg.)

Defn: See Commutator.

BREAKABLE Break"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being broken.

BREAKAGE Break"age, n.

1. The act of breaking; a break; a breaking; also, articles broken.

2. An allowance or compensation for things broken accidentally, as in transportation or use.

BREAKAWAY Break"a*way`, n. [Break + away] [Australasia]

1.

Defn: A wild rush of sheep, cattle, horses, or camels (especially at the smell or the sight of water); a stampede.

2. An animal that breaks away from a herd.

BREAKBONE FEVER Break"bone` fe`ver. (Med.)

Defn: See Dengue.

BREAK-CIRCUIT Break"-cir`cuit, n. (Elec.)

Defn: A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit.

BREAKDOWN Break"down`, n.

1. The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall.

2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down. (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [U.S.] Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a breakdown to wind up with. New Eng. Tales.

BREAKER Break"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, breaks. I'll be no breaker of the law. Shak.

2. Specifically: A machine for breaking rocks, or for breaking coal at the mines; also, the building in which such a machine is placed.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A small water cask. Totten.

4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface. The breakers were right beneath her bows. Longfellow.

BREAKFAST Break"fast, n. Etym: [Break + fast.]

1. The first meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal. A sorry breakfast for my lord protector. Shak.

2. A meal after fasting, or food in general. The wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dryden.

BREAKFAST Break"fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breakfasting.]

Defn: To break one's fast in the morning; too eat the first meal in the day. First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast. Prior.

BREAKFAST Break"fast, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with breakfast. Milton.

BREAKMAN Break"man, n.

Defn: See Brakeman.

BREAKNECK Break"neck`, n.

1. A fall that breaks the neck.

2. A steep place endangering the neck.

BREAKNECK Break"neck`, a.

Defn: Producing danger of a broken neck; as, breakneck speed.

BREAK-UP Break"-up`, n.

Defn: Disruption; a separation and dispersion of the parts or members; as, a break-up of an assembly or dinner party; a break-up of the government.

BREAKWATER Break"wa`ter, n.

Defn: Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to break the force of waves, and afford protection from their violence.

BREAM Bream, n. Etym: [OE. breme, brem, F. brême, OF. bresme, of German origin; cf. OHG. brahsema, brahsina, OLG. bressemo, G. brassen. Cf. Brasse.]

1. (Zoöl)

Defn: A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known.

2. (Zoöl)

Defn: An American fresh-water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish.

3. (Zoöl)

Defn: A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagellus, and allied genera. See Sea Bream.

BREAM Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaming.] Etym: [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff brennen.] (Naut.)

Defn: To clean, as a ship's bottom of adherent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire and scraping.

BREAST Breast, n. Etym: [OE. brest, breost, As. breóst; akin to Icel. brj, Sw. bröst, Dan. bryst, Goth. brusts, OS. briost, D. borst, G. brust.]

1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly; the chest; as, the breast of a man or of a horse.

2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young; a mammma; a teat. My brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother. Cant. viii. 1.

3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom; the front or forward part of anything; as, a chimney breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill. Mountains on whose barren breast The laboring clouds do often rest. Milton.

4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working. (b) The front of a furnace.

5. The seat of consciousness; the repository of thought and self- consciousness, or of secrets; the seat of the affections and passions; the heart. He has a loyal breast. Shak.

6. The power of singing; a musical voice; -- so called, probably, from the connection of the voice with the lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.] By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast. Shak. Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. -- Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. -- To make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh upon one; to make full confession.

BREAST Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p.Breasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breasted.]

Defn: To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as, to breast the storm or waves. The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer. Wirt. To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants.

BREASTBAND Breast"band`, n.

Defn: A band for the breast. Specifically: (Naut.) A band of canvas, or a rope, fastened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who heaves the lead in sounding.

BREASTBEAM Breast"beam`, n. (Mach.)

Defn: The front transverse beam of a locomotive.

BREASTBONE Breast"bone`, n.

Defn: The bone of the breast; the sternum.

BREAST-DEEP Breast"-deep`, a.

Defn: Deep as from the breast to the feet; as high as the breast. See him breast-deep in earth, and famish him. Shak.

BREASTED Breast"ed, a.

Defn: Having a breast; -- used in composition with qualifying words, in either a literal or a metaphorical sense; as, a single-breasted coat. The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open- breasted, on these occasions. Spectator.

BREASTFAST Breast"fast`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A large rope to fasten the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another vessel.

BREASTHEIGHT Breast"height`, n.

Defn: The interior slope of a fortification, against which the garnison lean in firing.

BREAST-HIGH Breast"-high`, a.

Defn: High as the breast.

BREASTHOOK Breast"hook`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A thick piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. Totten.

BREASTING Breast"ing, n. (Mach.)

Defn: The curved channel in which a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, and prevents the escape of the water until it has spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel.

BREASTKNOT Breast"knot`, n.

Defn: A pin worn of the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch.

BREASTPIN Breast"pin` (brest"pin`), n.

Defn: A pin worn on the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch.

BREASTPLATE Breast"plate`, n.

1. A plate of metal covering the breast as defensive armor. Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended. Swift.

2. A piece against which the workman presses his breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool.

3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. Ash.

4. (Jewish Antiq.)

Defn: A part of the vestment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a double piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod.

BREASTPLOW; BREASTPLOUGH Breast"plow`, Breast"plough`, n.

Defn: A kind of plow, driven by the breast of the workman; -- used to cut or pare turf.

BREASTRAIL Breast"rail`, n.

Defn: The upper rail of any parapet of ordinary height, as of a balcony; the railing of a quarter-deck, etc.

BREASTROPE Breast"rope`, n.

Defn: See Breastband.

BREASTSUMMER Breast"sum`mer, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A summer or girder extending across a building flush with, and supporting, the upper part of a front or external wall; a long lintel; a girder; -- used principally above shop windows. [Written also brestsummer and bressummer.]

BREASTWHEEL Breast"wheel`, n.

Defn: A water wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so high as in the overshot wheel, nor so low as in the undershot, but generally at about half the height of the wheel, being kept in contact with it by the breasting. The water acts on the float boards

## partly by impulse, partly by its weight.

BREASTWORK Breast"work`, n.

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth or other material.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle.

BREATH Breath, n. Etym: [OE. breth, breeth, AS. br odor, scent, breath; cf. OHG. bradam steam, vapor, breath, G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.]

1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration, air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc. Melted as breath into the wind. Shak.

2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as, I am out of breath.

3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood. Thou takest away their breath, they die. Ps. civ. 29.

4. Time to breathe; respite; pause. Give me some breath, some little pause. Shak.

5. A single respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; an instant. He smiles and he frowns in a breath. Dryden.

6. Fig.: That which gives or strengthens life. The earthquake voice of victory, To thee the breath of life. Byron.

7. A single word; the slightest effort; a triffle. A breath can make them, as a breath has made. Goldsmith.

8. A very slight breeze; air in gentle motion. Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea, when not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface. Addison.

9. Fragrance; exhalation; odor; perfume. Tennison. The breath of flowers. Bacon.

10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration. An after dinner's breath. Shak. Out of breath, breathless, exhausted; breathing with difficulty. -- Under one's breath, in low tones.

BREATHABLE Breath"a*ble, a.

Defn: Such as can be breathed.

BREATHABLENESS Breath"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: State of being breathable.

BREATHE Breathe, v. i. [imp. & p. p Breathed; p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] Etym: [From Breath.]

1. To respire; to inhale and exhale air; hence;, to live. "I am in health, I breathe." Shak. Breathes there a man with soul so dead Sir W. Scott.

2. To take breath; to rest from action. Well! breathe awhile, and then to it again! Shak.

3. To pass like breath; noiselessly or gently; to exhale; to emanate; to blow gently. The air breathes upon us here most sweetly. Shak. There breathes a living fragrance from the shore. Byron.

BREATHE Breathe, v. t.

1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire. To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air. Dryden.

2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; -- with into. Able to breathe life into a stone. Shak. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life. Gen. ii. 7.

3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as, to breathe a vow. He softly breathed thy name. Dryden. Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse, A mother's curse, on her revolting son. Shak.

4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfumes.

5. To express; to manifest; to give forth. Others articles breathe the same severe spirit. Milner.

6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. "They breathe the flute." Prior.

7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise. And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee. Shak.

8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as, to breathe a horse. A moment breathed his panting steed. Sir W. Scott.

9. To put out of breath; to exhaust. Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up. Dickens.

10. (Phonetics)

Defn: To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants. The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered. H. Sweet. Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged

Note: [in whispering]. H. Sweet. To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. -- To breathe one's last, to die; to expire. -- To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden.

BREATHER Breath"er, n.

1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires.

2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.]

BREATHFUL Breath"ful, a.

Defn: Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant. [Obs.]

BREATHING Breath"ing, n.

1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. Subject to a difficulty of breathing. Melmoth.

2. Air in gentle motion.

3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit.

4. Aspiration; secret prayer. "Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state." Tillotson.

5. Exercising; promotion of respiration. Here is a lady that wants breathing too; And I have heard, you knights of Tyre Are excellent in making ladies trip. Shak.

6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words. I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose. Shak.

7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden.

8. Stop; pause; delay. You shake the head at so long a breathing. Shak.

9. Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h.

10. (Gr. Gram.)

Defn: A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below. Breathing place. (a) A pause. "That cæsura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse." Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. -- Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. -- Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak. -- Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (. See 2d Asper, n. -- Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (') indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in 'ie`nai (ienai).

BREATHLESS Breath"less, a.

1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath.

2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as, breathless attention. But breathless, as we grow when feeling most. Byron.

3. Dead; as, a breathless body.

BREATHLESSLY Breath"less*ly, adv.

Defn: In a breathless manner.

BREATHLESSNESS Breath"less*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being breathless or out of breath.

BRECCIA Brec"cia, n. Etym: [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.)

Defn: A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors. Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. -- Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.

BRECCIATED Brec"ci*a`ted, a.

Defn: Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance. The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites]. H. A. Newton.

BRED Bred,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Breed. Bred out, degenerated. "The strain of man's bred out into baboon and monkey." Shak. -- Bred to arms. See under Arms. -- Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree. "A gentleman well bred and of good name." Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite.

BREDE; BREEDE Brede, or Breede, n.

Defn: Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BREDE Brede, n. Etym: [See Braid woven cord.]

Defn: A braid. [R.] Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede. Tennyson.

BREECH Breech, n. Etym: [See Breeches.]

1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks.

2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak.

3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat.

BREECH Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching.]

1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches. A great man . . . anxious to know whether the blacksmith's youngest boy was breeched. Macaulay.

2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic] Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore. Shak.

3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as, to breech a gun.

4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.] Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me. Old Play.

5. To fasten with breeching.

BREECH ACTION Breech action.

Defn: The breech mechanism in breech-loading small arms and certain special guns, as automatic and machine guns; --used frequently in referring to the method by which the movable barrels of breech- loading shotguns are locked, unlocked, or rotated to loading position.

BREECHBLOCK Breech"block, n.

Defn: The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired.

BREECHCLOTH Breech"cloth`, n.

Defn: A cloth worn around the breech.

BREECHES Breech"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. brech, brek, AS. brek, pl. of broc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brok breeches, ODan. brog, D. broek, G. bruch; cf. L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.]

1. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; smallclothes. His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue. Coleridge.

2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.] Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of canvas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclosing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the ship to the shore, and is drawn to land by hauling lines. -- Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches united at one end. -- Knee breeches, breeches coming to the knee, and buckled or fastened there; smallclothes. -- To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; -- said of a wife. [Colloq.]

BREECHING Breech"ing, n.

1. A whipping on the breech, or the act of whipping on the breech. I view the prince with Aristarchus' eyes, Whose looks were as a breeching to a boy. Marlowe.

2. That part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A strong rope rove through the cascabel of a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship's side, to limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged.

4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to convey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack.

BREECHLOADER Breech"load`er, n.

Defn: A firearm which receives its load at the breech. For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the saber. Rep. Sec. War (1860).

BREECH-LOADING Breech"-load`ing, a.

Defn: Receiving the charge at the breech instead of at the muzzle.

BREECH PIN; BREECH SCREW Breech" pin`, Breech" screw`.

Defn: A strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore.

BREECH SIGHT Breech" sight`.

Defn: A device attached to the breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with the front sight, in taking aim.

BREED Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bred; p. pr. & vb. n. Breeding.] Etym: [OE. breden, AS. bredan to nourish, cherish, keep warm, from brod brood; akin to D. broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. brüten. See Brood.]

1. To produce as offspring; to bring forth; to bear; to procreate; to generate; to beget; to hatch. Yet every mother breeds not sons alike. Shak. If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog. Shak.

2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of youth; to bring up; to nurse and foster. To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed. Dryden. Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness. Everett.

3. To educate; to instruct; to form by education; to train; -- sometimes followed by up. But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant. Bp. Burnet. His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or the trade he breeds them up in. Locke.

4. To engender; to cause; to occasion; to originate; to produce; as, to breed a storm; to breed disease. Lest the place And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton.

5. To give birth to; to be the native place of; as, a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds stout men.

6. To raise, as any kind of stock.

7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [Obs.] Children would breed their teeth with less danger. Locke.

Syn. -- To engender; generate; beget; produce; hatch; originate; bring up; nourish; train; instruct.

BREED Breed, v. i.

1. To bear and nourish young; to reproduce or multiply itself; to be pregnant. That they breed abundantly in the earth. Gen. viii. 17. The mother had never bred before. Carpenter. Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast. Shak.

2. To be formed in the parent or dam; to be generated, or to grow, as young before birth.

3. To have birth; to be produced or multiplied. Heavens rain grace On that which breeds between them. Shak.

4. To raise a breed; to get progeny. The kind of animal which you wish to breed from. Gardner. To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related.

BREED Breed, n.

1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance. Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed. Shak. Greyhounds of the best breed. Carpenter.

2. Class; sort; kind; -- of men, things, or qualities. Are these the breed of wits so wondered at Shak. This courtesy is not of the right breed. Shak.

3. A number produced at once; a brood. [Obs.]

Note: Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men.

BREEDBATE Breed"bate, n.

Defn: One who breeds or originates quarrels. [Obs.] "No telltale nor no breedbate." Shak.

BREEDER Breed"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, breeds, produces, brings up, etc. She was a great breeder. Dr. A. Carlyle. Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men. Ascham.

2. A cause. "The breeder of my sorrow." Shak.

BREEDING Breed"ing, n.

1. The act or process of generating or bearing.

2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as, farmers should pay attention to breeding.

3. Nurture; education; formation of manners. She had her breeding at my father's charge. Shak.

4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; knowledge of, or training in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society. Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit towards the persons with whom we converse. Hume.

5. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [Obs.] Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding. Shak. Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male and female from the same parentage. -- Cross breeding, breeding from a male and female of different lineage. -- Good breeding, politeness; genteel deportment.

Syn. -- Education; instruction; nurture; training; manners. See Education.

BREEZE; BREEZE FLY Breeze, Breeze" fly` (, n. Etym: [OE. brese, AS. briósa; perh. akin to OHG. brimissa, G. breme, bremse, D. brems, which are akin to G. brummen to growl, buzz, grumble, L. fremere to murmur; cf. G. brausen, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar, rush.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidæ, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; -- called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two- winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. [Written also breese and brize.]

BREEZE Breeze, n. Etym: [F. brise; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp. briza, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. bisa, OHG. bisa, north wind, Arm. biz northeast wind.]

1. A light, gentle wind; a fresh, soft-blowing wind. Into a gradual calm the breezes sink. Wordsworth.

2. An excited or ruffed state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel; as, the discovery produced a breeze. [Colloq.] Land breeze, a wind blowing from the land, generally at night. -- Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally in the daytime, from the sea.

BREEZE Breeze, n. Etym: [F. braise cinders, live coals. See Brasier.]

1. Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning charcoal.

2. (Brickmaking)

Defn: Refuse coal, coal ashes, and cinders, used in the burning of bricks.

BREEZE Breeze, v. i.

Defn: To blow gently. [R.] J. Barlow. To breeze up (Naut.), to blow with increasing freshness.

BREEZELESS Breeze"less, a.

Defn: Motionless; destitute of breezes. A stagnant, breezeless air becalms my soul. Shenstone.

BREEZINESS Breez"i*ness, n.

Defn: State of being breezy.

BREEZY Breez"y, a.

1. Characterized by, or having, breezes; airy. "A breezy day in May." Coleridge. 'Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned. Wordsworth.

2. Fresh; brisk; full of life. [Colloq.]

BREGMA Breg"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. bregma.] (Anat.)

Defn: The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

BREGMATIC Breg*mat"ic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the bregma.

BREHON Bre"hon, n. Etym: [Ir. breitheamh judge.]

Defn: An ancient Irish or Scotch judge. Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, -- unwritten, like the common law of England. They were abolished by statute of Edward III.

BRELAN Bre*lan", n. [F.] (Card Playing) (a) A French gambling game somewhat like poker. (b) In French games, a pair royal, or triplet.

BRELAN CARRE Bre*lan" car`re". [F. carré square.] (Card Playing)

Defn: In French games, a double pair royal.

BRELAN FAVORI Bre*lan" fa`vo`ri". [F. favori favorite.] (Card Playing)

Defn: In French games, a pair royal composed of 2 cards in the hand and the card turned.

BRELOQUE Bre*loque", n. [F.]

Defn: A seal or charm for a watch chain. "His chains and breloques." Thackeray.

BREME Breme, a. Etym: [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impetuous, glorious, AS. breme, br, famous. Cf. Brim, a.]

1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [Obs.] Spenser. From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air. Drayton.

2. Famous; renowned; well known. Wright. [Written also brim and brimme.]

BREN; BRENNE Bren, Bren"ne, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Brent (p. pr. & vb. n. Brenning.] Etym: [See Burn.]

Defn: To burn. [Obs.] Chaucer. Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall. W. Browne.

BREN Bren, n.

Defn: Bran. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRENNAGE Bren"nage, n. Etym: [OF. brenage; cf. LL. brennagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: A tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran, which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds.

BRENNINGLY Bren"ning*ly, adv.

Defn: Burningly; ardently. [Obs.]

BRENT; BRANT Brent, Brant, a. Etym: [AS. brant; akin to Dan. brat, Icel. brattr, steep.]

1. Steep; high. [Obs.] Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will marvel how any man dare climb up to them. Ascham.

2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.] Your bonnie brow was brent. Burns.

BRENT Brent, imp. & p.p.

Defn: of Bren. Burnt. [Obs.]

BRENT Brent, n. Etym: [Cf. Brant.]

Defn: A brant. See Brant.

BREQUET CHAIN Breq"uet chain`.

Defn: A watch-guard.

BRERE Brere, n.

Defn: A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer.

BREST Brest, 3d sing.pr.

Defn: for Bursteth. [Obs.]

BREST; BREAST Brest, Breast, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A torus. [Obs.]

BRESTE Bres"te, v. t. & i. [imp. Brast; p. p. Brusten, Borsten, Bursten.]

Defn: To burst. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRESTSUMMER Brest"sum`mer, n.

Defn: See Breastsummer.

BRET Bret, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Birt.

BRETFUL Bret"ful, a. Etym: [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd top, brim, AS. brerd.]

Defn: Brimful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRETHREN Breth"ren, n.;

Defn: pl. of Brother.

Note: This form of the plural is used, for the most part, in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or fraternities, or their members.

BRETON Bret"on, a. Etym: [F. breton.]

Defn: Of or relating to Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also, the ancient language of Brittany; Armorican.

BRETT Brett, n.

Defn: Same as Britzska.

BRETTICE Bret"tice, n.; pl. Brettices. Etym: [OE. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, F. bretèche, LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHG. bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, n., and cf. Bartizan.]

Defn: The wooden boarding used in supporting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattice.

BRETWALDA Bret"wal*da, n. Etym: [AS. Bretwalda, br, a powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes. Brande & C.

BRETZEL Bret"zel, n. Etym: [G.]

Defn: See Pretzel.

BREVE Breve, n. Etym: [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus: Moore.

2. (Law)

Defn: Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court.

3. (Print.)

Defn: A curved mark [˘] used commonly to indicate the short quantity of a vowel.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta gigas), which has a very short tail.

BREVET Bre*vet", n. Etym: [F. brevet, LL. brevetum, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.]

1. A warrant from the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. [French usage].

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer.

Note: In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for "gallant actions or meritorious services." A brevet rank gives no right of command in the

## particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be

exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty.

BREVET Bre*vet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted (; p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.)

Defn: To confer rank upon by brevet.

BREVET Bre*vet", a. (Mil.)

Defn: Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as, a brevet colonel; a brevet commission.

BREVETCY Bre*vet"cy, n.; pl. Brevetcies (. (Mil.)

Defn: The rank or condition of a brevet officer.

BREVIARY Bre"vi*a*ry, n.; pl. Breviaries (. Etym: [F. bréviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.]

1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary. A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered. Holland.

2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; -- distinguished from the missal.

BREVIATE Bre"vi*ate, n. Etym: [L. breviatus, p.p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.]

1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement. I omit in this breviate to rehearse. Hakluyt. The same little breviates of infidelity have . . . been published and dispersed with great activity. Bp. Porteus.

2. A lawyer's brief. [R.] Hudibras.

BREVIATE Bre"vi*ate, v. t.

Defn: To abbreviate. [Obs.]

BREVIATURE Bre"vi*a*ture, n.

Defn: An abbreviature; an abbreviation. [Obs.] Johnson.

BREVIER Bre*vier", n. Etym: [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.)

Defn: A size of type between bourgeous and minion.

Note: This line is printed in brevier type.

BREVILOQUENCE Bre*vil"o*quence, n. Etym: [L. breviloquentia.]

Defn: A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.]

BREVIPED Brev"i*ped, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brévipède.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having short legs. -- n.

Defn: A breviped bird.

BREVIPEN Brev"i*pen, n. Etym: [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brévipenne.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A brevipennate bird.

BREVIPENNATE Brev`i*pen"nate, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Short-winged; -- applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu.

BREVIROSTRAL; BREVIROSTRATE Brev`i*ros"tral, Brev`i*ros"trate, a. Etym: [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Short-billed; having a short beak.

BREVITY Brev"i*ty, n.; pl. Brevities. Etym: [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvité. See Brief.]

1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as, the brevity of human life.

2. Contraction into few words; conciseness. Brevity is the soul of wit. Shak. This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity. Bp. Porteus.

Syn. -- Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness.

BREW Brew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] Etym: [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, br, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. to prepare by heat. sq. root93. Cf. Broth, Bread.]

1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.]

2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. "She brews good ale." Shak.

3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct. Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely. Shak.

4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as, to brew mischief. Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver! Milton.

BREW Brew, v. i.

1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer. I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour. Shak.

2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as, a storm brews in the west. There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest. Shak.

BREW Brew, n.

Defn: The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon.

BREWAGE Brew"age, n.

Defn: Malt liquor; drink brewed. "Some well-spiced brewage." Milton. A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine. Macaulay.

BREWER Brew"er, n.

Defn: One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors.

BREWERY Brew"er*y, n.

Defn: A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on.

BREWHOUSE Brew"house`, n.

Defn: A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery.

BREWING Brew"ing, n.

1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale.

2. The quantity brewed at once. A brewing of new beer, set by old beer. Bacon.

3. A mixing together. I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make. Holland.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds.

BREWIS Brew"is, n. Etym: [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, -s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. sq. root93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.]

1. Broth or pottage. [Obs.] Let them of their Bonner's "beef" and "broth" make what brewis they please for their credulous guests. Bp. Hall.

2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter.

BREWSTERITE Brews"ter*ite, n. Etym: [Named after Sir David Brewster.]

Defn: A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, baryta, and strontia.

BREZILIN Brez"i*lin, n.

Defn: See Brazilin.

BRIAR Bri"ar, n.

Defn: Same as Brier.

BRIAREAN Bri*a"re*an, a. Etym: [L. Briareius, fr. Briareus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed.

BRIBABLE Brib"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being bribed. A more bribable class of electors. S. Edwards.

BRIBE Bribe, n. Etym: [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps, leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), LL. briba scrap of bread; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.]

1. A gift begged; a present. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or promised with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a position of trust. Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe. Hobart.

3. That which seduces; seduction; allurement. Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these everAkenside.

BRIBE Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bribing.]

1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to. Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his conscience. F. W. Robertson.

3. To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe.

BRIBE Bribe, v. i.

1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs.]

2. To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise. An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been holden to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted. Bouvier. The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe. Goldsmith.

BRIBELESS Bribe"less, a.

Defn: Incapable of being bribed; free from bribes. From thence to heaven's bribeless hall. Sir W. Raleigh.

BRIBER Brib"er, n.

1. A thief. [Obs.] Lydgate.

2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices.

3. That which bribes; a bribe. His service . . . were a sufficient briber for his life. Shak.

BRIBERY Brib"er*y, n.; pl. Briberies. Etym: [OE. brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, n.]

1. Robbery; extortion. [Obs.]

2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes; the act of influencing the official or political action of another by corrupt inducements. Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not been bribed as to voting. [Eng.]

BRIC-A BRAC; BRIC-A-BRAC; BRIC A BRAC Bric"-a brac`, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Miscellaneous curiosities and works of decorative art, considered collectively. A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture or metal work, or an odd knickknack.

BRICK Brick, n. Etym: [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin; cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. E. brique piece, brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlafes brice, fr. the root of E. break. See Break.]

1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp. The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians. Layard.

2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; as, a load of brick; a thousand of brick. Some of Palladio's finest examples are of brick. Weale.

3. Any oblong rectangular mass; as, a brick of maple sugar; a penny brick (of bread).

4. A good fellow; a merry person; as, you 're a brick. [Slang] "He 's a dear little brick." Thackeray. To have a brick in one's hat, to be drunk. [Slang]

Note: Brick is used adjectively or in combination; as, brick wall; brick clay; brick color; brick red. Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick dust, dust of pounded or broken bricks. -- Brick earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick in shape. -- Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden partition; brick filling. -- Brick tea, tea leaves and young shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc., and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in Northern and Central Asia. S. W. Williams. -- Brick trimmer (Arch.), a brick arch under a hearth, usually within the thickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents by fire. -- Brick trowel. See Trowel. -- Brick works, a place where bricks are made. -- Bath brick. See under Bath, a city. -- Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imperfections of shape and texture which are common in molded bricks.

BRICK Brick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.]

1. To lay or pave with bricks; to surround, line, or construct with bricks.

2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with an edge tool, and pointing them. To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick.

BRICKBAT Brick"bat`, n.

Defn: A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon.

BRICKFIELDER Brick"field`er, n. [Australia]

1.

Defn: Orig., at Sydney, a cold and violent south or southwest wind, rising suddenly, and regularly preceded by a hot wind from the north; -- now usually called southerly buster. It blew across the Brickfields, formerly so called, a district of Sydney, and carried clouds of dust into the city.

2. By confusion, a midsummer hot wind from the north.

BRICKKILN Brick"kiln`, n.

Defn: A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked or burnt; or a pile of green bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or fuel for burning them.

BRICKLAYER Brick"lay`er, n. Etym: [Brick + lay.]

Defn: One whose pccupation is to build with bricks. Bricklayer's itch. See under Itch.

BRICKLAYING Brick"lay`ing, n.

Defn: The art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms; the act or occupation of laying bricks.

BRICKLE Bric"kle, a. Etym: [OE. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.]

Defn: Brittle; easily broken. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser. As stubborn steel excels the brickle glass. Turbervile.

BRICKLENESS Bric"kle*ness, n.

Defn: Brittleness. [Obs.]

BRICKMAKER Brick"mak`er, n.

Defn: One whose occupation is to make bricks. -- Brick"mak*ing, n.

BRICKWORK Brick"work`, n.

1. Anything made of bricks. Niches in brickwork form the most difficult part of the bricklayer's art. Tomlinson.

2. The act of building with or laying bricks.

BRICKY Brick"y, a.

Defn: Full of bricks; formed of bricks; resembling bricks or brick dust. [R.] Spenser.

BRICKYARD Brick"yard`, n.

Defn: A place where bricks are made, especially an inclosed place.

BRICOLE Bri*cole", n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.)

Defn: A kind of traces with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneuver guns where horses can not be used.

BRID Brid, n.

Defn: A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRIDAL Brid"al, a. Etym: [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, n.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a bride, or to wedding; nuptial; as, bridal ornaments; a bridal outfit; a bridal chamber.

BRIDAL Brid"al, n. Etym: [OE. bridale, brudale, AS. br brideale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.]

Defn: A nuptia; festival or ceremony; a marriage. Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, The bridal of the earth and sky. Herbert.

BRIDALTY Brid"al*ty, n.

Defn: Celebration of the nuptial feast. [Obs.] "In honor of this bridalty." B. Jonson.

BRIDE Bride, n. Etym: [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. br; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. br, D. bruid, OHG. pr, br, G. braut, Icel. br, Sw. & Dan. brud, Goth. br33s; cf. Armor. pried spouse, W. priawd a married person.]

1. A woman newly married, or about to be married. Has by his own experience tried How much the wife is dearer than the bride. Lyttleton. I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife. Rev. xxi. 9.

2. Fig.: An object ardently loved. Bride of the sea, the city of Venice.

BRIDE Bride, v. t.

Defn: To make a bride of. [Obs.]

BRIDE-ALE Bride"-ale`, n. Etym: [See Bridal.]

Defn: A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale. The man that 's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake, And drink enough, he need not fear his stake. B. Jonson.

BRIDEBED Bride"bed`, n.

Defn: The marriage bed. [Poetic]

BRIDECAKE Bride"cake`, n.

Defn: Rich or highly ornamented cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent to friends after the wedding.

BRIDECHAMBER Bride"cham`ber, n.

Defn: The nuptial appartment. Matt. ix. 15.

BRIDEGROOM Bride"groom`, n. Etym: [OE. bridegome, brudgume, AS. br (akin to OS. br, D. bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. pr, MHG. briutegome, G. bräutigam); AS. br bride + guma man, akin to Goth. guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.]

Defn: A man newly married, or just about to be married.

BRIDEKNOT Bride"knot`, n.

Defn: A knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding; a wedding favor. [Obs.]

BRIDEMAID; BRIDEMAN Bride"maid`, n., Bride"man (, n.

Defn: See Bridesmaid, Bridesman.

BRIDESMAID Brides"maid`, n.

Defn: A female friend who attends on a bride at her wedding.

BRIDESMAN Brides"man, n.; pl. Bridesmen (.

Defn: A male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage; the "best man." Sir W. Scott.

BRIDESTAKE Bride"stake`, n.

Defn: A stake or post set in the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round. Divide the broad bridecake Round about the bridestake. B. Jonson.

BRIDEWELL Bride"well, n.

Defn: A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; -- so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride's (or Bridget's) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.

BRIDGE Bridge, n. Etym: [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. bruccu, G. brücke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. br bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.]

1. A structure, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad, etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other.

2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to keep some other thing from resting upon the object spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or which forms a platform or staging over which something passes or is conveyed.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: The small arch or bar at right angles to the strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving of raise them and transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument.

4. (Elec.)

Defn: A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit.

5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc.; -- usually called a bridge wall. Aqueduct bridge. See Aqueduct. -- Asses' bridge, Bascule bridge, Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau. -- Bridge of a steamer (Naut.), a narrow platform across the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the officer in charge of the ship; in paddlewheel vessels it connects the paddle boxes. -- Bridge of the nose, the upper, bony part of the nose. -- Cantalever bridge. See under Cantalever. -- Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. -- Flying bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for the passage of armies; also, a floating structure connected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and made to pass from bank to bank by the action of the current or other means. -- Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abutments or piers. -- Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice girders. -- Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pontoon. -- Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely from bank to bank, as sometimes required in railway engineering. -- Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. -- Trestle bridge, a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting on trestles. -- Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of iron plates riveted together, as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal. -- Wheatstone's bridge (Elec.), a device for the measurement of resistances, so called because the balance between the resistances to be measured is indicated by the absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge or connection between two points of the apparatus; -- invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone.

BRIDGE Bridge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridged (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridging.]

1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as, to bridge a river. Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded. Palfrey.

2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge. Xerxes . . . over Hellespont Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined. Milton.

3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty; -- generally with over.

BRIDGEBOARD Bridge"board`, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A notched board to which the treads and risers of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened.

2. A board or plank used as a bridge.

BRIDGEHEAD Bridge"head`, n.

Defn: A fortification commanding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and prevent the enemy from crossing; a tête-de-pont.

BRIDGEING; BRIDGING Bridge"ing, Bridg"ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The system of bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute the weight. Bridging joist. Same as Binding joist.

BRIDGELESS Bridge"less, a.

Defn: Having no bridge; not bridged.

BRIDGEPOT Bridge"pot`, n. (Mining)

Defn: The adjustable socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight.

BRIDGETREE Bridge"tree`, n. Etym: [Bridge + tree a beam.] (Mining)

Defn: The beam which supports the spindle socket of the runner in a grinding mill. Knight.

BRIDGE-WARD Bridge"-ward`, n.

1. A bridge keeper; a warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

2. The principal ward of a key. Knight.

BRIDGEY Bridge"y, a.

Defn: Full of bridges. [R.] Sherwood.

BRIDLE Bri"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid. Cf. Bridoon.]

1. The head gear with which a horse is governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages.

2. A restraint; a curb; a check. I. Watts.

3. (Gun.)

Defn: The piece in the interior of a gun lock, which holds in place the timbler, sear, etc.

4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, line, or chain made fast as both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be attached to its middle. (b) A mooring hawser. Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. -- Branches of a bridle. See under Branch. -- Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. -- Bridle hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. -- Bridle path, Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles. -- Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc., are passed. -- Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. -- Bridle road. (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (b) A road in a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. -- Bridle track, a bridle path. -- Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2.

Syn. -- A check; restrain.

BRIDLE Bri"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bridling.]

1. To put a bridle upon; to equip with a bridle; as, to bridle a horse. He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist. Drake.

2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a bridle; to check, curb, or control; as, to bridle the passions; to bridle a muse. Addison. Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation. Burke.

Syn. -- To check; restrain; curb; govern; control; repress; master; subdue.

BRIDLE Bri"dle, v. i.

Defn: To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment; to assume a lofty manner; -- usually with up. "His bridling neck." Wordsworth. By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus. Tatler.

BRIDLE IRON Bri"dle i`ron. (Arch.)

Defn: A strong flat bar of iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be had; -- called also stirrup and hanger.

BRIDLER Bri"dler, n.

Defn: One who bridles; one who restrains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton.

BRIDOON Bri*doon", n. Etym: [F. bridon, from bride; of German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.)

Defn: The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connection with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell.

BRIE CHEESE Brie" cheese".

Defn: A kind of soft French cream cheese; -- so called from the district in France where it is made; --called also fromage de Brie.

BRIEF Brief, a. Etym: [OE. bref, F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis; akin to Gr. barh to tear. Cf. Breve.]

1. Short in duration. How brief the life of man. Shak.

2. Concise; terse; succinct. The brief style is that which expresseth much in little. B. Jonson.

3. Rife; common; prevalent. [Prov. Eng.] In brief. See under Brief, n.

Syn. -- Short; concise; succinct; summary; compendious; condensed; terse; curt; transistory; short-lived.

BRIEF Brief, adv.

1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic] Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief. Milton.

2. Soon; quickly. [Obs.] Shak.

BRIEF Brief, n. Etym: [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.]

1. A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words. Bear this sealed brief, With winged hastle, to the lord marshal. Shak. And she told me In a sweet, verbal brief. Shak.

2. An epitome. Each woman is a brief of womankind. Overbury.

3. (Law)

Defn: An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument. It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief. Sir J. Stephen.

Note: In England, the brief is prepared by the attorney; in the United States, counsel generally make up their own briefs.

4. (Law)

Defn: A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2.

5. (Scots Law)

Defn: A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.

6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.] Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," i. e., "from the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. -- Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. -- In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. "Open the matter in brief." Shak.

BRIEF Brief, v. t.

Defn: To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.

BRIEFLESS Brief"less, a.

Defn: Having no brief; without clients; as, a briefless barrister.

BRIEFLY Brief"ly, adv.

Defn: Concisely; in few words.

BRIEFMAN Brief"man, n.

1. One who makes a brief.

2. A copier of a manuscript.

BRIEFNESS Brief"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing.

BRIER; BRIAR Bri"er, Bri"ar, n. Etym: [OE. brere, brer, AS. brer, brær; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.]

1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax.

2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings. The thorns and briers of reproof. Cowper. Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walleri; -- used for tobacco pipes. -- Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) -- Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. -- Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.

BRIERED Bri"ered, a.

Defn: Set with briers. Chatterton.

BRIERY Bri"er*y, a.

Defn: Full of briers; thorny.

BRIERY Bri"er*y, n.

Defn: A place where briers grow. Huloet.

BRIG Brig, n.

Defn: A bridge. [Scot.] Burns.

BRIG Brig, n. Etym: [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.)

Defn: A two-masted, square-rigged vessel. Hermaphrodite brig, a two- masted vessel square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix.

BRIGADE Bri*gade", n. Etym: [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general.

Note: Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d'armée. [U.S.]

2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as, a fire brigade. Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. -- Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.

BRIGADE Bri*gade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.)

Defn: To form into a brigade, or into brigades.

BRIGADIER GENERAL Brig`a*dier" gen"er*al. Etym: [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.)

Defn: An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier.

BRIGAND Brig"and, n. Etym: [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It. brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.]

1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.]

2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter. Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti. Jeffery.

BRIGANDAGE Brig"and*age, n. Etym: [F. brigandage.]

Defn: Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder.

BRIGANDINE Brig"an*dine, n. Etym: [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.]

Defn: A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4. Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet, And brigandine of brass. Milton.

BRIGANDISH Brig"and*ish, a.

Defn: Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike.

BRIGANDISM Brig"and*ism, n.

Defn: Brigandage.

BRIGANTINE Brig"an*tine, n. Etym: [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig]

1. A practical vessel. [Obs.]

2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail.

3. See Brigandine.

BRIGGE Brig"ge, n.

Defn: A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRIGHT Bright, v. i.

Defn: See Brite, v. i.

BRIGHT Bright, a. Etym: [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth. baírhts. sq. root94.]

1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark. The sun was bright o'erhead. Longfellow. The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright. Drake. The public places were as bright as at noonday. Macaulay.

2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent. From the brightest wines He 'd turn abhorrent. Thomson.

3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as, bright beauty. Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky. Parnell.

4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent.

5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery. Be bright and jovial among your guests. Shak.

6. Illustrious; glorious. In the brightest annals of a female reign. Cotton.

7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain. That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the bearner on. I. Watts.

8. Of brilliant color; of lively hue or appearance. Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew. Pope.

Note: Bright is used in composition in the sense of brilliant, clear, sunny, etc.; as, bright-eyed, bright-haired, bright-hued.

Syn. -- Shining; splending; luminous; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; effulgent; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittering; lucid; beamy; clear; transparent; illustrious; witty; clear; vivacious; sunny.

BRIGHT Bright, n.

Defn: Splendor; brightness. [Poetic] Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear. Milton.

BRIGHT Bright, adv.

Defn: Brightly. Chaucer. I say it is the moon that shines so bright. Shak.

BRIGHTEN Bright"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened; p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.]

Note: [From Bright, a.]

1. To make bright or brighter; to make to shine; to increase the luster of; to give a brighter hue to.

2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished; to add luster or splendor to. The present queen would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to instill virtues into her people. Swift.

3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or removing that which obscures and darkens; to shed light upon; to make cheerful; as, to brighten one's prospects. An ecstasy, which mothers only feel, Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow. Philips.

4. To make acute or witty; to enliven. Johnson.

BRIGHTEN Bright"en, v. i. Etym: [AS. beorhtan.]

Defn: To grow bright, or more bright; to become less dark or gloomy; to clear up; to become bright or cheerful. And night shall brighten into day. N. Cotton. And, all his prospects brightening to the last, His heaven commences ere world be past. Goldsmith.

BRIGHT-HARNESSED Bright"-har`nessed, a.

Defn: Having glittering armor. [Poetic] Milton.

BRIGHTLY Bright"ly, adv.

1. Brilliantly; splendidly; with luster; as, brightly shining armor.

2. With lively intelligence; intelligently. Looking brightly into the mother's face. Hawthorne.

BRIGHTNESS Bright"ness, n. Etym: [AS. beorhines. See Bright.]

1. The quality or state of being bright; splendor; luster; brilliancy; clearness. A sudden brightness in his face appear. Crabbe.

2. Acuteness (of the faculties); sharpness 9wit. The brightness of his parts . . . distinguished him. Prior.

Syn. -- Splendor; luster; radiance; resplendence; brilliancy; effulgence; glory; clearness.

BRIGHT'S DISEASE Bright's" dis*ease". Etym: [From Dr. Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med.)

Defn: An affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in character, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright's disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the morbid process.

BRIGHTSOME Bright"some, a.

Defn: Bright; clear; luminous; brilliant. [R.] Marlowe.

BRIGOSE Bri*gose", a. Etym: [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See Brigue, n.]

Defn: Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller.

BRIGUE Brigue, n. Etym: [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel. See Brigand.]

Defn: A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention, strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

BRIGUE Brigue, v. i. Etym: [F. briguer. See Brigue, n.]

Defn: To contend for; to canvass; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Hurd.

BRIKE Brike, n. Etym: [AS. brice.]

Defn: A breach; ruin; downfall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BRILL Brill, n. Etym: [Cf. Corn. brilli mackerel, fr. brith streaked, speckled.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish allied to the turbot (Rhombus levis), much esteemed in England for food; -- called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret.

BRILLANTE Bril*lan"te, adv. Etym: [It. See Brilliant, a.] (Mus.)

Defn: In a gay, showy, and sparkling style.

BRILLIANCE Bril"liance, n.

Defn: Brilliancy. Tennyson.

BRILLIANCY Bril"lian*cy, n. Etym: [See Brilliant.]

Defn: The quality of being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brighness, whether in a literal or figurative sense. With many readers brilliancy of style passes for affluence of thought. Longfellow.

BRILLIANT Bril"liant, a. Etym: [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. brillar, It. brillare), fr. L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It. brill. See Beryl.]

1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; very bright; as, a brilliant star.

2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splended; shining; as, brilliant talents. Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform brilliant exploits. Fisher Ames.

Syn. -- See Shining.

BRILLIANT Bril"liant, n. Etym: [F. brillant. See Brilliant, a.]

1. A diamond or other gem of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and refract the light, by which it is rendered nore brilliant. It has at the middle, or top, a principal face, called the table, which is surrounded by a number of sloping facets forming a bizet; below, it has a small face or collet, parallel to the table, connected with the gridle by a pavilion of elongated facets. It is thus distinguished from the rose diamond, which is entirely covered with facets on the surface, and is flat below. This snuffbox -- on the hinge see brilliants shine. Pope.

2. (Print.)

Defn: The small size of type used in England printing.

Note: This line is printed in the type called Brilliant.

3. A kind of kotton goods, figured on the weaving.

BRILLIANTINE Bril"lian*tine, n. [F. brillantine. See lst Brilliant.]

1. An oily composition used to make the hair glossy.

2. A dress fabric having a glossy finish on both sides, resembling alpaca but of superior quality.

BRILLIANTLY Bril"liant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a brilliant manner.

BRILLIANTNESS Bril"liant*ness, n.

Defn: Brilliancy; splendor; glitter.

BRILLS Brills, n. pl. Etym: [CF. G. brille spectacles, D. bril, fr. L. berillus. See Brilliant.]

Defn: The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Bailey.

BRIM Brim, n. Etym: [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme edge, border; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. bräm, Dan. bræmme, G. brame, bräme. Possibly the same word as AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of surf at the border of the sea, and akin to L. fremere to roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.]

1. The rim, border, or upper sdge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used for holding anything. Saw I that insect on this goblet's brim I would remove it with an anxious pity. Coleridge.

2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water contained in it; the brink; border. The feet of the priest that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water. Josh. iii. 15.

3. The rim of a hat. Wordsworth.

BRIM Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brimming.]

Defn: To be full to the brim. "The brimming stream." Milton. To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that some of the contents flows over the brim; as, cup brimming over with wine; a man brimming over with fun.

BRIM Brim, v. t.

Defn: To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. Arrange the board and brim the glass. Tennyson.

BRIM Brim, a.

Defn: Fierce; sharp; cold. See Breme. [Obs.]

BRIMFUL Brim"ful, a.

Defn: Full to the brim; completely full; ready to overflow. "Her brimful eyes." Dryden.

BRIMLESS Brim"less, a.

Defn: Having no brim; as, brimless caps.

BRIMMED Brimmed, a.

1. Having a brim; -- usually in composition. "Broad-brimmed hat." Spectator.

2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton.

BRIMMER Brim"mer, n.

Defn: A brimful bowl; a bumper.

BRIMMING Brim"ming, a.

Defn: Full to the brim; overflowing.

BRIMSTONE Brim"stone, n. Etym: [OE. brimston, bremston, bernston, brenston; cf. Icel. brennistein. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.]

Defn: Sulphur; See Sulphur.

BRIMSTONE Brim"stone, a.

Defn: Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as, brimstone matches. From his brimstone bed at break of day A-walking the devil has gone. Coleridge.

BRIMSTONY Brim"sto`ny, a.

Defn: Containing or resembling brimstone; sulphurous. B. Jonson.

BRIN Brin, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of the radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are called panaches. Knight.

BRINDED Brin"ded, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. bröndottr brindled, fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn. See Brand, Burn.]

Defn: Of a gray or tawny color with streaks of darker hue; streaked; brindled. "Three brinded cows," Dryden. "The brinded cat." Shak.

BRINDLE Brin"dle, n. Etym: [See Brindled.]

1. The state of being brindled.

2. A brindled color; also, that which is brindled.

BRINDLE Brin"dle, a.

Defn: Brindled.

BRINDLED Brin"dled, a. Etym: [A dim. form of brinded.]

Defn: Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground; brinded. "With a brindled lion played." Churchill.

BRINE Brine, n. Etym: [AS. bryne a burning, salt liquor, brine, fr. brinnan, brynnan, to burn. See Burn.]

1. Water saturated or strongly inpregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also, the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters.

2. The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake. Not long beneath the whelming brine . . . he lay. Cowper.

3. Tears; -- so called from their saltness. What a deal of brine Hath washed thy sallow cheecks for Rosaline! Shak. Brine fly (Zoöl.), a fly of the genus Ephydra, the larvæ of which live in artificial brines and in salt lakes. -- Brine gauge, an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. -- Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed by cristallization. -- Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. -- Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for changing the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the brine which collects at the bottom. -- Brine shrimp, Brine worm (Zoöl.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Artemia, inhabiting the strong brines of salt works and natural salt lakes. See Artemia. -- Brine spring, a spring of salt water. -- Leach brine (Saltmaking), brine which drops from granulated salt in drying, and is preserved to be boiled again.

BRINE Brine, v. t.

1. To steep or saturate in brine.

2. To sprinkle with salt or brine; as, to brine hay.

BRING Bring, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought; p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] Etym: [OE. bringen, AS. bringan; akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen, Fries. brenga, OHG. bringan, G. bringen, Goth. briggan.]

1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be; to bear from a more distant to a nearer place; to fetch. And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread. 1 Kings xvii. 11. To France shall we convey you safe, And bring you back. Shak.

2. To cause the accession or obtaining of; to procure; to make to come; to produce; to draw to. There is nothing will bring you more honor . . . than to do what right in justice you may. Bacon.

3. To convey; to move; to carry or conduct. In distillation, the water . . . brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol. Sir I. Newton.

4. To persuade; to induce; to draw; to lead; to guide. It seems so preposterous a thing . . . that they do not easily bring themselves to it. Locke. The nature of the things . . . would not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them. Locke.

5. To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as, what does coal bring per ton To bring about, to bring to pass; to effect; to accomplish. -- To bring back. (a) To recall. (b) To restore, as something borrowed, to its owner. -- To bring by the lee (Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly to the windward, any by laying the sails aback, expose her to danger of upsetting. -- To bring down. (a) To cause to come down. (b) To humble or abase; as, to bring down high looks. -- To bring down the house, to cause tremendous applause. [Colloq.] -- To bring forth. (a) To produce, as young fruit. (b) To bring to light; to make manifest. -- To bring forward (a) To exhibit; to introduce; to produce to view. (b) To hasten; to promote; to forward. (c) To propose; to adduce; as, to bring forward arguments. -- To bring home. (a) To bring to one's house. (b) To prove conclusively; as, to bring home a charge of treason. (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience. (d) (Naut.) To lift of its place, as an anchor. -- To bring in. (a) To fetch from without; to import. (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as, to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as, to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. -- To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. -- To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as, to bring on a disease. -- To bring one on one's way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. -- To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. -- To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. -- To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to). (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course. (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. -- To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. -- To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. -- To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. "Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass." Ps. xxxvii. 5. -- To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. -- To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c)

Note: [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] -- To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] -- To be brought to bed. See under Bed.

Syn. -- To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce.

BRINGER Bring"er, n.

Defn: One who brings. Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news Hath but a losing office. Shak. Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces.

BRININESS Brin"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness.

BRINISH Brin"ish, a.

Defn: Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. "Brinish tears." Shak.

BRINISHNESS Brin"ish*ness, n.

Defn: State or quality of being brinish.

BRINJAREE Brin"ja*ree`, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.

BRINK Brink, n. Etym: [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.]

Defn: The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. "The brink of vice." Bp. Porteus. "The brink of ruin." Burke. The plashy brink of weedy lake. Bryant.

BRINY Brin"y, a. Etym: [From Brine.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as, a briny taste; the briny flood.

BRIOCHE Bri`oche", n. [F.]

1. A light cake made with flour, butter, yeast, and eggs.

2. A knitted foot cushion.

BRIOLETTE Bri`o*lette", n. [F.]

Defn: An oval or pearshaped diamond having its entire surface cut in triangular facets.

BRIONY Bri"o*ny, n.

Defn: See Bryony. Tennyson.

BRIQUETTE Bri*quette", n. [Also briquet.] [F., dim. of brique brick.]

1. A block of compacted coal dust, or peat, etc., for fuel.

2. A block of artificial stone in the form of a brick, used for paving; also, a molded sample of solidified cement or mortar for use as a test piece for showing the strength of the material.

BRISK Brisk, a. Etym: [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.]

1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick. Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile. Shak. Brick toil alternating with ready ease. Wordworth.

2. Full of spirit of life; effervescas, brick cider.

Syn. -- Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated.

BRISK Brisk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.]

Defn: To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; -- usually with up.

BRISKET Bris"ket, n. Etym: [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. bréchet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael. brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.]

Defn: That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest.

Note: [See Illust. of Beef.]

BRISKLY Brisk"ly, adv.

Defn: In a brisk manner; nimbly.

BRISKNESS Brisk"ness, n.

Defn: Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence.

BRISTLE Bris"tle, n. Etym: [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bh edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. brush, burr, perh. to brad. sq. root96.]

1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.

BRISTLE Bris"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled; p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling.]

1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; -- sometimes with up. Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest. Shak. Boy, bristle thy courage up. Shak.

2. To fix a bristle to; as, to bristle a thread.

BRISTLE Bris"tle, v. i.

1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles. His hair did bristle upon his head. Sir W. Scott.

2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles. The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets. Thackeray. Ports bristling with thousands of masts. Macaulay.

3. To show deflance or indignation. To bristle up, to show anger or deflance.

BRISTLE-POINTED Bris"tle-point`ed, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.

BRISTLE-SHAPED Bris"tle-shaped`, a.

Defn: Resembling a bristle in form; as, a bristle-shaped leaf.

BRISTLETAIL Bris"tle*tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect of the genera Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the Thysanura.

BRISTLINESS Bris"tli*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of having bristles.

BRISTLY Bris"tly, a.

Defn: THick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles; rough. The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly. Bacon.

BRISTOL Bris"tol, n.

Defn: A seaport city in the west of England. Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. -- Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used for polishing cultery; -- originally manufactured at Bristol. -- Bristol stone, rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it is called Bristol diamond.

BRISURE Bri*sure", n. Etym: [F.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: Any part of a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general direction.

2. (Her.)

Defn: A mark of cadency or difference.

BRIT; BRITT Brit, Britt, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the common herring; also, a small species of herring; the sprat. (b) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomostraca) upon which the right whales feed.

BRITANNIA Bri*tan"ni*a, n. Etym: [From L. Britannia Great Britain.]

Defn: A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and isused for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

BRITANNIC Bri*tan"nic, a. Etym: [L. Britannicus, fr. Britannia Great Britain.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Great Britain; British; as, her Britannic Majesty.

BRITE; BRIGHT Brite, Bright, v. t.

Defn: To be or become overripe, as wheat, barley, or hops. [Prov. Eng.]

BRITICISM Brit"i*cism, n.

Defn: A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain; any manner of using a word or words that is peculiar to Great Britain.

BRITISH Brit"ish, a. Etym: [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants; -- sometimes restrict to the original inhabitants. British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dextrin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in stiffering goods. -- British lion, the national emblem of Great Britain. -- British seas, the four seas which surround Great Britain.

BRITISH Brit"ish, n. pl.

Defn: People of Great Britain.

BRITISHER Brit"ish*er, n.

Defn: An Englishman; a subject or inhabitant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British military or naval service. [Now used jocosely]

BRITON Brit"on, a. Etym: [AS. bryten Britain.]

Defn: British. [Obs.] Spenser. -- n.

Defn: A native of Great Britain.

BRITTLE Brit"tle, a. Etym: [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. breótan to break; akin to Icel. brytja, Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.]

Defn: Easily broken; apt to break; fragile; not tough or tenacious. Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece Of fine-cut crystal. Cotton. Brittle silver ore, the mineral stephanite.

BRITTLELY Brit"tle*ly, adv.

Defn: In a brittle manner. Sherwood.

BRITTLENESS Brit"tle*ness, n.

Defn: Aptness to break; fragility.

BRITTLE STAR Brit"tle star`.

Defn: Any species of ophiuran starfishes. See Ophiuroidea.

BRITZSKA Britz"ska, n. Etym: [Russ. britshka; cf. Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka freight wagon.]

Defn: A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

BRIZE Brize, n.

Defn: The breeze fly. See Breeze. Shak.

BROACH Broach, n. Etym: [OE. broche, F. broche, fr. LL. brocca; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael. brog awl. Cf. Brooch.]

1. A spit. [Obs.] He turned a broach that had worn a crown. Bacon.

2. An awl; a bodkin; also, a wooden rod or pin, sharpened at each end, used by thatchers. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; sometimes made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing pivot holes in watches; a reamer. The broach for gun barrels is commonly square and without taper. (b) A straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed through irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed by revolving tools; a drift.

4. (Masonry)

Defn: A broad chisel for stonecutting.

5. (Arch.)

Defn: A spire rising from a tower. [Local, Eng.]

6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch.

7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag.

8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended for dipping. Knight.

9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key.

BROACH Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached; p. pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] Etym: [F. brocher, fr. broche. See Broach, n.]

1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit. I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point. Shak.

2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor. Hence: To let out; to shed, as blood. Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast. Shak.

3. To open for the first time, as stores. You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armories, I will broach my store, and will bring forth my stores. Knolles.

4. To make public; to utter; to publish first; to put forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation. Those very opinions themselves had broached. Swift.

5. To cause to begin or break out. [Obs.] Shak.

6. (Masonry)

Defn: To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by chiseling with a coarse tool. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach. To broach to (Naut.), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting.

BROACHER Broach"er, n.

1. A spit; a broach. On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned. Dryden.

2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first publisher or promoter. Some such broacher of heresy. Atterbury.

BROAD Broad, a. [Compar. Broader; superl. Broadest.] Etym: [OE. brod, brad, AS. brad; akin to OS. bred, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. brei, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. Breadth.]

1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; -- opposed to narrow; as, a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad.

2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as, the broad expanse of ocean.

3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. "Broad and open day." Bp. Porteus.

4. Fig.: Having a large measure of any thing or quality; not limited; not restrained; -- applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive. A broad mixture of falsehood. Locke.

Note: Hence: -

5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged. The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case. D. Daggett. In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way. E. Everett.

6. Plain; evident; as, a broad hint.

7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined. As broad and general as the casing air. Shak.

8. (Fine Arts)

Defn: Characterized by breadth. See Breadth.

9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as, a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor.

10. Strongly marked; as, a broad Scotch accent.

Note: Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as, broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged. Broad acres. See under Acre. -- Broad arrow, originally a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. -- As broad as long, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes. It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them. L'Estrange. Broad pennant. See under Pennant.

Syn. -- Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal.

BROAD Broad, n.

1. The broad part of anything; as, the broad of an oar.

2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water; a flooded fen. [Local, Eng.] Southey.

3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bottoms of cylinders. Knight.

BROADAX; BROADAXE Broad"ax` Broad"axe`, n.

1. An ancient military weapon; a battle-ax.

2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.

BROADBILL Broad"bill`, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wild duck (Aythya, or Fuligula, marila), which appears in large numbers on the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn; - - called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck. See Scaup duck.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The shoveler. See Shoveler.

BROADBRIM Broad"brim`, n.

1. A hat with a very broad brim, like those worn by men of the society of Friends.

2. A member of the society of Friends; a Quaker. [Sportive]

BROAD-BRIMMED Broad"-brimmed`, a.

Defn: Having a broad brim. A broad-brimmed flat silver plate. Tatler.

BROADCAST Broad"cast`, n. (Agric.)

Defn: A casting or throwing seed in all directions, as from the hand in sowing.

BROADCAST Broad"cast`, a.

1. Cast or dispersed in all directions, as seed from the hand in sowing; widely diffused.

2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing); -- opposed to planting in hills, or rows.

BROADCAST Broad"cast`, adv.

Defn: So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions; so as to spread widely, as seed from the hand in sowing, or news from the press.

BROAD CHURCH Broad" Church`. (Eccl.)

Defn: A portion of the Church of England, consisting of persons who claim to hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship, intermediate between the High Church party and the Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been applied to otherbodies of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship. Side by side with these various shades of High and Low Church, another party of a different character has always existed in the Church of England. It is called by different names: Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends; Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive character is the desire of comprehension. Its watch words are charity and toleration. Conybeare.

BROADCLOTH Broad"cloth, n.

Defn: A fine smooth-faced woolen cloth for men's garments, usually of double width (i.e., a yard and a half); -- so called in distinction from woolens three quarters of a yard wide.

BROADEN Broad"en, v. t. [p. & p. p. Broadened (; p. pr. & vb.n. Broadening (.] Etym: [From Broad, a.]

Defn: To grow broad; to become broader or wider. The broadening sun appears. Wordsworth.

BROADEN Broad"en, v. t.

Defn: To make broad or broader; to render more broad or comprehensive.

BROAD GAUGE Broad" gauge`. (Railroad)

Defn: A wider distance between the rails than the "standard" gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge.

BROAD-HORNED Broad"-horned`, a.

Defn: Having horns spreading widely.

BROADISH Broad"ish, a.

Defn: Rather broad; moderately broad.

BROADLEAF Broad"leaf`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A tree (Terminalia latifolia) of Jamaica, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, etc; -- sometimes called the almond tree, from the shape of its fruit.

BROAD-LEAVED; BROAD-LEAFED Broad"-leaved`, Broad"-leafed`, a.

Defn: Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats.

BROADLY Broad"ly, adv.

Defn: In a broad manner.

BROADMOUTH Broad"mouth`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Eurylaimidæ, a family of East Indian passerine birds.

BROADNESS Broad"ness, n. Etym: [AS. bradnes.]

Defn: The condition or quality of being broad; breadth; coarseness; grossness.

BROADPIECE Broad"piece`, n.

Defn: An old English gold coin, broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus.

BROAD SEAL Broad" seal`.

Defn: The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state.

BROADSEAL Broad"seal`, v. t.

Defn: To stamp with the broad seal; to make sure; to guarantee or warrant. [Obs.] Thy presence broadseals our delights for pure. B. Jonson.

BROADSIDE Broad"side`, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter.

2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a ship, at the same time.

3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.]

4. (Print.)

Defn: A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only; -- called also broadsheet.

BROADSPREAD Broad"spread`, a.

Defn: Widespread.

BROADSPREADING Broad"spread`ing, a.

Defn: Spreading widely.

BROADSWORD Broad"sword`, n.

Defn: A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge; a claymore. I heard the broadsword's deadly clang. Sir W. Scott.

BROADWISE Broad"wise`, adv.

Defn: Breadthwise. [Archaic]

BROB Brob, n. Etym: [Cf. Gael. brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.)

Defn: A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping.

BROBDINGNAGIAN Brob`ding*nag"i*an, a. Etym: [From Brobdingnag, a country of giants in "Gulliver's Travels."]

Defn: Colossal' of extraordinary height; gigantic. -- n.

Defn: A giant. [Spelt often Brobdignagian.]

BROCADE Bro*cade", n. Etym: [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broccato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare *prick, to figure (textile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.]

Defn: Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, foliage, etc.; -- also applied to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched. A gala suit of faded brocade. W. Irving.

BROCADED Bro*cad"ed, a.

1. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc. Brocaded flowers o'er the gay mantua shine. Gay.

2. Dressed in brocade.

BROCAGE Bro"cage, n.

Defn: See Brokkerage.

BROCARD Broc"ard, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by the Italians and French, Brocard.]

Defn: An elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics. The legal brocard, "Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus," is a rule not more applicable to other witness than to consciousness. Sir W. Hamilton.

BROCATEL Bro"ca*tel, n. Etym: [F. brocatelle, fr. It. brocatello: cf. Sp. brocatel. See Brocade.]

1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapestry, linings for carriages, etc.

2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red, in which the yellow usually prevails. It is also called Siena marble, from its locality.

BROCATELLO Bro`ca*tel"lo, n.

Defn: Same as Brocatel.

BROCCOLI Broc"co*li, n. Etym: [It. broccoli, pl. of broccolo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See Broach, n.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The "curd," or flowering head, is the part used for food.

BROCHANTITE Broch"an*tite, n. Etym: [From Brochant de Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.)

Defn: A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.

BROCHE Bro`ché", a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Woven with a figure; as, broché goods.

BROCHE Broche, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Broach, n.

BROCHETTE Bro`chette" (bro`shet"), n. [F., dim. of broche. See Broach, n.] (Cookery)

Defn: A small spit or skewer.

-- En bro`chette" (än) [F.], on a brochette; skewered.

BROCHURE Bro*chure", n. Etym: [F., fr. brocher to stitch. See Broach, v. t.]

Defn: A printed and stitched book containing only a few leaves; a pamphlet.

BROCK Brock, n. Etym: [AS. broc, fr. W. broch; akin to Ir. & Gael. broc, Corn. & Armor. broch; cf. Ir. & Gael. breac speckled.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A badger. Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock. B. Jonson.

BROCK Brock, n. Etym: [See Brocket.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A brocket. Bailey.

BROCKEN SPECTER; BROCKEN SPECTRE Brock"en spec"ter or Brock"en spec"tre. [Trans. of G. Brockengespenst.]

Defn: A mountain specter (which see), esp. that observed on the Brocken, in the Harz Mountains.

BROCKET Brock"et, n. Etym: [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning point (hence tine of a horn).]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A male red deer two years old; -- sometimes called brock.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small South American deer, of several species (Coassus superciliaris, C. rufus, and C. auritus).

BROCKISH Brock"ish, a.

Defn: Beastly; brutal. [Obs.] Bale.

BRODEKIN Brode"kin, n. Etym: [F. brodequin, OE. brossequin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin, prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. Buskin.]

Defn: A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brodequin.] [Obs.]

BROG Brog, n. Etym: [Gael. Cf. Brob.]

Defn: A pointed instrument, as a joiner's awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small ship stick.

BROG Brog, v. t.

Defn: To prod with a pointed instrument, as a lance; also, to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.] Sir W. Scott.

BROGAN Bro"gan, n.

Defn: A stout, coarse shoe; a brogue.

BROGGLE Brog"gle, v. i. Etym: [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to broggle. Cf. Brog, n.]

Defn: To sniggle, or fish with a brog. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

BROGUE Brogue, n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. brog shoe, hoof.]

1. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogan.

Note: In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tenned with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong. The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part of the Highland costume. Clouted brogues, patched brogues; also, brogues studded with nails. See under Clout, v. t.

2. A dialectic pronunciation; esp. the Irish manner of pronouncing English. Or take, Hibernis, thy still ranker brogue. Lloyd.

BROGUES Brogues, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Breeches.]

Defn: Breeches. [Obs.] Shenstone.

BROID Broid, v. t.

Defn: To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BROIDER Broid"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broidered.] Etym: [OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with E. braid; F. broder is either the same word as border to border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael. brod goad, prickle, OE. brod a goad; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS. brord a point.]

Defn: To embroider. [Archaic] They shall make a broidered coat. Ex. xxviii. 4.

BROIDERER Broid"er*er, n.

Defn: One who embroiders. [Archaic]

BROIDERY Broid"er*y, n.

Defn: Embroidery. [Archaic] The golden broidery tender Milkah wove. Tickell.

BROIL Broil, n. Etym: [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL. brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park; of uncertain origin; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. proil marsh, G. brühl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled undergrowth, thicket, and this possibly from the meaning to grow, rise, sprout.]

Defn: A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl; contention; discord, either between individuals or in the state. I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in human nature which will which will cause innumerable broils, place men in what situation you please. Burke.

Syn. -- Contention; fray; affray; tumult; altercation; dissension; discord; contest; conflict; brawl; uproar.

BROIL Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Broiling.] Etym: [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, burn; of Ger. origin; cf. MHG. brüejen, G. brühen, to scald, akin to E. brood.]

1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals.

2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat.

BROIL Broil, v. i.

Defn: To be subjected to the action of heat, as meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to be made uncomfortable with heat. The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun. Cheyne.

BROILER Broil"er, n.

Defn: One who excites broils; one who engages in or promotes noisy quarrels. What doth he but turn broiler, . . . make new libels against the church Hammond.

BROILER Broil"er, n.

1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling.

2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling.

3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.]

BROILING Broil"ing, a.

Defn: Excessively hot; as, a broiling sun. -- n.

Defn: The act of causing anything to broil.

BROKAGE Bro"kage, n.

Defn: See Brokerage.

BROKE Broke, v. i. Etym: [See Broker, and cf. Brook.]

1. To transact business for another. [R.] Brome.

2. To act as procurer in love matters; to pimp. [Obs.] We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupid said. Fanshawe. And brokes with all that can in such a suit Corrupt the tender honor of a maid. Shak.

BROKE Broke (brok),

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Break.

BROKEN Bro"ken (bro"k'n), a. Etym: [From Break, v. t.]

1. Separated into parts or pieces by violence; divided into fragments; as, a broken chain or rope; a broken dish.

2. Disconnected; not continuous; also, rough; uneven; as, a broken surface.

3. Fractured; cracked; disunited; sundered; strained; apart; as, a broken reed; broken friendship.

4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships. The one being who remembered him as he been before his mind was broken. G. Eliot. The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay, Sat by his fire, and talked the night away. Goldsmith.

5. Subdued; humbled; contrite. The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit. Ps. li. 17.

6. Subjugated; trained for use, as a horse.

7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys hope; blighted. "Her broken love and life." G. Eliot.

8. Not carried into effect; not adhered to; violated; as, a broken promise, vow, or contract; a broken law.

9. Ruined financially; incapable of redeeming promises made, or of paying debts incurred; as, a broken bank; a broken tradesman.

10. Imperfectly spoken, as by a foreigner; as, broken English; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion; as, to say a few broken words at parting. Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave senators. Macaulay. Broken ground. (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground; as, the troops were retarded in their advance by broken ground. (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. -- Broken line (Geom.), the straight lines which join a number of given points taken in some specified order. -- Broken meat, fragments of meat or other food. -- Broken number, a fraction. -- Broken weather, unsettled weather.

BROKEN-BACKED Bro"ken-backed`, a.

1. Having a broken back; as, a broken-backed chair.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to droop at each end; -- said of a ship. Totten.

BROKEN-BELLIED Bro"ken-bel`lied, a.

Defn: Having a ruptured belly. [R.]

BROKEN BREAST Bro"ken breast`.

Defn: Abscess of the mammary gland.

BROKEN-HEARTED Bro"ken-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair. She left her husband almost broken-hearted. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Disconsolable; heart-broken; inconsolable; comfortless; woe- begone; forlorn.

BROKENLY Bro"ken*ly, adv.

Defn: In a broken, interrupted manner; in a broken state; in broken language. The pagans worship God . . . as it were brokenly and by piecemeal. Cudworth.

BROKENNESS Bro"ken*ness, n.

1. The state or quality of being broken; unevenness. Macaulay.

2. Contrition; as, brokenness of heart.

BROKEN WIND Bro"ken wind`. (Far.)

Defn: The heaves.

BROKEN-WINDED Bro"ken-wind`ed, a. (Far.)

Defn: Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse.

BROKER Bro"ker, n. Etym: [OE. brocour, from a word akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr. AS. br to use, enjoy; cf. Fries. broker, F. brocanteur. See Brook, v. t.]

1. One who transacts business for another; an agent.

2. (Law)

Defn: An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, and not in his own. Story.

3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc.

4. A dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.]

5. A pimp or procurer. [Obs.] Shak. Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of exchange. -- Curbstone broker or Street broker, an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who executes orders by running from office to office, or by transactions on the street. [U.S.] -- Exchange broker, one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in exchanges relating to money. -- Insurance broker, one who is agent in procuring insurance on vessels, or against fire. -- Pawn broker. See Pawnbroker. -- Real estate broker, one who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc., upon mortgage. -- Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. -- Stock broker. See Stockbroker.

BROKERAGE Bro"ker*age, n.

1. The business or employment of a broker. Burke.

2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or changed for transacting business as a broker.

BROKERLY Bro"ker*ly, a.

Defn: Mean; servile. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BROKERY Bro"ker*y, n.

Defn: The business of a broker. [Obs.] And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting, And tricks belonging unto brokery. Marlowe.

BROKING Bro"king, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a broker or brokers, or to brokerage. [Obs.] Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown. Shak.

BROMA Bro"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: Aliment; food. Dunglison.

2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

BROMAL Bro"mal, n. Etym: [Bromine + aldehyde.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily, colorless fluid, CBr

BROMALIN Bro"ma*lin, n. [From Bromine.] (Pharm.)

Defn: A colorless or white crystalline compound, (CH2)6N4C2H5Br, used as a sedative in epilepsy.

BROMANIL Brom`an"il, n. [Bromine + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance analogous to chloranil but containing bromine in place of chlorine.

BROMATE Bro"mate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of bromic acid.

BROMATE Bro"mate, v.t. (Med.)

Defn: To combine or impregnate with bromine; as, bromated camphor.

BROMATOLOGIST Bro`ma*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in the science of foods.

BROMATOLOGY Bro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of aliments. Dunglison.

BROME Brome, n. Etym: [F.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Bromine.

BROME GRASS Brome" grass`. Etym: [L. bromos a kind of oats, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Bromus) of grasses, one species of which is the chess or cheat.

BROMELIACEOUS Bro*me`li*a"ceous, a. Etym: [Named after Olaf Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple, though terrestrial, is also of this family.

BROMIC Bro"mic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, bromine; -- said of those compounds of bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, bromic acid.

BROMIDE Bro"mide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of bromine with a positive radical.

BROMIDE PAPER; BROMID PAPER Bromide paper or Bromid paper. (Photog.)

Defn: A sensitized paper coated with gelatin impregnated with bromide of silver, used in contact printing and in enlarging.

BROMIDIOM Bro*mid"i*om, n. [Bromide + idiom.]

Defn: A conventional comment or saying, such as those characteristic of bromides. [Slang]

BROMINATE Bro"mi*nate, v. t.

Defn: See Bromate, v. t.

BROMINE Bro"mine, n. Etym: [Gr. Brome.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite.

BROMISM Bro"mism, n. (Med.)

Defn: A diseased condition produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness and muscular weakness.

BROMIZE Bro"mize, v. t. (Photog.)

Defn: To prepare or treat with bromine; as, to bromize a silvered plate.

BROMLIFE Brom"life, n. Etym: [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.)

Defn: A carbonate of baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and strontianite; -- called also alstonite.

BROMOFORM Bro"mo*form, n. Etym: [Bromine + formyl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless liquid, CHBr3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simultaneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reactions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts.

BROMOGELATIN Bro`mo*gel"a*tin, a. [Bromine + gelatin.] (Photog.)

Defn: Designating or pertaining to, a process of preparing dry plates with an emulsion of bromides and silver nitrate in gelatin.

BROMOIODISM Bro`mo*i"o*dism, n. [Bromine + iodine + -ism.] (Med.)

Defn: Poisoning induced by large doses of bromine and iodine or of their compounds.

BROMOIODIZED Bro`mo*i"o*dized, a. (Photog.)

Defn: Treated with bromides and iodides.

BROMOL Bro"mol, n. [Abbr. fr. tribromophenol.] (Pharm.)

Defn: A crystalline substance (chemically, tribromophenol, C6H2Br3OH), used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

BROMPICRIN Brom*pi"crin, n. Etym: [G. brompikrin; brom bromine + pikrinsäure picric acid.] (Chem.)

Defn: A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNO2Br3, analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also brompikrin.]

BROMURET Brom"u*ret, n.

Defn: See Bromide. [Obs.]

BROMYRITE Brom"y*rite, n. Etym: [Bromine + Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Silver bromide, a rare mineral; -- called also bromargyrite.

BRONCHI Bron"chi, n. pl. (Anat.)

Defn: See Bronchus.

BRONCHIA Bron"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. , pl. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.)

Defn: The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi. Dunglison.

BRONCHIAL Bron"chi*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bronchial. See Bronchia.] (Anat.)

Defn: Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs. Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, accompanying the bronchia in all their ramifications. -- Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. -- Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknown, seated along the bronchia. -- Bronchial membrane, the mucous membrane lining the bronchia. -- Bronchial tube, the bronchi, or the bronchia.

BRONCHIC Bron"chic, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Bronchial.

BRONCHIOLE Bron"chi*ole, n. (Anat.)

Defn: A minute bronchial tube.

BRONCHITIC Bron*chit"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to bronchitis; as, bronchitic inflammation.

BRONCHITIS Bron*chi"tis, n. Etym: [Bronchus + -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial tubes or any part of them.

BRONCHO Bron"cho, n. Etym: [Sp. bronco rough, wild.]

Defn: A native or a Mexican horse of small size. [Western U.S.]

BRONCHOCELE Bron"cho*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: See Goiter.

BRONCHOPHONY Bron*choph"o*ny, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A modification of the voice sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in pitch; -- observed in auscultation of the chest in certain cases of intro-thoracic disease.

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA Bron`cho-pneu*mo"ni*a, n. Etym: [Bronchus + pneumonia.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

BRONCHOTOME Bron"cho*tome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for cutting into the bronchial tubes.

BRONCHOTOMY Bron*chot"o*my, n. (Surg.)

Defn: An incision into the windpipe or larynx, including the operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy.

BRONCHUS Bron"chus, n.; pl. Bronchi (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Bronchia.] (Anat.)

Defn: One of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe; esp. one of the two primary divisions.

BRONCO Bron"co, n.

Defn: Same as Broncho.

BROND Brond, n. Etym: [See Brand.]

Defn: A sword. [Obs.]

BRONTOGRAPH Bron"to*graph, n. [Gr. thunder + -graph.] (Meteor.) (a) A tracing or chart showing the phenomena attendant on thunderstorms. (b) An instrument for making such tracings, as a recording brontometer.

BRONTOLITE; BRONTOLITH Bron"to*lite, Bron"to*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, -lith.]

Defn: An aërolite. [R.]

BRONTOLOGY Bron*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: A treatise upon thunder.

BRONTOMETER Bron*tom"e*ter, n. [Gr. thunder + -meter.] (Meteor.)

Defn: An instrument for noting or recording phenomena attendant on thunderstorms.

BRONTOSAURUS Bron`to*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles.

BRONTOTHERIUM Bron`to*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix.

BRONTOZOUM Bron`to*zo"um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone.

Note: The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles.

BRONZE Bronze, n. Etym: [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. br, G. braun. See Brown, a.]

1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal.

2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze. A print, a bronze, a flower, a root. Prior.

3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also, a pigment or powder for imitating bronze.

4. Boldness; impudence; "brass." Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands. Pope. Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. -- Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. -- Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. -- Phosphor bronze and Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.

BRONZE Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] Etym: [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.]

1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as, to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals. The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger. W. Black.

2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen. The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead. Sir W. Scott. Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison's disease.

BRONZE STEEL Bronze steel.

Defn: A hard tough alloy of tin, copper, and iron, which can be used for guns.

BRONZEWING Bronze"wing`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; -- so called from its bronze plumage.

BRONZINE Bronz"ine, n.

Defn: A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. -- a.

Defn: Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike.

BRONZING Bronz"ing, n.

1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson.

2. A material for bronzing.

BRONZIST Bronz"ist, n.

Defn: One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes.

BRONZITE Bronz"ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family.

BRONZY Bronz"y, a.

Defn: Like bronze.

BROOCH Brooch, n. Etym: [See Broach, n.]

1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat. Honor 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat. B. Jonson.

2. (Paint.)

Defn: A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting.

BROOCH Brooch, v. t. Etym: [imp. & p. p. Brooched (.]

Defn: To adorn as with a brooch. [R.]

BROOD Brood, n. Etym: [OE. brod, AS. brod; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Breed, v. t.]

1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as, a brood of chicken. As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings. Luke xiii. 34. A hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spectator.

2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as, a woman with a brood of children. The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood. Wordsworth.

3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species. Flocks of the airy brood, (Cranes, geese or long-necked swans). Chapman.

4. (Mining)

Defn: Heavy waste in tin and copper ores. To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak.

BROOD Brood, a.

1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs.

2. Kept for breeding from; as, a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as, a brood sow.

BROOD Brood, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooding.]

1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave. Milton.

2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; -- usually followed by over or on; as, to brood over misfortunes. Brooding on unprofitable gold. Dryden. Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit. Hawthorne. When with downcast eyes we muse and brood. Tennyson.

BROOD Brood, v. t.

1. To sit over, cover, and cherish; as, a hen broods her chickens.

2. To cherish with care. [R.]

3. To think anxiously or moodily upon. You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden.

BROODY Brood"y, a.

Defn: Inclined to brood. Ray.

BROOK Brook, n. Etym: [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. broc; akin to D. broek, LG. brok, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh, G. bruch marsh; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so as that it signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.]

Defn: A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek. The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water. Deut. viii. 7. Empires itself, as doth an inland brook Into the main of waters. Shak.

BROOK Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooking.] Etym: [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, digest, AS. br; akin to D. gebruiken to use, OHG. pr, G. brauchen, gebrauchen, Icel. br, Goth. br, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fruit, Broker.]

1. To use; to enjoy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as, young men can not brook restraint. Spenser. Shall we, who could not brook one lord, Crouch to the wicked ten Macaulay.

3. To deserve; to earn. [Obs.] Sir J. Hawkins.

BROOKITE Brook"ite, n. Etym: [Named from the English mineralogist, H.J.Brooke.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral consisting of titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octahedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.

BROOKLET Brook"let, n.

Defn: A small brook.

BROOKLIME Brook"lime`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Veronica Beccabunga), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary racemes. The American species is V. Americana. [Formerly written broklempe or broklympe.]

BROOK MINT Brook" mint`. (Bot.)

Defn: See Water mint.

BROOKSIDE Brook"side`, n.

Defn: The bank of a brook.

BROOKWEED Brook"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A small white-flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet places; water pimpernel.

BROOM Broom, n. Etym: [OE. brom, brome, AS. brom; akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. bramo broom, thornbrombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, n.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant having twigs suitable for making brooms to sweep with when bound together; esp., the Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, mintue leaves, and large yellow flowers. No gypsy cowered o'er fires of furze and broom. Wordsworth.

2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; -- so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom. Butcher's broom, a plant (Ruscus aculeatus) of the Smilax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks; -- called also knee holly. See Cladophyll. -- Dyer's broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola), used for dyeing yellow; dyer's weed; dyer's rocket. -- Spanish broom. See under Spanish.

BROOM Broom, v. t. (Naut.)

Defn: See Bream.

BROOM CORN Broom" corn`. (Bot.)

Defn: A variety of Sorghum vulgare, having a joined stem, like maize, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made.

BROOM RAPE Broom" rape`. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum.

BROOMSTAFF Broom"staff`, n.

Defn: A broomstick. [Obs.] Shak.

BROOMSTICK Broom"stick`, n.

Defn: A stick used as a handle of a broom.

BROOMY Broom"y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to broom; overgrowing with broom; resembling broom or a broom. If land grow mossy or broomy. Mortimer.

BROSE Brose, n. Etym: [CF. Gael. brothas. Cf. Brewis, Broth.]

Defn: Pottage made by pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef brose, water brose, etc., according to the name of the liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.]

BROTEL Brot"el, a.

Defn: Brittle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BROTELNESS Brot"el*ness, n.

Defn: Brittleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BROTH Broth, n. Etym: [AS. bro; akin to OHG. brod, brot; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. *93. Cf. Brewis, Brew.]

Defn: Liquid in which flesh (and sometimes other substances, as barley or rice) has been boiled; thin or simple soup. I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love broth better than soup. Addison.

BROTHEL Broth"el, n. Etym: [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel, a prostitute, a worthless fellow, fr. AS. beró to ruin, destroy; cf. AS. breótan to break, and E. brittle. The term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel. CF. Bordel.]

Defn: A house of lewdness or ill fame; a house frequented by prostitutes; a bawdyhouse.

BROTHELER Broth"el*er, n.

Defn: One who frequents brothels.

BROTHELRY Broth"el*ry, n.

Defn: Lewdness; obscenity; a brothel. B. Jonson.

BROTHER Broth"er, n.; pl. Brothers or Brethren. See Brethren. Etym: [OE. brother, AS. bro; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G. bruder, Icel. bro, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. bro, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pl. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett. brahlis, Russ. brat', Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. brat, L. frater, Skr. bhrat, Zend. bratar brother, Gr. Brothers; in the solemn style, Brethren, OE. pl. brether, bretheren, AS. dat. sing. bre, nom. pl. bro, bro. sq. root258. Cf. Frair, Fraternal.]

1. A male person who has the same father and mother with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case he is more definitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood. Two of us in the churchyard lie, My sister and my brother. Wordsworth.

2. One related or closely united to another by some common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, membership in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; -- used among judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawers, professors of religion, etc. "A brother of your order." Shak. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers, For he to-day that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother. Shak.

3. One who, or that which, resembles another in distinctive qualities or traits of character. He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster. Prov. xviii. 9. That April morn Of this the very brother. Wordsworth.

Note: In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by blood more remote than a son of the same parents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used for fellow-man or fellow-men. For of whom such massacre Make they but of their brethren, men of men Milton. Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the people of the United States collectively. The phrase is said to have originated from Washington's referring to the patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as "Brother Jonathan." -- Blood brother. See under Blood.

BROTHER Broth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brothered.]

Defn: To make a brother of; to call or treat as a brother; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott.

BROTHER GERMAN Broth"er ger"man. (Law)

Defn: A brother by both the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier.

BROTHERHOOD Broth"er*hood, n. Etym: [Brother + -hood.]

1. The state of being brothers or a brother.

2. An association for any purpose, as a society of monks; a fraternity.

3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business, -- especially those of the same profession; as, the legal or medical brotherhood.

4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind. A brotherhood of venerable trees. Wordsworth.

Syn. -- Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality.

BROTHER-IN-LAW Broth"er-in-law`, n.; pl. Brothers-in-law (.

Defn: The brother of one's husband or wife; also, the husband of one's sister; sometimes, the husband of one's wife's sister.

BROTHERLINESS Broth"er*li*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being brotherly.

BROTHERLY Broth"er*ly, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as, brotherly love.

Syn. -- Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender.

BROTHERLY Broth"er*ly, adv.

Defn: Like a brother; affectionately; kindly. "I speak but brotherly of him." Shak.

BROUDED Broud"ed, p.a.

Defn: Braided; broidered. [Obs.] Alle his clothes brouded up and down. Chaucer.

BROUGHAM Brough"am, n.

Defn: A light, close carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short.

BROW Brow, n. Etym: [OE. browe, bruwe, AS. br; akin to AS. br, breáw, eyelid, OFries. bre, D. braauw, Icel. bra, br, OHG. prawa, G. braue, OSlav. br, Russ. brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael. abhra, Armor. abrant, Gr. bhr. Cf. Bray a bank, Bridge.]

1. The prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it, forming an arch above the orbit. And his arched brow, pulled o'er his eyes, With solemn proof proclaims him wise. Churchill.

2. The hair that covers the brow (ridge over the eyes); the eyebrow. 'T is not your inky brows, your brack silk hair. Shak.

3. The forehead; as, a feverish brow. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shak.

4. The general air of the countenance. To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow. Milton. He told them with a masterly brow. Milton.

5. The edge or projecting upper aprt of a steep place; as, the brow of a precipice; the brow of a hill. To bend the brow, To knit the brows, to frown; to scowl.

BROW Brow, v. t.

Defn: To bound to limit; to be at, or form, the edge of. [R.] Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts That brow this bottom glade. Milton.

BROWBEAT Brow"beat`, v. t. [imp. Browbeat; p. p. Browbeaten; p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.]

Defn: To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions; to abash or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks; to bully; as, to browbeat witnesses. My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten. W. Irving.

BROWBEATING Brow"beat`ing, n.

Defn: The act of bearing down, abashing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, suspercilious manners, or confident assertions. The imperious browbeating and scorn of great men. L'Estrange.

BROWBOUND Brow"bound`, a.

Defn: Crowned; having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak.

BROWDYNG Browd"yng, n.

Defn: Embroidery. [Obs.] Of goldsmithrye, of browdying, and of steel. Chaucer.

BROWED Browed, a.

Defn: Having (such) a brow; -- used in composition; as, dark-browed, stern-browed.

BROWLESS Brow"less, a.

Defn: Without shame. L. Addison.

BROWN Brown, a. [Compar. Browner; superl. Brownest.] Etym: [OE. brun, broun, AS. br; akin to D. bruin, OHG. br, Icel. br, Sw. brun, Dan. bruun, G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. *93, 253. Cf. Bruin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.]

Defn: Of a dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow. Cheeks brown as the oak leaves. Longfellow. Brown Bess, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. -- Brown bread (a) Dark colored bread; esp. a kind made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in the United States Graham bread. "He would mouth with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic." Shak. (b) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and Indian bread. [U.S.] -- Brown coal, wood coal. See Lignite. -- Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak. See Limonite. -- Brown holland. See under Holland. -- Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping paper, made of unbleached materials. -- Brown spar (Min.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. -- Brown stone. See Brownstone. -- Brown stout, a strong kind of proter or malt liquor. -- Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving.

BROWN Brown, n.

Defn: A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue.

BROWN Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned; p. pr. & vb. n. Browning.]

1. To make brown or dusky. A trembling twilight o'er welkin moves,Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves. Barlow.

2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as, to brown meat or flour.

3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure.

BROWN Brown, v. i.

Defn: To become brown.

BROWNBACK Brown"back`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.

BROWN BILL Brown" bill`. Etym: [Brown + bill cutting tool.]

Defn: A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill. Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill. Shak.

Note: The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose.

BROWNIAN Brown"i*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below. Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids.

BROWNIE Brown"ie, n. Etym: [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.]

Defn: An imaginary good-natured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.]

BROWNING Brown"ing, n.

1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc.

2. (Masonry)

Defn: A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.

BROWNISH Brown"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat brown.

BROWNISM Brown"ism, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton.

BROWNISM Brown"ism, n. (Med.)

Defn: The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian.

BROWNIST Brown"ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers.

BROWNIST Brown"ist, n. (Med.)

Defn: One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine.

BROWNNESS Brown"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being brown. Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair); Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there. Drayton.

BROWN RACE Brown race.

Defn: The Malay or Polynesian race; -- loosely so called.

BROWNSTONE Brown"stone`, n.

Defn: A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes.

BROWN THRUSH Brown" thrush". (Zoöl.)

Defn: A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; -- also called brown thrasher.

BROWNWORT Brown"wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers.

BROWNY Brown"y, a.

Defn: Brown or, somewhat brown. "Browny locks." Shak.

BROWPOST Brow"post`, n. (Carp.)

Defn: A beam that goes across a building.

BROWSE Browse, n. Etym: [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.]

Defn: The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser. Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed, On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed. Dryden.

BROWSE Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Browsing.] Etym: [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.]

1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; -- said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals. Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets, The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shak.

2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze. Fields . . . browsed by deep-uddered kine. Tennyson.

BROWSE Browse, v. i.

1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer.

2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak.

BROWSER Brows"er, n.

Defn: An animal that browses.

BROWSEWOOD Browse"wood`, n.

Defn: Srubs and bushes upon which animals browse.

BROWSING Brows"ing, n.

Defn: Browse; also, a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse. Browsings for the deer. Howell.

BROWSPOT Brow"spot`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland.

BRUANG Bru*ang", n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Malayan sun bear.

BRUCINE Bru"cine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.)

Defn: A poweful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called also brucia and brucina.

BRUCITE Bru"cite, n. Etym: [Named after Dr. A.Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.]

BRUCKELED Bruck"eled, a.

Defn: Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.] Herrick.

BRUH Bruh, n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Native name.]

Defn: The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus.

BRUIN Bru"in, n. Etym: [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of "Reynard the Fox" the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.]

Defn: A bear; -- so called in popular tales and fables.

BRUISE Bruise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] Etym: [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. br or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochison. Cf. Break, v. t.]

1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without laceration; to contuse; as, to bruise one's finger with a hammer; to bruise the bark of a tree with a stone; to bruise an apple by letting it fall.

2. To break; as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals, roots, etc.; to crush. Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs. Shak.

Syn. -- To pulverize; bray; triturate; pound; contuse.

BRUISE Bruise, v. i.

Defn: To fight with the fists; to box. Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom. Thackeray.

BRUISE Bruise, n.

Defn: An injury to the flesh of animals, or to plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or by collision with some other body; a contusion; as, a bruise on the head; bruises on fruit. From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises. Isa. i. 6.

BRUISER Bruis"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, bruises.

2. A boxer; a pugilist. R. Browning. Like a new bruiser on Broughtonic aand, Amid the lists our hero takes his stand. T. Warton.

3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. Knight.

BRUISEWORT Bruise"wort`, n.

Defn: A plant supposed to heal bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey.

BRUIT Bruit, n. Etym: [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus; cf. L. rugire to roar; perh. influenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise, Armor. brud bruit.]

1. Report; rumor; fame. The bruit thereof will bring you many friends. Shak.

2. [French pron. (Med.)

Defn: An abnormal sound of several kinds, heard on auscultation.

BRUIT Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruiting.]

Defn: To report; to noise abroad. I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Shak.

BRUMAIRE Bru`maire", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. bruma winter.]

Defn: The second month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began thirty days after the autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire.

BRUMAL Bru"mal, a. Etym: [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter: cf. F. brumal.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to winter. "The brumal solstice." Sir T. Browne.

BRUME Brume, n. Etym: [F. brume winter season, mist, L. bruma winter.]

Defn: Mist; fog; vapors. "The drifting brume." Longfellow.

BRUMMAGEM Brum"ma*gem, a. Etym: [Birmingham (formerly Bromwycham), Eng., "the great mart and manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry," etc.]

Defn: Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. [Slang] "These Brummagem gentry." Lady D. Hardy.

BRUMOUS Bru"mous, a.

Defn: Foggy; misty.

BRUN Brun, n. Etym: [See Broun a brook.]

Defn: Same as Brun, a brook. [Scot.]

BRUNETTE Bru*nette", n. Etym: [F. brunet, brunette, brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. br. See Brown, a.]

Defn: A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or dark complexion. -- a.

Defn: Having a dark tint.

BRUNION Brun"ion, n. Etym: [F. brugnon (cf. It. brugna, prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, n.]

Defn: A nectarine.

BRUNONIAN Bru*no"ni*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or invented by, Brown; -- a term applied to a system of medicine promulgated in the 18th century by John Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which was, that life is a state of excitation produced by the normal action of external agents upon the body, and that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation.

BRUNSWICK BLACK Bruns"wick black`.

Defn: See Japan black.

BRUNSWICK GREEN Bruns"wick green`. Etym: [G. Braunschweiger grün, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.]

Defn: An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment; also, a carbonate of copper similarly employed.

BRUNT Brunt, n. Etym: [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna to rush; cf. Icel. brenna to burn. Cf. Burn, v. t.]

1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; the strength or greatest fury of any contention; as, the brunt of a battle.

2. The force of a blow; shock; collision. "And heavy brunt of cannon ball." Hudibras. It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt with some real affair of common life. I. Taylor.

BRUSH Brush, n. Etym: [OE. brusche, OF. broche, broce, brosse, brushwood, F. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, brust, bristle, G. borste bristle, bürste brush. See Bristle, n., and cf. Browse.]

1. An instrument composed of bristles, or other like material, set in a suitable back or handle, as of wood, bone, or ivory, and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different shapes and names according to their use; as, clothes brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc.

2. The bushy tail of a fox.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tuft of hair on the mandibles.

4. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood.

5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees; the shrubs and small trees in a wood; underbrush.

6. (Elec.)

Defn: A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar apparatus.

7. The act of brushing; as, to give one's clothes a brush; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion; a light touch; as, we got a brush from the wheel as it passed. [As leaves] have with one winter's brush Fell from their boughts. Shak.

8. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock or collision; as, to have a brush with an enemy. Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong, And tempt not yet the brushes of the war. Shak.

9. A short contest, or trial, of speed. Let us enjoy a brush across the country. Cornhill Mag. Electrical brush, a form of the electric discharge characterized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays diverging from an electrified body.

BRUSH Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brushed; p. pr. & vb. n. Brushing.] Etym: [OE. bruschen; cf. F. brosser. See Brush, n.]

1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use; to rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. "A' brushes his hat o' mornings." Shak.

2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with a brush. Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep The waters smooth, and brush the buxom wave. Fairfax. Brushed with the kiss of rustling wings. Milton.

3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind; -- commonly with off. As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed With raven's feather from unwholesome fen. Shak. And from the boughts brush off the evil dew. Milton. To brush aside, to remove from one's way, as with a brush. -- To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or brushing motion. -- To brush up, to paint, or make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse or improve; to renew. You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have done my best to brush you up like your neighbors. Pope.

BRUSH Brush, v. i.

Defn: To move nimbly in haste; to move so lightly as scarcely to be perceived; as, to brush by. Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind. Goldsmith.

BRUSHER Brush"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, brushes.

BRUSHINESS Brush"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of resembling a brush; brushlike condition; shagginess. Dr. H. More.

BRUSHING Brush"ing, a.

1. Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine.

2. Brisk; light; as, a brushing gallop.

BRUSHITE Brush"ite, n. Etym: [From George J.Brush, an American mineralogist.] (Min.)

Defn: A white or gray crystalline mineral consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium.

BRUSH TURKEY Brush" tur`key. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, edible, gregarious bird of Australia (Talegalla Lathami) of the family Megapodidæ. Also applied to several allied species of New Guinea.

Note: The brush turkeys live in the "brush," and construct a common nest by collecting a large heap of decaying vegetable matter, which generates heat sufficient to hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) deposited in it by the females of the flock.

BRUSH WHEEL Brush" wheel`.

1. A wheel without teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of bristles or something brushlike or soft attached to the circumference.

2. A circular revolving brush used by turners, lapidaries, silversmiths, etc., for polishing.

BRUSHWOOD Brush"wood, n.

1. Brush; a thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs.

2. Small branches of trees cut off.

BRUSHY Brush"y, a.

Defn: Resembling a brush; shaggy; rough.

BRUSK Brusk, a.

Defn: Same as Brusque.

BRUSQUE Brusque, a. Etym: [F. brusque, from It. brusco brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusca wild (vine); or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.]

Defn: Rough and prompt in manner; blunt; abrupt; hluff; as, a brusque man; a brusque style.

BRUSQUENESS Brusque"ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being brusque; roughness joined with promptness; blutness. Brit. Quar.

BRUSSELS Brus"sels, n.

Defn: A city of Belgium, giving its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc. Brussels carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yarn fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface in drawn up in loops to form the pattern. -- Brussels ground, a name given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the threads. -- Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of several varieties, originally made in Brussels; as, Brussels point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. -- Brussels net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery. -- Brussels point. See Point lace. -- Brussels sprouts (Bot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, which produces, in the axils of the upright stem, numerous small green heads, or "sprouts," each a cabbage in miniature, of one or two inches in diameter; the thousand-headed cabbage. -- Brussels wire ground, a ground for lace, made of silk, with meshes partly straight and partly arched.

BRUSTLE Brus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brustled; p. pr. & vb. n. Brustling.] Etym: [OE. brustlien and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan to burst, akin to G. prasseln to crackle. See Burst, v. i.]

1. To crackle; to rustle, as a silk garment. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To make a show of fireceness or defiance; to bristle. [Obs.] To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway.

BRUSTLE Brus"tle, n.

Defn: A bristle. [Obs. or Prov.] Chaucer.

BRUT Brut, v. i. Etym: [F. brouter, OF. brouster. See Browse, n.]

Defn: To browse. [Obs.] Evelyn.

BRUT Brut, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Birt.

BRUTA Bru"ta, n. Etym: [NL., neuter pl., fr. L. brutus heavy, stupid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Edentata.

BRUTAL Bru"tal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. brutal. See Brute, a.]

1. Of or pertaining to a brute; as, brutal nature. "Above the rest of brutal kind." Milton.

2. Like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; brutish; unfeeling; merciless; gross; as, brutal manners. "Brutal intemperance." Macaulay.

BRUTALISM Bru"tal*ism, n.

Defn: Brutish quality; brutality.

BRUTALITY Bru*tal"i*ty, n.; pl. Brutalities. Etym: [Cf. F. brutalité.]

1. The quality of being brutal; inhumanity; savageness; pitilessness.

2. An inhuman act. The . . . brutalities exercised in war. Brougham.

BRUTALIZATION Bru`tal*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of making brutal; state of being brutalized.

BRUTALIZE Bru"tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. brutaliser.]

Defn: To make brutal; beasty; unfeeling; or inhuman.

BRUTALIZE Bru"tal*ize, v. i.

Defn: To become brutal, inhuman, barbarous, or coarse and beasty. [R.] He mixed . . . with his countrymen, brutalized with them in their habits and manners. Addison.

BRUTALLY Bru"tal*ly, adv.

Defn: In a brutal manner; cruelly.

BRUTE Brute, a. Etym: [F. brut, nasc., brute, fem., raw, rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf. It. & Sp. bruto.]

1. Not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence or volition; as, the brute earth; the brute powers of nature.

2. Not possessing reason, irrational; unthinking; as, a brute beast; the brute creation. A creature . . . not prone And brute as other creatures, but endued With sanctity of reason. Milton.

3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast. Hence: Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless; as, brute violence. Macaulay. The influence of capital and mere brute labor. Playfair.

4. Having the physical powers predominating over the mental; coarse; unpolished; unintelligent. A great brute farmer from Liddesdale. Sir W. Scott.

5. Rough; uncivilized; unfeeling. [R.]

BRUTE Brute, n.

1. An animal destitute of human reason; any animal not human; esp. a quadruped; a beast. Brutes may be considered as either aëral, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious. Locke.

2. A brutal person; a savage in heart or manners; as unfeeling or coarse person. An ill-natured brute of a husband. Franklin.

Syn. -- See Beast.

BRUTE Brute, v. t. Etym: [For bruit.]

Defn: To report; to bruit. [Obs.]

BRUTELY Brute"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rude or violent manner.

BRUTENESS Brute"ness, n.

1. Brutality. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Insensibility. "The bruteness of nature." Emerson.

BRUTIFY Bru"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutified; p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] Etym: [Brute + -fy: cf. F. brutifier.]

Defn: To make like a brute; to make senseless, stupid, or unfeeling; to brutalize. Any man not quite brutified and void of sense. Barrow.

BRUTING Bru"ting, n.

Defn: Browsing. [Obs.] Evelyn.

BRUTISH Bru"tish, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute or brutes; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature; coarse; unfeeling; unintelligent. O, let all provocation Take every brutish shape it can devise. Leigh Hunt. Man may . . . render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he would seek to take the rank and density of the brute. I. Taylor.

Syn. -- Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial. -- Bru"tish*ly, adv. -- Bru"tish*ness, n.

BRUTISM Bru"tism, n.

Defn: The nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute; extreme stupidity, or beastly vulgarity.

BRYOLOGICAL Bry*o*log"i*cal, a.

Defn: Relating to bryology; as, bryological studies.

BRYOLOGIST Bry*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in bryology.

BRYOLOGY Bry*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That part of botany which relates to mosses.

BRYONIN Bry"o*nin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter principle obtained from the root of the bryony (Bryonia alba and B. dioica). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance, and is emetic and cathartic.

BRYONY Bry"o*ny, n. Etym: [L. bryonia, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The common name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bryonia. The root of B. alba (rough or white bryony) and of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic. Black bryony, a plant (Tamus communis) so named from its dark glossy leaves and black root; black bindweed.

BRYOPHYTA Bry*oph"y*ta, n. pl.

Defn: See Cryptogamia.

BRYOZOA Bry`o*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; -- called also Polyzoa.

Note: They are often coralike in form and appearance, each small cell containing an individual zooid. Other species grow in delicate, flexible, branched forms, resembling moss, whence the name. Some are found in fresh water, but most are marine. The three principal divisions are Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, and Pterobranchia. See Cyclostoma, Chilostoma, and Phylactolema.

BRYOZOAN Bry`o*zo"an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Bryozoa. -- n.

Defn: One of the Bryozoa.

BRYOZOUM Bry`o*zo"um, n. Etym: [NL. See Bryozoa.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An individual zooid of a bryozoan coralline, of which there may be two or more kinds in a single colony. The zooecia usually have a wreath of tentacles around the mouth, and a well developed stomach and intestinal canal; but these parts are lacking in the other zooids (Avicularia, Ooecia, etc.).

BUANSUAH Bu`an*su"ah, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wild dog of northern India (Cuon primævus), supposed by some to be an ancestral species of the domestic dog.

BUAT Bu"at, n. Etym: [Scot., of uncertain origin.]

Defn: A lantern; also, the moon. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

BUB Bub, n.

Defn: Strong malt liquor. [Cant] Prior.

BUB Bub, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Bubby.]

Defn: A young brother; a little boy; -- a familiar term of address of a small boy.

BUB Bub, v. t. Etym: [Abbrev. from Bubble.]

Defn: To throw out in bubbles; to bubble. [Obs.] Sackville.

BUBALE Bu"ba*le, n. Etym: [Cf. F. bubale. See Buffalo, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large antelope (Alcelaphus bubalis) of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara, supposed by some to be the fallow deer of the Bible.

BUBALINE Bu"ba*line, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Resembling a buffalo. Bubaline antelope (Zoöl.), the bubale.

BUBBLE Bub"ble, n. Etym: [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla. Cf. Blob, n.]

1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as, a soap bubble; bubbles on the surface of a river. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow, Like bubbles in a late disturbed stream. Shak.

2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body; as, bubbles rising in champagne or aërated waters.

3. A globule of air, or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid; as, bubbles in window glass, or in a lens.

4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly used for testing the strength of spirits.

5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level.

6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity; that which is more specious than real; a false show; a cheat or fraud; a delusive scheme; an empty project; a dishonest speculation; as, the South Sea bubble. Then a soldier . . . Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. Shak.

7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull. [Obs.] "Ganny's a cheat, and I'm a bubble." Prior.

BUBBLE Bub"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bubbling (.] Etym: [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan. boble. See Bubble, n.]

1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids when boiling or agitated; to contain bubbles. The milk that bubbled in the pail. Tennyson.

2. To run with a gurdling noise, as if forming bubbles; as, a bubbling stream. Pope.

3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound. At mine ear Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not. Tennyson.

BUBBLER Bub"bler, v. t.

Defn: To cheat; to deceive. She has bubbled him out of his youth. Addison. The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds, was nevertheless bubbled here. Sterne.

BUBBLER Bub"bler, n.

1. One who cheats. All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc. Pope.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the Ohio river; -- so called from the noise it makes.

BUBBLE SHELL Bub"ble shell`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata.

BUBBLING JOCK Bub"bling Jock` (Zoöl.)

Defn: The male wild turkey, the gobbler; -- so called in allusion to its notes.

BUBBLY Bub"bly, a.

Defn: Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Nash.

BUBBY Bub"by (bûb"by), n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. G. bübbi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a woman's breast.]

Defn: A woman's breast. [Low]

BUBBY Bub"by, n. Etym: [A corruption of brother.]

Defn: Bub; -- a term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy.

BUBO Bu"bo, n.; pl. Buboes (. Etym: [LL. bubo the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An inflammation, with enlargement, of a limphatic gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis.

BUBONIC Bu*bon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a bubo or buboes; characterized by buboes.

BUBONOCELE Bu*bon"o*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. bubonocèle.] (Med.)

Defn: An inguinal hernia; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swelling there like a bubo.

BUBUKLE Bu"bu*kle, n.

Defn: A red pimple. [R.] Shak.

BUCCAL Buc"cal, a. Etym: [L. bucca cheek: cf. F. buccal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks.

BUCCAN Buc"can, n. [F. boucan. See Buccaneer.]

1.

Defn: A wooden frame or grid for roasting, smoking, or drying meat over fire.

2. A place where meat is smoked.

3. Buccaned meat.

BUCCAN Buc"can, v. t. [F. boucaner. See Buccaneer.]

Defn: To expose (meat) in strips to fire and smoke upon a buccan.

BUCCANEER Buc`ca*neer", n. Etym: [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking: a word of American origin.]

Defn: A robber upon the sea; a pirate; -- a term applied especially to the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.]

Note: Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the manner of the Indians. The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine.

BUCCANEER Buc`ca*neer", v. i.

Defn: To act the part of a buccaneer; to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber.

BUCCANEERISH Buc`ca*neer"ish, a.

Defn: Like a buccaneer; piratical.

BUCCINAL Buc"ci*nal, a. Etym: [L. bucina a crooked horn or trumpet.]

Defn: Shaped or sounding like a trumpet; trumpetlike.

BUCCINATOR Buc`ci*na"tor, n. Etym: [L., a trumpeter, fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.)

Defn: A muscle of the cheek; -- so called from its use in blowing wind instruments.

BUCCINOID Buc"ci*noid, a. Etym: [Buccinum + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining to the Buccinidæ, a family of marine univalve shells. See Whelk, and Prosobranchiata.

BUCCINUM Buc"ci*num, n. Etym: [L., a trumpet, a trumpet shell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large univalve mollusks abundant in the arctic seas. It includes the common whelk (B. undatum).

BUCENTAUR Bu*cen"taur, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. A fabulous monster, half ox, half man.

2. Etym: [It. bucentoro.]

Defn: The state barge of Venice, used by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic.

BUCEPHALUS Bu*ceph"a*lus, n. [L., fr. Gr. , lit., ox-headed; ox + head.]

1.

Defn: The celebrated war horse of Alexander the Great.

2. Hence, any riding horse. [Jocose] Sir W. Scott.

BUCEROS Bu"ce*ros, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large perching birds; the hornbills.

BUCHOLZITE Buch"ol*zite, n. Etym: [So called from Bucholz, a German chemist.] (Min.)

Defn: Same as Fibrolite.

BUCHU Bu"chu, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil dlands; also, the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves.

BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [Akin to LG. büke, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, G. bauche: cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. buée.]

1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the operation of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed.

2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak.

BUCK Buck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bucking.] Etym: [OE. bouken; akin to LG. büken, Dan. byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf. the preceding noun.]

1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye or suds; -- a process in bleaching.

2. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds, or, in later usage, by beating them on stones in running water.

3. (Mining)

Defn: To break up or pulverize, as ores.

BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, bua, he-goat; akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. bwch, Corn. byk; cf. Zend b, Skr. bukka. *256. Cf. Butcher, n.]

1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits.

Note: A male fallow deer is called a fawn in his first year; a pricket in his second; a sorel in his third; a sore in his fourth; a buck of the first head in his fifth; and a great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind. Brande & C.

2. A gay, dashing young fellow; a fop; a dandy. The leading bucks of the day. Thackeray.

3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.]

Note: The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as, bush buck, spring buck. Blue buck. See under Blue. -- Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope.

BUCK Buck, v. i.

1. To copulate, as bucks and does.

2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; -- said of a vicious horse or mule.

BUCK Buck, v. t.

1. (Mil.)

Defn: To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.

2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2. The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle. W. E. Norris.

BUCK Buck, n.

Defn: A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck. Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse.

BUCK Buck, n. Etym: [See Beech, n.]

Defn: The beech tree. [Scot.] Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.

BUCK-BASKET Buck"-bas`ket, n. Etym: [See 1st Buck.]

Defn: A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.

BUCK BEAN Buck" bean`. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racems of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; -- called also bog bean.

BUCKBOARD Buck"board`, n.

Defn: A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; -- called also buck wagon.

BUCKER Buck"er, n. (Mining)

1. One who bucks ore.

2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.

BUCKER Buck"er, n.

Defn: A horse or mule that bucks.

BUCKET Buck"et, n. Etym: [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.]

1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids. The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket, The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well. Wordsworth.

2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also, a float of a paddle wheel.

4. The valved piston of a lifting pump. Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. -- To kick the bucket, to die. [Low]

BUCKET SHOP Buck"et shop`.

Defn: An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U.S.]

BUCKETY Buck"et*y, n. Etym: [A corruption of buckwheat.]

Defn: Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.

BUCKEYE Buck"eye`, n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (Æsculus) as the horse chestnut. The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is Æsculus glabra. -- Red buckeye is Æ. Pavia. -- Small buckeye is Æ. paviflora. -- Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is Æ. flava.

2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.] Buckeye State, Ohio; -- so called because buckeye trees abound there.

BUCK-EYED Buck"-eyed`, a.

Defn: Having bad or speckled eyes. "A buck-eyed horse." James White.

BUCK FEVER Buck fever.

Defn: Intense excitement at the sight of deer or other game, such as often unnerves a novice in hunting. [Colloq.]

BUCKHOUND Buck"hound`, n.

Defn: A hound for hunting deer. Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.]

BUCKIE Buck"ie, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.] Deil's buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang]

BUCKING Buck"ing, n.

1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also, the liquid used. Tomlinson.

2. A washing.

3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores. Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. -- Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. -- Bucking stool, a washing block.

BUCKISH Buck"ish, a.

Defn: Dandified; foppish.

BUCKLE Buc"kle, n. Etym: [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.]

1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue.

2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight.

3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also, the state of being curled. Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face. W. Irving. Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year. Addison.

4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.] 'Gainst nature armed by gravity, His features too in buckle see. Churchill.

BUCKLE Buc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] Etym: [OE. boclen, F. boucler. See Buckle, n.]

1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as, to buckle a harness.

2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted.

3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; -- generally used reflexively. Cartwright buckled himself to the employment. Fuller.

4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

BUCKLE Buc"kle, v. i.

1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink. Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment. Pepys.

2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall.

3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.] The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle. Pepys.

4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend. The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him. Latimer. In single combat thou shalt buckle with me. Shak. To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal. To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto. Barrow. Before buckling to my winter's work. J. D. Forbes.

BUCKLER Buc"kler, n. Etym: [OE. bocler, OF. bocler, F. bouclier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bocle, boucle, boss. See Buckle, n.]

1. A kind of shield, of various shapes and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for protecting the front of the body.

Note: In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to cover the body, but to stop or parry blows.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates found on many ganoid fishes. (b) The anterior segment of the shell of trilobites.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A block of wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches. Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. -- Buckler mustard (Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright yellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles two bucklers or shields. -- Buckler thorn, a plant with seed vessels shaped like a buckler. See Christ's thorn. -- Riding buckler (Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the passage of a cable.

BUCKLER Buc"kler, v. t.

Defn: To shield; to defend. [Obs.] Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right, Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree Shak.

BUCKLER-HEADED Buc"kler-head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a head like a buckler.

BUCKLING Buc"kling, a.

Defn: Wavy; curling, as hair. Latham.

BUCKRA Buck"ra, n. Etym: [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means "demon, a powerful and superior being." J.L.Wilson.]

Defn: A white man; -- a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

BUCKRA Buck"ra, a.

Defn: White; white man's; strong; good; as, buckra yam, a white yam.

BUCKRAM Buck"ram, n. Etym: [OE. bokeram, bougeren, OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchiranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as being made of goat's hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transposing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.]

1. A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise.

Note: Buckram was formerly a very different material from that now known by the name. It was used for wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper's Dict. ).

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant. See Ramson. Dr. Prior.

BUCKRAM Buck"ram, a.

1. Made of buckram; as, a buckram suit.

2. Stiff; precise. "Buckram dames." Brooke.

BUCKRAM Buck"ram, v. t.

Defn: To strengthen with buckram; to make stiff. Cowper.

BUCK'S-HORN Buck's"-horn`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant with leaves branched somewhat like a buck's horn (Plantago Coronopus); also, Lobelia coronopifolia.

BUCKSHOT Buck"shot`, n.

Defn: A coarse leaden shot, larger than swan shot, used in hunting deer and large game.

BUCKSKIN Buck"skin`, n.

1. The skin of a buck.

2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish in color, made of deerskin.

3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American soldier of the Revolutionary war. Cornwallis fought as lang's he dought, An' did the buckskins claw, man. Burns.

4. pl.

Defn: Breeches made of buckskin. I have alluded to his buckskin. Thackeray.

BUCKSTALL Buck"stall`, n.

Defn: A toil or net to take deer.

BUCKTHORN Buck"thorn`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus (Rhamnus) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamnus. Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophaë.

BUCKTOOTH Buck"tooth`, n.

Defn: Any tooth that juts out. When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded. Thackeray.

BUCKWHEAT Buck"wheat`, n. Etym: [Buck a beech tree + wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum family, the seed of which is used for food.

2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for griddle cakes, etc.

BUCOLIC Bu*col"ic, a. Etym: [L. bucolicus, Gr. kal to drive: cf. F. bucolique. See Cow the animal.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the life and occupation of a shepherd; pastoral; rustic.

BUCOLIC Bu*col"ic, n. Etym: [L. Bucolicôn poëma.]

Defn: A pastoral poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds; as, the Bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden.

BUCOLICAL Bu*col"ic*al, a.

Defn: Bucolic.

BUCRANIUM Bu*cra"ni*um, n.; pl. L. Bucrania. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

Defn: A sculptured ornament, representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc.

BUD Bud, n. Etym: [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, butz, the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hagebutte, hainbutte, a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. boton, F. bouton, bud, button, OF. boter to bud, push; all akin to E. beat. See Button.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A small protuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, flowers, or stems; an undeveloped branch or flower.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and vegetables which develops into a new organism, either free or attached. See Hydra. Bud moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of several species, which destroys the buds of fruit trees; esp. Tmetocera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree.

BUD Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb. n. Budding.]

1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant; to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot.

2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn.

3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness, or growth and promise; as, a budding virgin. Shak.

Syn. -- To sprout; germinate; blossom.

BUD Bud, v. t.

Defn: To graft, as a plant with another or into another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the budded stock, fruit different from that which it would naturally bear. The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are, budded upon the peach; the plum and the peach are budded on each other. Farm. Dict.

BUDDHA Bud"dha, n. Etym: [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.]

Defn: The title of an incarnation of self-abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

BUDDHISM Bud"dhism, n.

Defn: The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, "the awakened or enlightened," in the sixth century b.c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha's teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

BUDDHIST Bud"dhist, n.

Defn: One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

BUDDHIST Bud"dhist, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

BUDDHISTIC Bud*dhis"tic, a.

Defn: Same as Buddhist, a.

BUDDING Bud"ding, n.

1. The act or process of producing buds.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea.

3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

BUDDLE Bud"dle, n. Etym: [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining)

Defn: An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of rynning water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

BUDDLE Bud"dle, v. i. (Mining)

Defn: To wash ore in a buddle.

BUDE BURNER Bude" burn`er. Etym: [See Bude light.]

Defn: A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

BUDE LIGHT Bude" light`. Etym: [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.]

Defn: A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

BUDGE Budge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged; p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] Etym: [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.]

Defn: To move off; to stir; to walk away. I'll not budge an inch, boy. Shak. The mouse ne'er shunned the cat as they did budge From rascals worse than they. Shak.

BUDGE Budge, a. Etym: [See Budge, v.]

Defn: Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.

BUDGE Budge, n. Etym: [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.]

Defn: A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; -- used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

BUDGE Budge, a.

1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. "Budge gowns." Milton.

2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics. Those budge doctors of the stoic fur. Milton. Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. -- Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

BUDGENESS Budge"ness, n.

Defn: Sternness; severity. [Obs.] A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness. Stanyhurst.

BUDGER Budg"er, n.

Defn: One who budges. Shak.

BUDGEROW budg"e*row, n. Etym: [Hindi bajra.]

Defn: A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

BUDGET Budg"et, n. Etym: [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.]

1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as, a budget of inventions.

2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries. To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

BUDGY Budg"y, a. Etym: [From Budge, n.]

Defn: Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

BUDLET Bud"let, n. Etym: [Bud + -let.]

Defn: A little bud springing from a parent bud. We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring. E. Darwin.

BUFF Buff, n. Etym: [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.]

1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. "A suit of buff." Shak.

2. The color to buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown. A visage rough, Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff. Dryden.

3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak.

4. (Med.)

Defn: The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a.

5. (Mech.)

Defn: A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc.

6. The bare skin; as, to strip to the buff. [Colloq.] To be in buff is equivalent to being naked. Wright.

BUFF Buff, a.

1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith.

2. Of the color of buff. Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. -- Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. -- Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

BUFF Buff, v. t.

Defn: To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5.

BUFF Buff, v. t. Etym: [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet a blow.]

Defn: To strike. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

BUFF Buff, n. Etym: [See Buffet.]

Defn: A buffet; a blow; -- obsolete except in the phrase "Blindman's buff." Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent That made him reel. Spenser.

BUFF Buff, a. Etym: [Of uncertain etymol.]

Defn: Firm; sturdy. And for the good old cause stood buff, 'Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff. Hudibras.

BUFFA Buf"fa, n. fem. (Mus.) Etym: [It. See Buffoon.]

Defn: The comic actress in an opera. -- a.

Defn: Comic, farcical. Aria buffa, a droll or comic air. -- Opera buffa, a comic opera. See Opera bouffe.

BUFFALO Buf"fa*lo, n.; pl. Buffaloes (. Etym: [Sp. bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or gazelle; also, the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B. bubalus), originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large and savage species of the same genus (B. Caffer) found in South Africa; -- called also Cape buffalo.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of wild ox.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bison of North America.

5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below.

6. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below. Buffalo berry (Bot.), a shrub of the Upper Missouri (Sherherdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. -- Buffalo bird (Zoöl.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle, in search of parasites. -- Buffalo bug, the carpet beetle. See under Carpet. -- Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buffalo, or bison, used for fuel. [U.S.] -- Buffalo clover (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium reflexum and T.soloniferum) found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American bison. -- Buffalo cod (Zoöl.), a large, edible, marine fish (Ophiodon elongatus) of the northern Pacific coast; -- called also blue cod, and cultus cod. -- Buffalo fish (Zoöl.), one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Catostomidæ, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (Ictiobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black (Bubalichthys urus), and the small-mouthed (B. altus), are among the more important species used as food. -- Buffalo fly, or Buffalo gnat (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simulium, allied to the black fly of the North. It is often extremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe the Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. -- Buffalo grass (Bot.), a species of short, sweet grass (Buchloë dactyloides), from two to four inches high, covering the prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U.S.] -- Buffalo nut (Bot.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an American shrub (Pyrularia oleifera); also, the shrub itself; oilnut. -- Buffalo robe, the skin of the bison of North America, prepared with the hair on; -- much used as a lap robe in sleighs.

BUFFEL DUCK Buf"fel duck. Etym: [See Buffalo.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small duck (Charitonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or butterball. The head of the male is covered with numerous elongated feathers, and thus appears large. Called also bufflehead.

BUFFER Buff"er, n. Etym: [Prop a striker. See Buffet a blow.]

1. (Mech.) (a) An elastic apparatus or fender, for deadening the jar caused by the collision of bodies; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. (b) A pad or cushion forming the end of a fender, which recieves the blow; -- sometimes called buffing apparatus.

2. One who polishes with a buff.

3. A wheel for buffing; a buff.

4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow; -- usually said of an elderly man. [Colloq.] Dickens.

BUFFERHEAD Buff"er*head`, n.

Defn: The head of a buffer, which recieves the concussion, in railroad carriages.

BUFFET Buf*fet", n. Etym: [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a blow, the root meaning to puff, hence (cf. puffed up) the idea of ostentation or display.]

1. A cupboard or set of shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, etc., a sideboard. Not when a gilt buffet's reflected pride Turns you from sound philosophy aside. Pope.

2. A counter for refreshments; a restaurant at a railroad station, or place of public gathering.

BUFFET Buf"fet, n. Etym: [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F. bouffer to blow, puff; prob. akin to E. puff. For the meaning slap, blow, cf. F. soufflet a slap, souffler to blow. See Puff, v. i., and cf. Buffet sidebroad, Buffoon]

1. A blow with the hand; a slap on the face; a cuff. When on his cheek a buffet fell. Sir W. Scott.

2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like a blow, as the violence of winds or waves; a stroke; an adverse action; an affliction; a trial; adversity. Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for yeas to brave the buffets of the Bay of Biscay. Burke. Fortune's buffets and rewards. Shak.

3. A small stool; a stool for a buffet or counter. Go fetch us a light buffet. Townely Myst.

BUFFET Buf"fet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buffeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Buffeting.] Etym: [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the preceding noun.]

1. To strike with the hand or fist; to box; to beat; to cuff; to slap. They spit in his face and buffeted him. Matt. xxvi. 67.

2. To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against; as, to buffet the billows. The sudden hurricane in thunder roars, Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores. Broome. You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your own, instead of being buffeted about the world. W. Black.

3. Etym: [Cf. Buffer.]

Defn: To deaden the sound of (bells) by muffling the clapper.

BUFFET Buf"fet, v. i.

1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend. If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher. Shak.

2. To make one's way by blows or struggling. Strove to buffet to land in vain. Tennyson.

BUFFETER Buf"fet*er, n.

Defn: One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson.

BUFFETING Buf"fet*ing, n.

1. A striking with the hand.

2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity. He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but . . . fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm. Wirt.

BUFFIN Buf"fin, n. Etym: [So called from resembling buff

Defn: A sort of coarse stuff; as, buffin gowns. [Obs.]

BUFFING APPARATUS Buff"ing ap`pa*ra"tus.

Defn: See Buffer, 1.

BUFFLE Buf"fle, n. Etym: [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.]

Defn: The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

BUFFLE Buf"fle, v. i.

Defn: To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift.

BUFFLEHEAD Buf"fle*head`, n. Etym: [Buffle + head.]

1. One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.] What makes you stare so, bufflehead Plautus (trans. 1694).

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.

BUFFLE-HEADED Buf"fle-head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.] So fell this buffle-headed giant. Gayton.

BUFFO Buf"fo, n.masc. Etym: [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.)

Defn: The comic actor in an opera.

BUFFOON Buf*foon", n. Etym: [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.]

Defn: A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew.

BUFFOON Buf*foon", a.

Defn: Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. "Buffoon stories." Macaulay. To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances. Melmoth.

BUFFOON Buf*foon", v. i.

Defn: To act the part of a buffoon. [R.]

BUFFOON Buf*foon", v. t.

Defn: To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.

BUFFOONERY Buf*foon"er*y, n.; pl. Buffooneries. Etym: [F. bouffonnerie.]

Defn: The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures. Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a "What makes you blush" Spectator.

BUFFOONISH Buf*foon"ish, a.

Defn: Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair.

BUFFOONISM Buf*foon"ism, n.

Defn: The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.

BUFFOONLY Buf*foon"ly, a.

Defn: Low; vulgar. [R.] Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse. Goodman.

BUFFY Buff"y, a. (Med.)

Defn: Resembling, or characterized by, buff. Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley.

BUFO Bu"fo, n. Etym: [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads.

BUFONITE Bu"fon*ite, n. Etym: [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; -- so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad.

BUG Bug, n. Etym: [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.]

1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.] Sir, spare your threats: The bug which you would fright me with I seek. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as, the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of various species of Coleoptera; as, the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as, the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc.

Note: According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. "God's rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps." Rogers (Naaman). "This bug with gilded wings." Pope. Bait bug. See under Bait. -- Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

BUGABOO; BUGBEAR Bug`a*boo", Bug"bear`, n. Etym: [See Bug.]

Defn: Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also, something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. "Bugaboos to fright ye." Lloyd. But, to the world no bugbear is so great As want of figure and a small estate. Pope. The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray. S. B. Griffin. The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl. J. Burroughs.

Syn. -- Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow.

BUGBANE Bug"bane`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceæ and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species.

BUGBEAR Bug"bear`, n.

Defn: Same as Bugaboo. -- a.

Defn: Causing needless fright. Locke.

BUGBEAR Bug"bear`, v. t.

Defn: To alarm with idle phantoms.

BUGFISH Bug"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The menhaden. [U.S.]

BUGGER Bug"ger, n. Etym: [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.]

1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite.

2. A wretch; -- sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low]

BUGGERY Bug"ger*y, n. Etym: [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy. See Bugger.]

Defn: Unnatural sexual intercourse; sodomy.

BUGGINESS Bug"gi*ness, n. Etym: [From Buggy, a.]

Defn: The state of being infested with bugs.

BUGGY Bug"gy, a. Etym: [From Bug.]

Defn: Infested or abounding with bugs.

BUGGY Bug"gy, n.; pl. Buggies.

1. A light one horse two-wheeled vehicle. [Eng.] Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race in a buggy. Beaconsfield.

2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [U.S.] Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver. -- Buggy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for the driver; -- called also sulky plow.

BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo's horn, OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox. See Cow the animal.]

Defn: A sort of wild ox; a buffalo. E. Phillips.

BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [See Bugle a wild ox.]

1. A horn used by hunters.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A copper instrument of the horn quality of tone, shorter and more conical that the trumpet, sometimes keyed; formerly much used in military bands, very rarely in the orchestra; now superseded by the cornet; -- called also the Kent bugle.

BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [LL. bugulus a woman's ornament: cf. G. bügel a bent piece of metal or wood, fr. the same root as G. biegen to bend, E. bow to bend.]

Defn: An elingated glass bead, of various colors, though commonly black.

BUGLE Bu"gle, a. Etym: [From Bugle a bead.]

Defn: Jet black. "Bugle eyeballs." Shak.

BUGLE Bu"gle, n. Etym: [F. bugle; cf. It. bugola, L. bugillo.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a native of the Old World. Yellow bugle, the Ajuga chamæpitys.

BUGLED Bu"gled, a.

Defn: Ornamented with bugles.

BUGLE HORN Bu"gle horn`.

1. A bugle. One blast upon his bugle horn Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott.

2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs.] And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine. Chaucer.

BUGLER Bu"gler, n.

Defn: One who plays on a bugle.

BUGLEWEED Bu"gle*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the Mint family and genus Lycopus; esp. L. Virginicus, which has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage.

BUGLOSS Bu"gloss, n.; pl. Buglosses. Etym: [F. buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Anchusa, and especially the A. officinalis, sometimes called alkanet; oxtongue. Small wild bugloss, the Asperugo procumbens and the Lycopsis arvensis. -- Viper's bugloss, a species of Echium.

BUGWORT Bug"wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Bugbane.

BUHL; BUHLWORK Buhl, Buhl"work, n. Etym: [From A.Ch.Boule, a French carver in wood.]

Defn: Decorative woodwork in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc., are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also boule, boulework.]

BUHLBUHL Buhl"buhl, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Bulbul.

BUHRSTONE Buhr"stone`, n. Etym: [OE. bur a whetstone for scythes.] (Min.)

Defn: A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. [Written also burrstone.]

BUILD Build, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Built; p. pr. & vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded is antiquated.] Etym: [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to build, fr. bold house; cf. Icel. bol farm, abode, Dan. bol small farm, OSw. bol, böle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel. b to dwell; akin to E. be, bower, boor. sq. root97.]

1. To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind; to form by uniting materials into a regular structure; to fabricate; to make; to raise. Nor aught availed him now To have built in heaven high towers. Milton.

2. To raise or place on a foundation; to form, establish, or produce by using appropriate means. Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks. Shak.

3. To increase and strengthen; to increase the power and stability of; to settle, or establish, and preserve; -- frequently with up; as, to build up one's constitution. I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up. Acts xx. 32.

Syn. -- To erect; construct; raise; found; frame.

BUILD Build, v. i.

1. To exercise the art, or practice the business, of building.

2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; to ground one's self or one's hopes or opinions upon something deemed reliable; to rely; as, to build on the opinions or advice of others.

BUILD Build, n.

Defn: Form or mode of construction; general figure; make; as, the build of a ship.

BUILDER Build"er, n.

Defn: One who builds; one whose occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a mason. In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the artisans who execute it. Eng. Cyc.

BUILDING Build"ing, n.

1. The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing. Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster. Bp. Hall.

2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture. The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes building; but building is frequently employed when the result is not architectural. Hosking.

3. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, etc. Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife's attire Have cost a mass of public treasury. Shak.

BUILT Built, n.

Defn: Shape; build; form of structure; as, the built of a ship. [Obs.] Dryden.

BUILT Built, a.

Defn: Formed; shaped; constructed; made; -- often used in composition and preceded by the word denoting the form; as, frigate-built, clipper-built, etc. Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly built. Landor.

BUKE MUSLIN Buke" mus"lin.

Defn: See Book muslin.

BUKSHISH Buk"shish, n.

Defn: See Backsheesh.

BULAU Bu"lau, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An East Indian insectivorous mammal (Gymnura Rafflesii), somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the hedgehog.

BULB Bulb, n. Etym: [L. bulbus, Gr. bulbe.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A spheroidal body growing from a plant either above or below the ground (usually below), which is strictly a bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, and producing, as it grows, a stem above, and roots below, as in the onion, tulip, etc. It differs from a corm in not being solid.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as, the bulb of the aorta. Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. -- Bulb of a hair, the "root," or part whence the hair originates. -- Bulb of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called simply bulb. -- Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth.

3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube, as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson.

BULB Bulb, v. i.

Defn: To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.

BULBACEOUS Bul*ba"ceous, a. Etym: [L. bulbaceus. See Bulb, n.]

Defn: Bulbous. Jonson.

BULBAR Bulb"ar, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to bulb; especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata; as, bulbar paralysis.

BULBED Bulbed, a.

Defn: Having a bulb; round-headed.

BULBEL Bulb"el, n. Etym: [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.)

Defn: A separable bulb formed on some flowering plants.

BULBIFEROUS Bul*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ -ferous: cf. F. bulbifère.] (Bot.)

Defn: Producing bulbs.

BULBIL Bulb"il, n. [Dim. fr. bulb.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A small or secondary bulb; hence, now almost exclusively: An aërial bulb or deciduous bud, produced in the leaf axils, as in the tiger lily, or relpacing the flowers, as in some onions, and capable, when separated, of propagating the plant; -- called also bulblet and brood bud.

2. (Anat.) A small hollow bulb, such as an enlargement in a small vessel or tube.

BULBLET Bulb"let, n. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ -let.] (Bot.)

Defn: A small bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aërial part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion.

BULBOSE Bul*bose", a.

Defn: Bulbous.

BULBO-TUBER Bul"bo-tu`ber, n. Etym: [Bulb,n.+ tuber.] (Bot.)

Defn: A corm.

BULBOUS Bulb"ous, a. Etym: [L. bulbosus: cf. F. bulbeux. See Bulb, n.]

Defn: Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb; growing from bulbs; bulblike in shape or structure.

BULBUL Bul"bul, n. Etym: [Per.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jocosus). The name is also applied to several other Asiatic singing birds, of the family Timaliidæ. The green bulbuls belong to the Chloropsis and allied genera. [Written also buhlbuhl.]

BULBULE Bul"bule, n. Etym: [L. bulbulus, dim. of bulbus. See Bulb, n.]

Defn: A small bulb; a bulblet.

BULCHIN Bul"chin, n. Etym: [Dim. of bull.]

Defn: A little bull.

BULGE Bulge, n. Etym: [OE. bulge a swelling; cf. AS. belgan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. bolginn swollen, OHG. belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. b to be large, strong; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Bilge, Belly, Billow, Bouge, n.]

1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask.

2. A swelling, protuberant part; a bending outward, esp. when caused by pressure; as, a bulge in a wall.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: The bilge of a vessel. See Bilge, 2. Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways.

BULGE Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulging.]

1. To swell or jut out; to bend outward, as a wall when it yields to pressure; to be protuberant; as, the wall bulges.

2. To bilge, as a ship; to founder. And scattered navies bulge on distant shores. Broome.

BULGER Bul"ger, n. [From Bulge.] (Golf)

Defn: A driver or a brassy with a convex face.

BULGY Bul"gy, a.

Defn: Bulged; bulging; bending, or tending to bend, outward. [Colloq.]

BULIMIA; BULIMY Bu*lim"i*a, Bu"li*my, n. Etym: [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr. boulimie.] (Med.)

Defn: A disease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food; a diseased and voracious appetite.

BULIMUS Bu*li"mus, n. Etym: [L. bulimus hunger. See Bulimy.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of land snails having an elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species are numerous ingabundant in tropical America.

BULK Bulk, n. Etym: [OE. bulke, bolke, heap; cf. Dan. bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. b to be bulky. Cf. Boll, n., Bile a boil, Bulge, n.]

1. Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as, an ox or ship of great bulk. Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable. Bacon.

2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as, the bulk of a debt. The bulk of the people must labor, Burke told them, "to obtain what by labor can be obtained." J. Morley.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: The cargo of a vessel when stowed.

4. The body. [Obs.] Shak. My liver leaped within my bulk. Turbervile. Barrel bulk. See under Barrel. -- To break bulk (Naut.), to begin to unload or more the cargo. -- In bulk, in a mass; loose; not inclosed in separate packages or divided into separate parts; in such shape that any desired quantity may be taken or sold. -- Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk, having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. -- Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as they are, without weight or measure.

Syn. -- Size; magnitude; dimension; volume; bigness; largeness; massiveness.

BULK Bulk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.]

Defn: To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell. The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the moment. Leslie Stephen.

BULK Bulk, n. Etym: [Icel. balkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, n. & v.]

Defn: A projecting part of a building. [Obs.] Here, stand behind this bulk. Shak.

BULKER Bulk"er, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A person employed to ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the amount of freight or dues payable on them.

BULKHEAD Bulk"head`, n. Etym: [See Bulk part of a building.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A partition in a vessel, to separate apartments on the same deck.

2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure of earth or water; a partition wall or structure, as in a mine; the limiting wall along a water front. Bulked line, a line beyond which a wharf must not project; -- usually, the harbor line.

BULKINESS Bulk"i*ness, n.

Defn: Greatness in bulk; size.

BULKY Bulk"y, a.

Defn: Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes. A bulky digest of the revenue laws. Hawthorne.

BULL Bull, n. Etym: [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to D. bul, G. bulle, Icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett. bollis, Russ. vol'; prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The male of any species of cattle (Bovidæ); hence, the male of any large quadruped, as the elephant; also, the male of the whale.

Note: The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to be the oryx, a large species of antelope.

2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action. Ps. xxii. 12.

3. (Astron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A constellation of the zodiac between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades. At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun, And the bright Bull receives him. Thomson.

4. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: One who operates in expectation of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such a rise. See 4th Bear, n., 5. Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. -- John Bull, a humorous name for the English, collectively; also, an Englishman. "Good-looking young John Bull." W. D.Howells. -- To take the bull by the horns, to grapple with a difficulty instead of avoiding it.

BULL Bull, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce. Bull bat (Zoöl.), the night hawk; -- so called from the loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the evening. -- Bull calf. (a) A stupid fellow. -- Bull mackerel (Zoöl.), the chub mackerel. -- Bull pump (Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. -- Bull snake (Zoöl.), the pine snake of the United States. -- Bull stag, a castrated bull. See Stag. -- Bull wheel, a wheel, or drum, on which a rope is wound for lifting heavy articles, as logs, the tools in well boring, etc.

BULL Bull, v. i.

Defn: To be in heat; to manifest sexual desire as cows do. [Colloq.]

BULL Bull, v. t. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.

BULL Bull, n. Etym: [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, LL., a seal or stamp: cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bull a writing, Bowl a ball, Boil, v. i.]

1. A seal. See Bulla.

2. A letter, edict, or respect, of the pope, written in Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and dated "a die Incarnationis," i. e., "from the day of the Incarnation." See Apostolical brief, under Brief. A fresh bull of Leo's had declared how inflexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses. Atterbury.

3. A grotesque blunder in language; an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas, contained in a form of expression; so called, perhaps, from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope's bulls and his professions of humility. And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope's bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic schimatic. Milton. The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what became the fundamental law of the German empire; -- so called from its golden seal.

Syn. -- See Blunder.

BULLA Bul"la, n.; pl. Bullæ (. Etym: [L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as, the tympanic or auditory bulla.

3. A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

BULLACE Bul"lace, n. Etym: [OE. bolas, bolace, OF. beloce; of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael. bulaistear.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis, var. insitita). See Plum. (b) The bully tree.

BULLANTIC Bul*lan"tic, a. Etym: [See Bull an edict.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or used in, papal bulls. Fry. Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal bulls.

BULLARY Bul"la*ry, n. Etym: [LL. bullarium: cf. F. bullairie. See Bull an edict.]

Defn: A collection of papal bulls.

BULLARY Bul"la*ry, n.; pl. Bullaries. Etym: [Cf. Boilary.]

Defn: A place for boiling or preparating salt; a boilery. Crabb. And certain salt fats or bullaries. Bills in Chancery.

BULLATE Bul"late, a. Etym: [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] (Biol.)

Defn: Appearing as if blistered; inflated; puckered. Bullate leaf (Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which rises between the veins puckered elevations convex on one side and concave on the other.

BULLBEGGAR Bull"beg`gar, n.

Defn: Something used or suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of weak mind; a bugbear. And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the forward children in the parish. Mountfort (1691).

BULL BRIER Bull" bri`er. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Smilax (S. Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making beer; -- called also bamboo brier and China brier.

BULLCOMBER Bull"comb*er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A scaraboid beetle; esp. the Typhæus vulgaris of Europe.

BULLDOG Bull"dog`, n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A variety of dog, of remarkable ferocity, courage, and tenacity of grip; -- so named, probably, from being formerly employed in baiting bulls.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill.

BULLDOG Bull"dog`, a.

Defn: Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog; stubborn; as, bulldog courage; bulldog tenacity. Bulldog bat (zo'94l.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; -- so called from the shape of its face.

BULLDOZE Bull"doze`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldozed; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulldozing.]

Defn: To intimidate; to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence; -- used originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U.S.]

BULLDOZER Bull"do`zer, n.

Defn: One who bulldozes. [Slang]

BULLED Bulled, a. Etym: [Cf. Boln.]

Defn: Swollen. [Obs.]

BULLEN-BULLEN Bul"len-bul"len, n. Etym: [Native Australian name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The lyre bird.

BULLEN-NAIL Bul"len-nail`, n. Etym: [Bull large, having a large head + nail.]

Defn: A nail with a round head and short shank, tinned and lacquered.

BULLET Bul"let, n. Etym: [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball. See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.]

1. A small ball.

2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or other small firearm.

3. A cannon ball. [Obs.] A ship before Greenwich . . . shot off her ordnance, one piece being charged with a bullet of stone. Stow.

4. The fetlock of a horse.

Note: [See Illust. under Horse.]

BULLETIN Bul"le*tin, n. Etym: [F. bulletin, fr. It. bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.]

1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing event, as military operations or the health of some distinguished personage, issued by authority for the information of the public.

2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of news recently received.

3. A periodical publication, especially one containing the proceeding of a society. Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put,

## particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc.

BULLET-PROOF Bul"let-proof`, a.

Defn: Capable of resisting the force of a bullet. Bullet tree. See Bully tree. -- Bullet wood, the wood of the bullet tree.

BULLFACED Bull"faced`, a.

Defn: Having a large face.

BULLFEAST Bull"feast`, n.

Defn: See Bullfight. [Obs.]

BULLFIGHT; BULLFIGHTING Bull"fight`, Bull"fight`ing, n.

Defn: A barbarous sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement, -- still popular in Spain. -- Bull"fight`er (, n.

BULLFINCH Bull"finch`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Pyrrhula and other related genera, especially the P. vulgaris or rubicilla, a bird of Europe allied to the grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks, and neck, red.

Note: As a cage bird it is highly valued for its remarkable power of learning to whistle correctly various musical airs. Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zoöl.) See Burion. -- Pine bullfinch, the pine finch.

BULLFIST; BULLFICE Bull"fist, Bull"fice, n. Etym: [Cf. G. bofist, AS. wulfes fist puffball, E. fizz, foist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of fungus. See Puffball.

BULL FLY; BULLFLY Bull" fly` or Bull"fly`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any large fly troublesome to cattle, as the gadflies and breeze flies.

BULLFROG Bull"frog`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large species of frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America; -- so named from its loud bellowing in spring.

BULLHEAD Bull"head`, n.

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio of Europe, and U. Richardsoni of the United States; -- called also miller's thumb. (b) In America, several species of Amiurus; -- called also catfish, horned pout, and bullpout. (c) A marine fish of the genus Cottus; the sculpin.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover (Squatarola helvetica); -- called also beetlehead. (b) The golden plover.

3. A stupid fellow; a lubber. [Colloq.] Jonson.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small black water insect. E. Phillips. Bullhead whiting (Zoöl.), the kingfish of Florida (Menticirrus alburnus).

BULLHEADED Bull"head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a head like that of a bull. Fig.: Headstrong; obstinate; dogged.

BULLION Bul"lion, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. bullyon a hook used for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed ornament of various kinds, e.g., on the cover of a book, on bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets, LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see Bull an edict), or perh. corrupted fr. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.]

1. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass.

Note: Properly, the precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate. The word is often often used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin.

2. Base or uncurrent coin. [Obs.] And those which eld's strict doom did disallow, And damm for bullion, go for current now. Sylvester.

3. Showy metallic ornament, as of gold, silver, or copper, on bridles, saddles, etc. [Obs.] The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound. Skelton.

4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver wire and used for epaulets; also, any heavy twisted fringe whose cords are prominent.

BULLIONIST Bul"lion*ist, n.

Defn: An advocate for a metallic currency, or a paper currency always convertible into gold.

BULLIRAG Bul"li*rag, v. t. Etym: [Cf. bully,n.& v., and rag to scold, rail. Cf. Ballarag.]

Defn: To intimidate by bullying; to rally contemptuously; to badger. [Low]

BULLISH Bull"ish, a.

Defn: Partaking of the nature of a bull, or a blunder. Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek stone, and as bullish. Milton.

BULLIST Bull"ist, n. Etym: [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.]

Defn: A writer or drawer up of papal bulls. [R.] Harmar.

BULLITION Bul*li"tion, n. Etym: [L. bullire, bullitum, to boil. See Boil, v. i.]

Defn: The action of boiling; boiling. [Obs.] See Ebullition. Bacon.

BULL MOOSE Bull Moose. (U. S. Politics) (a) A follower of Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; -- a sense said to have originated from a remark made by Roosevelt on a certain occasion that he felt "like a bull moose." [Cant] (b) The figure of a bull moose used as the party symbol of the Progressive party in the presidential campaign of 1912. -- Bull Mooser. [Cant]

BULL-NECKED Bull"-necked`, a.

Defn: Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott.

BULLOCK Bul"lock, n. Etym: [AS. bulluc a young bull. See Bull.]

1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind. Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old. Judges vi. 25.

2. An ox, steer, or stag.

BULLOCK Bul"lock, v. t.

Defn: To bully. [Obs.] She shan't think to bullock and domineer over me. Foote.

BULLOCK'S-EYE Bul"lock's-eye`, n.

Defn: See Bull's-eye, 3.

BULLON Bul"lon, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A West Indian fish (Scarus Croicensis).

BULLPOUT Bull"pout`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Bullhead, 1 (b).

BULL-ROARER Bull"-roar`er, n.

Defn: A contrivance consisting of a slat of wood tied to the end of a thong or string, with which the slat is whirled so as to cause an intermittent roaring noise. It is used as a toy, and among some races in certain religious rites.

BULL'S-EYE Bull's"-eye`, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A small circular or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it and a hole through it, used for connecting rigging.

2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed by sailors to portend a storm.

3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof, floor, ship's side, etc., to let in light.

4. A circular or oval opening for air or light.

5. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for concentrating the light on any object; also, the lens itself. Dickens.

6. (Astron.)

Defn: Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of Taurus or the Bull.

7. (Archery & Gun.)

Defn: The center of a target.

8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown.

9. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Colloq.]

BULL'S-NOSE Bull's"-nose`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: An external angle when obtuse or rounded.

BULL TERRIER Bull" ter"ri*er. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A breed of dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier.

BULL TROUT Bull" trout`. (Zoöl.) (a) In England, a large salmon trout of several species, as Salmo trutta and S. Cambricus, which ascend rivers; -- called also sea trout. (b) Salvelinus malma of California and Oregon; -- called also Dolly Varden trout and red-spotted trout. (c) The huso or salmon of the Danube.

BULLWEED Bull"weed`, n. Etym: [Bole a stem + weed.] (Bot.)

Defn: Knapweed. Prior.

BULLWORT Bull"wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Bishop's-weed.

BULLY Bul"ly, n.; pl. Bullies (. Etym: [Cf. LG. bullerjaan, bullerbäk, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar a bluster, bulderen to bluster; prob. of imitative origin; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.]

1. A noisy, blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; an insolent, tyrannical fellow. Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in. Palmerston.

2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

BULLY Bul"ly, a.

1. Jovial and blustering; dashing. [Slang] "Bless thee, bully doctor." Shak.

2. Fine; excellent; as, a bully horse. [Slang, U.S.]

BULLY Bul"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bullied; p. pr. & vb. n. Bullying.]

Defn: To intimidate with threats and by an overbearing, swaggering demeanor; to act the part of a bully toward. For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the peace was just signing. Tatler.

Syn. -- To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer.

BULLY Bul"ly, v. i.

Defn: To act as a bully.

BULLY; BULLY BEEF Bul"ly, n., Bul"ly beef`. [F. bouilli boiled meat, fr. bouillir to boil. See Boil, v. The word bouilli was formerly commonly used on the labels of canned beef.]

Defn: Pickled or canned beef.

BULLYRAG Bul"ly*rag, v. t.

Defn: Same as Bullirag.

BULLYROCK Bul"ly*rock`, n.

Defn: A bully. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

BULLY TREE Bul"ly tree`. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several West Indian trees of the order Sapotaceæ, as Dipholis nigra and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them yield a substance closely resembling gutta-percha.

BULRUSH Bul"rush`, n. Etym: [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem + rush.] (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water.

Note: The name bulrush is applied in England especially to the cat- tail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) and to the lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris); in America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of Scirpus or club-rush.

BULSE Bulse, n.

Defn: A purse or bag in which to carry or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay.

BULTEL Bul"tel, n. Etym: [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to sift.]

Defn: A bolter or bolting cloth; also, bran. [Obs.]

BULTI Bul"ti, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Bolty.

BULTONG Bul"tong, n.

Defn: Biltong.

BULTOW Bul"tow`, n.

Defn: A trawl; a boulter; the mod

BULWARK Bul"wark, n. Etym: [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. bollwerk, Sw. bolwerk, Dan. bolvärk, bulvärk, rampart; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole stem, and Work, n., and cf. Boulevard.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A rampart; a fortification; a bastion or outwork.

2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends from attack; any means of defense or protection. The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defense, . . . the floating bulwark of our island. Blackstone.

3. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: The sides of a ship above the upper deck.

Syn. -- See Rampart.

BULWARK Bul"wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwarked (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bulwarking.]

Defn: To fortify with, or as with, a rampart or wall; to secure by fortification; to protect. Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed With rising towers. Glover.

BUM Bum, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.]

Defn: The buttock. [Low] Shak.

BUM Bum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bummed (; p. pr. & vb.n. Bumming ( Etym: [See Boom, v. i., to roar.]

Defn: To make murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson.

BUM Bum, n.

Defn: A humming noise. Halliwell.

BUMBAILIFF Bum"bail"iff, n. Etym: [A corruption of bound bailiff.] [Low, Eng.]

Defn: See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a.

BUMBARD Bum"bard.

Defn: See Bombard. [Obs.]

BUMBARGE Bum"barge`, n.

Defn: See Bumboat. Carlyle.

BUMBAST Bum"bast.

Defn: See Bombast. [Obs.]

BUMBELO Bum"be*lo, n.; pl. Bumbeloes. Etym: [It. bombola.]

Defn: A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled also bombolo and bumbolo.]

BUMBLE Bum"ble, n. Etym: [See Bump to boom.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bittern. [Local, Eng.]

BUMBLE Bum"ble, v. i.

Defn: To make a hollow or humming noise, like that of a bumblebee; to cry as a bittern. As a bittern bumbleth in the mire. Chaucer.

BUMBLEBEE Bum"ble*bee`, n. Etym: [OE. bumblen to make a humming noise (dim. of bum, v.i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large bee of the genus Bombus, sometimes called humblebee; -- so named from its sound.

Note: There are many species. All gather honey, and store it in the empty cocoons after the young have come out.

BUMBLEPUPPY Bum"ble*pup`py, n. [Origin unknown; cf. Bumble, n.]

1.

Defn: The old game of nineholes.

2. (Card Playing) Whist played in an unscientific way.

BUMBOAT Bum"boat`, n. Etym: [From bum the buttocks, on account of its clumsy form; or fr. D. bun a box for holding fish in a boat.] (Naut.)

Defn: A clumsy boat, used for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels lying in port or off shore.

BUMKIN Bum"kin, n. Etym: [Boom a beam + -kin. See Bumpkin.] (Naut.)

Defn: A projecting beam or boom; as: (a) One projecting from each bow of a vessel, to haul the fore tack to, called a tack bumpkin. (b) Onr from each quarter, for the main-brace blocks, and called brace bumpkin. (c) A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. [Written also boomkin.]

BUMMALO Bum"ma*lo, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small marine Asiatic fish (Saurus ophidon) used in India as a relish; -- called also Bombay duck.

BUMMER Bum"mer, n.

Defn: An idle, worthless fellow, who is without any visible means of support; a dissipated sponger. [Slang, U.S.]

BUMMERY Bum"me*ry, n.

Defn: See Bottomery. [Obs.] There was a scivener of Wapping brought to hearing for relief against a bummery bond. R. North.

BUMP Bump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bumped; p. pr. & vb. n. Bumping.] Etym: [Cf. W. pwmp round mass, pwmpiaw to thump, bang, and E. bum, v.i., boom to roar.]

Defn: To strike, as with or against anything large or solid; to thump; as, to bump the head against a wall.

BUMP Bump, v. i.

Defn: To come in violent contact with something; to thump. "Bumping and jumping." Southey.

BUMP Bump, n. Etym: [From Bump to strike, to thump.]

1. A thump; a heavy blow.

2. A swelling or prominence, resulting from a bump or blow; a protuberance. It had upon its brow A bump as big as a young cockerel's stone. Shak.

3. (Phren.)

Defn: One of the protuberances on the cranium which are associated with distinct faculties or affections of the mind; as, the bump of "veneration;" the bump of "acquisitiveness." [Colloq.]

4. The act of striking the stern of the boat in advance with the prow of the boat following. [Eng.]

BUMP Bump, v. i. Etym: [See Boom to roar.]

Defn: To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern; to boom. As a bittern bumps within a reed. Dryden.

BUMP Bump, n.

Defn: The noise made by the bittern.

BUMPER Bum"per, n. Etym: [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a large drinking vessel.]

1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over,

## particularly in drinking a health or toast.

He frothed his bumpers to the brim. Tennyson.

2. A covered house at a theater, etc., in honor of some favorite performer. [Cant]

BUMPER Bump"er, n.

1. That which bumps or causes a bump.

2. Anything which resists or deadens a bump or shock; a buffer.

BUMPKIN Bump"kin, n. Etym: [The same word as bumkin, which Cotgrave defines thus: "Bumkin, Fr. chicambault, the luffe-block, a long and thick piece of wood, whereunto the fore-sayle and sprit-sayle are fastened, when a ship goes by the winde." Hence, a clumsy man may easily have been compared to such a block of wood; cf. OD. boomken a little tree. See Boom a pole.]

Defn: An awkward, heavy country fellow; a clown; a country lout. "Bashful country bumpkins." W. Irving.

BUMPTIOUS Bump"tious, a.

Defn: Self-conceited; forward; pushing. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

BUMPTIOUSNESS Bump"tious*ness, n.

Defn: Conceitedness. [Colloq.]

BUN; BUNN Bun, Bunn, n. Etym: [Scot. bun, bunn, OE. bunne, bonne; fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. bunna, Gael. bonnach, or OF. bugne tumor, Prov. F. bugne a kind of pancake; akin to OHG. bungo bulb, MHG. bunge, Prov. E. bung heap, cluster, bunny a small swelling.]

Defn: A slightly sweetened raised cake or bisquit with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust.

BUNCH Bunch, n. Etym: [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke heap, Icel. bunki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance; cf. W. pwng cluster. Cf. Bunk.]

1. A protuberance; a hunch; a knob or lump; a hump. They will carry . . . their treasures upon the bunches of camels. Isa. xxx. 6.

2. A collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, growing or fastened together; as, a bunch of grapes; a bunch of keys.

3. (Mining)

Defn: A small isolated mass of ore, as distinguished from a continuous vein. Page.

BUNCH Bunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buncheder (p. pr. & vb.n. Bunchinger.]

Defn: To swell out into a bunch or protuberance; to be protuberant or round. Bunching out into a large round knob at one end. Woodward.

BUNCH Bunch, v. t.

Defn: To form into a bunch or bunches.

BUNCH-BACKED Bunch"-backed`, a.

Defn: Having a bunch on the back; crooked. "Bunch-backed toad." Shak.

BUNCHBERRY Bunch"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries.

BUNCH GRASS Bunch" grass`. (Bot.)

Defn: A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass.

BUNCHINESS Bunch"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or condition of being bunchy; knobbiness.

BUNCHY Bunch"y, a.

1. Swelling out in bunches. An unshapen, bunchy spear, with bark unpiled. Phaer.

2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch; having tufts; as, the bird's bunchy tail.

3. (Mining)

Defn: Yielding irregularly; sometimes rich, sometimes poor; as, a bunchy mine. Page.

BUNCOMBE; BUNKUM Bun"combe, Bun"kum, n. Etym: [Buncombe a country of North Carolina.]

Defn: Speech-making for the gratification of constituents, or to gain public applause; flattering talk for a selfish purpose; anything said for mere show. [Cant or Slang, U.S.] All that flourish about right of search was bunkum -- all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was bunkum . . . slavery speeches are all bunkum. Haliburton. To speak for Buncombe, to speak for mere show, or popularly.

Note: "The phrase originated near the close of the debate on the famous 'Missouri Question,' in the 16th Congress. It was then used by Felix Walker -- a naïve old mountaineer, who resided at Waynesville, in Haywood, the most western country of North Carolina, near the border of the adjacent country of Buncombe, which formed part of his district. The old man rose to speak, while the house was impatiently calling for the 'Question,' and several members gathered round him, begging him to desist. He preserved, however, for a while, declaring that the people of his district expected it, and that he was bound to 'make a speech for Buncombe.'" W. Darlington.

BUND Bund, n. Etym: [G.]

Defn: League; confederacy; esp. the confederation of German states.

BUND Bund, n. Etym: [Hindi band.]

Defn: An embankment against inundation. [India] S. Wells Williams.

BUNDER Bun"der, n. Etym: [Pers. bandar a landing place, pier.]

Defn: A boat or raft used in the East Indies in the landing of passengers and goods.

BUNDESRATH Bun"des*rath`, n. Etym: [G., from bund (akin to E. bond) confederacy + rath council, prob. akin to E. read.]

Defn: The federal council of the German Empire. In the Bundesrath and the Reichstag are vested the legislative functions. The federal council of Switzerland is also so called.

Note: The Bundesrath of the German empire is presided over by a chancellor, and is composed of sixty-two members, who represent the different states of the empire, being appointed for each session by their respective governments. By this united congress, the highest tribunal of Switzerland, -- the Bundesrath -- is chosen, and the head of this is a president. J. P. Peters (Trans. Müller's Pol. Hist. ).

BUNDES-VERSAMMLUNG Bun"des-Ver*samm"lung, n. [G.; bund confederacy + versammlung assembly.]

Defn: See Legislature, Switzerland.

BUNDLE Bun"dle, n. Etym: [OE. bundel, AS. byndel; akin to D. bondel, bundel, G. bündel, dim. of bund bundle, fr. the root of E. bind. See Bind.]

Defn: A number of things bound together, as by a cord or envelope, into a mass or package convenient for handling or conveyance; a loose package; a roll; as, a bundle of straw or of paper; a bundle of old clothes. The fable of the rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could bend. Goldsmith. Bundle pillar (Arch.), a column or pier, with others of small dimensions attached to it. Weale.

BUNDLE Bun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled (p. pr. & vb.n. Bundling (.]

1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll.

2. To send off abruptly or without ceremony. They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second into our own hackney coach. T. Hook. To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or without ceremony. -- To bundle one's self up, to wrap one's self up warmly or cumbrously.

BUNDLE Bun"dle, v. i.

1. To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony.

2. To sleep on the same bed without undressing; -- applied to the custom of a man and woman, especially lovers, thus sleeping. Bartlett. Van Corlear stopped occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee lasses. W. Irving.

BUNDOBUST Bun"do*bust, n. [Hind. & Per. bando-bast tying and binding.]

Defn: System; discipline. [India]

He has more bundobust than most men. Kipling.

BUNG Bung, n. Etym: [Cf. W. bwng orfice, bunghole, Ir. buinne tap, spout, OGael. buine.]

1. The large stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask.

2. The orifice in the bilge of a cask through which it is filled; bunghole.

3. A sharper or pickpocket. [Obs. & Low] You filthy bung, away. Shak.

BUNG Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunging.]

Defn: To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, with a bung; to close; -- with up. To bung up, to use up, as by bruising or over exertion; to exhaust or incapacitate for action. [Low] He had bunged up his mouth that he should not have spoken these three years. Shelton (Trans. Don Quixote).

BUNGALOW Bun"ga*low, n. Etym: [Bengalee bangla]

Defn: A thatched or tiled house or cottage, of a single story, usually surrounded by a veranda. [India]

BUNGARUM Bun"ga*rum, n. Etym: [Bungar, the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A venomous snake of India, of the genus Bungarus, allied to the cobras, but without a hood.

BUNGHOLE Bung"hole`, n.

Defn: See Bung, n., 2. Shak.

BUNGLE Bun"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling.] Etym: [Prob. a diminutive from, akin to bang; cf. Prov. G. bungen to beat, bang, OSw. bunga. See Bang.]

Defn: To act or work in a clumsy, awkward manner.

BUNGLE Bun"gle, v. t.

Defn: To make or mend clumsily; to manage awkwardly; to botch; -- sometimes with up. I always had an idea that it would be bungled. Byron.

BUNGLE Bun"gle, n.

Defn: A clumsy or awkward performance; a botch; a gross blunder. Those errors and bungles which are committed. Cudworth.

BUNGLER Bun"gler, n.

Defn: A clumsy, awkward workman; one who bungles. If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shameful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar to be such! Barrow.

BUNGLING Bun"gling, a.

Defn: Unskillful; awkward; clumsy; as, a bungling workman. Swift. They make but bungling work. Dryden.

BUNGLINGLY Bun"gling*ly, adv.

Defn: Clumsily; awkwardly.

BUNGO Bun"go, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A kind of canoe used in Central and South America; also, a kind of boat used in the Southern United States. Bartlett.

BUNION Bun"ion, n. (Med.)

Defn: Same as Bunyon.

BUNK Bunk, n. Etym: [Cf. OSw. bunke heap, also boaring, flooring. Cf. Bunch.]

1. A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat in the daytime and for a bed at night. [U.S.]

2. One of a series of berths or bed places in tiers.

3. A piece of wood placed on a lumberman's sled to sustain the end of heavy timbers. [Local, U.S.]

BUNK Bunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunked; p. pr. & vb. n. Bunking.]

Defn: To go to bed in a bunk; -- sometimes with in. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

BUNKER Bun"ker, n. Etym: [Scot. bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat. Cf. Bunk, Bank, Bench.]

1. A sort of chest or box, as in a window, the lid of which serves for a seat. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. A large bin or similar receptacle; as, a coal bunker.

BUNKO Bun"ko, n. Etym: [Sf. Sp. banco bank, banca a sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial sense).]

Defn: A kind of swindling game or scheme, by means of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.] Bunko steerer, a person employed as a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U.S.]

BUNKUM Bun"kum, n.

Defn: See Buncombe.

BUNN Bunn, n.

Defn: See Bun.

BUNNIAN Bun"nian, n.

Defn: See Bunyon.

BUNNY Bun"ny, n. (Mining)

Defn: A great collection of ore without any vein coming into it or going out from it.

BUNNY Bun"ny, n.

Defn: A pet name for a rabbit or a squirrel.

BUNODONTA; BUNODONTS Bu`no*don"ta, Bu"no*donts, n. pl. Etym: [NL. bunodonta, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; -- so called because the teeth are tuberculated.

BUNSEN CELL Bun"sen cell. (Elec.)

Defn: A zinc-carbon cell in which the zinc (amalgamated) is surrounded by dilute sulphuric acid, and the carbon by nitric acid or a chromic acid mixture, the two plates being separated by a porous cup.

BUNSEN'S BATTERY; BUNSEN'S BURNER Bun"sen's bat"ter*y, Bun"sen's burn`er.

Defn: See under Battery, and Burner.

BUNT Bunt, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A fungus (Ustilago foetida) which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a fetid dust; -- also called pepperbrand.

BUNT Bunt, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, Dan. bundt, G. bund, E. bundle.] (Naut.)

Defn: The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail; the part of a furled sail which is at the center of the yard. Totten.

BUNT Bunt, v. i. (Naut.)

Defn: To swell out; as, the sail bunts.

BUNT Bunt, v. t. & i.

Defn: To strike or push with the horns or head; to butt; as, the ram bunted the boy.

BUNTER Bun"ter, n.

Defn: A woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. [Cant] Her . . . daughters, like bunters in stuff gowns. Goldsmith.

BUNTING Bun"ting, n. Etym: [Scot. buntlin, corn-buntlin, OE. bunting, buntyle; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Emberiza, or of an allied genus, related to the finches and sparrows (family Fringillidæ).

Note: Among European species are the common or corn bunting (Emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (E. hortulana); the cirl (E. cirlus); and the black-headed (Granitivora melanocephala). American species are the bay-winged or grass (Poöcætes or Pooecetes gramineus); the black- throated (Spiza Americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (Pipilo); the snow bunting (Plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. See Ortolan, Chewick, Snow bunting, Lark bunting.

BUNTING; BUNTINE Bun"ting, Bun"tine, n. Etym: [Prov. E. bunting sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence prob. the material used for that purpose.]

Defn: A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags, colors, and ships' signals.

BUNTLINE Bunt"line, n. Etym: [2d bunt + line.] (Naut.)

Defn: One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail when taking it in. Totten.

BUNYON; BUNION Bun"yon, Bun"ion, n. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. bunny a small swelling, fr. OF. bugne, It. bugna, bugnone. See Bun.] (Med.)

Defn: An enlargement and inflammation of a small membranous sac (one of the bursæ muscosæ), usually occurring on the first joint of the great toe.

BUOY Buoy, n. Etym: [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. boie, buie, chain, fetter, F. bouée a buoy, from L. boia. "Boiae genus vinculorum tam ferreae quam ligneae." Festus. So called because chained to its place.] (Naut.)

Defn: A float; esp. a floating object moored to the bottom, to mark a channel or to point out the position of something beneath the water, as an anchor, shoal, rock, etc. Anchor buoy, a buoy attached to, or marking the position of, an anchor. -- Bell buoy, a large buoy on which a bell is mounted, to be rung by the motion of the waves. -- Breeches buoy. See under Breeches. -- Cable buoy, an empty cask employed to buoy up the cable in rocky anchorage. -- Can buoy, a hollow buoy made of sheet or boiler iron, usually conical or pear-shaped. -- Life buoy, a float intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dispatched to save them. -- Nut or Nun buoy, a buoy large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end. -- To stream the buoy, to let the anchor buoy fall by the ship's side into the water, before letting go the anchor. -- Whistling buoy, a buoy fitted with a whistle that is blown by the

## action of the waves.

BUOY Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed; p. pr. & vb. n. Buoying.]

1. To keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or air; to keep afloat; -- with up.

2. To support or sustain; to preserve from sinking into ruin or despondency. Those old prejudices, which buoy up the ponderous mass of his nobility, wealth, and title. Burke.

3. To fix buoys to; to mark by a buoy or by buoys; as, to buoy an anchor; to buoy or buoy off a channel. Not one rock near the surface was discovered which was not buoyed by this floating weed. Darwin.

BUOY Buoy, v. i.

Defn: To float; to rise like a buoy. "Rising merit will buoy up at last." Pope.

BUOYAGE Buoy"age, n.

Defn: Buoys, taken collectively; a series of buoys, as for the guidance of vessels into or out of port; the providing of buoys.

BUOYANCE Buoy"ance, n.

Defn: Buoyancy. [R.]

BUOYANCY Buoy"an*cy, n.; pl. Buoyancies (.

1. The property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the atmosphere; specific lightness, which is inversely as the weight compared with that of an equal volume of water.

2. (Physics)

Defn: The upward pressure exerted upon a floating body by a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the body; hence, also, the weight of a floating body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced. Such are buoyancies or displacements of the different classes of her majesty's ships. Eng. Cyc.

3. Cheerfulness; vivacity; liveliness; sprightliness; -- the opposite of Ant: heaviness; as, buoyancy of spirits.

BUOYANT Buoy"ant, a. Etym: [From Buoy, v. t. & i.]

1. Having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid; tending to rise or float; as, iron is buoyant in mercury. "Buoyant on the flood." Pope.

2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sustaining another body by being specifically heavier. The water under me was buoyant. Dryden.

3. Light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful; as, a buoyant disposition; buoyant spirits. -- Buoy"ant*ly, adv.

BUPRESTIDAN Bu*pres"ti*dan, n. Etym: [L. buprestis, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a tribe of beetles, of the genus Buprestis and allied genera, usually with brilliant metallic colors. The larvæ are usually bores in timber, or beneath bark, and are often very destructive to trees.

BUR; BURR Bur, Burr, n. Etym: [OE. burre burdock; cf. Dan. borre, OSw. borra, burdock, thistle; perh. akin to E. bristle (burr- for burz-), or perh. to F. bourre hair, wool, stuff; also, according to Cotgrave, "the downe, or hairie coat, wherewith divers herbes, fruits, and flowers, are covered," fr. L. burrae trifles, LL. reburrus rough.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a pericarp, a persistent calyx, or an involucre, as of the chestnut and burdock. Also, any weed which bears burs. Amongst rude burs and thistles. Milton. Bur and brake and brier. Tennyson.

2. The thin ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal. See Burr, n., 2.

3. A ring of iron on a lance or spear. See Burr, n., 4.

4. The lobe of the ear. See Burr, n., 5.

5. The sweetbread.

6. A clinker; a partially vitrified brick.

7. (Mech.) (a) A small circular saw. (b) A triangular chisel. (c) A drill with a serrated head larger than the shank; -- used by dentists.

8. Etym: [Cf. Gael. borr, borra, a knob, bunch.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The round knob of an antler next to a deer's head. [Commonly written burr.] Bur oak (Bot.), a useful and ornamental species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa) with ovoid acorns inclosed in deep cups imbricated with pointed scales. It grows in the Middle and Western United States, and its wood is tough, close-grained, and durable. -- Bur reed (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sparganium, having long ribbonlike leaves.

BURBOLT Bur"bolt`, n.

Defn: A birdbolt. [Obs.] Ford.

BURBOT Bur"bot, n. Etym: [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fresh-water fish of the genus Lota, having on the nose two very small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. [Written also burbolt.]

Note: The fish is also called an eelpout or ling, and is allied to the codfish. The Lota vulgaris is a common European species. An American species (L. maculosa) is found in New England, the Great Lakes, and farther north.

BURDELAIS Bur`de*lais", n. Etym: [F. bourdelais, prob. fr. bordelais. See Bordelais.]

Defn: A sort of grape. Jonson.

BURDEN Bur"den, n. [Written also burthen.] Etym: [OE. burden, burthen, birthen, birden, AS. byredhen; akin to Icel. byredhi, Dan. byrde, Sw. börda, G. bürde, OHG. burdi, Goth. baúr, fr. the root of E. bear, AS. beran, Goth. bairan. *92. See 1st Bear.]

1. That which is borne or carried; a load. Plants with goodly burden bowing. Shak.

2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, To all my friends a burden grown. Swift.

3. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry; as, a ship of a hundred tons burden.

4. (Mining)

Defn: The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin.

5. (Metal.)

Defn: The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. Raymond.

6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as, a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds.

7. A birth. [Obs. & R.] Shak. Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens. -- Burden of proof Etym: [L. onus probandi] (Law), the duty of proving a particular position in a court of law, a failure in the performance of which duty calls for judgment against the party on whom the duty is imposed.

Syn. -- Burden, Load. A burden is, in the literal sense, a weight to be borne; a load is something laid upon us to be carried. Hence, when used figuratively, there is usually a difference between the two words. Our burdens may be of such a nature that we feel bound to bear them cheerfully or without complaint. They may arise from the nature of our situation; they may be allotments of Providence; they may be the consequences of our errors. What is upon us, as a load, we commonly carry with greater reluctance or sense of oppression. Men often find the charge of their own families to be a burden; but if to this be added a load of care for others, the pressure is usually serve and irksome.

BURDEN Bur"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burdened; p. pr. & vb. n. Burdening.]

1. To encumber with weight (literal or figurative); to lay a heavy load upon; to load. I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened. 2 Cor. viii. 13.

2. To oppress with anything grievous or trying; to overload; as, to burden a nation with taxes. My burdened heart would break. Shak.

3. To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). [R.] It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell. Coleridge.

Syn. -- To load; encumber; overload; oppress.

BURDEN Bur"den, n. Etym: [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bourdon; cf. LL. burdo drone, a long organ pipe, a staff, a mule. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Bourdon.]

1. The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each stanza; the chorus; refrain. Hence: That which is often repeated or which is dwelt upon; the main topic; as, the burden of a prayer. I would sing my song without a burden. Shak.

2. The drone of a bagpipe. Ruddiman.

BURDEN Bur"den, n. Etym: [See Burdon.]

Defn: A club. [Obs.] Spenser.

BURDENER Bur"den*er, n.

Defn: One who loads; a oppressor.

BURDENOUS Bur"den*ous, a.

Defn: Burdensome. [Obs.] "Burdenous taxations." Shak.

BURDENSOME Bur"den*some, a.

Defn: Grievous to be borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppressive. The debt immense of endless gratitude So burdensome. Milton.

Syn. -- Heavy; weighty; cumbersome; onerous; grievous; oppressive; troublesome. -- Bur"den*some*ly, adv. -- Bur"den*some*ness, n.

BURDOCK Bur"dock, n. Etym: [Bur + dock the plant.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of coarse biennial herbs (Lappa), bearing small burs which adhere tenaciously to clothes, or to the fur or wool of animals.

Note: The common burdock is the Lappa officinalis.

BURDON Bur"don, n. Etym: [See Bourdon.]

Defn: A pilgrim's staff. [Written also burden.] Rom. of R.

BUREAU Bu"reau, n.; pl. E. Bureaus, F. Bureaux. Etym: [F. bureau a writing table, desk, office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often covered, equiv. to F. bure, and fr. OF. buire dark brown, the stuff being named from its color, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. Fire, n., and cf. Borel, n.]

1. Originally, a desk or writing table with drawers for papers. Swift.

2. The place where such a bureau is used; an office where business requiring writing is transacted.

3. Hence: A department of public business requiring a force of clerks; the body of officials in a department who labor under the direction of a chief.

Note: On the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureaux; as, the Bureau of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In England and America, the term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments; as, the "Pension Bureau," a subdepartment of the Department of the Interior. [Obs.] In Spanish, bureo denotes a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king's household.

4. A chest of drawers for clothes, especially when made as an ornamental piece of furniture. [U.S.] Bureau system. See Bureaucracy. -- Bureau Veritas, an institution, in the interest of maritime underwriters, for the survey and rating of vessels all over the world. It was founded in Belgium in 1828, removed to Paris in 1830, and reëstablished in Brussels in 1870.

BUREAUCRACY Bu*reau"cra*cy, n. Etym: [Bureau + Gr. bureaucratie.]

1. A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility; also, government conducted on this system.

2. Government officials, collectively.

BUREAUCRAT Bu*reau"crat, n.

Defn: An official of a bureau; esp. an official confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. C. Kingsley.

BUREAUCRATIC; BUREAUCRATICAL Bu`reau*crat"ic, Bu`reau*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. bureaucratique.]

Defn: Of, relating to, or resembling, a bureaucracy.

BUREAUCRATIST Bu*reau"cra*tist, n.

Defn: An advocate for , or supporter of, bureaucracy.

BUREL Bur"el, n. & a.

Defn: Same as Borrel.

BURETTE Bu*rette", n. Etym: [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] (Chem.)

Defn: An apparatus for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas received or discharged. It consists essentially of a graduated glass tube, usually furnished with a small aperture and stopcock.

BUR FISH Bur" fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spinose, plectognath fish of the Allantic coast of the United States (esp. Chilo mycterus geometricus) having the power of distending its body with water or air, so as to resemble a chestnut bur; -- called also ball fish, balloon fish, and swellfish.

BURG Burg, n. Etym: [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.]

1. A fortified town. [Obs.]

2. A borough. [Eng.] See 1st Borough.

BURGAGE Burg"age, n. Etym: [From Burg: cf. F. bourgage, LL. burgagium.] (Eng. Law)

Defn: A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the king or other lord of a borough or city; at a certain yearly rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. Burrill.

BURGALL Bur"gall, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small marine fish; -- also called cunner.

BURGAMOT Bur"ga*mot, n.

Defn: See Bergamot.

BURGANET Bur"ga*net, n.

Defn: See Burgonet.

BURGEE Bur"gee, n.

1. A kind of small coat.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A swallow-tailed flag; a distinguishing pen

BURGEOIS Bur*geois", n. (Print.)

Defn: See 1st Bourgeous.

BURGEOIS Bur*geois", n.

Defn: A burgess; a citizen. See 2d Bourgeois. [R.] Addison.

BURGEON Bur"geon, v. i.

Defn: To bud. See Bourgeon.

BURGESS Bur"gess, n. Etym: [OE. burgeis, OF. burgeis, fr. burcfortified town, town, F. bourg village, fr. LL. burgus fort, city; from the German; cf. MHG. burc, G. burg. See 1st Borough, and cf. 2d Bourgeois.]

1. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone.

Note: "A burgess of a borough corresponds with a citizen of a city." Burrill.

2. One who represents a borough in Parliament.

3. A magistrate of a borough.

4. An inhabitant of a Scotch burgh qualified to vote for municipal officers.

Note: Before the Revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses; they are now called delegates. Burgess oath. See Burgher, 2.

BURGESS-SHIP Bur"gess-ship, n.

Defn: The state of privilege of a burgess. South.

BURGGRAVE Burg"grave, n. Etym: [G. burggraf; burg fortress + graf count: cf. D. burggraaf, F. burgrave. See Margrave.] (Gremany)

Defn: Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached.

BURGH Burgh, n. Etym: [OE. See Burg.]

Defn: A borough or incorporated town, especially, one in Scotland. See Borough.

BURGHAL Burgh"al, a.

Defn: Belonging of a burgh.

BURGHBOTE Burgh"bote`, n. Etym: [Burgh + bote.] (Old Law)

Defn: A contribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town.

BURGHBRECH Burgh"brech`, n. Etym: [Burgh + F. brèche, equiv. to E. breach.] (AS. Law)

Defn: The offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabitant of a tithing to keep the peace; breach of the peace. Burrill.

BURGHER Burgh"er, n. Etym: [From burgh; akin to D. burger, G. bürger, Dan. borger, Sw. borgare. See Burgh.]

1. A freeman of a burgh or borough, entitled to enjoy the privileges of the place; any inhabitant of a borough.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess "the true religion professed within the realm"), the opposite party being called antiburghers.

Note: These parties arose among the Presbyterians of Scotland, in 1747, and in 1820 reunited under the name of the "United Associate Synod of the Secession Church."

BURGHERMASTER Burgh"er*mas`ter, n.

Defn: See Burgomaster.

BURGHERSHIP Burgh"er*ship, n.

Defn: The state or privileges of a burgher.

BURGHMASTER Burgh"mas`ter, n.

1. A burgomaster.

2. (Mining)

Defn: An officer who directs and lays out the meres or boundaries for the workmen; -- called also bailiff, and barmaster. [Eng.]

BURGHMOTE Burgh"mote`, n. (AS. Law) Etym: [Burgh + mote meeting.]

Defn: A court or meeting of a burgh or borough; a borough court held three times yearly.

BURGLAR Bur"glar, n. Etym: [OE. burg town, F. bourg, fr. LL. burgus (of German origin) + OF. lere thief, fr. L. latro. See Borough, and Larceny.] (Law)

Defn: One guilty of the crime of burglary. Burglar alarm, a device for giving alarm if a door or window is opened from without.

BURGLARER Bur"glar*er, n.

Defn: A burglar. [Obs.]

BURGLARIOUS Bur*gla"ri*ous, a.

Defn: Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary. To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry. Blackstone.

BURGLARIOUSLY Bur*gla"ri*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: With an intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone.

BURGLARY Bur"gla*ry, n.; pl. Burglaries (. Etym: [Fr. Burglar; cf. LL. burglaria.] (Law)

Defn: Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not. Wharton. Burrill.

Note: By statute law in some of the United States, burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Various degrees of the crime are established.

BURGOMASTER Bur"go*mas`ter, n. Etym: [D. burgemeester; burg borough + meester master; akin to G. burgemeister, bürgermeister. See 1st Borough, and Master.]

1. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany, corresponding to mayor in England and the United States; a burghmaster.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull (Larus glaucus), common in arctic regions.

BURGONET Bur"go*net, n. Etym: [F. bouruignotte, because the Burgundians, F. Bouruignons, first used it.]

Defn: A kind of helmet. [Written also burganet.] Shak.

BURGOO Bur"goo, n. Etym: [Prov. E. burgood yeast, perh. fr. W. burym yeast + cawl cabbage, gruel.]

Defn: A kind of oatmeal pudding, or thick gruel, used by seamen. [Written also burgout.]

BURGRASS Bur"grass`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Grass of the genus Cenchrus, growing in sand, and having burs for fruit.

BURGRAVE Bur"grave, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Burggrave.

BURGUNDY Bur"gun*dy, n.

1. An old province of France (in the eastern central part).

2. A richly flavored wine, mostly red, made in Burgundy, France. Burgundy pitch, a resinous substance prepared from the exudation of the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) by melting in hot water and straining through cloth. The genuine Burgundy pitch, supposed to have been first prepared in Burgundy, is rare, but there are many imitations. It has a yellowish brown color, is translucent and hard, but viscous. It is used in medicinal plasters.

BURH Burh, n.

Defn: See Burg. [Obs.]

BURHEL; BURRHEL Bur"hel, Burr"hel, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wild Himalayan, or blue, sheep (Ovis burrhel).

BURIAL Bur"i*al, n. Etym: [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.]

1. A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [Obs.] The erthe schook, and stoones weren cloven, and biriels weren opened. Wycliff [Matt. xxvii. 51, 52].

2. The act of burying; depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water, usually with attendant ceremonies; sepulture; interment. "To give a public burial." Shak. Now to glorious burial slowly borne. Tennyson. Burial case, a form of coffin, usually of iron, made to close air- tight, for the preservation of a dead body. -- Burial ground, a piece of ground selected and set apart for a place of buriials, and consecrated to such use by religious ceremonies. -- Burial place, any place where burials are made. -- Burial service. (a) The religious service performed at the interment of the dead; a funeral service. (b) That portion of a liturgy which is read at an interment; as, the English burial service.

Syn. -- Sepulture; interment; inhumation.

BURIER Bur"i*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, buries. Till the buriers have buried it. Ezek. xxxix. 15. And darkness be the burier of the dead. Shak.

BURIN Bu"rin, n. Etym: [F. burin, cf. It. burino, bulino; prob. from OHG. bora borer, boron to bore, G. bohren. See 1st Bore.]

1. The cutting tool of an engraver on metal, used in line engraving. It is made of tempered steel, one end being ground off obliquely so as to produce a sharp point, and the other end inserted in a handle; a graver; also, the similarly shaped tool used by workers in marble.

2. The manner or style of execution of an engraver; as, a soft burin; a brilliant burin.

BURINIST Bu"rin*ist, n.

Defn: One who works with the burin. For. Quart. Rev.

BURION Bu"ri*on, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The red-breasted house sparrow of California (Carpodacus frontalis); -- called also crimson-fronted bullfinch. [Written also burrion.]

BURKE Burke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burkeder, p. pr. & vb.n. Burkinger.] Etym: [From one Burke of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829.]

1. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection.

2. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve; as, to burke a parliamentary question. The court could not burke an inquiry, supported by such a mass of a affidavits. C. Reade.

BURKISM Burk"ism, n.

Defn: The practice of killing persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.

BURL Burl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Burling.] Etym: [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in cloth; cf. F. bourlet, bourrelet, OF. bourel, a wreath or a roll of cloth, linen, or leather, stuffed with flocks, etc., dim. of bourre. *92. See Bur.]

Defn: To dress or finish up (cloth); to pick knots, burs, loose threads, etc., from, as in finishing cloth. Burling iron, a peculiar kind of nippers or tweezers used in burling woolen cloth.

BURL Burl, n.

1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth.

2. An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree; also, veneer made from such excrescences.

BURLAP Bur"lap, n.

Defn: A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, used for bagging; also, a finer variety of similar material, used for curtains, etc. [Written also burlaps.]

BURLER Burl"er, n.

Defn: One who burls or dresses cloth.

BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", a. Etym: [F. burlesque, fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery, perh. for burrula, dim. of L. burrae trifles. See Bur.]

Defn: Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity; jocular; ironical. It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary, or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras. Addison.

BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", n.

1. Ludicrous representation; exaggerated parody; grotesque satire. Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean persons in the accouterments of heroes, the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people. Addison.

2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule anything. The dull burlesque appeared with impudence, And pleased by novelty in spite of sense. Dryden.

3. A ludicrous imitation; a caricature; a travesty; a gross perversion. Who is it that admires, and from the heart is attached to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and abominable perversion of that sacred institute Burke.

Syn. -- Mockery; farce; travesty; mimicry.

BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burlesqued; p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing.]

Defn: To ridicule, or to make ludicrous by grotesque representation in action or in language. They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah's words, and turned the expression he used into ridicule. Stillingfleet.

BURLESQUE Bur*lesque", v. i.

Defn: To employ burlesque.

BURLESQUER Bur*les"quer, n.

Defn: One who burlesques.

BURLETTA Bur*let"ta, n. Etym: [It., dim. of burla mockery. See Burlesque, a.] (Mus.)

Defn: A comic operetta; a music farce. Byron.

BURLINESS Bur"li*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being burly.

BURLY Bur"ly, a. Etym: [OE. burlich strong, excellent; perh. orig. fit for a lady's bower, hence handsome, manly, stout. Cf. Bower.]

1. Having a large, strong, or gross body; stout; lusty; -- now used chiefly of human beings, but formerly of animals, in the sense of stately or beautiful, and of inanimate things that were huge and bulky. "Burly sacks." Drayton. In his latter days, with overliberal diet, [he was] somewhat corpulent and burly. Sir T. More. Burly and big, and studious of his ease. Cowper.

2. Coarse and rough; boisterous. It was the orator's own burly way of nonsense. Cowley.

BURMAN Bur"man, n.; pl. Burmans (. Etym: ["The softened modern M'yan-ma, M'yan-ma [native name] is the source of the European corruption Burma." Balfour.], (Ethnol.)

Defn: A member of the Burman family, one of the four great families Burmah; also, sometimes, any inhabitant of Burmah; a Burmese. -- a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Burmans or to Burmah.

BUR MARIGOLD Bur" mar"i*gold.

Defn: See Beggar's ticks.

BURMESE Bur`mese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Burmah, or its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or the natives of Burmah. Also (sing.), the language of the Burmans.

BURN Burn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned (Burnt (p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] Etym: [OE. bernen, brennen, v.t., early confused with beornen, birnen, v.i., AS. bærnan, bernan, v.t., birnan, v.i.; akin to OS. brinnan, OFries. barna, berna, OHG. brinnan, brennan, G. brennen, OD. bernen, D. branden, Dan. brænde, Sw. bränna, brinna, Icel. brenna, Goth. brinnan, brannjan (in comp.), and possibly to E. fervent.]

1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by the action of heat or fire; -- frequently intensified by up: as, to burn up wood. "We'll burn his body in the holy place." Shak.

2. To injure by fire or heat; to change destructively some property or properties of, by undue exposure to fire or heat; to scorch; to scald; to blister; to singe; to char; to sear; as, to burn steel in forging; to burn one's face in the sun; the sun burns the grass.

3. To perfect or improve by fire or heat; to submit to the action of fire or heat for some economic purpose; to destroy or change some property or properties of, by exposure to fire or heat in due degree for obtaining a desired residuum, product, or effect; to bake; as, to burn clay in making bricks or pottery; to burn wood so as to produce charcoal; to burn limestone for the lime.

4. To make or produce, as an effect or result, by the application of fire or heat; as, to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block.

5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as, to burn the mouth with pepper. This tyrant fever burns me up. Shak. This dry sorrow burns up all my tears. Dryden. When the cold north wind bloweth, . . . it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the Ecclus. xliii. 20, 21.

6. (Surg.)

Defn: To apply a cautery to; to cauterize.

7. (Chem.)

Defn: To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as, a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen. To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. -- To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. -- To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. -- To burn one's fingers, to get one's self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. -- To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. "Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes" Shak. -- To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one's house, store, or shop, with the contents. -- To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

BURN Burn, v. i.

1. To be of fire; to flame. "The mount burned with fire." Deut. ix. 15.

2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat. Your meat doth burn, quoth I. Shak.

3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as, the face burns; to burn with fever. Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way Luke xxiv. 32. The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water. Shak. Burning with high hope. Byron. The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Pope. The parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire. Milton.

4. (Chem.)

Defn: To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as, copper burns in chlorine.

5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.] To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. -- To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

BURN Burn, n.

1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat.

2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as, they have a good burn.

3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

BURN Burn, n. Etym: [See 1st Bourn.]

Defn: A small stream. [Scot.]

BURNABLE Burn"a*ble, a.

Defn: Combustible. Cotgrave.

BURNED Burned, p. p. & a.

Defn: See Burnt.

BURNED Burned, p. p.

Defn: Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BURNER Burn"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything.

2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced. Bunsen's burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. -- Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

BURNET Bur"net, n. Etym: [OE. burnet burnet; also, brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet. Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygæna filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. -- Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. -- Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). -- Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

BURNETTIZE Bur"nett*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized (; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.)

Defn: To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; -- a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

BURNIE Burn"ie, n. Etym: [See 4th Burn.]

Defn: A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.

BURNIEBEE Bur"nie*bee`, n.

Defn: The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

BURNING Burn"ing, a.

1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery.

2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal. Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden. Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

BURNING Burn"ing, n.

Defn: The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated. Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. -- Burning glass, a conxex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. -- Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. -- Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass.

Syn. -- Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

BURNISH Bur"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished; p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] Etym: [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. br; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.]

Defn: To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as, to burnish brass or paper. The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air. Dryden. Now the village windows blaze, Burnished by the setting sun. Cunningham. Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars.

BURNISH Bur"nish, v. i.

Defn: To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large. A slender poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his brothers do. Dryden. My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell. Herbert.

BURNISH Bur"nish, n.

Defn: The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw.

BURNISHER Bur"nish*er, n.

1. One who burnishes.

2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses.

BURNOOSE; BURNOUS Bur"noose, Bur"nous, n. Etym: [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.]

1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs.

2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

BURNSTICKLE Burn"stic`kle, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

BURNT Burnt, p. p. & a.

Defn: Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun. Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. -- Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]

BURR Burr, n. Etym: [See Bur.] (Bot.)

1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1.

2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also, the rough neck left on a bullet in casting. The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs. Tomlinson.

3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down.

4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping.

5. The lobe or lap of the ear.

6. Etym: [Probably of imitative origin.]

Defn: A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; -- often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr.

7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

BURR Burr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred; p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.]

Defn: To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.

BURREL Bur"rel, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurré butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.]

Defn: A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

BURREL Bur"rel, n.

Defn: Same as Borrel.

BURREL FLY Bur"rel fly`. Etym: [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

BURREL SHOT Bur"rel shot`. Etym: [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.)

Defn: A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

BURRING MACHINE Burr"ing ma*chine".

Defn: A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

BURR MILLSTONE Burr" mill"stone`.

Defn: See Buhrstone.

BURRO Bur"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A donkey. [Southern U.S.]

BURROCK Bur"rock, n. Etym: [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.]

Defn: A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.

BURROW Bur"row, n. Etym: [See 1st Borough.]

1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough.

2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation.

3. (Mining)

Defn: A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse.

4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

BURROW Bur"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.]

1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits.

2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide. Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another. Burke. Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

BURROWER Bur"row*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

BURRSTONE Burr"stone`, n.

Defn: See Buhrstone.

BURRY Burr"y, a.

Defn: Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as, burry wool.

BURSA Bur"sa, n.; pl. Bursæ (. Etym: [L. See Burse.] (Anat.)

Defn: Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

BURSAL Bur"sal, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursæ.

BURSAR Bur"sar, n. Etym: [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.]

1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as, the bursar of a college, or of a monastery.

2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or

## partial support.

BURSARSHIP Bur"sar*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a bursar.

BURSARY Bur"sa*ry, n.; pl. -ries. Etym: [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.]

1. The treasury of a college or monastery.

2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. "No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift." Southey.

BURSCH Bursch, n.; pl. Burschen. Etym: [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.]

Defn: A youth; especially, a student in a german university.

BURSCHENSCHAFT Bur"schen*schaft`, n.; pl. -schaften (#). [G.]

Defn: In Germany, any of various associations of university students formed (the original one at Jena in 1815) to support liberal ideas, or the organization formed by the affiliation of the local bodies. The organization was suppressed by the government in 1819, but was secretly revived, and is now openly maintained as a social organization, the restrictive laws having been repealed prior to 1849. -- Bur"schen*schaft`ler (#), -schaf`ter (#), n.

BURSE Burse, n. Etym: [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.]

1. A purse; also, a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland.

2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also, the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.]

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley.

4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse.

5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.] She says she went to the burse for patterns. Old Play.

BURSICULATE Bur*sic"u*late, a. Etym: [See Burse.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bursiform.

BURSIFORM Bur"si*form, a. Etym: [LL. bursa purse + -form.]

Defn: Shaped like a purse.

BURSITIS Bur*si"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of a bursa.

BURST Burst, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past

## participle bursten is obsolete.] Etym: [OE. bersten, bresten, AS.

berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. bærst, imp. pl. burston, p.p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.]

1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as, the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring. From the egg that soon Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton.

Note: Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc. No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak: And I will speak, that so my heart may burst. Shak.

2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpecedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; -- usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc. Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. Milton. And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms. Pope. A resolved villain Whose bowels suddenly burst out. Shak. We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. Coleridge. To burst upon him like an earthquake. Goldsmith.

BURST Burst, v. t.

1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as, to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors. My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage. Shak.

2. To break. [Obs.] You will not pay for the glasses you have burst Shak. He burst his lance against the sand below. Fairfax (Tasso).

3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as, to burst a hole through the wall. Bursting charge. See under Charge.

BURST Burst, n.

1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as, a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration. Bursts of fox-hunting melody. W. Irving.

2. Any brief, violent evertion or effort; a spurt; as, a burst of speed.

3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] "A fine burst of country." Jane Austen.

4. A rupture of hernia; a breach.

BURSTEN Burst"en,

Defn: p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.]

BURSTER Burst"er, n.

Defn: One that bursts.

BURSTWORT Burst"wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture.

BURT Burt, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Birt. [Prov. Eng.]

BURTHEN Bur"then, n. & v. t.

Defn: See Burden. [Archaic]

BURTON Bur"ton, n. Etym: [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.)

Defn: A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended of a hook block in the bight of the running part.

BURY Bur"y, n. Etym: [See 1st Borough.]

1. A borough; a manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's; --

Note: used as a termination of names of places; as, Canterbury, Shrewsbury.

2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.] To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord's seat, is called bury, in some parts of England. Miege.

BURY Bur"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried; p. pr. & vb. n. Burying.] Etym: [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. sq. root95. Cf. Burrow.]

1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as, to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands. And all their confidence Under the weight of mountains buried deep. Milton.

2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume. Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. Matt. viii. 21. I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave. Shak.

3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as, to bury strife. Give me a bowl of wine In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. Shak. Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; -- so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvæ feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. -- To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; -- a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace.

Syn. -- To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress.

BURYING GROUND; BURYING PLACE Bur"y*ing ground`, Bur"y*ing place.

Defn: The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place.

BUS Bus, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from omnibus.]

Defn: An omnibus. [Colloq.]

BUSBY Bus"by, n.; pl. Busbies (. (Mil.)

Defn: A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder.

BUSCON Bus"con, n. Etym: [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.]

Defn: One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.]

BUSH Bush, n. Etym: [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. b, b, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form ibox a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.]

1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest.

Note: This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as, to live or settle in the bush.

2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs. To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers. Gascoigne.

3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as, bushes to support pea vines.

4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself. If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 't is true that a good play needs no epilogue. Shak.

5. (Hunting)

Defn: The tail, or brush, of a fox. To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; -- a metaphor taken from hunting. -- Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. -- Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); -- so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. -- Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. -- Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. -- Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. -- Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. -- Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. -- Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochoerus Africanus); -- called also bush pig, and water hog. -- Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; -- called also surucucu. -- Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. -- Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; -- called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. -- Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California.

BUSH Bush, v. i.

Defn: To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. "The bushing alders." Pope.

BUSH Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed (p. pr. & vb.n. Bushing.]

1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as, to bush peas.

2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as, to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground.

BUSH Bush, n. Etym: [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.]

1. (Mech.)

Defn: A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight.

Note: In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box,

## particularly in the United States.

2. (Gun.)

Defn: A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow.

BUSH Bush, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a bush, or lining; as, to bush a pivot hole.

BUSHBOY Bush"boy, n.

Defn: See Bushman.

BUSHEL Bush"el, n. Etym: [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. Box.]

1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts.

Note: The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18

2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure. Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick Mark iv. 21.

3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as, a heap containing ten bushels of apples.

Note: In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel.

4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.] The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces. Dryden.

5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush.

BUSHELAGE Bush"el*age, n.

Defn: A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.]

BUSHELMAN Bush"el*man, n.

Defn: A tailor's assistant for repairing garments; -- called also busheler. [Local, U.S.]

BUSHET Bush"et, n. Etym: [See Bosket.]

Defn: A small bush.

BUSHFIGHTER Bush"fight`er, n.

Defn: One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman.

BUSHFIGHTING Bush"fight`ing, n.

Defn: Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets.

BUSHHAMMER Bush"ham`mer, n.

Defn: A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; -- used for dressing stone.

BUSHHAMMER Bush"ham`mer, v. t.

Defn: To dress with bushhammer; as, to bushhammer a block of granite.

BUSHIDO Bu"shi`do` (boo"she`do`), n. [Jap. bu military + shi knight + do way, doctrine, principle.]

Defn: The unwritten code of moral principles regulating the actions of the Japanese knighthood, or Samurai; the chivalry of Japan.

Unformulated, Bushido was and still is the animating spirit, the motor force of our country. Inazo Nitobé.

BUSHINESS Bush"i*ness, n.

Defn: The condition or quality of being bushy.

BUSHING Bush"ing, n. Etym: [See 4th Bush.]

1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A bush or lining; -- sometimes called . See 4th Bush.

BUSHLESS Bush"less, a.

Defn: Free from bushes; bare. O'er the long backs of the bushless downs. Tennyson.

BUSHMAN Bush"man, n.; pl. Bushmen. Etym: [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.]

1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush.

2. (Ethnol.)

Defn: One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people.

BUSHMENT Bush"ment, n. Etym: [OE. busshement ambush, fr. bush.]

1. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. [Obs.] Raleigh.

2. An ambuscade. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

BUSHRANGER Bush"ran`ger, n.

Defn: One who roams, or hides, among the bushes; especially, in Australia, an escaped criminal living in the bush.

BUSHWHACKER Bush"whack`er, n.

1. One accustomed to beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U.S.] They were gallant bushwhackers, and hunters of raccoons by moonlight. W. Irving.

2. A guerrilla; a marauding assassin; one who pretends to be a peaceful citizen, but secretly harasses a hostile force or its sympathizers. [U.S.] Farrow.

BUSHWHACKING Bush"whack`ing, n.

1. Traveling, or working a way, through bushes; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. [U.S.] T. Flint.

2. The crimes or warfare of bushwhackers. [U.S.]

BUSHY Bush"y, a. Etym: [From 1st Bush.]

1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. "Bushy eyebrows." Irving.

2. Full of bushes; overgrowing with shrubs. Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood. Milton.

BUSILY Bus"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a busy manner.

BUSINESS Busi"ness, n.; pl. Businesses. Etym: [From Busy.]

1. That which busies one, or that which engages the time, attention, or labor of any one, as his principal concern or interest, whether for a longer or shorter time; constant employment; regular occupation; as, the business of life; business before pleasure. Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business Luke ii. 49.

2. Any particular occupation or employment engaged in for livelihood or gain, as agriculture, trade, art, or a profession. "The business of instruction." Prescott.

3. Financial dealings; buying and selling; traffic in general; mercantile transactions. It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business. Bp. Popteus.

4. That which one has to do or should do; special service, duty, or mission. The daughter of the King of France, On serious business, craving quick despatch, Importunes personal conference. Shak. What business has the tortoise among the clouds L'Estrange.

5. Affair; concern; matter; -- used in an indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words. It was a gentle business, and becoming The action of good women. Shak. Bestow Your needful counsel to our business. Shak.

6. (Drama)

Defn: The position, distribution, and order of persons and properties on the stage of a theater, as determined by the stage manager in rehearsal.

7. Care; anxiety; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer. To do one's business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. -- To make (a thing) one's business, to occupy one's self with a thing as a special charge or duty. [Colloq.] -- To mean business, to be earnest. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Affairs; concern; transaction; matter; engagement; employment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; vocation; office; duty.

BUSINESSLIKE Busi"ness*like`, a.

Defn: In the manner of one transacting business wisely and by right methods.

BUSK Busk, n. Etym: [F. busc, perh. fr. the hypothetical older form of E. bois wood, because the first busks were made of wood. See Bush, and cf. OF. busche, F. bûche, a piece or log of wood, fr. the same root.]

Defn: A thin, elastic strip of metal, whalebone, wood, or other material, worn in the front of a corset. Her long slit sleeves, stiff busk, puff verdingall, Is all that makes her thus angelical. Marston.

BUSK Busk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busked.] Etym: [OE. busken, fr. Icel. b to make one's self ready, rexlexive of b to prepare, dwell. Cf. 8th Bound.]

1. To prepare; to make ready; to array; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.] Busk you, busk you, my bonny, bonny bride. Hamilton.

2. To go; to direct one's course. [Obs.] Ye might have busked you to Huntly banks. Skelton.

BUSKED Busked, a.

Defn: Wearing a busk. Pollok.

BUSKET Bus"ket, n. Etym: [See Bosket, Bouquet.]

1. A small bush; also, a sprig or bouquet. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A part of a garden devoted to shrubs. [R.]

BUSKIN Bus"kin, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or D. broosken. See Brodekin.]

1. A strong, protecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg. The hunted red deer's undressed hide Their hairy buskins well supplied. Sir W. Scott.

2. A similar covering for the foot and leg, made with very thick soles, to give an appearance of elevation to the stature; -- worn by tragic actors in ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy, or the tragic drama, as distinguished from comedy. Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here, No greater Jonson dares in socks appear. Dryden.

BUSKINED Bus"kined, a.

1. Wearing buskins. Her buskined virgins traced the dewy lawn. Pope.

2. Trodden by buskins; pertaining to tragedy. "The buskined stage." Milton.

BUSKY Bus"ky, a.

Defn: See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. Shak.

BUSS Buss, n. Etym: [OE. basse, fr. L. basium; cf. G. bus (Luther), Prov. G. busserl, dim. of bus kiss, bussen to kiss, Sw. puss kiss, pussa to kiss, W. & Gael. bus lip, mouth.]

Defn: A kiss; a rude or playful kiss; a smack. Shak.

BUSS Buss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bussed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bussing.]

Defn: To kiss; esp. to kiss with a smack, or rudely. "Nor bussed the milking maid." Tennyson. Kissing and bussing differ both in this, We buss our wantons, but our wives we kiss. Herrick.

BUSS Buss, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. büse, D. buis.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small strong vessel with two masts and two cabins; -- used in the herring fishery. The Dutch whalers and herring busses. Macaulay.

BUST Bust, n. Etym: [F. buste, fr. It. busto; cf. LL. busta, bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case; cf., for the change of meaning, E. chest. See Bushel.]

1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human figure, including the head, shoulders, and breast. Ambition sighed: she found it vain to trust The faithless column, and the crumbling bust. Pope.

2. The portion of the human figure included between the head and waist, whether in statuary or in the person; the chest or thorax; the upper part of the trunk of the body.

BUSTARD Bus"tard, n. Etym: [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, F. outarde, from L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird. Plin. 10, 22; "proximæ iis sunt, quas Hispania aves tardas appellat, Græcia (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Otis.

Note: The great or bearded bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest game bird in Europe. It inhabits the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and was formerly common in Great Britain. The little bustard (O. tetrax) inhabits eastern Europe and Morocco. Many other species are known in Asia and Africa.

BUSTER Bus"ter, n.

Defn: Something huge; a roistering blade; also, a spree. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

BUSTLE Bus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (p. pr. & vb.n. Bustling ( Etym: [Cf. OE. buskle, perh. fr. AS. bysig busy, bysg-ian to busy + the verbal termination -le; or Icel. bustla to splash, bustle.]

Defn: To move noisily; to be rudely active; to move in a way to cause agitation or disturbance; as, to bustle through a crowd. And leave the world for me to bustle in. Shak.

BUSTLE Bus"tle, n.

Defn: Great stir; agitation; tumult from stirring or excitement. A strange bustle and disturbance in the world. South.

BUSTLE Bus"tle, n.

Defn: A kind of pad or cushion worn on the back below the waist, by women, to give fullness to the skirts; -- called also bishop, and tournure.

BUSTLER Bus"tler, n.

Defn: An active, stirring person.

BUSTLING Bus"tling, a.

Defn: Agitated; noisy; tumultuous; characterized by confused

## activity; as, a bustling crowd. "A bustling wharf." Hawthorne.

BUSTO Bus"to, n.; pl. Bustoes (/plu. Etym: [It.]

Defn: A bust; a statue. With some antick bustoes in the niches. Ashmole.

BUSY Bus"y, a. Etym: [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to D. bezig, LG. besig; cf. Skr. bh to be active, busy.]

1. Engaged in some business; hard at work (either habitually or only for the time being); occupied with serious affairs; not idle nor at leisure; as, a busy merchant. Sir, my mistress sends you word THat she is busy, and she can not come. Shak.

2. Constantly at work; diligent; active. Busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak. Religious motives . . . are so busy in the heart. Addison.

3. Crowded with business or activities; -- said of places and times; as, a busy street. To-morrow is a busy day. Shak.

4. Officious; meddling; foolish active. On meddling monkey, or on busy ape. Shak.

5. Careful; anxious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Diligent; industrious; assiduous; active; occupied; engaged.

BUSY Bus"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Busied; p. pr. & vb. n. Busying.] Etym: [AS. bysgian.]

Defn: To make or keep busy; to employ; to engage or keep engaged; to occupy; as, to busy one's self with books. Be it thy course to busy giddy minds With foreign quarrels. Shak.

BUSYBODY Bus"y*bod`y, n.; pl. Busybodies.

Defn: One who officiously concerns himself with the affairs of others; a meddling person. And not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. 1 Tim. v. 13.

BUT But, prep., adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. bute, buten, AS. b, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + outward, without, fr. out. Primarily, b, as well as , is an adverb. sq. root198. See By, Out; cf. About.]

1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs.] So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors. Fuller. Touch not the cat but a glove. Motto of the Mackintoshes.

2. Except; besides; save. Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon E. Smith.

Note: In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as, but for, without, had it not been for. "Uncreated but for love divine." Young.

3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; -- elliptical, for but that. And but my noble Moor is true of mind . . . it were enough to put him to ill thinking. Shak.

4. Otherwise than that; that not; -- commonly, after a negative, with that. It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways. Hooker. There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Addison.

5. Only; solely; merely. Observe but how their own principles combat one another. Milton. If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Kings vii. 4. A formidable man but to his friends. Dryden.

6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; -- as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as, the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind. Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom. Prov. xi. 2. All but. See under All. -- But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James's translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; . . . the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him. Luke xii. 45, 46. But if, unless. [Obs.] Chaucer. But this I read, that but if remedy Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see. Spenser.

Syn. -- But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as, this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were) into the background; as, this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as, your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However.

Note: "The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasio,." Bain.

BUT But, n. Etym: [Cf. But, prep., adv. & conj.]

Defn: The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; -- opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot.]

BUT But, n. Etym: [See 1st But.]

1. A limit; a boundary.

2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt. But end, the larger or thicker end; as, the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n.

BUT But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.]

Defn: See Butt, v., and Abut, v.

BUTANE Bu"tane, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] (Chem.)

Defn: An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the marsh gas, or paraffin, series.

BUTCHER Butch"er, n. Etym: [OE. bochere, bochier, OF. bochier, F. boucher, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. OF. boc, F. bouc, a buck goat; of German or Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.]

1. One who slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market; one whose occupation it is to kill animals for food.

2. A slaughterer; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty; one who causes needless loss of life, as in battle. "Butcher of an innocent child." Shak. Butcher bird (Zoöl.), a species of shrike of the genus Lanius.

Note: The Lanius excubitor is the common butcher bird of Europe. In England, the bearded tit is sometimes called the lesser butcher bird. The American species are L.borealis, or northernbutcher bird, and L. Ludovicianus or loggerhead shrike. The name butcher birdis derived from its habit of suspending its prey impaled upon thorns, after killing it. Butcher's meat, such flesh of animals slaughtered for food as is sold for that purpose by butchers, as beef, mutton, lamb, and pork.

BUTCHER Butch"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Butchered (; p. pr. & vb.n. Butchering.]

1. To kill or slaughter (animals) for food, or for market; as, to butcher hogs.

2. To murder, or kill, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. Macaulay. [Ithocles] was murdered, rather butchered. Ford.

BUTCHERING Butch"er*ing, n.

1. The business of a butcher.

2. The act of slaughtering; the act of killing cruelly and needlessly. That dreadful butchering of one another. Addison.

BUTCHERLINESS Butch"er*li*ness, n.

Defn: Butchery quality.

BUTCHERLY Butch"er*ly, a.

Defn: Like a butcher; without compunction; savage; bloody; inhuman; fell. "The victim of a butcherly murder." D. Webster. What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly, This deadly quarrel daily doth beget! Shak.

BUTCHER'S BROOM Butch"er's broom`. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants (Ruscus); esp. R. aculeatus, which has large red berries and leaflike branches. See Cladophyll.

BUTCHERY Butch"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. bocherie shambles, fr. F. boucherie. See Butcher, n.]

1. The business of a butcher. [Obs.]

2. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when committed with unusual barbarity; great or cruel slaughter. Shak. The perpetration of human butchery. Prescott.

3. A slaughterhouse; the shambles; a place where blood is shed. [Obs.] Like as an ox is hanged in the butchery. Fabyan.

Syn. -- Murder; slaughter; carnage. See Massacre.

BUTLER But"ler, n. Etym: [OE. boteler, F. bouteillier a bottle-bearer, a cupbearer, fr. LL. buticularius, fr. buticula bottle. See Bottle a hollow vessel.]

Defn: An officer in a king's or a nobleman's household, whose principal business it is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head servant in a large house. The butler and the baker of the king of Egypt. Gen. xl. 5. Your wine locked up, your butler strolled abroad. Pope.

BUTLERAGE But"ler*age, n. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by merchant strangers; -- so called because paid to the king's butler for the king. Blackstone.

BUTLERSHIP But"ler*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a butler.

BUTMENT But"ment, n. Etym: [Abbreviation of Abutment.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier.

2. (Masonry)

Defn: The mass of stone or solid work at the end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained, or by which the end of a bridge without arches is supported. Butment cheek (Carp.), the part of a mortised timber surrounding the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the tenon bear. Knight.

BUTT; BUT Butt, But, n. Etym: [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike, F. bouter; of German origin; cf. OHG. bozan, akin to E. beat. See Beat, v. t.]

1. A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end. Here is my journey's end, here my butt And very sea mark of my utmost sail. Shak.

Note: As applied to land, the word is nearly synonymous with mete, and signifies properly the end line or boundary; the abuttal.

2. The thicker end of anything. See But.

3. A mark to be shot at; a target. Sir W. Scott. The groom his fellow groom at butts defies, And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes. Dryden.

4. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as, the butt of the company. I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart. Addison.

5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as, the butt of a ram.

6. A thrust in fencing. To prove who gave the fairer butt, John shows the chalk on Robert's coat. Prior.

7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field. The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields. Burrill.

8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scrafing or chamfering; -- also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose.

9. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: The joint where two planks in a strake meet.

10. (Carp.)

Defn: A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; -- so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.

11. (Leather Trade)

Defn: The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks.

12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice. Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. -- Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But. Amen; and make me die a good old man! That's the butt end of a mother's blessing. Shak. A butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. -- Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. -- Bead and butt. See under Bead. -- Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. -- Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. -- Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] "The corporal . . . ran full butt at the lieutenant." Marryat.

BUTT Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] Etym: [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter. See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.]

1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.] And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don's well-watered ground. Drayton.

2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.] A snow-white steer before thine altar led, Butts with his threatening brows. Dryden.

BUTT Butt, v. t.

Defn: To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head. Two harmless lambs are butting one the other. Sir H. Wotton.

BUTT Butt, n. Etym: [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. Bottle a hollow vessel.]

Defn: A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads.

Note: A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons).

BUTT Butt, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common English flounder.

BUTTE Butte, n. Etym: [F. See Butt a bound.]

Defn: A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; -- applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region. The creek . . . passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate. Ruxton.

BUTTER But"ter, n. Etym: [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. Cow.]

1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning.

2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chloridess, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also, certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter. Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). -- Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. -- Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. -- Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; -- called also butter stamp. Locke. -- Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. -- Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. -- Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. -- Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; -- called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic]

BUTTER But"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered (p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.]

1. To cover or spread with butter. I know what's what. I know on which side My bread is buttered. Ford.

2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson.

BUTTER Butt"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, butts.

BUTTERBALL But"ter*ball`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The buffel duck.

BUTTERBIRD But"ter*bird`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The rice bunting or bobolink; -- so called in the island of Jamaica.

BUTTERBUMP But"ter*bump`, n. Etym: [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European bittern. Johnson.

BUTTERBUR But"ter*bur`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter.

BUTTERCUP But"ter*cup`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; -- called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup. It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare.

BUTTER-FINGERED But"ter-fin`gered, a.

Defn: Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless.

BUTTERFISH But"ter*fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus punctatus of the southern coast, the rock eel, and the kelpfish of New Zealand.

BUTTERFLY But"ter*fly`, n.; pl. Butterflies. Etym: [Perh. from the color of a yellow species. AS. buter-flege, buttor-fleóge; cf. G. butterfliege, D. botervlieg. See Butter, and Fly.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A general name for the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera.

Note: [See Illust. under Aphrodite.] Asclepias butterfly. See under Asclepias. -- Butterfly fish (Zoöl.), the ocellated blenny (Blennius ocellaris) of Europe. See Blenny. The term is also applied to the flying gurnard. -- Butterfly shell (Zoöl.), a shell of the genus Voluta. -- Butterfly valve (Mech.), a kind of double clack valve, consisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib in the pump bucket. When open it somewhat resembles a butterfly in shape.

BUTTERINE But"ter*ine, n.

Defn: A substance prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients intermixed, as an imitation of butter. The manufacturers ship large quantities of oleomargarine to England, Holland, and other countries, to be manufactured into butter, which is sold as butterine or suine. Johnson's Cyc.

BUTTERIS But"ter*is, n. Etym: [The same word as buttress, noun, in a different application, F. bouter to push.] (Far.)

Defn: A steel cutting instrument, with a long bent shank set in a handle which rests against the shoulder of the operator. It is operated by a thrust movement, and used in paring the hoofs of horses.

BUTTERMAN But"ter*man`, n.; pl. Buttermen (.

Defn: A man who makes or sells butter.

BUTTERMILK But"ter*milk`, n.

Defn: The milk that remains after the butter is separated from the cream.

BUTTERNUT But"ter*nut`, n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An American tree (Juglans cinerea) of the Walnut family, and its edible fruit; -- so called from the oil contained in the latter. Sometimes called oil nut and white walnut.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The nut of the Caryocar butyrosum and C. nuciferum, of S. America; -- called also Souari nut.

BUTTER-SCOTCH But"ter-scotch`, n.

Defn: A kind of candy, mainly composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] Dickens.

BUTTERWEED But"ter*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An annual composite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus).

BUTTERWEIGHT But"ter*weight`, n.

Defn: Over weight. Swift.

Note: Formerly it was a custom to give 18 ounces of butter for a pound.

BUTTERWORT But"ter*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of low herbs (Pinguicula) having simple leaves which secrete from their glandular upper surface a viscid fluid, to which insects adhere, after which the margin infolds and the insects are digested by the plant. The species are found mostly in the North Temperate zone.

BUTTERY But"ter*y, a.

Defn: Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter.

BUTTERY But"ter*y, n.; pl. Buttplwies (. Etym: [OE. botery, botry; cf. LL. botaria wine vessel; also OE. botelerie, fr. F. bouteillerie, fr. boutellie bottle. Not derived from butter. See Bottle a hollow vessel, Butt a cask.]

1. An apartment in a house where butter, milk and other provisions are kept. All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries, and butteries, to the north. Sir H. Wotton.

2. A room in some English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students. And the major Oxford kept the buttery bar. E. Hall.

3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Weale. Buttery hatch, a half door between the buttery or kitchen and the hall, in old mansions, over which provisions were passed. Wright.

BUTT HINGE Butt" hinge`.

Defn: See 1st Butt, 10.

BUT-THORN But"-thorn`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common European starfish (Asterias rubens).

BUTTING But"ting, n.

Defn: An abuttal; a boundary. Without buttings or boundings on any side. Bp. Beveridge.

BUTTING JOINT But"ting joint`.

Defn: A joint between two pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both, and either at right angles or oblique to the grain, as the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss posts; -- sometimes called abutting joint.

BUTT JOINT Butt" joint`.

Defn: A joint in which the edges or ends of the pieces united come squarely together instead of overlapping. See 1st Butt, 8.

BUTTOCK But"tock, n. Etym: [From Butt an end.]

1. The part at the back of the hip, which, in man, forms one of the rounded protuberances on which he sits; the rump.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Mar. Dict.

BUTTON But"ton, n. Etym: [OE. boton, botoun, F. bouton button, bud, prop. something pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.]

1. A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass.

2. A catch, of various forms and materials, used to fasten together the different parts of dress, by being attached to one part, and passing through a slit, called a buttonhole, in the other; -- used also for ornament.

3. A bud; a germ of a plant. Shak.

4. A piece of wood or metal, usually flat and elongated, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten something, as a door.

5. A globule of metal remaining onan assay cupel or in a crucible, after fusion. Button hook, a hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, as in buttoning boots and gloves. -- Button shell (Zoöl.), a small, univalve marine shell of the genus Rotella. -- Button snakeroot. (Bot.) (a) The American composite genus Liatris, having rounded buttonlike heads of flowers. (b) An American umbelliferous plant with rigid, narrow leaves, and flowers in dense heads. -- Button tree (Bot.), a genus of trees (Conocarpus), furnishing durable timber, mostly natives of the West Indies. -- To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; to buttonhole.

BUTTON But"ton, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning.] Etym: [OE. botonen, OF. botoner, F. boutonner. See Button, n.]

1. To fasten with a button or buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; -- often followed by up. He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat. Dickens.

2. To dress or clothe. [Obs.] Shak.

BUTTON But"ton, v. i.

Defn: To be fastened by a button or buttons; as, the coat will not button.

BUTTONBALL But"ton*ball`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Buttonwood.

BUTTONBUSH But"ton*bush`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) growing by the waterside; - - so called from its globular head of flowers. See Capitulum.

BUTTONHOLE But"ton*hole`, n.

Defn: The hole or loop in which a button is caught.

BUTTONHOLE But"ton*hole`, v. t.

Defn: To hold at the button or buttonhole; to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; as, he buttonholed me a quarter of an hour.

BUTTONMOLD But"ton*mold`, n.

Defn: A disk of bone, wood, or other material, which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. [Written also buttonmould.] Fossil buttonmolds, joints of encrinites. See Encrinite.

BUTTONS But"tons, n.

Defn: A boy servant, or page, -- in allusion to the buttons on his livry. [Colloq.] Dickens.

BUTTONWEED But"ton*weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several plants of the genera Spermacoce and Diodia, of the Madder family.

BUTTONWOOD But"ton*wood`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The Platanus occidentalis, or American plane tree, a large tree, producing rough balls, from which it is named; -- called also buttonball tree, and, in some parts of the United States, sycamore. The California buttonwood is P. racemosa.

BUTTONY But"ton*y, a.

Defn: Ornamented with a large number of buttons. "The buttony boy." Thackeray. "My coat so blue and buttony." W. S. Gilbert.

BUTTRESS But"tress, n. Etym: [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. F. bouter to push; cf. OF. bouteret (nom. sing. and acc. pl. bouterez) buttress. See Butt an end, and cf. Butteris.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A projecting mass of masonry, used for resisting the thrust of an arch, or for ornament and symmetry.

Note: When an external projection is used merely to stiffen a wall, it is a pier.

2. Anything which supports or strengthens. "The ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity." South. Flying buttress. See Flying buttress.

BUTTRESS But"tress, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttressed (p. pr. & vb. n. Buttressing.]

Defn: To support with a buttress; to prop; to brace firmly. To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration. Burke.

BUTT SHAFT Butt" shaft`

Defn: An arrow without a barb, for shooting at butts; an arrow. [Also but shaft.] Shak.

BUTT WELD Butt" weld`.

Defn: See Butt weld, under Butt.

BUTTWELD Butt"weld`, v. t.

Defn: To unite by a butt weld.

BUTTY But"ty, n. (Mining)

Defn: One who mines by contract, at so much per ton of coal or ore.

BUTYL Bu"tyl, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter + -yl. See Butter.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound radical, regarded as butane, less one atom of hydrogen.

BUTYLAMINE Bu`tyl*am"ine, n. [Butyric + -yl + amine.] (Org. Chem.)

Defn: A colorless liquid base, C4H9NH2, of which there are four isomeric varieties.

BUTYLENE Bu"ty*lene, n. Etym: [From Butyl.] (Chem.)

Defn: Any one of three metameric hydrocarbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. They are gaseous or easily liquefiable.

BUTYRACEOUS Bu`ty*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.]

Defn: Having the qualities of butter; resembling butter.

BUTYRATE Bu"ty*rate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of butyric acid.

BUTYRIC Bu*tyr"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, butter. Butyric acid, C3H7.CO2H, an acid found in butter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste, like that of ether. There are two metameric butyric acids, called in distinction the normal- and iso-butyric acid. The normal butyric acid is the one common in rancid butter.

BUTYRIN Bu"ty*rin, n. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A butyrate of glycerin; a fat contained in small quantity in milk, which helps to give to butter its peculiar flavor.

BUTYROMETER Bu`ty*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. butyrum butter + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in a sample of milk.

BUTYRONE Bu"ty*rone, n. Etym: [Butyric + -one.] (Chem.)

Defn: A liquid ketone obtained by heating calcium butyrate.

BUTYROUS Bu"ty*rous, a.

Defn: Butyraceous.

BUTYRYL Bu"ty*ryl, n. [Butyric + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The radical (C4H7O) of butyric acid.

BUXEOUS Bux"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. buxeus, fr. buxus the box tree.]

Defn: Belonging to the box tree.

BUXINE Bux"ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the Buxus sempervirens, or common box tree. It is identical with bebeerine; -- called also buxina.

BUXOM Bux"om, a. Etym: [OE. buxum, boxom, buhsum, pliable, obedient, AS. bocsum, buhsum (akin to D. buigzaam blexible, G. biegsam); bugan to bow, bend + -sum, E. -some. See Bow to bend, and -some.]

1. Yielding; pliable or compliant; ready to obey; obedient; tractable; docile; meek; humble. [Obs.] So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be, And buxom to his bands, is joy to see. Spenser. I submit myself unto this holy church of Christ, to be ever buxom and obedient to the ordinance of it. Foxe.

2. Having the characteristics of health, vigor, and comeliness, combined with a gay, lively manner; stout and rosy; jolly; frolicsome. A daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair. Milton. A parcel of buxom bonny dames, that were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long. Tatler. -- Bux"om*ly, adv. -- Bux"om*ness, n.

BUY Buy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bought; p. pr. & vb. n. Buying.] Etym: [OE. buggen, buggen, bien, AS. bycgan, akin to OS. buggean, Goth. bugjan.]

1. To acquire the ownership of (property) by giving an accepted price or consideration therefor, or by agreeing to do so; to acquire by the payment of a price or value; to purchase; -- opposed to sell. Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt sell thy necessaries. B. Franklin.

2. To acquire or procure by something given or done in exchange, literally or figuratively; to get, at a cost or sacrifice; to buy pleasure with pain. Buy the truth and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding. Prov. xxiii. 23. To buy again. See Againbuy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration; as, to buy off conscience. (b) To detach by a consideration given; as, to buy off one from a party. -- To buy out (a) To buy off, or detach from. Shak. (b) To purchase the share or shares of in a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is separated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place; as, A buys out B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. -- To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. -- To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. -- To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time.

BUY Buy, v. i.

Defn: To negotiate or treat about a purchase. I will buy with you, sell with you. Shak.

BUYER Buy"er, n.

Defn: One who buys; a purchaser.

BUZ Buz, v. & n.

Defn: See Buzz. [Obs.]

BUZZ Buzz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed; p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] Etym: [An onomatopoeia.]

Defn: To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice. Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him. Longfellow. However these disturbers of our peace Buzz in the people's ears. Shak.

BUZZ Buzz, v. t.

1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak.

2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly. I will buzz abroad such prophecies That Edward shall be fearful of his life. Shak.

3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice. [Colloq.]

4. (Phonetics)

Defn: To sound with a "buzz". H. Sweet.

BUZZ Buzz, n.

1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. "The constant buzz of a fly." Macaulay.

I found the whole room in a buzz of politics. Addison. There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray.

2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously. There's a certain buzz Of a stolen marriage. Massinger.

3. (Phonetics)

Defn: The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet.

BUZZARD Buz"zard, n.Etym: [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera.

Note: The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. -- The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvæ, with other insects, and reptiles. -- The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus æruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard. Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk.

2. A blockhead; a dunce. It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard. Goldsmith.

BUZZARD Buz"zard, a.

Defn: Senseless; stupid. [R.& Obs.] Milton.

BUZZARDET Buz"zard*et`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer.

BUZZER Buzz"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer. And wants not buzzers to infect his ear With pestilent speeches of his father's death. Shak.

BUZZINGLY Buzz"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound.

BUZZSAW Buzz"saw`

Defn: A circular saw; -- so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed.

BY By, prep. Etym: [OE. bi, AS. bi, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS.& OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bi, G. bie, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr.. E. prefix be- is orig.the same word. pref. Be-.]

1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them both. Milton.

2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. Long labors both by sea and land he bore. Dryden. By land, by water, they renew the charge. Pope.

3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church.

4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty.

5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4].

6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force.

Note: To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, "Waverley", a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock.

Note: In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is.

Note: With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. -- By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] "Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by." Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] "When . . . persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended." Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long.

Note: In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to "soon, and soon," that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically, -- pretty soon, presently. -- By one's self, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.- By the bye. See under Bye. -- By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. -- By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. -- By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. -- By the way, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. -Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. -- To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. -- To do by, to treat, to behave toward. -- To set by, to value, to esteem. -- To stand by, to aid, to support.

Note: The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye).

BY By, adv.

1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no person by at the time.

2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession has gone by; a bird flew by.

3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by.

BY By, a.

Defn: Out of the common path; aside; -- used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as, by-line, by-place, by-play, by-street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as, by-business, by-concernment, by- design, by-interest, etc.

BYARD By"ard, n.

Defn: A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines.

BY-BIDDER By"-bid`der, n.

Defn: One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.]

BY-BLOW By"-blow`, n.

1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow. With their by-blows they did split the very stones in pieces. Bunyan.

2. An illegitimate child; a bastard. The Aga speedily . . . brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre Ottomano. Evelyn.

BY-CORNER By"-cor`ner, n.

Defn: A private corner. Britain being a by-corner, out of the road of the world. Fuller.

BY-DEPENDENCE By"-de*pend`ence, n.

Defn: An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak.

BY-DRINKING By"-drink`ing, n.

Defn: A drinking between meals. [Obs.]

BYE Bye, n.

1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i.e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England. Fuller.

2. (Cricket)

Defn: A run made upon a missed ball; as, to steal a bye. T. Hughes. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.]

BYE Bye n. Etym: [AS.bbygbyggia, b, to dwell sq. root97.]

1. A dwelling. Gibson.

2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson.

BY-ELECTION By"-e*lec"tion, n.

Defn: An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.

BY-END By"-end`, n.

Defn: Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also bye-end.] "Profit or some other by-end." L'Estrange.

BYGONE By"gone`, a.

Defn: Past; gone by. "Bygone fooleries." Shak

BYGONE By"gone`, n.

Defn: Something gone by or past; a past event. "Let old bygones be" Tennyson. Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten.

BY-INTEREST By"-in`ter*est, n.

Defn: Self-interest; private advantage. Atterbury.

BYLAND By"land, n.

Defn: A peninsula. [Obs.]

BYLANDER By"land*er, n.

Defn: See Bilander.[Obs.]

BY-LANE By"-lane`, n.

Defn: A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road.

BY-LAW By"-law` (, n. Etym: [Cf.Sw.bylag, D.bylov, Icel.b, fr.Sw.& Dan. by town, Icel. bær, byr (fr. bûa to dwell) + the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf.Birlaw and see Law.]

1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government. There was likewise a law to restrain the by-laws, or ordinances of corporations. Bacon. The law or institution; to which are added two by-laws, as a comment upon the general law. Addison.

2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as, civic societies often adopt a constitution and by-laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside.

BY-NAME By"-name`, n.

Defn: A nickname. Camden.

BYNAME By"name`, v. t.

Defn: To give a nickname to. Camden.

BY-PASS By"-pass, n. (Mech.)

Defn: A by-passage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course.

BY-PASSAGE By"-pas`sage, n.

Defn: A passage different from the usual one; a byway.

BY-PAST By"-past, a.

Defn: Past; gone by. "By-past perils." Shak.

BYPATH By"path`, n.; pl. Bypaths(

Defn: A private path; an obscure way; indirect means. God known, my son, By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways, I met this crown. Shak.

BY-PLACE By"-place` (, n.

Defn: A retired or private place.

BYPLAY By"play, n.

Defn: Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds.

BY-PRODUCT By"-prod`uct, n.

Defn: A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product.

BYRE Byre, n. Etym: [Cf, Icel. bür pantry, Sw. bur cage,Dan. buur, E.bower.]

Defn: A cow house. [N. of Eng.& Scot.]

BY-RESPECT By"-re*spect`, n.

Defn: Private end or view; by-interest. [Obs.] Dryden.

BYROAD By"road`, n.

Defn: A private or obscure road. "Through slippery byroads" Swift.

BYRONIC By"ron`ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron. With despair and Byronic misanthropy. Thackeray

BY-ROOM By"-room`, n.

Defn: A private room or apartment. "Stand in some by-room" Shak.

BYSMOTTERED By"*smot`ter*ed, p.a. Etym: [See Besmut.]

Defn: Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

BY-SPEECH By"-speech`(, n.

Defn: An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. "To quote by-speeches." Hooker.

BY-SPELL By"-spell`(, n. Etym: [AS. bigspell.]

Defn: A proverb. [Obs.]

BYSS Byss, n.

Defn: See Byssus, n., 1.

BYSSACEOUS Bys*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [From Byssus.] (Bot.)

Defn: Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous algæ.

BYSSIFEROUS Bys*sif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Byssus + -ferous.]

Defn: Bearing a byssus or tuft.

BYSSIN Bys"sin, n.

Defn: See Byssus, n., 1.

BYSSINE Bys"sine, a. Etym: [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr.Byssus.]

Defn: Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles.

BYSSOID Bys"soid, a. Etym: [Byssus + -oid.]

Defn: Byssaceous.

BYSSOLITE Bys"so*lite, n. Etym: [Gr.-lite.] (Min.)

Defn: An olive-green fibrous variety of hornblende.

BYSSUS Bys"sus, n.; pl. E. Byssuses(#); L. Byssi.(#) Etym: [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr.

1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads.

4. Asbestus.

BYSTANDER By"stand`er, n. Etym: [By + stander, equiv. to stander-by; cf. AS. big-standan to stand by or near.]

Defn: One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting. He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them. Palfrey.

Syn. -- Looker on; spectator; beholder; observer.

BY-STREET By"-street`, n.

Defn: A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street. He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach. Gay.

BY-STROKE By"-stroke`, n.

Defn: An accidental or a slyly given stroke.

BY-TURNING By"-turn`ing, n.

Defn: An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P. Sidney.

BY-VIEW By"-view`(, n.

Defn: A private or selfish view; self-interested aim or purpose. No by-views of his own shall mislead him. Atterbury.

BY-WALK By"-walk`(, n.

Defn: secluded or private walk. He moves afterward in by-walks. Dryden.

BY-WASH By"-wash`, n.

Defn: The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also, a cut to divert the flow of water.

BYWAY By"way`, n.

Defn: A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. " Take no byways." Herbert.

BY-WIPE By"-wipe`, n.

Defn: A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton.

BYWORD By"word`, n. Etym: [AS.bïword; bï, E.by+word.]

1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency. I knew a wise man that had it for a byword. Bacon.

2. The object of a contemptuous saying. Thou makest us a byword among the heathen. Ps. xliv. 14

BYWORK By"work, n.

Defn: Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business.

BYZANT; BYZANTINE Byz"ant, Byz"an*tine n.Etym: [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.)

Defn: A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant.

BYZANTIAN By*zan"tian, a.& n.

Defn: See Byzantine.

BYZANTINE By*zan"tine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Byzantium. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.] Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church.See under Greek. -- Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from A.D. 364 or A.D. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, A.D. 1453. -- Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras, Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P. Cyc. Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire.

Note: Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are the endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St. Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture.

C

1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Latin represented the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In Anglo-Saxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conquest, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek got it from the Phoenicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French. Etymologically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, ague; E. acrid, eagar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search.

Note: See Guide to Pronunciation, t\'c5 221-228.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: (a) The keynote of the normal or "natural" scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also, the third note of the relative minor scale of the same (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written (c) The "C clef," a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, abows that line to be middle C.

3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc. C spring, a spring in the form of the letter C.

CAABA Ca*a"ba, n. Etym: [Ar. ka'ban, let, a square building, fr. ka'b cube]

Defn: The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.]

Note: The Caaba is situated in Mecca, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrous temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world.

CAADA Ca*ña"da, n. [Sp.]

Defn: A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.]

CAAS Caas, n. sing. & pl.

Defn: Case. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CAATINGA Caa*tin"ga, n. [Tupi caa-tinga white forest.] (Phytogeography)

Defn: A forest composed of stunted trees and thorny bushes, found in areas of small rainfall in Brazil.

CAB Cab, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. cabriolet.]

1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheels, usually a public vehicle. "A cab came clattering up." Thackeray.

Note: A cab may have two seats at right to the driver's seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver's, with the entrance from the side or front. Hansom cab. See Hansom.

2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight.

CAB Cab, n. Etym: [Heb. gab, fr. qabab to hollow.]

Defn: A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2.37) pints. W. H. Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25.

CABAL Ca*bal", n. Etym: [F. cabale cabal, cabala LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabbaleh reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. qabal to take or receive, in Piël qibbel to abopt (a doctrine).]

1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill.

2. A secret. [Obs.] "The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately." B. Jonson.

3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to promote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto.

Note: It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, that in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay.

4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close design; in intrigue. By cursed cabals of women. Dryden. Syn. - Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. -- Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the claims of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as, a combiniation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a chang in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to obtain office and power. A faction is a larger body than a cabal, employed for selfish purposes in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to change the existing order of things. "Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restless, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish porposes". Crabb.

CABAL Ca*bal", v. i. [int. & p. p. Caballed; p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. Etym: [Cf. F. cabaler.]

Defn: To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot. Caballing still against it with the great. Dryden.

CABALA Cab"a*la, n. Etym: [LL. See Cabal, n.]

1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediæval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of human existence. It assumed that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means.

2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery.

CABALISM Cab"a*lism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cabalisme.]

1. The secret science of the cabalists.

2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson.

CABALIST Cab"a*list, n. Etym: [Cf.F. cabaliste.]

Defn: One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. "Studious cabalists." Swift.

CABALISTIC; CABALISTICAL Cab`a*lis"tic, Cab`a*lis"tic*al a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mystic. The Heptarchus is a cabalistic of the first chapter of Genesis. Hallam.

CABALISTICALLY Cab`a*lis"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cabalistic manner.

CABALIZE Cab"a*lize, v. i. Etym: [Cf.F. cabaliser.]

Defn: To use cabalistic language. [R] Dr. H. More.

CABALLER Ca*bal"ler, n.

Defn: One who cabals. A close caballer and tongue-valiant lord. Dryden.

CABALLERIA Ca`bal*le*ri"a, n. [Sp. See Caballero.]

Defn: An ancient Spanish land tenure similar to the English knight's fee; hence, in Spain and countries settled by the Spanish, a land measure of varying size. In Cuba it is about 33 acres; in Porto Rico, about 194 acres; in the Southwestern United States, about 108 acres.

CABALLERO Ca`bal*le"ro, n. [Sp. Cf. Cavalier.]

Defn: A knight or cavalier; hence, a gentleman.

CABALLINE Cab"al*line, a. Etym: [L.caballinus, fr. caballus a nag. Cf. Cavalier.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a horse. -- n.

Defn: Caballine aloes. Caballine aloes, an inferior and impure kind of aloes formerly used in veterinary practice; -- called also horse aloes. -- Caballine spring, the fountain of Hippocrene, on Mount Helicon; - - fabled to have been formed by a stroke from the foot of the winged horse Pegasus.

CABALLO Ca*bal"lo (ka*väl"yo; 220), n. [Written also cavallo.] [Sp., fr. L. caballus a nag. See Cavalcade.]

Defn: A horse. [Sp. Amer.]

CABARET Cab"a*ret, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A tavern; a house where liquors are retailed. [Obs. as an English word.]

CABAS Ca*bas", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A flat basket or frail for figs, etc.; Hence, a lady's flat workbasket, reticule, or hand bag; -- often written caba. C. Bronté.

CABASSOU Ca*bas"sou, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A speciec of armadillo of the genus Xenurus (X. unicinctus and X. hispidus); the tatouay. [Written also Kabassou.]

CABBAGE Cab"bage, n. Etym: [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cobus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See Chiff, Cape.] (Bot.)

1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages.

2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below.

3. The cabbage palmetto. See below. Cabbage aphis (Zoöl.), a green plant-louse (Aphis brassicæ) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. -- Cabbage Beetle (Zoöl.), a small, striped flea-beetle (Phyllotreta vittata) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. -- Cabbage butterfly (Zoöl.), a white butterfly (Pieris rapæ of both Europe and America, and the Allied P. oleracea, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See Cabbage worm, below. -- Cabbage Fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia brassicæ), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. -- Cabbage head, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; -- contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. -- Cabbage palmetto, a species of palm tree (Sabal Palmetto) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. -- Cabbage rose (Bot.), a species of rose (Rosa centifolia) having large and heavy blossoms. -- Cabbage tree, Cabbage palm, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the Sabal Palmetto of the United States, and the Euterpe oleracea and Oreodoxa oleracea of the West Indies. -- Cabbage worm (Zoöl.), the larva of several species of moths and butterfies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usully the larva of a white butterfly. See Cabbage Butterfly, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks or young plants during the night, are the larvæ of several species of moths, of the genus Agrotis. See Cutworm. -- Sea cabbage.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b). The original Plant (Brassica oleracea), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, , broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. -- Thousand-headed cabbage. See Brussels sprouts.

CABBAGE Cab"bage, v. i.

Defn: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. Johnson.

CABBAGE Cab"bage, v. i. [imp. & p.p Cabbaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabbaging (.] Etym: [F.cabasser, fr. OF. cabas theft; cf. F. cabas basket, and OF. cabuser to cheat.]

Defn: To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer. Your tailor . . . cabbages whole yards of cloth. Arbuthnot.

CABBAGE Cab"bage, n.

Defn: Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments.

CABBLER Cab"bler, n.

Defn: One who works at cabbling.

CABBLING Cab"bling, n. (Metal)

Defn: The process of breaking up the flat masses into which wrought iron is first hammered, in order that the pieces may be reheated and wrought into bar iron.

CABECA; CABESSE Ca*be"ça, Ca*besse", n. Etym: [Pg. cabeça, F. cabesse.]

Defn: The finest kind of silk received from India.

CABER Ca"ber, n. Etym: [Gael]

Defn: A pole or beam used in Scottish games for tossing as a trial of strength.

CABEZON Cab`e*zon", n. Etym: [Sp., properly, big head. Cf. Cavesson.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A California fish (Hemilepidotus spinosus), allied to the sculpin.

CABIAI Cab"i*ai, n. Etym: [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The capybara. See Capybara.

CABIN Cab"in, n. Etym: [OF. caban, fr. W. caban booth, cabin, dim. of cab cot, tent; or fr. F. cabane, cabine, LL. cabanna, perh. from the Celtic.]

1. A cottage or small house; a hut. Swift. A hunting cabin in the west. E. Everett.

2. A small room; an inclosed place. So long in secret cabin there he held Her captive. Spenser.

3. A room in ship for officers or passengers. Cabin boy, a boy whose duty is wait on the officers and passengers in the cabin of a ship.

CABIN Cab"in v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabining.]

Defn: To live in, or as in, a cabin; to lodge. I'll make you . . . cabin in a cave. Shak.

CABIN Cab"in, v. t.

Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cabin. I am cabined, cribbed, confined, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. Shak.

CABINET Cab"i*net, n. Etym: [F., dim. of cabine or cabane. See Cabin, n.]

1. A hut; a cottage; a small house. [Obs.] Hearken a while from thy green cabinet, The rural song of careful Colinet. Spenser.

2. A small room, or retired apartment; a closet.

3. A private room in which consultations are held. Philip passed some hours every day in his father's cabinet. Prescott.

4. The advisory council of the chief executive officer of a nation; a cabinet council.

Note: In England, the cabinet or cabinet council consists of those privy coucilors who actually transact the immediate business of the government. Mozley & W. -- In the United States, the cabinet is composed of the heads of the executive departments of the government, namely, the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, of the Interior, and of Agiculture, the Postmaster-general ,and the Attorney-general.

5. (a) A set of drawers or a cupboard intended to contain articles of value. Hence: (b) A decorative piece of furniture, whether open like an étagère or closed with doors. See Etagere.

6. Any building or room set apart for the safe keeping and exhibition of works of art, etc.; also, the collection itself. Cabinet council. (a) Same as Cabinet, n., 4 (of which body it was formerly the full title). (b) A meeting of the cabinet. -- Cabinet councilor, a member of a cabinet council. -- Cabinet photograph, a photograph of a size smaller than an imperial, though larger than a carte de visite. -- Cabinet picture, a small and generally highly finished picture, suitable for a small room and for close inspection.

CABINET Cab"i*net, a.

Defn: Suitable for a cabinet; small. He [Varnhagen von Ense] is a walking cabinet edition of Goethe. For. Quar. Rev.

CABINET Cab"i*net, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cabineted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cabineting.]

Defn: To inclose [R.] Hewyt.

CABINETMAKER Cab"i*net*mak`er, n.

Defn: One whose occupation is to make cabinets or other choice articles of household furniture, as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc.

CABINETMAKING Cab"i*net*mak`ing, n.

Defn: The art or occupation of making the finer articles of household furniture.

CABINETWORK Cab"i*net*work`, n.

Defn: The art or occupation of working upon wooden furniture requiring nice workmanship; also, such furniture.

CABIREAN Cab`i*re"an

Defn: ,n.One of the Cabiri.

CABIRI Ca*bi"ri, n. pl. Etym: [ NL., fr. Gr. Ka`beiroi.] (Myth.)

Defn: Certain deities originally worshiped with mystical rites by the Pelasgians in Lemnos and Samothrace and afterwards throughout Greece; -- also called sons of Hephæstus (or Vulcan), as being masters of the art of working metals. [Written also Cabeiri.] Liddell & Scott.

CABIRIAN Ca*bir"i*an, a.

Defn: Same as Cabiric.

CABIRIC Ca*bir"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Cabirique]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cabiri, or to their mystical worship. [Written also Cabiritic.]

CABLE Ca"ble, n. Etym: [F. Câble,m LL. capulum, caplum, a rope, fr. L. capere to take; cf. D., Dan., & G. rabel, from the French. See Capable.]

1. A large, strong rope or chain, of considerable length, used to retain a vessel at anchor, and for other purposes. It is made of hemp, of steel wire, or of iron links.

2. A rope of steel wire, or copper wire, usually covered with some protecting, or insulating substance; as, the cable of a suspension bridge; a telegraphic cable.

3. (Arch)

Defn: A molding, shaft of a column, or any other member of convex, rounded section, made to resemble the spiral twist of a rope; -- called also cable molding. Bower cable, the cable belonging to the bower anchor. -- Cable road, a railway on which the cars are moved by a continuously running endless rope operated by a stationary motor. -- Cable's length, the length of a ship's cable. Cables in the merchant service vary in length from 100 to 140 fathoms or more; but as a maritime measure, a cable's length is either 120 fathoms (720 feet), or about 100 fathoms (600 feet, an approximation to one tenth of a nautical mile). -- Cable tier. (a) That part of a vessel where the cables are stowed. (b) A coil of a cable. -- Sheet cable, the cable belonging to the sheet anchor. -- Stream cable, a hawser or rope, smaller than the bower cables, to moor a ship in a place sheltered from wind and heavy seas. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph. -- To pay out the cable, To veer out the cable, to slacken it, that it may run out of the ship; to let more cable run out of the hawse hole. -- To serve the cable, to bind it round with ropes, canvas, etc., to prevent its being, worn or galled in the hawse, et. -- To slip the cable, to let go the end on board and let it all run out and go overboard, as when there is not time to weigh anchor. Hence, in sailor's use, to die.

CABLE Ca"ble, v. t.

1. To fasten with a cable.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: To ornament with cabling. See Cabling.

CABLE Ca"ble, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cabled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cabling (-blòng).]

Defn: To telegraph by a submarine cable [Recent]

CABLED Ca"bled, a.

1. Fastened with, or attached to, a cable or rope. "The cabled stone." Dyer.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Adorned with cabling.

CABLEGRAM Ca"ble*gram`, n. Etym: [Cable, n. + Gr.

Defn: A message sent by a submarine telegraphic cable.

Note: [A recent hybrid, sometimes found in the newspapers.]

CABLELAID Ca"ble*laid`, a.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Composed of three three-stranded ropes, or hawsers, twisted together to form a cable.

2. Twisted after the manner of a cable; as, a cable-laid gold chain. Simmonds.

CABLET Ca"blet, n. Etym: [Dim. of cable; cf. F. câblot.]

Defn: A little cable less than ten inches in circumference.

CABLING Ca"bling, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The decoration of a fluted shaft of a column or of a pilaster with reeds, or rounded moldings, which seem to be laid in the hollows of the fluting. These are limited in length to about one third of the height of the shaft.

CABMAN Cab"man, n.; pl. Cabmen (.

Defn: The driver of a cab.

CABOB Ca*bob", n. Etym: [Hindi kabab]

1. A small piece of mutton or other meat roasted on a skewer; -- so called in Turkey and Persia.

2. A leg of mutton roasted, stuffed with white herrings and sweet herbs. Wright.

CABOB Ca*bob", v. t.

Defn: To roast, as a cabob. Sir. T. Herbert.

CABOCHED Ca*boched", a. Etym: [F. caboche head. Cf. lst Cabbage.] (Her.)

Defn: Showing the full face, but nothing of the neck; -- said of the head of a beast in armorial bearing. [Written also caboshed.]

CABOCHON Ca`bo`chon" (ka`bo`shôN"), n. [F.] (Jewelry)

Defn: A stone of convex form, highly polished, but not faceted; also, the style of cutting itself. Such stones are said to be cut en cabochon.

CABOODLE Ca*boo"dle, n.

Defn: The whole collection; the entire quantity or number; -- usually in the phrase the whole caboodle. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

CABOOSE Ca*boose", n. Etym: [Cf. D. kabuis, kombuis, Dan. kabys, Sw. kabysa, G. kabuse a little room or hut. The First part of the word seems to be allied to W. cab cabin, booth. Cf. Cabin.] [Written also camboose.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A house on deck, where the cooking is done; -- commonly called the galley.

2. (Railroad)

Defn: A car used on freight or construction trains for brakemen, workmen, etc.; a tool car. [U. S.]

CABOTAGE Cab"o*tage, n. Etym: [F. cabotage, fr. caboter to sail along the coast; cf. Sp. cabo cape.] (Naut.)

Defn: Navigation along the coast; the details of coast pilotage.

CABREE Ca*brée", n. Etym: [French Canadian.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pronghorn antelope. [Also written cabrit, cabret.]

CABRERITE Ca*brer"ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: An apple-green mineral, a hydrous arseniate of nickel, cobalt, and magnesia; -- so named from the Sierra Cabrera, Spain.

CABRILLA Ca*bril"la, n. Etym: [Sp., prawn.] (Zoöl)

Defn: A name applied to various species of edible fishes of the genus Serranus, and related genera, inhabiting the Meditarranean, the coast of California, etc. In California, some of them are also called rock bass and kelp salmon.

CABRIOLE Cab"ri*ole, n. Etym: [F. See Cabriolet, and cf. Capriole.] (Man.)

Defn: A curvet; a leap. See Capriole. The cabrioles which his charger exhibited. Sir W. Scott.

CABRIOLET Cab`ri*o*let", n.Etym: [F., dim. of cabriole a leap, caper, from It. capriola, fr. dim. of L. caper he-goat, capra she-goat. This carriage is so called from its skipping lightness. Cf. Cab, Caper a leap.]

Defn: A one-horse carriage with two seats and a calash top.

CABRIT Ca*brit", n.

Defn: Same as Cabrée.

CABURN Cab"urn, n. Etym: [Cf. Cable, n.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small line made of spun yarn, to bind or worm cables, seize tackles, etc.

CACAEMIA; CACHAEMIA Ca*cæ"mi*a, Ca*chæ"mi*a n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood.

CACAINE Ca*ca"ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The essential principle of cacao; -- now called theobromine.

CACAJAO Ca*ca*jão", n. Etym: [Pg.] (Zoöl)

Defn: A South American short-tailed monkey (Pithecia (or Brachyurus) melanocephala). [Written also cacajo.]

CACAO Ca*ca"o, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Mex. kakahuatl. Cf. Cocoa, Chocolate] (Bot.)

Defn: A small evergreen tree (Theobroma Cacao) of South America and the West Indies. Its fruit contains an edible pulp, inclosing seeds about the size of an almond, from which cocoa, chocolate, and broma are prepared.

CACHAEMIA; CACHEMIA Ca*chæ"mi*a, Ca*che"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. bad + blood.] (Med.)

Defn: A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. --Ca*chæ"mic, Ca*che"mic (#), a.

CACHALOT Cach"a*lot, n. Etym: [F. cachalot.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). It has in the top of its head a large cavity, containing an oily fluid, which, after death, concretes into a whitish crystalline substance called spermaceti. See Sperm whale.

CACHE Cache, n. Etym: [F., a hiding place, fr. cacher to conceal, to hide.]

Defn: A hole in the ground, or hiding place, for concealing and preserving provisions which it is inconvenient to carry. Kane.

CACHECTIC; CACHECTICAL Ca*chec"tic, Ca*chec"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. cachecticus, Gr. cachectique.]

Defn: Having, or pertaining to, cachexia; as, cachectic remedies; cachectical blood. Arbuthnot.

CACHEPOT Cache`pot" (kash`po"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cacher to hide + pot a pot.]

Defn: An ornamental casing for a flowerpot, of porcelain, metal, paper, etc.

CACHET Cach"et, n. Etym: [F. fr. cacher to hide.]

Defn: A seal, as of a letter. Lettre de cachet Etym: [F.], a sealed letter, especially a letter or missive emanating from the sovereign; -- much used in France before the Revolution as an arbitrary order of imprisonment.

CACHEXIA; CACHEXY Ca*chex"i*a, Ca*chex"y, n. Etym: [L. cachexia, Gr.

Defn: A condition of ill health and impairment of nutrition due to impoverishment of the blood, esp. when caused by a specific morbid process (as cancer or tubercle).

CACHINNATION Cach`in*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cachinnatio, fr. cachinnare to laugh aloud, cf Gr.

Defn: Loud or immoderate laughter; -- often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affections. Hideous grimaces . . . attended this unusual cachinnation. Sir W. Scott.

CACHINNATORY Ca*chin"na*to*ry, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or accompanied by, immoderate laughter. Cachinnatory buzzes of approval. Carlyle.

CACHIRI Ca*chi"ri, n.

Defn: A fermented liquor made in Cayenne from the grated root of the manioc, and resembling perry. Dunglison.

CACHOLONG Cach"o*long, n, Etym: [F. cacholong, said to be from Cach, the name of a river in Bucharia + cholon, a Calmuck word for stone; or fr. a Calmuck word meaning "beautiful stone"] (Min.)

Defn: An opaque or milk-white chalcedony, a variety of quartz; also, a similar variety of opal.

CACHOU Ca`chou", n. Etym: [F. See Cashoo.]

Defn: A silvered aromatic pill, used to correct the odor of the breath.

CACHUCHA Ca*chu"cha, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: An Andalusian dance in three-four time, resembing the bolero. [Sometimes in English spelled cachuca (.] The orchestra plays the cachucha. Logfellow.

CACHUNDE Ca*chun"de, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Med.)

Defn: A pastil or troche, composed of various aromatic and other ingredients, highly celebrated in India as an antidote, and as a stomachic and antispasmodic.

CACIQUE Ca*cique", n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: See Cazique.

CACK Cack, v. i. Etym: [OE. cakken, fr. L. cacare; akin to Gr. cac.]

Defn: To ease the body by stool; to go to stool. Pope.

CACKEREL Cack"er*el, n. Etym: [OF. caquerel cagarel (Cotgr.), from the root of E. cack.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The mendole; a small worthless Mediterranean fish considered poisonous by the ancients. See Mendole.

CACKLE Cac"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cackled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cackling.] Etym: [OE. cakelen; cf. LG. kakeln, D. kakelen, G. gackeln, gackern; all of imitative origin. Cf. Gagle, Cake to cackle.]

1. To make a sharp, broken noise or cry, as a hen or goose does. When every goose is cackling. Shak.

2. To laugh with a broken noise, like the cackling of a hen or a goose; to giggle. Arbuthnot.

3. To talk in a silly manner; to prattle. Johnson.

CACKLE Cac"kle, n.

1. The sharp broken noise made by a goose or by a hen that has laid an egg. By her cackle saved the state. Dryden.

2. Idle talk; silly prattle. There is a buzz and cackle all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray.

CACKLER Cac"kler, n.

1. A fowl that cackles.

2. One who prattles, or tells tales; a tattler.

CACKLING Cac"kling, n.

Defn: The broken noise of a goose or a hen.

CACOCHYMIA; CACOCHYMY Cac`o*chym"i*a, Cac"o*chym`y, n. Etym: [NL. cacochymia, fr. Gr. cacochymie.] (Med.)

Defn: A vitiated state of the humors, or fluids, of the body, especially of the blood. Dunglison.

CACOCHYMIC; CACOCHYMICAL Cac`o*chym"ic, Cac`o*chym"ic*al, a.

Defn: Having the fluids of the body vitiated, especially the blood. Wiseman.

CACODEMON Cac`o*de"mon, n. Etym: [Gr. cacodémon.]

1. An evil spirit; a devil or demon. Shak.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The nightmare. Dunaglison.

CACODOXICAL Cac`o*dox"ic*al, a.

Defn: Heretical.

CACODOXY Cac"o*dox`y, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Erroneous doctrine; heresy; heterodoxy. [R.] Heterodoxy, or what Luther calls cacodoxy. R. Turnbull.

CACODYL Cac"o*dyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: Alkarsin; a colorless, poisonous, arsenical liquid, As2(CH3)4, spontaneously inflammable and possessing an intensely disagreeable odor. It is the type of a series of compounds analogous to the nitrogen compounds called hydrazines. [Written also cacodyle, and kakodyl.]

CACODYLIC Cac`o*dyl"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, cacodyl. Cacodylic acid, a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, (CH3)2AsO.OH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; -- also called alkargen.

CACOETHES Cac`o*ë"thes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. A bad custom or habit; an insatiable desire; as, cacoëthes scribendi, "The itch for writing". Addison.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A bad quality or disposition in a disease; an incurable ulcer.

CACOGASTRIC Cac`o*gas"tric, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Troubled with bad digestion. [R.] Carlyle.

CACOGRAPHIC Cac`o*graph`ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, cacography; badly written or spelled.

CACOGRAPHY Ca*cog`ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy; cf. F. cacographie.]

Defn: Incorrect or bad writing or spelling. Walpole.

CACOLET Ca`co*let", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A chair, litter, or other contrivance fitted to the back or pack saddle of a mule for carrying travelers in mountainous districts, or for the transportation of the sick and wounded of an army.

CACOLOGY Ca*col"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. cacologie.]

Defn: Bad speaking; bad choice or use of words. Buchanan.

CACOMIXLE; CACOMIXTLE; CACOMIXL Ca`co*mix"le, Ca`co*mix"tle, Ca"co*mix`l, n. Etym: [Mexican name.]

Defn: A North American carnivore (Bassaris astuta), about the size of a cat, related to the raccoons. It inhabits Mexico, Texas, and California.

CACOON Ca*coon", n.

Defn: One of the seeds or large beans of a tropical vine (Entada scandens) used for making purses, scent bottles, etc.

CACOPHONIC; CACOPHONICAL; CACOPHONOUS; CACOPHONIOUS Cac`o*phon"ic, Cac`o*phon"ic*al, Ca*coph"o*nous, Cac`o*pho"ni*ous, a.

Defn: Harsh-sounding.

CACOPHONY Ca*coph"o*ny, n.; pl. Cacophonies. Etym: [Gr. Cacophonie.]

1. (Rhet.)

Defn: An uncouth or disagreable sound of words, owing to the concurrence of harsh letters or syllables. "Cacophonies of all kinds." Pope.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A combination of discordant sounds.

3. (Med.)

Defn: An unhealthy state of the voice.

CACOSTOMIA Cac`o*sto"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. bad + mouth.] (Med.)

Defn: Diseased or gangrenous condition of the mouth.

CACOTECHNY Cac"o*tech`ny, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A corruption or corrupt state of art. [R.]

CACOXENE; CACOXENITE Ca*cox"ene, Ca*cox"e*nite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous phosphate of iron occurring in yellow radiated tufts. The phosphorus seriously injures it as an iron ore.

CACTACEOUS Cac*ta"ceous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Belonging to, or like, the family of plants of which the prickly pear is a common example.

CACTUS Cac"tus, n. ; pl. E. Cactuses, Cacti (-ti). Etym: [L., a kind of cactus, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Any plant of the order Cactacæ, as the prickly pear and the night-blooming cereus. See Cereus. They usually have leafless stems and branches, often beset with clustered thorns, and are mostly natives of the warmer parts of America. Cactus wren (Zoöl.), an American wren of the genus Campylorhynchus, of several species.

CACUMINAL Ca*cu"mi*nal, a. Etym: [L. cacumen, cacuminis, the top, point.] (Philol.)

Defn: Pertaining to the top of the palate; cerebral; -- applied to certain consonants; as, cacuminal (or cerebral) letters.

CACUMINATE Ca*cu"mi*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. cacuminatus, p. p. of cacuminare to point, fr. cacumen point.]

Defn: To make sharp or pointed. [Obs.]

CAD Cad, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. cadet.]

1. A person who stands at the door of an omnibus to open and shut it, and to receive fares; an idle hanger-on about innyards. [Eng.] Dickens.

2. A lowbred, presuming person; a mean, vulgar fellow. [Cant] Thackeray.

CADASTRAL Ca*das"tral, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to landed property. Cadastral survey, or Cadastral map, a survey, map, or plan on a large scale (Usually topographical map, which exaggerates the dimensions of houses and the breadth of roads and streams, for the sake of distinctness. Brande & C.

CADASTRE; CADASTER Ca*das"tre, Ca*das"ter, n. Etym: [f. cadastre.] (Law.)

Defn: An official statement of the quantity and value of real estate for the purpose of apportioning the taxes payable on such property.

CADAVER Ca*da"ver, n. Etym: [L., fr cadere to fall.]

Defn: A dead human body; a corpse.

CADAVERIC Ca*dav"er*ic, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a corpse, or the changes produced by death; cadaverous; as, cadaveric rigidity. Dunglison. Cadaveric alkaloid, an alkaloid generated by the processes of decomposition in dead animal bodies, and thought by some to be the cause of the poisonous effects produced by the bodies. See Ptomaine.

CADAVERINE; CADAVERIN Ca*dav"er*ine, Ca*dav"er*in, n. [From Cadaver.] (Chem.)

Defn: A sirupy, nontoxic ptomaine, C5H14N2 (chemically pentamethylene diamine), formed in putrefaction of flesh, etc.

CADAVEROUS Ca*dav"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. cadaverosus.]

1. Having the appearance or color of a dead human body; pale; ghastly; as, a cadaverous look.

2. Of or pertaining to, or having the qualities of, a dead body. "The scent cadaverous." -- Ca*dav"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*dav"er*ous*ness, n.

CADBAIT Cad"bait`, n. Etym: [Prov. E. codbait, cadbote fly.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Caddice.

CADDICE; CADDIS Cad"dice, Cad"dis, n. Etym: [Prov. E. caddy, cadew; cf. G. köder bait.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of a caddice fly. These larvæ generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with pieces of broken shells, gravel, bits of wood, etc. They are a favorite bait with anglers. Called also caddice worm, or caddis worm. Caddice fly (Zoöl.), a species of trichopterous insect, whose larva is the caddice.

CADDIS Cad"dis, n. Etym: [OE. caddas, Scot. caddis lint, caddes a kind of woolen cloth, cf. Gael. cada, cadadh, a kind of cloth, cotton, fustian, W. cadas, F. cadis.]

Defn: A kind of worsted lace or ribbon. "Caddises, cambrics, lawns." Shak.

CADDISH Cad"dish, a.

Defn: Like a cad; lowbred and presuming.

CADDOW Cad"dow, n. Etym: [OE. cadawe, prob. fr. ca chough + daw jackdaw; cf. Gael. cadhag, cathag. Cf. Chough, Daw, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A jackdaw. [Prov. Eng.]

CADDY Cad"dy, n.; pl. Caddies. Etym: [Earlier spelt catty, fr. Malay kati a weight of 11/3 pounds. Cf. Catty.]

Defn: A small box, can, or chest to keep tea in.

CADE Cade, a. Etym: [Cf. OE. cad, kod, lamb, also Cosset, Coddle.]

Defn: Bred by hand; domesticated; petted. He brought his cade lamb with him. Sheldon.

CADE Cade, v. t.

Defn: To bring up or nourish by hand, or with tenderness; to coddle; to tame. [Obs.] Johnson.

CADE Cade, n. Etym: [L. cadus jar, Gr.

Defn: A barrel or cask, as of fish. "A cade of herrings." Shak. A cade of herrings is 500, of sprats 1,000. Jacob, Law Dict.

CADE Cade, n. Etym: [F. & Pr.; LL. cada.]

Defn: A species of juniper (Juniperus Oxycedrus) of Mediterranean countries. Oil of cade, a thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by destructive distillation of the inner wood of the cade. It is used as a local application in skin diseases.

CADENCE Ca"dence, n. Etym: [OE. cadence, cadens, LL. cadentia a falling, fr. L. cadere to fall; cf. F. cadence, It. cadenza. See Chance.]

1. The act or state of declining or sinking. [Obs.] Now was the sun in western cadence low. Milton.

2. A fall of the voice in reading or speaking, especially at the end of a sentence.

3. A rhythmical modulation of the voice or of any sound; as, music of bells in cadence sweet. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull Seafaring men o'erwatched. Milton. The accents . . . were in passion's tenderest cadence. Sir W. Scott.

4. Rhythmical flow of language, in prose or verse. Golden cadence of poesy. Shak. If in any composition much attention was paid to the flow of the rhythm, it was said (at least in the 14th and 15th centuries) to be "prosed in faire cadence." Dr. Guest.

5. (Her.)

Defn: See Cadency.

6. (Man.)

Defn: Harmony and proportion in motions, as of a well-managed horse.

7. (Mil.)

Defn: A uniform time and place in marching.

8. (Mus.) (a) The close or fall of a strain; the point of rest, commonly reached by the immediate succession of the tonic to the dominant chord. (b) A cadenza, or closing embellishment; a pause before the end of a strain, which the performer may fill with a flight of fancy. Imperfect cadence. (Mus.) See under Imperfect.

CADENCE Ca"dence, v. t.

Defn: To regulate by musical measure. These parting numbers, cadenced by my grief. Philips.

CADENCY Ca"den*cy, n.

Defn: Descent of related families; distinction between the members of a family according to their ages. Marks of cadency (Her.), bearings indicating the position of the bearer as older or younger son, or as a descendant of an older or younger son. See Difference (Her.).

CADENE Ca*dene", n. Etym: [Cf. F. cadène.]

Defn: A species of inferior carpet imported from the Levant. McElrath.

CADENT Ca"dent, a. Etym: [L. cadens, -entis, p. pr. of cadere to fall.]

Defn: Falling. [R.] "Cadent tears." Shak.

CADENZA Ca*den"za, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A parenthetic flourish or flight of ornament in the course of a piece, commonly just before the final cadence.

CADER Ca"der, n.

Defn: See Cadre.

CADET Ca*det", n. Etym: [F. cadet a younger or the youngest son or brother, dim. fr. L. caput head; i. e., a smaller head of the family, after the first or eldest. See Chief, and cf. Cad.]

1. The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son. The cadet of an ancient and noble family. Wood.

2. (Mil.) (a) A gentleman who carries arms in a regiment, as a volunteer, with a view of acquiring military skill and obtaining a commission. (b) A young man in training for military or naval service; esp. a pupil in a military or naval school, as at West Point, Annapolis, or Woolwich.

Note: All the undergraduates at Annapolis are Naval cadets. The distinction between Cadet midshipmen and Cadet engineers was abolished by Act of Congress in 1882.

CADETSHIP Ca*det"ship, n.

Defn: The position, rank, or commission of a cadet; as, to get a cadetship.

CADEW; CADEWORM Ca*dew", Cade"worm`, n.

Defn: A caddice. See Caddice.

CADGE Cadge, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cadged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cadging.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. cache, caich, cadge, to toss, drive, OE. cachen to drive, catch, caggen to bind, or perh. E. cage. Cf. Cadger.]

1. To carry, as a burden. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

2. To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc. [Prov.]

3. To intrude or live on another meanly; to beg. [Prov. or Slang, Eng.] Wright.

CADGE Cadge, n. Etym: [Cf. 2d Cadger.] (Hawking)

Defn: A circular frame on which cadgers carry hawks for sale.

CADGER Cadg"er, n. Etym: [From Cadge, v. t., cf. Codger.]

1. A packman or itinerant huckster.

2. One who gets his living by trickery or begging. [Prov. or Slang] "The gentleman cadger." Dickens.

CADGER Cadg"er, n. Etym: [OF. cagier one who catches hawks. Cf. Cage.] (Hawking)

Defn: One who carries hawks on a cadge.

CADGY Cadg"y, a.

Defn: Cheerful or mirthful, as after good eating or drinking; also, wanton. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

CADI Ca"di, n. Etym: [Turk. See Alcalde.]

Defn: An inferior magistrate or judge among the Mohammedans, usually the judge of a town or village.

CADIE; CADDIE Cad"ie, Cad"die, n.

Defn: A Scotch errand boy, porter, or messenger. [Written also cady.] Every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie. Macaulay.

CADILESKER Ca`di*les"ker, n. Etym: [Ar. qa\'c8i judge + al'sker the army, Per. leshker.]

Defn: A chief judge in the Turkish empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who are now tried only by their own officers.

CADILLAC Ca*dil"lac, n. Etym: [Prob. from Cadillac, a French town.]

Defn: A large pear, shaped like a flattened top, used chiefly for cooking. Johnson.

CADIS Cad"is, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A kind of coarse serge.

CADMEAN Cad*me"an, a. Etym: [L. Cadmeus, Gr. Cadmus), which name perhaps means lit. a man from the East; cf. Heb. qedem east.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cadmus, a fabulous prince of Thebes, who was said to have introduced into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the alphabet -- Cadmean letters. Cadmean victory, a victory that damages the victors as much as the vanquished; probably referring to the battle in which the soldiers who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus slew each other.

CADMIA Cad"mi*a, n. Etym: [L. cadmia calamine, Gr. Calamine.] (Min.)

Defn: An oxide of zinc which collects on the sides of furnaces where zinc is sublimed. Formerly applied to the mineral calamine.

CADMIAN Cad"mi*an, a. [R.]

Defn: See Cadmean.

CADMIC Cad"mic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cadmium; as, cadmic sulphide.

CADMIUM Cad"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Cadmia.] (Chem.)

Defn: A comparatively rare element related to zinc, and occurring in some zinc ores. It is a white metal, both ductile and malleable. Symbol Cd. Atomic weight 111.8. It was discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, who named it from its association with zinc or zinc ore. Cadmium yellow, a compound of cadmium and sulphur, of an intense yellow color, used as a pigment.

CADRANS Cad"rans, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cadran. Cf. Quadrant.]

Defn: An instrument with a graduated disk by means of which the angles of gems are measured in the process of cutting and polishing.

CADRE Ca"dre, n. Etym: [F. cadre, It. quadro square, from L. quadrum, fr. quatuor four.] (Mil.)

Defn: The framework or skeleton upon which a regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff. [Written also cader.]

CADUCARY Ca*du"ca*ry, a. Etym: [See Caducous.] (Law)

Defn: Relating to escheat, forfeiture, or confiscation.

CADUCEAN Ca*du"ce*an, a.

Defn: Of or belonging to Mercury's caduceus, or wand.

CADUCEUS Ca*du"ce*us, n. Etym: [L. caduceum, caduceus; akin to Gr. (Myth.)

Defn: The official staff or wand of Hermes or Mercury, the messenger of the gods. It was originally said to be a herald's staff of olive wood, but was afterwards fabled to have two serpents coiled about it, and two wings at the top.

CADUCIBRANCHIATE Ca*du`ci*bran"chi*ate, a. Etym: [L. caducus falling (fr. cadere to fall) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: With temporary gills: -- applied to those Amphibia in which the gills do not remain in adult life.

CADUCITY Ca*du"ci*ty, n. Etym: [LL. caducitas: cf. F. caducité. See Caducous.]

Defn: Tendency to fall; the feebleness of old age; senility. [R.] [A] jumble of youth and caducity. Chesterfield.

CADUCOUS Ca*du"cous, Etym: [L. caducus falling, inclined to fall, fr. cadere to fall. See Cadence.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Dropping off or disappearing early, as the calyx of a poppy, or the gills of a tadpole.

CADUKE Ca*duke", a. Etym: [Cf. F. caduc. See Caducous.]

Defn: Perishable; frail; transitory. [Obs.] Hickes. The caduke pleasures of his world. Bp. Fisher.

CADY Cad"y, n.

Defn: See Cadie.

CAECA Cæ"ca, n. pl.

Defn: See Cæcum.

CAECAL Cæ"cal, a. (Anat.)

1. Of or pertaining to the cæcum, or blind gut.

2. Having the form of a cæcum, or bag with one opening; baglike; as, the cæcal extremity of a duct.

CAECIAS Cæ"ci*as, n. Etym: [L. caecias, Gr.

Defn: A wind from the northeast. Milton.

CAECILIAN Cæ*cil"i*an, n. Etym: [L. caecus blind. So named from the supposed blindness of the species, the eyes being very minute.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A limbless amphibian belonging to the order Cæciliæ or Ophimorpha. See Ophiomorpha. [Written also coecilian.]

CAECUM Cæ"cum, n.; pl. Cæcums, L. Cæca. Etym: [L. caecus blind, invisible, concealed.] (Anat.) (a) A cavity open at one end, as the blind end of a canal or duct. (b) The blind part of the large intestine beyond the entrance of the small intestine; -- called also the blind gut.

Note: The cæcum is comparatively small in man, and ends in a slender portion, the vermiform appendix; but in herbivorous mammals it is often as large as the rest of the large intestine. In fishes there are often numerous intestinal cæca.

CAELATURA Cæ`la*tu"ra, n. [L., fr. caelare to engrave in relief.]

Defn: Art of producing metal decorative work other than statuary, as reliefs, intaglios, engraving, chasing, etc.

CAENOZOIC Cæ`no*zo"ic, a. (Geol.)

Defn: See Cenozoic.

CAEN STONE Ca"en stone",

Defn: A cream-colored limestone for building, found near Caen, France.

CAESAR Cæ"sar, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A Roman emperor, as being the successor of Augustus Cæsar. Hence, a kaiser, or emperor of Germany, or any emperor or powerful ruler. See Kaiser, Kesar. Malborough anticipated the day when he would be servilely flattered and courted by Cæsar on one side and by Louis the Great on the other. Macaulay.

CAESAREAN; CAESARIAN Cæ*sa"re*an, Cæ*sa"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Caesareus, Caesarianus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cæsar or the Cæsars; imperial. Cæsarean section (Surg.), the operation of taking a child from the womb by cutting through the walls of the abdomen and uterus; -- so called because Julius Cæsar is reported to have been brought into the world by such an operation.

CAESARISM Cæ"sar*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Césarisme.]

Defn: A system of government in which unrestricted power is exercised by a single person, to whom, as Cæsar or emperor, it has been committed by the popular will; imperialism; also, advocacy or support of such a system of government.

Note: This word came into prominence in the time of Napoleon III., as an expression of the claims and political views of that emperor, and of the politicians of his court.

CAESIOUS Cæ"si*ous, a. Etym: [L. caesius bluish gray.] (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: Of the color of lavender; pale blue with a slight mixture of gray. Lindley.

CAESIUM Cæ"si*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. caesius bluish gray.] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare alkaline metal found in mineral water; -- so called from the two characteristic blue lines in its spectrum. It was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis, and is the most strongly basic and electro-positive substance known. Symbol Cs. Atomic weight 132.6.

CAESPITOSE Cæs"pi*tose`, a.

Defn: Same as Cespitose.

CAESURA Cæ*su"ra, n.; pl. E. Cæsuras (, L. Cæsuræ ( Etym: [L. caesura a cutting off, a division, stop, fr. caedere, caesum, to cut off. See Concise.]

Defn: A metrical break in a verse, occurring in the middle of a foot and commonly near the middle of the verse; a sense pause in the middle of a foot. Also, a long syllable on which the cæsural accent rests, or which is used as a foot.

Note: In the following line the cæsura is between study and of. The prop | er stud | y || of | mankind | is man.

CAESURAL Cæ*su"ral, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cæsura. Cæsural pause, a pause made at a cæsura.

CAFE Ca`fé", n. Etym: [F. See Coffee.]

Defn: A coffeehouse; a restaurant; also, a room in a hotel or restaurant where coffee and liquors are served.

CAFENET; CAFENEH Caf"e*net, Caf"e*neh, n. Etym: [Turk. qahveh khaneh coffeehouse.]

Defn: A humble inn or house of rest for travelers, where coffee is sold. [Turkey]

CAFETERIA Caf`e*te"ri*a, n. [Cf. F. cafetière.]

Defn: A restaurant or café at which the patrons serve themselves with food kept at a counter, taking the food to small tables to eat. [U. S.]

CAFFEIC Caf*fe"ic, a. Etym: [See Coffee.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, coffee. Caffeic acid, an acid obtained from coffee tannin, as a yellow crystalline substance, C9H8O4.

CAFFEINE Caf*fe"ine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caféine. See Coffee.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained from coffee. It is identical with the alkaloid theine from tea leaves, and with guaranine from guarana.

CAFFETANNIC Caf`fe*tan"nic, a. Etym: [Caffeic + tannic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the tannin of coffee. Caffetannic acid, a variety of tannin obtained from coffee berries, regarded as a glucoside.

CAFFILA Caf"fi*la, n. Etym: [Ar.]

Defn: See Cafila.

CAFFRE Caf"fre, n.

Defn: See Kaffir.

CAFILA; CAFILEH Ca"fi*la, Ca"fi*leh, n. Etym: [Ar.]

Defn: A caravan of travelers; a military supply train or government caravan; a string of pack horses.

CAFTAN Caf"tan, n. Etym: [Turk. qaftan: cf. F. cafetan.]

Defn: A garment worn throughout the Levant, consisting of a long gown with sleeves reaching below the hands. It is generally fastened by a belt or sash.

CAFTAN Caf"tan, v. t.

Defn: To clothe with a caftan. [R.] The turbaned and caftaned damsel. Sir W. Scott.

CAG Cag, n.

Defn: See Keg. [Obs.]

CAGE Cage, n. Etym: [F. cage, fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavus hollow. Cf. Cave, n., Cajole, Gabion.]

1. A box or inclosure, wholly or partly of openwork, in wood or metal, used for confining birds or other animals. In his cage, like parrot fine and gay. Cowper.

2. A place of confinement for malefactors Shak. Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage. Lovelace.

3. (Carp.)

Defn: An outer framework of timber, inclosing something within it; as the cage of a staircase. Gwilt.

4. (Mach.) (a) A skeleton frame to limit the motion of a loose piece, as a ball valve. (b) A wirework strainer, used in connection with pumps and pipes.

5. The box, bucket, or inclosed platform of a lift or elevator; a cagelike structure moving in a shaft.

6. (Mining)

Defn: The drum on which the rope is wound in a hoisting whim.

7. (Baseball)

Defn: The catcher's wire mask.

CAGE Cage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caged; p. pr. & vb. n. Caging.]

Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cage; to shut up or confine. "Caged and starved to death." Cowper.

CAGED Caged, a.

Defn: Confined in, or as in, a cage; like a cage or prison. "The caged cloister." Shak.

CAGELING Cage"ling, n. Etym: [Cage + -ling]

Defn: A bird confined in a cage; esp. a young bird. [Poetic] Tennyson.

CAGIT Ca"git, n. (Zoöl)

Defn: A king of parrot, of a beautiful green color, found in the Philippine Islands.

CAGMAG Cag"mag, n.

Defn: A tough old goose; hence, coarse, bad food of any kind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CAGOT Ca"got, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of a race inhabiting the valleys of the Pyrenees, who until 1793 were political and social outcasts (Christian Pariahs). They are supposed to be a remnant of the Visigoths.

CAHENSLYISM Ca*hens"ly*ism, n. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A plan proposed to the Pope in 1891 by P. P. Cahensly, a member of the German parliament, to divide the foreign-born population of the United States, for ecclesiastical purposes, according to European nationalities, and to appoint bishops and priests of like race and speaking the same language as the majority of the members of a diocese or congregation. This plan was successfully opposed by the American party in the Church.

CAHIER Ca`hier", n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cayer, fr. LL. quaternum. See Quire of paper. The sheets of manuscript were folded into parts.]

1. A namber of sheets of paper put loosely together; esp. one of the successive portions of a work printed in numbers.

2. A memorial of a body; a report of legislative proceedings, etc.

CAHINCA ROOT Ca*hin"ca root`. [Written also cainca root.] [See Cahincic.] (Bot.)

Defn: The root of an American shrub (Chiococca racemosa), found as far north as Florida Keys, from which cahincic acid is obtained; also, the root of the South American Chiococca anguifuga, a celebrated antidote for snake poison.

CAHINCIC Ca*hin"cic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cahinca, the native name of a species of Brazilian Chiococca, perhaps C. recemosa; as, cahincic acid.

CAHOOT Ca*hoot", n. Etym: [Perhaps fr. f. cohorte a a company or band.]

Defn: Partnership; as to go in cahoot with a person. [Slang, southwestern U. S.] Bartlett.

CAIMACAM Cai`ma*cam", n. Etym: [Turk.]

Defn: The governor of a sanjak or district in Turkey.

CAIMAN Cai"man, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cayman.

CAINOZOIC Cai`no*zo"ic, a.

Defn: (Geol.) See Cenozic.

CAIQUE Ca*ïque", n. Etym: [F., fr. Turk. qa\'c6q boat.] (Naut..)

Defn: A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus; also, a Levantine vessel of larger size.

CA IRA Ça"i*ra". Etym: [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).]

Defn: The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

CAIRD Caird, n. Etym: [Ir. ceard a tinker.]

Defn: A traveling tinker; also a tramp or sturdy beggar. [Prov. Eng.]

CAIRN Cairn, n. Etym: [Gael. carn, gen. cairn, a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn.]

1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument. Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn. Campbell.

2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc. C. Kingsley. Kane.

CAIRNGORMSTONE Cairn*gorm"stone`. Etym: [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.)

Defn: A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland.

CAISSON Cais"son, n. Etym: [F., fr. caisse, case, chest. See 1st Case.]

1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow. (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his appoach.

2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits. Pneumatic caisson (Engin.), a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock.

CAISSON DISEASE Cais"son dis*ease". (Med.)

Defn: A disease frequently induced by remaining for some time in an atmosphere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc. It is characterized by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms. It is variously explained, most probably as due to congestion of internal organs with subsequent stasis of the blood.

CAITIFF Cai"tiff, a. Etym: [OE. caitif, cheitif, captive, miserable, OF. caitif, chaitif, captive, mean, wretched, F. chétif, fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave. See Heave, and cf. Captive.]

1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable. Arnold had sped his caitiff flight. W. Irving.

CAITIFF Cai"tiff, n.

Defn: A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.] Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave. Holland.

2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet.

Note: The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character . . . speaks out with . . . distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it. Trench.

CAJEPUT Caj"e*put, n.

Defn: See Cajuput.

CAJOLE Ca*jole", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cajoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling.] Etym: [F. cajoler, orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale, jaiole, F. geôle, dim. of cage a cage. See Cage, Jail.]

Defn: To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle. I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views. F. W. Robertson.

Syn. -- To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap.

CAJOLEMENT Ca*jole"ment, n.

Defn: The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery. Coleridge.

CAJOLER Ca*jol"er, n.

Defn: A flatterer; a wheedler.

CAJOLERY Ca*jol"er*y, n.; pl. Cajoleries (.

Defn: A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. "Infamous cajoleries." Evelyn.

CAJUN Ca"jun, n. [A corruption of Acadian.] (Ethnol.)

Defn: In Louisiana, a person reputed to be Acadian French descent.

CAJUPUT Caj"u*put, n. Etym: [Of Malayan origin; kayu tree + putih white.] (Med.)

Defn: A highly stimulating volatile infammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree (Melaleuca cajuputi, etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.

CAJUPUTENE Caj"u*put*ene`, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorlees or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.

CAKE Cake, n. Etym: [OE. cake, kaak; akin to Dan. kage, Sw. & Icel. kaka, D. koek, G.kuchem, OHG. chuocho.]

1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as, an oatmeal cake; johnnycake.

2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape.

3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes.

4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as, a cake of soap; an ague cake. Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood. Dryden. Cake urchin (Zoöl), any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea. -- Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. -- To have one's cake dough, to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected. Shak.

CAKE Cake, v. i.

Defn: To form into a cake, or mass.

CAKE Cake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caked; p. pr. & vb. n. Caking.]

Defn: To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate. Clotted blood that caked within. Addison.

CAKE Cake, v. i.

Defn: To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.]

CAKING COAL Cak"ing coal`.

Defn: See Coal.

CAL Cal, n. (Cornish Mines)

Defn: Wolfram, an ore of tungsten. Simmonds.

CALABAR Cal"a*bar, n.

Defn: A district on the west coast of Africa. Calabar bean, The of a climbing legumious plant (Physostigma venenosum), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; -- called also ordeal bean, being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft.

CALABARINE Cal"a*bar*ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid resembing physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.

CALABASH Cal"a*bash, n. Etym: [Sp. calabaza, or Pg. calaba, caba (cf. F. Calebasse), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar', fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.]

1. The common gourd (plant or fruit).

2. The fruit of the calabash tree.

3. A water dipper, bottle, backet, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd. Calabash tree. (Bot.), a tree of tropical America (Crescentia cujete), producing a large gourdike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab.

CALABOOSE Cal`a*boose", n. Etym: [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.]

Defn: A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.]

CALABOZO Ca`la*bo"zo, n. [Sp.]

Defn: A jail. See Calaboose.

CALADE Ca*lade", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches.

CALADIUM Ca*la"di*um, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food.

CALAITE Cal"a*ite, n. Etym: [L. calaïs, Gr. calaïte.]

Defn: A mineral. See Turquoise.

CALAMANCO Cal`a*man"co, n. Etym: [LL. calamancus, calamacus; cf. camelaucum; a head covering made of camel's hair, NGr. calmande a woolen stuff.]

Defn: A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. "a gay calamanco waistcoat." Tatler.

CALAMANDER WOOD Cal"a*man`der wood.

Defn: A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel- brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros qusesita. Called also Coromandel wood.

CALAMAR; CALAMARY Cal"a*mar, Cal"a*ma*ry, n. Etym: [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar, calemar, pen case, calamar.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids. See Squid.

CALAMBAC Cal"am*bac, n. Etym: [F. calambac, calambour, from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.)

Defn: A fragrant wood; agalloch.

CALAMBOUR Cal"am*bour, n. Etym: [See Calambac.]

Defn: A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; -- used by cabinetmakers.

CALAMIFEROUS Cal`a*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calamus reed + ferous.]

Defn: Producing reeds; reedy.

CALAMINE Cal"a*mine, n. Etym: [F. calamine, LL. calamina, fr. L. Cabmia. See Cadmia.] (min.)

Defn: A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc.

Note: The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite.

CALAMINT Cal"a*mint, n. Etym: [OE. calamint, calemente (cf. F. calament) fr. L. calamintha, Gr. Mint.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of perennial plants (Calamintha) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepela and C. Acinos, which are called also basil thyme.

CALAMIST Cal"a*mist, n. Etym: [L. calamus a reed.]

Defn: One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.] Blount.

CALAMISTRATE Cal`a*mis"trate, v. i. Etym: [L. calamistratus, curied with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.]

Defn: To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

CALAMISTRATION Cal`amis*tra"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.] burton.

CALAMISTRUM Cal`a*mis"trum, n. Etym: [L., a curling iron.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs.

CALAMITE Cal"a*mite, n. Etym: [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen, and Asterophyllite.

CALAMITOUS Ca*lam"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. Calamitosus; cf. F. calamiteux.]

1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.] Ten thousands of calamitous persons. South.

2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. "This sad and calamitous condition." South. "A calamitous prison" Milton.

Syn. -- Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ness, n.

CALAMITY Ca*lam"i*ty n.; pl. Calamities. Etym: [L. calamitas, akin to in- columis unharmed: cf. F. calamité]

1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; -- generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals.

Note: The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon. Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irving.

2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery. The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise. Burke. Where'er I came I brought calamity. Tennyson.

Syn. -- Disaster; distress; afflicition; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. -- Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. "A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual." Crabb.

CALAMUS Cal"a*mus, n.; pl. Calami. Etym: [L., a reed. See Halm.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon's blood.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

CALANDO Ca*lan"do, a. Etym: [It.]

Defn: (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

CALASH Ca*lash", n. Etym: [F. calèche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.]

1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage. The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants. W. Irving.

2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver's seat elevated in front.

3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure.

4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

CALAVERAS SKULL Ca`la*ve"ras skull.

Defn: A human skull reported, by Prof. J. D. Whitney, as found in 1886 in a Tertiary auriferous gravel deposit, lying below a bed of black lava, in Calaveras County, California. It is regarded as very doubtful whether the skull really belonged to the deposit in which it was found. If it did, it indicates an unprecedented antiquity for human beings of an advanced type.

CALAVERITE Ca`la*ve"rite (, n. (Min.)

Defn: A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; -- first found in Calaveras County California.

CALCANEAL Cal*ca"ne*al, a. (Anal.)

Defn: Pertaining to the calcaneum; as, calcaneal arteries.

CALCANEUM Cal*ca"ne*um n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. Etym: [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.)

Defn: One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; -- called also fibulare.

CALCAR Cal"car, n. Etym: [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.)

Defn: A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure.

CALCAR Cal"car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria. Etym: [L., a pur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight.

3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot.

CALCARATE; CALCARATED Cal"ca*rate, Cal"ca*ra`ted, a. Etym: [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Armed with a spur.

CALCAREO-ARGILLACEOUS Cal*ca"re*o-ar`gil*la"ceous, a.

Defn: consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

CALCAREO-BITUMINOUS Cal*ca"re*o-bi*tu"mi*nous, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell.

CALCAREO-SILICEOUS Cal*ca"re*o-si*li"ceous, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

CALCAREOUS Cal*ca"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.]

Defn: Partaking of the nature ofcalcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containg, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. Clcareous spar. See as Calcite.

CALCAREOUSNESS Cal*ca"re*ous*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being calcareous.

CALCARIFEROUS Cal`ca*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.]

Defn: Lime-yielding; calciferous

CALCARINE Cal"ca*rine, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

CALCAVELLA Cal`ca*vel"la, n.

Defn: A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.]

CALCEATED Cal"ce*a"ted, a. Etym: [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.]

Defn: Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson.

CALCED Calced, a. Etym: [See Calceated.]

Defn: Wearing shoes; calceated; -- in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites.

CALCEDON Cal"ce*don, n. Etym: [See Chalcedony.]

Defn: A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones.

CALCEDONIC; CALCEDONIAN Cal`ce*don"ic, Cal`ce*do"ni*an, a.

Defn: See Chalcedonic.

CALCEIFORM Cal"ce*i*form`, a. Etym: [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Shaped like a plipper, as one petal of the lady's-slipper; calceolate.

CALCEOLARIA cal`ce*o*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plant, biought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

CALCEOLATE Cal"ce*o*late, a. Etym: [See Calceolaria.]

Defn: Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform.

CALCES Cal"ces, n. pl.

Defn: See Calx.

CALCIC Cal"cic, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime.

CALCIFEROUS Cal*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + - ferous.]

Defn: Bearing producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. Calciferouse epoch (Geol.), and epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Grology.

CALCIFIC Cal*cif"ic, a.

Defn: Calciferous. Specifically: (Zoöl.) of or pertaining to hte portion of the which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley.

CALCIFICATION Cal`ci*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The process of chenge into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; -- normally, as in the formation of bone and teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue.

CALCIFIED Cal"ci*fied, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous.

CALCIFORM Cal"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -form.]

Defn: In the form of chalk or lime.

CALCIFY Cal"ci*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.]

Defn: To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime.

CALCIFY Cal"ci*fy, v. i.

Defn: To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth.

CALCIGENOUS Cal*cig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.)

Defn: Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc.

CALCIGEROUS Cal*cig"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.]

Defn: Holding lime or other earthy salts; as, the calcigerous cells of the teeth.

CALCIMINE Cal"ci*mine, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime.]

Defn: A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.]

CALCIMINE Cal"ci*mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.]

Defn: To wash or cover with calcimine; as, to calcimine walls.

CALCIMINER Cal"ci*mi`ner, n.

Defn: One who calcimines.

CALCINABLE Cal*cin"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be calcined; as, a calcinable fossil.

CALCINATE Cal"ci*nate, v. i.

Defn: To calcine. [R.]

CALCINATION Cal`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. calcination.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime.

2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation.

CALCINATORY Cal*cin"a*to*ry, n.

Defn: A vessel used in calcination.

CALCINE Cal*cine", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden; p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] Etym: [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.]

1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones.

2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx.

CALCINE Cal*cine", v. i.

Defn: To be convereted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. "Calcining without fusion" Newton.

CALCINER Cal*cin"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, calcines.

CALCISPONGIAE Cal`ci*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera.

CALCITE Cal"cite, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.)

Defn: Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar.

Note: Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc-sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar.

CALCITRANT Cal"ci*trant, a. Etym: [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.]

Defn: Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.

CALCITRATE Cal"ci*trate, v. i. & i. Etym: [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.]

Defn: To kick.

CALCITRATION Cal`ci*tra"tion, n.

Defn: Act of kicking.

CALCIUM Cal"ci*um, n. Etym: [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.)

Defn: An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca.

Note: Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite. Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; -- called also Drummond light.

CALCIVOROUS Cal*civ"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.]

Defn: Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

CALCOGRAPHER Cal*cog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who practices calcography.

CALCOGRAPHIC; CALCOGRAPHICAL Cal`co*graph"ic, Cal`co*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

CALCOGRAPHY Cal*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.]

Defn: The art of drawing with chalk.

CALC-SINTER Calc"-sin`ter, n. Etym: [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.]

Defn: See under Calcite.

CALC-SPAR Calc"-spar`, n. Etym: [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.]

Defn: Same as Calcite.

CALC-TUFA Calc"-tu`fa, n. Etym: [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.]

Defn: See under Calcite.

CALCULABLE Cal"cu*la*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. calculable.]

Defn: That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

CALCULARY Cal"cu*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to calculi.

CALCULARY Cal"cu*la*ry, n.

Defn: A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

CALCULATE Cal"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater; p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating.] Etym: [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.]

1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute. A calencar exacity calculated than any othe. North.

2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as, to calculate or cast one's nativity. A cunning man did calculate my birth. Shak.

3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as, to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people. [Religion] is . . . calculated for our benefit. Abp. Tillotson.

4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.]

Syn. -- To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. -- To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as, to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. "Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives" Crabb.

CALCULATE Cal"cu*late, v. i.

Defn: To make a calculation; to forecast caonsequences; to estimate; to compute. The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate. F. W. Robertson.

CALCULATED Cal"cu*la`ted, p. p. & a.

1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball.

2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as, to use arts calculated to deceive the people.

3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited. The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society. Goldsmith. The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws. Hawthorne.

CALCULATING Cal"cu*la`ting, a.

1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations.

2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as, a cool calculating disposition. Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

CALCULATING Cal"cu*la`ting, n.

Defn: The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

CALCULATION Cal`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.]

1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. "The calculation of eclipses." Nichol. The mountain is not so his calculation makes it. Boyle.

2. An expectation based on cirumstances. The lazy gossips of the port, Abborrent of a calculation crost, Began to chafe as at a personal wrong. Tennyson.

CALCULATIVE Cal"cu*la*tive, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation. Long habits of calculative dealings. Burke.

CALCULATOR Cal"cu*la*tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. calculateur.]

Defn: One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects. Ambition is no exact calculator. Burke.

CALCULATORY Cal"cu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. calculatorius.]

Defn: Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.

CALCULE Cal"cule, n. Etym: [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.]

Defn: Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.

CALCULE Cal"cule, v. i.

Defn: To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.

CALCULI Cal"cu*li, n. pl.

Defn: See Calculus.

CALCULOUS Cal"cu*lous, a. Etym: [L. calculosus.]

1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as, a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne.

2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as, a calculous person.

CALCULUS Cal"cu*lus, n.; pl. Calculi Etym: [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.

2. (Math.)

Defn: A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation. Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coëfficients or weights are ascribed. -- Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. -- Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. -- Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. -- Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. -- Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. -- Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.

CALDRON Cal"dron, n. Etym: [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudière, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. çra to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.]

Defn: A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] "Caldrons of boiling oil." Prescott.

CALECHE Ca*lèche", n. Etym: [F. calèche.]

Defn: See Calash.

CALEDONIA Cal`e*do"ni*a, n.

Defn: The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry.

CALEDONIAN Cal`e*do"ni*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland.

CALEDONITE Ca*led"o*nite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland.

CALEFACIENT Cal`e*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.]

Defn: Making warm; heating. [R.]

CALEFACIENT Cal`e*fa"cient, n.

Defn: A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard.

CALEFACTION Cal`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. calefactio: cf. F. caléfaction.]

1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies.

2. The state of being heated.

CALEFACTIVE Cal`e*fac"tive, a.

Defn: See Calefactory. [R.]

CALEFACTOR Cal`e*fac"tor, n.

Defn: A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc.

CALEFACTORY Cal`e*fac"to*ry, a. Etym: [L. calefactorius.]

Defn: Making hot; producing or communicating heat.

CALEFACTORY Cal`e*fac"to*ry, n.

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room.

2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with.

CALEFY Cal"e*fy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied; p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] Etym: [L. calere to be warm + -fy]

Defn: To make warm or hot.

CALEFY Cal"e*fy, v. i.

Defn: To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne.

CALEMBOUR Cal"em*bour`, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A pun.

CALENDAR Cal"en*dar, n. Etym: [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.]

1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also, a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints' days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter.

3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as, a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assemblly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy.

Note: Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon. Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. -- Calendar month. See under Month. -- French Republican calendar. See under Vendémiaire. -- Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual.

CALENDAR Cal"en*dar, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. Calendared; p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.]

Defn: To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse.

CALENDARIAL Cal`en*da"ri*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar.

CALENDARY Cal"en*da*ry, a.

Defn: Calendarial. [Obs.]

CALENDER Cal"en*der, n. Etym: [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. Cylinider.]

1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating.

2. One who pursues the business of calendering. My good friend the calender. Cawper.

CALENDER Cal"en*der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered; p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] Etym: [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.]

Defn: To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure.

CALENDER Cal"en*der, n. Etym: [Per. qalender.]

Defn: One of a sect or order of fantastically dressed or painted dervishes.

CALENDOGRAPHER Cal`en*dog"ra*pher, n. Etym: [Calendar + -graph + er.]

Defn: One who makes calendars. [R.]

CALENDRER Cal"en*drer, n.

Defn: A person who calenders cloth; a calender.

CALENDRIC; CALENDRICAL Ca*len"dric, Ca*len"dric*al, a.,

Defn: Of or pertaining to a calendar.

CALENDS Cal"ends, n. pl. Etym: [OE. kalendes month, calends, AS. calend month, fr. L. calendae; akin to calare to call, proclaim, Gr. Claim.]

Defn: The first day of each month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Written also kalends.] The Greek calends, a time that will never come, as the Greeks had no calends.

CALENDULA Ca*len"du*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. calendae calends.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of composite herbaceous plants. One species, Calendula officinalis, is the common marigold, and was supposed to blossom on the calends of every month, whence the name.

CALENDULIN Ca*len"du*lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A gummy or mucilaginous tasteless substance obtained from the marigold or calendula, and analogous to bassorin.

CALENTURE Cal"en*ture, n. Etym: [F. calenture, fr. Sp. calenture heat, fever, fr. calentar to heat, fr. p. pr. of L. calere to be warm.] (Med.)

Defn: A name formerly given to various fevers occuring in tropics; esp. to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it.

CALENTURE Cal"en*ture, v. i.

Defn: To see as in the delirium of one affected with calenture. [Poetic] Hath fed on pageants floating through the air Or calentures in depths of limpid flood. Wordsworth.

CALESCENCE Ca*les"cence, n. Etym: [L. calescens, p.pr. of calescere, incho. of calere to be warm.]

Defn: Growing warmth; increasing heat.

CALF Calf, n.; pl. Calves. Etym: [OE. calf, kelf, AS. cealf; akin to D. kalf, G. kalb, Icel. kalfr, Sw. kalf, Dan. kalv, Goth. kalbo; cf. Skr. garbha fetus, young, Gr. grabh to seize, conceive, Ir. colpa, colpach, a calf. *222.]

1. The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale.

2. Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light- colored leather used in bookbinding; as, to bind books in calf.

3. An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt. [Colloq.] Some silly, doting, brainless calf. Drayton.

4. A small island near a larger; as, the Calf of Man.

5. A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface. Kane.

6. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kalfi.]

Defn: The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee. Calf's-foot jelly, jelly made from the feet of calves. The gelatinous matter of the feet is extracted by boiling, and is flavored with sugar, essences, etc.

CALFSKIN Calf"skin`, n.

Defn: The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.

CALI Ca"li, n. (Hindoo Myth.)

Defn: The tenth avatar or incarnation of the god Vishnu. [Written also Kali.]

CALIBER; CALIBRE Cal"i*ber, Cal"ibre, n. Etym: [F. calibre, perh. fr. L. qualibra of what pound, of what weight; hence, of what size, applied first to a ball or bullet; cf. also Ar. qalib model, mold. Cf. Calipers, Calivere.]

1. (Gunnery)

Defn: The diameter of the bore, as a cannon or other firearm, or of any tube; or the weight or size of the projectile which a firearm will carry; as, an 8 inch gun, a 12-pounder, a 44 caliber. The caliber of empty tubes. Reid. A battery composed of three guns of small caliber. Prescott.

Note: The caliber of firearms is expressed in various ways. Cannon are often designated by the weight of a solid spherical shot that will fit the bore; as, a 12-pounder; pieces of ordnance that project shell or hollow shot are designated by the diameter of their bore; as, a 12 inch mortar or a 14 inch shell gun; small arms are designated by hundredths of an inch expressed decimally; as, a rifle of .44 inch caliber.

2. The diameter of round or cylindrical body, as of a bullet or column.

3. Fig.: Capacity or compass of mind. Burke. Caliber compasses. See Calipers. -- Caliber rule, a gunner's calipers, an instrument having two scales arranged to determine a ball's weight from its diameter, and conversely. -- A ship's caliber, the weight of her armament.

CALIBRATE Cal"i*brate, v. i.

Defn: To ascertain the caliber of, as of a thermometer tube; also, more generally, to determine or rectify the graduation of, as of the various standards or graduated instruments.

CALIBRATION Cal`ibra"*tion, n.

Defn: The process of estimating the caliber a tube, as of a thermometer tube, in order to graduate it to a scale of degrees; also, more generally, the determination of the true value of the spaces in any graduated instrument.

CALICE Cal"ice, n. Etym: [See Calice.]

Defn: See Chalice.

CALICLE Cal"i*cle, n. Etym: [L. caliculus a small cup, dim. of calicis, a cup. Cf Calycle.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the small cuplike cavities, often with elevated borders, covering the surface of most corals. Each is formed by a polyp. (b) One of the cuplike structures inclosing the zooids of certain hydroids. See Campanularian. [Written also calycle. See Calycle.]

CALICO Cal"i*co, n.; pl. Calicoes. Etym: [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.]

1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes, shirting calicoes, unbleached calicoes, etc. [Eng.] The importation of printed or stained colicoes appears to have been coeval with the establishment of the East India Company. Beck (Draper's Dict. ).

2. Cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern.

Note: In the United States the term calico is applied only to the printed fabric. Calico bass (Zoöl.), an edible, fresh-water fish (Pomoxys sparaides) of the rivers and lake of the Western United States (esp. of the Misissippi valley.), allied to the sunfishes, and so called from its variegated colors; -- called also calicoback, grass bass, strawberry bass, barfish, and bitterhead. -- Calico printing, the art or process of impressing the figured patterns on calico.

CALICO Cal"i*co, a.

Defn: Made of, or having the apperance of, calico; -- often applied to an animal, as a horse or cat, on whose body are large patches of a color strikingly different from its main color. [Colloq. U. S.]

CALICOBACK Cal"i*co*back`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The calico bass. (b) An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; -- called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug.

CALICULAR; CALICULATE Ca*lic"u*lar, a. Ca*lic"u*late, a.

Defn: Relating to, or resembling, a cup; also improperly used for calycular, calyculate.

CALID Cal"id, a. Etym: [L. calidus, fr. calere to be hot.]

Defn: Hot; burning; ardent. [Obs.] Bailey.

CALIDITY Ca*lid"i*ty, n.

Defn: Heat. [Obs.]

CALIDUCT Cal"i*duct, n. Etym: [See Caloriduct.]

Defn: A pipe or duct used to convey hot air or steam. Subterranean caliducts have been introduced. Evelyn.

CALIF; CALIFATE Ca"lif, n., Cal"i*fate, n., etc.

Defn: Same as Caliph, Caliphate, etc.

CALIFORNIA JACK Cal`i*for"ni*a jack".

Defn: A game at cards, a modification of seven-up, or all fours.

CALIFORNIAN Cal`i*for"ni*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to California. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of California.

CALIGATION Cal`i*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. caligatio, fr. caligare to emit vapor, to be dark, from caligo mist, darkness.]

Defn: Dimness; cloudiness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CALIGINOSITY Ca*lig`i*nos"ity, n. Etym: [L. caliginosus dark. See Caligation.]

Defn: Darkness. [R.] G. Eliot.

CALIGINOUS Ca*lig"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. caliginosus; cf. F. caligineux.]

Defn: Affected with darkness or dimness; dark; obscure. [R.] Blount. The caliginous regions of the air. Hallywell. -- Ca*lig"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lig"i*nous*ness, n.

CALIGO Ca*li"go, n. Etym: [L., darkness.] (Med.)

Defn: Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent upon a speck on the cornea; also, the speck itself.

CALIGRAPHIC Cal`i*graph"ic, a.

Defn: See Calligraphic.

CALIGRAPHY Ca*lig"ra*phy, n.

Defn: See Caligraphy.

CALIN Ca"lin, n. Etym: [F., fr. Malay kelany tin, or fr. Kala'a, a town in India, fr. which it came.]

Defn: An alloy of lead and tin, of which the Chinese make tea canisters.

CALIPASH Cal`i*pash", n. Etym: [F. carapace, Sp. carapacho. Cf Calarash, Carapace.]

Defn: A part of a turtle which is next to the upper shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a dull greenish tinge, much esteemed as a delicacy in preparations of turtle.

CALIPEE Cal"i*pee, n. Etym: [See Calipash]

Defn: A part of a turtle which is attached to the lower shell. It contains a fatty and gelatinous substance of a light yellowish color, much esteemed as a delicacy. Thackeray.

CALIPERS Cal"i*pers, n. pl. Etym: [Corrupted from caliber.]

Defn: An instrument, usually resembling a pair of dividers or compasses with curved legs, for measuring the diameter or thickness of bodies, as of work shaped in a lathe or planer, timber, masts, shot, etc.; or the bore of firearms, tubes, etc.; -- called also caliper compasses, or caliber compasses. Caliper square, a draughtsman's or mechanic's square, having a graduated bar and adjustable jaw or jaws. Knight. -- Vernier calipers. See Vernier.

CALIPH Ca"liph, n. Etym: [OE. caliphe, califfe, F. calife (cf. Sp. califa), fr. Ar. khalifan successor, fr. khalafa to succed.]

Defn: Successor or vicar; -- a title of the successors of Mohammed both as temporal and spiritual rulers, now used by the sultans of Turkey, [Writting also calif.]

CALIPHATE Cal"i*phate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. califat.]

Defn: The office, dignity, or government of a caliph or of the caliphs.

CALIPPIC Ca*lip"pic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Calippus, an Athenian astronomer. Calippic period, a period of seventy-six years, proposed by Calippus, as an improvement on the Metonic cycle, since the 6940 days of the Metonic cycle exceeded 19 years by about a quarter of a day, and exceeded 235 lunations by something more.

CALISAYA BARK Cal`i*sa"ya bark.

Defn: A valuable kind of Peruvian bark obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya, and other closely related species.

CALISTHENEUM Cal`is*the"ne*um, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: A gymnasium; esp. one for light physical exercise by women and children.

CALISTHENIC Cal`is*then"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to calisthenics.

CALISTHENICS Cal`is*then"ics, n.

Defn: The science, art, or practice of healthful exercise of the body and limbs, to promote strength and gracefulness; light gymnastics.

CALIVER Cal"i*ver, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. caliber.]

Defn: An early form of hand gun, variety of the arquebus; originally a gun having a regular size of bore. [Obs.] Shak.

CALIX Ca"lix, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A cup. See Calyx.

CALK Calk, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calked; p. pr. & vb. n. Calking.] Etym: [Either corrupted fr. F. calfater (cf. Pg. calafetar, Sp. calafetear), fr. Ar. qalafa to fill up crevices with the fibers of palm tree or moss; or fr. OE. cauken to tred, through the French fr. L. calcare, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calk to copy, Inculcate.]

1. To drive tarred oakum into the seams between the planks of (a ship, boat, etc.), to prevent leaking. The calking is completed by smearing the seams with melted pitch.

2. To make an indentation in the edge of a metal plate, as along a seam in a steam boiler or an iron ship, to force the edge of the upper plate hard against the lower and so fill the crevice.

CALK Calk, v. t. Etym: [E.calquer to trace, It. caicare to trace, to trample, fr. L. calcare to trample, fr. calx heel. Cf. Calcarate.]

Defn: To copy, as a drawing, by rubbing the back of it with red or black chalk, and then passing a blunt style or needle over the lines, so as to leave a tracing on the paper or other thing against which it is laid or held. [Writting also calque]

CALK Calk, n. Etym: [Cf. AS calc shoe, hoof, L. calx, calcis, hel, cälcar, spur.]

1. A sharp-pointed piece or iron or steel projecting downward on the shoe of a nore or an ox, to prevent the animal from slipping; -- called also calker, calkin.

2. An instrument with sharp points, worn on the sole of a shoe or boot, to prevent slipping.

CALK Calk, v. i.

1. To furnish with calks, to prevent slipping on ice; as, to calk the shoes of a horse or an ox.

2. To wound with a calk; as when a horse injures a leg or a foot with a calk on one of the other feet.

CALKER Calk"er, n.

1. One who calks.

2. A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

CALKIN Calk"in, n.

Defn: A calk on a shoe. See Calk, n., 1.

CALKING Calk"ing, n.

Defn: The act or process of making seems tight, as in ships, or of furnishing with calks, as a shoe, or copying, as a drawing. Calking iron, a tool like a chisel, used in calking ships, tightening seams in ironwork, etc. Their left hand does the calking iron guide. Dryden.

CALL Call, v. i. [imp.& p. p. Called; p. r. & vb. n. Calling] Etym: [OE. callen, AS. ceallin; akin to Icel & Sw. kalla, Dan. kalde, D. kallen to talk, prate, Gr. gar to praise. Cf. Garrulous.]

1. To command or request to come or be present; to summon; as, to call a servant. Call hither Clifford; bid him come amain Shak.

2. To summon to the discharge of a particular duty; to designate for an office, or employment, especially of a religious character; -- often used of a divine summons; as, to be called to the ministry; sometimes, to invite; as, to call a minister to be the pastor of a church. Paul . . . called to be an apostle Rom. i. 1. The Holy Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. Acts xiii. 2.

3. To invite or command to meet; to convoke; -- often with together; as, the President called Congress together; to appoint and summon; as, to call a meeting of the Board of Aldermen. Now call we our high court of Parliament. Shak.

4. To give name to; to name; to address, or speak of, by a specifed name. If you would but call me Rosalind. Shak. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. Gen. i. 5.

5. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind; to denominate; to designate. What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. Acts x. 15.

6. To state, or estimate, approximately or loosely; to characterize without strict regard to fact; as, they call the distance ten miles; he called it a full day's work. [The] army is called seven hundred thousand men. Brougham.

7. To show or disclose the class, character, or nationality of. [Obs.] This speech calls him Spaniard. Beau. & Fl.

8. To utter in a loud or distinct voice; -- often with off; as, to call, or call off, the items of an account; to call the roll of a military company. No parish clerk who calls the psalm so clear. Gay.

9. To invoke; to appeal to. I call God for a witness. 2 Cor. i. 23 [Rev. Ver. ]

10. To rouse from sleep; to awaken. If thou canst awake by four o' the clock. I prithee call me. Sleep hath seized me wholly. Shak. To call a bond, to give notice that the amount of the bond will be paid. -- To call a party (Law), to cry aloud his name in open court, and command him to come in and perform some duty requiring his presence at the time on pain of what may befall him. -- To call back, to revoke or retract; to recall; to summon back. -- To call down, to pray for, as blessing or curses. -- To call forth, to bring or summon to action; as, to call forth all the faculties of the mind. -- To call in, (a) To collect; as, to call in debts or money; ar to withdraw from cirulation; as, to call in uncurrent coin. (b) To summon to one's side; to invite to come together; as, to call in neighbors. -- To call (any one) names, to apply contemptuous names (to any one). -- To call off, to summon away; to divert; as, to call off the attention; to call off workmen from their employment. -- To call out. (a) To summon to fight; to challenge. (b) To summon into service; as, to call out the militia. -- To call over, to recite separate particulars in order, as a roll of names. -- To call to account, to demand explanation of. -- To call to mind, to recollect; to revive in memory. -- To call to order, to request to come to order; as: (a) A public meeting, when opening it for business. (b) A person, when he is transgressing the rules of debate. -- To call to the bar, to admit to practice in courts of law. -- To call up. (a) To bring into view or recollection; as to call up the image of deceased friend. (b) To bring into action or discussion; to demand the consideration of; as, to call up a bill before a legislative body.

Syn. -- To name; denominate; invite; bid; summon; convoke; assemble; collect; exhort; warn; proclaim; invoke; appeal to; designate. To Call, Convoke, Summon. Call is the generic term; as, to call a public meeting. To convoke is to require the assembling of some organized body of men by an act of authority; as, the king convoked Parliament. To summon is to require attendance by an act more or less stringent anthority; as, to summon a witness.

CALL Call, v. i.

1. To speak in loud voice; to cry out; to address by name; -- sometimes with to. You must call to the nurse. Shak. The angel of God called to Hagar. Gen. xxi. 17.

2. To make a demand, requirement, or request. They called for rooms, and he showed them one. Bunyan.

3. To make a brief visit; also, to stop at some place designated, as for orders. He ordered her to call at the house once a week. Temple. To call for (a) To demand; to require; as, a crime calls for punishment; a survey, grant, or deed calls for the metes and bounds, or the quantity of land, etc., which it describes. (b) To give an order for; to request. "Whenever the coach stopped, the sailor called for more ale." Marryat. -- To call on, To call upon, (a) To make a short visit to; as, call on a friend. (b) To appeal to; to invite; to request earnestly; as, to call upon a person to make a speech. (c) To solicit payment, or make a demand, of a debt. (d) To invoke or play to; to worship; as, to call upon God. -- To call out To call or utter loudly; to brawl.

CALL Call, n.

1. The act of calling; -- usually with the voice, but often otherwise, as by signs, the sound of some instrument, or by writing; a summons; an entreaty; an invitation; as, a call for help; the bugle's call. "Call of the trumpet." Shak. I rose as at thy call, but found thee not. Milton.

2. A signal, as on a drum, bugle, trumpet, or pipe, to summon soldiers or sailors to duty.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: An invitation to take charge of or serve a church as its pastor.

4. A requirement or appeal arising from the circumstances of the case; a moral requirement or appeal. Dependence is a perpetual call upon hummanity. Addison. Running into danger without any call of duty. Macaulay.

5. A divine vocation or summons. St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to it, when he persecuted the Christians. Locke.

6. Vocation; employment.

Note: [In this sense, calling is generally used.]

7. A short visit; as, to make a call on a neighbor; also, the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders. The baker's punctual call. Cowper.

8. (Hunting)

Defn: A note blown on the horn to encourage the hounds.

9. (Naut.)

Defn: A whistle or pipe, used by the boatswain and his mate, to summon the sailors to duty.

10. (Fowling)

Defn: The cry of a bird; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry.

11. (Amer. Land Law)

Defn: A reference to, or statement of, an object, course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant reguiring or calling for a carresponding object, etc., on the land.

12. The privilege to demand the delivery of stock, grain, or any commodity, at a fixed, price, at or within a certain time agreed on. [Brokers' Cant]

13. See Assessment, 4. At call, or On call, liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice; as money on deposit. -- Call bird, a bird taught to allure others into a snare. -- Call boy (a) A boy who calls the actors in a theater; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer, helmsman, etc. (b) A waiting boy who answers a cal, or cames at the ringing of a bell; a bell boy. -- Call note, the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female. It is artifically applied by birdcatchers as a decoy. Latham. -- Call of the house (Legislative Bodies), a calling over the names of members, to discover who is absent, or for other purposes; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named. -- Call to the bar, admission to practice in the courts.

CALLA Cal"la, n. Etym: [Linnæus derived Calla fr. Gr. calla, calsa, name of an unknown plant, and Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants, of the order Araceæ.

Note: The common Calla of cultivation is Richardia Africana, belonging to another genus of the same order. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a fleshy spike, which is covered with minute apetalous flowers.

CALLAT Cal"lat, n.

Defn: Same as Callet. [Obs.] A callat of boundless tongue. Shak.

CALLE Calle, n. Etym: [See Caul.]

Defn: A kind of head covering; a caul. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CALLER Call"er, n.

Defn: One who calls.

CALLER Cal"ler, a. [Scot.]

1. Cool; refreshing; fresh; as, a caller day; the caller air. Jamieson.

2. Fresh; in good condition; as, caller berrings.

CALLET Cal"let, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael. caile a country woman, strumpet.]

Defn: A trull or prostitute; a scold or gossip. [Obs.] [Written also callat.]

CALLET Cal"let v. i.

Defn: To rail or scold. [Obs.] Brathwait.

CALLID Cal"lid, a. Etym: [L. callidus, fr. callere to be thick-skinned, to be hardened, to be practiced, fr. callum, callus, callous skin, callosity, callousness.]

Defn: Characterized by cunning or shrewdness; crafty. [R.]

CALLIDITY Cal*lid"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. calliditas.]

Defn: Acuteness of discernment; cunningness; shrewdness. [R.] Her eagly-eyed callidity. C. Smart.

CALLIGRAPHER Cal*lig"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One skilled in calligraphy; a good penman.

CALLIGRAPHIC; CALLIGRAPHICAL Cal`li*graph"ic, Cal`li*graph"ic*al, a., Etym: [Gr. calligraphique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to calligraphy. Excellence in the calligraphic act. T. Warton.

CALLIGRAPHIST Cal*lig"ra*phist, n.

Defn: A calligrapher

CALLIGRAPHY Cal*lig"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. calligraphie.]

Defn: Fair or elegant penmanship.

CALLING Call"ing, n.

1. The act of one who calls; a crying aloud, esp. in order to summon, or to attact the attention of, some one.

2. A summoning or convocation, as of Parliament. The frequent calling and meeting of Parlaiment. Macaulay.

3. A divine summons or invitation; also, the state of being divinely called. Who hath . . . called us with an holy calling. 2 Tim. i. 9. Give diligence to make yior calling . . . sure. 2 Pet. i. 10.

4. A naming, or inviting; a reading over or reciting in order, or a call of names with a view to obtaining an answer, as in legislative bodies.

5. One's usual occupation, or employment; vocation; business; trade. The humble calling of ter female parent. Thackeray.

6. The persons, collectively, engaged in any particular professions or employment. To impose celibacy on wholy callings. Hammond.

7. Title; appellation; name. [Obs.] I am more proud to be Sir Rowland's son His youngest son, and would not change that calling. Shak.

Syn. -- Occupation; employment; business; trade; profession; office; engagement; vocation.

CALLIOPE Cal*li"o*pe, n. Etym: [L. Calliope, Gr. kalli- (from kallos beautiful) +

1. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: The Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry; mother of Orpheus, and chief of the nine Muses.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: One of the astreids. See Solar.

3. A musical instrument consisting of series of steam whistles, toned to the notes of the scale, and played by keys arranged like those of an organ. It is sometimes attached to steamboat boilers.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beautuful species of humming bird (Stellula Calliope) of California and adjacent regions.

CALLIOPSIS Cal`li*op"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Bot.)

Defn: A popular name given to a few species of the genus Careopsis, especially to C. tinctoria of Arkansas.

CALLIPASH Cal`li*pash" (, n.

Defn: See Calipash.

CALLIPEE Cal`li*pee" (, n.

Defn: See Calipee.

CALLIPERS Cal`li*pers (, n. pl.

Defn: See Calipers.

CALLISECTION Cal`li*sec"tion, n. Etym: [L. callere to be insensible + E. section.]

Defn: Painless vivisection; -- opposed to sentisection. B. G. Wilder.

CALLISTHENIC; CALLISTHENICS Cal`lis*then"ic, a., Cal`lis*then"ics, n.

Defn: See Calisthenic, Calisthenics.

CALLITHUMP Cal"li*thump`, n.

Defn: A somewhat riotous parade, accompanied with the blowing of tin horus, and other discordant noises; also, a burlesque serenade; a charivari. [U. S.]

CALLITHUMPIAN Cal`li*thump"i*an, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a callithump. [U. S.]

CALLOSAN Cal*lo"san, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of the callosum.

CALLOSE Cal"lose, a. Etym: [See Callous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Furnished with protuberant or hardened spots.

CALLOSITY Cal*los"i*ty, n.; pl. Callosities. Etym: [L. callasitas; cf. F. calosté.]

Defn: A hard or thickened spot or protuberance; a hardening and thickening of the skin or bark of a part, eps. as a result of continued pressure or friction.

CALLOSUM Cal*lo"sum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. callosus callous, hard.] (Anat.)

Defn: The great band commissural fibers which unites the two cerebral hemispheres. See corpus callosum, under Carpus.

CALLOT Cal"lot, n.

Defn: A plant coif or skullcap. Same as Calotte. B. Jonson.

CALLOUS Cal"lous, a. Etym: [L. callosus callous hard, fr. callum, callus, callous skin: cf. F. calleux.]

1. Hardenes; indurated. "A callous hand." Goldsmith. "A callous ulcer." Dunglison.

2. Hardened in mind; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. "The callous diplomatist." Macaulay. It is an immense blessing to be perfectly callous to ridicule. T. Arnold.

Syn. -- Obdurate; hard; hardened; indurated; insensible; unfeeling; unsusceptible. See Obdurate. -- Cal"lous*ly, adv. -- Cal"lous*ness, n. A callousness and numbness of soul. Bentley.

CALLOW Cal"low, a. Etym: [OE. calewe, calu, bald, AS. calu; akin to D. kaal, OHG. chalo, G. Kuhl; cf. L. calvus.]

1. Destitute of feathers; naked; unfledged. An in the leafy summit, spied a nest, Which, o'er the callow young, a sparrow pressed. Dryden.

2. Immature; boyish; "green"; as, a callow youth. I perceive by this, thou art but a callow maid. Old Play [1675].

CALLOW Cal*low", n. (Zoöl.) Etym: [Named from its note.]

Defn: A kind of duck. See Old squaw.

CALLUS Cal"lus, n. Etym: [L. See Callous.]

1. (Med.) (a) Same as Callosity. (b

Defn: The material of repair in fractures of bone; a substance exuded at the site of fracture, which is at first soft or cartilaginous in consistence, but is ultimately converted into true bone and unites the fragments into a single piece.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: The new formation over the end of a cutting, before it puts out rootlets.

CALM Calm, n. Etym: [OE. calme, F. calme, fr. It. or Sp. calma (cf. Pg. calma heat), prob. fr. LL. cauma heat, fr. Gr. Caustic]

Defn: Freodom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; a cessation or abeence of that which causes motion or disturbance, as of winds or waves; tranquility; stilness; quiet; serenity. The wind ceased, and there was a great calm. Mark. iv. 39. A calm before a storm is commonly a peace of a man's own making. South.

CALM Calm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Calming.] Etym: [Cf. F. calmer. See Calm, n.]

1. To make calm; to render still or quet, as elements; as, to calm the winds. To calm the tempest raised by Eolus. Dryden.

2. To deliver from agitation or excitement; to still or soothe, as the mind or passions. Passions which seem somewhat calmed.

Syn. -- To still; quiet; appease; ally; pacigy; tranquilize; soothe; compose; assuage; check; restrain.

CALM Calm, a. [compar. Calmer; super. Calmest]

1. Not stormy; without motion, as of winds or waves; still; quiet; serene; undisturbed. "Calm was the day." Spenser. Now all is calm, and fresh, and still. Bryant.

2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion; not agitated or excited; tranquil; quiet in act or speech. "Calm and sinless peace." Milton. "With calm attention." Pope. Such calm old age as conscience pure And self-commanding hearts ensure. Keble.

Syn. -- Still; quiet; undisturbed; tranquil; peaceful; serene; composed; unruffled; sedate; collected; placid.

CALMER Calm"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, makes calm.

CALMLY Calm"ly, adv.

Defn: In a calm manner. The gentle stream which calmly flows. Denham.

CALMNESS Calm"ness, n.

Defn: The state of quality of being calm; quietness; tranquillity; self-repose. The gentle calmness of the flood. Denham. Hes calmness was the repose of conscious power. E. Everett.

Syn. -- Quietness; quietude; stillness; tranquillity; serenity; repose; composure; sedateness; placidity.

CALMUCKS Cal"mucks, n. pl.

Defn: ; sing. Calmuck. A branch of the Mongolian race inbabiting parts of the Russian and Chinese empires; also (sing.), the language of the Calmucks. [Written also Kalmucks.]

CALMY Calm"y, a. Etym: [Fr. Calm, n.]

Defn: Tranquil; peaceful; calm. [Poet.] "A still and calmy day" Spenser.

CALOMEL Cal"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr. calomélas.] (Chem.)

Defn: Mild chloride of mercury, Hg

CALORESCENCE Cal`o*res"cence, n. Etym: [L. calor heat.] (Physics)

Defn: The conversion of obscure radiant heat info kight; the transmutation of rays of heat into others of higher refrangibility. Tyndall.

CALORIC Ca*lor"ic, n. Etym: [L. calor heat; cf. F. calorique.] (Physics)

Defn: The principle of heat, or the agent to which the phenomena of heat and combustion were formerly ascribed; -- not now used in scientific nomenclature, but sometimes used as a general term for heat. Caloric expands all bodies. Henry.

CALORIC Ca*lor"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to caloric. Caloric engine, a kind of engine operated air.

CALORICITY Cal`o*ric"ity, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: A faculty in animals of developing and preserving the heat nesessary to life, that is, the animal heat.

CALORIDUCT Ca*lor"i*duct, n. Etym: [L. calor heat (fr. calere to warm) + E. duct.]

Defn: A tube or duct for conducting heat; a caliduct.

CALORIE Cal"o*rie, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. calor heat.] (Physics)

Defn: The unit of heat according to the Frensc standard; the amount of heat requires to raise the temperature of one kilogram (sometimes, one gram) of water one degree centigrade, or from 0Foot pound.

CALORIFACIENT Ca*lor`i*fa"cient, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: See Calorificient.

CALORIFERE Ca*lor"i*fere, n. Etym: [F. calorifère, fr. L. calor heat + ferre to bear.]

Defn: An apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, especially by means of hot water circulating in tubes.

CALORIFIANT Ca*lor`i*fi"ant, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: See Calorificient.

CALORIFIC Cal`o*rif"ic, a. Etym: [L. calorificus; calor heat + facere to make; cf. F. calorifique.]

Defn: Possessing the quality of producing heat; heating. Calorific rays, the invisible, heating rays which emanate from the sum, and burning and heated bodies.

CALORIFICATION Ca*lor`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. calorification.]

Defn: Production of heat, esp. animal heat.

CALORIFICIENT Ca*lor`i*fi"cient, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Having, or relating to the power of producing heat; -- applied to foods which, being rich in carbon, as the fats, are supposed to give rise to heat in the animal body by oxidation.

CALORIMETER Cal`o*rim"e*ter, n. Etym: [L. calor heat + -meter; cf. F. calorimètre.]

1. (Physiol.)

Defn: An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat contained in bodies or developed by some mechanical or chemical process, as friction, chemical combination, combustion, etc.

2. (Engineering)

Defn: An apparatus for measuring the proportion of unevaporated water contained in steam.

CALORIMETRIC Ca*lor`i*met"ric, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to process of using the calorimeter. Satisfactory calorimetric results. Nichol.

CALORIMETRY Cal`o*rim"e*try, n. (Physics)

Defn: Measurement of the quantities of heat in bodies.

CALORIMOTOR Ca*lor`i*mo"tor, n. Etym: [L. calor heat + E. motor.] (Physics)

Defn: A voltaic battery, having a large surface of plate, and producing powerful heating effects.

CALORISATOR Ca*lor"i*sa`tor, n. [NL., heater, fr. L. calor heat.]

Defn: An apparatus used in beet-sugar factories to heat the juice in order to aid the diffusion.

CALOTTE; CALLOT Ca*lotte", Cal"lot, n. Etym: [F. calotte, dim. of cale a sort of flat cap. Cf. Caul.]

Defn: A close cap without visor or brim. Especially: (a) Such a cap, worn by English serjeants at law. (b) Such a cap, worn by the French cavalry under their helmets. (c) Such a cap, worn by the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. To assume the calotte, to become a priest.

CALOTYPE Cal"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. (Photog.)

Defn: A method of taking photographic pictures, on paper sensitized with iodide of silver; -- also called Talbotype, from the inventor, Mr. Fox. Talbot.

CALOYER Ca*loy"er, n. Etym: [F., fr. NGr.

Defn: A monk of the Greek Church; a cenobite, anchoret, or recluse of the rule of St. Basil, especially, one on or near Mt. Athos.

CALQUE Calque, v. t.

Defn: See 2d Calk, v. t.

CALTROP; CALTRAP Cal"trop, Cal"trap, n. Etym: [OE. calketrappe, calletrappe, caltor (in both senses), fr. AS. collræppe, calcetreppe, sort of thistle; cf. F. chaussetrape star thistle, trap, It. calcatreppo, calcatreppolo, star thistle. Perh. from L. calx heel + the same word as E. trap. See 1st Trap.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbaceous plants (Tribulus) of the order Zygophylleæ, having a hard several-celled fruit, armed with stout spines, and resembling the military instrument of the same name. The species grow in warm countries, and are often very annoying to cattle.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: An instrument with four iron points, so disposed that, any three of them being on the ground, the other projects upward. They are scattered on the ground where an enemy's cavalry are to pass, to impede their progress by endangering the horses' feet.

CALUMBA Ca*lum"ba, n. Etym: [from kalumb, its native name in Mozambique.] (Med.)

Defn: The root of a plant (Jateorrhiza Calumba, and probably Cocculus palmatus), indigenous in Mozambique. It has an unpleasantly bitter taste, and is used as a tonic and antiseptic. [Written also colombo, columbo, and calombo.] American calumba, the Frasera Carolinensis, also called American gentian. Its root has been used in medicine as bitter tonic in place of calumba.

CALUMBIN Ca*lum"bin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter principle extracted as a white crystalline substance from the calumba root. [Written also colombin, and columbin]

CALUMET Cal"u*met, n. Etym: [F. calumet, fr. L. calamus reed. See Halm, and cf. Shawm.]

Defn: A kind of pipe, used by the North American Indians for smoking tobacco. The bowl is usually made of soft red stone, and the tube is a long reed often ornamented with feathers. Smoked the calumet, the Peace pipe, As a signal to the nations. Lowgfellow.

Note: The calumet is used as a symbol of peace. To accept the calumet is to agree to terms of peace, and to refuse it is to reject them. The calumet of peace is used to seal or ratify contracts and alliances, and as an evidence to strangers that they are welcome.

CALUMNIATE Ca*lum"ni*ate, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Calumniated; p. pr. & vb. n. calumniating.] Etym: [L. calumniatus, p. p. of calumniari. See Calumny, and cf. Challenge, v. t.]

Defn: To accuse falsely and maliciously of a crime or offense, or of something disreputable; to slander; to libel. Hatred unto the truth did always falsely report and calumniate all godly men's doings. Strype. Syn. -- To asperse; slander; defame; vilify; traduce; belie; bespatter; blacken; libel. See Asperse.

CALUMNIATE Ca*lum"ni*ate, v. i.

Defn: To propagate evil reports with a design to injure the reputation of another; to make purposely false charges of some offense or crime.

CALUMNIATION Ca*lum`ni*a"tion, n.

Defn: False accusation of crime or offense, or a malicious and false representation of the words or actions of another, with a view to injure his good name. The calumniation of her principal counselors. Bacon.

CALUMNIATOR Ca*lum`ni*a"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who calumniates.

Syn. -- Slanderer; defamer; libeler; traducer.

CALUMNIATORY Ca*lum"ni*a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Containing calumny; slanderous. Montagu.

CALUMNIOUS Ca*lum"ni*ous, a. Etym: [L. calumniosus.]

Defn: Containing or implying calumny; false, malicious, and injurious to reputation; slanderous; as, calumnious reports. Virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes. Shak.

Syn: Slanderous; defamatory; scurrilous; opprobrious; derogatory; libelous; abusive.

Syn: -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Ca*lum"ni*ous*ness, n.

CALUMNY Cal"um*ny, n.; pl. Calumnies. Etym: [L. calumnia, fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive; cf. F. calomnie. Cf. Challenge, n.]

Defn: False accusation of a crime or offense, maliciously made or reported, to the injury of another; malicious misrepresentation; slander; detraction. "Infamouse calumnies." Motley. Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Shak.

CALVARIA Cal*va"ri*a, n. Etym: [L. See Calvary.] (Anat.)

Defn: The bones of the cranium; more especially, the bones of the domelike upper portion.

CALVARY Cal"va*ry, n. Etym: [L. calvaria a bare skull, fr. calva the scalp without hair. fr. calvus bald; cf. F. calvaire.]

1. The place where Christ was crucified, on a small hill outside of Jerusalem. Luke xxiii. 33.

Note: The Latin calvaria is a translation of the Greek Golgotha. Dr. W. Smith.

2. A representation of the crucifixion, consisting of three crosses with the figures of Christ and the thieves, often as large as life, and sometimes surrounded by figures of other personages who were present at the crucifixion.

3. (Her.)

Defn: A cross, set upon three steps; -- more properly called cross calvary.

CALVE Calve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calved 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Calving.] Etym: [AS. cealfian. See Calf.]

1. To bring forth a calf. "Their cow calveth." Job xxi. 10.

2. To bring forth young; to produce offspring. Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve Job xxxix. 1. The grassy clods now calved. Molton.

CALVER Cal"ver, v. i.

1. To cut in slices and pickle, as salmon. [Obs.] For a change, leave calvered salmon and eat sprats. Massinger.

2. To crimp; as, calvered salmon. Nares.

CALVER Cal"ver, v. i.

Defn: To bear, or be susceptible of, being calvered; as, grayling's flesh will calver. Catton.

CALVESSNOUT Calves"*snout, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Snapdragon.

CALVINISM Cal"vin*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Calvinisme.]

Defn: The theological tenets or doctrines of John Calvin (a French theologian and reformer of the 16th century) and his followers, or of the so-called calvinistic churches.

Note: The distinguishing doctrines of this system, usually termed the five points of Calvinism, are original sin or total depravity, election or predestination, particular redemption, effectual calling, and the perseverance of the saints. It has been subject to many variations and modifications in different churches and at various times.

CALVINIST Cal"vin*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. Calviniste.]

Defn: A follower of Calvin; a believer in Calvinism.

CALVINISTIC; CALVINISTICAL Cal`vin*is"tic, Cal`vin*is"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Calvin, or Calvinism; following Calvin; accepting or Teaching Calvinism. "Calvinistic training." Lowell.

CALVINIZE Cal"vin*ize, v. t.

Defn: To convert to Calvinism.

CALVISH Calv"ish, a.

Defn: Like a calf; stupid. Sheldon.

CALX Calx, n.; pl. E. Calxes, L. Calces. Etym: [L. Calx, calcis. limestone; cf. Gr. carraic rock Gael. carraig, W. careg, stone. Cf. Chalk.]

1. (Chem.) (a) Quicklime. [Obs.] (b) The substance which remains when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination or combustion by heat, and which is, or may be, reduced to a fine powder.

Note: Metallic calxes are now called oxides.

2. Broken and refuse glass, returned to the post.

CALYCIFLORAL; CALLYCIFLOROUS Ca*lyc`i*flo"ral, cal*lyc`i*flo"rous, a. Etym: [L. calyx, -ycis, calyx + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the petals and stamens adnate to the calyx; -- applied to a subclass of dicotyledonous plants in the system of the French botanist Candolle.

CALYCIFORM Ca*lyc"i*form, a. Etym: [L. calyx, calycis, calyx + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the form or appearance of a calyx.

CALYCINAL; CALYCINE Ca*lyc"i*nal, Cal"y*cine, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Pertaining to a calyx; having the nature of a calyx.

CALYCLE Cal"y*cle, n. Etym: [L.calyculus small flower bud, calyx, dim. of calyx. See Calyx, and cf. Calicle.] (Bot.)

Defn: A row of small bracts, at the base of the calyx, on the outside.

CALYCLED Cal"y*cled, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Calyculate.

CALYCOZOA Cal`y*co*zo"a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of acalephs of which Lucernaria is the type. The body is cup-shaped with eight marginal lobes bearing clavate tentacles. An aboral sucker serves for attachment. The interior is divided into four large compartments. See Lucernarida.

CALYCULAR Ca*lyc"u*lar, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the bracts of a calycle.

CALYCULATE; CALYCULATED Ca*lyc"u*late, Ca*lyc"u*la`ted, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having a set of bracts resembling a calyx.

CALYMENE Ca*lym"e*ne, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of trilobites characteristic of the Silurian age.

CALYON Cal"yon, n.

Defn: Flint or pebble stone, used in building walls, etc. Haliwell.

CALYPSO Ca*lyp"so, n. Etym: [The Latinized Greek name of a beautiful nymph.] (Bot.)

Defn: A small and beautiful species of orchid, having a flower variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. It grows in cold and wet localities in the northern part of the United States. The Calypso borealis is the only orchid which reaches 68º N.

CALYPTRA Ca*lyp"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A little hood or veil, resembling an extinguisher in form and position, covering each of the small flaskike capsules which contain the spores of mosses; also, any similar covering body.

CALYPTRIFORM Ca*lyp"tri*form, a. Etym: [Calyptra + -form.]

Defn: Having the form a calyptra, or extinguisher.

CALYX Ca"lyx, n.; pl. E. Calyxes, L. Calyces. Etym: [L. calyx, -ycis, fr. Gr. Chalice Helmet.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The covering of a flower. See Flower.

Note: The calyx is usually green and foliaceous, but becomes delicate and petaloid in such flowers as the anemone and the four-o'clock. Each leaf of the calyx is called a sepal.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A cuplike division of the pelvis of the kidney, which surrounds one or more of the renal papilæ.

CALZOONS Cal*zoons", n. pl. Etym: [F. caleçons (cf. It. calzoni breeches), fr. L. calceus shoe.]

Defn: Drawers. [Obs.]

CAM Cam, n. Etym: [Dan. kam comb, ridge; or cf. W. Gael., and Ir., cam bet. See 1st Come.]

1. (Med.) (a) A turning or sliding piece which, by the shape of its periphery or face, or a groove in its surface, imparts variable or intermittent motion to, or receives such motion from, a rod, lever, or block brought into sliding or rolling contact with it. (b) A curved wedge, movable about an axis, used for forcing or clamping two pieces together. (c) A projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece so shaped as to give alternate or variable motion to another piece against which its acts.

Note: Cams are much used in machinery involving complicated, and irregular movements, as in the sewing machine, pin machine, etc.

2. A ridge or mound of earth. [Prow. Eng.] Wright. Cam wheel (Mach.), a wheel with one or more projections (cams) or depressions upon its periphery or upon its face; one which is set or shaped eccentrically, so that its revolutions impart a varied, reciprocating, or intermittent motion.

CAM Cam, a. Etym: [See Kam.]

Defn: Crooked. [Obs.]

CAMAIEU Ca*ma"ieu, n. Etym: [F.; of unknown origin. Cf. Cameo.]

1. A cameo. [Obs.] Crabb.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: Painting in shades of one color; monochrome. Mollett.

CAMAIL Ca*mail", n. Etym: [F. camail (cf. It. camaglio), fr. L. caput head + source of E. mail.]

1. (Ancient Armor)

Defn: A neck guard of chain mall, hanging from the bascinet or other headpiece.

2. A hood of other material than mail; esp. (Eccl.), a hood worn in church services, -- the amice, or the like.

CAMARA; CAMARA DOS PARES; CAMARADOS DEPUTADOS Ca"ma*ra, Ca"ma*ra dos pares, Ca"ma*ra*dos deputados, n. [Pg.]

Defn: Chamber; house; -- used in Ca"ma*ra dos Pa"res, and Ca"ma*ra dos De`pu*ta"dos. See Legislature.

CAMARADERIE Ca`ma`ra`de*rie", n. [F. See Comrade.]

Defn: Comradeship and loyalty.

The spirit of camaraderie is strong among these riders of the plains. W. A. Fraser.

CAMARASAURUS Cam`a*ra*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of gigantic American Jurassic dinosaurs, having large cavities in the bodies of the dorsal vertebræ.

CAMARILLA Ca`ma*ril"la, n. Etym: [Sp., a small room.]

1. The private audience chamber of a king.

2. A company of secret and irresponsible advisers, as of a king; a cabal or clique.

CAMASS Cam"ass, n. Etym: [American Indian name.] (Bot.)

Defn: A blue-flowered liliaceous plant (Camassia esculenta) of northwestern America, the bulbs of which are collected for food by the Indians. [Written also camas, cammas, and quamash.]

Note: The Eastern cammass is Camassia Fraseri.

CAMBER Cam"ber, n. Etym: [Of. cambre bent, curved; akin to F. cambrer to vault, to bend, fr. L. camerare to arch over, fr. camera vault, arch. See Chamber, and cf. Camerate.]

1. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: An upward convexity of a deck or other surface; as, she has a high camber (said of a vessel having an unusual convexity of deck).

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An upward concavity in the under side of a beam, girder, or lintel; also, a slight upward concavity in a straight arch. See Hogback. Camber arch (Arch.), an arch whose intrados, though apparently straight, has a slightly concave curve upward. -- Camber beam (Arch.), a beam whose under side has a concave curve upward.

CAMBER Cam"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cambering.]

Defn: To cut bend to an upward curve; to construct, as a deck, with an upward curve.

CAMBER Cam"ber, v. i.

Defn: To curve upward.

CAMBERKEELED Cam"ber*keeled, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having the keel arched upwards, but not actually hogged; -- said of a ship.

CAMBIAL Cam"bi*al, a. Etym: [LL. cambialis, fr. cambiars. See Change.]

Defn: Belonging to exchanges in commerce; of exchange. [R.]

CAMBIST Cam"bist, n. Etym: [F. cambiste, It. cambista, fr. L. cambire to exchange. See Change.]

Defn: A banker; a money changer or broker; one who deals in bills of exchange, or who is skilled in the science of exchange.

CAMBISTRY Cam"bist*ry, n.

Defn: The science of exchange, weight, measures, etc.

CAMBIUM Cam"bi*um, n. Etym: [LL. cambium exchange, fr. L. cambire to exchange. It was supposed that cambium was sap changing into wood.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A series of formative cells lying outside of the wood proper and inside of the inner bark. The growth of new wood takes place in the cambium, which is very soft.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A fancied nutritive juice, formerly supposed to orgiginate in the blood, to repair losses of the system, and to promote its increase. Dunglison.

CAMBLET Cam"blet, n.

Defn: See Camlet.

CAMBOGE Cam*boge", n.

Defn: See Gamboge.

CAMBOOSE Cam*boose", n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Caboose.

CAMBRASINE Cam"bra*sine, n.

Defn: A kind of linen cloth made in Egypt, and so named from its resemblance to cambric.

CAMBREL Cam"brel, n.

Defn: See Gambrel, n., 2. Wright.

CAMBRIA Cam"bri*a, n.

Defn: The ancient Latin name of Wales. It is used by modern poets.

CAMBRIAN Cam"bri*an, a.

1. (Geog.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest subdivision of the rocks of the Silurian or Molluscan age; -- sometimes described as inferior to the Silurian. It is named from its development in Cambria or Wales. See the Diagram under Geology.

CAMBRIAN Cam"bri*an, n.

1. A native of Cambria or Wales.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: The Cambrian formation.

CAMBRIC Cam"bric, n. Etym: [OE. camerike, fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France (formerly of Flanders), where it was first made.]

1. A fine, thin, and white fabric made of flax or linen. He hath ribbons of all the colors i' the rainbow; . . . inkles, caddises, cambrics, lawns. Shak.

2. A fabric made, in imitation of linen cambric, of fine, hardspun cotton, often with figures of various colors; -- also called cotton cambric, and cambric muslin.

CAMBROBRITON; CAMBRO-BRITON Cam"bro*Brit"on, n.

Defn: A Welshman.

CAME Came,

Defn: imp. of Come.

CAME Came, n. Etym: [Cf. Scot. came, caim, comb, and OE. camet silver.]

Defn: A slender rod of cast lead, with or without grooves, used, in casements and stained-glass windows, to hold together the panes or pieces of glass.

CAMEL Cam"el, n. Etym: [Oe. camel, chamel, OF. camel, chamel, F. chameau L. camelus, fr. Gr. gamal, Ar. jamal. Cf. As. camel, fr. L. camelus.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large ruminant used in Asia and Africa for carrying burdens and for riding. The camel is remarkable for its ability to go a long time without drinking. Its hoofs are small, and situated at the extremities of the toes, and the weight of the animal rests on the callous. The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) has one bunch on the back, while the Bactrian camel (C. Bactrianus) has two. The llama, alpaca, and vicuña, of South America, belong to a related genus (Auchenia).

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A watertight structure (as a large box or boxes) used to assist a vessel in passing over a shoal or bar or in navigating shallow water. By admitting water, the camel or camels may be sunk and attached beneath or at the sides of a vessel, and when the water is pumped out the vessel is lifted. Camel bird (Zoöl.), the ostrich. -- Camel locust (Zoöl.), the mantis. -- Camel's thorn (Bot.), a low, leguminous shrub (Alhagi maurorum) of the Arabian desert, from which exudes a sweetish gum, which is one of the substances called manna.

CAMELBACKED; CAMEL-BACKED Cam"el*backed`, a.

Defn: Having a back like a camel; humpbacked. Fuller.

CAMELEON Ca*me"le*on, n.

Defn: See Chaceleon. [Obs.]

CAMELLIA Ca*mel"li*a, n. Etym: [NL.; -- named after Kamel, a Jesuit who is said to have brought it from the East.] (Bot.)

Defn: An Asiatic genus of small shrubs, often with shining leaves and showy flowers. Camelia Japonica is much cultivated for ornament, and C. Sassanqua and C. Oleifera are grown in China for the oil which is pressed from their seeds. The tea plant is now referred to this genus under the name of Camellia Thea.

CAMELOPARD Ca*mel"o*pard, n. Etym: [LL. camelopardus, L. camelopardalus, camelopardalis, fr. Gr. camélopard. The camelopard has a neck and head like a camel, and is spotted like a pard. See Camel, and Pard.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An African ruminant; the giraffe. See Giraffe.

CAMELOT Came"lot, n.

Defn: See Camelet. [Obs.]

CAMELRY Cam"el*ry, n.

Defn: Troops that are mounted on camels.

CAMELSHAIR Cam"els*hair`, a.

Defn: Of camel's hair. Camel's-hair pencil, a small brush used by painters in water colors, made of camel's hair or similar materials. -- Camel's-hair shawl. A name often given to a cashmere shawl. See Cashmere shawl under Cashmere.

CAMEMBERT; CAMEMBERT CHEESE Ca`mem`bert", n., or Camembert cheese.

Defn: A kind of soft, unpressed cream cheese made in the vicinity of Camembert, near Argentan, France; also, any cheese of the same type, wherever made.

CAMEO Cam"e*o, n.; pl. Cameos. Etym: [It cammeo; akin to F. camée, camaïeu, Sp. camafeo, LL. camaeus, camahutus; of unknown origin.]

Defn: A carving in relief, esp. one on a small scale used as a jewel for personal adornment, or like.

Note: Most cameos are carved in a material which has layers of different colors, such stones as the onyx and sardonyx, and various kinds of shells, being used. Cameo conch (Zoöl.), a large, marine, univalve shell, esp. Cassis cameo, C. rua, and allied species, used for cutting cameos. See Quern conch.

CAMERA Cam"e*ra, n.; pl. E. Cameras, L. Camerae. Etym: [L. vault, arch, LL., chamber. See Chamber.]

Defn: A chamber, or instrument having a chamber. Specifically: The camera obscura when used in photography. See Camera, and Camera obscura. Bellows camera. See under Bellows. -- In camera (Law), in a judge's chamber, that is, privately; as, a judge hears testimony which is not fit for the open court in camera. -- Panoramic, or Pantascopic, camera, a photographic camera in which the lens and sensitized plate revolve so as to expose adjacent parts of the plate successively to the light, which reaches it through a narrow vertical slit; -- used in photographing broad landscapes. Abney.

CAMERADE Came"rade, n.

Defn: See Comrade, [Obs.]

CAMERALISTIC Cam`e*ra*lis"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to finance and public revenue.

CAMERALISTICS Cam`e*ra*lis"tics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caméralistique, G. kameralistik, fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, treasury.]

Defn: The science of finance or public revenue.

CAMERA LUCIDA Cam"e*ra lu"ci*da. Etym: [L. camera chamber + L. lucidus, lucida, lucid, light.] (Opt.)

Defn: An instrument which by means of a prism of a peculiar form, or an arrangement of mirrors, causes an apparent image of an external object or objects to appear as if projected upon a plane surface, as of paper or canvas, so that the outlines may conveniently traced. It is generally used with the microscope.

CAMERA OBSCURA Cam"e*ra ob*scu"ra. Etym: [LL. camera chamber + L. obscurus, obscura, dark.] (Opt.)

1. An apparatus in which the images of extermal objects, formed by a convex lens or a concave mirror, are thrown on a paper or other white surface placed in the focus of the lens or mirror within a darkened chamber, or box, so that the oulines may be traced.

2. (Photog.)

Defn: An apparatus in which the image of an external object or objects is, by means of lenses. thrown upon a sensitized plate or surface placed at the back or an extensible darkened box or chamber variously modifled; -- commonly called simply the camera.

CAMERATE Cam"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Camerated; p. pr. & vb. n. Camerzting.] Etym: [L. cameratus, p. p. of camerare. See Camber.]

1. To build in the form of a vault; to arch over.

2. To divide into chambers.

CAMERATION Cam`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. cameratio.]

Defn: A vaulting or arching over. [R.]

CAMERLINGO Ca`mer*lin"go, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: The papal chamberlain; the cardinal who presides over the pope's household. He has at times possessed great power. [Written also camerlengo and camarlengo.]

CAMERONIAN Cam`e*ro"ni*an, n.

Defn: A follower of the Rev. Richard Cameron, a Scotch Covenanter of the time of Charies II. Cameron and others refused to accept the "indulgence" offered the Presbyterian clergy, insisted on the Solemn league and Covenant, and in 1680 declared Charles II deposed for tyranny, breach of faith, etc. Cameron was killed at the battle of Airdmoss, but his followers became a denomination (afterwards called Reformed Presbyterians) who refused to recognize laws or institutions which they believed contrary to the kingdom of Christ, but who now avail themselves of political rights.

CAMIS Cam"is, n. Etym: [See Chemise.]

Defn: A light, loose dress or robe. [Also written camus.] [Obs.] All in a camis light of purple silk. Spenser.

CAMISADE; CAMISADO Cam`i*sade", Cam`i*sa"do, n. Etym: [F. camisade a night attack; cf. It. camiciata. See Camis.] [Obs.] (Mil.) (a) A shirt worn by soldiers over their uniform, in order to be able to recognize one another in a night attack. (b) An attack by surprise by soldiers wearing the camisado. Give them a camisado in night season. Holinshed.

CAMISARD Cam"i*sard, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of the French Protestant insurgents who rebelled against Louis XIV, after the revocation of the edict of Nates; -- so called from the peasant's smock (camise) which they wore.

CAMISATED Cam"i*sa`ted, a.

Defn: Dressed with a shirt over the other garments.

CAMISOLE Cam"i*sole, n. Etym: [F. See chemise.]

1. A short dressing jacket for women.

2. A kind of straitjacket.

CAMLET Cam"let, n. Etym: [F. camelot (akin to Sp. camelote, chamelote, It. cambellbito, ciambellotto, LL. camelotum, camelinum, fr. Ar. khamlat camlet, fr. kaml pile, plush. The word was early confused with camel, camel's hair also being used in making it. Cf. Calamanco]

Defn: A woven fabric originally made of camel's hair, now chiefly of goat's hair and silk, or of wool and cotton. [Sometimes written camelot and camblet.]

Note: They have been made plain and twilled, of sigle warp and weft, of double warp, and sometimes with double weft also, with thicker yarn. Beck (Draper's Dict. )

CAMLETED Cam"let*ed, a.

Defn: Wavy or undulating like camlet; veined. Sir T. Herbert.

CAMMAS Cam"mas, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Camass.

CAMMOCK Cam"mock, n. Etym: [AS. cammoc.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant having long hard, crooked roots, the Ononis spinosa; -- called also rest-harrow. The Scandix Pecten-Veneris is also called cammock.

CAMOMILE; CHAMOMILE Cam"o*mile, Cham"o*mile, n.Etym: [LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr. Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The common camomile, A. nobilis, is used as a popular remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter, aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative.

CAMONFLET Ca*mon"flet, n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.)

Defn: A small mine, sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy's gallery, to blow in the earth and cut off the retreat of the miners. Farrow.

CAMORRA Ca*mor"ra, n. [It.]

Defn: A secret organization formed at Naples, Italy, early in the 19th century, and used partly for political ends and partly for practicing extortion, violence, etc. -- Ca*mor"rist (#), n.

CAMOUS; CAMOYS Ca"mous, Ca"moys, a. Etym: [F. camus (equiv. to camard) flat-nosed, fr. Celtic Cam croked + suff. -us; akin to L. camur, camurus, croked.]

Defn: Flat; depressed; crooked; -- said only of the nose. [Obs.]

CAMOUSED Ca"moused, (, a. Etym: [From Camouse]

Defn: Depressed; flattened. [Obs.] Though my nose be cammoused. B. Jonson

CAMOUSLY Ca"mous*ly, adv.

Defn: Awry. [Obs.] Skelton.

CAMP Camp, n. Etym: [F. camp, It. campo, fr. L. campus plant, fleld; akin to Gr. Campaing, Champ, n.]

1. The ground or spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shelter, as for an army or for lumbermen, etc. Shzk.

2. A collection of tents, huts, etc., for shelter, commonly arranged in an orderly manner. Forming a camp in the neighborhood of Boston. W. Irving.

3. A single hut or shelter; as, a hunter's camp.

4. The company or body of persons encamped, as of soldiers, of surveyors, of lumbermen, etc. The camp broke up with the confusion of a flight. Macaulay.

5. (Agric.)

Defn: A mound of earth in which potatoes and other vegetables are stored for protection against frost; -- called also burrow and pie. [Prov. Eng.]

6. Etym: [Cf. OE. & AS. camp contest, battle. See champion.]

Defn: An ancient game of football, played in some parts of England. Halliwell. Camp bedstead, a light bedstead that can be folded up onto a small space for easy transportation. -- camp ceiling (Arch.), a kind ceiling often used in attics or garrets, in which the side walls are inclined inward at the top, following the slope of the rafters, to meet the plane surface of the upper ceiling. -- Camp chair, a light chair that can be folded up compactly for easy transportation; the seat and back are often made of strips or pieces of carpet. -- Camp fever, typhus fever. -- Camp follower, a civilian accompanying an army, as a sutler, servant, etc. -- Camp meeting, a religious gathering for open-air preaching, held in some retired spot, chiefty by Methodists. It usualy last for several days, during which those present lodge in tents, temporary houses, or cottages. -- Camp stool, the same as camp chair, except that the stool has no back. -- Flying camp (Mil.), a camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. Farrow. -- To pitch (a) camp, to set up the tents or huts of a camp. -- To strike camp, to take down the tents or huts of a camp.

CAMP Camp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Camped; p. pr. & vb n. Camping.]

Defn: To afford rest or lodging for, as an army or travelers. Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we all would sup together. Shak.

CAMP Camp, v. i.

1. To pitch or prepare a camp; to encamp; to lodge in a camp; -- often with out. They camped out at night, under the stars. W. Irving.

2. Etym: [See Camp, n., 6]

Defn: To play the game called camp. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

CAMPAGNA Cam*pa"gna, n. Etym: [It. See Campaing.]

Defn: An open level tract of country; especially "Campagna di Roma." The extensive undulating plain which surrounds Rome.

Note: Its length is commonly stated to be about ninety miles, and its breadth from twenty-seven to forty miles. The ground is almost entirely volcanic, and vapors which arise from the district produce malaria.

CAMPAGNOL Cam`pa`gnol", n. Etym: [F. , fr. campagne field.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A mouse (Arvicala agrestis), called also meadow mouse, which often does great damage in fields and gardens, by feeding on roots and seeds.

CAMPAIGN Cam*paign", n. Etym: [F. campagne, It. campagna, fr. L. Campania the level country about Naples, fr. campus field. See Camp, and cf. Champaign, Champagne.]

1. An open field; a large, open plain without considerable hills. SeeChampaign. Grath.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A connected series of military operations forming a distinct stage in a war; the time during which an army keeps the field. Wilhelm.

3. Political operations preceding an election; a canvass. [Cant, U. S.]

4. (Metal.)

Defn: The period during which a blast furnace is continuously in operation.

CAMPAIGN Cam*paign", v. i.

Defn: To serve in a campaign.

CAMPAIGNER Cam*paign"er, n.

Defn: One who has served in an army in several campaigns; an old soldier; a veteran.

CAMPANA Cam*pa"na, n. Etym: [LL. campana bell. Cf. Campanle.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: A church bell.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The pasque flower. Drayton.

3. (Doric Arch.)

Defn: Same as Gutta.

CAMPANED Cam*paned", a. (Her.)

Defn: Furnished with, or bearing, campanes, or bells.

CAMPANERO Cam`pa*ne"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., a bellman.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bellbird of South America. See Bellbird.

CAMPANES Cam*panes", n. pl. Etym: [See Campana.] (Her.)

Defn: Bells. [R.]

CAMPANIA Cam*pa"ni*a, n. Etym: [See Campaig.]

Defn: Open country. Sir W. Temple.

CAMPANIFORM Cam*pan"i*form, a. Etym: [LL. campana bell + -form: cf. F. companiforme.]

Defn: Bell-shaped.

CAMPANILE Cam`pa*ni"le, n. Etym: [It. campanile bell tower, steeple, fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] (Arch.)

Defn: A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. Many of the campaniles od Italy are lofty and magnificent atructures. Swift.

CAMPANILIFORM Cam`pa*nil"i*form, a. Etym: [See Campaniform.]

Defn: Bell-shaped; campanulate; campaniform.

CAMPANOLOGIST Cam`pa*nol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One skilled in campanology; a bell ringer.

CAMPANOLOGY Cam`pa*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [LL. campana bell _ -logy.]

Defn: The art of ringing bells, or a treatise on the art.

CAMPANULA Cam*pan"u*la, n. Etym: [LL. campanula a little bell; dim. of campana bell.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large genus of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, often of great beauty; -- also called bellflower.

CAMPANULACEOUS Cam*pan`u*la"ceous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants (Camponulaceæ) of which Campanula is the type, and which includes the Canterbury bell, the harebell, and the Venus's looking-glass.

CAMPANULARIAN Cam*pan`u*la"ri*an, n. Etym: [L. campanula a bell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A hydroid of the family ampanularidæ, characterized by having the polyps or zooids inclosed in bell-shaped calicles or hydrothecæ.

CAMPANULATE Cam*pan"u*late, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Bell-shaped.

CAMPBELLITE Camp"bell*ite, n. Etym: [From Alexander Campbell, of Virginia.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A member of the denomination called Christians or Disciples of Christ. They themselves repudiate the term Campbellite as a nickname. See Christian, 3.

CAMPEACHY WOOD Cam*peach"y Wood`. Etym: [From the bay of Campeachy, in Mexico.]

Defn: Logwood.

CAMPER Camp"er, n.

Defn: One who lodges temporarily in a hut or camp.

CAMPESTRAL; CAMPESTRIAN Cam*pes"tral, Cam*pes"tri*an, a. Etym: [L. campester, fr. campus field.]

Defn: Relating to an open fields; drowing in a field; growing in a field, or open ground.

CAMPFIGHT Camp"fight`, n. Etym: [Cf. Camp, n., 6.] (O. Eng. Law.)

Defn: A duel; the decision of a case by a duel.

CAMPHENE Cam"phene, n. (Chem.)

Defn: One of a series of substances C10H16, resembling camphor, regarded as modified terpenes.

CAMPHINE Cam*phine", n. Etym: [From Camphor.]

Defn: Rectified oil of turpentine, used for burning in lamps, and as a common solvent in varnishes.

Note: The name is also applied to a mixture of this substance with three times its volume of alcohol and sometimes a little ether, used as an illuminant.

CAMPHIRE Cam"phire, n.

Defn: An old spelling of Camphor.

CAMPHOGEN Cam"pho*gen, n. Etym: [Camphor + -gen: -- formerly so called as derived from camphor: cf. F. camphogène.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Cymene.

CAMPHOL Cam"phol, n. Etym: [Camphol + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Borneol.

CAMPHOR Cam"phor, n. Etym: [OE. camfere, F. camphre (cf. It. camfara, Sp. camfara, alcanfor, LL. camfora, camphara, NGr. kafur, prob. fr. Skr. karpura.]

1. A tough, white, aromatic resin, or gum, obtained from different species of the Laurus family, esp. from Cinnamomum camphara (the Laurus camphara of Linnæus.). Camphor, C10H16O, is volatile and fragrant, and is used in medicine as a diaphoretic, a stimulant, or sedative.

2. A gum resembing ordinary camphor, obtained from a tree (Dryobalanops camphora) growing in Sumatra and Borneo; -- called also Malay camphor, camphor of Borneo, or borneol. See Borneol.

Note: The name camphor is also applied to a number of bodies of similar appearance and properties, as cedar camphor, obtained from the red or pencil cedar (Juniperus Virginiana), and peppermint camphor, or menthol, obtained from the oil of peppermint. Camphor oil (Chem.), name variously given to certain oil-like products, obtained especially from the camphor tree. -- Camphor tree, a large evergreen tree (Cinnamomum Camphora) with lax, smooth branches and shining triple-nerved lanceolate leaves, probably native in China, but now cultivated in most warm countries. Camphor is collected by a process of steaming the chips of the wood and subliming the product.

CAMPHOR Cam"phor, v. t.

Defn: To impregnate or wash with camphor; to camphorate. [R.] Tatler.

CAMPHORACEOUS Cam`pho*ra"ceous, a.

Defn: Of the nature of camphor; containing camphor. Dunglison.

CAMPHORATE Cam"phor*ate, v. t.

Defn: To impregnate or treat with camphor.

CAMPHORATE Cam"phor*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. camphorate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of camphoric acid.

CAMPHORATE; CAMPORATED Cam"phor*ate, Cam"por*a`ted,

Defn: Combined or impregnated with camphor. Camphorated oil, an oleaginous preparation containing camphor, much used as an embrocation.

CAMPHORIC Cam*phor"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. camphorique.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, camphor. Camphoric acid, a white crystallizable substance, C10H16O4, obtained from the oxidation of camphor.

Note: Other acid of camphor are campholic acid, C10H18O2, and camphoronic acid, C9H12O5, white crystallizable substances.

CAMPHRETIC Cam*phret"ic, a. Etym: [rom Camphor.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from camphor. [R.]

CAMPING Camp"ing, n.

1. Lodging in a camp.

2. Etym: [See Camp, n., 6]

Defn: A game of football. [Prov. Eng.]

CAMPION Cam"pi*on, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus bacciferus), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. Bladder campion, a plant of the Pink family (Cucubalus Behen or Silene inflata), having a much inflated calyx. See Behen. -- Rose campion, a garden plant (Lychnis coronaria) with handsome crimsome crimson flowers.

CAMPUS Cam"pus, n. Etym: [L., a field.]

Defn: The principal grounds of a college or school, between the buildings or within the main inclosure; as, the college campus.

CAMPYLOSPERMOUS Cam`py*lo*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having seeds grooved lengthwise on the inner face, as in sweet cicely.

CAMPYLOTROPOUS Cam`py*lot"ro*pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the ovules and seeds so curved, or bent down upon themselves, that the ends of the embryo are brought close together.

CAMUS Cam"us, n.

Defn: See Camis. [Obs.]

CAMWOOD Cam"wood, n.

Defn: See Barwood.

CAN Can,

Defn: an obs. form of began, imp. & p. p. of Begin, sometimes used in old poetry.

Note: [See Gan.] With gentle words he can faile gree. Spenser.

CAN Can, n. Etym: [OE. & AS. canne; akin to D. Kan, G. Kanne, OHG. channa, Sw. Kanna, Dan. kande.]

1. A drinking cup; a vessel for holding liquids. [Shak. ] Fill the cup and fill can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson.

2. A vessel or case of tinned iron or of sheet metal, of various forms, but usually cylindrical; as, a can of tomatoes; an oil can; a milk can.

Note: A can may be a cylinder open at the top, as for receiving the sliver from a carding machine, or with a removable cover or stopper, as for holding tea, spices, milk, oysters, etc., or with handle and spout, as for holding oil, or hermetically sealed, in canning meats, fruits, etc. The name is also sometimes given to the small glass or earthenware jar used in canning.

CAN Can, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canned; p. pr. &vb. n. Canning.]

Defn: To preserve by putting in sealed cans [U. S.] "Canned meats" W. D. Howells. Canned goods, a general name for fruit, vegetables, meat, or fish, preserved in hermetically sealed cans.

CAN Can, v. t. & i.

Note: [The transitive use is obsolete.] [imp. Could.] Etym: [OE. cunnen, cannen (1st sing. pres. I can), to know, know how, be able, AS. cunnan, 1st sing. pres. ic cann or can, pl. cunnon, 1st sing. imp. cu\'ebe (for cunthe); p. p. cu\'eb (for cunth); akin to OS. Kunnan, D. Kunnen, OHG. chunnan, G. können, Icel. kunna, Goth. Kunnan, and E. ken to know. The present tense I can (AS. ic cann) was originally a preterit, meaning I have known or Learned, and hence I know, know how. *45. See Ken, Know; cf. Con, Cunning, Uncouth.]

1. To know; to understand. [Obs.] I can rimes of Rodin Hood. Piers Plowman. I can no Latin, quod she. Piers Plowman. Let the priest in surplice white, That defunctive music can. Shak.

2. To be able to do; to have power or influence. [Obs.] The will of Him who all things can. Milton. For what, alas, can these my single arms Shak. Mæcænas and Agrippa, who can most with Cæsar. Beau. & Fl.

3. To be able; -- followed by an infinitive without to; as, I can go, but do not wish to.

Syn. -- Can but, Can not but. It is an error to use the former of these phrases where the sens requires the latter. If we say, "I can but perish if I go," "But" means only, and denotes that this is all or the worst that can happen. When the apostle Peter said. "We can not but speak of the things which we have seen and heard." he referred to a moral constraint or necessety which rested upon him and his associates; and the meaning was, We cannot help speaking, We cannot refrain from speaking. This idea of a moral necessity or constraint is of frequent occurrence, and is also expressed in the phrase, "I can not help it." Thus we say. "I can not but hope," "I can not but believe," "I can not but think," "I can not but remark," etc., in cases in which it would be an error to use the phrase can but. Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, . . . in the sudden appearances and vanishings . . . of the masque De Quincey. Tom felt that this was a rebuff for him, and could not but understand it as a left-handed hit at his employer. Dickens.

CANAANITE Ca"naan*ite, n.

1. A descendant of Canaan, the son of Ham, and grandson of Noah.

2. A Native or inbabitant of the land of Canaan, esp. a member of any of the tribes who inhabited Canaan at the time of the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.

CANAANITE Ca"naan*ite, n. Etym: [From an Aramaic word signifying "zeal."]

Defn: A zealot. "Simon the Canaanite." Matt. x. 4.

Note: This was the "Simon called Zelotes" (Luke vi. 15), i.e., Simon the zealot. Kitto.

CANAANITISH Ca"naan*i`tish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Canaan or the Canaanites.

CANADA; CANYADA Ca*ña"da, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A small cañon; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley. [Local, Western U. S.]

CANADA Can"a*da, n.

Defn: A British province in North America, giving its name to various plants and animals. Canada balsam. See under Balsam. -- Canada goose. (Zoöl.) See Whisky Jack. -- Canada lynx. (Zoöl.) See Lynx. -- Canada porcupine (Zoöl.) See Porcupine, and Urson. -- Canada rice (Bot.) See under Rick. -- Canada robin (Zoöl.), the cedar bird.

CANADIAN Ca*na"di*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Canada. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Canada. Canadian period (Geol.), A subdivision of the American Lower Silurian system embracing the calciferous, Quebec, and Chazy epochs. This period immediately follows the primordial or Cambrian period, and is by many geologists regarded as the beginning of the Silurian age, See the Diagram, under Geology.

CANAILLE Ca*naille", n. Etym: [F. canaille (cf. It. canaglia), prop. and orig. a pack of dogs, fr. L. Canis dog.]

1. The lowest class of people; the rabble; the vulgar.

2. Shorts or inferior flour. [Canadian]

CANAKIN Can"a*kin, n. Etym: [Dim. of can.]

Defn: A little can or cup. "And let me the canakin clink." Shak.

CANAL Ca*nal", n. Etym: [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying "to cut"; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.]

1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A tube or duct; as, the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear. Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. Canal lock. See Lock.

CANAL COAL Can"al coal`.

Defn: See Cannel coal.

CANALICULATE; CANALICULATED Can`a*lic"u*late, Can`a*lic"u*la`ted, a. Etym: [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.]

Defn: Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

CANALICULUS Can`a*lic"u*lus, n.; pl. Canaliculi. Etym: [L.] (Anat.)

Defn: A minute canal.

CANALIZATION Ca*nal`i*za"tion, n.

Defn: Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

CANAPE Ca`na`pé", n. [F., orig. a couch with mosquito curtains. See Canopy.]

1. A sofa or divan.

2. (Cookery) A slice or piece of bread fried in butter or oil, on which anchovies, mushrooms, etc., are served.

CANAPE CONFIDENT Ca`na`pé" con`fi`dent".

Defn: A sofa having a seat at each end at right angles to the main seats.

CANARD Ca*nard", n. Etym: [F., properly, a duck.]

Defn: An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

CANARESE Can`a*rese", a.

Defn: Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

CANARY Ca*na"ry, a. Etym: [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.]

1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as, canary wine; canary birds.

2. Of a pale yellowish color; as, Canary stone. Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. -- Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. -- Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. -- Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

CANARY Ca*na"ry, n.; pl. Canaries.

1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. "A cup of canary." Shak.

2. A canary bird.

3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird.

4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.] Make you dance canary With sprightly fire and motion. Shak.

CANARY Ca*na"ry, v. i.

Defn: To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.] But to jig of a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with your feet. Shak. CANARY BIRD Ca*na"ry bird`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch.canary.

Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Tropæolum peregrinum) with canary-colored flowers of peculiar form; -- called also canary vine.

CANASTER Ca*nas"ter, n. Etym: [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.]

Defn: A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; -- so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.

CAN BUOY Can" buoy`.

Defn: See under Buoy, n.

CANCAN Can"can, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

CANCEL Can"cel, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] Etym: [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. Chancel.]

1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.] A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which . . . our Savior was scourged. Evelyn.

2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] "Canceled from heaven." Milton.

3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate. A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it. Blackstone.

4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall. The indentures were canceled. Thackeray. He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion. Sir W. Scott.

5. (Print.)

Defn: To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type. Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics.

Syn. -- To blot out; Obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

CANCEL Can"cel, n. Etym: [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.]

1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.] A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit . . . desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Print) (a) The suppression on striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

CANCELIER Can`cel*ier", v. i. Etym: [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry)

Defn: To turn in flight; -- said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares. He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced To cancelier. Massinger.

CANCELIER; CANCELEER Can`cel*ier", Can"cel*eer, n. (Falconry)

Defn: The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.] The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies, Make sundry canceliers are they the fowl can reach. Drayton.

CANCELLAREAN Can`cel*la"re*an, a.

Defn: Cancellarean. [R.]

CANCELLATE Can"cel*late, a. Etym: [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plant; latticelike.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles.

CANCELLATED Can"cel*la`ted, a.

1. Crossbarres; marked with cross lines. Grew.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Open or spongy, as some porous bones.

CANCELLATION Can`cel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.]

1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as, the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The operation of striking out common factora, in both the dividend and divisor.

CANCELLI Can*cel"li, n. pl. Etym: [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.]

1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the have of a church, or in a window.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities.

CANCELLOUS Can"cel*lous, a. Etym: [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.)

Defn: Having a spongy or porous stracture; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as, the cancellous texture of parts of many bones.

CANCER Can"cer, n. Etym: [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karka crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab.

2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun's course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo.

3. (Med.)

Defn: Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term it now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework.

Note: Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma. Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. -- Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. -- Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic.

CANCERATE Can"cer*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] Etym: [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.]

Defn: To grow into a canser; to become cancerous. Boyle.

CANCERATION Can`cer*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer.

CANCERITE Can"cer*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cancéreux.]

Defn: Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "Cancerous vices." G. Eliot. -- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. -- Can"cer*ous*ness, n.

CANCEROUS Can"cer*ous, a. [Cf. F. cancéreux]

Defn: Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "cancerous vices" G. Eliot. [1913 Webster]

-- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. --Can"cer*ous*ness, n.

CANCRIFORM Can"cri*form, a. Etym: [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.]

1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab-shaped.

2. Like a cancer; cancerous.

CANCRINE Can"crine, a. Etym: [From Cancer.]

Defn: Having the qualities of a crab; crablike.

CANCRINITE Can"cri*nite, n. Etym: [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide.

CANCROID Can"croid, a. Etym: [Cancer + oid.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer.

2. Like a cancer; as, a cancroid tumor.

CAND Cand, n.

Defn: Fluor spar. See Kand.

CANDELABRUM Can`de*la"brum n.; pl. L. Candelabra, E. Candelabrums. Etym: [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.]

1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, -- frequently a votive offering to a temple.

2. A large candlestick, having several branches.

CANDENT Can`dent, a. Etym: [L. candens, p. pr. of candëre to glitter. See Candid.]

Defn: Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. "A candent vessel." Boyle.

CANDEROS Can"de*ros, n.

Defn: An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made.

CANDESCENCE Can*des"cence, n.

Defn: See Inclandescence.

CANDESCENT Can*des"cent, a. [L. candescens, -entis, p. pr. of candescere, v. incho. fr. candere to shine.]

Defn: Glowing; luminous; incandescent.

CANDICANT Can"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.]

Defn: Growing white. [Obs.]

CANDID Can*did, a. Etym: [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candëre to be of a glowing white; akin to accend, incend, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shane. Cf. Candle, Incense.]

1. White. [Obs.] The box receives all black; but poured from thence, The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence. Dryden.

2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as, a candid opinion. "Candid and dispassionate men." W. Irving.

3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken.

Syn. -- Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. -- Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration.

CANDIDACY Can"di*da*cy, n.

Defn: The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship.

CANDIDATE Can"di*date, n. Etym: [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.]

Defn: One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as, a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors.

CANDIDATESHIP Can"di*date*ship, n.

Defn: Candidacy.

CANDIDATING Can"di*da`ting, n.

Defn: The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.]

CANDIDATURE Can"di*da*ture, n.

Defn: Candidacy.

CANDIDLY Can"did*ly, adv.

Defn: In a candid manner.

CANDIDNESS Can"did*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being candid.

CANDIED Can"died, a. Etym: [From 1st Candy.]

1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as, candied fruits.

2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as, candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering. Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp. Shak.

3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy. Will the cold brook, Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast Shak.

CANDIFY Can"di*fy, v. t. or v. i. Etym: [L. candificare; candëre to be white + -facere to make.]

Defn: To make or become white, or candied. [R.]

CANDIOT Can"di*ot, a. Etym: [Cf. F. candiote.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary.

CANDITE Can"dite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon.

CANDLE Can"dle, n. Etym: [OE. candel, candel, AS, candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candëre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.]

1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light. How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak.

Note: Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. ("dipped candles"), or by casting or running in a mold.

2. That which gives light; a luminary. By these blessed candles of the night. Shak. Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; -- socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. -- Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; - - called also, from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. -- Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. -- Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. -- Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. -- Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. -- Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. -- To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell.

CANDLEBERRY TREE Can"dle*ber`ry tree. (Bot.)

Defn: A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; -- also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry.

CANDLEBOMB Can"dle*bomb`, n.

1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam.

2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow.

CANDLE COAL Can"dle coal`.

Defn: See Cannel coal.

CANDLEFISH Can"dle*fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; -- called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow.

CANDLE FOOT Candle foot. (Photom.)

Defn: The illumination produced by a British standard candle at a distance of one foot; --used as a unit of illumination.

CANDLEHOLDER Can"dle*hold`er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, holds a candle; also, one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak.

CANDLELIGHT Can"dle*light`, n.

Defn: The light of a candle. Never went by candlelight to bed. Dryden.

CANDLEMAS Can"dle*mas, n. Etym: [AS. candelmæsse, candel candle _ mæsse mass.]

Defn: The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; -- so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day.

CANDLE METER Candle meter. (Photom.)

Defn: The illumination given by a standard candle at a distance of one meter; -- used as a unit of illumination, except in Great Britain.

CANDLENUT Can"dle*nut`, n.

1. The fruit of a euphorbiaceous tree or shrub (Aleurites moluccana), native of some of the Pacific islands. It is used by the natives as a candle. The oil from the nut ( candlenut, or kekune, oil) has many uses.

2. The tree itself.

CANDLEPIN Can`dle*pin`, n. (Tenpins) (a) A form of pin slender and nearly straight like a candle. (b) The game played with such pins; -- in form candlepins, used as a singular.

CANDLE POWER Candle power. (Photom.)

Defn: Illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle.

CANDLESTICK Can"dle*stick`, n. Etym: [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.]

Defn: An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle.

CANDLEWASTER Can"dle*wast`er, n.

Defn: One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation. A bookworm, a candlewaster. B. Jonson.

CANDOCK Can"dock n. Etym: [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. "canweed."] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of of Equisetum; also, the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum).

CANDOR Can"dor, n. [Written also candour.] Etym: [L. candor, fr. candëre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.]

1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.] Nor yor unquestioned integrity Shall e'er be sullied with one taint or spot That may take from your innocence and candor. Massinger.

2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity. Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question. Whewell.

CANDROY Can"droy, n.

Defn: A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing.

CANDY Can"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied; p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] Etym: [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. azúcar cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan\'c8da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan\'c8, khad to break.]

1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as, to candy fruits; to candy ginger.

2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as, to candy sirup.

3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy. Those frosts that winter brings Which candy every green. Drayson.

CANDY Can"dy, v. i.

1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as, fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time.

2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass.

CANDY Can"dy n. Etym: [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.]

Defn: A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc.

CANDY Candy, n. Etym: [Mahratta khan\'c8i, Tamil kan\'c8i.]

Defn: A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds.

CANDYTUFT Can"dy*tuft`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia.

CANE Cane, n. Etym: [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. qaneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.]

1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and Dæmanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also, the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as, the canes of a raspberry. Like light canes, that first rise big and brave. B. Jonson.

Note: In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta.

2. A walking stick; a staff; -- so called because originally made of one the species of cane. Stir the fire with your master's cane. Swift.

3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.] Judgelike thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign The flying skirmish of the darted cane. Dryden.

4. A local European measure of length. See Canna. Cane borer (Zoö.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. -- Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. -- Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc.

CANE Cane, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned; p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.]

1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay.

2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as, to cane chairs.

CANEBRAKE Cane"brake, n.

Defn: A thicket of canes. Ellicott.

CANED Caned, a. Etym: [Cf. L. canus white.]

Defn: Filled with white flakes; mothery; -- said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CANELLA Ca*nel"la, n. Etym: [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees of the order Canellaceæ, growing in the West Indies.

Note: The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark.

CANESCENT Ca*nes"cent, a. Etym: [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.]

Defn: Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white.

CANGUE Cangue (kang), n. [Written also cang.] [F. cangue, fr. Pg. canga yoke.]

Defn: A very broad and heavy wooden collar which certain offenders in China are compelled to wear as a punishment.

CAN HOOK Can" hook`.

Defn: A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves.

CANICULA; CANNICULA Ca*nic"u*la, Can*nic"u*la, n. Etym: [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.)

Defn: The Dog Star; Sirius.

CANICULAR Ca*nic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star. Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. -- Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another.

CANICULE Can"i*cule, n.

Defn: Canicula. Addison.

CANINAL Ca*ni"nal, a.

Defn: See Canine, a.

CANINE Ca*nine", a. Etym: [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.]

1. Of or pertaining to the family Canidæ, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors. Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. -- Canine letter, the letter r. See R. -- Canine madness, hydrophobia. -- Canine toth, a toth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developen in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

CANINE Ca*nine", n. (Anat.)

Defn: A canine tooth.

CANIS Ca"nis, n.; pl. Canes 3. Etym: [L., a dog.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family Canidæ, including the dogs and wolves. Canis major Etym: [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. -- Canis minor Etym: [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude.

CANISTER Can"is*ter, n. Etym: [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.]

1. A small basket of rushes, or wilow twigs, etc.

2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A kind of case shot for cannon, in which a number of lead or iron balls in layers are inclosed in a case fitting the gun; -- called also canister shot,

CANKER Can"ker, n. Etym: [OE. canker, cancre, AS. cancer (akin to D. kanker, OHG chanchar.), fr. L. cancer a cancer; or if a native word, cf. Gr. cancre, F. chancere, fr. L. cancer. See cancer, and cf. Chancre.]

1. A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; -- called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma.

2. Anything which corrodes, corrupts, or destroy. The cankers of envy and faction. Temple.

3. (Hort.)

Defn: A disease incident to trees, causing the bark to rot and fall off.

4. (Far.)

Defn: An obstinate and often incurable disease of a horse's foot, characterized by separation of the horny portion and the development of fungoid growths; -- usually resulting from neglected thrush.

5. A kind of wild, worthless rose; the dog-rose. To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose. And plant this thorm, this canker, Bolingbroke. Shak. Black canker. See under Black.

CANKER Can"ker, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cankered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cankering.]

1. To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consune. No lapse of moons can canker Love. Tennyson.

2. To infect or pollute; to corrupt. Addison. A tithe purloined canker the whole estate. Herbert.

CANKER Can"ker, v. i.

1. To waste away, grow rusty, or be oxidized, as a mineral. [Obs.] Silvering will sully and canker more than gliding. Bacom.

2. To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous. Deceit and cankered malice. Dryden. As with age his body uglier grows, So his mind cankers. Shak.

CANKER-BIT Can"ker-bit`, a.

Defn: Eaten out by canker, or as by canker. [Obs.]

CANKER BLOOM Can"ker bloom`.

Defn: The bloom or blossom of the wild rose or dog-rose.

CANKER BLOSSOM Can"ker blos`som.

Defn: That which blasts a blossom as a canker does. [Obs.] O me! you juggler! you canker blossom! You thief of Love! Shak.

CANKERED Can"kered, a.

1. Affected with canker; as, a cankered mouth.

2. Affected mentally or morally as with canker; sore, envenomed; malignant; fretful; ill-natured. "A cankered grandam's will." Shak.

CANKEREDLY Can"kered*ly, adv.

Defn: Fretfully; spitefully.

CANKER FLY Can"ker fly`.

Defn: A fly that preys on fruit.

CANKEROUS Can"ker*ous, a.

Defn: Affecting like a canker. "Canrerous shackles." Thomson. Misdeem it not a cankerous change. Wordsworth.

CANKER RASH Can"ker rash". (Med.)

Defn: A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat.

CANKERWORM Can"ker*worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of two species of geometrid moths which are very injurious to fruit and shade trees by eating, and often entirely destroying, the foliage. Other similar larvæ are also called cankerworms.

Note: The autumnal species (Anisopteryx pometaria) becomes adult late in autumn (after frosts) and in winter. The spring species (A. vernata) remains in the ground through the winter, and matures in early spring. Both have winged males and wingless females. The larvæ are similar in appearance and habits, and beling to the family of measuring worms or spanworms. These larvæ hatch from the eggs when the leaves being to expand in spring.

CANKERY Can"ker*y, a.

1. Like a canker; full of canker.

2. Surly; sore; malignant.

CANNA Can"na, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: A measure of length in Italy, varying from six to seven feet. See Cane, 4.

CANNA Can"na, n. Etym: [L., a reed. See Cane.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of tropical plants, with large leaves and often with showy flowers. The Indian shot. (C. Indica) is found in gardens of the northern United States.

CANNABENE Can"na*bene, n. Etym: [From Cannabis.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless oil obtained from hemp dy distillation, and possessing its intoxicating properties.

CANNABIN Can"na*bin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A pisonous resin extracted from hemp (Cannabis sativa, variety Indica). The narcotic effects of hasheesh are due to this resin.

CANNABINE Can"na*bine, a. Etym: [L. cannabinus.]

Defn: Pertaining to hemp; hempen. [R.]

CANNABIS Can"na*bis, n. Etym: [L., hemp. See Canvas.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of a single species belonging to the order Uricaceæ; hemp. Cannabis Indica (, the Indian hemp, a powerful narcotic, now considered a variety of the common hemp.

CANNEL COAL Can"nel coal`. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. ndle coal.]

Defn: A kind of mineral coal of a black color, sufficiently hard and solid to be cut and polished. It burns readily, with a clear, yellow flame, and on this account has been used as a substitute for candles.

CANNELE Can`ne*lé", n. [F., pop., fluted.] (Textiles)

Defn: A style of interweaving giving to fabrics a channeled or fluted effect; also, a fabric woven so as to have this effect; a rep.

CANNELURE Can"ne*lure (kan"ne*lur), n. [F., fr. canneler to groove.] (Mil.)

Defn: A groove in any cylinder; specif., a groove around the cylinder of an elongated bullet for small arms to contain a lubricant, or around the rotating band of a gun projectile to lessen the resistance offered to the rifling. Also, a groove around the base of a cartridge, where the extractor takes hold. --Can"ne*lured (#), a.

CANNERY Can"ner*y, n.

Defn: A place where the business of canning fruit, meat, etc., is carried on. [U. S.]

CANNIBAL Can"ni*bal, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cannibale. Columbus, in a letter to the Spanish monarchs written in Oct., 1498, mentions that the people of Hayti lived in great fear of the Caribales (equivalent to E. Caribbees.), the inhabitants of the smaller Antilles; which form of the name was afterward changed into NL. Canibales, in order to express more forcibly their character by a word intelligible through a Latin root "propter rabiem caninam anthropophagorum gentis." The Caribbees call themselves, in their own language. Calinago, Carinago, Calliponam, and, abbreviated, Calina, signifying a brave, from which Columbus formed his Caribales.]

Defn: A human being that eats human flesh; hence, any that devours its own kind. Darwin.

CANNIBAL Can"ni*bal, a.

Defn: Relating to cannibals or cannibalism. "Cannibal terror." Burke.

CANNIBALISM Can"ni*bal*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cannibalisme.]

Defn: The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity. Berke.

CANNIBALLY Can"ni*bal*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of cannibal. "An he had been cannibally given." Shak.

CANNIKIN Can"ni*kin, n. Etym: [Can + -kin.]

Defn: A small can or drinking vessel.

CANNILY Can"ni*ly, adv.

Defn: In a canny manner. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

CANNINESS Can"ni*ness, n.

Defn: Caution; crafty management. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

CANNON Can"non, n.; pl.Cannons, collectively Cannon. Etym: [F. cannon, fr. L. canna reed, pipe, tube. See Cane.]

1. A great gun; a piece of ordnance or artillery; a firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force.

Note: Cannons are made of various materials, as iron, brass, bronze, and steel, and of various sizes and shapes with respect to the special service for which they are intended, as intended, as siege, seacoast, naval, field, or mountain, guns. They always aproach more or less nearly to a cylindrical from, being usually thicker toward the breech than at the muzzle. Formerly they were cast hollow, afterwards they were cast, solid, and bored out. The cannon now most in use for the armament of war vessels and for seacoast defense consists of a forged steel tube reinforced with massive steel rings shrunk upon it. Howitzers and mortars are sometimes called cannon. See Gun.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A hollow cylindrical piece carried by a revolving shaft, on which it may, however, revolve independently.

3. (Printing.)

Defn: A kind of type. See Canon. Cannon ball, strictly, a round solid missile of stone or iron made to be fired from a cannon, but now often applied to a missile of any shape, whether solid or hollow, made for cannon. Elongated and cylindrical missiles are sometimes called bolts; hollow ones charged with explosives are properly called shells. -- Cannon bullet, a cannon ball. [Obs.] -- Cannon cracker, a fire cracker of large size. -- Cannon lock, a device for firing a cannon by a percussion primer. -- Cannon metal. See Gun Metal. -- Cannon pinion, the pinion on the minute hand arbor of a watch or clock, which drives the hand but permits it to be moved in setting. -- Cannon proof, impenetrable by cannon balls. -- Cannon shot. (a) A cannon ball. (b) The range of a cannon.

CANNON Can"non, n. & v. (Billiards)

Defn: See Carom. [Eng.]

CANNONADE Can"non*ade", n. Etym: [F. Canonnade; cf. It. cannanata.]

1. The act of discharging cannon and throwing ball, shell, etc., for the purpose of destroying an army, or battering a town, ship, or fort; -- usually, an attack of some continuance. A furious cannonade was kept up from the whole circle of batteries on the devoted towm. Prescott.

2. Fig.; A loud noise like a cannonade; a booming. Blue Walden rolls its cannonade. Ewerson.

CANNONADE Can`non*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cannonade; p. pr. & vb. n. Cannonading.]

Defn: To attack with heavy artillery; to batter with cannon shot.

CANNONADE Can`non*ade", v. i.

Defn: To discharge cannon; as, the army cannonaded all day.

CANNON BONE Can"non bone. (Anat.)

Defn: See Canon Bone.

CANNONED Can"noned (, a.

Defn: Furnished with cannon. [Poetic] "Gilbralter's cannoned steep." M. Arnold.

CANNONEER; CANNONIER Can`non*eer", Can`non*ier", n. Etym: [F. canonnier.]

Defn: A man who manages, or fires, cannon.

CANNONERING Can`non*er"ing, n.

Defn: The use of cannon. Burke.

CANNONRY Can"non*ry, n.

Defn: Cannon, collectively; artillery. The ringing of bells and roaring of cannonry proclaimed his course through the country. W. Irving.

CANNOT Can"not. Etym: [Can to be able _ -not.]

Defn: Am, is, or are, not able; -- written either as one word or two.

CANNULA Can"nu*la, n. Etym: [L. cannula a small tube of dim. of canna a reed, tube.] (Surg.)

Defn: A small tube of metal, wood, or India rubber, used for various purposes, esp. for injecting or withdrawing fluids. It is usually associated with a trocar. [Written also canula.]

CANNULAR Can"nu*lar, a.

Defn: Having the form of a tube; tubular. [Written also canular.]

CANNULATED Can"nu*la`ted, a.

Defn: Hollow; affording a passage through its interior length for wire, thread, etc.; as, a cannulated (suture) needle. [Written also canulated.]

CANNY; CANNEI Can"ny, Can"nei, a. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kenn skilled, learned, or E. canny. Cf. Kenn.] [North of Eng. & Scot.]

1. Artful; cunning; shrewd; wary.

2. Skillful; knowing; capable. Sir W. Scott.

3. Cautious; prudent; safe.. Ramsay.

4. Having pleasing of useful qualities; gentle. Burns.

5. Reputed to have magical powers. Sir W. Scott. No canny, not safe, not fortunate; unpropitious. [Scot.]

CANOE Ca*noe", n.; pl. Canoes. Etym: [Sp. canoa, fr. Caribbean canáoa.]

1. A boat used by rude nations, formed of trunk of a tree, excavated, by cutting of burning, into a suitable shape. It is propelled by a paddle or paddles, or sometimes by sail, and has no rudder. Others devised the boat of one tree, called the canoe. Raleigh.

2. A boat made of bark or skins, used by savages. A birch canoe, with paddles, rising, falling, on the water. Longfellow.

3. A light pleasure boat, especially designed for use by one who goes alone upon long excursions, including portage. It it propelled by a paddle, or by a small sail attached to a temporary mast.

CANOE Ca*noe", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canoed p. pr. & vb. n. Canoeing (.]

Defn: To manage a canoe, or voyage in a canoe.

CANOEING Ca*noe"ing n.

Defn: The act or art of using a canoe.

CANOEIST Ca*noe"ist, n.

Defn: A canoeman.

CANOEMAN Ca*noe"man, n.; pl. Canoemen.

Defn: One who uses a canoe; one who travels in a canoe. Cabins and clearing greeted the eye of the passing canoeman. Parkman.

CANON Can"on, n. Etym: [OE. canon, canoun, AS. canon rule (cf. F. canon, LL. canon, and, for sense 7, F. chanoine, LL. canonicus), fr. L. canon a measuring line, rule, model, fr. Gr. Cane, and cf. Canonical.]

1. A law or rule. Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'gainst self- slaughter. Shak.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: A law, or rule of doctrine or discipline, enacted by a council and confirmed by the pope or the sovereign; a decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority. Various canons which were made in councils held in the second centry. Hock.

3. The collection of books received as genuine Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and religious duty, given by inspiration; the Bible; also, any one of the canonical Scriptures. See Canonical books, under Canonical, a.

4. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order.

5. A catalogue of saints sckowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church.

6. A member of a cathedral chapter; a person who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church.

7. (Mus.)

Defn: A musical composition in which the voice begin one after another, at regular intervals, succesively taking up the same subject. It either winds up with a coda (tailpiece), or, as each voice finishes, commences anew, thus forming a perpetual fugue or round. It is the strictest form of imitation. See Imitation.

8. (Print.)

Defn: The largest size of type having a specific name; -- so called from having been used for printing the canons of the church.

9. The part of a bell by which it is suspended; -- called also ear and shank.

Note: [See Illust. of Bell.] Knight.

10. (Billiards)

Defn: See Carom. Apostolical canons. See under Apostolical. -- Augustinian canons, Black canons. See under Augustinian. -- Canon capitular, Canon residentiary, a resident member of a cathedral chapter (during a part or the whole of the year). -- Canon law. See under Law. -- Canon of the Mass (R. C. Ch.), that part of the mass, following the Sanctus, which never changes. -- Honorary canon, a canon who neither lived in a monastery, nor kept the canonical hours. -- Minor canon (Ch. of Eng.), one who has been admitted to a chapter, but has not yet received a prebend. -- Regular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who lived in a conventual community and follower the rule of St. Austin; a Black canon. -- Secular canon (R. C. Ch.), one who did not live in a monastery, but kept the hours.

CANON; CANYON Ca*ñon", n. Etym: [Sp., a tube or hollow, fr. caña reed, fr. L. canna. See Cane.]

Defn: A deep gorge, ravine, or gulch, between high and steep banks, worn by water courses. [Mexico & Western U. S.]

CANON BIT Can"on bit`. Etym: [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule.]

Defn: That part of a bit which is put in a horse's mouth.

CANON BONE Can"on bone`. Etym: [F. canon, fr. L. canon a rule. See canon.] (Anat.)

Defn: The shank bone, or great bone above the fetlock, in the fore and hind legs of the horse and allied animals, corresponding to the middle metacarpal or metatarsal bone of most mammals. See Horse.

CANONESS Can"on*ess, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. canonissa.]

Defn: A woman who holds a canonry in a conventual chapter. Regular canoness, one bound by the poverty, and observing a strict rule of life. -- Secular canoness, one allowed to hold private property, and bound only by vows of chastity and obedience so long as she chose to remain in the chapter.

CANONIC; CANNONICAL Ca*non"ic, Can*non"ic*al, a Etym: [L. cannonicus, LL. canonicalis, fr. L. canon: cf. F. canonique. See canon.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a canon; established by, or according to a , canon or canons. "The oath of canonical obedience." Hallam. Canonical books, or Canonical Scriptures, those books which are declared by the canons of the church to be of divine inspiration; -- called collectively the canon. The Roman Catolic Church holds as canonical several books which Protestants reject as apocryphal. -- Canonical epistles, an appellation given to the epistles called also general or catholic. See Catholic epistles, under Canholic. -- Canonical form (Math.), the simples or most symmetrical form to which all functions of the same class can be reduced without lose of generality. -- Canonical hours, certain stated times of the day, fixed by ecclesiastical laws, and appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion; also, certain portions of the Breviary, to be used at stated hours of the day. In England, this name is also given to the hours from 8 a. m. to 3 p. m. (formerly 8 a. m. to 12 m.) before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in any parish church. -- Canonical letters, letters of several kinds, formerly given by a dishop to traveling clergymam or laymen, to show that they were entitled to receive the cammunion, and to distinguish them from heretics. -- Canonical life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient cleargy who lived in community; a course of living prescribed for the clergy, less rigid that the monastic, and more restrained that the secular. -- Canonical obedience, submission to the canons of a canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior cleargy to their bishops, and of other religious orders to their supriors. -- Canonical punishments, such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, penance, etc. -- Canonical sins (Anc. Church.), those for which capital punishment or puplic penance decreed by the canon was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy.

CANONICALLY Ca*non"ic*al*ly, adv. In a canonical manner

Defn: ; according to the canons.

CANONICALNESS Ca*non"ic*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being canonical; canonicity. Bp. Burnet.

CANONICALS Ca*non"ic*als, n. pl.

Defn: The dress prescribed by canon to be worn by a clergyman when oficiating. Sometimes, any distinctive professional dress. Full canonicals, the complete costume of an officiating clergyman or ecclesiastic.

CANONICATE Ca*non"i*cate, n. Etym: [LL. canonucatus canonical: cf. F. canonicat.]

Defn: The office of a canon; a canonry.

CANONICITY Can`on*ic"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. canonicité.]

Defn: The state or quality of being canonical; agreement with the canon.

CANONIST Can"on*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. canoniste.]

Defn: A professor of canon law; one skilled in the knowledge and practice of ecclesiastical law. South.

CANONISTIC Can`on*is"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a canonist. "This canonistic exposition." Milton.

CANONIZATION Can`on*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [F. canonisation.]

1. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: The final process or decree (following beatifacation) by which the name of a deceased person is placed in the catalogue (canon) of saints and commended to perpetual veneration and invocation. Canonization of saints was not known to the Christian church titl toward the middle of the tenth century. Hoock.

2. The state of being canonized or sainted.

CANONIZE Can"on*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Canonizing.] Etym: [F. canoniser or LL. canonizare, fr. L. canon.. See Canon.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: To declare (a deceased person) a saint; to put in the catalogue of saints; as, Thomas a Becket was canonized.

2. To glorify; to exalt to the highest honor. Fame in time to come canonize us. Shak.

2. To rate as inspired; to include in the canon.[R.]

CANONRY Can"on*ry, n. pl. Canonries (.

Defn: A benefice or prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church; a right to a place in chapter and to a portion of its revenues; the dignity or emoluments of a canon.

CANONSHIP Can"on*ship, a.

Defn: Of pertaining to Canopus in egypt; as, the Canopic vases, used in embalming.

CANOPUS Ca*no"pus, n. Etym: [L. Canopus, fr. Gr. (Astron.)

Defn: A star of the first magnitude in the southern constellation Argo.

CANOPY Can"o*py, n.; pl. Canopies. Etym: [Oe. canopie, F. canopésofa, Of canopée, canopeu, canopieu, canopy, vail, pavilion (cf. It. canepècanopy, sofa), LL. canopeum a bed with mosquito curtains, fr. Gr. Cone, and Optic.]

1. A covering fixed over a bed, dais, or the like, or carried on poles over an exalted personage or a sacred object, etc. chiefly as a mark of honor. "Golden canoniec and beds of state." Dryden.

2. (Arch.) (a) An ornamental projection, over a door, window, niche, etc. (b) Also, a roofike covering, supported on pilars over an altar, a statue, a fountain, etc.

CANOPY Can"o*py, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Canopes; p. pr. & vb. n. Canopying.]

Defn: To cover with, or as with, a canopy. "A bank with ivy canopied." Milton.

CANOROUS Ca*no"rous, a. Etym: [L. canorus, from nor melody, fr. canere to sing.]

Defn: Melodious; musical. "Birds that are most canorous." Sir T. Browne. A long, lound, and canorous peal of laughter. De Quincey.

CANOROUSNESS Ca*no"rous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being musical. He chooses his language for its rich canorousness. Lowell.

CANSTICK Can"stick`, n.

Defn: Candlestick. [Obs.] Shak.

CANT Cant, n. Etym: [OF., edge, angle, prof. from L. canthus the iron ring round a carriage wheel, a wheel, Gr. cant the stake or tire of a wheel. Cf. Canthus, Canton, Cantle.]

1. A corner; angle; niche. [Obs.] The first and principal person in the temple was Irene, or Peace; she was placed aloft in a cant. B. Jonson.

2. An outer or external angle.

3. An inclination from a horizontal or vertical line; a slope or bevel; a titl. Totten.

4. A sudden thrust, push, kick, or other impulse, producing a bias or change of direction; also, the bias or turn so give; as, to give a ball a cant.

5. (Coopering)

Defn: A segment forming a side piece in the head of a cask. Knight.

6. (Mech.)

Defn: A segment of he rim of a wooden cogwheel. Knight.

7. (Naut.)

Defn: A piece of wood laid upon athe deck of a vessel to support the bulkneads. Cant frames, Cant timbers (Naut.), timber at the two ends of a ship, rising obliquely from the keel.

CANT Cant, v. t. [imp & p. p. Canted; p. pr. & vb. N. Canting.]

1. To incline; to set at an angle; to titl over; to tip upon the edge; as, to cant a cask; to cant a ship.

2. To give a sudden turn or new direction to; as, to cant round a stick of timber; to cant a football.

3. To cut off an angle from, as from a square piece of timber, or from the head of a bolt.

CANT Cant, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. cant, F. chant, singing, in allusion to the singing or whining tine of voice used by beggars, fr. L. cantus. See Chant.]

1. An affected, singsong mode of speaking.

2. The idioms and peculiarities of speech in any sect, class, or occupation. Goldsmith. The cant of any profession. Dryden.

3. The use of religious phraseology without understanding or sincerity; empty, solemn speech, implying what is not felt; hypocrisy. They shall hear no cant fromF. W. Robertson

4. Vulgar jargon; slang; the secret language spoker by gipsies, thieves. tramps, or beggars.

CANT Cant, a.

Defn: Of the nature of cant; affected; vulgar. To introduce and multiply cant words in the most ruinous corruption in any language. Swift.

CANT Cant, v. i.

1. To speak in a whining voice, or an affected, sinsong tone.

2. To make whining pretensions to goodness; to talk with an affectation of religion, philanthropy, etc.; to practice hypocrisy; as, a canting fanatic. The rankest rogue that ever canted. Beau. & Fl.

3. To use pretentious language, barbarous jargon, or technical termes; to talk with an affectation of learning. The doctor here, When he discqurseth of dissection, Of vena cava and of vena porta, The meseræum and the mesentericum, What does he else but cant. B. Jonson That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting hanguage, if I may so call it. Bp. Sanderson.

CANT Cant, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. cant, equiv. to L. quantum; cf. F. encan, fr. L. in quantum, i.e. "for how much"]

Defn: A all for bidders at a public sale; an auction. "To sell their leases by cant." Swift.

CANT Cant, v. t.

Defn: to sell by auction, or bid a price at a sale by auction. [Archaic] Swift.

CAN'T Can't.

Defn: A colloquial contraction for can not.

CANTAB Can"tab, n. Etym: [Abbreviated from Cantabrigian.]

Defn: A Cantabrigian. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

CANTABILE Can*ta"bi*le, a. Etym: [It., cantare to sing.] (Mus.)

Defn: In a melodious, flowing style; in a singing style, as opposed to bravura, recitativo, or parlando.

CANTABILE Can*ta"bi*le, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A piece or pessage, whether vocal or instrumental, pecuilarly adapted to singing; -- sometimes called cantilena.

CANTABRIAN Can*ta"bri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cantabria on the Bay of Biscay in Spain.

CANTABRIGIAN Can`ta*brig"i*an, n.

Defn: A native or resident of Cambridge; esp. a student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, England.

CANTALEVER Can"ta*lev`er, n. Etym: [Can an extermal angle + lever a supported of the roof timber of a house.] Etym: [Written also cantaliver and cantilever.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A bracket to support a balcony, a cornice, or the like.

2. (Engin.)

Defn: A projecting beam, truss, or bridge unsupported at the outer end; one which overhangs. Cantalever bridge, a bridge in which the principle of the cantalever is applied. It is usually a trussed bridge, composed of two portions reaching out from opposite banks, and supported near the middle of their own length on piers which they overhang, thus forming cantalevers which meet over the space to be spanned or sustain a third portion, to complete the connection.

CANTALOUPE Can"ta*loupe, n. Etym: [F. cantaloup, It. cantalupo, so called from the caste of Cantalupo, in the Marca d'Ancona, in Italy, where they were first grown in Europe, from seed said to have been imported from Armenia.]

Defn: A muskmelon of several varieties, having when mature, a yellowish skin, and flesh of a reddish orange color. [Written also cantaleup.]

CANTANKEROUS Can*tan"ker*ous, a.

Defn: Perverse; contentious; ugly; malicious. [Colloq.] -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ly, adv. -- Can*tan"ker*ous*ness, n. The cantankerous old maiden aunt. Theckeray.

CANTAR; CANTARRO Can"tar, Can*tar"ro, n. Etym: [It. cantaro (in sense 1), Sp. cantaro (in sense 2).]

1. A weight used in southern Europe and East for heavy articles. It varies in different localities; thus, at Rome it is nearly 75 pounds, in Sardinia nearly 94 pounds, in Cairo it is 95 pounds, in Syria about 503 pounds.

2. A liquid measure in Spain, ranging from two and a half to four gallons. Simmonds.

CANTATA Can*ta"ta, n. Etym: [It., fr. cantare to sing, fr. L. cantare intens of canere to sing.] (Mus.)

Defn: A poem set to music; a musical composition comprising choruses, solos, interludes, etc., arranged in a somewhat dramatic manner; originally, a composition for a single noise, consisting of both recitative and melody.

CANTATION Can*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cantatio.]

Defn: A singing. [Obs.] Blount.

CANTATORY Cant"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Caontaining cant or affectation; whining; singing. [R.]

CANTATRICE Can`ta*tri"ce, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A female professional singer.

CANTED Cant"ed, a. Etym: [From 2d Cant.]

1. Having angles; as, a six canted bolt head; a canted window. Canted column (Arch.), a column polygonal in plan.

2. Inclined at an angle to something else; tipped; sloping.

CANTEEN Can*teen", n. Etym: [F. cantine bottle case, canteen (cf. Sp. & It. cantina cellar, bottle case), either contr. fr. It. canovettina, dim. of canova cellar, or, more likely, fr. OF. cant. corner, It. & Sp. canto. See 1st Cant.] (Mil.)

1. A vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink. [Written also cantine..]

Note: In the English service the canteen is made of wood and holds three pints; in the United States it is usually a tin flask.

2. The sulter's shop in a garrison; also, a chest containing culinary and other vessels for officers.

CANTEL Can"tel, n.

Defn: See Cantle.

CANTER Can"ter, n. Etym: [An abbreviation of Caner bury. See Canterbury gallop, under Canterbury.]

1. A moderate and easy gallop adapted to pleasure riding.

Note: The canter is a thoroughly artificial pace, at first extremely tiring to the horse, and generally only to be produced in him by the restraint of a powerful bit, which compels him to throw a great part of his weight on his haunches . . . There is so great a variety in the mode adopted by different horses for performing the canter, that no single description will suffice, nor indeed is it easy . . . to define any one of them. J. H. Walsh.

2. A rapid or easy passing over. A rapid canter in the Times over all the topics. Sir J. Stephen.

CANTER Can"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantering.]

Defn: To move in a canter.

CANTER Can"ter, v. t.

Defn: To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter.

CANTER Cant"er, n.

1. One who cants or whines; a beggar.

2. One who makes hypocritical pretensions to goodness; one who uses canting language. The day when he was a canter and a rebel. Macaulay.

CANTERBURY Can"ter*bur*y, n.

1. A city in England, giving its name various articles. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury (primate of all England), and contains the shrine of Thomas à Becket, to which pilgrimages were formerly made.

2. A stand with divisions in it for holding music, loose papers, etc. Canterbury ball (Bot.), a species of Campanula of several varietes, cultivated for its handsome bell-shaped flowers. -- Canterbury gallop, a gentle gallop such as was used by pilgrims riding, to Canterbury; a canter. -- Canterbury table, one of the tales which Chaucer puts into the mouths of certain pilgrims to Canterbury. Hence, any tale told by travelers pass away the time.

CANTHARIDAL Can*thar"*i*dal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cantharides or made of cantharides; as, cantharidal plaster.

CANTHARIDES Can*thar"i*des, n. pl.

Defn: See cantharis.

CANTHARIDIN Can*thar"i*din, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The active principe of the cantharis, or Spanish fly, a volatile, acrid, bitter solid, crystallizing in four-sided prisms.

CANTHARIS Can"tha*ris, n.; pl. Cantharides. Etym: [L., a kind of beetle, esp. the Spanish fly, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beetle (Lytta, or Cantharis, vesicatoria), having an elongated cylindrical body of a brilliant green color, and a nauseous odor; the blister fly or blister beetle, of the apothecary; -- also called Spanish fly. Many other species of Lytta, used for the same purpose, take the same name. See Blister beetle, under Blister. The plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine.

CANT HOOK Cant" hook`.

Defn: A wooden lever with a movable iron hook. hear the end; -- used for canting or turning over heavy logs, etc. [U. S.] Bartlett.

CANTHOPLASTY Can"tho*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: The operation of forming a new canthus, when one has been destroyed by injury or disease.

CANTHUS Can"thus, n.; pl. Canthi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The corner where the upper and under eyelids meet on each side of the eye.

CANTICLE Can"ti*cle, n.; pl. Canticles. Etym: [L. canticulum a little song, dim. of canticum song, fr. cantus a singing, fr. coner to sing. See Chant.]

1. A song; esp. a little song or hymn. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. pl.

Defn: The Song of Songs or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament.

3. A canto or division of a poem [Obs.] Spenser.

4. A psalm, hymn, or passage from the Bible, arranged for chanting in church service.

CANTICOY Can"ti*coy, n. Etym: [Of American Indian origin.]

Defn: A social gathering; usually, one for dancing.

CANTILE Can"tile, v. i.

Defn: Same as Cantle, v. t.

CANTILENA Can`ti*le"na, n. Etym: [It. & L.] (Mus.)

Defn: See Cantabile.

CANTILEVER Can"ti*lev`er, n.

Defn: Same as Cantalever.

CANTILLATE Can"til*late, v. i. Etym: [L. cantillatus, p. p. of cantillare to sing low, dim. of cantare. See Cantata.]

Defn: To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart.

CANTILLATION Can`til*la"tion, n.

Defn: A chanting; recitation or reading with musical modulations.

CANTINE Can*tine", n.

Defn: See Canteen.

CANTING Cant"ing, a.

Defn: Speaking in a whining tone of voice; using technical or religious terms affectedly; affectedly pious; as, a canting rogue; a canting tone. - Cant"ing*ly, adv. -- Cant"ing*ness, n. Canting arms, Canting heraldry (Her.), bearings in the nature of a rebus alluding to the name of the bearer. Thus, the Castletons bear three castles, and Pope Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) bore a broken spear.

CANTING Cant"ing, n.

Defn: The use of cant; hypocrisy.

CANTINIERE Can`ti*niere", n. Etym: [F., fr. cantine a sutler's shop, canteen.] (Mil)

Defn: A woman who carries a canteen for soldiers; a vivandière.

CANTION Can"tion, n. Etym: [L. cantio, from canere to sing.]

Defn: A song or verses. [Obs.] Spenser.

CANTLE Can"tle, n. Etym: [OF. cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece, F. chanteau a piece cut from a larger piece, dim. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.]

1. A corner or edge of anything; a piece; a fragment; a part. "In one cantle of his law." Milton. Cuts me from the best of all my land A huge half moon, a monstrous cantle out. Shak.

2. The upwardly projecting rear part of saddle, opposite to the pommel. [Written also cante.]

CANTLE Can"tle, v. t.

Defn: To cut in pieces; to cut out from. [Obs.] [Written also cantile.]

CANTLET Cant"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of cantle.]

Defn: A piece; a fragment; a corner. Dryden.

CANTO Can"to, n.; pl. Cantos. Etym: [It. canto, fr. L. cantus singing, song. See Chant.]

1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano. Canto fermo ( Etym: [It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in cathedral service; the plain song.

CANTON Can"ton, n.

Defn: A song or canto [Obs.] Write loyal cantons of contemned love. Shak.

CANTON Can"ton, n. Etym: [F. canton, augm. of OF. cant edge, corner. See 1st Cant.]

1. A small portion; a division; a compartment. That little canton of land called the "English pale" Davies. There is another piece of Holbein's, . . . in which, in six several cantons, the several parts of our Savior's passion are represented. Bp. Burnet.

2. A small community or clan.

3. A small territorial district; esp. one of the twenty-two independent states which form the Swiss federal republic; in France, a subdivision of an arrondissement. See Arrondissement.

4. (Her.)

Defn: A division of a shield occupying one third part of the chief, usually on the dexter side, formed by a perpendicular line from the top of the shield, meeting a horizontal line from the side. The king gave us the arms of England to be borne in a canton in our arms. Evelyn.

CANTON Can"ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cantoned ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cantoning.] Etym: [Cf. F.cantonner.]

1. To divide into small parts or districts; to mark off or separate, as a distinct portion or division. They canton out themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world. Locke.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: To allot separate quarters to, as to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops.

CANTONAL Can"ton*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a canton or cantons; of the nature of a canton.

CANTON CRAPE Can"ton crape".

Defn: A soft, white or colored silk fabric, of a gauzy texture and wavy appearance, used for ladies' scarfs, shawls, bonnet trimmings, etc.; -- called also Oriental crape. De Colange.

CANTONED Can"toned, a.

1. (Her.)

Defn: Having a charge in each of the four corners; -- said of a cross on a shield, and also of the shield itself.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Having the angles marked by, or decorated with, projecting moldings or small columns; as, a cantoned pier or pilaster.

CANTON FLANNEL Can"ton flan"nel.

Defn: See Cotton flannel.

CANTONIZE Can"ton*ize, v. i.

Defn: To divide into cantons or small districts.

CANTONMENT Can"ton*ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cantonnement.]

Defn: A town or village, or part of a town or village, assigned to a body of troops for quarters; temporary shelter or place of rest for an army; quarters.

Note: When troops are sheltered in huts or quartered in the houses of the people during any suspension of hostilities, they are said to be in cantonment, or to be cantoned. In India, permanent military stations, or military towns, are termed cantonments.

CANTOON Can*toon", n.

Defn: A cotton stuff showing a fine cord on one side and a satiny surface on the other.

CANTOR Can"tor, n. Etym: [L., a singer, fr. caner to sing.]

Defn: A singer; esp. the leader of a church choir; a precentor. The cantor of the church intones the Te Deum. Milman.

CANTORAL Can"tor*al, a.

Defn: Of or belonging to a cantor. Cantoral staff, the official staff or baton of a cantor or precentor, with which time is marked for the singers.

CANTORIS Can*to"ris, a. Etym: [L., lit., of the cantor, gen. of cantor.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cantor; as, the cantoris side of a choir; a cantoris stall. Shipley.

CANTRAP; CANTRIP Can"trap, Can"trip, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. gandar, ODan. & OSw. gan, witchcraft, and E. trap a snare, tramp.]

Defn: A charm; an incantation; a shell; a trick; adroit mischief. [Written also cantraip.] [Scot.]

CANTRED; CANTREF Can"tred, Can"tref, n. Etym: [W. cantref; cant hundred + tref dwelling place, village.]

Defn: A district comprising a hundred villages, as in Wales. [Written also kantry.]

CANTY Can"ty, a.

Defn: Cheerful; sprightly; lively; merry. "The canty dame." Wordsworth [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Contented with little, and canty with mair. Burns.

CANUCK Ca*nuck", n.

1. A Canadian. [Slang]

2. A small or medium-sized hardy horse, common in Canada. [Colloq.]

CANULA; CANULAR; CANULATED Can"u*la, n., Can"u*lar, a., Can"u*la`ted, a.

Defn: See Cannula, Cannular, and Cannulated.

CANVAS Can"vas, n. Etym: [OE. canvas, canevas, F. canevas, LL. canabacius hempen cloth, canvas, L. cannabis hemp, fr. G. Hemp.]

1. A strong cloth made of hemp, flax, or cotton; -- used for tents, sails, etc. By glimmering lanes and walls of canvas led. Tennyson.

2. (a) A coarse cloth so woven as to form regular meshes for working with the needle, as in tapestry, or worsted work. (b) A piece of strong cloth of which the surface has been prepared to receive painting, commonly painting in oil. History . . . does not bring out clearly upon the canvas the details which were familiar. J. H. Newman.

3. Something for which canvas is used: (a) A sail, or a collection of sails. (b) A tent, or a collection of tents. (c) A painting, or a picture on canvas. To suit his canvas to the roughness of the see. Goldsmith. Light, rich as that which glows on the canvas of Claude. Macaulay.

4. A rough draft or model of a song, air, or other literary or musical composition; esp. one to show a poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Grabb.

CANVAS Can"vas, a.

Defn: Made of, pertaining to, or resembling, canvas or coarse cloth; as, a canvas tent.

CANVASBACK Can"vas*back`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Species of duck (Aythya vallisneria), esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh. It visits the United States in autumn;

## particularly Chesapeake Bay and adjoining waters; -- so named from

the markings of the plumage on its back.

CANVASS Can"vass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. canvassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Canvassing.] Etym: [OF. Canabasser to examine curiously, to search or sift out; properly, to sift through canvas. See Canvas, n.]

1. To sift; to strain; to examine thoroughly; to scrutinize; as, to canvass the votes cast at an election; to canvass a district with reference to its probable vote. I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the matter with all possible diligence. Woodward.

2. To examine by discussion; to debate. An opinion that we are likely soon to canvass. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. To go trough, with personal solicitation or public addresses; as, to canvass a district for votes; to canvass a city for subscriptions.

CANVASS Can"vass, v. i.

Defn: To search thoroughly; to engage in solicitation by traversing a district; as, to canvass for subscriptions or for votes; to canvass for a book, a publisher, or in behalf of a charity; -- commonly followed by for.

CANVASS Can"vass, n.

1. Close inspection; careful review for verification; as, a canvass of votes. Bacon.

2. Examination in the way of discussion or debate.

3. Search; exploration; solicitation; systematic effort to obtain votes, subscribers, etc. No previous canvass was made for me. Burke.

CANVASSER Can"vass*er, n.

Defn: One who canvasses.

CANY Can"y, a. Etym: [From Cane.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to cane or canes; abounding with canes. Milton.

CANYON Can"yon, n.

Defn: The English form of the Spanish word Cañon.

CANZONE Can*zo"ne, n. Etym: [It., a song, fr. L. cantio, fr. canere to sing. Cf. Chanson, Chant.] (Mus.) (a) A song or air for one or more voices, of Provençal origin, resembling, though not strictly, the madrigal. (b) An instrumental piece in the madrigal style.

CANZONET Can`zo*net", n. Etym: [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone.] (Mus.)

Defn: A short song, in one or more parts.

CAONCITO Cañ`on*ci"to, n. [Amer. Sp. dim. See Cañon.] [Southwestern U. S.]

1. A small cañon.

2. A narrow passage or lane through chaparral or a forest.

CAOUTCHIN Caout"chin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An inflammable, volatile, oily, liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by the destructive distillation of caoutchouc.

CAOUTCHOUC Caout"chouc, n. Etym: [F. caoutchouc, from the South American name.]

Defn: A tenacious, elastic, gummy substance obtained from the milky sap of several plants of tropical South America (esp. the euphorbiaceous tree Siphonia elastica or Hevea caoutchouc), Asia, and Africa. Being impermeable to liquids and gases, and not readly affected by exposure to air, acids, and alkalies, it is used, especially when vulcanized, for many purposes in the arts and in manufactures. Also called India rubber (because it was first brought from India, and was formerly used chiefly for erasing pencil marks) and gum elastic. See Vulcanization. Mineral caoutchouc. See under Mineral.

CAOUTCHOUCIN Caout"chou*cin, n.

Defn: See Caoutchin.

CAP Cap, n. Etym: [OE. cappe, AS. cæppe, cap, cape, hood, fr. LL, cappa, capa; perhaps of Iberian origin, as Isidorus of Seville mentions it first: "Capa, quia quasi totum capiat hominem; it. capitis ornamentum." See 3d Cape, and cf. 1st Cope.]

1. A covering for the head; esp. (a) One usually with a visor but without a brim, for men and boys; (b) One of lace, muslin, etc., for women, or infants; (c) One used as the mark or ensign of some rank, office, or dignity, as that of a cardinal.

2. The top, or uppermost part; the chief. Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shak.

3. A respectful uncovering of the head. He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks. Fuller.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The whole top of the head of a bird from the base of the bill to the nape of the neck.

5. Anything resembling a cap in form, position, or use; as: (a) (Arch.) The uppermost of any assemblage of parts; as, the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate. (b) Something covering the top or end of a thing for protection or ornament. (c) (Naut.) A collar of iron or wood used in joining spars, as the mast and the topmast, the bowsprit and the jib boom; also, a covering of tarred canvas at the end of a rope. (d) A percussion cap. See under Percussion. (e) (Mech.) The removable cover of a journal box. (f) (Geom.) A portion of a spherical or other convex surface.

6. A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap. Cap of a cannon, a piece of lead laid over the vent to keep the priming dry; -- now called an apron. -- Cap in hand, obsequiously; submissively. -- Cap of liberty. See Liberty cap, under Liberty. -- Cap of maintenance, a cap of state carried before the kings of England at the coronation. It is also carried before the mayors of some cities. -- Cap money, money collected in a cap for the huntsman at the death of the fox. -- Cap paper. (a) A kind of writing paper including flat cap, foolsap, and legal cap. (b) A coarse wrapping paper used for making caps to hold commodities. Cap rock (Mining), The layer of rock next overlying ore, generally of barren vein material. -- Flat cap, cap See Foolscap. -- Forage cap, the cloth undress head covering of an officer of soldier. -- Legal cap, a kind of folio writing paper, made for the use of lawyers, in long narrow sheets which have the fold at the top or "narrow edge." -- To set one's cap, to make a fool of one. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To set one's cap for, to try to win the favor of a man with a view to marriage. [Colloq.]

CAP Cap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capped (; p. pr. & vb. n. Capping.]

1. To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun. The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilaginous substance. Derham.

2. To deprive of cap. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To complete; to crown; to bring to the highest point or consummation; as, to cap the climax of absurdity.

4. To salute by removing the cap. [Slang. Eng.] Tom . . . capped the proctor with the profoundest of bows. Thackeray.

5. To match; to mate in contest; to furnish a complement to; as, to cap text; to cap proverbs. Shak. Now I have him under girdle I'll cap verses with him to the end of the chapter. Dryden.

Note: In capping verses, when one quotes a verse another must cap it by quoting one beginning with the last letter of the first letter, or with the first letter of the last word, or ending with a rhyming word, or by applying any other arbitrary rule may be agreed upon.

CAP Cap, v. i.

Defn: To uncover the head respectfully. Shak.

CAPABILITY Ca`pa*bil"i*ty, n.; pl. Capabilities.

1. The quality of being capable; capacity; capableness; esp. intellectual power or ability. A capability to take a thousand views of a subject. H. Taylor.

2. Capacity of being used or improved.

CAPABLE Ca"pa*ble, a. Etym: [F. capable, LL. capabilis capacious, capable, fr. L. caper to take, contain. See Heave.]

1. Possessing ability, qualification, or susceptibility; having capacity; of sufficient size or strength; as, a room capable of holding a large number; a castle capable of resisting a long assault. Concious of jou and capable of pain. Prior.

2. Possessing adequate power; qualified; able; fully competent; as, a capable instructor; a capable judge; a mind capable of nice investigations. More capable to discourse of battles than to give them. Motley.

3. Possessing legal power or capacity; as, a man capable of making a contract, or a will.

4. Capacious; large; comprehensive. [Obs.] Shak.

Note: Capable is usually followed by of, sometimes by an infinitive.

Syn. -- Able; competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; skillful.

CAPABLENESS Ca"pa*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being capable; capability; adequateness; competency.

CAPACIFY Ca*pac"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacified.] Etym: [L. capax, -acis, capacious + -fy.]

Defn: To quality. [R.] The benefice he is capacified and designed for. Barrow.

CAPACIOUS Ca*pa"cious, a. Etym: [L. capaz, -acis, fr. capere to take. See Heave.]

1. Having capacity; able to contain much; large; roomy; spacious; extended; broad; as, a capacious vessel, room, bay, or harbor. In the capacious recesses of his mind. Bancroft.

2. Able or qualified to make large views of things, as in obtaining knowledge or forming designs; comprehensive; liberal. "A capacious mind." Watts.

CAPACIOUSLY Ca*pa"cious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a capacious manner or degree; comprehensively.

CAPACIOUSNESS Ca*pa"cious*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being capacious, as of a vessel, a reservoir a bay, the mind, etc.

CAPACITATE Ca*pac"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capacitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capacitating.]

Defn: To render capable; to enable; to qualify. By thih instruction we may be capaciated to observe those errors. Dryden.

CAPACITY Ca*pac"i*ty, n.; pl. Capacities Etym: [L. capacitus, fr. capax, capacis; fr. F. capacité. See Capacious.]

1. The power of receiving or containing; extent of room or space; passive power; -- used in reference to physical things. Had our great palace the capacity To camp this host, we all would sup together. Shak. The capacity of the exhausted cylinder. Boyle.

2. The power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc.; the comprehensiveness of the mind; the receptive faculty; capability of undestanding or feeling. Capacity is now properly limited to these [the mere passive operations of the mind]; its primary signification, which is literally room for, as well as its employment, favars this; although it can not be dented that there are examples of its usage in an

## active sense. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. Ability; power pertaining to, or resulting from, the possession of strength, wealth, or talent; possibility of being or of doing. The capacity of blessing the people. Alex. Hamilton. A cause with such capacities endued. Blackmore.

4. Outward condition or circumstances; occupation; profession; character; position; as, to work in the capacity of a mason or a carpenter.

5. (Law)

Defn: Legal or noral qualification, as of age, residence, character, etc., necessary for certain purposes, as for holding office, for marrying, for making contracts, will, etc.; legal power or right; competency. Capacity for heat, the power of absorbing heat. Substances differ in the amount of heat requisite to raise them a given number of thermometric degrees, and this difference is the measure of, or depends upon, whzt is called their capacity for heat. See Specific heat, under Heat.

Syn. -- Ability; faculty; talent; capability; skill; efficiency; cleverness. See Ability.

CAPAPE Cap`*a*pe", adv.

Defn: See Cap-a-pie. Shak.

CAPAPIE Cap`*a*pie", adv. Etym: [OF. (cap-a-pie, from head to foot, now de pied en cap from foot to head; L. per foot + caput head.]

Defn: From head to foot; at all points. "He was armed cap-a-pie." Prescott.

CAPARISON Ca*par"i*son, n. Etym: [F. capara, fr. Sp. caparazon a cover for a saddle, coach, etc.; capa cloak, cover (fr. LL. capa, cf. LL. caparo also fr. capa) + the term. azon. See Cap.]

1. An ornamental covering or housing for a horse; the harness or trappings of a horse, taken collectively, esp. when decorative. Their horses clothed with rich caparison. Drylen.

2. Gay or rich clothing. My heart groans beneath the gay caparison. Smollett.

CAPARISON Ca*par"i*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caparisoned p. pr. & vb. n. Caparisoning.] Etym: [Cf. F caparaçonner.]

1. To cover with housings, as a horse; to harness or fit out with decorative trappings, as a horse. The steeds, caparisoned with purple, stand. Dryden.

2. To aborn with rich dress; to dress. I am caparisoned like a man. Shak.

CAPARRO Ca*par"ro, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large South American monkey (Lagothrix Humboldtii), with prehensile tail.

CAPCASE Cap"case`, n.

Defn: A small traveling case or bandbox; formerly, a chest. A capcase for your linen and your plate. Beau. & Fl.

CAPE Cape, n. Etym: [F. cap, fr. It. capo head, cape, fr. L. caput heat, end, point. See Chief.]

Defn: A piece or point of land, extending beyind the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; a promonotory; a headland. Cape buffalo (Zoöl.) a large and powerful buffalo of South Africa (Bubalus Caffer). It is said to be the most dangerous wild beast of Africa. See Buffalo, 2. -- Cape jasmine, Cape jassamine. See Jasmine. -- Cape pigeon (Zoöl.), a petrel (Daptium Capense) common off the Cape of Good Hope. It is about the size of a pigeon. -- Cape wine, wine made in South Africa [Eng.] -- The Cape, the Cape of Good Hope, in the general sense of southern extremity of Africa. Also used of Cape Horn, and, in New England, of Cape Cod.

CAPE Cape, v. i. (Naut.)

Defn: To head or point; to keep a course; as, the ship capes southwest by south.

CAPE Cape, n. Etym: [OE. Cape, fr. F. cape; cf. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. 1st Cope, Chape.]

Defn: A sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, but not reaching below the hips. See Cloak.

CAPE Cape, v. i. Etym: [See Gape.]

Defn: To gape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CAPEL; CAPLE Ca"pel, Ca"ple, n. Etym: [Icel. kapall; cf. L. caballus.]

Defn: A horse; a nag. [Obs.] Chaucer. Holland.

CAPEL Ca"pel, n. (Mining)

Defn: A composite stone (quartz, schorl, and hornlende) in the walls of tin and copper lodes.

CAPELAN Cap"e*lan, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Capelin.

CAPELIN Cape"lin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capelan, caplan.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small marine fish (Mallotus villosus) of the family Salmonidæ, very abundant on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Alaska. It is used as a bait for the cod. [Written also capelan and caplin.]

Note: This fish, which is like a smelt, is called by the Spaniards anchova, and by the Portuguese capelina. Fisheries of U. S. (1884).

CAPELINE Ca"pe*line`, n. [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.)

Defn: A hood-shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb.

CAPELLA Ca*pel"la, n. Etym: [L., a little goet, dim. of caper a goat.] (Asrton.)

Defn: A brilliant star in the constellation Auriga.

CAPELLANE Cap"el*lane, n. Etym: [See Chaplain.]

Defn: The curate of a chapel; a chaplain. [Obs.] Fuller.

CAPELLE Ca*pel"le, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.)

Defn: The private orchestra or band of a prince or of a church.

CAPELLET Cap"el*let, n. Etym: [F. capelet.] (Far.)

Defn: A swelling, like a wen, on the point of the elbow (or the heel of the hock) of a horse, caused probably by bruises in lying dowm.

CAPELLMEISTER Ca*pell"meis`ter, n. Etym: [G., fr. capelle chapel, private band of a prince + meister a master.]

Defn: The musical director in royal or ducal chapel; a choirmaster. [Written also kepellmeister.]

CAPER Ca"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capered p. pr. & vb. n. capering.] Etym: [From older capreoll to caper, cf. F. se cabrer to prance; all ultimately fr. L. caper, capra, goat. See Capriole.]

Defn: To leap or jump about in a sprightly manner; to cut capers; to skip; to spring; to prance; to dance. He capers, he dances, he has eyes of youth. Shak.

CAPER Ca"per, n.

Defn: A frolicsome leap or spring; a skip; a jump, as in mirth or dancing; a prank. To cut a caper, to frolic; to make a sportive spring; to play a prank. Shak.

CAPER Ca"per, n. Etym: [D. kaper.]

Defn: A vessel formerly used by the Dutch, privateer. Wright.

CAPER Ca"per, n. Etym: [F. câpre, fr. L. capparis, Gr. al-kabar.]

1. The pungent grayish green flower bud of the European and Oriental caper (Capparis spinosa), much used for pickles.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Capparis; -- called also caper bush, caper tree.

Note: The Capparis spinosa is a low prickly shrub of the Mediterranean coasts, with trailing branches and brilliant flowers; - - cultivated in the south of Europe for its buds. The C. sodada is an almost leafless spiny shrub of central Africa (Soudan), Arabia, and southern India, with edible berries. Bean caper. See Bran caper, in the Vocabulary. -- Caper sauce, a kind of sauce or catchup made of capers.

CAPERBERRY Ca"per*ber`ry, n.

1. The small olive-shaped berry of the European and Oriental caper, said to be used in pickles and as a condiment.

2. The currantlike fruit of the African and Arabian caper (Capparis sodado).

CAPER BUSH; CAPER TREE Ca"per bush`, Ca"per tree`.

Defn: See Capper, a plant, 2.

CAPERCAILZIE; CAPERCALLY Ca"per*cail`zie, or Ca"per*cal`ly, n. Etym: [Gael, capulcoile.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of grouse (Tetrao uragallus) of large size and fine flavor, found in northern Europe and formerly in Scotland; -- called also cock of the woods. [Written also capercaillie, capercaili.]

CAPERCLAW Ca"per*claw`, v. t.

Defn: To treat with cruel playfulness, as a cat treats a mouse; to abuse. [Obs.] Birch.

CAPERER Ca"per*er, n.

Defn: One who capers, leaps, and skips about, or dances. The nimble capperer on the cord. Dryden.

CAPFUL Cap"ful, n.; pl. Capfuls (.

Defn: As much as will fill a cap. A capful of wind (Naut.), a light puff of wind.

CAPIAS Ca"pi*as, n. Etym: [L. thou mayst take.] (Low)

Defn: A writ or process commanding the officer to take the body of the person named in it, that is, to arrest him; -- also called writ of capias.

Note: One principal kind of capias is a writ by which actions at law are frequently commenced; another is a writ of execution issued after judgment to satisfy damages recovered; a capias in criminal law is the process to take a person charged on an indictment, when he is not in custody. Burrill. Wharton.

CAPIBARA Ca`pi*ba"ra, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Capybara.

CAPILLACEOUS Cap`il*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.]

Defn: Having long filaments; resembling a hair; slender. See Capillary.

CAPILLAIRE Cap`il*laire", n. Etym: [F. capillaire maiden-hair; sirop de capillaire capillaire; fr. L. herba capillaris the maidenhair.]

1. A sirup prepared from the maiden-hair, formerly supposed to have medicinal properties.

2. Any simple sirup flavored with orange flowers.

CAPILLAMENT Ca*pil"la*ment, n. Etym: [L. capillamentum, fr. capillus hair: cf. F. capillament.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A filament. [R.]

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Any villous or hairy covering; a fine fiber or filament, as of the nerves.

CAPILLARINESS Cap"il*la*ri*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being capillary.

CAPILLARITY Cap`il*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capillarité.]

1. The quality or condition of being capillary.

2. (Physics)

Defn: The peculiar action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube), is elevated or depressed; capillary attraction.

Note: Capillarity depends upon the relative attaction of the modecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid, and is especially observable in capillary tubes, where it determines the ascent or descent of the liquid above or below the level of the liquid which the tube is dipped; -- hence the name.

CAPILLARY Cap"il*la*ry, a. Etym: [L. capillaris, fr. capillus hair. Cf. Capillaire.]

1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute; very slender; having minute tubes or interspaces; having very small bore; as, the capillary vessels of animals and plants.

2. Pertaining to capillary tubes or vessels; as, capillary action. Capillary attraction, Capillary repulsion, the apparent attraction or repulsion between a soild and liquid caused bycapillarity. See Capillarity, and Attraction. -- Capillarity tubes. See the Note under Capillarity.

CAPILLARY Cap"il*la*ry, n.; pl., Capillaries (.

1. A tube or vessel, extremely fine or minute.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A minute, thin-walled vessel; particularly one of the smallest blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, but used also for the smallest lymphatic and biliary vessels.

CAPILLATION Cap`il*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. capillatie the hair.]

Defn: A capillary blood vessel. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CAPILLATURE Ca*pil"la*ture, n. Etym: [L. capillatura.]

Defn: A bush of hair; frizzing of the hair. Clarke.

CAPILLIFORM Ca*pil"li*form, a. Etym: [L. capillus hair + -form.]

Defn: In the shape or form of, a hair, or of hairs.

CAPILLOSE Cap"il*lose`, a. Etym: [L. capillosus.]

Defn: Having much hair; hairy. [R.]

CAPISTRATE Ca*pis"trate, a. Etym: [L. capistratus, p. p. of capistrare halter.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Hooded; cowled.

CAPITAL Cap"i*tal, a. Etym: [F. capital, L. capitalis capital (in senses 1 & 2), fr. caput head. See Chief, and cf. Capital, n.]

1. Of or pertaining to the head. [Obs.] Needs must the Serpent now his capital bruise Expect with mortal pain. Milton.

2. Having reference to, or involving, the forfeiture of the head or life; affecting life; punishable with death; as, capital trials; capital punishment. Many crimes that are capital among us. Swift. To put to death a capital offender. Milton.

3. First in importance; chief; principal. A capital article in religion Atterbury. Whatever is capital and essential in Christianity. I. Taylor.

4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of the general government of a state or nation; as, Washington and Paris are capital cities.

5. Of first rate quality; excellent; as, a capital speech or song. [Colloq.]

Capital letter Etym: [F, lettre capitale] (Print.), a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, distinguished, for the most part, both by different form and larger size, from the small (lower-case) letters, which form the greater part of common print or writing. -- Small capital letters have the form of capital letters and height of the body of the lower-case letters. -- Capital stock, money, property, or stock invested in any business, or the enterprise of any corporation or institution. Abbott.

Syn. -- Chief; leading; controlling; prominent.

CAPITAL Cap"i*tal, n. Etym: [Cf. L. capitellum and Capitulum, a small head, the head, top, or capital of a column, dim. of caput head; F. chapiteau, OF. capitel. See Chief, and cf. Cattle, Chattel, Chapiter, Chapter.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: The head or uppermost member of a column, pilaster, etc. It consists generally of three parts, abacus, bell (or vase), and necking. See these terms, and Column.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. capilate, fem., sc. ville.] (Geog.)

Defn: The seat of government; the chief city or town in a country; a metropolis. "A busy and splendid capital" Macauly.

3. Etym: [Cf. F. capital.]

Defn: Money, property, or stock employed in trade, manufactures, etc.; the sum invested or lent, as distinguished from the income or interest. See Capital stock, under Capital, a.

4. (Polit. Econ.)

Defn: That portion of the produce of industry, which may be directly employed either to support human beings or to assist in production. M'Culloch.

Note: When wealth is used to assist production it is called capital. The capital of a civilized community includes fixed capital (i.e. buildings, machines, and roads used in the course of production and exchange) amd circulating capital (i.e., food, fuel, money, etc., spent in the course of production and exchange). T. Raleing.

5. Anything which can be used to increase one's power or influence. He tried to make capital out of his rival's discomfiture. London Times.

6. (Fort.)

Defn: An imaginary line dividing a bastion, ravelin, or other work, into two equal parts.

7. A chapter, or section, of a book. [Obs.] Holy St. Bernard hath said in the 59th capital. Sir W. Scott.

8. (Print.)

Defn: See Capital letter, under Capital, a. Active capital. See under

## Active, -- Small capital (Print.), a small capital letter. See under

Capital, a. -- To live on one's capital, to consume one's capital without producing or accumulating anything to replace it.

CAPITALIST Cap"i*tal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitaliste.]

Defn: One who has capital; one who has money for investment, or money invested; esp. a person of large property, which is employed in business. The expenditure of the capitalist. Burke.

CAPITALIZATION Cap"i*tal*i*za`tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of capitalizing.

CAPITALIZE Cap"i*tal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capitalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitalizing.]

1. To convert into capital, or to use as capital.

2. To compute, appraise, or assess the capital value of (a patent right, an annuity, etc.)

3. To print in capital letters, or with an initial capital.

CAPITALLY Cap*i*tal*ly, adv.

1. In a way involving the forfeiture of the head or life; as, to punish capitally.

2. In a capital manner; excellently. [Colloq.]

CAPITALNESS Cap"i*tal*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being capital; preeminence. [R.]

CAPITAN PASHA; CAPITAN PACHA Ca`pi*tan` Pa*sha` or Pa*cha`. Etym: [See capitan.]

Defn: The chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

CAPITATE Cap"i*tate, a Etym: [L. capitatus fr. caput head.]

1. Headlike in form; also, having the distal end enlarged and rounded, as the stigmas of certain flowers.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the flowers gathered into a head.

CAPITATIM Cap`i*ta"tim, a. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: Of so much per head; as, a capitatim tax; a capitatim grant.

CAPITATION Cap`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. capitatio a poll tax, fr. caput head; cf. F. capitation.]

1. A numbering of heads or individuals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A tax upon each head or person, without reference to property; a poll tax.

CAPITE Cap"i*te, n. Etym: [L., abl. of caput head.]

Defn: See under Tenant.

CAPITELLATE Cap`i*tel"late, a. Etym: [L. capitellum, dim. of caput head.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having a very small knoblike termination, or collected into minute capitula.

CAPITIBRANCHIATA Cap`i*ti*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. caput, capitis, head + -branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of annelids in which the gills arise from or near the head. See Tubicola.

CAPITOL Cap"i*tol, Etym: [L. capitolium, fr. caput head: cf. F. capitole. See Chief.]

1. The temple of Jupiter, at Rome, on the Mona Capitolinus, where the Senate met. Comes Cæsar to the Capitol to-morrow Shak.

2. The edifice at Washington occupied by the Congress of the United States; also, the building in which the legislature of State holds its sessions; a statehouse.

CAPITOLIAN; CAPITOLINE Cap`i*to"li*an, Cap"i*to*line, a. Etym: [L. capitolinus: cf. F. capitolin.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Capitol in Rome. "Capitolian Jove." Macaulay. Capitoline games (Antiq.), annual games instituted at Rome by Camillus, in honor of Jupter Capitolinus, on account of the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls; when reinstituted by Domitian, arter a period of neglect, they were held every fifth year.

CAPITULA Ca*pit"u*la, n. pl.

Defn: See Capitulum.

CAPITULAR Ca*pit"u*lar, n. Etym: [LL. capitulare, capitularium, fr. L. capitulum a small head, a chapter, dim. of capit head, chapter.]

1. An act passed in a chapter.

2. A member of a chapter. The chapter itself, and all its members or capitulars. Ayliffe.

3. The head or prominent part.

CAPITULAR Ca*pit"u*lar, a.

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chapter; capitulary. From the pope to the member of the capitular body. Milman.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Growing in, or pertaining to, a capitulum.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to a capitulum; as, the capitular process of a vetebra, the process which articulates with the capitulum of a rib.

CAPITULARLY Ca*pit"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner or form of an ecclesiastical chapter. Sterne.

CAPITULARY Ca*pit"u*la*ry, n.; pl. Capitularies. Etym: [See Capitular.]

1. A capitular.

2. The body of laws or statutes of a chapter, or of an ecclesiastical council.

3. A collection of laws or statutes, civil and ecclesiastical, esp. of the Frankish kings, in chapters or sections. Several of Charlemagne's capitularies. Hallam.

CAPITULARY Ca*pit"u*la*ry, a.

Defn: Relating to the chapter of a cathedral; capitular. "Capitulary acts." Warton.

CAPITULATE Ca*pit"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Capitulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Capitulating.] Etym: [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capitulare to capitulate: cf. F. capituler. See Capitular, n.]

1. To settle or draw up the heads or terms of an agreement, as in chapters or articles; to agree. [Obs.] There capitulates with the king . . . to take to wife his daughter Mary. Heylin. There is no reason why the reducing of any agreement to certain heads or capitula should not be called to capitulate. Trench.

2. To surrender on terms agreed upon (usually, drawn up under several heads); as, an army or a garrison capitulates. The Irish, after holding out a week, capitulated. Macaulay.

CAPITULATE Ca*pit"u*late, v. t.

Defn: To surrender or transfer, as an army or a fortress, on certain conditions. [R.]

CAPITULATION Ca*pit`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitulation, LL. capitulatio.]

1. A reducing to heads or articles; a formal agreement. With special capitulation that neither the Scots nor the French shall refortify. Bp. Burnet.

2. The act of capitulating or surrendering to an emeny upon stipulated terms.

3. The instrument containing the terms of an agreement or surrender.

CAPITULATOR Ca*pit"u*la`tor, n. Etym: [LL.]

Defn: One who capitulates.

CAPITULE Cap"i*tule, n. Etym: [L. capitulum small head, chapter.]

Defn: A summary. [Obs.]

CAPITULUM Ca*pit"u*lum, n.; pl. Capitula (. Etym: [L., a small head.]

1. A thick head of flowers on a very short axis, as a clover top, or a dandelion; a composite flower. A capitulum may be either globular or flat. Gray.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A knobike protuberance of any part, esp. at the end of a bone or cartilage.

Note: [See Illust. of Artiodactyla.]

CAPIVI Ca*pi"vi, n. Etym: [Cf. Copaiba.]

Defn: A balsam of the Spanish West Indies. See Copaiba.

CAPLE Ca"ple, n.

Defn: See Capel.

CAPLIN Cap"lin, n.

Defn: See Capelin.

CAPLIN; CAPLING Cap"lin, Cap"ling, n.

Defn: The cap or coupling of a flail, through which the thongs pass which connect the handle and swingel. Wright.

CAPNOMANCY Cap"no*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. mancy: cf. F. capnomancie.]

Defn: Divination by means of the ascent or motion of smoke.

CAPNOMOR Cap"no*mor, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A limpid, colorless oil with a peculiar odor, obtained from beech tar. Watts.

CAPOC Ca*poc", n. Etym: [Malay kapoq.]

Defn: A sort of cotton so short and fine thet it can not be spun, used in the East Indies to line palanquins, to make mattresses, etc.

CAPOCH Ca*poch", n.; pl. Capoches. Etym: [Cf. Sp. capucho, It. cappucio, F. Capuce, capuchon, LL. caputium, fr. capa cloak. See Cap.]

Defn: A hood; especialy, the hood attached to the gown of a monk.

CAPOCH Ca*poch", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capoched.]

Defn: To cover with, or as with, a hood; hence, to hoodwink or blind. Hudibras.

CAPON Ca"pon, n. Etym: [OE. capon, chapoun, AS. cap (cf. F. chapon), L. capo, fr. Gr. skopiti to casrate. CF. Comma.]

Defn: A castrated cock, esp. when fattened; a male chicken gelded to improve his flesh for the table. Shak. The merry thought of a capon. W. Irving.

CAPON Ca"pon, v. t.

Defn: To castrate; to make a capon of.

CAPONET Ca"pon*et, n.

Defn: A young capon. [R.] Chapman.

CAPONIERE Cap`o*niere", n. Etym: [F. caponnière, fr. Sp. caponera, orig., a cage for fattening capons, hence, a place of refuge; cf. It. capponiera. See Capon.] (Fort.)

Defn: A work made across or in the ditch, to protect it from the enemy, or to serve as a covered passageway.

CAPONIZE Ca"pon*ize, v. t.

Defn: To castrate, as a fowl.

CAPORAL Ca`po*ral" (kä`po*räl"), n. [Sp. See Corporal, n.]

Defn: One who directs work; an overseer. [Sp. Amer.]

CAPOT Ca*pot", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A winning of all the tricks at the game of piquet. It counts for forty points. Hoyle.

CAPOT Ca*pot", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Capotted.]

Defn: To win all the tricks from, in playing at piquet.

CAPO TASTO Ca"po tas"to. [It. capotasto.] (Music)

Defn: A sort of bar or movable nut, attached to the finger board of a guitar or other fretted instrument for the purpose of raising uniformly the pitch of all the strings.

CAPOTE Ca*pote", n. Etym: [Sp. capote (cf. F. capote.), fr. LL. capa cape, cloak. See Cap.]

Defn: A long cloak or overcoat, especially one with a hood.

CAPOUCH Ca*pouch", n. & v. t.

Defn: Same as Capoch.

CAPPADINE Cap"pa*dine, n.

Defn: A floss or waste obtained from the cocoon after the silk has been reeled off, used for shag.

CAPPAPER Cap"pa`per,

Defn: See cap, n., also Paper, n.

CAPPEAK Cap"peak`, n.

Defn: The front piece of a cap; -- now more commonly called visor.

CAPPELINE Cap"pe*line`, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. capella. See Chapel.] (Med.)

Defn: A hood-shaped bandage for the head, the shoulder, or the stump of an amputated limb.

CAPPELLA Cap*pel"la, n.

Defn: See A cappella.

CAPPER Cap"per, n.

1. One whose business is to make or sell caps.

2. A by-bidder; a decoy for gamblers [Slang, U. S.].

3. An instrument for applying a percussion cap to a gun or cartridge.

CAPPING PLANE Cap"ping plane`. (Join.)

Defn: A plane used for working the upper surface of staircase rails.

CAPRA Ca"pra, n. Etym: [L., a she goat.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of ruminants, including the common goat.

CAPRATE Cap"rate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of capric acid.

CAPREOLATE Cap"re*o*late, a. Etym: [L. capreolus wild goat, tendril, fr.caper goat: cf. F. capréolé.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having a tendril or tendrils.

CAPREOLINE Cap"re*o*line, a. Etym: [L. capreolus wild goat, fr. caper goat.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the roebuck.

CAPRI Ca"pri, n.

Defn: Wine produced on the island of Capri, commonly a light, dry, white wine.

CAPRIC Cap"ric, a. Etym: [L. caper goat.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to capric acid or its derivatives. Capric acid, C9H9.CO2H, Caprylic acid, C7H15.CO2H, and Caproic acid, C5H11.CO2H, are fatty acids occurring in small quantities in butter, cocoanut oil, etc., united with glycerin; they are colorless oils, or white crystalline solids, of an unpleasant odor like that of goats or sweat.

CAPRICCIO Ca*pric"cio, n. Etym: [It. See Caprice.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A piece in a free form, with frequent digressions from the theme; a fantasia; -- often called caprice.

2. A caprice; a freak; a fancy. Shak.

CAPRICE Ca*price", n. Etym: [F. caprice, It. capriccio, caprice (perh. orig. a fantastical goat leap), fr. L. caper, capra, goat. Cf Capriole, Cab, Caper, v. i.]

1. An abrupt change in feeling, opinion, or action, proceeding from some whim or fancy; a freak; a notion. "Caprices of appetite." W. Irving.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: See Capriccio.

Syn. -- Freak; whim; crotchet; fancy; vagary; humor; whimsey; fickleness.

CAPRICIOSO; CAPRICCIOSO Ca*pri*cio"so, Ca*pric*cio"so, a. Etym: [It.] (Mus)

Defn: In a free, fantastic style.

CAPRICIOUS Ca*pri"cious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. capricleux, It. capriccioso.]

Defn: Governed or characterized by caprice; apt to change suddenly; freakish; whimsical; changeable. "Capricious poet." Shak. "Capricious humor." Hugh Miller. A capricious partiality to the Romish practices. Hallam.

Syn. -- Freakish; whimsical; fanciful; fickle; crotchety; fitful; wayward; changeable; unsteady; uncertain; inconstant; arbitrary. -- Ca*pri"cious*ly, adv. -- Ca*pri"cious*ness, n.

CAPRICORN Cap"ri*corn, n. Etym: [L. capricornus; caper goat + cornu horn: cf. F. capricorne.]

1. (Astron.)

Defn: The tenth sign of zodiac, into which the sun enters at the winter solstice, about December 21. See Tropic. The sun was entered into Capricorn. Dryden.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: A southern constellation, represented on ancient monuments by the figure of a goat, or a figure with its fore part like a fish. Capricorn beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle of the family Carambucidæ; one of the long-horned beetles. The larvæ usually bore into the wood or bark of trees and shurbs and are often destructive. See Girdler, Pruner.

CAPRID Cap"rid, a. Etym: [L. caper, capra, goat.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the tribe of ruminants of which the goat, or genus Capra, is the type.

CAPRIFICATION Cap"ri*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. caprificatio, fr. caprificare to ripen figs by caprification, fr. caprificus the wild fig; caper goat + ficus fig.]

Defn: The practice of hanging, upon the cultivated fig tree, branches of the wild fig infested with minute hymenopterous insects.

Note: It is supposed that the little insects insure fertilization by carrying the pollen from the male flowers near the opening of the fig down to the female flowers, and also accelerate ripening the fruit by puncturing it. The practice has existed since ancient times, but its benefit has been disputed.

CAPRIFOLE Cap"ri*fole, n. Etym: [L. caper goat + folium leaf.]

Defn: The woodbine or honeysuckle. Spenser.

CAPRIFOLIACEOUS Cap"ri*fo`li*a`ceous, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Honeysuckle family of plants (Caprifoliacæ.

CAPRIFORM Cap"ri*form, a. Etym: [L. caper goat + -form.]

Defn: Having the form of a goat.

CAPRIGENOUS Ca*prig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. caprigenus; caper goat + gegnere to produce.]

Defn: Of the goat kind.

CAPRINE Cap"rine, a. Etym: [L. caprinus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a goat; as, caprine gambols.

CAPRIOLE Cap"ri*ole, n. Etym: [F. capriole, cabriole, It. capriola, fr. L. caper goat. Cf. Caper, v. i. Cabriole, Caprice, Cheveril.]

1. (Man.)

Defn: A leap that a horse makes with all fours, upwards only, without advancing, but with a kick or jerk of the hind legs when at the height of the leap.

2. A leap or caper, as in dancing. "With lofty turns and caprioles." Sir J. Davies.

CAPRIOLE Cap"ri*ole, v. i.

Defn: To perform a capriole. Carlyle.

CAPRIPED Cap"ri*ped, a. Etym: [L. capripers; caper goat + pes pedis, foot.]

Defn: Having feet like those of a goat.

CAPROATE Cap"ro*ate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of caproic acid.

CAPROIC Ca*pro"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: See under Capric.

CAPRYLATE Cap"ry*late, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of caprylic acid.

CAPRYLIC Ca*pryl"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: See under Capric.

CAPSAICIN Cap*sa"i*cin, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity.

CAPSHEAF Cap"sheaf`, n.

Defn: The top sheaf of a stack of grain: (fig.) the crowning or finishing part of a thing.

CAPSICIN Cap"si*cin, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.)

Defn: A red liquid or soft resin extracted from various species of capsicum.

CAPSICINE Cap"si*cine, n. Etym: [From Capsicum.] (Chem.)

Defn: A valatile alkaloid extracted from Capsicum annuum or from capsicin.

CAPSICUM Cap"si*cum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. capsa box, chest.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants of many species, producing capsules or dry berries of various forms, which have an exceedingly pungent, biting taste, and when ground form the red of Cayenne pepper of commerce.

Note: The most important species are Capsicum baccatum or birs pepper. C, annuum or chili pepper, C. frutesens or spur pepper, and C. annuum or Guinea pepeer, which includes the bell pepper and other common garden varieties. The fruit is much used, both in its green and ripe state, in pickles and in cookery. See Cayenne pepper.

CAPSIZE Cap*size", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Capsized; p. pr. & vb. n. Capsizing.] Etym: [Cf. Sp. cabecear to nod, pitch, capuzar, chapuzar, to sink (a vessel) by the head; both fr. L. caput head.]

Defn: To upset or overturn, as a vessel or other body. But what if carrying sail capsize the boat Byron.

CAPSIZE Cap"size`, n.

Defn: An upset or overturn.

CAPSQUARE Cap"*square, n. (Gun.)

Defn: A metal covering plate which passes over the trunnions of a cannon, and holds it in place.

CAPSTAN Cap"stan, n. Etym: [F. cabestan, fr. Sp. cabestrante, cabrestante, fr. cabestrar to bind with a halter, fr. cabestrohalter, fr. L. capistrum halter, fr. capere to hold (see Capacious); or perh. the Spanish is fr. L. caper goat + stans, p. pr. of stare to stand; cf. F. chèvre she-goat, also a machine for raising heavy weights.]

Defn: A vertical cleated drum or cylinder, revolving on an upright spindle, and surmounted by a drumhead with sockets for bars or levers. It is much used, especially on shipboard, for moving or raising heavy weights or exerting great power by traction upon a rope or cable, passing around the drum. It is operated either by steam power or by a number of men walking around the capstan, each pushing on the end of a lever fixed in its socket. [Sometimes spelt Capstern, but improperly.] Capstan bar, one of the long bars or levers by which the capstan is worked; a handspike.. -- To pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls so that they will catch in the notches of the pawl ring, and prevent the capstan from turning back. -- To rig the capstan, to prepare the for use, by putting the bars in the sockets. -- To surge the capstan, to slack the tension of the rope or cable wound around it.

CAPSTONE Cap"stone`, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil echinus of the genus Cannulus; -- so called from its supposed resemblance to a cap.

CAPSULAR; CAPSULARY Cap"su*lar, Cap"su*la*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. capsulaire.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a capsule; having the nature of a capsula; hollow and fibrous. Capsular ligament (Anat.), a ligamentous bag or capsule surrounding many movable joints in the skeleton.

CAPSULATE; CAPSULATED Cap"su*late, Cap"su*la`ted, a.

Defn: Inclosed in a capsule, or as in a chest or box.

CAPSULE Cap"sule, n. Etym: [L. capsula a little box or chest, fr. capsa chest, case, fr. capere to take, contain: cf. F. capsule.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: a dry fruit or pod which is made up of several parts or carpels, and opens to discharge the seeds, as, the capsule of the poppy, the flax, the lily, etc.

2. (Chem.) (a) A small saucer of clay for roasting or melting samples of ores, etc.; a scorifier. (b) a small, shallow, evaporating dish, usually of porcelain.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A small cylindrical or spherical gelatinous envelope in which nauseous or acrid doses are inclosed to be swallowed.

4. (Anat.)

Defn: A membranous sac containing fluid, or investing an organ or joint; as, the capsule of the lens of the eye. Also, a capsulelike organ.

5. A metallic seal or cover for closing a bottle,

6. A small cup or shell, as of metal, for a percussion cap, cartridge, etc. Atrabiliary capsule. See under Atrabiliary. -- Glisson's capsule, a membranous envelope, entering the liver along with the portal vessels and insheathing the latter in their course through the organ. -- Suprarenal capsule, an organ of unknown function, above or in front of each kidney.

CAPSULITIS Cap`su*li"tis, n. [NL.; E. capsule + -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of a capsule, as that of the crystalline lens.

CAPSULOTOMY Cap`su*lot"o*my, n. [Capsule + Gr. to cut.] (Surg.)

Defn: The incision of a capsule, esp. of that of the crystalline lens, as in a cataract operation.

CAPTAIN Cap"tain, n. Etym: [OE. capitain, captain, OF. capitain, F. capitaine (cf. Sp. capitan, It. capitano), LL. capitaneus, capitanus, fr. L. caput the head. See under Chief, and cf. Chieftain.]

1. A head, or chief officer; as: (a) The military officer who commands a company, troop, or battery, or who has the rank entitling him to do so though he may be employed on other service. (b) An officer in the United States navy, next above a commander and below a commodore, and ranking with a colonel in the ermy. (c) By courtesy, an officer actually commanding a vessel, although not having the rank of captain. (d) The master or commanding officer of a merchant vessel. (e) One in charge of a portion of a ship's company; as, a captain of a top, captain of a gun, etc. (f) The foreman of a body of workmen. (g) A person having authority over others acting in concert; as, the captain of a boat's crew; the captain of a football team. A trainband captain eke was he. Cowper. The Rhodian captain, relying on . . . the lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the guards. Arbuthnot.

2. A military leader; a warrior. Foremost captain of his time. Tennyson. Captain general. (a) The commander in chief of an army or armies, or of the militia. (b) The Spanish governor of Cuba and its dependent islands. -- Captain lieutenant, a lieutenant with the rank and duties of captain but with a lieutenant's pay, -- as in the first company of an English regiment.

CAPTAIN Cap"tain, v. t.

Defn: To act as captain of; to lead. [R.] Men who captained or accompanied the exodus from existing forms. Lowell.

CAPTAIN Cap"tain, a.

Defn: Chief; superior. [R.] captain jewes in the carcanet. Shak.

CAPTAINCY Cap"tain*cy, n.; pl. Captaincies (.

Defn: The rank, post, or commission of a captain. Washington. Captaincy general, the office, power, teritory, or jurisdiction of a captain general; as, the captaincy general of La Habana (Cuba and its islands).

CAPTAINRY Cap"tain*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. capitainerie.]

Defn: Power, or command, over a certain district; chieftainship. [Obs.]

CAPTAINSHIP Cap"tain*ship, n.

1. The condition, rank, post, or authority of a captain or chief commander. "To take the captainship." Shak.

2. Military skill; as, to show good captainship.

CAPTATION Cap*ta`tion, n. Etym: [L. captatio, fr. captare to catch, intens of caper to take: cf. F. captation.]

Defn: A courting of favor or applause, by flattery or address; a captivating quality; an attraction. [Obs.] Without any of those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their speeches. Eikon Basilike.

CAPTION Cap"tion, n. Etym: [L. captio, fr. caper to take. In senses 3 and 4, perhaps confounded in meaning with L. caput a head. See Capacious.]

1. A caviling; a sophism. [Obs.] This doctrine is for caption and contradiction. Bacon.

2. The act of taking or arresting a person by judicial process. [R.] Bouvier.

3. (Law)

Defn: That part of a legal instrument, as a commission, indictment, etc., which shows where, when, and by what authority, it taken, found, or executed. Bouvier. Wharton.

4. The heading of a chapter, section, or page. [U. S.]

CAPTIOUS Cap"tious, a. Etym: [F. captieux, L. captiosus. See Caption.]

1. Art to catch at faults; disposed to find fault or to cavil; eager to object; difficult to please. A captius and suspicious. Stillingfleet. I am sensible I have not disposed my materials to adbide the test of a captious controversy. Bwike.

2. Fitted to harass, perplex, or insnare; insidious; troublesome. Captious restraints on navigation. Bancroft.

Syn. -- Caviling, carping, fault-finding; censorious; hypercritical; peevish, fretful; perverse; troublesome. -- Captious, caviling, Carping. A captious person is one who has a fault-finding habit or manner, or is disposed to catch at faults, errors, etc., with quarrelsome intent; a caviling person is disposed to raise objections on frivolous grounds; carping implies that one is given to ill-natured, persistent, or unreasonable fault-finding, or picking up of the words or actions of others. Caviling is the carping of argument, carping the caviling of ill temper. C. J. Smith.

CAPTIOUSLY Cap"tious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a captious manner.

CAPTIOUSNESS Cap"tious*ness, n.

Defn: Captious disposition or manner.

CAPTIVATE Cap"ti*vate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captivated; p. pr. & vb. n. Captivating.] Etym: [L. captivatus, p. p. of captivare to capture, fr. captivus captive. See Captive.]

1. To take prisoner; to capture; to subdue. [Obs.] Their woes whom fortune captivates. Shak.

2. To acquire ascendancy over by reason of some art or attraction; to fascinate; to charm; as, Cleopatra captivated Antony; the orator captivated all hearts. Small landscapes of captivating loveliness. W. Irving.

Syn. -- To enslave; subdue; overpower; charm; enchant; bewitch; facinate; capture; lead captive.

CAPTIVATE Cap"ti*vate, p. a. Etym: [L. captivatus.]

Defn: Taken prisoner; made captive; insnared; charmed. Women have been captivate ere now. Shak.

CAPTIVATING Cap"ti*va`ting, a.

Defn: Having power to captivate or cham; fascinating; as, captivating smiles. -- Cap"tiva`ting*ly, adv.

CAPTIVATION Cap"ti*va`tion, n. Etym: [L. capticatio.]

Defn: The act of captivating. [R.] The captivation of our understanding. Bp. Hall.

CAPTIVE Cap"tive, n. Etym: [L. captivus, fr. capere to take: cf. F. captif. See Caitiff.]

1. A prisoner taken by force or stratagem, esp., by an enemy, in war; one kept in bondage or in the power of another. Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains. Milton.

2. One charmed or subdued by beaty, excellence, or affection; one who is captivated.

CAPTIVE Cap"tive, a.

1. Made prisoner, especially in war; held in bondage or in confinement. A poor, miserable, captive thrall. Milton.

2. Subdued by love; charmed; captivated. Even in so short a space, my wonan's heart Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shak.

3. Of or pertaining to bondage or confinement; serving to confine; as, captive chains; captive hours.

CAPTIVE Cap"tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captived; p. pr. & vb. n. Captiving.]

Defn: To take prisoner; to capture. Their inhabitans slaughtered and captived. Burke.

CAPTIVITY Cap*tiv"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. captivitas: cf. F. captivité.]

1. The state of being a captive or a prisoner. More celebrated in his captivity that in his greatest triumphs. Dryden.

2. A state of being under control; subjection of the will or affections; bondage. Sink in the soft captivity together. Addison.

Syn. -- Imprisonment; confinement; bondage; subjection; servitude; slavery; thralldom; serfdom.

CAPTOR Cap"tor, n. Etym: [L., a cather (of animals), fr. caper to take.]

Defn: One who captures any person or thing, as a prisoner or a prize.

CAPTURE Cap"ture, n. Etym: [L. capture, fr. caper to take: cf. F. capture. See Caitiff, and cf. aptive.]

1. The act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power or by stratagem; as, the capture of an enemy, a vessel, or a criminal. Even with regard to captures made at sea. Bluckstone.

2. The securing of an object of strife or desire, as by the power of some attraction.

3. The thing taken by force, surprise, or stratagem; a prize; prey.

Syn. -- Seizure; apprehension; arrest; detention.

CAPTURE Cap"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Captured; p. pr. & vb. n. Capturing.]

Defn: To seize or take possession of by force, surprise, or stratagem; to overcome and hold; to secure by effort. Her heart is like some fortress that has been captured. W. Ivring.

CAPUCCIO Ca*puc"cio, n. Etym: [It. cappucio. See Capoch.]

Defn: A capoch or hood. [Obs.] Spenser.

CAPUCHED Ca*puched", a. Etym: [See Capoch.]

Defn: Cover with, or as with, a hood. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CAPUCHIN Cap`u*chin", n. Etym: [F. capucin a monk who wears a cowl, fr. It. cappuccio hood. See Capoch.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: A Franciscan monk of the austere branch established in 1526 by Matteo di Baschi, distinguished by wearing the long pointed cowl or capoch of St. Francis. A bare-footed and long-bearded capuchin. Sir W. Scott.

2. A garment for women, consisting of a cloak and hood, resembling, or supposed to resemble, that of capuchin monks.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A long-tailed South American monkey (Cabus capucinus), having the forehead naked and wrinkled, with the hair on the crown reflexed and resembling a monk's cowl, the rest being of a grayish white; -- called also capucine monkey, weeper, sajou, sapajou, and sai. (b) Other species of Cabus, as C. fatuellus (the brown or horned capucine.), C. albifrons (the cararara), and C. apella. (c) A variety of the domestic pigeon having a hoodlike tuft of feathers on the head and sides of the neck. Capuchin nun, one of an austere order of Franciscan nuns which came under Capuchin rule in 1538. The order had recently been founded by Maria Longa.

CAPUCINE Cap"u*cine, n.

Defn: See Capuchin, 3.

CAPULET Cap"u*let, n. (Far.)

Defn: Same as Capellet.

CAPULIN Cap"u*lin, n. Etym: [Sp. capuli.]

Defn: The Mexican chery (Prunus Capollin).

CAPUT Ca"put, n.; pl. Capita. Etym: [L., the head.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The head; also, a knoblike protuberance or capitulum.

2. The top or superior part of a thing.

3. (Eng.)

Defn: The council or ruling body of the University of Cambridge prior to the constitution of 1856. Your caputs and heads of colleges. Lamb. Caput mortuum (. Etym: [L., dead head.] (Old Chem.) The residuum after distillation or sublimation; hence, worthless residue.

CAPYBARA Ca`py*ba"ra, n. Etym: [Sp. capibara, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large South American rodent (Hydrochærus capybara) Living on the margins of lakes and rivers. It is the largest extant rodent, being about three feet long, and half that in height. It somewhat resembles the Guinea pig, to which it is related; -- called also cabiai and water hog.

CAR Car, n. Etym: [OF. car, char, F. cahr, fr. L. carrus, Wagon: a Celtic word; cf. W. car, Armor. karr, Ir. & Gael. carr. cf. Chariot.]

1. A small vehicle moved on wheels; usually, one having but two wheels and drawn by one horse; a cart.

2. A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. [U. S.]

Note: In England a railroad passenger car is called a railway carriage; a freight car a goods wagon; a platform car a goods truck; a baggage car a van. But styles of car introduced into England from America are called cars; as, tram car. Pullman car. See Train.

3. A chariot of war or of triumph; a vehicle of splendor, dignity, or solemnity. [Poetic]. The gilded car of day. Milton. The towering car, the sable steeds. Tennyson.

4. (Astron.)

Defn: The stars also called Charles's Wain, the Great Bear, or the Dipper. The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car. Dryden.

5. The cage of a lift or elevator.

6. The basket, box, or cage suspended from a ballon to contain passengers, ballast, etc.

7. A floating perforated box for living fish. [U. S.] Car coupling, or Car coupler, a shackle or other device for connecting the cars in a railway train. [U. S.] -- Dummy car (Railroad), a car containing its own steam power or locomotive. -- Freight car (Railrood), a car for the transportation of merchandise or other goods. [U. S.] -- Hand car (Railroad), a small car propelled by hand, used by railroad laborers, etc. [U. S.] -- Horse car, or Street car, an ommibus car, draw by horses or other power upon rails laid in the streets. [U. S.] -- Palace car, Drawing- room car, Sleeping car, Parior caretc. , (Railroad), cars especially designed and furnished for the comfort of travelers.

CARABAO Ca`ra*ba"o, n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The water buffalo. [Phil. Islands]

CARABID Car"a*bid, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Carbus or family Carabidæ. -- n.

Defn: One of the Carabidæ, a family of active insectivorous beetles.

CARABINE Car"a*bine, n. (Mil.)

Defn: A carbine.

CARABINEER Car`a*bi*neer", n.

Defn: A carbineer.

CARABOID Car"a*boid, a. Etym: [Carabus + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like, or pertaining to the genus Carabus.

CARABUS Car"a*bus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of ground beetles, including numerous species. They devour many injurious insects.

CARAC Car"ac, n.

Defn: See Carack.

CARACAL Car"a*cal, n. Etym: [F. caracal, fr. Turk garahgootag; garah black + goofag ear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lynx (Felis, or Lynx, caracal.) It is a native of Africa and Asia. Its ears are black externally, and tipped with long black hairs.

CARACARA Ca"`ra*ca"ra, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A south American bird of several species and genera, resembling both the eagles and the vultures. The caracaras act as scavengers, and are also called carrion buzzards.

Note: The black caracara is Ibycter ater; the chimango is Milvago chimango; the Brazilian is Polyborus Braziliensis.

CARACK Car"ack, n. Etym: [F. caraque (cf. Sp. & Pg. carraca, It. caracca.), LL. carraca, fr. L. carrus wagon; or perh. fr. Ar. qorqur (pl. qaraqir) a carack.] (Naut.)

Defn: A kind of large ship formerly used by the Spaniards and Portuguese in the East India trade; a galleon. [Spelt also carrack.] The bigger whale like some huge carrack law. Waller.

CARACOLE Car"a*cole, n. Etym: [F. caracole, caracol, fr. Sp. caracol snail, winding staircase, a wheeling about.]

1. (Man.)

Defn: A half turn which a horseman makes, either to the right or the left.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: A staircase in a spiral form. En caracole ( Etym: [F.], spiral; -- said of a staircase.

CARACOLE Car"a*cole, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caracoled.] Etym: [Cf. F. caracoler.] (Man.)

Defn: To move in a caracole, or in caracoles; to wheel. Prince John caracoled within the lists. Sir W. Scott.

CARACOLY Car"a*col`y, n.

Defn: An alloy of gold, silver, and copper, of which an inferior quality of jewerly is made.

CARACORE; CARACORA Car"a*core, Car"a*co`ra, n. Etym: [Malay kurakura.]

Defn: A light vessel or proa used by the people of Borneo, etc., and by the Dutch in the East Indies.

CARACUL Ca`ra*cul", n.

Defn: Var. of Karakul, a kind of fur.

CARAFE Ca*rafe", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A glass water bottle for the table or toilet; -- called also croft.

CARAGEEN; CARAGHEEN Car"a*geen` or Car"a*gheen`, n.

Defn: See Carrageen.

CARAMBOLA Ca`ram*bo"la, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An East Indian tree (Averrhoa Carambola), and its acid, juicy fruit; called also Coromandel gooseberry.

CARAMEL Car"a*mel, n. Etym: [F. caramel (cf. Sp. caramelo), LL. canna mellis, cannamella, canamella, calamellus mellitus, sugar cane, from or confused with L. canna reed + mel, mellis, honey. See Cane.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: Burnt sugar; a brown or black porous substance obtained by heating sugar. It is soluble in water, and is used for coloring spirits, gravies, etc.

2. A kind of confectionery, usually a small cube or square of tenacious paste, or candy, of varying composition and flavor.

CARANGOID Ca*ran"goid, a. Etym: [Caranx + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Carangidæ, a family of fishes allied to the mackerels, and including the caranx, American bluefish, and the pilot fish.

CARANX Ca"ranx, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of fishes, common on the Atlantic coast, including the yellow or goldon mackerel.

CARAPACE Car"a*pace, n. Etym: [F.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The thick shell or sheild which cover the back of the tortoise, or turtle, the crab, and other crustaceous animals.

CARAPATO Ca`ra*pa"to, n. Etym: [Pg. carrapato.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A south American tick of the genus Amblyamma. There are several species, very troublesome to man and beast.

CARAPAX Car"a*pax, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Carapace.

CARAT Car"at, n. Etym: [F. carat (cf. It. carato, OPg. quirate, Pg. & Sp. quilate), Ar. q bean or pea shell, a weight of four grins, a carat, fr. Gr. Horn.]

1. The weight by which precious stones and pearls are weighed.

Note: The carat equals three and one fifth grains Troy, and is divided into four grains, sometimes called carat grains. Diamonds and other precious stones are estimated by carats and fractions of carats, and pearls, usually, by carat grains. Titfany.

2. A twenty-fourth part; -- a term used in estimating the proportionate fineness of gold.

Note: A mass of metal is said to be so many carats fine, according to the number of twenty-fourths of pure gold which it contains; as, 22 carats fine (goldsmith's standard) = 22 parts of gold, 1 of copper, and 1 of silver.

CARAVAN Car"a*van, n. Etym: [F. caravane (cf. Sp. caravana), fr. Per. karmwan a caravan (in sense 1). Cf. Van a wagon.]

1. A company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, organized and equipped for a long journey, or marching or traveling together, esp. through deserts and countries infested by robbers or hostile tribes, as in Asia or Africa.

2. A large, covered wagon, or a train of such wagons, for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition; an itinerant show, as of wild beasts.

3. A covered vehicle for carrying passengers or for moving furniture, etc.; -- sometimes shorted into van.

CARAVANEER Car`a*van*eer", n. Etym: [Cf. F. caravanier.]

Defn: The leader or driver of the camels in caravan.

CARAVANSARY Car`a*van"sa*ry, n.; pl. Caravansaries Etym: [F. caravansérai, fr. Per. karwansara\'8b; karwan caravan + -sara\'8b palace, large house, inn.]

Defn: A kind of inn, in the East, where caravans rest at night, being a large, rude, unfurnished building, surrounding a court. [Written also caravanserai and caravansera.]

CARAVEL Car"a*vel, n. Etym: [F. caravelle (cf. It. caravella, Sp. carabela), fr. Sp. caraba a kind of vessel, fr. L. carabus a kind of light boat, fr. Gr. [written also caravel and caravelle.] (Naut.)

Defn: A name given to several kinds of vessels. (a) The caravel of the 16th century was a small vessel with broad bows, high, narrow poop, four masts, and lateen sails. Columbus commanded three caravels on his great voyage. (b) A Portuguese vessel of 100 or 150 tons burden. (c) A small fishing boat used on the French coast. (d) A Turkish man-of-war.

CARAWAY Car"a*way, n. Etym: [F. carvi (cf. Sp. carvi and al-caravea, al- carahueya, Pg. al-caravia) fr. Ar. karawi\'befr. Gr. caraum.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A biennial plant of the Parsley family (Carum Carui). The seeds have an aromatic smell, and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in cookery and confectionery, and also in medicine as a carminative.

2. A cake or sweetmeat containing caraway seeds. Caraways, or biscuits, or some other [comfits]. Cogan.

CARBAMIC Car*bam"ic, a. Etym: [Carbon + amido.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to an acid so called. Carbamic acid (Chem.), an amido acid, NH2.CO2H, not existing in the free state, but occurring as a salt of ammonium in commercial ammonium carbonate; -- called also amido formic acid.

CARBAMIDE Car*bam"ide, n. Etym: [Carbonyl + amide.] (Chem.)

Defn: The technical name for urea.

CARBAMINE Car*bam"ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An isocyanide of a hydrocarbon radical. The carbamines are liquids, usually colorless, and of unendurable odor.

CARBANIL Car"ba*nil, n. Etym: [Carbonyl + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A mobile liquid, CO.N.C6H5, of pungent odor. It is the phenyl salt of isocyanic acid.

CARBAZOL Car"ba*zol, n. Etym: [Carbon + azo + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystallized substance, C12H8NH, derived from aniline and other amines.

CARBAZOTATE Car*baz"o*tate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of carbazotic or picric acid; a picrate.

CARBAZOTIC Car`ba*zot"ic, a. Etym: [Carbon + azole.]

Defn: Containing, or derived from, carbon and nitrogen. Carbazotic acid (Chem.), picric acid. See under Picric.

CARBIDE Car"bide, n. Etym: [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.)

Defn: A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; -- formerly termed carburet.

CARBIMIDE Car"bi*mide, n. Etym: [Carbon + imide] (Chem.)

Defn: The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic.

CARBINE Car"bine, n. Etym: [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. Parable.] (Mil.)

Defn: A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry.

CARBINEER Car`bi*neer", n. Etym: [F. carabinier.] (Mil.)

Defn: A soldier armed with a carbine.

CARBINOL Car"bi*nol, n. Etym: [Carbin (Kolbe's name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: Methyl alcohol, CH3OH; -- also, by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type.

CARBOHYDRATE Car`bo*hy"drate, n. Etym: [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C6H12O6.

CARBOHYDRIDE Car`bo*hy"dride, n. Etym: [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A hydrocarbon.

CARBOLIC Car*bol"ic, a. Etym: [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as, carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol.

CARBOLIZE Car"bo*lize, v. t. (Med.)

Defn: To apply carbonic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid.

CARBON Car"bon, n. Etym: [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf, Skr. (Chem.)

Defn: An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite. Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory. The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process. I. Remsen -Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. -- Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. -- Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall contantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. -- Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. -- Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc.

CARBONACEOUS Car"bo*na`ceous, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon.

CARBONADE; CARBONADO Car"bo*nade, Car`bo*na"do, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery)

Defn: Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.]

CARBONADO; CARBONADE Car`bo*na"do, Car"bo*nade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.]

1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.] A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed. Bean. & Fl.

2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.] I'll so carbonado your shanks. Shak.

CARBONADO Car`bo*na"do, n.; pl. Carbonadoes. Etym: [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.)

Defn: A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous.

CARBONARISM Car`bo*na"rism, n.

Defn: The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari.

CARBONARO Car`bo*na"ro, n.; pl. Carbonari. Etym: [It., a coal man.]

Defn: A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic.

Note: The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted.

CARBONATATION Car`bon*a*ta"tion, n. Etym: [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making)

Defn: The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight.

CARBONATE Car"bon*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc.

CARBONATED Car"bon*a`ted, a.

Defn: Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid.

CARBONE Car"bone, v. t. Etym: [See Carbonado.]

Defn: To broil. [Obs.] "We had a calf's head carboned". Pepys.

CARBONIC Car*bon"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide. Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. On common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hance called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephilic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. -- Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

CARBONIDE Car"bon*ide, n.

Defn: A carbide. [R.]

CARBONIFEROUS Car`bon*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Carbon + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing or containing carbon or coal. Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegatation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

CARBONITE Car"bon*ite, n. [Carbon + -ite.]

1.

Defn: An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium.

2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr.

CARBONIZATION Car`bon*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carbonisation.]

Defn: The act or process of carbonizing.

CARBONIZE Car"bon*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. carboniser.]

1. To cover (an animal or vegatable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char.

2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

CARBONOMETER Car`bon*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Carbon + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its

## action on limewater or by other means.

CARBON PROCESS Car"bon process. (Photog.)

Defn: A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called carbon paper or carbon tissue. This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer.

CARBON STEEL Carbon steel.

Defn: Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; --opposed to alloy steel.

CARBON TRANSMITTER Carbon transmitter.

Defn: A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used.

CARBONYL Car"bon*yl, n. Etym: [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The radical (CO)'\'b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc.

Note: Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

CARBORUNDUM Car`bo*run"dum, [Carbon + corundum.]

Defn: A beautiful crystalline compound, SiC, consisting of carbon and silicon in combination; carbon silicide. It is made by heating carbon and sand together in an electric furnace. The commercial article is dark-colored and iridescent. It is harder than emery, and is used as an abrasive.

CARBORUNDUM CLOTH; CARBORUNDUM PAPER Carborundum cloth or paper.

Defn: Cloth or paper covered with powdered carborundum.

CARBOSTYRIL Car`bo*sty"ril, n. Etym: [Carbon + styrene.]

Defn: A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

CARBOXIDE Car*box"ide, n. Etym: [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide. Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

CARBOXYL Car*box"yl, n. Etym: [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl.

CARBOY Car"boy, n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurabah a sort of bottle.]

Defn: A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

CARBUNCLE Car"bun*cle, n. Etym: [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax.

3. (Her.)

Defn: A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

CARBUNCLED Car"bun*cled, a.

1. Set with carbuncles. He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled Like holy Phabus' car. Shak.

2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. "A carbuncled face." Brome.

CARBUNCULAR Car*bun"cu*lar, a.

Defn: Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

CARBUNCULATION Car*bun`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. carbunculatio.]

Defn: The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or caold. Harris.

CARBURET Car"bu*ret, n. Etym: [From Carbon.] (Chem.)

Defn: A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic]

CARBURET Car"bu*ret, v. t. [imp & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.]

Defn: To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize. By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal. Knight.

CARBURETANT Car"bu*ret`ant, n.

Defn: Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

CARBURETED Car"bu*ret`ed, a.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide.

2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power. [Written also carburetted.] Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas, CH4; fire damp.

CARBURETOR Car"bu*ret`or, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

CARBURETOR; CARBURETTOR Car"bu*ret`or, Car"bu*ret`tor, n.

Defn: One that carburets; specif., an apparatus in which air or gas is carbureted, as by passing it through a light petroleum oil. The carburetor for a gasoline engine is usually either a surface carburetor, or a float, float-feed, or spray, carburetor. In the former air is charged by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In the latter a fine spray of gasoline is drawn from an atomizing nozzle by a current of air induced by the suction of the engine piston, the supply of gasoline being regulated by a float which actuates a needle valve controlling the outlet of the feed pipe. Alcohol and other volatile inflammable liquids may be used instead of gasoline.

CARBURIZATION Car"bu*ri*za`tion, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The act, process, or result of carburizing.

CARBURIZE Car"bu*rize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized; p. pr. & vb. N. Carburizing.] (Chem.)

Defn: To combine wtih carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of valatile hydrocarbons.

CARCAJOU Car"ca*jou, n. Etym: [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wolverence; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

CARCANET Car"ca*net, n. Etym: [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of preciousstones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kechen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG, querca throat.]

Defn: A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkenet and carcant.] Shak.

CARCASE Car"case, n.

Defn: See Carcass.

CARCASS Car"cass, n.; pl. Carcasses. [Written also carcase.] Etym: [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.]

1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast. He turned to see the carcass of the lion. Judges xiv. 8. This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads. De Foe.

2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. "To pamper his own carcass." South. Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature. For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. Oldham.

3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing. A rotten carcass of a boat. Shak.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc. A discharge of carcasses and bombshells. W. Iving.

CARCAVELHOS Car`ca*vel"hos, n.

Defn: A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

CARCELAGE Car"ce*lage, n. Etym: [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.]

Defn: Prison fees. [Obs.]

CARCEL LAMP Car"cel lamp`. Etym: [Named after Carcel, the inventor.]

Defn: A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superbundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

CARCERAL Car"cer*al, a. Etym: [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.]

Defn: Belonging a prison. [R.] Foxe.

CARCINOLOGICAL Car`ci*no*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to carcinology.

CARCINOLOGY Car`ci*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The depertment of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

CARCINOMA Car`ci*no"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.)

Defn: A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.

CARCINOMATOUS Car`ci*nom"a*tous, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

CARCINOSYS Car`ci*no"sys, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: The affection of the system with cancer.

CARD Card, n. Etym: [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. Chart.]

1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards. Our first cards were to Carabas House. Thackeray.

2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.

3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass. All the quartere that they know I' the shipman's card. Shak.

4. (Weaving)

Defn: A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard.

5. An indicator card. See under Indicator. Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Card catalogue. See Catalogue. -- Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. -- On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- To have the cards in one's own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- To play one's cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- To play snow one's cards, to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. -- To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship's bearing by the compass card. -- Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.

CARD Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.]

Defn: To play at cards; to game. Johnson.

CARD Card, n. Etym: [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.]

1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; -- usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back.

2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine. Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.

CARD Card, v. t.

1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as, to card wool; to card a horse. These card the short comb the longer flakes. Dyer.

2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.] This book [must] be carded and purged. T. Shelton.

3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.] You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. -- half small, half strong. Greene.

Note: In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing.

CARDAMINE Car"da*mine, n. Etym: [L. cardamina, Gr. cardamine.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady's-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.

CARDAMOM Car"da*mom, n. Etym: [L. cardamonun, Gr.

1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant which prduces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several of Amommum.

CARDBOARD Card"board, n.

Defn: A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.

CARDCASE Card"case`, n.

Defn: A case for visiting cards.

CARDECU Car"de*cu, n. Etym: [Corrupt, from F. quart d'écu.]

Defn: A quarter of a crown. [Obs.] The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu. Sir W. Scott.

CARDER Card"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.

CARDIA Car"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

CARDIAC Car"di*ac, a. Etym: [L. cardiacus, Gr. , fr. cardiaque.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as, the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant. Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] -- Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel.

CARDIAC Car"di*ac n. (Med.)

Defn: A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.

CARDIACAL Car*di"a*cal, a.

Defn: Cardiac.

CARDIACLE Car"di*a*cle, n.

Defn: A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CARDIAGRAPH Car"di*a*graph, n.

Defn: See Cardiograph.

CARDIALGLA; CARDIALGY Car`di*al"gl*a, Car"di*al`gy, n. Etym: [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. cardialgie.] (Med.)

Defn: A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardisc palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.

CARDIGAN JACKET Car"di*gan jack`et. Etym: [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854-55.]

Defn: A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves.

CARDINAL Car"di*nal, a. Etym: [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hing of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.]

Defn: Of fundamental importance; preëminet; superior; chief; principal. The cardinal intersections of the zodiac. Sir T. Browne. Impudence is now a cardinal virtue. Drayton. But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye. Shak. Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. -- Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. -- Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Lidra, Cancer, and Capricorn. -- Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. -- Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. -- Cardinal virtues, preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. -- Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.

CARDINAL Car"di*nal, n. Etym: [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardimalis (ecclesiæ Romanæ). See Cardinal, a.]

Defn: 1. (R.C.Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical prince who constitute the pope's council, or the sacred college. The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved. Pope Leo IX.

Note: The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take procedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal's costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad, brim, with cards and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it.

2. A woman's short cloak with a hood. Where's your cardinal! Make haste. Lloyd.

3. Mulled red wine. Hotten.

Cardinal bird, or Cardinal grosbeak (Zoöl.), an American song bird (Cardinalis cardinalis, or C. Virginianus), of the family Fringillidæ, or finches having a bright red plumage, and a high, pointed crest on its head. The males have loud and musical notes resembling those of a fife. Other related species are also called cardinal birds. -- Cardinal flower (Bot.), an herbaceous plant (Lobelia cardinalis) bearing brilliant red flowers of much beauty. -- Cardinal red, color like that of a cardinal's cassock, hat, etc.; a bright red, darket than scarlet, and between scarlet and crimson.

CARDINALATE Car"di*nal*ate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cardinalat, LL. cardinalatus.]

Defn: The office, rank, or dignity of a cardinal.

CARDINALIZE Car"di*nal*ize, v. t.

Defn: To exalt to the office of a cardinal. Sheldon.

CARDINALSHIP Car"di*nal*ship, n.

Defn: The condition, dignity, of office of a cardinal

CARDING Card"ing, a.

1. The act or process of preparing staple for spinning, etc., bycarding it. See the Note under Card, v. t.

2. A roll of wool or other fiber as it comes from the carding machine. Carding engine, Carding machine, a machine for carding cotton, wool, or other fiber, by subjecting it to the action of cylinders, or drum covered with wire-toothed cards, revoling nearly in contact with each other, at different rates of speed, or in opposite directions, The staple issues in soft sheets, or in slender rolls called sivers.

CARDIOGRAM Car"di*o*gram`, n. [Gr. heart + -gram.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The curve or tracing made by a cardiograph.

CARDIOGRAPH Car"di*o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.] (Med.)

Defn: An instrument which, when placed in contact with the chest, will register graphically the comparative duration and intensity of the heart's movements.

CARDIOGRAPHIC Car`di*o*graph"ic, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or produced by, a cardiograph.

CARDIOGRAPHY Car`di*og"ra*phy, n.

1. Description of the heart.

2. (Physiol.) Examination by the cardiograph.

CARDIOID Car"di*oid, n. Etym: [Gr. ( (Math.)

Defn: An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.

CARDIOINHIBITORY Car`di*o*in*hib"i*to*ry, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Checking or arresting the heart's action.

CARDIOLGY Car`di*ol"*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -ology.]

Defn: The science which treats of the heart and its functions.

CARDIOMETRY Car`di*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.] (Med.)

Defn: Measurement of the heart, as by percussion or auscultation.

CARDIOSCLEROSIS Car"di*o*scle*ro"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. heart + sclerosis.]

Defn: Induration of the heart, caused by development of fibrous tissue in the cardiac muscle.

CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH Car`di*o*sphyg"mo*graph, n.

Defn: A combination of cardiograph and shygmograph.

CARDITIS Car*di"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis: cf. F. cardile.] (Med)

Defn: Inflammation of the fleshy or muscular substance of the heart. See Endocardris and Pericarditis. Dunglison.

CARDO Car"do, n.; pl. Cardies.) Etym: [L., a hinge.] (Zoöl.) (a) The basal joint of the maxilla in insects. (b) The hinge of a bivalve shell.

CARDOL Car"dol, n. Etym: [NL. Anacardium generic name of the cashew + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow oil liquid, extracted from the shell of the cashew nut.

CARDOON Car*doon", n. Etym: [F. cardon. The same word as F. cardon thistle, fr. L. carduus, cardus, LL. cardo. See 3d Card.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large herbaceos plant (Cynara Cardunculus) related to the artichoke; -- used in cookery and as a sald.

CARE Care, n. Etym: [AS. caru, cearu; akin to OS. kara sorrow Goth. kara lament, and to Gr. . Not akin to cure. Cf. Chary.]

1. A burdensome sense of responsibility; trouble caused by onerous duties; anxiety; concern; solicitude. Care keeps his wath in every old man's eye, And where care lodges, sleep will never lie. Shak.

2. Charge, oversight, or management, implying responsibility for safety and prosperity. The care of all the churches. 2 Car. xi. 28 Him thy care must be to find. Milton. Perlexed with a thousand cares. Shak.

3. Attention or heed; caution; regard; heedfulness; watchfulness; as, take care; have a care. I thank thee for thy care and honest pains. Shak.

4. The object of watchful attention or anxiety. Right sorrowfully mourning her bereaved cares. Spenser.

Syn. -- Anxiety; solicitude; concern; caution; regard; management; direction; oversight. -- Care, Anxiety, Solicitude, Concern. These words express mental pain in different degress. Care belongs primarily to the intellect, and becomes painful from overburdened thought. Anxiety denotes a state of distressing uneasiness fron the dread of evil. Solicitude expresses the same feeling in a diminished dagree. Concern is opposed to indifference, and implies exercise of anxious thought more or less intense. We are careful about the means, solicitous and anxious about the end; we are solicitous to obtain a good, axious to avoid an evil.

CARE Care, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cared; p. pr. & vb. n. Caring.] Etym: [AS. cearian. See Care, n.]

Defn: To be anxious or solictous; to be concerned; to have regard or interest; -- sometimes followed by an objective of measure. I would not care a pin, if the other three were in. Shak. Master, carest thou not that we perish Mark. iv. 38. To care for. (a) To have under watchful attention; to take care of. (b) To have regard or affection for; to like or love. He cared not for the affection of the house. Tennyson.

CAREEN Ca*reen", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Careened; p. pr. & vb. n. Careening.] Etym: [OF. cariner, F. caréner, fr. OF. carène, the bottom of a ship, keel, fr. L. carina.] (Naut.)

Defn: To cause (a vessel) to lean over so that she floats on one side, leaving the other side out of water and accessible for repairs below the water line; to case to be off the keel.

CAREEN Ca*reen" (, v. i.

Defn: To incline to one side, or lie over, as a ship when sailing on a wind; to be off the keel.

CAREENAGE Ca*reen"age, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carénage.] (Naut.) (a) Expense of careening ships. (b) A place for careening.

CAREER Ca*reer", n. Etym: [F. carrière race course, high road, street, fr. L. carrus wagon. See Car.]

1. A race course: the ground run over. To go back again the same career. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A running; full speed; a rapid course. When a horse is running in his full career. Wilkins.

3. General course of action or conduct in life, or in a particular part or calling in life, or in some special undertaking; usually applied to course or conduct which is of a pubic character; as, Washington's career as a soldier. An impartial view of his whole career. Macaulay.

4. (Falconary)

Defn: The fight of a hawk.

CAREER Ca*reer", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Careered 3; p. pr. & vb. n. Careering]

Defn: To move or run rapidly. areering gayly over the curling waves. W. Irving.

CAREFUL Care"ful, a. Etym: [AS. cearful.]

1. Full of care; anxious; solicitous [Archaic] Be careful [Rev. Ver. "anxious"] for nothing. Phil. iv. 6. The careful plowman doubting stands. Milton.

2. Filling with care or colicitube; exposing to concern, anxiety, or trouble; painful. The careful cold beinneth for to creep. Spenser. By Him that raised me to this careful height. Shak.

3. Taking care; gicing good heed; watchful; cautious; provident; not indifferent heedless, or reckless; -- often follower byof, for, or the infinitive; as, careful of money; careful to do right. Thou hast been careful for us with all this care. 2. Kings iv, 13. What could a careful father more have done Dryden.

Syn. -- Anxious; solicitous; provident; thoughtful; cautious; circumspect; heedful; watchful; vigilant.

CAREFULLY Care"ful*ly, adv.

Defn: In a careful manner.

CAREFULNESS Care"ful*ness, n.

Defn: Quality or state of being careful.

CARELESS Care"less, a. Etym: [AS. cearleás.]

1. Free from care or anxiety. hence, cheerful; light-hearted. Spenser. Sleep she as sound as careless infancy. Shak.

2. Having no care; not taking ordinary or proper care; negligent; unconcerned; heedless; inattentive; unmindful; regardless. My brother was too careless of his charge. Shak. He grew careless of himself. Steele.

3. Without thought or purpose; without due care; without attention to rule or system; unstudied; inconsiderate; spontaneouse; rash; as, a careless throw; a careless expression. He framed the careless rhyme. Beatie.

4. Not receiving care; uncared for. [R.] Their many wounds and careless hatms. Spemser.

Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; thoughtless; unthinking; inattentive; incautious; remiss; forgetful; regardless; inconsiderate; listless.

CARELESSLY Care"less*ly, adv.

Defn: In a careless manner.

CARELESSNESS Care"less*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being careless; heedlessness; negligenece; inattention.

CARENE Ca*rene", n. Etym: [LL. carena, corrupted fr. quarentena. See Quarantine.] (Ecol.)

Defn: A fast of forty days on bread and water. [Obs.]

CARESS Ca*ress", n. Etym: [F. caresse, It. carezza, LL. caritia dearness, fr. L. carus dear. See Charity.]

Defn: An act of endearment; any act or expression of affection; an embracing, or touching, with tenderness. Wooed her with his soft caresses. Langfellow. He exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command. Macaulay.

CARESS Ca*ress", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caressed; p. pr. & vb. n. Caressing.] Etym: [F. caresser, fr. It. carezzare, fr. carezza caress. See Caress., n.]

Defn: To treat with tokens of fondness, affection, or kindness; to touch or speak to in a loving or endearing manner; to fondle. The lady caresses the rough bloodhoun. Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To foundle; embrace; pet; coddle; court; flatter. -- Caress, Fondle. "We caress by words or actions; we fondle by

## actions only." Crabb.

CARESSINGLY Ca*ress"ing*ly, ad.

Defn: In caressing manner.

CARET Ca"ret, n. Etym: [L. caret there is wanting, fr. carere to want.]

Defn: A mark [^] used by writers and proof readers to indicate that something is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, which belongs in the place marked by the caret.

CARET Ca`ret", n. Etym: [F., a species of tortoise.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill.

CARETUNED Care"*tuned, a.

Defn: Weary; mournful. Shak.

CARE-TUNED Care"-tuned, a.

Defn: Weary; mournful. Shak.

CAREWORN Care"worn`, a.

Defn: Worn or burdened with care; as, careworn look or face.

CAREX Ca"rex, n. Etym: [L., sedge.] (Bot.)

Defn: A numerous and widely distributed genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the order Cypreaceæ; the sedges.

CARF Carf,

Defn: pret. of Carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CARGASON Car"ga*son, n. Etym: [F. cargaison, Sp. cargazon, LL. cargare to load. See rgo.]

Defn: A cargo. [Obs.]

CARGO Car"go, n.; pl. Cargoes. Etym: [Sp. cargo, carga, burden, load, from cargar to load, from cargar to load, charge, See Charge.]

Defn: The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel; the goods, merchandise, or whatever is conveyed in a vessel or boat; load; freight. Cargoes of food or clothing. E. Everett.

Note: The term cargo, in law, is usually applied to goods only, and not to live animals or persons. Burill.

CARGOOSE Car"goose`, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. Gael. & Ir. cir, cior (pronounced kir, kior), crest, comb + E. goose. Cf. Crebe.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of grebe (Podiceps crisratus); the crested grebe.

CARIAMA Ça"ri*a"ma, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, long-legged South American bird (Dicholophus cristatus) which preys upon snakes, etc. See Seriema.

CARIB Car"ib, n.; pl. Caries. Etym: [See Cannibal.] (Ethol.)

Defn: A native of the Caribbee islands or the coaste of the Caribbean sea; esp., one of a tribe of Indians inhabiting a region of South America, north of the Amazon, and formerly most of the West India islands.

CARIBBEAN; CARIBBEE Car`ib*be"an, Car`ib*bee, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Caribs, to their islands (the eastern and southern West Indies), or to the sea (called the Caribbean sa) lying between those islands and Central America.

CARIBBEE Car"ib*bee, n.

Defn: A Carib.

CARIBE Ca*ri"be, n. Etym: [Sp. a cannibal.] (Zoöl).

Defn: A south American fresh water fish of the genus Serrasalmo of many species, remakable for its voracity. When numerous they attack man or beast, often with fatal results.

CARIBOU Car"i*bou, n. Etym: [Canadian French.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American reindeer, especially the common or woodland species (Rangifer Caribou). Barren Ground caribou. See under Barren. -- Woodland caribou, the common reindeer (Rangifer Caribou) of the northern forests of America.

CARICATURE Car"i*ca*ture, n. Etym: [It. caricatura, fr. caricare to charge, overload, exaggerate. See Charge, v. t.]

1. An exaggeration, or distortion by exaggeration, of parts or characteristics, as in a picture.

2. A picture or other figure or description in which the peculiarities of a person or thing are so exaggerated as to appear ridiculous; a burlesque; a parody. [Formerly written caricatura.] The truest likeness of the prince of French literature will be the one that has most of the look of a caricature. I. Taylor. A grotesque caricature of virtue. Macaulay.

CARICATURE Car"i*ca*ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caricatured; p. pr. & vb. n. Caricaturing.]

Defn: To make or draw a caricature of; to represent with ridiculous exaggeration; to burlesque. He could draw an ill face, or caricature a good one, with a masterly hand. Lord Lyttelton.

CARICATURIST Car"i*ca*tu`rist, n.

Defn: One who caricatures.

CARICOUS Car"i*cous, a. Etym: [L. carica a kind of dry fig.]

Defn: Of the shape of a fig; as, a caricous tumor. Graig.

CARIES Ca"ri*es, n.Etym: [L., decay.] (Med.)

Defn: Ulceration of bone; a process in which bone disintegrates and is carried away piecemeal, as distinguished from necrosis, in which it dies in masses.

CARILLON Car"il*lon, n. Etym: [F. carillon a chime of bells, originally consisting of four bells, as if fr.. (assumed) L. quadrilio, fr. quatuer four.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A chime of bells diatonically tuned, played by clockwork or by finger keys.

2. A tune adapted to be played by musical bells.

CARINA Ca*ri"na, n. Etym: [L., keel.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A keel. (a) That part of a papilionaceous flower, consisting of two petals, commonly united, which incloses the organs of fructification. (b) A longitudinal ridge or projection like the keel of a boat.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The keel of the breastbone of birds.

CARINARIA Car`i*na"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. carina keel.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of oceanic heteropod Mollusca, having a thin, glassy, bonnet-shaped shell, which covers only the nucleus and gills.

CARINATAE Car`i*na"tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., Fem. pl. fr. L. carinatus. See Carinate.]

Defn: A grand division of birds, including all existing flying birds; -- So called from the carina or keel on the breastbone.

CARINATE; CARINATED Car"i*nate, Car"i*na`ted a. Etym: [L. carinatus, fr. carina keel.]

Defn: Shaped like the keel or prow of a ship; having a carina or keel; as, a carinate calyx or leaf; a carinate sternum (of a bird).

CARIOLE Car"i*ole, n. Etym: [F. carriole, dim. fr. L. carrus. See Car, and Carryall.] (a) A small, light, open one-horse carriage. (b) A covered cart. (c) A kind of calash. See Carryall.

CARIOPSIS Car"i*op"sis, n.

Defn: See Caryopsis.

CARIOSITY Ca`ri*os"i*ty, n. (Med.)

Defn: Caries.

CARIOUS Ca"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. cariosus, fr. caries dacay.]

Defn: Affected with caries; decaying; as, a carious tooth.

CARK Cark, n. Etym: [OE. cark, fr. a dialectic form of F. charge; cf. W. carc anxiety, care, Arm karg charge, burden. See Charge, and cf. Cargo.]

Defn: A noxious or corroding care; solicitude; worry. [Archaic.] His heavy head, devoid of careful cark. Spenser. Fling cark and care aside. Motherwell. Ereedom from the cares of money and the cark of fashion. R. D. Blackmore.

CARK Cark, v. i.

Defn: To be careful, anxious, solicitous, or troubles in mind; to worry or grieve. [R.] Beau. & fl.

CARK Cark, v. t.

Defn: To vex; to worry; to make by anxious care or worry. [R.] Nor can a man, independently . . . of God's blessing, care and cark himself one penny richer. South.

CARKANET Car"ka*net, n.

Defn: A carcanet. Southey.

CARKING Cark"ing, a.

Defn: Distressing; worrying; perplexing; corroding; as, carking cares.

CARL Carl, n. Etym: [Icel, karl a male, a man; akin to AS. ceorl, OHG. charal, G. kerl fellow. See Churl.] [Written also carle.]

1. A rude, rustic man; a churl. The miller was a stout carl. Chaucer.

2. Large stalks of hemp which bear the seed; -- called also carl hemp.

3. pl.

Defn: A kind of food. See citation, below. Caring or carl are gray steeped in water and fried the next day in butter or fat. They are eaten on the second Sunday before Easter, formerly called Carl Sunday. Robinson's Whitby Glossary (1875).

CARLIN Car"lin, n. Etym: [Dim., fr. carl male.]

Defn: An old woman. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

CARLINE; CAROLINE Car"line, Car"o*line, n. Etym: [F. carin; cf. It. carlino; -- so called from Carlo (Charles) VI. of Naples.]

Defn: A silver coin once current in some parts of Italy, worth about seven cents. Simmonds.

CARLINE; CARLING Car"line, Car"ling n. Etym: [Cf. F. carlingur, Sp. Pg., & It. carlinga.] (Naut.)

Defn: A short timber running lengthwise of a ship, from one transverse desk beam to another; also, one of the cross timbers that strengthen a hath; -- usually in pl.

CARLINE THISTLE Car"line this`tle. Etym: [F. carline, It., Sp., & Pg., carline, Said to be so called from the Emperor Charlemagne, whose army is reputed to have used it as a remedy for pestilence.] (Bot.)

Defn: A prickly plant of the genus Carlina (C. vulgaris), found in Europe and Asia.

CARLINGS Car"lings, n. pl.

Defn: Same as Carl, 3. Carling Sunday, a Sunday in Lent when carls are eaten. In some parts of England, Passion Sunday. See Carl, 4.

CARLIST Car"list, n.

Defn: A parisan of Charles X. Of France, or of Dod Carlos of Spain.

CARLOCK Car"lock, n. Etym: [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karlúk'.]

Defn: A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine.

CARLOT Car"lot, n. Etym: [From Carl.]

Defn: A churl; a boor; a peasant or countryman. [Obs.] Shak.

CARLOVINGIAN Car`lo*vin"gi*an, a. Etym: [F. Carlovingen.]

Defn: Pertaining to, founded by, of descended from, Charlemagne; as, the Carlovingian race of kings.

CARMAGNOLE Car`ma`gnole", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A popular or Red Rebublican song and dance, of the time of the first French Revolution. They danced and yelled the carmagnole. Compton Reade.

2. A bombastic report from the French armies.

CARMAN Car"man, n.; pl. Carmen (

Defn: A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or car.

CARMELITE; CARMELIN Car"mel*ite, Car"mel*in a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the order of Carmelites.

CARMELITE Car"mel*ite, n.

1. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A friar of a mendicant order (the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel) established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the twelfth century; a White Friar.

2. A nun of the Order of Our lady of Mount Carmel.

CAR MILE Car mile. (Railroads)

Defn: A mile traveled by a single car, taken as a unit of computation, as in computing the average travel of each car of a system during a given period.

CAR MILEAGE Car mileage. (Railroads) (a) Car miles collectively. (b) The amount paid by one road the use of cars of another road.

CARMINATED Car"mi*na`ted, a.

Defn: Of, relating to, or mixed with, carmine; as, carminated lake. Tomlinson.

CARMINATIVE Car*min"ative, a. Etym: [NL. carminativus (carminare to card hence to cleanse, fr. carmen a card for freeing wool or flax from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter: cf. F. carminatif.]

Defn: Expelling wind from the body; warning; antispasmodic. "Carmenative hot seeds." Dunglison.

CARMINATIVE Car*min"a*tive, n.

Defn: A substance, esp. an aromatic, which tends to expel wind from the alimentary canal, or to relieve colic, griping, or flatulence.

CARMINE Car"mine, n. Etym: [F. carmin (cf. Sp. carmin, It. carminio), contr. from LL. carmesinus purple color. See Crimson.]

1. A rich red or crimson color with a shade of purple.

2. A beautiful pigment, or a lake, of this color, prepared from cochineal, and used in miniature painting.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: The essential coloring principle of cochineal, extracted as a purple-red amorphous mass. It is a glucoside and possesses acid properties; -- hence called also carminic acid. Carmine red (Chem.), a coloring matter obtained from carmine as a purple-red substance, and probably allied to the phthaleïns.

CARMINIC Car*min"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or derived from, carmine. Carminic acid. Same as Carmine, 3.

CARMOT Car"mot, n. (Alchemy)

Defn: The matter of which the philosopher's stone was believed to be composed.

CARNAGE Car"nage, n. Etym: [F. carnage, LL. carnaticum tribute of animals, flesh of animals, fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.]

1. Flesh of slain animals or men. A miltitude of dogs came to feast on the carnage. Macaulay.

2. Great destruction of life, as in battle; bloodshed; slaughter; massacre; murder; havoc. The more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit. Macaulay.

CARNAL Car"nal, a. Etym: [L. carnalis, fr. caro, carnis, flesh; akin to Gr. kravya; cf. F. charnel, Of. also carnel. Cf. Charnel.]

1. Of or pertaining to the body or is appetites; animal; fleshly; sensual; given to sensual indulgence; lustful; human or worldly as opposed to spiritual. For ye are yet carnal. 1 Car. iii. 3. Not sunk in carnal pleasure. Milton rnal desires after miracles. Trench.

2. Flesh-devouring; cruel; ravenous; bloody. [Obs.] This carnal cur Preys on the issue of his mother's body. Shak. Carnal knowledge, sexual intercourse; -- used especially of an unlawful act on the part of the man.

CARNALISM Car"nal*ism, n.

Defn: The state of being carnal; carnality; sensualism. [R.]

CARNALIST Car"nal*ist, n.

Defn: A sensualist. Burton.

CARNALITY Car*nal"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. carnalitas.]

Defn: The state of being carnal; fleshly lust, or the indulgence of lust; grossness of mind. Because of the carnality of their hearts. Tillotson.

CARNALIZE Car"nal*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carnalized; p. pr. & vb. n. Carnalizing.]

Defn: To make carnal; to debase to carnality. A sensual and carnalized spirit. John Scott.

CARNALLITE Car"nal*lite, n. Etym: [G. carnallit, fr. Von Carnall, a Prussian.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous chloride of potassium and magnesium, sometimes found associated with deposits of rock salt.

CARNALLY Car"nal*ly, adv.

Defn: According to the flesh, to the world, or to human nature; in a manner to gratify animal appetites and lusts; sensually. For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace. Rom. viii. 6.

CARNAL-MINDED Car"nal-mind`ed, a.

Defn: Worldly-minded.

CARNAL-MINDEDNESS Car"nal-mind"ed*ness, n.

Defn: Grossness of mind.

CARNARY Car"na*ry, n. Etym: [L. carnarium, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.]

Defn: A vault or crypt in connection with a church, used as a repository for human bones disintered from their original burial places; a charnel house.

CARNASSIAL Car*nas"si*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. carnassier carnivorous, and L. caro, carnis, flesh.] (Anat.)

Defn: Adapted to eating flesh. -- n.

Defn: A carnassial tooth; especially, the last premolar in many carnivores.

CARNATE Car"nate, a. Etym: [L. carnatus fleshy.]

Defn: Invested with, or embodied in, flesh.

CARNATION Car*na"tion, n. Etym: [F. carnation the flesh tints in a painting, It carnagione, fr. L. carnatio fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.]

1. The natural color of flesh; rosy pink. Her complexion of the delicate carnation. Ld. Lytton.

2. pl. (Paint.)

Defn: Those parts of a picture in which the human body or any part of it is represented in full color; the flesh tints. The flesh tints in painting are termed carnations. Fairholt.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Dianthus (D. Caryophyllus) or pink, having very beautiful flowers of various colors, esp. white and usually a rich, spicy scent.

CARNATIONED Car*na"tioned, a.

Defn: Having a flesh color.

CARNAUBA Car*nau"ba, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The Brazilian wax palm. See Wax palm.

CARNELIAN Car*nel"ian, n. Etym: [For carnelian; influenced by L. carneus fleshy, of flesh, because of its flesh red color. See Cornellan.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of chalcedony, of a clear, deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. It is moderately hard, capable of a good polish, and often used for seals.

CARNEOUS Car"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. carneus, from caro, carnis, flesh.]

Defn: Consisting of, or like, flesh; carnous; fleshy. "Carneous fibers." Ray.

CARNEY Car"ney, n. Etym: [Cf. L. carneus flesh.] (Far.)

Defn: A disease of horses, on which the mouth is so furred that the afflicted animal can not eat.

CARNIC Car"nic, a. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to flesh; specif. (Physiol. Chem.),

Defn: pertaining to or designating a hydroscopic monobasic acid, C10H15O5N3, obtained as a cleavage product from an acid of muscle tissue.

CARNIFEX Car"ni*fex, n. Etym: [L., fr. caro, carnis, flesh + facere to make.] (Antiq.)

Defn: The public executioner at Rome, who executed persons of the lowest rank; hence, an executioner or hangman.

CARNIFICATION Car`ni*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnification.]

Defn: The act or process of turning to flesh, or to a substance resembling flesh.

CARNIFY Car"ni*fy, v. i. Etym: [LL. carnificare, fr. L.o, carnis, flesh + facere to make: cf. F. carnifier.]

Defn: To form flesh; to become like flesh. Sir M. Hale.

CARNIN Car"nin, n. Etym: [L. caro, canis , flesh.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, found in extract of meat, and related to xanthin.

CARNIVAL Car"ni*val, n. Etym: [It. carnevale, prob. for older carnelevale, prop., the putting away of meat; fr. L. caro, carnis, flesh _ levare to take away, lift up, fr. levis light.]

1. A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Gatholic countries during the week before Lent, esp. at Rome and Naples, during a few days (three to ten) before Lent, ending with Shrove Tuesday. The carnival at Venice is everywhere talked of. Addison.

2. Any merrymaking, feasting, or masquerading, especially when overstepping the bounds of decorum; a time of riotous excess. Tennyson. He saw the lean dogs beneath the wall Hold o'er the dead their carnival Byron.

CARNIVORA Car*niv"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., neut. pl. from L. carnivorus. See Carnivorous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Mammallia including the lion, tiger, wolf bear, seal, etc. They are adapted by their structure to feed upon flesh, though some of them, as the bears, also eat vegetable food. The teeth are large and sharp, suitable for cutting flesh, and the jaws powerful.

CARNIVORACITY Car*niv`o*rac"i*ty, n.

Defn: Greediness of appetite for flesh. [Sportive.] Pope.

CARNIVORE Car`ni*vore, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnivore.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Carnivora.

CARNIVOROUS Car*niv"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, flesh + varare to devour.]

Defn: Eating or feeding on flesh. The term is applied: (a) to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the tiger, dog, etc.; (b) to plants which are supposed to absorb animal food; (c) to substances which destroy animal tissue, as caustics.

CARNOSE; CARNOUS Car*nose, Car"*nous, a. Etym: [L. carnosus, fr. caro, carnis, flesh: cf. OF. carneux, F. charneux.]

1. Of a pertaining to flesh; fleshy. A distinct carnose muscle. Ray.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Of a fleshy consistence; -- applied to succulent leaves, stems, etc.

CARNOSITY Car*nos"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carnosité.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: A fleshy excrescence; esp. a small excrescence or fungous growth. Wiseman.

2. Fleshy substance or quality; fleshy covering. [Consciences] overgrown with so hard a carnosity. Spelman. The olives, indeed be very small there, and bigger than capers; yet commended they are for their carnosity. Holland.

CARNOT'S CYCLE Car`not's" cy"cle. [After N. L. S. Carnot, French physicist.] (Thermodynamics)

Defn: An ideal heat-engine cycle in which the working fluid goes through the following four successive operations: (1) Isothermal expansion to a desired point; (2) adiabatic expansion to a desired point; (3) isothermal compression to such a point that (4) adiabatic compression brings it back to its initial state.

CAROB Car"ob, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caroube fruit of the carob tree, Sp. garrobo, al-garrobo, carob tree, fr. Ar. kharrub, Per. Kharnub. Cf. Clgaroba.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratania Siliqua) found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean; the St. John's bread; -- called also carob tree.

2. One of the long, sweet, succulent, pods of the carob tree, which are used as food for animals and sometimes eaten by man; -- called also St. John's bread, carob bean, and algaroba bean.

CAROCHE Ca*roche", n. Etym: [OF. carrache, F. carrose from It. carrocio, carrozza, fr. carro, L. carus. See Car.]

Defn: A kind of pleasure carriage; a coach. [Obs.] To mount two-wheeled caroches. Butler.

CAROCHED Ca*roched", a.

Defn: Placed in a caroche. [Obs.] Beggary rides caroched. Massenger.

CAROIGNE Car"oigne, n. Etym: [See Carrion.]

Defn: Dead body; carrion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CAROL Car"ol, n. Etym: [OF. carole a kind of dance wherein many dance together, fr. caroler to dance; perh. from Celtic; cf. Armor. koroll, n., korolla, korolli, v., Ir. car music, turn, circular motion, also L. choraula a flute player, charus a dance, chorus, choir.]

1. A round dance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A song of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay. The costly feast, the carol, and the dance. Dryden It was the carol of a bird. Byron.

3. A song of praise of devotion; as, a Christmas or Easter carol. Heard a carol, mournful, holy. Tennyson. In the darkness sing your carol of high praise. Keble.

4. Joyful music, as of a song. I heard the bells on Christmans Day Their old, familiar carol play. Longfellow.

CAROL Car"ol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caroled, or Carolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caroling, or Carolling.]

1. To praise or celebrate in song. The Shepherds at their festivals Carol her goodness. Milton.

2. To sing, especially with joyful notes. Hovering awans . . . carol sounds harmonious. Prior.

CAROL Car"ol, v. i.

Defn: To sing; esp. to sing joyfully; to warble. And carol of love's high praise. Spenser. The gray linnets carol from the hill. Beattie.

CAROL; CARROL Car"ol, Car"rol, n. Etym: [OF. carole a sort of circular space, or carol.] (Arch.)

Defn: A small closet or inclosure built against a window on the inner side, to sit in for study. The word was used as late as the 16th century. A bay window may thus be called a carol. Parker.

CAROLIN Car"o*lin, n. Etym: [L. Carolus Charles.]

Defn: A former gold coin of Germany worth nearly five dollars; also, a gold coin of Sweden worth nearly five dollars.

CAROLINA PINK Car`o*li"na pink`. (Bot.)

Defn: See Pinkboot.

CAROLINE Car"o*line, n.

Defn: A coin. See Carline.

CAROLING Car"ol*ing, n.

Defn: A song of joy or devotion; a singing, as of carols. Coleridge. Such heavenly notes and carolings. Spenser.

CAROLINIAN Car`o*lin"i*an, n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of north or South Carolina.

CAROLITIC Car`o*lit"ic, a. (Arch.)

Defn: Adorned with sculptured leaves and branches.

CAROLUS Car"o*lus, n.; pl. E. Caroluses, L. Caroli. Etym: [L., Charles.]

Defn: An English gold coin of the value of twenty or twenty-three shillings. It was first struck in the reign of Charles I. Told down the crowns and Caroluses. Macawlay.

CAROM Car"om, n. Etym: [Prob. corrupted fr. F. carumboler to carom, carambolage a carom, carambole the red ball in billiards.] (Billiards)

Defn: A shot in which the ball struck with the cue comes in contact with two or more balls on the table; a hitting of two or more balls with the player's ball. In England it is called cannon.

CAROM Car"om, v. i. (Billiards)

Defn: To make a carom.

CAROMEL Car"o*mel, n.

Defn: See Caramel.

CAROTEEL Car`o*teel", n. (Com.)

Defn: A tierce or cask for dried fruits, etc., usually about 700 lbs. Simmonds.

CAROTIC Ca*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Carotid.]

1. Of or pertaining to stupor; as, a carotic state.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Carotid; as, the carotic arteries.

CAROTID Ca*rot"id, n. Etym: [Gr. carotide. The early Greeks believed that these arteries in some way caused drowsiness.] (Anat.)

Defn: One of the two main arteries of the neck, by which blood is conveyed from the aorta to the head.

Note: [See Illust. of Aorta.]

CAROTID; CAROTIDAL Ca*rot"id, Ca*rot"id*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or near, the carotids or one of them; as, the carotid gland.

CAROTIN Ca*ro"tin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A red crystallizable tasteless substance, extracted from the carrot.

CAROTTE Ca`rotte", n. [F., prop., carrot.]

Defn: A cylindrical roll of tobacco; as, a carotte of perique.

CAROUSAL Ca*rous"al, n. Etym: [See Carouse, but also cf. F. carrousel tilt.]

Defn: A jovial feast or festival; a drunken revel; a carouse. The swains were preparing for a carousal. Sterne.

Syn. -- Banquet; revel; orgie; carouse. See Feast.

CAROUSE Ca*rouse", n. Etym: [F. carrousse, earlier carous, fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the emptying of the cup in drinking a health; gar entirely + aus out. See Yare, and Out.]

1. A large draught of liguor. [Obs.] "A full carouse of sack." Sir J. Davies. Drink carouses to the next day's fate. Shak.

2. A drinking match; a carousal. The early feast and late carouse. Pope.

CAROUSE Ca*rouse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caroused; p. pr. & vb. n. Carousing.]

Defn: To drink deeply or freely in compliment; to take in a carousal; to engage in drunken revels. He had been aboard, carousing to his mates. Shak.

CAROUSE Ca*rouse" v. t.

Defn: To drink up; to drain; to drink freely or jovially. [Archaic] Guests carouse the sparkling tears of the rich grape. Denham. Egypt's wanton queen, Carousing gems, herself dissolved in love. Young.

CAROUSER Ca*rous"er, n.

Defn: One who carouses; a reveler.

CAROUSING Ca*rous"ing, a.

Defn: That carouses; relating to a carouse.

CAROUSINGLY Ca*rous"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a carouser.

CARP Carp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carped; p. pr. & vb. n. Carping.] Etym: [OE. carpen to say, speak; from Scand. (cf. Icel. karpa to boast), but influenced later by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.]

1. To talk; to speak; to prattle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To find fault; to cavil; to censure words or actions without reason or ill-naturedly; -- usually followed by at. Carping and caviling at faults of manner. Blackw. Mag. And at my actions carp or catch. Herbert.

CARP Carp, v. t.

1. To say; to tell. [Obs.]

2. To find fault with; to censure. [Obs.] Dryden.

CARP Carp, n.; pl. Carp, formerly Carps. Etym: [Cf. Icel. karfi, Dan. karpe, Sw. karp, OHG. charpho, G. karpfen, F. carpe, LL. carpa.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fresh-water herbivorous fish (Cyprinus carpio.). Several other species of Cyprinus, Catla, and Carassius are called carp. See Cruclan carp.

Note: The carp was originally from Asia, whence it was early introduced into Europe, where it is extensively reared in artificial ponds. Within a few years it has been introduced into America, and widely distributed by the government. Domestication has produced several varieties, as the leather carp, which is nearly or quite destitute of scales, and the mirror carp, which has only a few large scales. Intermediate varieties occur. Carp louse (Zoöl.), a small crustacean, of the genus Argulus, parasitic on carp and allied fishes. See Branchiura. -- Carp mullet (Zoöl.), a fish (Moxostoma carpio) of the Ohio River and Great Lakes, allied to the suckers. -- Carp sucker (Zoöl.), a name given to several species of fresh- water fishes of the genus Carpiodes in the United States; -- called also quillback.

CARPAL Car"pal, a. Etym: [From Carpus.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. -- n.

Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; a carpale. Carpal angle (Zoöl.), the angle at the last joint of the folded wing of a bird.

CARPALE Car*pa"le, n.; pl. Carpalia. Etym: [NL., fr. E. carpus.] (Anat.)

Defn: One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus; esp. one of the series articulating with the metacarpals.

CARPATHIAN Car*pa"thi*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a range of mountains in Austro-Hungary, called the Carpathians, which partially inclose Hungary on the north, east, and south.

CARPEL; CARPELLUM Car"pel, Car*pel"lum, n. Etym: [NL. carpellum, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A simple pistil or single-celled ovary or seed vessel, or one of the parts of a compound pistil, ovary, or seed vessel. See Illust of Carpaphore.

CARPELLARY Car"pel*la"ry, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Belonging to, forming, or containing carpels.

CARPENTER Car"pen*ter, n. Etym: [OF. carpentier, F. charpentier, LL. carpentarius, fr. L. carpentum wagon, carriage.]

Defn: An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc.

Syn. -- Carpenter, Joiner. The carpenter frames and puts together roofs,

## partitions, floors, and other structural parts of a building. The

joiner Supplies stairs, doors shutters, mantelpieces, cupboards, and other parts necessary to finishing the building. In America the two trades are commonly united. Carpenter ant (Zoöl.), any species of ant which gnaws galleries in the wood of trees and constructs its nests therein. They usually select dead or somewhat decayed wood. The common large American species is Formica Pennsylvanica. -- Carpenter bee (Zoöl.), a large hymenopterous insect of the genus Xylocopa; -- so called because it constructs its nest by gnawing long galleries in sound timber. The common American species is Xylocopa Virginica.

CARPENTERING Car"pen*ter*ing, n.

Defn: The occupation or work of a carpenter; the act of workingin timber; carpentry.

CARPENTRY Car"pen*try, n. Etym: [F. charpenterie, OF. also carpenterie. See Carpenter.]

1. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, as in the construction of buildings.

2. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by being framed together, as the pieces of a roof, floor, etc.; work done by a carpenter.

CARPER Carp"er, n.

Defn: One who carps; a caviler. Shak.

CARPET Car"pet, n. Etym: [OF. carpite rug, soft of cloth, F. carpette coarse packing cloth, rug (cf. It. carpita rug, blanket), LL. carpeta, carpita, woolly cloths, fr. L. carpere to pluck, to card (wool); cf. Gr. Harvest.]

1. A heavy woven or felted fabric, usually of wool, but also of cotton, hemp, straw, etc.; esp. a floor covering made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor, as distinguished from a rug or mat; originally, also, a wrought cover for tables. Tables and beds covered with copes instead of carpets and coverlets. T. Fuller.

2. A smooth soft covering resembling or suggesting a carpet. "The grassy carpet of this plain." Shak. Carpet beetle or Carpet bug (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Anthrenus scrophulariæ), which, in the larval state, does great damage to carpets and other woolen goods; -- also called buffalo bug. -- Carpet knight. (a) A knight who enjoys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field; a hero of the drawing room; an effeminate person. Shak. (b) One made a knight, for some other than military distinction or service. -- Carpet moth (Zoöl.), the larva of an insect which feeds on carpets and other woolen goods. There are several kinds. Some are the larvæ of species of Tinea (as T. tapetzella); others of beetles, esp. Anthrenus. -- Carpet snake (Zoöl.), an Australian snake. See Diamond snake, under Diamond. -- Carpet sweeper, an apparatus or device for sweeping carpets. -- To be on the carpet, to be under consideration; to be the subject of deliberation; to be in sight; -- an expression derived from the use of carpets as table cover. -- Brussels carpet. See under Brussels.

CARPET Car"pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carpeting.]

Defn: To cover with, or as with, a carpet; to spread with carpets; to furnish with a carpet or carpets. Carpeted temples in fashionable squares. E. Everett.

CARPETBAG Car"pet*bag`, n.

Defn: A portable bag for travelers; -- so called because originally made of carpet.

CARPETBAGGER Car"pet*bag"ger, n.

Defn: An adventurer; -- a term of contempt for a Northern man seeking private gain or political advancement in the southern part of the United States after the Civil War (1865). [U. S.]

CARPETING Car"pet*ing, n.

Defn: 1. The act of covering with carpets.

2. Cloth or materials for carpets; carpets, in general. The floor was covered with rich carpeting. Prescott.

CARPETLESS Car"pet*less, a.

Defn: Without a carpet.

CARPETMONGER Car"pet*mon`ger, n.

1. One who deals in carpets; a buyer and seller of carpets.

2. One fond of pleasure; a gallant. Shak.

CARPETWAY Car"pet*way`, n. (Agric.)

Defn: A border of greensward left round the margin of a plowed field. Ray.

CARPHOLOGY Car*phol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. carphologie.] (Med.)

Defn: See Flaccillation.

CARPING Carp"ing, a.

Defn: Fault-finding; censorious caviling. See Captious. -- Carp"ing*ly, adv.

CARPINTERO Car`pin*te"ro, n. Etym: [Sp., a carpenter, a woodpecker.]

Defn: A california woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), noted for its habit of inserting acorns in holes which it drills in trees. The acorns become infested by insect larvæ, which, when grown, are extracted for food by the bird.

CARPOGENIC Car`po*gen"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Bot.)

Defn: Productive of fruit, or causing fruit to be developed.

CARPOLITE Car"po*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite, cf. F. carpolithe.]

Defn: A general term for a fossil fruit, nut, or seed.

CARPOLOGICAL Car`po*log"i*cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to carpology.

CARPOLOGIST Car*pol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who describes fruits; one versed in carpology.

CARPOLOGY Car*pol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That branch of botany which relates to the structure of seeds and fruit.

CARPOPHAGOUS Car*poph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Living on fruits; fruit-consuming.

CARPOPHORE Car"po*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A slender prolongation of the receptacle as an axis between the carpels, as in Geranium and many umbelliferous plants.

CARPOPHYLL Car"po*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A leaf converted into a fruit or a constituent portion of a fruit; a carpel.

Note: [See Illust. of Gymnospermous.]

CARPOPHYTE Car"po*phyte, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A flowerless plant which forms a true fruit as the result of fertilization, as the red seaweeds, the Ascomycetes, etc.

Note: The division of alge and fungi into four classes called Carpophytes, Oöphytes, Protophytes, and Zygophytes (or Carposporeæ, Oösporeæ, Protophyta, and Zygosporeæ) was proposed by Sachs about 1875.

CARPOSPORE Car"po*spore, n. Etym: [Gr. -spore.] (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of spore formed in the conceptacles of red algæ. -- Car`po*spor"ic (, a.

CARPUS Car"pus, n.; pl. Carpi. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The wrist; the bones or cartilages between the forearm, or antibrachium, and the hand or forefoot; in man, consisting of eight short bones disposed in two rows.

CARRACK Car"rack, n.

Defn: See Carack.

CARRAGEEN; CARRIGEEN Car"ra*geen`, Car"ri*geen`, n.

Defn: A small, purplish, branching, cartilaginous seaweed (Chondrus crispus), which, when bleached, is the Irish moss of commerce. [Also written carragheen, carageen.]

CARRANCHA Car*ran"cha, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Brazilian kite (Polyborus Brasiliensis); -- so called in imitation of its notes.

CARRAWAY Car"ra*way, n.

Defn: See Caraway.

CARREL Car"rel, n.

Defn: See Quarrel, an arrow.

CARREL Car"rel, n. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as 4th Carol.

CARRIABLE Car"ri*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being carried.

CARRIAGE Car"riage, n. Etym: [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, chariage carriage, cart, baggage, F. charriage, cartage, wagoning, fr. OF. carier, charier, F. charrier, to cart. See Carry.]

1. That which is carried; burden; baggage. [Obs.] David left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage. 1. Sam. xvii. 22. And after those days we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem. Acts. xxi. 15.

2. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying. Nine days employed in carriage. Chapman.

3. The price or expense of carrying.

4. That which carries of conveys, as: (a) A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort. (b) A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden, as a gun carriage. (c) A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part. (d) A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported; as, a bell carriage.

5. The manner of carrying one's self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners. His gallant carriage all the rest did grace. Stirling.

6. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management. The passage and whole carriage of this action. Shak. Carriage horse, a horse kept for drawing a carriage. -- Carriage porch (Arch.), a canopy or roofed pavilion covering the driveway at the entrance to any building. It is intended as a shelter for those who alight from vehicles at the door; -- sometimes erroneously called in the United States porte-cochère.

CARRIAGEABLE Car"riage*a*ble, a.

Defn: Passable by carriages; that can be conveyed in carriages. [R.] Ruskin.

CARRIBOO Car"ri*boo, n.

Defn: See Caribou.

CARRICK Car"rick, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A carack. See Carack. Carrick bend (Naut.), a kind of knot, used for bending together hawsers or other ropes. -- Carrick bitts (Naut.), the bitts which support the windlass. Totten.

CARRIER Car"ri*er, n. Etym: [From Carry.]

1. One who, or that which, carries or conveys; a messenger. The air which is but . . . a carrier of the sounds. Bacon.

2. One who is employed, or makes it his business, to carry goods for others for hire; a porter; a teamster. The roads are crowded with carriers, laden with rich manufactures. Swift.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: That which drives or carries; as: (a) A piece which communicates to an object in a lathe the motion of the face plate; a lathe dog. (b) A spool holder or bobbin holder in a braiding machine. (c) A movable piece in magazine guns which transfers the cartridge to a position from which it can be thrust into the barrel. Carrier pigeon (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic pigeon used to convey letters from a distant point to to its home. -- Carrier shell (Zoöl.), a univalve shell of the genus Phorus; -- so called because it fastens bits of stones and broken shells to its own shell, to such an extent as almost to conceal it. -- Common carrier (Law.) See under Common, a.

CARRION Car"ri*on, n. Etym: [OE. caroyne, OF. caroigne, F. charogne, LL. caronia, fr. L. caro flesh Cf. Crone, Crony.]

1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food. They did eat the dead carrions. Spenser.

2. A contemptible or worthless person; -- a term of reproach. [Obs.] "Old feeble carrions." Shak.

CARRION Car"ri*on, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to dead and putrefying carcasses; feeding on carrion. A prey for carrion kites. Shak. Carrion beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle that feeds habitually on dead animals; -- also called sexton beetle and burying beetle. There are many kinds, belonging mostly to the family Silphidæ. -- Carrion buzzard (Zoöl.), a South American bird of several species and genera (as Ibycter, Milvago, and Polyborus), which act as scavengers. See Caracara. -- Carrion crow, the common European crow (Corvus corone) which feeds on carrion, insects, fruits, and seeds.

CARROL Car"rol, n. (Arch.)

Defn: See 4th Carol.

CARROM Car"rom, n. (Billiards)

Defn: See Carom.

CARROMATA Car`ro*ma"ta, n. [Sp. in Phil. I.]

Defn: In the Philippines, a light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle usually drawn by a single native pony and used to convey passengers within city limits or for traveling. It is the common public carriage.

CARRONADE Car`ron*ade, n. Etym: [From Carron, in Scotland where it was first made.] (Med.)

Defn: A kind of short cannon, formerly in use, designed to throw a large projectile with small velocity, used for the purpose of breaking or smashing in, rather than piercing, the object aimed at, as the side of a ship. It has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a bolt passing through a loop on its under side.

CARRON OIL Car"ron oil.

Defn: A lotion of linseed oil and lime water, used as an application to burns and scalds; -- first used at the Carron iron works in Scotland.

CARROT Car"rot, n. Etym: [F. carotte, fr. L. carota; cf. Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An umbelliferous biennial plant (Daucus Carota), of many varieties.

2. The esculent root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color.

CARROTY Car"rot*y, a.

Defn: Like a carrot in color or in taste; -- an epithet given to reddish yellow hair, etc.

CARROW Car"row, n. Etym: [Ir & Gael. carach cunning.]

Defn: A strolling gamester. [Ireland] Spenser.

CARRY Car"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carried; p. pr. & vb. n. Carrying.] Etym: [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See Car.]

1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; -- often with away or off. When he dieth he small carry nothing away. Ps. xiix. 17. Devout men carried Stephen to his burial. Acts viii, 2. Another carried the intelligence to Russell. Macaulay. The sound will be carried, at the least, twenty miles. Bacon.

2. To have or hold as a burden, while moving from place to place; to have upon or about one's person; to bear; as, to carry a wound; to carry an unborn child. If the ideas . . . were carried along with us in our minds. Locke.

3. To move; to convey by force; to impel; to conduct; to lead or guide. Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet. Shak. He carried away all his cattle. Gen. xxxi. 18. Passion and revenge will carry them too far. Locke.

4. To transfer from one place (as a country, book, or column) to another; as, to carry the war from Greece into Asia; to carry an account to the ledger; to carry a number in adding figures.

5. To convey by extension or continuance; to extend; as, to carry the chimney through the roof; to carry a road ten miles farther.

6. To bear or uphold successfully through conflict, as a leader or principle; hence, to succeed in, as in a contest; to bring to a successful issue; to win; as, to carry an election. "The greater part carries it." Shak. The carrying of our main point. Addison.

7. To get possession of by force; to capture. The town would have been carried in the end. Bacon.

8. To contain; to comprise; to bear the aspect of ; to show or exhibit; to imply. He thought it carried something of argument in it. Watts. It carries too great an imputation of ignorance. Lacke.

9. To bear (one's self); to behave, to conduct or demean; -- with the refexive pronouns. He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the house, to all persons, that he became odious. Clarendon.

10. To bear the charges or burden of holding or having, as stocks, merchandise, etc., from one time to another; as, a merchant is carrying a large stock; a farm carries a mortgage; a broker carries stock for a customer; to carry a life insurance. Carry arms (Mil. Drill), a command of the Manual of Arms directing the soldier to hold his piece in the right hand, the barrel resting against the hollow of the shoulder in a nearly perpendicular position. In this position the soldier is said to stand, and the musket to be held, at carry. -- To carry all before one, to overcome all obstacles; to have uninterrupted success. -- To carry arms (a) To bear weapons. (b) To serve as a soldier. -- To carry away. (a) (Naut.) to break off; to lose; as, to carry away a fore-topmast. (b) To take possession of the mind; to charm; to delude; as, to be carried by music, or by temptation. -- To carry coals, to bear indignities tamely, a phrase used by early dramatists, perhaps from the mean nature of the occupation. Halliwell. -- To carry coals to Newcastle, to take things to a place where they already abound; to lose one's labor. -- To carry off (a) To remove to a distance. (b) To bear away as from the power or grasp of others. (c) To remove from life; as, the plague carried off thousands. -- To carry on (a) To carry farther; to advance, or help forward; to continue; as, to carry on a design. (b) To manage, conduct, or prosecute; as, to carry on husbandry or trade. -- To carry out. (a) To bear from within. (b) To put into execution; to bring to a successful issue. (c) To sustain to the end; to continue to the end. -- To carry through. (a) To convey through the midst of. (b) To support to the end; to sustain, or keep from falling, or being subdued. "Grace will carry us . . . through all difficulties." Hammond. (c) To complete; to bring to a succesful issue; to succeed. -- To carry up, to convey or extend in an upward course or direction; to build. -- To carry weight. (a) To be handicapped; to have an extra burden, as when one rides or runs. "He carries weight, he rides a race" Cowper. (b) To have influence.

CARRY Car"ry, v. i.

1. To act as a bearer; to convey anything; as, to fetch and carry.

2. To have propulsive power; to propel; as, a gun or mortar carries well.

3. To hold the head; -- said of a horse; as, to carry well i. e., to hold the head high, with arching neck.

4. (Hunting)

Defn: To have earth or frost stick to the feet when running, as a hare. Johnson. To carry on, to behave in a wild, rude, or romping manner. [Colloq.]

CARRY Car"ry, n.; pl. Carries.

Defn: A tract of land, over which boats or goods are carried between two bodies of navigable water; a carrying place; a portage. Etym: [U.S.]

CARRYALL Car"ry*all`, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. cariole.]

Defn: A light covered carriage, having four wheels and seats for four or more persons, usually drawn by one horse.

CARRYING Car"ry*ing, n.

Defn: The act or business of transporting from one place to another. Carrying place, a carry; a portage. -- Carrying trade, the business of transporting goods, etc., from one place or country to another by water or land; freighting. We are rivals with them in . . . the carrying trade. Jay.

CARRYK Car"ryk, n.

Defn: A carack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CARRYTALE Car"ry*tale`, n.

Defn: A talebearer. [R.] Shak.

CARSE Carse, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. cars bog, fen. carsen reed, Armor. kars, korsen, bog plant, reed.]

Defn: Low, fertile land; a river valley. [Scot.] Jomieson.

CART Cart, n. Etym: [AS. cræt; cf. W. cart, Ir. & Gael. cairt, or Icel. kartr. Cf. Car.]

1. A common name for various kinds of vehicles, as a Scythian dwelling on wheels, or a chariot. "Phoebus' cart." Shak.

2. A two-wheeled vehicle for the ordinary purposes of husbandry, or for transporting bulky and heavy articles. Packing all his goods in one poor cart. Dryden.

3. A light business wagon used by bakers, grocerymen, butchers, atc.

4. An open two-wheeled pleasure carriage. Cart horse, a horse which draws a cart; a horse bred or used for drawing heavy loads. -- Cart load, or Cartload, as much as will fill or load a cart. In excavating and carting sand, gravel, earth, etc., one third of a cubic yard of the material before it is loosened is estimated to be a cart load. -- Cart rope, a stout rope for fastening a load on a cart; any strong rope. -- To put (or get or set) the cart before the horse, to invert the order of related facts or ideas, as by putting an effect for a cause.

CART Cart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carted; p. pr. & vb. n. Carting.]

1. To carry or convey in a cart.

2. To expose in a cart by way of punishment. She chuckled when a bawd was carted. Prior.

CART Cart, v. i.

Defn: To carry burdens in a cart; to follow the business of a carter.

CARTAGE Cart"age, n.

1. The act of carrying in a cart.

2. The price paid for carting.

CARTBOTE Cart"bote`, n. Etym: [Cart + bote.] (Old Eng. Law.)

Defn: Wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry.

CARTE Carte, n. Etym: [F. See 1st Card.]

1. Bill of fare.

2. Short for Carte de visite.

CARTE BLANCHE Carte` blanche". Etym: [F., fr. OF. carte paper + -blanc, blanche, white. See 1st Card.]

Defn: A blank paper, with a person's signature, etc., at the bottom, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence: Unconditional terms; unlimited authority.

CARTE DE VISITE Carte" de vi*site`, pl. Cartes de visite (. Etym: [F.]

1. A visiting card.

2. A photographic picture of the size formerly in use for a visiting card.

CARTEL Car*tel", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. cartellus a little paper, dim. fr. L. charta. See 1st Card.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: An agreement between belligerents for the exchange of prisoners. Wilhelm.

2. A letter of defiance or challenge; a challenge to single combat. [Obs.] He is cowed at the very idea of a cartel., Sir W. Scott. Cartel, or Cartel ship, a ship employed in the exchange of prisoners, or in carrying propositions to an enemy; a ship beating a flag of truce and privileged from capture.

CARTEL Car"tel, v. t.

Defn: To defy or challenge. [Obs.] You shall cartel him. B. Jonson.

CARTE QUARTE Carte. Quarte, n. Etym: [F. quarte, prop., a fourth. Cf. Quart.] (Fencing)

Defn: A position in thrusting or parrying, with the inside of the hand turned upward and the point of the weapon toward the adversary's right breast.

CARTER Cart"er, n.

1. A charioteer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A man who drives a cart; a teamster.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Phalangium; -- also called harvestman. (b) A British fish; the whiff.

CARTESIAN Car*te"sian, a. Etym: [From Renatus Cartesius, Latinized from of René Descartes: cf. F. cartésien.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the French philosopher René Descartes, or his philosophy. The Cartesion argument for reality of matter. Sir W. Hamilton. Cartesian coördinates (Geom), distance of a point from lines or planes; -- used in a system of representing geometric quantities, invented by Descartes. -- Cartesian devil, a small hollow glass figure, used in connection with a jar of water having an elastic top, to illustrate the effect of the compression or expansion of air in changing the specific gravity of bodies. -- Cartesion oval (Geom.), a curve such that, for any point of the curve mr + m'r' = c, where r and r' are the distances of the point from the two foci and m, m' and c are constant; -- used by Descartes.

CARTESIAN Car*te"sian, n.

Defn: An adherent of Descartes.

CARTESIANISM Car*te"sian*ism, n.

Defn: The philosophy of Descartes.

CARTHAGINIAN Car`tha*gin"i*an, a.

Defn: Of a pertaining to ancient Carthage, a city of northern Africa. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Carthage.

CARTHAMIN Car"tha*min, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A red coloring matter obtained from the safflower, or Carthamus tinctorius.

CARTHUSIAN Car*thu"sian, n. Etym: [LL. Cartusianus, Cartusiensis, from the town of Chartreuse, in France.] (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A member of an exceeding austere religious order, founded at Chartreuse in France by St. Bruno, in the year 1086.

CARTHUSIAN Car*thu"sian, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the Carthusian.

CARTILAGE Car"ti*lage, n. Etym: [L. cartilago; cf. F. cartilage.] (Anat.)

Defn: A translucent, elastic tissue; gristle.

Note: Cartilage contains no vessels, and consists of a homogeneous, intercellular matrix, in which there are numerous minute cavities, or capsules, containing protoplasmic cells, the cartilage corpuscul. See Illust under Duplication. Articular cartilage, cartilage that lines the joints. -- Cartilage bone (Anat.), any bone formed by the ossification of cartilage. -- Costal cartilage, cartilage joining a rib with he sternum. See Illust. of Thorax.

CARTILAGINEOUS Car`ti*la*gin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. cartilageneus.]

Defn: See Cartilaginous. Ray.

CARTILAGINIFICATION Car"ti*la*gin`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. cartilago, -laginis, cartilage + facere to make.]

Defn: The act or process of forming cartilage. Wright.

CARTILAGINOUS Car`ti*lag"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. cartilaginosus: cf. F. cartilagineux.]

1. Of or pertaining to cartilage; gristly; firm and tough like cartilage.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the skeleton in the state of cartilage, the bones containing little or no calcareous matter; said of certain fishes, as the sturgeon and the sharks.

CARTIST Car"tist, n. [Sp. cartista, fr. carta paper, document (cf. Pg. carta). See Charta; cf. Chartist.]

Defn: In Spain and Portugal, one who supports the constitution.

CARTMAN Cart"man, n.; pl. Cartmen (.

Defn: One who drives or uses a cart; a teamster; a carter.

CARTOGRAM Car"to*gram, n. [F. cartogramme.]

Defn: A map showing geographically, by shades or curves, statistics of various kinds; a statistical map.

CARTOGRAPHER Car*tog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who make charts or maps.

CARTOGRAPHIC; CARTOGRAPHICAL Car`to*graph"ic, Car`to*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cartography.

CARTOGRAPHICALLY Car`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: By cartography.

CARTOGRAPHY Car*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cartographie. See Card, and - graphy.]

Defn: The act business of forming chart's or maps.

CARTOMANCY Car"to*man`cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cartomancie. See Card, and -mancy.]

Defn: The act of telling fortunes with cards.

CARTON Car"ton, n. Etym: [F. See Cartoon.]

Defn: Pasteboard for paper boxes; also, a pasteboard box. Carton pierre (, a species of papier-maché, imitating stone or bronze sculpture. Knight.

CARTOON Car*toon", n. Etym: [F. carton (cf. It. cartons pasteboard, cartoon.); fr. L. charta. See 1st card.]

1. A design or study drawn of the full size, to serve as a model for transferring or copying; -- used in the making of mosaics, tapestries, fresco pantings and the like; as, the cartoons of Raphael.

2. A large pictorial sketch, as in a journal or magazine; esp. a pictorial caricature; as , the cartoons of "Puck."

CARTOONIST Car"toon"ist, n.

Defn: One skilled in drawing cartoons.

CARTOUCH Car*touch", n.; pl. Cartouches Etym: [F. cartouche, It. cartuccia, cartoccio, cornet, cartouch, fr. L. charta paper. See 1st Card, and cf. Cartridge.]

1. (Mil.) (a) A roll or case of paper, etc., holding a charge for a firearm; a cartridge. (b) A cartridge box. (c) A wooden case filled with balls, to be shot from a cannon. (d) A gunner's bag for ammunition. (e) A military pass for a soldier on furlough.

2. (Arch.) (a) A cantalever, console, corbel, or modillion, which has the form of a scroll of paper. (b) A tablet for ornament, or for receiving an inscription, formed like a sheet of paper with the edges rolled up; hence, any tablet of ornamental form.

3. (Egyptian Antiq.)

Defn: An oval figure on monuments, and in papyri, containing the name of a sovereign.

CARTRIDGE Car"tridge, n. Etym: [Formerlly cartrage, corrupted fr. F. cartouche. See Cartouch.] (Mil.)

Defn: A complete charge for a firearm, contained in, or held together by, a case, capsule, or shell of metal, pasteboard, or other material. Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a projectile. -- Blank cartrige, a cartridge without a projectile, -- Center-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate occupies an axial position usually in the center of the base of the capsule, instead of being contained in its rim. In the Prussian needle gun the fulminate is applied to the middle of the base of the bullet. Rim-fire cartridge, a cartridge in which the fulminate is contained in a rim surrounding its base. -- Cartridge bag, a bag of woolen cloth, to hold a charge for a cannon. -- Cartridge belt, a belt having pocket for cartridges. -- Cartridge box, a case, usually of leather, attached to a belt or strap, for holding cartridges. -- Cartridge paper. (a) A thick stout paper for inclosing cartridges. (b) A rough tinted paper used for covering walls, and also for making drawings upon.

CARTULARY Car"tu*la*ry, n.; pl. Cartularies. Etym: [LL. cartularium, chartularium, fr. L. charta paper: cf. F. cartulaire. See 1st Card.]

1. A register, or record, as of a monastery or church.

Defn:

2. An ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers.

CARTWAY Cart"way`, n.

Defn: A way or road for carts.

CARTWRIGHT Cart"wright`, n. Etym: [Cart + wright.]

Defn: An artificer who makes carts; a cart maker.

CARUCAGE Car"u*cage, n. Etym: [LL. carrucagium (OF. charuage.), fr. LL. carruca plow, fr. L. carruca coach.]

1. (Old Eng. Law.)

Defn: A tax on every plow or plowland.

2. The act of plowing. [R.]

CARUCATE Car"u*cate, n. Etym: [LL. carucata, carrucata. See Carucage.]

Defn: A plowland; as much land as one team can plow in a year and a day; -- by some said to be about 100 acres. Burrill.

CARUNCLE; CARUNCULA Car"un*cle, Ca*run"cu*la, n. Etym: [L. caruncula a little piece of flesh, dim. of caro flesh.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A small fleshy prominence or excrescence; especially the small, reddish body, the caruncula lacrymalis, in the inner angle of the eye.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: An excrescence or appendage surrounding or near the hilum of a seed.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A naked, flesh appendage, on the head of a bird, as the wattles of a turkey, etc.

CARUNCULAR; CARUNCULOUS Ca*run"cu*lar, Ca*run"cu*lous, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, a caruncle; furnished with caruncles.

CARUNCULATE; CARUNCULATED Ca*run"cu*late, Ca*run"cu*la`ted, a.

Defn: Having a caruncle or caruncles; caruncular.

CARUS Ca"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Coma with complete insensibility; deep lethargy.

CARVACROL Car"va*crol, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A thick oily liquid, C10H13.OH, of a strong taste and disagreeable odor, obtained from oil of caraway (Carum carui).

CARVE Carve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carved; p. pr. & vb. n. Carving.] Etym: [AS. ceorfan to cut, carve; akin to D. kerven, G. kerben, Dan. karve, Sw. karfva, and to Gr. -graphy. Cf. Graphic.]

1. To cut. [Obs.] Or they will carven the shepherd's throat. Spenser.

2. To cut, as wood, stone, or other material, in an artistic or decorative manner; to sculpture; to engrave. Carved with figures strange and sweet. Coleridge.

3. To make or shape by cutting, sculpturing, or engraving; to form; as, to carve a name on a tree. An angel carved in stone. Tennyson. We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone. C. Wolfe.

4. To cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at table; to divide for distribution or apportionment; to apportion. "To carve a capon." Shak.

5. To cut: to hew; to mark as if by cutting. My good blade carved the casques of men. Tennyson. A million wrinkles carved his skin. Tennyson.

6. To take or make, as by cutting; to provide. Who could easily have carved themselves their own food. South.

7. To lay out; to contrive; to design; to plan. Lie ten nights awake carving the fashion of a new doublet. Shak. To carve out, to make or get by cutting, or as if by cutting; to cut out. "[Macbeth] with his brandished steel . . . carved out his passage." Shak. Fortunes were carved out of the property of the crown. Macaulay.

CARVE Carve, v. i.

1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor or carver; to engrave or cut figures.

2. To cut up meat; as, to carve for all the guests.

CARVE Carve, n.

Defn: A carucate. [Obs.] Burrill.

CARVEL Car"vel, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. caravel.]

1. Same as Caravel.

2. A species of jellyfish; sea blubber. Sir T. Herbert.

CARVELBUILT Car"vel*built, a. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: Having the planks meet flush at the seams, instead of lapping as in a clinker-built vessel.

CARVEN Car"ven, a.

Defn: Wrought by carving; ornamented by carvings; carved. [Poetic] A carven bowl well wrought of beechen tree. Bp. Hall. The carven cedarn doors. Tennyson. A screen of carven ivory. Mrs. Browning.

CARVENE Car"vene, n. Etym: [F. carvi caraway.]

Defn: An oily substance, C10H16, extracted from oil caraway.

CARVER Carv"er, n.

1. One who carves; one who shapes or fashions by carving, or as by carving; esp. one who carves decorative forms, architectural adornments, etc. "The carver's chisel." Dodsley. The carver of his fortunes. Sharp (Richardson's Dict. )

2. One who carves or divides meat at table.

3. A large knife for carving.

CARVING Carv"ing, n.

1. The act or art of one who carves.

2. A piece of decorative work cut in stone, wood, or other material. "Carving in wood." Sir W. Temple.

3. The whole body of decorative sculpture of any kind or epoch, or in any material; as, the Italian carving of the 15th century.

CARVIST Car"vist, n. Etym: [A corruption of carry fist.] (Falconary)

Defn: A hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand; a hawk in its first year. Booth.

CARVOL Car"vol, n. (Chem.)

Defn: One of a species of aromatic oils, resembling carvacrol.

CAR WHEEL Car" wheel`,

Defn: A flanged wheel of a railway car or truck.

CARYATIC; CARYATID Car`y*at"ic, Car`y*at"id, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a caryatid.

CARYATID Car`y*at"id, n.; pl. Caryatids Etym: [See Caryatides.]

Defn: (Arch.) A draped female figure supporting an entablature, in the place of a column or pilaster.

CARYATIDES Car`y*at"i*des, n. pl. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Arch)

Defn: Caryatids.

Note: Corresponding male figures were called Atlantes, Telamones, and Persians.

CARYOPHYLLACEOUS Car`y*o*phyl*la"ceous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.) (a) Having corollas of five petals with long claws inclosed in a tubular, calyx, as the pink. (b) Belonging to the family of which the pink and the carnation are the types.

CARYOPHYLLIN Car`y*oph"yl*lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A tasteless and odorless crystalline substance, extracted from cloves, polymeric with common camphor.

CARYOPHYLLOUS Car`y*oph"yl*lous, a.

Defn: Caryophyllaceous.

CARYOPSIS Car`y*op"sis, n.; pl. Caryopses. Etym: [NL., fr. gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A one-celled, dry, indehiscent fruit, with a thin membranous pericarp, adhering closely to the seed, so that fruit and seed are incorporated in one body, forming a single grain, as of wheat, barley, etc.

CASA Ca"sa, n. [Sp. or It., fr. L. casa cabin.]

Defn: A house or mansion. [Sp. Amer. & Phil. Islands]

I saw that Enriquez had made no attempt to modernize the old casa, and that even the garden was left in its lawless native luxuriance. Bret Harte.

CASAL Ca"sal, a. (Gram.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to case; as, a casal ending.

CASCABEL Cas"ca*bel, n. Etym: [Sp. cascabel a little bell, also (fr. the shape), a knob at the breech end of a cannon.]

Defn: The projection in rear of the breech of a cannon, usually a knob or breeching loop connected with the gun by a neck. In old writers it included all in rear of the base ring.

Note: [See Illust. of Cannon.]

CASCADE Cas*cade", n. Etym: [F. cascade, fr. It. cascata, fr. cascare to ball.]

Defn: A fall of water over a precipice, as in a river or brook; a waterfall less than a cataract. The silver brook . . . pours the white cascade. Longjellow. Now murm'ring soft, now roaring in cascade. Cawper.

CASCADE Cas*cade", v. i.

1. To fall in a cascade. Lowell.

2. To vomit. [Slang] Smollett.

CASCADE METHOD Cas*cade" meth"od. (Physics)

Defn: A method of attaining successively lower temperatures by utilizing the cooling effect of the expansion of one gas in condensing another less easily liquefiable, and so on.

CASCADE SYSTEM Cascade system. (Elec.)

Defn: A system or method of connecting and operating two induction motors so that the primary circuit of one is connected to the secondary circuit of the other, the primary circuit of the latter being connected to the source of supply; also, a system of electric traction in which motors so connected are employed. The cascade system is also called tandem, or concatenated, system; the connection a cascade, tandem, or concatenated, connection, or a concatenation; and the control of the motors so obtained a tandem, or concatenation, control. In the cascade system of traction the cascade connection is used for starting and for low speeds up to half speed. For full speed the short-circuited motor is cut loose from the other motor and is either left idle or (commonly) connected direct to the line.

CASCALHO Cas*cal"ho, n. Etym: [Pg., a chip of stone, gravel.]

Defn: A deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the Brazilian diamond is usually found.

CASCARA BUCKTHORN Cas"ca*ra buck"thorn`. (Bot.)

Defn: The buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshiana) of the Pacific coast of the United States, which yields cascara sagrada.

CASCARA SAGRADA Cas"ca*ra sa*gra"da. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: Holy bark; the bark of the California buckthorn (Rhamnus Purshianus), used as a mild cathartic or laxative.

CASCARILLA Cas`ca*ril"la, n.Etym: [Sp., small thin bark, Peruvian bark, dim. of cáscara bark.] (Bot.)

Defn: A euphorbiaceous West Indian shrub (Croton Eleutheria); also, its aromatic bark. Cascarilla bark (or Cascarila) (Med.), the bark of Croton Eleutheria. It has an aromatic odor and a warm, spicy, bitter taste, and when burnt emits a musky odor. It is used as a gentle tonic, and sometimes, for the sake of its fragrance, mixed with smoking tobacco, when it is said to occasion vertigo and intoxication.

CASCARILLIN Cas`ca*ril"lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystallizable, bitter substance extracted from oil of cascarilla.

CASCARON Cas`ca*ron", n. [Sp. cascarón.]

Defn: Lit., an eggshell; hence, an eggshell filled with confetti to be thrown during balls, carnivals, etc. [Western U. S.]

CASE Case, n. Etym: [OF. casse, F. caisse (cf. It. cassa), fr. L. capsa chest, box, case, fr. caper to take, hold See Capacious, and cf. 4th Chase, Cash, Enchase, 3d Sash.]

1. A box, sheath, or covering; as, a case for holding goods; a case for spectacles; the case of a watch; the case (capsule) of a cartridge; a case (cover) for a book.

2. A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box; as, a case of goods; a case of instruments.

3. (Print.)

Defn: A shallow tray divided into compartments or "boxes" for holding type.

Note: Cases for type are usually arranged in sets of two, called respectively the upper and the lower case. The upper case contains capitals, small capitals, accented; the lower case contains the small letters, figures, marks of punctuation, quadrats, and spaces.

4. An inclosing frame; a casing; as, a door case; a window case.

5. (Mining)

Defn: A small fissure which admits water to the workings. Knight.

CASE Case, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cased; p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.]

1. To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose. The man who, cased in steel, had passed whole days and nights in the saddle. Prescott.

2. To strip the skin from; as, to case a box. [Obs.]

CASE Case, n. Etym: [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. Chance.]

1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.] By aventure, or sort, or cas. Chaucer.

2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstamces; condition; state of things; affair; as, a strange case; a case of injustice; the case of the Indian tribes. In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge. Deut. xxiv. 13. If the case of the man be so with his wife. Matt. xix. 10. And when a lady's in the case. You know all other things give place. Gay. You think this madness but a common case. Pope. I am in case to justle a constable, Shak.

3. (Med. & Surg.)

Defn: A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; as, ten cases of fever; also, the history of a disease or injury. A proper remedy in hypochondriacal cases. Arbuthnot.

4. (Law)

Defn: The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause. Let us consider the reason of the case, for nothing is law that is not reason. Sir John Powell. Not one case in the reports of our courts. Steele.

5. (Gram.)

Defn: One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word. Case is properly a falling off from the nominative or first state of word; the name for which, however, is now, by extension of its signification, applied also to the nominative. J. W. Gibbs.

Note: Cases other than the nominative are oblique cases. Case endings are terminations by which certain cases are distinguished. In old English, as in Latin, nouns had several cases distinguished by case endings, but in modern English only that of the possessive case is retained. Action on the case (Law), according to the old classification (now obsolete), was an action for redress of wrongs or injuries to person or property not specially provided against by law, in which the whole cause of complaint was set out in the writ; -- called also trespass on the case, or simply case. -- All a case, a matter of indifference. [Obs.] "It is all a case to me." L'Estrange. -- Case at bar. See under Bar, n. -- Case divinity, casuistry. -- Case lawyer, one versed in the reports of cases rather than in the science of the law. -- Case stated or agreed on (Law), a statement in writing of facts agreed on and submitted to the court for a decision of the legal points arising on them. -- A hard case, an abandoned or incorrigible person. [Colloq.] -- In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. -- In case, or In case that, if; supposing that; in the event or contingency; if it should happen that. "In case we are surprised, keep by me." W. Irving. -- In good case, in good condition, health, or state of body. -- To put a case, to suppose a hypothetical or illustrative case.

Syn. -- Situation, condition, state; circumstances; plight; predicament; occurrence; contingency; accident; event; conjuncture; cause; action; suit.

CASE Case, v. i.

Defn: To propose hypothetical cases. [Obs.] "Casing upon the matter." L'Estrange.

CASEATION Ca`se*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caséation. See Casein.] (Med.)

Defn: A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

CASE-BAY Case"-bay`, n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

CASEHARDEN Case"hard`en, v. t.

1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel.

2. To render insensible to good influences.

CASEHARDENED Case"hard`ened, a.

1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools.

2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; -- said of persons.

CASEHARDENING Case"hard`en*ing, n.

Defn: The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure.

Note: Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

CASEIC Ca"se*ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. caséique, fr. L. caseus cheese.]

Defn: OF or pertaining to cheese; as, caseic acid.

CASEIN Ca"se*in, n. Etym: [Cf. F. caséine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kindom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.]

CASE KNIFE Case" knife`.

1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison.

2. A large table knife; -- so called from being formerly kept in a case.

CASEMATE Case"mate, n. Etym: [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

CASEMATED Case"ma`ted, a.

Defn: Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.

CASEMENT Case"ment, n. Etym: [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.)

Defn: A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window. A casement of the great chamber window. Shak.

CASEMENTED Case"ment*ed, a.

Defn: Having a casement or casements.

CASEOSE Ca"se*ose, n. [Casein + -ose.] (Physiol.Chem.)

Defn: A soluble product (proteose) formed in the gastric and pancreatic digestion of casein and caseinogen.

CASEOUS Ca"se*ous, a. Etym: [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.]

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy. Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

CASERN Ca"sern, n. Etym: [F. caserne.]

Defn: A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.

CASE SHOT Case" shot`. (Mil.)

Defn: A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister.

Note: In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; -- called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.

CASE SYSTEM Case system. (Law)

Defn: The system of teaching law in which the instruction is primarily a historical and inductive study of leading or selected cases, with or without the use of textbooks for reference and collateral reading.

CASEUM Ca"se*um, n. Etym: [L. caseus cheese.]

Defn: Same as Casein.

CASEWORM Case"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

CASH Cash, n. Etym: [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.]

Defn: A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.] This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money. Sir W. Temple. £20,000 are known to be in her cash. Sir R. Winwood.

2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as, to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash. Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. -- Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] -- Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; -- called also bank credit and cash account. -- Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction.

Syn. -- Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

CASH Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.]

Defn: To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as, cash a note or an order.

CASH Cash, v. t. Etym: [See Cashier.]

Defn: To disband. [Obs.] Garges.

CASH Cash, n.sing & pl.

Defn: A Chinese coin.

Note: The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

CASHBOOK Cash"book, n. (Bookkeeping)

Defn: A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

CASHEW Ca*shew", n. Etym: [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kayu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear-shaped hypocarp, about three inches long. Casbew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

CASHIER Cash*ier", n. Etym: [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.]

Defn: One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company.

CASHIER Cash*ier", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered; p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] Etym: [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.]

1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of frust. They have cashiered several of their followers. Addison. He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant's own body guard. Macaulay.

2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.] Connections formed for interest, and endeared By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered. Cowper. They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words. Sowth.

CASHIERER Cash*ier"er, n.

Defn: One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as, a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke.

CASHIER'S CHECK Cash*ier's" check. (Banking)

Defn: A check drawn by a bank upon its own funds, signed by the cashier.

CASHMERE Cash"mere, n.

1. A rich stuff for shawls, acaris, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans.

2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere. Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; -- other called camel's-hair shawl.

CASHMERETTE Cash`me*rette", n.

Defn: A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere.

CASHOO Ca*shoo", n. Etym: [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.]

Defn: See Catechu.

CASH RAILWAY Cash railway.

Defn: A form of cash carrier in which a small carrier or car travels upon a kind of track.

CASH REGISTER Cash register.

Defn: A device for recording the amount of cash received, usually having an automatic adding machine and a money drawer and exhibiting the amount of the sale.

CASING Cas"ing, n.

1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc.

2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat.

3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4.

CASINGS Ca"sings, n. pl.

Defn: Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland.

CASINO Ca*si"no, n.; pl. E. Casinos, It. Casini. Etym: [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.]

1. A small country house.

2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc.

3. A game at cards. See Cassino.

CASK Cask, n. Etym: [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.]

1. Same as Casque. [Obs.]

2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel.

3. The quantity contained in a cask.

4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

CASK Cask, v. t.

Defn: To put into a cask.

CASKET Cas"ket, n. Etym: [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.]

1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc. The little casket bring me hither. Shak.

2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.]

3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak). (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic] They found him dead . . . an empty casket. Shak.

CASKET Cas"ket, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A gasket. See Gasket.

CASKET Cas"ket, v. t.

Defn: To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] "I have casketed my treasure." Shak.

CASQUE Casque, n. Etym: [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.]

Defn: A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet. His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes. Prescott.

CASS Cass, v. t. Etym: [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.]

Defn: To render useless or void; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleing.

CASSADA Cas"sa*da, n.

Defn: See Cassava.

CASSAREEP Cas"sa*reep, n.

Defn: A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot.

CASSATE Cas"sate, v. t. Etym: [LL. cassare. See Cass.]

Defn: To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.]

CASSATION Cas*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F. cassation. See Cass.]

Defn: The act of annulling. A general cassation of their constitutions. Motley. Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts.

CASSAVA Cas"sa*va, n. Etym: [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Hayti.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc.

Note: There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable.

2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

CASSAVA WOOD Cas"sa*va wood`. (Bot.)

Defn: A West Indian tree (Turpinia occidentalis) of the family Staphyleaceæ.

CASSEL BROWN; CASSEL EARTH Cas"sel brown, Cas"sel earth .

Defn: A brown pigment of varying permanence, consisting of impure lignite. It was found originally near Cassel (now Kassel), Germany.

CASSE PAPER Cas"se Pa"per. Etym: [F. papier cassé. See Cass.]

Defn: Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream.

CASSEROLE Cas"se*role n. Etym: [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain.

2. (Cookery)

Defn: A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat.

CASSE-TETE Casse`-tête", n. [F., fr. casser to breal (see 2d Quash) + tête head.]

Defn: A small war club, esp. of savages; -- so called because of its supposed use in crushing the skull.

CASSETTE Cas`sette", n. [F., prop., a casket, dim. of casse a case. See lst Case.]

Defn: Same as Seggar.

CASSIA Cas"sia, n. Etym: [L. cassia and casia, Gr. qetsi\'beh, fr. qatsa' to cut off, to peel off.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

2. The bark of several species of Cinnamommum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

Note: The medicinal "cassia" (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries. Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. -- Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). -- Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; -- called also oil of cinnamon.

CASSICAN Cas"si*can, n. Etym: [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

CASSIDEOUS Cas*sid"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.)

Defn: Helmet-shaped; -- applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet- shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

CASSIDONY Cas"si*do*ny, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. Cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lawandula Stachas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

CASSIMERE Cas"si*mere, n. Etym: [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.]

Defn: A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

CASSINETTE Cas`si*nette", n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.]

Defn: A cloth with a cotton wart, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

CASSINIAN OVALS Cas*sin"i*an o"vals. (Math.)

Defn: See under Oval.

CASSINO Cas*si"no, n. Etym: [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See asing.]

Defn: A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points. Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. -- Little cassino, the two of spades.

CASSIOBERRY Cas"si*o*ber`ry, n. Etym: [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.]

Defn: The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

CASSIOPEIA Cas`si*o*pe"ia, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Astron.)

Defn: A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Capheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabuolous king of Ethiopia. Cassiopeia's Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

CASSITERITE Cas*sit"er*ite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

CASSIUS Cas"sius, n. Etym: [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.]

Defn: A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

CASSOCK Cas"sock, n. Etym: [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.]

1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

CASSOCKED Cas"socked, a.

Defn: Clothed with a cassock.

CASSOLETTE Cas`so*lette", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: a box, or vase with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

CASSONADE Cas`son*ade", n. Etym: [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.]

Defn: Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.

CASSOWARY Cas"so*wa*ry, n.; pl. Cassowaries. Etym: [Malay kasuari.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc.

CASSUMUNAR; CASSUMUNIAR Cas`su*mu"nar, Cas`su*mu"ni*ar, n. Etym: [Hind.] (Med.)

Defn: A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

CAST Cast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] Etym: [Cf. Dan. kastw, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerer to bear, carry. E. Jest.]

1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel. Uzziash prepared . . . slings to cast stones. 2 Chron. xxvi. 14 Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. Acts. xii. 8 We must be cast upon a certain island. Acts. xxvii. 26.

2. To direct or turn, as the eyes. How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me! Shak.

3. To drop; to deposit; as, to cast a ballot.

4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak.

5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart. Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee. Luke xix. 48.

6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose. His filth within being cast. Shak. Neither shall your vine cast her fruit. Mal. iii. 11 The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc. Bacon.

7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink. Thy she-goats have not cast their young. Gen. xxi. 38.

8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.] This . . . casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward.

9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as, to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject.

10. To impose; to bestow; to rest. The government I cast upon my brother. Shak. Cast thy burden upon the Lord. Ps. iv. 22.

11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.] The state can not with safety casthim.

12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast a horoscope. "Let it be cast and paid." Shak. You cast the event of war my noble lord. Shak.

13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic] The cloister . . . had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange- house]. Sir W. Temple.

14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as, to be cast in damages. She was cast to be hanged. Jeffrey. Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast. Dr. H. More.

15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as, a casting voice. How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious! South.

16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as, to cast bells, stoves, bullets.

17. (Print.)

Defn: To stereotype or electrotype.

18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part. Our parts in the other world will be new cast. Addison. To cast anchor (Naut.) Se under Anchor. -- To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. -- To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. -- To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. -- To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. -- To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. "Cast away a life" Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. "Cast away his people." Rom. xi. 1. "Cast one away." Shak. (c) To wreck. "Cast away and sunk." Shak. -- To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. -- To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. "Why art thou cast down. O my soul" Ps. xiii. 5. -- To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. -- To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast in one's teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. -- To cast lots. See under Lot. -- To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one's self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also, to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. -- To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. -- To cast one's self on or upon to yield or submit one's self unreservedly to. as to the mercy of another. -- To cast out, to throy out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. -- To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the botton. -- To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. -- To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one's teeth.

CAST Cast, v. i.

1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh. Weigh anchor, cast to starboard. Totten.

3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as, to cast about for reasons. She . . . cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be. Luke. i. 29.

4. To calculate; to compute. [R.] Who would cast and balance at a desk. Tennyson.

5. To receive form or shape in a mold. It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold. Woodward.

6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape. Stuff is said to cast or warp when . . . it alters its flatness or straightness. Moxon.

7. To vomit. These verses . . . make me ready to cast. B. Jonson.

CAST Cast,

Defn: 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CAST Cast, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.]

1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.

2. The thing thrown. A cast of dreadful dust. Dryden.

3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. "About a stone's cast." Luke xxii. 41.

4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture. An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way. Sowth. I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak.

5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as, the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk's stomach, the excrement of a earthworm.

6. The act of casting in a mold. And why such daily cast of brazen cannon. Shak.

7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern.

8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting.

9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as, a pecullar cast of countenance. "A neat cast of verse." Pope. An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure. Prior. And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak.

10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade. Gray with a cast of green. Woodward.

11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch] We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage. Smollett. If we had the cast o' a cart to bring it. Sir W. Scott.

12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors.

13. (Falconary)

Defn: A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb. As when a cast of falcons make their flight. Spenser.

14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.] This was a cast of Wood's politics; for his information was wholly false. Swift.

15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint. The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion. Bacon. And let you see with one cast of an eye. Addison. This freakish, elvish cast came into the child's eye. Hawthorne.

16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold.

17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp.

18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer. A cast of the eye, a slight squint or strabismus. -- Renal cast (Med.), microscopic bodies found in the urine of persons affected with disease of the kidneys; -- so called because they are formed of matter deposited in, and preserving the outline of, the renal tubes. -- The last cast, the last throw of the dice or last effort, on which every thing is ventured; the last chance.

CASTALIAN Cas*ta"li*an, a. Etym: [L. Castalius]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Castalia, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mt. Parnassus sacred to the Muses. Milton.

CASTANEA Cas*ta"ne*a, n. Etym: [L., a chestnut, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of nut-bearing trees or shrubs including the chestnut and chinquapin.

CASTANET Cas"ta*net, n.

Defn: See Castanets.

CASTANETS Cas"ta*nets, n. pl. Etym: [F. castagnettes, Sp. castañetas, fr. L. castanea (Sp. castaña) a chestnut. So named from the resemblance to two chestnuts, or because chestnuts were first used for castanets. See Chestnut.]

Defn: Two small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, fastened to the thumb, and beaten together with the middle finger; -- used by the Spaniards and Moors as an accompaniment to their dance and guitars.

Note: The singular, castanet, is used of one of the pair, or, sometimes, of the pair forming the instrument. The dancer, holding a castanet in each hand, rattles then to the motion of his feet. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

CASTAWAY Cast"a*way, n.

1. One who, or that which, is cast away or shipwrecked.

2. One who is ruined; one who has made moral shipwreck; a reprobate. Lest . . . when I have preached to others, I myself should be a castaway. 1 Cor. ix. 27.

CASTAWAY Cast"a*way, a.

Defn: Of no value; rejected; useless.

CASTE Caste, n. Etym: [Pg. casta race, lineage, fr. L. castus pure, chaste: cf. F. caste, of same origin.]

1. One of the hereditary classes into which the Hindoos are divided according to the laws of Brahmanism.

Note: The members of the same caste are theoretically of equal rank, and same profession or occupation, and may not eat or intermarry with those not of their own caste. The original are four, viz., the Brahmans, or sacerdotal order; the Kshatriyas, or soldiers and rulers; the Vaisyas, or husbandmen and merchants; and the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Men of no caste are Pariahs, outcasts. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up in the progress of time.

2. A separate and fixed order or class of persons in society who chiefly hold intercourse among themselves. The tinkers then formed an hereditary caste. Macaulay. To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one has belonged; to lose social position or consideration.

CASTELLAN Cas"tel*lan, n. Etym: [OF. castelain, F. châtelain, L. castellanus pertaining to a castle, an occupant of a caste, LL., a governor of a castle, fr. L. catellum castle, citadel, dim. of castrum fortifled place. See Castle, and cf. Chatelaine.]

Defn: A goveror or warden of a castle.

CASTELLANY Cas"tel*la*ny, n.; pl. Castellanies. Etym: [LL. castellania.]

Defn: The lordship of a castle; the extent of land and jurisdiction appertaining to a castle.

CASTELLATED Cas"tel*la`ted, a. Etym: [LL. castellatus, fr. castellare. See Castle.]

1. Inclosed within a building; as, a fountain or cistern castellated. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Furnished with turrets and battlements, like a castle; built in the style of a castle.

CASTELLATION Cas`tel*la"tion, n. Etym: [LL. castellation, fr. castellare, fr. L. castellum. See Castle.]

Defn: The act of making into a castle.

CASTER Cast"er, n.

1. One who casts; as, caster of stones, etc. ; a caster of cannon; a caster of accounts.

2. A vial, cruet, or other small vessel, used to contain condiments at the table; as, a set of casters.

3. A stand to hold a set of cruets.

4. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is supported and moved.

CASTIGATE Cas"ti*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castigating.] Etym: [L. castigatus, p. p. of castigare to correct, punish; castus pure, chaste + agere to move, drive. See Caste, and cf. Chasten.]

1. To punish by stripes; to chastise by blows; to chasten; also, to chastise verbally; to reprove; to criticise severely.

2. To emend; to correct. [Obs.]

CASTIGATION Cas`ti*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. catigatio.]

1. Corrective punishment; chastisement; reproof; pungent criticism. The keenest castigation of her slanderers. W. Irving.

2. Emendation; correction. [Obs.]

CASTIGATOR Cas`ti*ga"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who castigates or corrects.

CASTIGATORY Cas`ti*ga*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. castigatorius.]

Defn: Punitive in order to amendment; corrective.

CASTIGATORY Cas"ti*ga*to*ry, n.

Defn: An instrument formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds; -- called also a ducking stool, or trebucket. Blacktone.

CASTILE SOAP Cas"tile soap". Etym: [From Castile, or Castilia, a province in Spain, from which it originally came.]

Defn: A kind of fine, hard, white or mottled soap, made with olive and soda; also, a soap made in imitation of the above-described soap.

CASTILIAN Cas*til"ian, n. Etym: [Sp. castellano, from Castila, NL. Castilia, Castella. Castile, which received its name from the castles erected on the frontiers as a barrier against the Moors.]

1. An inhabitant or native of Castile, in Spain.

2. The Spanish language as spoken in Castile.

CASTILLAN Cas*til"lan, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Castile, in Spain.

CASTING Cast"ing, n.

1. The act of one who casts or throws, as in fishing.

2. The act or process of making cast or impressions, or of shaping metal or plaster in a mold; the act or the process of pouring molten metal into a mold.

3. That which is cast in a mold; esp. the mass of metal so cast; as, a casting in iron; bronze casting.

4. The warping of a board. Brande & C.

5. The act of casting off, or that which is cast off, as skin, feathers, excrement, etc. Casting of draperies, the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. -- Casting line (Fishing), the leader; also, sometimes applied to the long reel line. Casting net, a net which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. -- Casting voice, Casting vote, the decisive vote of a presiding officer, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided. "When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting voice." B. Trumbull. -- Casting weight, a weight that turns a balance when exactly poised.

CAST IRON Cast" i`ron.

Defn: Highly carbonized iron, the direct product of the blast furnace; -- used for making castings, and for conversion into wrought iron and steel. It can not be welded or forged, is brittle, and sometimes very hard. Besides carbon, it contains sulphur, phosphorus, silica, etc.

CAST-IRON Cast"-i`ron, a.

Defn: Made of cast iron. Hence, Fig.: like cast iron; hardy; unyielding.

CASTLE Cas"tle, n. Etym: [AS. castel, fr. L. castellum, dim. of castrum a fortified place, castle.]

1. A fortified residence, especially that of a prince or nobleman; a fortress. The house of every one is to him castle and fortress, as well for his defense againts injury and violence, as for his repose. Coke. Our castle's strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. Shak.

Note: Originally the mediæval castle was a single strong tower or keep, with a palisaded inclosure around it and inferior buidings, such as stables and the like, and surrounded by a moat; then such a keep or donjon, with courtyards or baileys and accessory buildings of greater elaboration a great hall and a chapel, all surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, with a drawbridge, etc. Afterwards the name was retained by large dwellings that had formerly been fortresses, or by those which replaced ancient fortresses. A Donjon or Keep, an irregular building containing the dwelling of the lord and his family; B C Large round towers ferming part of the donjon and of the exterior; D Square tower, separating the two inner courts and forming part of the donjon; E Chapel, whose apse forms a half-round tower, F, on the exterior walls; G H Round towers on the exterior walls; K Postern gate, reached from outside by a removable fight of steps or inclined plane for hoisting in stores, and leading to a court, L (see small digagram) whose pavement is on a level with the sill of the postern, but below the level of the larger court, with which it communicates by a separately fortified gateway; M Turret, containing spiral stairway to all the stories of the great tower, B, and serving also as a station for signal fire, banner, etc.; N Turret with stairway for tower, C; O Echauguettes; P P P Battlemants consisting of merlons and crenels alternately, the merlons being pierced by loopholes; Q Q Machicolations (those at Q defend the postern K); R Outwork defending the approach, which is a road ascending the hill and passing under all four faces of the castle; S S Wall of the outer bailey. The road of approach enters the bailey at T and passes thence into the castle by the main entrance gateway (which is in the wall between, and defended by the towers, C H) and over two drawbridges and through fortified passages to the inner court.

2. Any strong, imposing, and stately mansion.

3. A small tower, as on a ship, or an elephant's back.

4. A piece, made to represent a castle, used in the game of chess; a rook. Castle in the air, a visionary project; a baseless scheme; an air castle; -- sometimes called a castle in Spain (F. Château en Espagne).

Syn. -- Fortress; fortification; citadel; stronghold. See Fortress.

CASTLE Cas"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Castled (. p. pr. & vb. n. Castling.] (Chess)

Defn: To move the castle to the square next to king, and then the king around the castle to the square next beyond it, for the purpose of covering the king.

CASTLEBUILDER Cas"tle*build`er, n.

Defn: Fig.: one who builds castles in the air or forms visionary schemes. -- Cas"tle*build`ing, n.

CASTLED Cas"tled, a.

Defn: Having a castle or castles; supporting a castle; as, a castled height or crag.

2. Fortified; turreted; as, castled walls.

CASTLE-GUARD Cas"tle-guard`, n.

1. The guard or defense of a castle.

2. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: A tax or imposition an a dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in it; castle-ward.

3. A feudal tenure, obliging the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time.

CASTLERY Cas"tle*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. castelerie. See Castle.]

Defn: The government of a castle. Blount.

CASTLET Cas"tlet, n.

Defn: A small castle. Leland.

CASTLEWARD Cas"tle*ward`, n.

Defn: Same as Castleguard.

CASTLING Cast"ling, n.

Defn: That which is cast or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. Sir T. Browne.

CASTLING Cas"tling, n. (Chess)

Defn: A compound move of the king and castle. See Castle, v. i.

CAST-OFF Cast"-off`, a.

Defn: Cast or laid aside; as, cast-off clothes.

CASTOR Cas"tor, n. Etym: [L. castor the beaver, Gr.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of rodents, including the beaver. See Beaver.

2. Castoreum. See Castoreum.

3. A hat, esp. one made of beaver fur; a beaver. I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor. Sir W. Scott.

4. A heavy quality of broadcloth for overcoats.

CASTOR Cast"or, n.

Defn: See Caster, a small wheel.

CASTOR Cas"tor, n. Etym: [L.] (Astron.)

Defn: the northernmost of the two bright stars in the constellation Gemini, the other being Pollux.

CASTOR; CASTORITE Cas"tor, Cas"tor*ite, n. Etym: [The minerals castor and pollux were so named because found together on the island of Elba. See Castor and Pollux.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of the mineral called petalite, from Elba.

CASTOR AND POLLUX Cas"tor and Pol"lux. Etym: [Castor and Pollux were twin sons of Jupiter and Leda.] (Naut.)

Defn: See Saint Elmo's fire, under Saint.

CASTOR BEAN Cas"tor bean". (Bot.)

Defn: The bean or seed of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi.)

CASTOREUM Cas*to"re*um, n. Etym: [L. See Castor.]

Defn: A peculiar bitter orange-brown substance, with strong, penetrating odor, found in two sacs between the anus and external genitals of the beaver; castor; -- used in medicine as an antispasmodic, and by perfumers.

CASTORIN Cas"to*rin, n. Etym: [From 1st Castor.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline substance obtained from castoreum.

CASTOR OIL Cas"tor oil.

Defn: A mild cathartic oil, expressed or extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi. When fresh the oil is inodorus and insipid. Castor-oil plant. Same as Palma Christi.

CASTRAMETATION Cas`tra*me*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. castramétation, fr. L. castra camp + metari to measure off, fr. meta limit.] (Mil.)

Defn: The art or act of encamping; the making or laying out of a camp.

CASTRATE Cas"trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Castrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Castrating.] Etym: [L. castrarus, p; p. of castrare to castrate, asin to Skr. çastra knife.]

1. To deprive of the testicles; to emasculate; to geld; to alter.

2. To cut or take out; esp. to remove anything erroneous, or objectionable from, as the obscene parts of a writing; to expurgate. My . . . correspondent . . . has sent me the following letter, which I have castrated in some places. Spectator.

CASTRATION Cas*tra"tion, n. Etym: [L. castratio; cf. F. castration.]

Defn: The act of castrating.

CASTRATO Cas*tra"to, n. Etym: [L., properly p. p. of castrare. See Castrate.]

Defn: A male person castrated for the purpose of improving his voice for singing; an artificial, or male, soprano. Swift.

CASTREL Cas"trel, n. Etym: [Cf. F. crécerelle, cristel, OF. crecel, cercele. Cf. Kestrel.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Kestrel.

CASTRENSIAL Cas*tren"sial, a. Etym: [L. castrensis, fr. castra camp.]

Defn: Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne.

CASTRENSIAN Cas*tren"sian, a.

Defn: Castrensial. [R.]

CAST STEEL Cast" steel".

Defn: See Cast steel, under Steel.

CASUAL Cas"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. casuel, F. casuel, fr. L. casualis, fr. casus fall, accident, fr. cadere to fall. See Case.]

1. Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; accidental; fortuitous; coming by chance. Casual breaks, in the general system. W. Irving.

2. Coming without regularity; occasional; incidental; as, casual expenses. A constant habit, rather than a casual gesture. Hawthorne.

Syn. -- Accidental; fortutious; incidental; occasional; contingent; unforeseen. See Accidental.

CASUAL Cas"u*al, n.

Defn: One who receives relief for a night in a parish to which he does not belong; a vagrant.

CASUALISM Cas"u*al*ism, n.

Defn: The doctrine that all things exist or are controlled by chance.

CASUALIST Cas"u*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes in casualism.

CASUALLY Cas"u*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Without design; accidentally; fortuitously; by chance; occasionally.

CASUALNESS Cas"u*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being casual.

CASUALTY Cas"u*al*ty, n.; pl. Casualties. Etym: [F. casualité, LL. casualitas.]

1. That which comes without design or without being foreseen; contingency. Losses that befall them by mere casualty. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Any injury of the body from accident; hence, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident; as, an unhappy casualty.

3. pl. (Mil. & Naval)

Defn: Numerical loss caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion. Casualty ward, A ward in a hospital devoted to the treatment of injuries received by accident.

Syn. -- Accident; contingency; fortuity; misfortune.

CASUARINA Cas`u*a*ri"na, n. Etym: [NL., supposed to be named from the resemblance of the twigs to the feathers of the cassowary, of the genus Casuarius.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leafles trees or shrubs, with drooping branchlets of a rushlike appearance, mostly natives of Australia. Some of them are large, producing hard and heavy timber of excellent quality, called beefwood from its color.

CASUIST Cas"u*ist, n. Etym: [L. casus fall, case; cf. F. casuiste. See Casual.]

Defn: One who is skilled in, or given to, casuistry. The judment of any casuist or learned divine concerning the state of a man's soul, is not sufficient to give him confidence. South.

CASUIST Cas"u*ist, v. i.

Defn: To play the casuist. Milton.

CASUISTIC; CASUISTICAL Cas`u*is"tic, Cas`u*is"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry.

CASUISTRY Cas"u*ist*ry, a.

1. The science or doctrine of dealing with cases of conscience, of resolving questions of right or wrong in conduct, or determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society or the church, or from equity and natural reason; the application of general moral rules to particular cases. The consideration of these nice and puzzling question in the science of ethics has given rise, in modern times, to a particular department of it, distinguished by the title of casuistry. Stewart. Casuistry in the science of cases (i.e., oblique deflections from the general rule). De Quincey.

2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teaching in regard to duties, obligations, and morals.

CASUS Ca"sus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: An event; an occurrence; an occasion; a combination of circumstances; a case; an act of God. See the Note under Accident. Casus belli, an event or combination of events which is a cause war, or may be alleged as a justification of war. -- Casus fortuitus, an accident against which due prudence could not have provided. See Act of God, under Act. -- Casus omissus, a case not provided for by the statute.

CAT Cat, n. Etym: [AS. cat; akin to D. & Dan. kat, Sw. kett, Icel. köttr, G. katze, kater, Ir. Cat, W. cath, Armor. kaz, LL. catus, Bisc. catua, NGr cot, Turk. kedi, Ar. qitt; of unknown origin. CF. Ketten.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal of various species of the genera Felis and Lynx. The domestic cat is Felis domestica. The European wild cat (Felis catus) is much larger than the domestic cat. In the United States the name wild cat is commonly applied to the bay lynx (Lynx rufus) See Wild cat, and Tiger cat.

Note: The domestic cat includes many varieties named from their place of origin or from some peculiarity; as, the Angora cat; the Maltese cat; the Manx cat.

Note: The word cat is also used to designate other animals, from some fancied resemblance; as, civet cat, fisher cat, catbird, catfish shark, sea cat.

2. (Naut.) (a) A strong vessel with a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. It is employed in the coal and timber trade. (b) A strong tackle used to draw an anchor up to the cathead of a ship. Totten.

3. A double tripod (for holding a plate, etc.), having six feet, of which three rest on the ground, in whatever position in is placed.

4. An old game; (a) The game of tipcat and the implement with which it is played. See Tipcat. (c) A game of ball, called, according to the number of batters, one old cat, two old cat, etc.

5. A cat o' nine tails. See below. Angora cat, blind cat, See under Angora, Blind. -- Black cat the fisher. See under Black. -- Cat and dog, like a cat and dog; quarrelsome; inharmonius. "I am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it." Coleridge. -- Cat block (Naut.), a heavy iron-strapped block with a large hook, part of the tackle used in drawing an anchor up to the cathead. -- Cat hook (Naut.), a strong hook attached to a cat block. -- Cat nap, a very short sleep. [Colloq.] -- Cat o' nine tails, an instrument of punishment consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle; -- formerly used to flog offenders on the bare back. -- Cat's cradle, game played, esp. by children, with a string looped on the fingers so, as to resemble small cradle. The string is transferred from the fingers of one to those of another, at each transfer with a change of form. See Cratch, Cratch cradle. -- To let the cat out of the bag, to tell a secret, carelessly or willfully. [Colloq.] -- Bush cat, the serval. See Serval.

CAT Cat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tted; p. pr. & vb. n. Catting.] (Naut.)

Defn: To bring to the cathead; as, to cat an anchor. See Anchor. Totten.

CATA Cat"a. Etym: [Gr. kata`.]

Defn: The Latin and English form of a Greek preposition, used as a prefix to signify down, downward, under, against, contrary or opposed to, wholly, completely; as in cataclysm, catarrh. It sometimes drops the final vowel, as in catoptric; and is sometimes changed to cath, as in cathartic, catholic.

CATABAPTIST Cat`a*bap"tist, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + aptist. See Baptist.] (Eccl.)

Defn: One who opposes baptism, especially of infants. [Obs.] Featley.

CATABASION Cat`a*ba"sion, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: A vault under altar of a Greek church.

CATABIOTIC Cat`a*bi*ot"ic, a.

Defn: Aee under Force.

CATACAUSTIC Cat`a*caus"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + caustic.] (Physics)

Defn: Relating to, or having the properties of, a caustic curve formed by reflection. See Caustic, a. Nichol.

CATACAUSTIC Cat`a*caus"tic, n. (Physics)

Defn: A caustic curve formed by reflection of light. Nichol.

CATACHRESIS Cat`a*chre"sis, n. Etym: [L. fr. Gr. (Rhel.)

Defn: A figure by which one word is wrongly put for another, or by which a word is wrested from its true signification; as, "To take arms against a sea of troubles. " Shak. "Her voice was but the shadow of a sound." Young.

CATACHRESTIC; CATACHRESTICAL Cat`a*chres"tic, Cat"a*chres"tic*al, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or in the manner of, a catachresis; wrested from its natural sense or form; forced; far-fatched. -- Cat`a*chres"tic*al*ly, adv. [A] catachrestical and improper way of speaking. Jer. Taylor.

CATACLASM Cat"a*clasm, n. [Gr. ; down + to break.]

Defn: A breaking asunder; disruption.

CATACLYSM Cat"a*clysm, n. Etym: [L. cataclysmos, Gr. cataclysme.]

1. An extensive overflow or sweeping flood of water; a deluge.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: Any violent catastrophe, involving sudden and extensive changes of the earth's surface.

CATACLYSMAL; CATACLYSMIC Cat`a*clys"mal, Cat"a*clys"mic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cataclysm.

CATACLYSMIST Cat`a*clys"mist, n.

Defn: One who believes that the most important geological phenomena have been produced by cataclysms.

CATACOMB Cat"a*comb, n. Etym: [It. catacomba, fr. L. catacumba perh. from Gr.

Defn: A cave, grotto, or subterraneous place of large extent used for the burial of the dead; -- commonly in the plural.

Note: The terms is supposed to have been applied originally to the tombs under the church of St. Sebastain in Rome. The most celebrated catacombs are those near Rome, on the Appian Way, supposed to have been the place or refuge and interment of the early Chrictians; those of Egypt, extending for a wide distance in the vicinity of Cairo; and those of Paris, in abandoned stone quarries, excavated under a large portion of the city.

CATACOUSTIC Cat`a*cous"tic, n. Etym: [Pref. cata _ acoustics: cf. F. caraconstique.] (Physics)

Defn: That part of acoustics which treats of reflected sounds or echoes See Acoustics. Hutton.

CATACROTIC Cat`a*crot"ic, a. [Cata- + Gr. a beating.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Designating, pertaining to, or characterized by, that form of pulse tracing, or sphygmogram, in which the descending portion of the curve is marked by secondary elevations due to two or more expansions of the artery in the same beat. -- Ca*tac"rotism (#), n.

CATADICROTISM Cat`a*di"cro*tism, n. [Cata-+ dicrotism.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Quality or state of being catacrotic. -- Cat`a*di*crot"ic (#), a.

CATADIOPTRIC; CATADIOPTRICAL Cat`a*di*op"tric, Cat`a*di*op"tric*al, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + dioptric: cf. F. catadioptrique.] (Physics)

Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or involving, both the reflection and refraction of light; as, a catadioptric light. Hutton.

CATADIOPTRICS Cat`a*di*op"trics, n.

Defn: The science which treats of catadioptric phenomena, or of the used of catadioptric instruments.

CATADROME Cat"a*drome, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. A race course.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: A machine for raising or lowering heavy weights.

CATADROMOUS Ca*tad"ro*mous, a. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the lowest inferior segment of a pinna nearer the rachis than the lowest superior one; -- said of a mode of branching in ferns, and opposed to anadromous.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Living in fresh water, and going to the sea to spawn; -- opposed to anadromous, and of the eel.

CATAFALCO Cat`a*fal"co, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: See Catafalque.

CATAFALQUE Cat"a*falque`, n. Etym: [F., fr. It. catafalco, scaffold, funeral canopy; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. catafalso, cadahalso, cadalso, Pr. casafalc, OF. chafaut. Cf. Scaffold.]

Defn: A temporary structure sometimes used in the funeral solemnities of eminent persons, for the public exhibition of the remains, or their conveyance to the place of burial.

CATAGMATIC Cat`*ag*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. catagmatique.] (Med.)

Defn: Having the quality of consolidating broken bones.

CATAIAN Ca*ta"ian, n.

Defn: A native of Cathay or China; a foreigner; -- formerly a term of reproach. Shak.

CATALAN Cat"a*lan, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Catalonia. -- n.

Defn: A native or inbabitant of Catalonia; also, the language of Catalonia. Catalan furnace, Catalan forge (Metal.), a kind of furnace for producing wrought iron directly from the ore. It was formerly much used, esp. in Catalonia, and is still used in some parts of the United States and elsewhere.

CATALECTIC Cat`a*lec"tic, a. Etym: [L. catalecticus, Gr.

1. (Pros.)

Defn: Wanting a syllable at the end, or terminating in an imperfect foot; as, a catalectic verse.

2. (Photog. & Chem.)

Defn: Incomplete; partial; not affecting the whole of a substance. Abney.

CATALEPSY; CATALEPSIS Cat"a*lep`sy, Cat`a*lep"sis, n. Etym: [NL. catalepsis, fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A sudden suspension of sensation and volition, the body and limbs preserving the position that may be given them, while the

## action of the heart and lungs continues.

CATALEPTIC Cat`a*lep"tic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, catalepsy; affected with catalepsy; as, a cataleptic fit.

CATALLACTA Cat`al*lac"ta, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Catallactics.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Protozoa, of which Magosphæra is the type. They exist both in a myxopod state, with branched pseudopodia, and in the form of ciliated bodies united in free, spherical colonies.

CATALLACTICS Cat`al*lac"tics n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of exchanges, a branch of political economy.

CATALOG Cat"a*log, n. & v.

Defn: Catalogue.

CATALOGIZE Cat"a*lo*gize, v. t.

Defn: To insert in a catalogue; to register; to catalogue. [R.] Coles.

CATALOGUE Cat"a*logue, n. Etym: [F., fr. catalogus, fr. Gr.

Defn: A list or enumeration of names, or articles arranged methodically, often in alphabetical order; as, a catalogue of the students of a college, or of books, or of the stars. Card catalogue, a catalogue, as of books, having each item entered on a separate card, and the cards arranged in cases by subjects, or authors, or alphabetically. -- Catalogue raisonné Etym: [F.], a catalogue of books, etc., classed according to their subjects. Syn. -- List; roll; index; schedule; enumeration; inventory. See List.

CATALOGUE Cat"a*logue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catalogued; p. pr. & vb. n. Cataloguing.]

Defn: To make a list or catalogue; to insert in a catalogue.

CATALOGUER Cat"a*log`uer, n.

Defn: A maker of catalogues; esp. one skilled in the making of catalogues.

CATALPA Ca*tal"pa, n. Etym: [From the language of the Indians of Carolina, where Catesby discovered this tree in the year 1726.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of American and East Indian trees, of which the best know species are the Catalpa bignonioides, a large, ornamental North American tree, with spotted white flowers and long cylindrical pods, and the C. speciosa, of the Mississipi valley; -- called also Indian bean.

CATALYSIS Ca*tal"y*sis, n.; pl. Catalyse. Etym: [ML., fr. Gr.

1. Dissolution; degeneration; decay. [R.] Sad catalysis and declension of piety. Evelyn.

2. (Chem.) (a) A process by which reaction occurs in the presence of certain agents which were formerly believed to exert an influence by mere contact. It is now believed that such reactions are attended with the formation of an intermediate compound or compounds, so that by alternate composition and decomposition the agent is apparenty left unchanged; as, the catalysis of making ether from alcohol by means of sulphuric acid; or catalysis in the action of soluble ferments (as diastase, or ptyalin) on starch. (b) The catalytic force.

CATALYTIC Cat`a*ly"tic, a.

Defn: Relating to, or causing, catalysis. "The catalytic power is ill understood." Ure. Catalytic force, that form of chemical energy formerly supposed to determine catalysis.

CATALYTIC Cat`a*lyt"ic, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An agent employed in catalysis, as platinum black, aluminium chloride, etc.

CATAMARAN Cat`a*ma*ran", n. Etym: [The native East Indian name.]

1. A kind of raft or float, consisting of two or more logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sail; -- used as a surf boat and for other purposes on the coasts of the East and West Indies and South America. Modified forms are much used in the lumber regions of North America, and at life-saving stations.

2. Any vessel with twin hulls, whether propelled by sails or by steam; esp., one of a class of double-hulled pleasure boats remarkable for speed.

3. A kind of fire raft or torpedo bat. The incendiary rafts prepared by Sir Sidney Smith for destroying the French flotilla at Boulogne, 1804, were called catamarans. Knight.

4. A quarrelsome woman; a scold. [Colloq.]

CATAMENIA Cat`a*me"nia, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The monthly courses of women; menstrual discharges; menses.

CATAMENIAL Cat`a*me"ni*al, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the catamenia, or menstrual discharges.

CATAMITE Cat"a*mite, n. Etym: [L. Catamitus, an old form of Ganymedes Ganymede, Gr.

Defn: A boy kept for unnatural purposes.

CATAMOUNT Cat"a*mount, n. Etym: [Cat + mount; cf. Sp. gato mentes mountain cat.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cougar. Applied also, in some parts of the United States, to the lynx.

CATANADROMOUS Cat"a*nad`ro*mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Ascending and descending fresh streams from and to the sea, as the salmon; anadromous. [R.]

CATAPASM Cat"a*pasm, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A compound medicinal powder, used by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, to absorb perspiration, etc. Dunglison.

CATAPELTIC Cat`a*pel"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a catapult.

CATAPETALOUS Cat`a*pet"al*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + petalous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the petals held together by stamens, which grow to their bases, as in the mallow.

CATAPHONIC Cat`a*phon"ic, a.

Defn: Of or relating to cataphonics; catacoustic.

CATAPHONICS Cat`a*phon"ics, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + phonic: cf. F. cataphonique.] (Physics)

Defn: That branch of acoustics which treats of reflested sounds; catacoustics.

CATAPHRACT Cat"a*phract, n. Etym: [L. cataphractes, Gr.

1. (Mil. Antiq.)

Defn: Defensive armor used for the whole body and often for the horse, also, esp. the linked mail or scale armor of some eastern nations.

2. A horseman covered with a cataphract. Archers and slingers, cataphracts, and spears. Milton.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The armor or plate covering some fishes.

CATAPHRACTED Cat"a*phract`ed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Covered with a cataphract, or armor of plates, scales, etc.; or with that which corresponds to this, as horny or bony plates, hard, callous skin, etc.

CATAPHRACTIC Cat`a*phrac"tic, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cataphract.

CATAPHYSICAL Cat`a*phys"ic*al, a. Etym: [Pref. cata + physical.]

Defn: Unnatural; contrary to nature. [R.] Some artists . . . have given to Sir Walter Scott a pile of forehead which is unpleassing and cataphysical. De Quincey.

CATAPLASM Cat"a*plasm, n. Etym: [L. cataplasma, Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A soft and moist substance applied externally to some part of the body; a poultice. Dunglison.

CATAPLEXY Cat"a*plex`y, n. [Gr. amazement: cf. Apoplexy.] (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition caused by an overwhelming shock or extreme fear and marked by rigidity of the muscles. -- Cat`a*plec"tic (#), a.

CATAPUCE Cat"a*puce, n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.)

Defn: Spurge. [Obs.]

CATAPULT Cat"a*pult, n. Etym: [L. catapulta, Gr.

1. (Mil. Antiq.)

Defn: An engine somewhat resembling a massive crossbow, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for throwing stones, arrows, spears, etc.

2. A forked stick with elasti band for throwing small stones, etc.

CATARACT Cat"a*ract, n. Etym: [L. cataracta, catarracles, a waterfall, Gr.

1. A great fall of water over a precipice; a large waterfall.

2. (Surg.)

Defn: An opacity of the crystalline lens, or of its capsule, which prevents the passage of the rays of light and impairs or destroys the sight.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: A kind of hydraulic brake for regulating the action of pumping engines and other machines; -- sometimes called dashpot.

CATARACTOUS Cat`a*rac"tous, a.

Defn: Of the nature of a cataract in the eye; affected with cataract.

CATARRH Ca*tarrh", n. Etym: [L. catarrhus, Gr. Stream.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an altertion in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder.

Note: In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hypersecretion fron, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also, to the cold itself.

CATARRHAL Ca*tarrh"al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, produced by, or attending, catarrh; of the nature of catarrh.

CATARRHINE Cat"ar*rhine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Catarrhina, a division of Quadrumana, including the Old World monkeys and apes which have the nostrils close together and turned downward. See Monkey.

CATARRHOUS Ca*tarrh"ous, a.

Defn: Catarrhal. [R.]

CATASTALTIC Cat`a*stal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Checking evacutions through astringent or styptic qualities.

CATASTASIS Ca*tas"ta*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Rhet.)

Defn: That part of a speech, usually the exordium, in which the orator sets forth the subject matter to be discussed.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The state, or condition of anything; constitution; habit of body.

CATASTERISM Ca*tas"ter*ism, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A placing among the stars; a catalogue of stars. The catasterisms of Eratosthenes. Whewell.

CATASTROPHE Ca*tas"tro*phe, n. Etym: [L. catastropha, Gr.

1. An event producing a subversion of the order or system of things; a final event, usually of a calamitous or disastrous nature; hence, sudden calamity; great misfortune. The strange catastrophe of affairs now at London. Bp. Buret. The most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw. Woodward.

2. The final event in a romance or a dramatic piece; a denouement, as a death in a tragedy, or a marriage in a comedy.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: A violent and widely extended change in the surface of the earth, as, an elevation or subsidence of some part of it, effected by internal causes. Whewell.

CATASTROPHIC Cat`a*stroph"ic, a.

Defn: Of a pertaining to a catastrophe. B. Powell.

CATASTROPHISM Ca*tas"tro*phism, n. (Geol.)

Defn: The doctrine that the geological changes in the earth's crust have been caused by the sudden action of violent physical causes; -- opposed to the doctrine of uniformism.

CATASTROPHIST Ca*tas"tro*phist, n. (Geol.)

Defn: One who holds the theory or catastrophism.

CATAWBA Ca*taw"ba, n.

1. A well known light red variety of American grape.

2. A light-colored, sprightly American wine from the Catawba grape.

CATAWBAS Ca*taw"bas, n. pl.

Defn: ; sing. Catawba. (Ethnol.) An appalachian tribe of Indians which originally inhabited the regions near the Catawba river and the head waters of the Santee.

CATBIRD Cat"bird, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American bird (Galeoscoptes Carolinensis), allied to the mocking bird, and like it capable of imitating the notes of other birds, but less perfectly. Its note resembles at times the mewing of a cat.

CATBOAT Cat"boat`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A small sailboat, with a single mast placed as far forward as possible, carring a sail extended by a graff and long boom. See Illustration in Appendix.

CATCALL Cat"call`, n.

Defn: A sound like the cry of a cat, such as is made in playhouses to express dissatisfaction with a play; also, a small shrill instrument for making such a noise. Upon the rising of the curtain. I was very much surprised with the great consort of catcalls which was exhibited. Addison.

CATCH Catch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caught or Catched (; p. pr. & vb. n. Catching. Catched is rarely used.] Etym: [OE. cacchen, OF. cachier, dialectic form of chacier to hunt, F. chasser, fr. (assumend) LL. captiare, for L. capture, V. intens. of capere to take, catch. See Capacious, and cf. Chase, Case a box.]

1. To lay hold on; to seize, especially with the hand; to grasp (anything) in motion, with the effect of holding; as, to catch a ball.

2. To seize after pursuing; to arrest; as, to catch a thief. "They pursued . . . and caught him." Judg. i. 6.

3. To take captive, as in a snare or net, or on a hook; as, to catch a bird or fish.

4. Hence: To insnare; to entangle. "To catch him in his words". Mark xii. 13.

5. To seize with the senses or the mind; to apprehend; as, to catch a melody. "Fiery thoughts . . . whereof I catch the issue." Tennyson.

6. To communicate to; to fasten upon; as, the fire caught the adjoining building.

7. To engage and attach; to please; to charm. The soothing arts that catch the fair. Dryden.

8. To get possession of; to attain. Torment myself to catch the English throne. Shak.

9. To take or receive; esp. to take by sympathy, contagion, infection, or exposure; as, to catch the spirit of an occasion; to catch the measles or smallpox; to catch cold; the house caught fire.

10. To come upon unexpectedly or by surprise; to find; as, to catch one in the act of stealing.

11. To reach in time; to come up with; as, to catch a train. To catch fire, to become inflamed or ignited. -- to catch it to get a scolding or beating; to suffer punishment. [Colloq.] -- To catch one's eye, to interrupt captiously while speaking. [Colloq.] "You catch me up so very short." Dickens. -- To catch up, to snatch; to take up suddenly.

CATCH Catch, v. i.

1. To attain possession. [Obs.] Have is have, however men do catch. Shak.

2. To be held or impeded by entanglement or a light obstruction; as, a kite catches in a tree; a door catches so as not to open.

3. To take hold; as, the bolt does not catch.

4. To spread by, or as by, infecting; to communicate. Does the sedition catch from man to man Addison. To catch at, to attempt to seize; to be egger to get or use. "[To] catch at all opportunities of subverting the state." Addison. -- To catch up with, to come up with; to overtake.

CATCH Catch, n.

1. Act of seizing; a grasp. Sir P. Sidney.

2. That by which anything is caught or temporarily fastened; as, the catch of a gate.

3. The posture of seizing; a state of preparation to lay hold of, or of watching he opportunity to seize; as, to lie on the catch. [Archaic] Addison. The common and the canon law . . . lie at catch, and wait advantages one againt another. T. Fuller.

4. That which is caught or taken; profit; gain; especially, the whole quantity caught or taken at one time; as, a good catch of fish. Hector shall have a great catch if he knock out either of your brains. Shak.

5. Something desirable to be caught, esp. a husband or wife in matrimony. [Colloq.] Marryat.

6. pl.

Defn: Passing opportunities seized; snatches. It has been writ by catches with many intervals. Locke.

7. A slight remembrance; a trace. We retain a catch of those pretty stories. Glanvill.

8. (Mus.)

Defn: A humorous canon or round, so contrived that the singers catch up each other's words.

CATCHABLE Catch"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being caught. [R.]

CATCH-BASIN Catch"-ba`sin, n.

Defn: A cistern or vault at the point where a street gutter discharges into a sewer, to oatch bulky matters which would not pass readly throught the sewer. Knight.

CATCH CROP Catch crop.

Defn: Any crop grown between the rows of another crop or intermediate between two crops in ordinary rotation in point of time. -- Catch"- crop`ping, n.

Radishes . . . are often grown as a catch crop with other vegetables. L. H. Bailey.

CATCHDRAIN Catch"drain`, n.

Defn: A dich or drain along the side of a hill to catch the surface water; also, a ditch at the side of a canal to catch the surplus water.

CATCHER Catch"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, catches.

2. (Baseball)

Defn: The player who stands behind the batsman to catch the ball.

CATCHFLY Catch"fly, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant with the joints of the stem, and sometimes other parts, covered with a viscid secretion to which small insects adhere. The species of Silene are examples of the catchfly.

CATCHING Catch"ing a.

1. Infections; contagious.

2. Captavating; alluring.

CATCHING Catch"ing, n.

Defn: The act of seizing or taking hold of Catching bargain (Law), a bargain made with an heir expectant for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. Bouvier.

CATCH-MEADOW Catch"-mead`ow, n.

Defn: meadow irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the side of hill.

CATCHMENT Catch"ment, n.

Defn: A surface of ground on which water may be caught and collected into a reservoir.

CATCHPENNY Catch"pen*ny, a.

Defn: Made or contrived for getting small sums of money from the ignorant or unwary; as, a catchpenny book; a catchpenny show. -- n.

Defn: Some worthless catchpenny thing.

CATCHPOLL Catch"poll`, n. Etym: [OF. chacepol, chacipol.]

Defn: A bailiff's assistant.

CATCH TITLE Catch title.

Defn: A short expressive title used for abbreviated book lists, etc.

CATCHUP; CATSUP Catch"up, Cat"sup, n. Etym: [Probably of East Indian origin, because it was originally a kind of East Indian pickles.]

Defn: A table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup.]

CATCHWATER Catch"wa`ter, n.

Defn: A ditch or drain for catching water. See Catchdrain.

CATCHWEED Catch"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cleavers.

CATCHWEIGHT Catch"weight`, adv. (Horseracing)

Defn: Without any additional weight; without being handicapped; as, to ride catchweight.

CATCHWORD Catch"word`, n.

1. Among theatrical performers, the last word of the preceding speaker, which reminds one that he is to speak next; cue.

2. (Print.)

Defn: The first word of any page of a book after the first, inserted at the right hand bottom corner of the preceding page for the assistance of the reader. It is seldom used in modern printing.

3. A word or phrase caught up and repeated for effect; as, the catchword of a political party, etc.

CATCHWORK Catch"work`, n.

Defn: A work or artificial watercourse for throwing water on lands that lie on the slopes of hills; a catchdrain.

CATCHY Catch"y, a.

1. Apt or tending to catch the fancy or attention; catching; taking; as, catchy music.

2. Tending to catch or insnare; entangling; -- usually used fig.; as, a catchy question.

3. Consisting of, or occuring in, disconnected parts or snatches; changeable; as, a catchy wind.

It [the fox's scent] is . . . flighty or catchy, if variable. Encyc. of Sport.

CATE Cate, n.

Defn: Food. [Obs.] See Cates.

CATECHETIC; CATECHETICAL Cat`e*chet"ic, Cat`e*chet"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Catechise.]

Defn: Relating to or consisting in, asking questions and receiving answers, according to the ancient manner of teaching. Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing. Addison.

CATECHETICALLY Cat`e*chet"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a catechetical manner; by question and answer.

CATECHETICS Cat`e*chet"ics, n.

Defn: The science or practice of instructing by questions and answers.

CATECHIN Cat"e*chin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the tannic acids, extracted from catechu as a white, crystaline substance; -- called also catechuic acid, and catechuin.

CATECHISATION Cat`e*chi*sa"tion, n. Etym: [LL. catechizatio.]

Defn: The act of catechising.

CATECHISE Cat"e*chise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catechised; p. pr. & vb. n. Catechising.] Etym: [L. catechizare, Gr.

1. To instruct by asking questions, receiving answeres, and offering explanations and corrections, -- esp. in regard to points of religious faith.

2. To question or interrogate; to examine or try by questions; -- sometimes with a view to reproof, by eliciting from a person answers which condemn his own conduct. Swift.

CATECHISER Cat"e*chi`ser, n.

Defn: One who catechises.

CATECHISM Cat"e*chism, n. Etym: [L. catechismus, fr. Gr. See Catechise.]

1. A form of instruction by means of questions answers.

2. A book containing a summary of principles, especially of religious doctrine, reduced to the form of questions and answers. The Jews, even till this day, have their catechisms. Hooker. The Larger Catechism, The Shorter Catechism. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

CATECHISMAL Cat`e*chis"mal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a catechism, having the form of questions and answers; catechical.

CATECHIST Cat"e*chist, n. Etym: [L. catechista, fr. Gr.]

Defn: One who instructs by question and answer, especially in religions matters.

CATECHISTIC; CATECHISTICAL Cat`e*chis"tic, Cat`e*chis"tic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a catechist or to a catechism. Dr. H. More.

CATECHIZE Cat"e*chize, v. t.

Defn: See Catechise.

CATECHU Cat"e*chu, n. Etym: [See Cashoo.] (Chem.)

Defn: A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained by decoction and evaporation from the Acacia catechu, and several other plants growing in India. It contains a large portion of tannin or tannic acid, and is used in medicine and in the arts. It is also known by the names terra japonica, cutch, gambier, etc. Ure. Dunglison.

CATECHUIC Cat`e*chu"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to catechu or its derivatives. See catechin.

CATECHUMEN Cat"e*chu`men, n. Etym: [L. catechunenus, Gr. Catechise.] (Eccl.)

Defn: One who is receiving rudimentary instruction in the doctrines of Christianity; a neophyte; in the primitive church, one officially recognized as a Christian, and admitted to instruction preliminary to admission to full membership in the church.

CATECHUMENATE Cat`e*chu"men*ate, n.

Defn: The state or condition of a catechumen or the time during which one is a catechumen.

CATECHUMENICAL Cat`e*chu*men"i*cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to catechumens; as, catechumenical instructions.

CATECHUMENIST Cat`e*chu"men*ist, n.

Defn: A catechumen. Bp. Morton.

CATEGOREMATIC Cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Category.] (Logic.)

Defn: Capable of being employed by itself as a term; -- said of a word.

CATEGORICAL Cat`e*gor"ic*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to a category.

2. Not hypothetical or relative; admitting no conditions or exceptions; declarative; absolute; positive; express; as, a categorical proposition, or answer. The scriptures by a multitude of categorical and intelligible decisions . . . distinguish between the things seen and temporal and those that are unseen and eternal. I. Taylor.

CATEGORICALLY Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Absolutely; directly; expressly; positively; as, to affirm categorically.

CATEGORICALNESS Cat`e*gor"ic*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being categorical, positive, or absolute. A. Marvell.

CATEGORIST Cat"e*go*rist, n.

Defn: One who inserts in a category or list; one who classifies. Emerson.

CATEGORIZE Cat"e*go*rize, v. t.

Defn: To insert in a category or list; to class; to catalogue.

CATEGORY Cat"e*go*ry, n.; pl. Categories Etym: [L. categoria, Gr.

1. (Logic.)

Defn: One of the highest classes to which the objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced, and by which they can be arranged in a system; an ultimate or undecomposable conception; a predicament. The categories or predicaments -- the former a Greek word, the latter its literal translation in the Latin language -- were intended by Aristotle and his followers as an enumeration of all things capable of being named; an enumeration by the summa genera i.e., the most extensive classes into which things could be distributed. J. S. Mill.

2. Class; also, state, condition, or predicament; as, we are both in the same category. There is in modern literature a whole class of writers standing within the same category. De Quincey.

CATEL Cat"el, n. Etym: [See Chattel.]

Defn: Property; -- often used by Chaucer in contrast with rent, or income. "For loss of catel may recovered be, But loss of tyme shendeth us," quod he. Chaucer.

CATELECTRODE Cat`e*lec"trode, n. Etym: [Pref. cata + elecrode.] (Physics)

Defn: The negative electrode or pole of a voltaic battery. Faraday.

CATELECTROTONIC Cat`e*lec`tro*ton"ic, a. (Physics)

Defn: Relating to, or characterized by, catelectrotonus.

CATELECTROTONUS Cat`e*lec*trot"o*nus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Electro-) + (Physics)

Defn: The condition of increased irritability of a nerve in the region of the cathode or negative electrode, on the passage of a current of electricity through it.

CATENA Ca*te"na, n.; pl. Catene. Etym: [L., a chain.]

Defn: A chain or series of things connected with each other. I have . . . in no case sought to construct those catenæ of games, which it seems now the fashion of commentators to link together. C. J. Ellicott.

CATENARY; CATENARIAN Cat"e*na*ry, Cat`e*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. catenarius, fr. catena a chain. See Chain.]

Defn: Relating to a chain; like a chain; as, a catenary curve.

CATENARY Cat"e*na*ry, n.; pl. Catenaries (. (Geol.)

Defn: The curve formed by a rope or chain of uniform density and perfect flexibility, hanging freely between two points of suspension, not in the same vertical line.

CATENATE Cat"e*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Catenating.] Etym: [L. catenatus, p. p. of catenare, fr. catena chain. See Chain.]

Defn: To connect, in a series of links or ties; to chain. E. Darwin.

CATENATION Cat`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. catenatio.]

Defn: Connection of links or union of parts, as in a chain; a regular or connected series. See Concatenation. Sir T. Browne.

CATENULATE Ca*ten"u*late, a. Etym: [L. catenuia, dim. of catena chain.]

1. Consisting of little links or chains.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Chainlike; -- said both or color marks and of indentations when arranged like the links of a chain, as on shells, etc.

CATER Ca"ter, n. Etym: [OE. catour purchaser, caterer, OF. acator, fr. acater, F. acheter, to buy, provide, fr. LL. accaptare; L. ad + captare to strive, to seize, intens, of capere to take, seize. Cf. Acater, Capacious.]

Defn: A provider; a purveyor; a caterer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CATER Ca"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Catered; p. pr. & vb. n. Catering.] Etym: [From Cater, n.]

1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. [He] providently caters for the sparrow. Shak.

2. By extension: To supply what is needed or desired, at theatrical or musical entertainments; -- followed by for or to.

CATER Ca"ter, n. Etym: [F. quatre four.]

Defn: The four of cards or dice.

CATER Ca"ter, v. t.

Defn: To cut diagonally. [Obs.] Halliwell.

CATERAN Cat"e*ran, n. Etym: [Gael. ceatharnach. Cf. Kern Irish foot soldier.]

Defn: A Highland robber: a kind of irregular soldier. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

CATER-CORNERED Ca"ter-cor"nered, a. Etym: [Cf. Cater to cut diagonally.]

Defn: Diagonal. [Colloq.]

CATER-COUSIN Ca"ter-cous`in, n.

Defn: A remote relation. See Quater-cousin. Shak.

CATERER Ca"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who caters. The little fowls in the air have God for Their provider and caterer. Shelton.

CATERESS Ca"ter*ess, n.

Defn: A woman who caters. Milton.

CATERPILLAR Cat"er*pil`lar, n. Etym: [OE. catyrpel, corrupted fr. OF. chatepelouse, or cate pelue, fr. chate, F. chatte, she-cat, fem. of chat, L. catus + L. pilosus hairy, or F. pelu hairy, fr. L. pilus hair. See Cat, and Pile hair.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larval state of a butterfly or any lepidopterous insect; sometimes, but less commonly, the larval state of other insects, as the sawflies, which are also called false caterpillars. The true caterpillars have three pairs of true legs, and several pairs of abdominal fleshy legs (prolegs) armed with hooks. Some are hairy, others naked. They usually feed on leaves, fruit, and succulent vegetables, being often very destructive, Many of them are popularly called worms, as the cutworm, cankerworm, army worm, cotton worm, silkworm.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Scorpiurus, with pods resembling caterpillars. Caterpillar catcher, or Caterpillar eater (Zoöl.), a bird belonging to the family of Shrikes, which feeds on caterpillars. The name is also given to several other birds. -- Caterpillar hunter (Zoöl.), any species of beetles of the genus Callosoma and other allied genera of the family Carabidæ which feed habitually upon caterpillars.

CATERWAUL Cat"er*waul, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caterwauled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caterwauling.] Etym: [Cat + waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.]

Defn: To cry as cats in rutting time; to make a harsh, offensive noise. Coleridge.

CATERWAUL Cat"er*waul, n.

Defn: A caterwauling.

CATERWAULING Cat"er*waul`ing, n.

Defn: The cry of cats; a harsh, disagreeable noise or cry like the cry of cats. Shak.

CATERY Ca"ter*y, n. Etym: [See Cater, n.]

Defn: The place where provisions are deposited. [Obs.]

CATES Cates, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Acates, and see Cater, n.]

Defn: Provisions; food; viands; especially, luxurious food; delicacies; dainties. Shak. Cates for which Apicius could not pay. Shurchill. Choicest cates and the fiagon's best spilth. R. Browning.

CAT-EYED Cat"-eyed`, a.

Defn: Having eyes like a cat; hence, able to see in the dark.

CATFALL Cat"fall`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Totten.

CATFISH Cat"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name given in the United States to various species of siluroid fishes; as, the yellow cat (Amiurus natalis); the bind cat (Gronias nigrilabrus); the mud cat (Pilodictic oilwaris), the stone cat (Noturus flavus); the sea cat (Arius felis), etc. This name is also sometimes applied to the wolf fish. See Bullhead.

CATGUT Cat"gut`, n. Etym: [Cat + gut.]

1. A cord of great toughness made from the intestines of animals, esp. of sheep, used for strings of musical instruments, etc.

2. A sort of linen or canvas, with wide interstices.

CATHARINE WHEEL Cath"a*rine wheel`.

Defn: See catherine wheel.

CATHARIST Cath"a*rist, n. Etym: [LL. catharista, fr. Gr.

Defn: One aiming at or pretending to a greater purity of like than others about him; -- applied to persons of various sects. See Albigenses.

CAT-HARPIN Cat"-harp`in, n.

Defn: See Cat-harping.

CAT-HARPING Cat"-harp`ing n. (Naut.)

Defn: One of the short ropes or iron cramps used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so a to give freer sweep to the yards.

CATHARSIS Ca*thar"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cathartic.] (Med.)

Defn: A natural or artificial purgation of any passage, as of the mouth, bowels, etc.

CATHARTIC; CATHARICAL Ca*thar"tic, Ca*thar"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. chaste.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: Cleansing the bowels; promoting evacuations by stool; purgative.

2. Of or pertaining to the purgative principle of senna, as cathartic acid.

CATHARTIC Ca*thar"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A medicine that promotes alvine discharges; a purge; a purgative of moderate activity.

Note: The cathartics are more energetic and certain in action that the laxatives, which simply increase the tendency to alvine evacuation; and less powerful and irritaint that the drastic purges, which cause profuse, repeated, and watery evacuations. -- Ca*thar"tic*al*ly, adv. -- Ca*thar"tic*al*ness, n.

CATHARTIN ca*thar"tin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The bitter, purgative principle of senna. It is a glucoside with the properties of a weak acid; -- called also cathartic acid, and cathartina.

CATHAY Ca*thay", n.

Defn: China; -- an old name for the Celestial Empire, said have been introduced by Marco Polo and to be a corruption of the Tartar name for North China (Khitai, the country of the Khitans.) Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. Tennyson.

CATHEAD Cat"head`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A projecting piece of timber or iron near the bow of vessel, to which the anchor is hoisted and secured.

CATHEDRA Cath"e*dra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Chair.]

Defn: The official chair or throne of a bishop, or of any person in high authority. Ex cathedra Etym: [L., from the chair], in the exercise of one's office; with authority. The Vatican Council declares that the Pope, is infallible "when he speaks ex cathedra." Addis & Arnold's Cath. Dict.

CATHEDRAL Ca*the"dral, n. Etym: [LL. cathedralis (sc. ecclesia): cf. F. cathédrale. See Cathedra.]

Defn: The principal church in a diocese, so called because in it the bishop has his official chair (Cathedra) or throne.

CATHEDRAL Ca*the"dral, a. Etym: [LL. cathedralis: cf. F. cathédral.]

1. Pertaining to the head church of a diocese; as, a cathedral church; cathedral service.

2. Emanating from the chair of office, as of a pope or bishop; official; authoritative. Now, what solemnity can be more required for the pope to make a cathedral determination of an article! Jer. Taylor.

3. Resembling the aisles of a cathedral; as, cathedral walks. Pope.

CATHEDRALIC Cath`e*dral"ic, a.

Defn: Cathedral. [R.]

CATHEDRATED Cath`e*dra"ted, a. Etym: [From Cathedra.]

Defn: Relating to the chair or office of a teacher. [Obs.]

CATHERETIC Cath`e*ret"ic, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A mild kind caustic used to reduce warts and other excrescences. Dunglison.

CATHERINE WHEEL Cath"er*ine wheel`. Etym: [So called from St. Catherine of Alexandria, who is represented with a wheel, in allusion to her martyrdom.]

1. (Geoth.Arth.)

Defn: Same as Rose window and Wheel window. Called also Catherine- wheel window.

2. (Pyrotechny)

Defn: A revolving piece of fireworks resembling in form the window of the same name. [Written also Catharine wheel.]

CATHETER Cath"e*ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The name of various instruments for passing along mucous canals, esp. applied to a tubular instrument to be introduced into the bladder through the urethra to draw off the urine. Eustachian catheter. See under Eustachian. -- Prostatic catheter, one adapted for passing an enlarged prostate.

CATHETERISM; CATHETERIZATION Cath"e*ter*ism, Cath`e*ter*i*za"tion, n. (Med.)

Defn: The operation of introducing a catheter.

CATHETERIZE Cath"e*ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Catheterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Catheterizing.] (Med.)

Defn: To operate on with a catheter. Dunglison.

CATHETOMETER Cath`e*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [From Gr. -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for the accurate measurement of small differences of height; esp. of the differences in the height of the upper surfaces of two columns of mercury or other fluid, or of the same column at different times. It consists of a telescopic leveling apparatus (d), which slides up or down a perpendicular metallic standard very finely graduated (bb). The telescope is raised or depressed in order to sight the objects or surfaces, and the differences in vertical height are thus shown on the graduated standard. [Written also kathetometer.]

CATHETUS Cath"e*tus, n.; pl. catheti. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Catheter.] (Geom.)

Defn: One line or radius falling perpendicularly on another; as, the catheti of a right-angled triangle, that is, the two sides that include the right angle. Barlow.

CATHODE Cath"ode, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physics)

Defn: The part of a voltaic battery by which the electric current leaves substances through which it passes, or the surface at which the electric current passes out of the electrolyte; the negative pole; -- opposed to anode. Faraday. Cathode ray (Phys.), a kind of ray generated at the cathode in a vacuum tube, by the electrical discharge.

CATHODIC Ca*thod"ic, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: A term applied to the centrifugal, or efferent course of the nervous infuence. Marshall Hall.

CATHODOGRAPH; CATHODEGRAPH Ca*thod"o*graph, n. Also Ca*thod"e*graph. [Cathode + -graph.] (Physics)

Defn: A picture produced by the Röntgen rays; a radiograph.

CAT-HOLE Cat"-hole`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: One of two small holes astern, above the gunroom ports, through which hawsers may be passed.

CATHOLIC Cath"o*lic, a. Etym: [L. catholicus, Gr. solid: cf. F. catholique.]

1. Universal or general; as, the catholic faith. Men of other countries [came] to bear their part in so great and catholic a war. Southey.

Note: This epithet, which is applicable to the whole Christian church, or its faith, is claimed by Roman Catholics to belong especially to their church, and in popular usage is so limited.

2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted; liberal; as, catholic tastes.

3. Of or pertaining to, or affecting the Roman Catholics; as, the Catholic emancipation act. Catholic epistles, the espistles of the apostles which are addressed to all the faithful, and not to a

## particular church; being those of James, Peter, Jude, and John.

CATHOLIC Cath"o*lic, n.

1. A person who accepts the creeds which are received in common by all parts of the orthodox Christian church.

2. An adherent of the Roman Catholic church; a Roman Catholic. Old Catholic, the name assumed in 1870 by members of the Roman Catholic church, who denied the ecumenical character of the Vatican Council, and Rejected its decrees, esp. that concerning the infallibility of the pope, as contrary to the ancient Catholic faith.

CATHOLICAL Ca*thol"i*cal, a.

Defn: Catholic. [Obs.]

CATHOLICISM Ca*thol"i*cism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. catholicisme.]

1. The state or quality of being catholic or universal; catholicity. Jer. Taylor.

2. Liberality of sentiment; breadth of view.

3. The faith of the whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto.

4. The doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto.

CATHOLICITY Cath`o*lic"i*ty, n.

1. The state or quality of being catholic; universality.

2. Liberality of sentiments; catholicism.

3. Adherence or conformity to the system of doctrine held by all parts of the orthodox Christian church; the doctrine so held; orthodoxy.

4. Adherence to the doctrines of the church of Rome, or the doctrines themselves.

CATHOLICIZE Ca*thol"i*cize, v. t. & i.

Defn: To make or to become catholic or Roman Catholic.

CATHOLICLY Cath"o*lic*ly, adv.

Defn: In a catholic manner; generally; universally. Sir L. Cary.

CATHOLICNESS Cath"o*lic*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being catholic; universality; catholicity.

CATHOLICON Ca*thol"i*con, n. Etym: [Gr. Catholic.] (Med.)

Defn: A remedy for all diseases; a panacea.

CATHOLICOS Ca*thol"i*cos, n. Etym: [NL. See Catholic.] (Eccl.)

Defn: The spiritual head of the Armenian church, who resides at Etchmiadzin, Russia, and has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over, and consecrates the holy oil for, the Armenians of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, including the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Sis.

Note: The Patriarch of Constantinople is the civil head of the Armenians in Turkey.

CATILINARIAN Cat`i*li*na"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Catilinarius.]

Defn: Pertaining to Catiline, the Roman conspirator; resembling Catiline's conspiracy.

CATION Cat"i*on, n. Etym: [Gr. p. pr. of (Chem.)

Defn: An electro-positive substance, which in electro-decomposition is evolved at the cathode; -- opposed to anion. Faraday.

CATKIN Cat"kin, n. Etym: [Cat + -kin.] (Bot.)

Defn: An ament; a species of inflorescence, consisting of a slender axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar, and (as to the staminate flowers) in the chestnut, oak, hickory, etc. -- so called from its resemblance to a cat's tail. See Illust. of Ament.

CATLIKE Cat"like`, a.

Defn: Like a cat; stealthily; noiselessly.

CATLING Cat"ling, n. Etym: [Cat + -ing.]

1. A little cat; a kitten. "Cat nor catling." Drummond.

2. Catgut; a catgut string. [R.] Shak.

3. (Surg.)

Defn: A double-edged, sharp-pointed dismembering knife. [Spelt also catlin.] Crobb.

CATLINITE Cat"lin*ite, n. Etym: [From George Catlin, an American traveler.]

Defn: A red clay from the Upper Missouri region, used by the Indians for their pipes.

CATNIP; CATMINT Cat"nip`, Cat"mint`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A well-know plant of the genus Nepeta (N. Cataria), somewhat like mint, having a string scent, and sometimes used in medicine. It is so called because cats have a peculiar fondness for it.

CATO-CATHARTIC Cat`o-ca*thar"tic, n. Etym: [Gr. Cathartic.] (Med.)

Defn: A remedy that purges by alvine discharges.

CATONIAN Ca*to"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Catonionus.]

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the stern old Roman, Cato the Censor; severe; inflexible.

CAT O' NINE TAILS Cat" o' nine" tails`.

Defn: See under Cat.

CATOPRON Ca*top"ron, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Catopter.

CATOPTER; CATOPTRON Ca*top"ter, Ca*top"tron, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. [Obs.]

CATOPTRIC; CATOPTRICAL Ca*top"tric, Ca*top"tric*al, a. Etym: [Gr. Catopter.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to catoptrics; produced by reflection. Catoptric light, a light in which the rays are concentrated by reflectors into a beam visible at a distance.

CATOPTRICS Ca*top"trics, n. Etym: [Cf. F. catoptrique. See Catropric.] (Physics)

Defn: That part of optics which explants the properties and phenomena of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors or polished bodies; --- formerly caled anacamptics.

CATOPTROMANCY Ca*top"tro*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy. See Catopter.] (Antiq.)

Defn: A species of divination, which was perforned by letting down a mirror into water, for a sick person to look at his face in it. If his countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable.

CATPIPE Cat`pipe", n.

Defn: See Catcall.

CAT-RIGGED Cat"-rigged`, a.

Defn: Rigged like a catboat.

CAT-SALT Cat"-salt`, n.

Defn: A sort of salt, finely granulated, formed out of the bittern or leach brine.

CAT'S-EYE Cat's"-eye`, n. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of quartz or chalcedony, exhibiting opalescent reflections from within, like the eye of a cat. The mane is given to other gems affording like effects, esp. the chrysoberyl.

CAT'S-FOOT Cat's`-foot, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Nepeta Glechoma) of the same genus with catnip; ground ivy.

CAT-SILVER Cat"-sil`ver, n.

Defn: Mica. [Archaic]

CATSKILL PERIOD Cats"kill pe`ri*od. (Geol.)

Defn: The closing subdivision of the Devonian age in America. The rocks of this period are well developed in the Catskill mountains, and extend south and west under the Carboniferous formation. See the Diagram under Geology.

CATSO Cat"so, n.; pl. Catsos. Etym: [It. cazzo.]

Defn: A base fellow; a rogue; a cheat. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CAT'S-PAW Cat's"-paw`, n.

1. (Naut.) (a) A light transitory air which ruffles the surface of the water during a calm, or the ripples made by such a puff of air. (b) A particular hitch or turn in the bight of a rope, into which a tackle may be hooked.

2. A dupe; a tool; one who, or that which, is used by another as an instrument to a accomplish his purposes.

Note: In this sense the term refers to the fable of the monkey using the cat's paw to draw the roasting chestnuts out of the fire.

CAT'S-TAIL Cat's"-tail, n.

Defn: See Timothy, Cat-tail, Cirrus.

CATSTICK Cat"stick`, n.

Defn: A stick or club employed in the game of ball called cat or tipcat. Massinger.

CATSTITCH Cat"stitch, v. t. (Needlework)

Defn: To fold and sew down the edge of with a coarse zigzag stitch.

CATSUP Cat"sup, n.

Defn: Same as Catchup, and Ketchup.

CAT-TAIL Cat"-tail, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A tall rush or flag (Typha latifolia) growing in marshes, with long, glat leaves, and having its flowers in a close cylindrical spike at the top of the stem. The leaves are frequently used for seating chairs, making mats, etc. See Catkin.

Note: The lesser cat-tail is Typha angustifolia.

CATTISH Cat"tish, a.

Defn: Catlike; feline Drummond.

CATTLE Cat"tle, n. pl. Etym: [OE. calet, chatel, goods, property, OF. catel, chatel, LL. captale, capitale, goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capitals relating to the head, chief; because in early ages beasts constituted the chief part of a man's property. See Capital, and cf. Chattel.]

Defn: Quadrupeds of the Bovine family; sometimes, also, including all domestic quadrupeds, as sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, and swine. Belted cattle, Black cattle. See under Belted, Black. -- Cattle guard, a trench under a railroad track and alongside a crossing (as of a public highway). It is intended to prevent cattle from getting upon the track. -- cattle louse (Zoöl.), any species of louse infecting cattle. There are several species. The Hæmatatopinus eurysternus and H. vituli are common species which suck blood; Trichodectes scalaris eats the hair. -- Cattle plague, the rinderpest; called also Russian cattle plague. -- Cattle range, or Cattle run, an open space through which cattle may run or range. [U. S.] Bartlett. -- Cattle show, an exhibition of domestic animals with prizes for the encouragement of stock breeding; -- usually accompanied with the exhibition of other agricultural and domestic products and of implements.

CATTY Cat"ty, n. Etym: [Malay kati. See Caddy.]

Defn: An East Indian Weight of 11/3 pounds.

CAUCASIAN Cau*ca"sian, a.

1. Of or pertaining to the Caucasus, a mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas.

2. Of or pertaining to the white races of mankind, of whom the people about Mount Caucasus were formerly taken as the type.

CAUCASIAN Cau*ca"sian, n.

1. A native or inhabitant of the Caucasus, esp. a Circassian or Georgian.

2. A member of any of the white races of mankind.

CAUCUS Cau"cus, n. Etym: [Etymology uncertain. Mr. J. H. Trumbull finds the origin of caucus in the N. A. Indian word cawcawwassough or caú cau- as'u one who urges or pushes on, a promoter. See citation for an early use of the word caucus.]

Defn: A meeting, especially a preliminary meeting, of persons belonging to a party, to nominate candidates for public office, or to select delegates to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding measures of party policy; a political primary meeting. This day learned that the caucus club meets, at certain times, in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston regiment. John Adams's Diary [Feb. , 1763].

CAUCUS Cau"cus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caucused; p. pr. & vb. n. Caucusing.]

Defn: To hold, or meet in, a caucus or caucuses.

CAUDAD Cau"dad, adv. Etym: [L. cauda tail + ad to.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Backwards; toward the tail or posterior part.

CAUDA GALLI Cau"da gal*li, (. Etym: [L., tail of a cock.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A plume-shaped fossil, supposed to be a seaweed, characteristic of the lower Devonian rocks; as, the cauda galli grit. Gauda galli epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the begining of the Devonian age in eastern America, so named from the characteristic gritty sandstone marked with impressions of cauda galli. See the Diagram under Geology.

CAUDAL Cau"dal, a. Etym: [L. Cauda tail. Cf. Coward.]

Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a tail; having a tail-like appendage. The male widow-bird, remarkable for his caudal plumes. Darwin. Caudal fin (Zoöl.), the terminal fin (or "tail") of a fish.

CAUDATA Cau*da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cauda tail.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Urodela.

CAUDATE; CAUDATED Cau"date, Cau"da*ted. a. Etym: [L. cauda tail.]

Defn: Having a taill; having a termination like a tail.

CAUDEX Cau"dex, n.; pl. L. Caudices, E. Caudexes. Etym: [L.] (Bot.)

Defn: The sterm of a tree., esp. a sterm without a branch, as of a palm or a tree fern; also, the pernnial rootstock of an herbaceous plant.

CAUDICLE; CAUDICULA Cau"di*cle, Cau*dic"u*la, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. cauda tail, appendage.] (Bot.)

Defn: A slender, elastic process, to which the masses of pollen in orchidaceous plants are attached.

CAUDLE Cau"dle, n. Etym: [OF. caudel, F. chaudeau, dim. of LL calidum a sweet drink, fr. L. caidus warm. See Caldron.]

Defn: A kind of warm drink for sick persons, being a mixture of wine with eggs, bread, sugar, and spices.

CAUDLE Cau"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caudled; p. pr. & vb. n. Caudling.]

1. To make into caudle.

2. Too serve as a caudle to; to refresh. [R.] Shak.

CAUF Cauf, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to Celtic caff, cav, cau, L. cavus hollow, or to L. caphinus, Gr.

Defn: A chest with holes for keeping fish alive in water. Philips.

CAUFLE Cau"fle, n.

Defn: A gung of slaves. Same as Coffle.

CAUGHT Caught, imp. & p. p.

Defn: f Catch.

CAUK; CAUKER Cauk, n., Cauk"er, n.

Defn: See Cawk, Calker.

CAUL Caul, n. Etym: [OE. calle, kelle, prob. fr. F. cale; cf. Ir. calla a veil.]

1. A covering of network for the head, worn by women; also, a net. Spenser.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: The fold of membrane loaded with fat, which covers more or less of the intestines in mammals; the great omentum See Omentum. The caul serves for warming of the lower belly. Ray.

3. A part of the amnion, one of the membranes enveloping the fetus, which sometimes is round the head of a child at its birth. It is deemed lucky to be with a caul or membrane over the face. This caul is esteemed an infallible preservative against drowning . . . According to Chysostom, the midwives frequently sold it for magic uses. Grose. I was born with a caul, which was advertised for sale, in the newspapers, at the low price of fifteen guineas. Dickens.

CAULESCENT Cau*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. caulis stalk, stem: cf. F. caulescent.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having a leafy stem.

CAULICLE Cau"li*cle, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A short caulis or stem, esp. the rudimentary stem seen in the embryo of seed; -- otherwise called a radicle.

CAULICULUS Cau*lic"u*lus, n.; pl. Cauliculi Etym: [L. caulculus little stalk, dim. of caulis.] (Arch.)

Defn: In the Corinthian capital, one of the eight stalks rising out of the lower leafage and terminating in leaves which seem to suport the volutes. See Illust. of Corinthian order, under Corinthian.

CAULIFLOWER Cau"li*flow`er, n. Etym: [F. choufleur, modified by E. Cole. L. caulis, and by E. flower; F. chou cabbage is fr. L. caulis stalk, cabbage, and fleur flower is fr. L. flos flower. See Cole, and Flower.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable.

2. The edible head or "curd" of a caulifower plant.

CAULIFORM Cau"li*form, a. Etym: [L. caulis + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the form of a caulis.

CAULINE Cau"line, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Growing immediately on a caulis; of or pertaining to a caulis.

CAULIS Cau"lis, n.; L. pl. Caules. Etym: [L., a stem.] (Bot.)

Defn: An herbaceous or woody stem which bears leaves, and may bear flowers.

CAULK Caulk, v. t. & n.

Defn: See Calk.

CAULOCARPOUS Cau`lo*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having stems which bear flowers and fruit year after year, as most trees and shrubs.

CAULOME Cau"lome, n. [Gr. kalo`s stem + -ome as in rhizome.] (Bot.)

Defn: A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, viewed as a whole. -- Cau*lom"ic (#), a.

CAUMA Cau"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Great heat, as of the body in fever.

CAUPONIZE Cau"po*nize, v. i. Etym: [L. cauponari, fr. caupo huckster, innkeeper.]

Defn: To sell wine or victuals. [Obs.] Warburfon.

CAUSABLE Caus"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being caused.

CAUSAL Caus"al, a. Etym: [L. causalis. See Cause.]

Defn: Relating to a cause or causes; inplying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause; causative. Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words. Watts.

CAUSAL Caus"al, n.

Defn: A causal word or form of speech. Anglo-Saxon drencan to drench, causal of Anglo-Saxon drincan to drink. Skeat.

CAUSALITY Cau*sal"i*ty, n.; pl. Causalities (.

1. The agency of a cause; the action or power of a cause, in producing its effect. The causality of the divine mind. Whewell.

2. (Phren.)

Defn: The faculty of tracing effects to their causes. G. Combe.

CAUSALLY Caus"al*ly, adv.

Defn: According to the order or series of causes; by tracing effects to causes.

CAUSALLY Caus"al*ly, n. (Mining.)

Defn: The lighter, earthy parts of ore, carried off washing.

CAUSATION Cau*sa"tion, n.

Defn: The act of causing; also the act or agency by which an effect is produced. The kind of causation by which vision is produced. Whewell. Law of universal causation, the theoretical or asserted law that every event or phenomenon results from, or is the sequel of, some previous event or phenomenon, which being present, the other is certain to take place.

CAUSATIONIST Cau*sa"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes in the law of universal causation.

CAUSATIVE Caus"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. causativus pertaining to a lawsuit (causa), but in the English sense from E. cause.]

1. Effective, as a cause or agent; causing. Causative in nature of a number of effects. Bacon.

2. Expressing a cause or reason; causal; as, the ablative is a causative case.

CAUSATIVE Caus"a*tive, n.

Defn: A word which expresses or suggests a cause.

CAUSATIVELY Caus"a*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a causative manner.

CAUSATOR Cau*sa"tor, n. Etym: [See Cause.]

Defn: One who causes. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CAUSE Cause, n. Etym: [F. cause, fr. L. causa. Cf. Cause, v., Kickshaw.]

1. That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist. Cause is substance exerting its power into act, to make one thing begin to be. Locke.

2. That which is the occasion of an action or state; ground; reason; motive; as, cause for rejoicing.

3. Sake; interest; advantage. [Obs.] I did it not for his cause. 2 Cor. vii. 12.

4. (Law)

Defn: A suit or action in court; any legal process by which a party endeavors to obtain his claim, or what he regards as his right; case; ground of action.

5. Any subject of discussion or debate; matter; question; affair in general. What counsel give you in this weighty cause! Shak.

6. The side of a question, which is espoused, advocated, and upheld by a person or party; a principle which is advocated; that which a person or party seeks to attain. God befriend us, as our cause is just. Shak. The part they take against me is from zeal to the cause. Burke. Efficient cause, the agent or force that produces a change or redult. -- Final cause, the end, design, or object, for which anything is done. -- Formal cause, the elements of a conception which make the conception or the thing conceived to be what it is; or the idea viewed as a formative principle and coöperating with the matter. -- Material cause, that of which anything is made. -- Proximate cause. See under Proximate. -- To make common cause with, to join with in purposes and aims. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Origin; source; mainspring; motive; reason; incitement; inducement; purpose; object; suit; action.

CAUSE Cause, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caused; p. pr. & v. n. Causing.] Etym: [F. causer, fr. cause, fr. L. causa. See Cause, n., and cf. Acouse.]

Defn: To effect as an agent; to produce; to be the occasion of; to bring about; to bring into existence; to make; -- usually followed by an infinitive, sometimes by that with a finite verb. I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days. Gen. vii. 4. Cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans. Col. iv. 16.

Syn. -- To create; produce; beget; effect; occasion; originate; induce; bring about.

CAUSE Cause, v. i.

Defn: To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse. [Obs.] Spenser.

CAUSE Cause, conj.

Defn: Abbreviation of Because. B. Jonson.

CAUSEFUL Cause"ful, n.

Defn: Having a cause. [Obs.]

CAUSELESS Cause"less, a.

Defn: 1. Self-originating; uncreated.

2. Without just or sufficient reason; groundless. My fears are causeless and ungrounded. Denham.

CAUSELESS Cause"less, adv.

Defn: Without cause or reason.

CAUSELESSNESS Cause"less*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being causeless.

CAUSER Caus"er, n.

Defn: One who or that which causes.

CAUSERIE Cause`rie", n. [F., fr. causer to chat.]

Defn: Informal talk or discussion, as about literary matters; light conversation; chat.

CAUSEUSE Cau`seuse", n. Etym: [F., fr. causer to talk.]

Defn: A kind of sofa for two person. A tête-a-tête.

CAUSEWAY; CAUSEY Cause"way, Cau"sey, n. Etym: [OE. cauci, cauchie, OF. cauchie, F. chaussée, from LL. (via) calciata, fr calciare to make a road, either fr. L. calx lime, hence, to pave with limestone (cf. E. chalk), or from L. calceus shoe, from calx heel, hence, to shoe, pave, or wear by treading.]

Defn: A way or road rasid above the natural level of the ground, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground. But that broad causeway will direct your way. Dryden. The other way Satan went down The causey to Hell-gate. Milton.

CAUSEWAYED; CAUSEYED Cause"wayed, Cau"seyed. a.

Defn: Having a raised way (causeway or causey); paved. Sir W. Scott. C. Bronté.

CAUSIDICAL Cau*sid"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. causidicakis; causa a cause in law + dicare to say.]

Defn: Pertaining to an advocate, or to the maintenance and defense of suits.

CAUSTIC; CAUSTICAL Caus"tic, Caus"tic*al, a. Etym: [L. caustucs, Ge. Calm, Ink.]

1. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive; searing.

2. Severe; satirical; sharp; as, a caustic remark. Caustic curve (Optics), a curve to which the ray of light, reflected or refracted by another curve, are tangents, the reflecting or refracting curve and the luminous point being in one plane. -- Caustic lime. See under Lime. -- Caustic potash, Caustic soda (Chem.), the solid hydroxides potash, KOH, and soda, NaOH, or solutions of the same. -- Caustic silver, nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. -- Caustic surface (Optics), a surface to which rays reflected or refracted by another surface are tangents. Caustic curves and surfaces are called catacaustic when formed by reflection, and diacaustic when formed by refraction.

Syn. -- Stinging; cutting; pungent; searching.

CAUSTIC Cau"stic, n. Etym: [L. causticum (sc. medicamentum). See Caustic, a.]

1. Any substance or means which, applied to animal or other organic tissue, burns, corrodes, or destroys it by chemical action; an escharotic.

2. (Optics)

Defn: A caustic curve or caustic surface.

CAUSTICALLY Caus"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a caustic manner.

CAUSTICILY Caus*tic"i*ly, n.

1. The quality of being caustic; corrosiveness; as, the causticity of potash.

2. Severity of language; sarcasm; as, the causticity of a reply or remark.

CAUSTICNESS Caus"tic*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being caustic; causticity.

CAUTEL Cau"tel, n. Etym: [F. cautèle, L. cautela, fr. cavere to be on one's guard, to take care.]

1. Caution; prudence; wariness. [Obs.] Fulke.

2. Craft; deceit; falseness. [Obs.] Shak.

CAUTELOUS Cau"te*lous, a. Etym: [F. cauteleux, LL. cautelosus. See Cautel.]

1. Caution; prudent; wary. [Obs.] "Cautelous, though young." Drayton.

2. Crafty; deceitful; false. [Obs.] Shak. -- Cau"te*lous*ly, adv. -- Cau"te*lous*ness, n. [Obs.]

CAUTER Cau"ter, n. Etym: [F. cautère, L. cauterium, fr. Gr. Caustic, Cautery.]

Defn: A hot iron for searing or cauterizing. Minsheu.

CAUTERANT Cau"ter*ant, n.

Defn: A cauterizing substance.

CAUTERISM Cau"ter*ism, n.

Defn: The use or application of a caustic; cautery. Ferrand.

CAUTERIZATION Cau`ter*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cautèrisation.] (Med.)

Defn: The act of searing some morbid part by the application of a cautery or caustic; also, the effect of such application.

CAUTERIZE Cau"ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cauterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cauterizing.] Etym: [L. cauterizare, Gr. cautérised.. See cauter.]

1. To burn or sear with a cautery or caustic. Dunglison.

2. To sear, as the conscience. Jer. Taylor.

CAUTERY Cau"ter*y, n.; pl. Cauteries. Etym: [L. cauterium, Gr. Cauter.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: A burning or searing, as of morbid flesh, with a hot iron, or by application of a caustic that will burn, corrode, or destroy animal tissue.

2. The iron of other agent in cauterizing. Actual cautery, a substance or agent (as a hot iron) which cauterizes or sears by actual heat; or the burning so effected. -- Potential cautery, a substance which cauterizes by chemical

## action; as, lunar caustic; also, the cauterizing produced by such

substance.

CAUTION Cau"tion, n. Etym: [F. caution a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere (For scavere) to be on one's guard, to take care (orig.) to be on the watch, see; akin to E. show.]

1. A careful attention to the probable effects of an act, in order that failure or harm may be avoided; prudence in regard to danger; provident care; wariness.

2. Security; guaranty; bail. [R.] The Parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution that the war should be prosecuted. Clarendon.

3. Precept or warning against evil of any kind; exhortation to wariness; advice; injunction. In way of caution I must tell you. Shak. Caution money, money deposited by way of security or guaranty, as by a student at an English university.

Syn. -- Care; forethought; forecast; heed; prudence; watchfulness; vigilance; circumspection; anxiety; providence; counsel; advice; warning; admonition.

CAUTION Cau"tion v. t. [imp & p. p. Cautioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Cautioning.]

Defn: To give notice of danger to; to warn; to exhort [one] to take heed. You cautioned me against their charms. Swift.

CAUTIONARY Cau"tion*a*ry, a.

1. Conveying a caution, or warning to avoid danger; as, cautionary signals.

2. Given as a pledge or as security. He hated Barnevelt, for his getting the cautionary towns out of his hands. Bp. Burnet.

3. Wary; cautious. [Obs.] Bacon.

CAUTIONARY BLOCK Cau"tion*a*ry block. (Railroads)

Defn: A block in which two or more trains are permitted to travel, under restrictions imposed by a caution card or the like.

CAUTIONER Cau"tion*er, n.

1. One who cautions or advises.

2. (Scots Law)

Defn: A surety or sponsor.

CAUTIONRY Cau"tion*ry, n. (Scots Law)

Defn: Suretyship.

CAUTIOUS Cau"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. L. cautus, fr. caver. See Caution.]

Defn: Attentive to examine probable effects and consequences of acts with a view to avoid danger or misfortune; prudent; circumspect; wary; watchful; as, a cautious general. Cautious feeling for another's pain. Byron. Be swift to hear; but cautious of your tongue. Watts.

Syn. -- Wary; watchful; vigilant; prudent; circumspect; discreet; heedful; thoughtful; scrupulous; anxious; careful. -- Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. A man is cautious who realizes the constant possibility of danger; one may be wary, and yet bold and

## active; a man who is circumspect habitually examines things on every

side in order to weigh and deliberate. It is necessary to be cautious at all times; to be wary in cases of extraordinary danger; to be circumspect in matters of peculiar delicacy and difficulty.

CAUTIOUSLY Cau"tious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cautious manner.

CAUTIOUSNESS Cau"tious*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being cautious.

CAVALCADE Cav"al*cade`, n. Etym: [F. cavalcade, fr. It. cavalcata, fr. cavalcare to go on horseback, fr. LL. caballicare, fr. L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr. Cavalier, Cavalry.]

Defn: A procession of persons on horseback; a formal, pompous march of horsemen by way of parade. He brought back war-worn cavalcade to the city. Prescott.

CAVALERO; CAVALIERO Cav`a*le"ro, Cav`a*lie"ro, n. Etym: [Sp. caballero. See Cavalier.]

Defn: A cavalier; a gallant; a libertine. Shak.

CAVALIER Cav`a*lier", n. Etym: [F. cavalier, It. cavaliere, LL. caballarius, fr. L. caballus. See Cavalcade, and cf. Cavallier, Caballine.]

1. A military man serving on horseback; a knight.

2. A gay, sprightly, military man; hence, a gallant.

3. One of the court party in the time of king Charles L. as contrasted with a Roundhead or an adherent of Parliament. Clarendon.

4. (Fort.)

Defn: A work of more that ordinary heigh, rising from the level ground of a bastion, etc., and overlooking surrounding parts.

CAVALIER Cav`a*lier", a.

Defn: Gay; easy; offhand; frank. The plodding, persevering scupulous accuracy of the one, and the easy, cavalier, verbal fluency of the other, from a complete contrast. Hazlitt.

2. High-spirited. [Obs.] "The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier." Suckling.

3. Supercilious; haughty; disdainful; curt; brusque.

4. Of or pertaining to the party of King Charles I. "An old Cavalier family." Beaconsfleld.

CAVALIERISH Cav`a*lier"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat like a cavalier.

CAVALIERISM Cav`a*lier"ism, n.

Defn: The practice or principles of cavaliers. Sir. W. Scott.

CAVALIERLY Cav`a*lier"ly, adv.

Defn: In a supercilious, disdainful, or haughty manner; arroganty. Junius.

CAVALIERNESS Cav`a*lier"ness, n.

Defn: A disdanful manner.

CAVALLY Ca*val"ly, n. Etym: [Cf. Pg. cavalla a kind of fish; Sp. caballa; prob. fr. Pg. cavallo horse, Sp. caballa.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A carangoid fish of the Atlantic coast (Caranx hippos): -- called also horse crevallé.

Note: [See Illust. under Carangoid.]

CAVALRY Cav"al*ry, n. Etym: [F. cavalerie, fr. It. cavalleria. See Cavalier, and cf. chivalry.] (Mil.)

Defn: That part of military force which serves on horseback.

Note: Heavy cavalry and light cavalry are so distinguished by the character of their armament, and by the size of the men and horses.

CAVALRYMAN Cav"al*ry*man, n.; pl. Cavalrymen (.

Defn: One of a body of cavalry.

CAVATINA Ca`va*ti"na, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: Originally, a melody of simpler form than the aria; a song without a second part and a da capo; -- a term now variously and vaguely used.

CAVE Cave, n. Etym: [F. cave, L. cavus hollow, whence cavea cavity. Cf. Cage.]

1. A hollow place in the earth, either natural or artificial; a subterraneous cavity; a cavern; a den.

2. Any hollow place, or part; a cavity. [Obs.] "The cave of the ear." Bacon. Cave bear (Zoöl.), a very large fossil bear (Ursus spelæus) similar to the grizzly bear, but large; common in European caves. -- Cave dweller, a savage of prehistoric times whose dwelling place was a cave. Tylor. -- Cave hyena (Zoöl.), a fossil hyena found abundanty in British caves, now usually regarded as a large variety of the living African spotted hyena. -- Cave lion (Zoöl.), a fossil lion found in the caves of Europe, believed to be a large variety of the African lion. -- Bone cave. See under Bone.

CAVE Cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caved; p. pr. & vb. n. Caving.] Etym: [Cf. F. caver. See Cave, n.]

Defn: To make hollow; to scoop out. [Obs.] The mouldred earth cav'd the banke. Spenser.

CAVE Cave, v. i.

1. To dwell in a cave. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Etym: [See To cave in, below.]

Defn: To fall in or down; as, the sand bank caved. Hence (Slang), to retreat from a position; to give way; to yield in a disputed matter. To cave in. Etym: [Flem. inkalven.] (a) To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side of a well or pit. (b) To submit; to yield. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

CAVEAT Ca"ve*at, n. Etym: [L. caved let him beware, pres. subj. of cavere to be on one's guard to, beware.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A notice given by an interested party to some officer not to do a certain act until the party is heard in opposition; as, a caveat entered in a probate court to stop the proving of a will or the taking out of letters of administration, etc. Bouvier.

2. (U. S. Patent Laws)

Defn: A description of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent right is applied for, and operating as a bar to the issue of letters patent to any other person, respecting the same invention.

Note: A caveat is operative for one year only, but may be renewed.

3. Intimation of caution; warning; protest. We think it right to enter our caveat against a conclusion. Jeffrey. Caveat emptor Etym: [L.] (Law), let the purchaser beware, i. e., let him examine the article he is buying, and act on his own judgment.

CAVEATING Ca"ve*a`ting, n. (Fencing)

Defn: Shifting the sword from one side of an adversary's sword to the other.

CAVEATOR Ca"ve*a`tor, n.

Defn: One who enters a caveat.

CAVENDISH Cav"en*dish, n.

Defn: Leaf tobacco softened, sweetened, and pressed into plugs or cakes. Cut cavendish, the plugs cut into long shreds for smoking.

CAVERN Cav"ern, n. Etym: [L. caverna, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. caverne.]

Defn: A large, deep, hollow place in the earth; a large cave.

CAVERNED Cav"erned, a.

1. Containing caverns. The wolves yelled on the caverned hill. Byron.

2. Living in a cavern. "Caverned hermit." Pope.

CAVERNOUS Cav"ern*ous, a. Etym: [L. cavernosus: cf. F. caverneux.]

1. Full of caverns; resembling a cavern or large cavity; hollow.

2. Filled with small cavities or cells.

3. Having a sound caused by a cavity. Cavernous body, a body of erectile tissue with large interspaces which may be distended with blood, as in the penis or clitoris. -- Cavernous respiration, a peculiar respiratory sound andible on auscultation, when the bronchial tubes communicate with morbid cavities in the lungs.

CAVERNULOUS Ca*ver"nu*lous, a.Etym: [L. cavernula, dim. of caverna cavern.]

Defn: Full of little cavities; as, cavernulous metal. Black.

CAVESSON; CAVEZON Cav"es*son, Cav"e*zon, n. Etym: [F. caveçon, augm. fr. LL. capitium a head covering hood, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Caberzon.] (Man.)

Defn: A kind of noseband used in breaking and training horses. [Written also caveson, causson.] White.

CAVETTO Ca*vet"to, n. Etym: [It. cavetto, fr. cavo hollow, L. cavus.] (Arch.)

Defn: A concave molding; -- used chiefly in classical architecture. See Illust. of Calumn.

CAVIARE; CAVIAR Ca*viare", Cav"i*ar, n. Etym: [F. caviar, fr. It. caviale, fr. Turk. Havi\'ber.]

Defn: The roes of the sturgeon, prepared and salted; -- used as a relish, esp. in Russia.

Note: Caviare was considered a delicacy, by some, in Shakespeare's time, but was not relished by most. Hence Hamlet says of a certain play. "'T was caviare to the general," i. e., above the taste of the common people.

CAVICORN Cav"i*corn, a. Etym: [L. cavus hollow + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having hollow horns.

CAVICORNIA Cav`i*cor"ni*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of ruminants whose horns are hollow, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ox.

CAVIL Cav"il, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Caviled or Cavilled (; p. pr. & vb. n. Caviling or Cavilling.] Etym: [L. cavillari to practice jesting, to censure, fr. cavilla bantering jests, sophistry: cf. OF. caviller.]

Defn: To raise captious and frivolous objections; to find fault without good reason. You do not well in obstinacy To cavil in the course of this contract. Shak.

CAVIL Cav"il, v. t.

Defn: To cavil at. [Obs.] Milton.

CAVIL Cav"il, n.

Defn: A captious or frivolous objection. All the cavils of prejudice and unbelief. Shak.

CAVIL; CAVILER; CAVILLER Cav"il or Cav"il*er, n.

Defn: One who cavils. Cavilers at the style of the Scriptures. Boyle.

CAVILING Cav"il*ing, a.

Defn: Disposed to cavil; finding fault without good reason. See Captious. His depreciatory and caviling criticism. Lewis.

CAVILINGLY Cav"il*ing*ly, adb.

Defn: In a caviling manner.

CAVILLATION Cav`il*la"tion, n.Etym: [F. cavillation, L. cavillatio.]

Defn: Frivolous or sophistical objection. [Obs.] Hooker.

CAVILOUS; CAVILLOUS Cav"il*ous or Cav"il*lous, a. Etym: [L. cavillosus.]

Defn: Characterized by caviling, or disposed to cavil; quibbing. [R.] -- Cav"il*ous*ly, adv. [R.] -- Cav"il*ous*ness, n. [R.]

CAVIN Cav"in, n. Etym: [F. See Cave.] (Mil.)

Defn: A hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their aproach to a place. Farrow.

CAVITARY Cav"i*ta*ry, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Containing a body cavity; as, the cavitary or nematoid worms.

CAVITY Cav"i*ty, n.; pl. Cavities. Etym: [L. cavus hollow: cf. F. cavité.]

1. Hollowness. [Obs.] The cavity or hollowness of the place. Goodwin.

2. A hollow place; a hollow; as, the abdominal cavity. An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon. Arbuthot. Abnormal spaces or excavations are frequently formed in the lungs, which are designated cavities or vomicæ. Quain. Body cavity, the coelum. See under Body.

CAVO-RELIEVO Ca"vo-re*lie"vo, n.

Defn: Cavo-rilievo.

CAVO-RILIEVO Ca"vo-ri*lie"vo, n. Etym: [It.] (Sculp.)

Defn: Hollow relief; sculpture in relief within a sinking made for the purpose, so no part of it projects beyond the plain surface around.

CAVORT Ca*vort", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cavorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Cavorting.]

Defn: To prance ostentatiously; -- said of a horse or his rider. [Local slang U. S.]

CAVY Ca"vy, n.; pl. Cavies (. Etym: [NL. cavia, fr. Brazilian cabiai: cf. F. cabiai.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rodent of the genera cavia and Dolichotis, as the guinea pig (Cavia cabaya). Cavies are natives of South America. Water cavy (Zoöl.), The capybara.

CAW Caw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cawing.] Etym: [Imitative. *22 Cf. Chough.]

Defn: To cry like a crow, rook, or raven. Rising and cawing at the gun's report. Shak.

CAW Caw, n.

Defn: The cry made by the crow, rook, or raven.

CAWK Cawk, n. Etym: [Prov. E. cauk limestone. A doublet of chalk.] (Min.)

Defn: An opaque, compact variety of barite, or heavy spar. [Also written cauk.]

CAWKER Cawk"er, n.

Defn: See Calker.

CAWKY Cawk"y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cawk; like cawk.

CAXON Cax"on, n.

Defn: A kind of wig. [Obs.] Lamb.

CAXTON Cax"ton, n. (Bibliog.)

Defn: Any book printed by William Caxton, the first English printer. Hansard.

CAY Cay, n.

Defn: See Key, a ledge.

CAYENNE Cay*enne, n. Etym: [From Cayenne, a town and island in French Guiana, South America.]

Defn: Cayenne pepper. Cayenne pepper. (a) (Bot.) A species of capsicum (C. frutescens) with small and intensely pungent fruit. (b) A very pungent spice made by drying and grinding the fruits or seeds of several species of the genus Capsicum, esp. C. annuum and C. Frutescens; -- Called also red pepper. It is used chiefly as a condiment.

CAYMAN Cay"man, n. Etym: [From the language of Guiana: cf. Sp. caiman.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The south America alligator. See Alligator. [Sometimes written caiman.]

CAYO Ca"yo, n.; pl. -yos (#). [Sp.]

Defn: A small island or ledge of rock in the water; a key. [Sp. Am.]

CAYUGAS Ca*yu"gas, n. pl.

Defn: ; sing Cayuga. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians formerly inbabiting western New-York, forming part of the confederacy called the Five Nations.

CAYUSE Cay*use", n.

Defn: An Indian pony. [Northw. U. S.]

CAZIQUE; CAZIC Ca*zique", Cazic", n. Etym: [Sp. Cacique, fr. the language of Hayti.]

Defn: A chief or petty king among some tribes of Indians in America.

CC IRA Ça" i*ra". [F. ça ira, ça ira, les aristocrates à la lanterne, it shall go on, it shall go on, [hang]the arictocrats to the lantern (lamp-post).]

Defn: The refrain of a famous song of the French Revolution.

CEASE Cease, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ceased; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceasing.] Etym: [OE. cessen, cesen, F. cesser, fr. L. cessare, v. intemsive fr. cedere to withdraw. See Cede , and cf. Cessation.]

1. To come to an end; to stop; to leave off or give over; to desist; as, the noise ceased "To cease from strife." Prov. xx. 3.

2. To be wanting; to fail; to pass away. The poor shall never cease out of the land. Deut. xv. 11.

Syn. -- To intermit; desist; stop; abstain; quit; discontinue; refrain; leave off; pause; end.

CEASE Cease, v. t.

Defn: To put a stop to; to bring to an end. But he, her fears to cease Sent down the meek-eyed peace. Milton. Cease, then, this impious rage. Milton

CEASE Cease, n.

Defn: Extinction. [Obs.] Shak.

CEASELESS Cease"less, a.

Defn: Without pause or end; incessant.

CEASELESS Cease"less, adv.

Defn: Without intermission or end.

CECIDOMYIA Cec`i*do*my"i*a, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

CECITY Ce"ci*ty, n. Etym: [L. caecitas, fr. caecus blind: cf. F. cécité.]

Defn: Blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CECUTIENCY Ce*cu"tien*cy, n. Etym: [L. caecutire to be blind, fr. caecus blind.]

Defn: Partial blindness, or a tendency to blindness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CEDAR Ce"dar, n. Etym: [AS. ceder, fr. L. cedrus, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several evergreen trees. The wood is remarkable for its durability and fragrant odor.

Note: The cedar of Lebanon is the Cedrus Libani; the white cedar (Cupressus thyoides) is now called Chamoecyparis sphæroidea; American red cedar is the Juniperus Virginiana; Spanish cedar, the West Indian Cedrela odorata. Many other trees with odoriferous wood are locally called cedar. Cedar bird (Zoöl.), a species of chatterer (Ampelis cedrarum), so named from its frequenting cedar trees; -- called also cherry bird, Canada robin, and American waxwing.

CEDAR Ce"dar, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cedar.

CEDARED Ce"dared, a.

Defn: Covered, or furnished with, cedars.

CEDARN Ce"darn, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cedar or its wood. [R.]

CEDE Cede, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceding.] Etym: [L. cedere to withdraw, yield; akin to cadere to fall, and to E. chance; cf. F. céder.]

Defn: To yield or surrender; to give up; to resign; as, to cede a fortress, a province, or country, to another nation, by treaty. The people must cede to the government some of their natural rights. Jay.

CEDILLA Ce*dil"la, n. Etym: [Sp. cedilla, cf. F. cédille; dim. of zeta, the Gr. name of the letter z, because this letter was formerly written after the c, to give it the sound of s.]

Defn: A mark placed under the letter c [thus, ç], to show that it is to be sounded like s, as in façade.

CEDRAT Ce"drat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cédrat. See Cedar.] (Bot.)

Defn: Properly the citron, a variety of Citrus medica, with large fruits, not acid, and having a high perfume.

CEDRENE Ce"drene, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A rich aromatic oil, C15H24, extracted from oil of red cedar, and regarded as a polymeric terpene; also any one of a class of similar substances, as the essential oils of cloves, cubebs, juniper, etc., of which cedrene proper is the type. [Written also cedren.]

CEDRINE Ce"drine, a. Etym: [L. cedrinus, Gr. Cedar.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to cedar or the cedar tree.

CEDRIRET Ce"dri*ret, n.

Defn: Same as Coerulignone.

CEDRY Ce"dry, a.

Defn: Of the nature of cedar. [R.]

CEDULE Ced"ule, n. Etym: [F. cédule, fr. L. shedula. See Shedule.]

Defn: A scroll; a writing; a schedule. [Obs.]

CEDUOUS Ced"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. caeduus, fr. caedere to cut down.]

Defn: Fit to be felled. [Obs.] Eyelyn.

CEIL Ceil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ceiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ceiling.] Etym: [From an older noun, fr. F. ciel heaven, canopy, fr. L. carlum heaven, vault, arch, covering; cf. Gr.

1. To overlay or cover the inner side of the roof of; to furnish with a ceiling; as, to ceil a room. The greater house he ceiled with fir tree. 2 Chron. iii. 5

2. To line or finish a surface, as of a wall, with plaster, stucco, thin boards, or the like.

CEILING Ceil"ing, n. Etym: [See Cell, v. t.]

1. (Arch.) (a) The inside lining of a room overhead; the under side of the floor above; the upper surface opposite to the floor. (b) The lining or finishing of any wall or other surface, with plaster, thin boards, etc.; also, the work when done.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: The inner planking of a vessel. Camp ceiling. See under Camp. -- Ceiling boards, Thin narrow boards used to ceil with.

CEINT Ceint, n. Etym: [See Cincture.]

Defn: A girdle. [Obs.]

CEINTURE Cein`ture", n. [F.]

Defn: A cincture, girdle, or belt; -- chiefly used in English as a dressmaking term.

CELADON Cel"a*don, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A pale sea-green color; also, porcelain or fine pottery of this tint.

CELANDINE; CALANDINE Cel"an*dine, Cal"an*dine, n. Etym: [OE. celidoine, OF. celidoine, F. chélidoine, fr. L. chelidonia (sc. herba), fr. chelidonius pertaining to the swallow, Gr. hirundo a swallow.] (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial herbaceous plant (Chelidonium majus) of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. It is used as a medicine in jandice, etc., and its acrid saffron-colored juice is used to cure warts and the itch; -- called also greater celandine and swallowwort. Lasser celandine, the pilewort (Ranunculus Ficaria).

CELATURE Cel"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. caelatura, fr. caelare to engrave in relief.]

1. The act or art of engraving or embossing.

2. That which is engraved. [Obs.] Hakewill.

CELEBRANT Cel"e*brant, n. Etym: [L. celebrans, p. pr. of celebrare. See Celebrate.]

Defn: One who performs a public religious rite; -- applied

## particularly to an officiating priest in the Roman Catholic Church,

as distinguished from his assistants.

CELEBRATE Cel"e*brate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celebrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Celebrating.] Etym: [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrare to frequent, to celebrate, fr. celeber famous.]

1. To extol or honor in a solemn manner; as, to celebrate the name of the Most High.

2. To honor by solemn rites, by ceremonies of joy and respect, or by refraining from ordinary business; to observe duly; to keep; as, to celebrate a birthday. Fron even unto shall ye celebrate your Sabbath. Lev. xxiii. 32.

3. To perforn or participate in, as a sacrament or solemn rite; to solemnize; to perform with appropriate rites; as, to celebrate a marriage.

Syn. -- To commemorate; distinguish; honor. -- To Celebrate, Commemorate. We commemorate events which we desire to keep in remembrance, when we recall them by some special observace; as, to commemorate the death of our Savior. We celebrate by demonstrations of joy or solemnity or by appropriate ceremonies; as, to celebrate the birthday of our Independence. We are called upon to commemorate a revolution as surprising in its manner as happy in its consequences. Atterbury. Earth, water, air, and fire, with feeling glee, Exult to celebrate thy festival. Thomson.

CELEBRATED Cel"e*bra`ted, a.

Defn: Having celebrity; distinguished; renowned. Celebrated for the politeness of his manners. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Distinguished; famous; noted; famed; renowned; illustrious. See Distinguished.

CELEBRATION Cel`e*bra"tion, n. Etym: [L. celebratio.]

Defn: The act, process, or time of celebrating. His memory deserving a particular celebration. Clarendok. Celebration of Mass is equivalent to offering Mass Cath. Dict. To hasten the celebration of their marriage. Sir P. Sidney.

CELEBRATOR Cel"e*bra`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who celebrates; a praiser. Boyle.

CELEBRIOUS Ce*le"bri*ous, a.

Defn: Famous. [Obs.] Speed.

CELEBRITY Ce*leb"ri*ty, n.; pl. Celebriries. Etym: [L. celebritas: cf. F. célébrité.]

1. Celebration; solemnization. [Obs.] The celebrity of the marriage. Bacon.

2. The state or condition of being celebrated; fame; renown; as, the celebrity of Washington. An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy. Whewell.

3. A person of distinction or renown; -- usually in the plural; as, he is one of the celebrities of the place.

CELERIAC Ce*le"ri*ac, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Turnip-rooted celery, a from of celery with a large globular root, which is used for food.

CELERITY Ce*ler"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. celeritas, from celer swiftm speedy: sf. F. célérité.]

Defn: Rapidity of motion; quickness; swiftness. Time, with all its celerity, moves slowly to him whose whole employment is to watch its flight. Johnson.

CELERY Cel"er*y, n. Etym: [F. céleri, cf. Prov. It. seleno, seler; fr. Gr. celery. Cf. Parsley.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the Parsley family (Apium graveolens), of which the blanched leafstalks are used as a salad.

CELESTIAL Ce*les"tial, a. Etym: [OF. celestial, celestied, fr. L. caelestic, fr. caelum heaved. See Cell.]

1. Belonging to the aërial regions, or visible heavens. "The twelve celestial signs." Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the spiritual heaven; heavenly; divine. "Celestial spirits." "Celestial light," Milton. Celestial city, heaven; the heavenly Jerusalem. Bunyan. -- Celestial empire, China; -- so called from the Chinese words, tien chan, Heavenly Dynasty, as being the kingdom ruled over by the dynasty appoined by heaven. S. W. Williams.

CELESTIAL Ce*les"tial, n.

1. An inhabitant of heaven. Pope.

2. A native of China.

CELESTIALIZE Ce*les"tial*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make celestial. [R.]

CELESTIALLY Ce*les"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a celestial manner.

CELESTIFY Ce*les"ti*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. caelestis heavenly + -fly.]

Defn: To make like heaven. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CELESTINE; CELESTITE Cel"es*tine, Cel"es*tite,, n. Etym: [LL. caelestinus bine.] (Min.)

Defn: Native strontium sulphate, a mineral so named from its occasional delicate blue color. It occurs crystallized, also in compact massive and fibrous forms.

CELESTINE; CELESTINIAN Cel"es*tine, Cel`es*tin"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A monk of the austere branch of the Franciscan Order founded by Celestine V. in the 13th centry.

CELIAC Ce"li*ac, a. (Anat.)

Defn: See Coellac.

CELIBACY Ce*lib"a*cy, n. Etym: [See Celibate, n.]

Defn: The state of being unmarried; single life, esp. that of a bachelor, or of one bound by vows not to marry. "The celibacy of the clergy." Hallom.

CELIBATE Cel"i*bate, n. Etym: [L. aelibatus, fr. caelebs unmarried, single.]

1. Celibate state; celibacy. [Obs.] He . . . preferreth holy celibate before the estate of marrige. Jer. Taylor.

2. One who is unmarried, esp. a bachelor, or one bound by vows not to marry.

CELIBATE Cel"i*bate, a.

Defn: Unmarried; single; as, a celibate state.

CELIBATIST Ce*lib"a*tist, n.

Defn: One who lives unmarried. [R.]

CELIDOGRAPHY Cel`i*dog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. célidographie.]

Defn: A description of apparent spots on the disk of the sun, or on planets.

CELL Cell, n. Etym: [OF. celle, fr. L. cella; akin to celare to hide, and E. hell, helm, conceal. Cf. Hall.]

1. A very small and close apartment, as in a prison or in a monastery or convent; the hut of a hermit. The heroic confessor in his cell. Macaulay.

2. A small religious house attached to a monastery or convent. "Cells or dependent priories." Milman.

3. Any small cavity, or hollow place.

4. (Arch.) (a) The space between the ribs of a vaulted roof. (b) Same as Cella.

5. (Elec.)

Defn: A jar of vessel, or a division of a compound vessel, for holding the exciting fluid of a battery.

6. (Biol.)

Defn: One of the minute elementary structures, of which the greater part of the various tissues and organs of animals and plants are composed.

Note: All cells have their origin in the primary cell from which the organism was developed. In the lowest animal and vegetable forms, one single cell constitutes the complete individual, such being called unicelluter orgamisms. A typical cell is composed of a semifluid mass of protoplasm, more or less granular, generally containing in its center a nucleus which in turn frequently contains one or more nucleoli, the whole being surrounded by a thin membrane, the cell wall. In some cells, as in those of blood, in the amoeba, and in embryonic cells (both vegetable and animal), there is no restricting cell wall, while in some of the unicelluliar organisms the nucleus is wholly wanting. See Illust. of Bipolar. Air cell. See Air cell. -- Cell development (called also cell genesis, cell formation, and cytogenesis), the multiplication, of cells by a process of reproduction under the following common forms; segmentation or fission, gemmation or budding, karyokinesis, and endogenous multiplication. See Segmentation, Gemmation, etc. -- Cell theory. (Biol.) See Cellular theory, under Cellular.

CELL Cell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Celled.]

Defn: To place or inclosed in a cell. "Celled under ground." [R.] Warner.

CELLA Cel"la, n. Etym: [L.] (Arch.)

Defn: The part inclosed within the walls of an ancient temple, as distinguished from the open porticoes.

CELLAR Cel"lar, n. Etym: [OE. celer, OF. celier, F. celier, fr. L. cellarium a receptacle for food, pantry, fr. cella storeroom. See Cell.]

Defn: A room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground, where provisions and other stores are kept.

CELLARAGE Cel"lar*age, n.

1. The space or storerooms of a cellar; a cellar. Sir W. Scott. You hear this fellow in the cellarage. Shak.

2. Chare for storage in a cellar.

CELLARER Cel"lar*er, n. Etym: [LL. cellararius, equiv. to L. cellarius steward: cf. F. cellérier. See Cellar.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A steward or butler of a monastery or chapter; one who has charge of procuring and keeping the provisions.

CELLARET Cel`lar*et", n. Etym: [Dim of cellar.]

Defn: A receptacle, as in a dining room, for a few bottles of wine or liquor, made in the form of a chest or coffer, or a deep drawer in a sideboard, and usually lined with metal.

CELLARIST Cel"lar*ist, n.

Defn: Same as Cellarer.

CELLED Celled, a.

Defn: Containing a cell or cells.

CELLEPORE Cel"le*pore, n. Etym: [L. cella cell + porus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of delicate branching corals, made up of minute cells, belonging to the Bryozoa.

CELLIFEROUS Cel*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cell + -ferous.]

Defn: Bearing or producing cells.

CELLO Cel"lo, n.; pl. E. Cellos (, It. Celli (.

Defn: A contraction for Violoncello.

CELLULAR Cel"lu*lar, a. Etym: [L. cellula a little cell: cf. F. cellulaire. See Cellule.]

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, cells; of or pertaining to a cell or cells. Cellular plants, Cellular cryptogams (Bot.), those flowerless plants which have no ducts or fiber in their tissue, as mosses, fungi, lichens, and algæ. -- Cellular theory, or Cell theory (Biol.), a theory, according to which the essential element of every tissue, either vegetable or animal, is a cell; the whole series of cells having been formed from the development of the germ cell and by differentiation converted into tissues and organs which, both in plants ans animals, are to be considered as a mass of minute cells communicating with each other. -- Cellular tissue. (a) (Anat.) See conjunctive tissue under Conjunctive. (b) (Bot.) Tissue composed entirely of parenchyma, and having no woody fiber or ducts. cellular telephone, a portable radio- telephone transmitting and receiving the radio-telephonic signals from one of a group of transmitter-receiver stations so arranged that they provide adequate signal contact for such telephones over a certain geographical area. The area within which one transmitter may service such portable telephones is called its "cell.

CELLULATED Cel"lu*la`ted, a.

Defn: Cellular. Caldwell.

CELLULE Cel"lule, n. Etym: [L. cellula a small apartment, dim. of cella: cf. F. cellule. See Cell.]

Defn: A small cell.

CELLULIFEROUS Cel`lu*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. cellula + -ferous.]

Defn: Bearing or producing little cells.

CELLULITIS Cel`lu*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cellula + -itis.]

Defn: An inflammantion of the cellular or areolar tissue, esp. of that lying immediately beneath the skin.

CELLULOID Cel"lu*loid`, n. Etym: [Cellulose + -oid.]

Defn: A substance composed essentially of gun cotton and camphor, and when pure resembling ivory in texture and color, but variously colored to imitate coral, tortoise shell, amber, malachite, etc. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and many small articles, as combs, brushes, collars, and cuffs; -- originaly called xylonite.

CELLULOSE Cel"lu*lose`, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, cells.

CELLULOSE Cel"lu*lose`, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The substance which constitutes the essential part of the solid framework of plants, of ordinary wood, linen, paper, etc. It is also found to a slight extent in certain animals, as the tunicates. It is a carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, isomeric with starch, and is convertible into starches and sugars by the action of heat and acids. When pure, it is a white amorphous mass. See Starch, Granulose, Lignin. Unsized, well bleached linen paper is merely pure cellulose. Goodale. Starch cellulose, the delicate framework which remains when the soluble part (granulose) of starch is removed by saliva or pepsin. Goodale.

CELOTOMY Ce*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The act or operation of cutting, to relieve the structure in strangulated hernia. [Frequently written kelotomy.]

CELSITURE Cel"si*ture, n. Etym: [L. celstudo, from celsus high: cf. celsitude.]

Defn: Height; altitude. [Obs.]

CELSIUS Cel"si*us, n.

Defn: The Celsius thermometer or scale, so called from Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, who invented it. It is the same as the centigrade thermometer or scale.

CELT Celt, n. Etym: [L. Celtae, Gr. Celtiad one that dwells in a covert, an inhabitant of the wood, a Celt, fr. celt covert, shelter, celu to hide.]

Defn: One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. [Written also Kelt. The letter C was pronounced hard in Celtic languages.]

CELT Celt, n. Etym: [LL. celts a chisel.] (Archæol.)

Defn: A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations.

CELTIBERIAN Celt`i*be"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Celtiber, Celtibericus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the ancient Celtiberia (a district in Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus) or its inhabitants the Celtiberi (Celts of the river Iberus). -- n.

Defn: An inhabitant of Celtiberia.

CELTIC Celt"ic, a. Etym: [L. Celticus, Gr. Celt.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Celts; as, Celtic people, tribes, literature, tongue. [Written also Keltic.]

CELTIC Celt"ic, n.

Defn: The language of the Celts.

Note: The remains of the old Celtic language are found in the Gaelic, the Erse or Irish the Manx, and the Welsh and its cognate dialects Cornish and Bas Breton.

CELTICISM Celt"i*cism, n.

Defn: A custom of the Celts, or an idiom of their language. Warton.

CELTICIZE Celt"i*cize`, v. t.

Defn: To render Celtic; to assimilate to the Celts.

CELTIUM Cel"ti*um, n. [NL.] (Chem.)

Defn: A supposed new element of the rare-earth group, accompanying lutecium and scandium in the gadolinite earths. Symbol, Ct (no period).

CEMBALO Cem"ba*lo, n. Etym: [It. See Cymbal.]

Defn: An old mname for the harpsichord.

CEMENT Ce*ment", n. Etym: [OF. cement, ciment, F. ciment, fr. L. caementum a rough, unhewn stone, pieces or chips of marble, from which mortar was made, contr. fr. caedimentum, fr. caedere to cut, prob. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v. t.]

1. Any substance used for making bodies adhere to each other, as mortar, glue, etc.

2. A kind of calcined limestone, or a calcined mixture of clay and lime, for making mortar which will harden under water.

3. The powder used in cementation. See Cementation, n.., 2.

4. Bond of union; that which unites firmly, as persons in friendship, or men in society. "The cement of our love."

5. (Anat.)

Defn: The layer of bone investing the root and neck of a tooth; -- called also cementum. Hydraulic cement. See under Hydraulic.

CEMENT Ce*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Cementing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cimenter. See Cement, n.]

1. To unite or cause to adhere by means of a cement. Bp. Burnet.

2. To unite firmly or closely. Shak.

3. To overlay or coat with cement; as, to cement a cellar bottom.

CEMENT Ce*ment", v. i.

Defn: To become cemented or firmly united; to cohere. S. Sharp.

CEMENTAL Ce*ment"al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cement, as of a tooth; as, cemental tubes. R. Owen.

CEMENTATION Cem`en*ta"tion, n.

1. The act or process of cementing.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A process which consists in surrounding a solid body with the powder of other substances, and heating the whole to a degree not sufficient to cause fusion, the physical properties of the body being changed by chemical combination with powder; thus iron becomes steel by cementation with charcoal, and green glass becomes porcelain by cementation with sand.

CEMENTATORY Ce*ment"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Having the quality of cementating or uniting firmly.

CEMENTER Ce*ment"er, n.

Defn: A person or thing that cements.

CEMENTITIOUS Cem`en*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. caementitius pertaining to quarry stones. See Cement, n. ]

Defn: Of the nature of cement. [R.] Forsyth.

CEMENT STEEL Ce*ment" steel.

Defn: Steel produced by cementation; blister steel.

CEMETERIAL Cem`e*te"ri*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cemetery. "Cemeterial cells." [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CEMETERY Cem"e*ter*y, n.; pl. Cemeteries (. Etym: [L. cemeterium, Gr.

Defn: A place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; a graveyard; a churchyard; a necropolis.

CENANTHY Ce*nan"thy, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The absence or suppression of the essential organs (stamens and pistil) in a flower.

CENATION Ce*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cenatio.]

Defn: Meal-taking; dining or supping. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CENATORY Cen"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. cenatorius, fr. cenare to dine, sup, fr. cena, coena, dinner, supper.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dinner or supper. [R.] The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory garment. Sir T. Browne.

CENOBITE Cen"o*bite, n. Etym: [L. coenobita, fr. Gr. cénobite.]

Defn: One of a religious order, dwelling in a convent, or a community, in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Gibbon.

CENOBITIC; CENOBITICAL Cen`o*bit"ic, Cen`o*bit"ic*al a. Etym: [Cf. F. cénobitique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cenobite.

CENOBITISM Cen"o*bi*tism, n.

Defn: The state of being a cenobite; the belief or practice of a cenobite. Milman.

CENOGAMY Ce*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The state of a communty which permits promiseuous sexual intercourse among its members, as in certain societies practicing communism.

CENOTAPH Cen"o*taph, n. Etym: [Gr. cénotaphe.]

Defn: An empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is buried elsewhere. Dryden. A cenotaph in Westminster Abbey. Macaulay.

CENOTAPHY Cen"o*taph`y, n.

Defn: A cenotaph. [R.] Lord Cobham honored him with a cenotaphy. Macaulay.

CENOZOIC Ce`no*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Geol.)

Defn: Belonging to the most recent division of geological time, including the tertiary, or Age of mammals, and the Quaternary, or Age of man. [Written also cænozoic, cainozoic, kainozoic.] See Geology.

Note: This word is used by many authors as synonymous with Tertiary, the Quaternary Age not being included.

CENSE Cense, n. Etym: [OF. cense, F. cens, L. census. See Census.]

1. A census; -- also, a public rate or tax. [Obs.] Howell. Bacon.

2. Condition; rank. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CENSE Cense, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Censed; p. pr. & vb. n. Censing.] Etym: [Abbrev. from incense.]

Defn: To perfume with odors from burning gums and spices. The Salii sing and cense his altars round. Dryden.

CENSE Cense, v. i.

Defn: To burn or scatter incense.

CENSER Cen"ser, n. Etym: [For incenser, fr. OF. encensier, F. encensoir, fr. LL. incensarium, incensorium, fr. L. incensum incense. See Incense, and cf. Incensory.]

Defn: A vessel for perfumes; esp. one in which incense is burned.

Note: The ecclesiastical censer is usually cup-shaped, has a cover pierced with holes, and is hung by chains. The censer bearer swings it to quicken the combustion. Her thoughts are like the fume of frankincense Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. Spenser.

CENSOR Cen"sor, n. Etym: [L. censor, fr. censere to value, tax.]

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: One of two magistrates of Rome who took a register of the number and property of citizens, and who also exercised the office of inspector of morals and conduct.

2. One who is empowered to examine manuscripts before they are committed to the press, and to forbid their publication if they contain anything obnoxious; -- an official in some European countries.

3. One given to fault-finding; a censurer. Nor can the most circumspect attention, or steady rectitude, escape blame from censors who have no inclination to approve. Rambler.

4. A critic; a reviewer. Received with caution by the censors of the press. W. Irving.

CENSORIAL Cen*so"ri*al, a.

1. Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals. Junius.

2. Full of censure; censorious. The censorial declamation of Juvenal. T. Warton.

CENSORIAN Cen*so"ri*an, a.

Defn: Censorial. [R.] Bacon.

CENSORIOUS Cen*so"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. censorius pertaining to the censor. See Censor.]

1. Addicted to censure; apt to blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on others, or on their writings or manners. A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be consorious of his neighbors. Watts.

2. Implying or expressing censure; as, censorious remarks.

Syn. -- Fault-finding; carping; caviling; captious; severe; condemnatory; hypercritical. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Cen*so"ri*ous*ness, n.

CENSORSHIP Cen"sor*ship, n.

Defn: The office or power of a censor; as, to stand for a censorship. Holland. The press was not indeed at that moment under a general censorship. Macaulay.

CENSUAL Cen"su*al, a. Etym: [L. censualis, fr. census.]

Defn: Relating to, or containing, a census. He caused the whole realm to be described in a censual roll. Sir R. Baker.

CENSURABLE Cen"sur*a*ble, a.

Defn: Deserving of censure; blamable; culpable; reprehensible; as, a censurable person, or censurable conduct. -- Cen"sur*a*bleness, n. -- Cen"sur*a*bly, adv.

CENSURE Cen"sure, n. Etym: [L. censura fr. censere: cf. F. censure. Cf. Censor.]

1. Judgment either favorable or unfavorable; opinion. [Obs.] Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Shak.

2. The act of blaming or finding fault with and condemning as wrong; reprehension; blame. Both the censure and the praise were merited. Macaulay.

3. Judicial or ecclesiastical sentence or reprimand; condemnatory judgment. Excommunication or other censure of the church. Bp. Burnet.

Syn. -- Blame; reproof; condemnation; reprobation; disapproval; disapprobation; reprehension; animadversion; reprimand; reflection; dispraise; abuse.

CENSURE Cen"sure, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Censured; p. pr. & vb. n. Censuring.] Etym: [Cf. F. ensurer.]

1. To form or express a judgment in regard to; to estimate; to judge. [Obs.] "Should I say more, you might well censure me a flatterer." Beau. & Fl.

2. To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame; to express disapprobation of. I may be censured that nature thus gives way to loyalty. Shak.

3. To condemn or reprimand by a judicial or ecclesiastical sentence. Shak.

Syn. -- To blame; reprove; rebuke; condemn; reprehend; reprimand.

CENSURE Cen"sure, v. i.

Defn: To judge. [Obs.] Shak.

CENSURER Cen"sur*er, n.

Defn: One who censures. Sha.

CENSUS Cen"sus, n. Etym: [L. census, fr. censere. See Censor.]

1. (Bot. Antiq.)

Defn: A numbering of the people, and valuation of their estate, for the purpose of imposing taxes, etc.; -- usually made once in five years.

2. An official registration of the number of the people, the value of their estates, and other general statistics of a country.

Note: A general census of the United States was first taken in 1790, and one has been taken at the end of every ten years since.

CENT Cent, n. Etym: [F. cent hundred, L. centum. See Hundred.]

1. A hundred; as, ten per cent, the proportion of ten parts in a hundred.

2. A United States coin, the hundredth part of a dollar, formerly made of copper, now of copper, tin, and zinc.

3. An old game at cards, supposed to be like piquet; -- so called because 100 points won the game. Nares.

CENTAGE Cent"age, n.

Defn: Rate by the hundred; percentage.

CENTAL Cen"tal, n. Etym: [L. centum a hundred.]

Defn: A weight of one hundred pounds avoirdupois; -- called in many parts of the United States a Hundredweight.

CENTAL Cen"tal, n.

Defn: Relating to a hundred. Cental system, the method of buying and selling by the cental, or hundredweight.

CENTARE Cen"tare`, n. Etym: [F. centiare; centi- (L. centum) + -are.]

Defn: A measure of area, the hundredth part of an are; one square meter, or about 1

CENTAUR Cen"taur, n. Etym: [L. centaurus, Gr.

1. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: A fabulous being, represented as half man and half horse.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: A constellation in the southern heavens between Hydra and the Southern Cross.

CENTAUREA Cen`tau*re"a, n. Etym: [NL. See Centaury.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large genus of composite plants, related to the thistles and including the cornflower or bluebottle (Centaurea Cyanus) and the star thistle (C. Calcitrapa).

CENTAUROMACHY Cen`tau*rom"a*chy, n. [Gr. ; centaur + battle.] (Ancient Art)

Defn: A fight in which centaurs take part, -- a common theme for relief sculpture, as in the Parthenon metopes.

CENTAURY Cen"tau*ry, n. Etym: [L. centaureum and centauria, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A gentianaceous plant not fully identified. The name is usually given to the Erytheræa Centaurium and the Chlora perfoliata of Europe, but is also extended to the whole genus Sabbatia, and even to the unrelated Centaurea.

CENTENARIAN Cen`te*na"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or relating to a hundred years. -- n.

Defn: A person a hundred years old.

CENTENARY Cen"te*na*ry, a. Etym: [L. centenarius, fr. centum a hundred.]

1. Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred.

2. Occurring once in every hundred years; centennial. "Centenary solemnities." Fuller.

CENTENARY Cen"te*na*ry, n.; pl. Centenaries (.

1. The aggregate of a hundred single things; specifically, a century. "Every centenary of years." Hakewill.

2. A commemoration or celebration of an event which occurred a hudred years before.

CENTENNIAL Cen*ten"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + annus year.]

1. Relating to, or associated with, the commemoration of an event that happened a hundred years before; as, a centennial ode.

2. Happening once in a hundred years; as, centennial jubilee; a centennial celebration.

3. Lasting or aged a hundred years. Thet opened through long lines Of sacred ilex and centennial pines. Longfellow.

CENTENNIAL Cen*ten"ni*al, n.

Defn: The celebration of the hundredth anniversary of any event; a centenary. [U. S.]

CENTENNIALLY Cen*ten"ni*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Once in a hundred years.

CENTENNIAL STATE Centennial State.

Defn: Colorado; -- a nickname alluding to the fact that it was admitted to the Union in the centennial year, 1876.

CENTER Cen"ter, n. Etym: [F. centre, fr. L. centrum, fr. round which a circle is described, fr.

1. A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body, or from all parts of the circumference of a circle; the middle point or place.

2. The middle or central portion of anything.

3. A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as, a center of attaction.

4. The earth. [Obs.] Shak.

5. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who support the existing government. They sit in the middle of the legislative chamber, opposite the presiding officer, between the conservatives or monarchists, who sit on the right of the speaker, and the radicals or advanced republicans who occupy the seats on his left, See Right, and Left.

6. (Arch.)

Defn: A temporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or arch are supported in position util the work becomes self-supporting.

7. (Mech.) (a) One of the two conical steel pins, in a lathe, etc., upon which the work is held, and about which it revolves. (b) A conical recess, or indentation, in the end of a shaft or other work, to receive the point of a center, on which the work can turn, as in a lathe.

Note: In a lathe the live center is in the spindle of the head stock; the dead center is on the tail stock. Planer centers are stocks carrying centers, when the object to be planed must be turned on its axis. Center of an army, the body or troops ossupying the place in the line between the wings. -- Center of a curve or surface (Geom.) (a) A point such that every line drawn through the point and terminated by the curve or surface is bisected at the point. (b) The fixed point of reference in polar coördinates. See Coördinates. -- Center of curvature of a curve (Geom.), the center of that circle which has at any given point of the curve closer contact with the curve than has any other circle whatever. See Circle. -- Center of a fleet, the division or column between the van and rear, or between the weather division and the lee. -- Center of gravity (Mech.), that point of a body about which all its parts can be balanced, or which being supported, the whole body will remain at rest, though acted upon by gravity. -- Center of gyration (Mech.), that point in a rotating body at which the whole mass might be concentrated (theoretically) without altering the resistance of the intertia of the body to angular acceleration or retardaton. -- Center of inertia (Mech.), the center of gravity of a body or system of bodies. -- Center of motion, the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. -- Center of oscillation, the point at which, if the whole matter of a suspended body were collected, the time of oscillation would be the same as it is in the actual form and state of the body. -- Center of percussion, that point in a body moving about a fixed axis at which it may strike an obstacle without communicating a shock to the axis. -- Center of pressure (Hydros.), that point in a surface pressed by a fluid, at which, if a force equal to the whole pressure and in the same line be applied in a contrary direction, it will balance or counteract the whole pressure of the fluid.

CENTER; CENTRE Cen"ter, Cen"tre v. i. [imp. & p. p. Centered or Centred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Centering or Centring.]

1. To be placed in a center; to be central.

2. To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center. Where there is no visible truth wherein to center, error is as wide as men's fancies. Dr. H. More. Our hopes must center in ourselves alone. Dryden.

CENTER; CENTRE Cen"ter , Cen"tre, v. t.

1. To place or fix in the center or on a central point. Milton.

2. To collect to a point; to concentrate. Thy joys are centered all in me alome. Prior.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center.

CENTERBIT; CENTREBIT Cen"ter*bit`, Cen"tre*bit`, n.

Defn: An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3.

CENTERBOARD; CENTREBOARD Cen"ter*board`, Cen"tre*board,, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A movable or sliding keel formed of a broad board or slab of wood or metal which may be raised into a water-tight case amidships, when in shallow water, or may be lowered to increase the area of lateral resistance and prevent leeway when the vessel is beating to windward. It is used in vessels of all sizes along the coast of the United States

CENTERFIRE CARTRIDGE Cen"ter*fire` car"tridge.

Defn: See under Cartridge.

CENTERING Cen"ter*ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Center, n., 6. [Written also centring.]

CENTERPIECE; CENTREPIECE Cen"ter*piece`, Cen"tre*piece`, n.

Defn: An ornament to be placed in the center, as of a table, ceiling, atc.; a central article or figure.

CENTESIMAL Cen*tes"i*mal, a. Etym: [L. centesimus the hundredth, fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centésimal.]

Defn: Hundredth. -- n.

Defn: A hundredth part. The neglect of a few centesimals. Arbuthnot.

CENTESIMATION Cen*tes`i*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. centesimore to take out or select every hudredth, fr. centesimus hundredth.] (Mil.)

Defn: The infliction of the death penalty upon one person in every hundred, as in cases of mutiny.

CENTESIMO Cen*tes"i*mo, n.; pl. -mi. Etym: [It. & Sp.]

Defn: A copper coin of Italy and Spain equivalent to a centime.

CENTESM Cen"tesm, n. Etym: [L. centesima.]

Defn: Hundredth.

CENTIARE Cen"ti*are`, n. Etym: [F. See Centare.]

Defn: See centare.

CENTICIPITOUS Cen`ti*cip"i*tous, a. Etym: [L. centiceps, -cipitis; centum a hunder + caput head.]

Defn: Hundred-headed.

CENTIFIDOUS Cen*tif"i*dous, a. Etym: [L. centifidus; centum + findere to split.]

Defn: Divided into a hundred parts.

CENTIFOLIOUS Cen`ti*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. centifolius; centum + folium leaf.]

Defn: Having a hundred leaves.

CENTIGRADE Cen"ti*grade, a. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + gradus degree: cf. F. centigrade.]

Defn: Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Spesifically: of or pertaining the centigrade thermometer; as, 10° centigrade (or 10° C.). Centigrade thermometer, a thermometer having the zero or 0 at the point indicating the freezing state of water, and the distance between that and the point indicating the boiling state of water divided into one hundred degrees. It is called also the Celsius thermometer, from Anders Celsius, the originator of this scale.

CENTIGRAM; CENTIGRAMME Cen"ti*gram, Cen"ti*gramme, n. Etym: [F. centigramme; centi- (L. centum) + gramme. See Gram.]

Defn: The hundredth part of a gram; a weight equal to .15432 of a grain. See Gram.

CENTILITER; CENTILITRE Cen"ti*li`ter, Cen"ti*li`tre, n. Etym: [F. centilitre; centi (L. centum) + litre. See Liter.]

Defn: The hundredth part of a liter; a measure of volume or capacity equal to a little more than six tenths (0.6102) of a cubic inch, or one third (0.338) of a fluid ounce.

CENTILOQUY Cen*til"o*quy, n. Etym: [L. centum hundred + logui to speak.]

Defn: A work divided into a hundred parts. [R.] Burton.

CENTIME Cen`time", n. Etym: [F., fr. L. centesimus. See Centesimal.] (F. Coinage)

Defn: The hundredth part of a franc; a small French copper coin and money of account.

CENTIMETER; CENTIMETRE Cen"ti*me`ter, Cen"ti*me`tre, n. Etym: [F. centimètre; centi- (L. centum) + mètre. See Meter.]

Defn: The hundredth part of a meter; a measure of length equal to rather more than thirty-nine hundredths (0.3937) of an inch. See Meter.

CENTINEL Cen"ti*nel, n.

Defn: Sentinel. [Obs.] Sackville.

CENTINODY Cen*tin"o*dy, n. Etym: [L. centum a hundred + nodus knot: cf. F. centinode.] (Bot.)

Defn: A weed with a sterm of many joints (Illecebrum verticillatum); also, the Polygonum aviculare or knotgrass.

CENTIPED Cen"ti*ped, n. Etym: [L. centipeda; centum a hundred + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. centipède.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of the Myriapoda; esp. the large, flattened, venomous kinds of the order Chilopoda, found in tropical climates. they are many-jointed, and have a great number of feet. [Written also centipede (

CENTISTERE Cen"ti*stere, n. Etym: [F. centistère; centi- (l. centum) + stère.]

Defn: The hundredth part of a stere, equal to .353 cubic feet.

CENTNER Cent"ner, n. Etym: [Cf. G. centner a hundred-weight, fr. L. centenarius of a hundred, fr. centum a hundred.]

1. (Metal. & Assaying)

Defn: A weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts.

Note: The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned.

2. The commercial hundredweight in several of the continental countries, varying in different places from 100 to about 112 pounds.

CENTO Cen"to, n.; pl. Centos. Etym: [L. cento a garment of several pieces sewed together, patchwork, a poem made up of various verses of another poem.]

Defn: A literary or a musical composition formed by selections from different authors disposed in a new order.

CENTONISM Cen"to*nism, n.

Defn: The composition of a cento; the act or practice of composing a cento or centos.

CENTRAL Cen"tral, a. Etym: [L. centralis, fr. centrum: cf. F. central. See Center.]

Defn: Relating to the center; situated in or near the center or middle; containing the center; of or pertaining to the parts near the center; equidistant or equally accessible from certain points. Central force (Math.), a force acting upon a body towards or away from a fixed or movable center. -- Center sun (Astron.), a name given to a hypothetical body about which Mädler supposed the solar system together with all the stars in the Milky Way, to be revolving. A point near Alcyone in the Pleiades was supposed to possess characteristics of the position of such a body.

CENTRAL; CENTRALE Cen"tral, Cen*tra"le, n. Etym: [NL. centrale, fr. L. centralis.] (Anat.)

Defn: The central, or one of the central, bones of the carpus or or tarsus. In the tarsus of man it is represented by the navicular.

CENTRALISM Cen"tral*ism, n.

1. The state or condition of being central; the combination of several parts into one whole; centralization.

2. The system by which power is centralized, as in a government.

CENTRALITY Cen*tral"i*ty, n.; pl. Centralities (.

Defn: The state of being central; tendency towards a center. Meantime there is a great centrality, a centripetence equal to the centrifugence. R. W. Emerson.

CENTRALIZATION Cen`tral*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centralisation.]

Defn: The act or process of centralizing, or the state of being centralized; the act or process of combining or reducing several parts into a whole; as, the centralization of power in the general government; the centralization of commerce in a city.

CENTRALIZE Cen"tral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centralized; p. pr. & vb. n. Centralizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. centraliser.]

Defn: To draw or bring to a center point; to gather into or about a center; to bring into one system, or under one control. [To] centralize the power of government. Bancroft.

CENTRALLY Cen"tral*ly, adv.

Defn: In a central manner or situation.

CENTRE Cen"tre, n. & v.

Defn: See Center.

CENTRIC; CENTRICAL Cen"tric, Cen"tric*al, a.

Defn: Placed in the center or middle; central. At York or some other centrical place. Sir W. Scott. -- Cen"tric*al*ly, adv. -- Cen"tric*al*ness, n.

CENTRICITY Cen*tric"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being centric; centricalness.

CENTRIFUGAL Cen*trif"u*gal, a. Etym: [L. centrum center + fugere to flee.]

1. Tending, or causing, to recede from the center.

2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower cluster. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the sides of the fruit, as some embryos. Centrifugal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is from a center.

Note: When a body moves in a circle with uniform velocity, a force must act on the body to keep it in the circle without change of velocity. The direction of this force is towards the center of the circle. If this force is applied by means of a string to the body, the string will be in a state of tension. To a person holding the other end of the string, this tension will appear to be directed toward the body as if the body had a tendency to move away from the center of the circle which it is describing. Hence this latter force is often called centrifugal force. The force which really acts on the body being directed towards the center of the circle is called centripetal force, and in some popular treatises the centripetal and centrifugal forces are described as opposing and balancing each other. But they are merely the different aspects of the same stress. Clerk Maxwell. Centrifugal impression (Physiol.), an impression (motor) sent from a nerve center outwards to a muscle or muscles by which motion is produced. -- Centrifugal machine, A machine for expelling water or other fluids from moist substances, or for separating liquids of different densities by centrifugal action; a whirling table. -- Centrifugal pump, a machine in which water or other fluid is lifted and discharged through a pipe by the energy imparted by a wheel or blades revolving in a fixed case. Some of the largest and most powerful pumps are of this kind.

CENTRIFUGAL Cen*trif"u*gal, n.

Defn: A centrifugal machine.

CENTRIFUGAL FILTER Cen*trif"u*gal fil"ter.

Defn: A filter, as for sugar, in which a cylinder with a porous or foraminous periphery is rapidly rotated so as to drive off liquid by centrifugal action.

CENTRIFUGENCE Cen*trif"u*gence, n.

Defn: The property or quality of being centrifugal. R. W. Emerson.

CENTRING Cen"tring, n.

Defn: See Centring.

CENTRIPETAL Cen*trip"e*tal, a. Etym: [L. centrum center + peter to more toward.]

1. Tending, or causing, to approach the center.

2. (Bot.) (a) Expanding first at the base of the inflorescence, and proceeding in order towards the summit. (b) Having the radicle turned toward the axis of the fruit, as some embryos.

3. Progressing by changes from the exterior of a thing toward its center; as, the centripetal calcification of a bone. R. Owen. Centripetal force (Mech.), a force whose direction is towards a center, as in case of a planet revolving round the sun, the center of the system, See Centrifugal force, under Centrifugal. -- Centripetal impression (Physiol.), an impression (sensory) transmitted by an afferent nerve from the exterior of the body inwards, to the central organ.

CENTRIPETENCE Cen*trip"e*tence, n.

Defn: Centripetency.

CENTRIPETENCY Cen*trip"e*ten*cy, n.

Defn: Tendency toward the center.

CENTRISCOID Cen*tris"coid, a. Etym: [NL. Centriscus (r. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Allied to, or resembling, the genus Centriscus, of which the bellows fish is an example.

CENTROBARIC Cen`tro*bar"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (

Defn: Relating to the center of gravity, or to the process of finding it. Centrobaric method (Math.), a process invented for the purpose of measuring the area or the volume generated by the rotation of a line or surface about a fixed axis, depending upon the principle that every figure formed by the revolution of a line or surface about such an axis has for measure the product of the line or surface by the length of the path of its center of gravity; -- sometimes called theorem of Pappus, also, incorrectly, Guldinus's properties. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

CENTRODE Cen"trode, n. (Kinematics)

Defn: In two figures having relative motion, one of the two curves which are the loci of the instantaneous center.

CENTROID Cen"troid, n. Etym: [L. centrum + -oid.]

Defn: The center of mass, inertia, or gravity of a body or system of bodies.

CENTROLECITHAL Cen`tro*lec"i*thal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Having the food yolk placed at the center of the ovum, segmentation being either regular or unequal. Balfour.

CENTROLINEAD Cen`tro*lin"e*ad, n.

Defn: An instrument for drawing lines through a point, or lines converging to a center.

CENTROLINEAL Cen`tro*lin"e*al, a. Etym: [L. centrum + linea line.]

Defn: Converging to a center; -- applied to lines drawn so as to meet in a point or center.

CENTROSOME Cen"tro*some`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: A peculiar rounded body lying near the nucleus of a cell. It is regarded as the dynamic element by means of which the machinery of cell division is organized.

CENTROSPHERE Cen"tro*sphere, n. [Gr. centre + sphere.]

1. (Geol.)

Defn: The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming most of its mass; -- disting. from lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc.

2. (Biol.) The central mass of an aster from which the rays extend and within which the centrosome lies when present; the attraction sphere. The name has been used both as excluding and including the centrosome, and also to designate a modified mass of protoplasm about a centrosome whether aster rays are developed or not.

CENTROSTALTIC Cen`tro*stal"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: A term applied to the action of nerve force in the spinal center. Marshall Hall.

CENTRUM Cen"trum, n.; pl. E. Centrums, L. Centra. Etym: [L., center.] (Anat.)

Defn: The body, or axis, of a vertebra. See Vertebra.

CENTRY Cen"try, n.

Defn: See Sentry. [Obs.] Gray.

CENTUMVIR Cen*tum"vir, n.; pl. Centumviri. Etym: [L., fr. centum hundred + Vir man.] (Rom. Hist.)

Defn: One of a court of about one hundred judges chosen to try civil suits. Under the empire the court was increased to 180, and met usually in four sections.

CENTUMVIRAL Cen*tum"vi*ral, a. Etym: [L. centumvitalis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the centumviri, or to a centumvir.

CENTUMVIRATE Cen*tum"vi*rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centumvirat.]

Defn: The office of a centumvir, or of the centumviri.

CENTUPLE Cen"tu*ple, a. Etym: [L. centuplex; centum + plicare to fold; cf. F. centuple.]

Defn: Hundredfold.

CENTUPLE Cen"tu*ple, v. t.

Defn: To increase a hundredfold.

CENTUPLICATE Cen*tu"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Centuplicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Centuplicating.] Etym: [L. centuplicare. See Centuple, a.]

Defn: To make a hundredfold; to repeat a hundred times. [R.] Howell.

CENTURIAL Cen*tu"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. See Century.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a century; as, a centurial sermon. [R.]

CENTURIATE Cen*tu"ri*ate, a. Etym: [L. centuriatus, p. p. of centuriare to divide (men) into centuries.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or divided into, centuries or hundreds. [R.] Holland.

CENTURIATE Cen*tu"ri*ate, v. t. Etym: [See century.]

Defn: To divide into hundreds. [Obs.]

CENTURIATOR; CENTURIST Cen*tu"ri*a`tor, Cen"tu*rist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. centuriateur.]

Defn: An historian who distinguishes time by centuries, esp. one of those who wrote the "Magdeburg Centuries." See under Century. [R.]

CENTURION Cen*tu"ri*on, n. Etym: [L. centurio, fr. centuria; cf. F. centurion. See Century.] (Rom. Hist.)

Defn: A military officer who commanded a minor division of the Roman army; a captain of a century. A centurion of the hand called the Italian band. Acts x. 1.

CENTURY Cen"tu*ry, n.; pl. Centuries. Etym: [L. centuria (in senses 1 & 3), fr. centum a hundred: cf. F. centurie. See Cent.]

1. A hundred; as, a century of sonnets; an aggregate of a hundred things. [Archaic.] And on it said a century of prayers. Shak.

2. A period of a hundred years; as, this event took place over two centuries ago.

Note: Century, in the reckoning of time, although often used in a general way of any series of hundred consecutive years (as, a century of temperance work), usually signifies a division of the Christian era, consisting of a period of one hundred years ending with the hundredth year from which it is named; as, the first century (a. d. 1-100 inclusive); the seventh century (a.d. 601-700); the eighteenth century (a.d. 1701-1800). With words or phrases connecting it with some other system of chronology it is used of similar division of those eras; as, the first century of Rome (A.U.C. 1-100).

3. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A division of the Roman people formed according to their property, for the purpose of voting for civil officers. (b) One of sixty companies into which a legion of the army was divided. It was Commanded by a centurion. Century plant (Bot.), the Agave Americana, formerly supposed to flower but once in a century; - - hence the name. See Agave. -- The Magdeburg Centuries, an ecclesiastical history of the first thirteen centuries, arranged in thirteen volumes, compiled in the 16th century by Protestant scholars at Magdeburg.

CEORL Ceorl (keôrl or cherl), n. [AS. See Churl, n.] (O. Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A freeman of the lowest class; one not a thane or of the servile classes; a churl.

CEPACEOUS Ce*pa"ceous, a. [L. cepa, caepa, onion.]

Defn: Of the nature of an onion, as in odor; alliaceous.

CEPEVOROUS Ce*pev"o*rous, a. Etym: [L. cepa an onion + varare to devour.]

Defn: Feeding upon onions. [R.] Sterling.

CEPHALAD Ceph"a*lad, adv. Etym: [Gr. ad toward.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Forwards; towards the head or anterior extremity of the body; opposed to caudad.

CEPHALALGIA; CEPHALALGY Ceph`a*lal"gi*a, Ceph"a*lal`gy, n. Etym: [L. cephalalgia, Gr. céphalalgie.] (Med.)

Defn: Pain in the head; headache.

CEPHALALGIC Ceph`a*lal"gic, a. Etym: [L. cephalalgicus, Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to, or affected with, headache. -- n.

Defn: A remedy for the headache.

CEPHALANTHIUM Ceph`a*lan"thi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Anthodium.

CEPHALASPIS Ceph`a*las"pis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone or Devonian formation. The head is large, and protected by a broad shield-shaped helmet prolonged behind into two lateral points.

CEPHALATA Ceph`a*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large division of Mollusca, including all except the bivalves; -- so called because the head is distinctly developed. See Illustration in Appendix.

CEPHALATE Ceph"a*late, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a head.

CEPHALIC Ce*phal"ic, a. Etym: [L. cephalicus, Gr. céphalique.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the head. See the Note under Anterior. Cephalic index (Anat.), the ratio of the breadth of the cranium to the length, which is taken as the standard, and equal to 100; the breadth index. -- Cephalic vein, a large vein running from the back of the head alond the arm; -- so named because the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head. Dunglison.

CEPHALIC Ce*pha"lic, n.

Defn: A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head.

CEPHALISM Ceph"a*lism, n. [Gr. head.] (Anthropol.)

Defn: Form or development of the skull; as, the races of man differ greatly in cephalism.

CEPHALITIS Ceph`a*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Same as Phrenitis.

CEPHALIZATION Ceph`a*li*za"tion, n.

Defn: Domination of the head in animal life as expressed in the physical structure; localization of important organs or parts in or near the head, in animal development. Dana.

CEPHALO; CEPHALO- Ceph"a*lo. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A combining form denoting the head, of the head, connected with the head; as, cephalosome, cephalopod.

CEPHALOCERCAL Ceph`a*lo*cer"cal, a. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Relating to the long axis of the body.

CEPHALOID Ceph"a*loid, a. Etym: [Cephalo- + -oid.]

Defn: Shaped like the head. Craing.

CEPHALOLOGY Ceph`a*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -logy.]

Defn: The science which treats of the head.

CEPHALOMERE Ceph"a*lo*mere, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -mere.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the somites (arthromeres) which make up the head of arthropods. Packard.

CEPHALOMETER Ceph`a*lom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -meter.] (Med.)

Defn: An instrument measuring the dimensions of the head of a fetus during delivery.

CEPHALOMETRY Ceph`a*lom"e*try, n. (Anthropometry)

Defn: The measurement of the heads of living persons. -- Ceph`a*lo*met"ric (#),a.

CEPHALON Ceph"a*lon, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The head.

CEPHALOPHORA Ceph`a*loph"o*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cephalata.

CEPHALOPOD; CEPHALOPODE Ceph"a*lo*pod, Ceph"a*lo*pode, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cephalopoda.

CEPHALOPODA Ceph"`a*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., gr. Gr. -poda: cf. F. céphalopode.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The highest class of Mollusca.

Note: They have, around the front of the head, a group of elongated muscular arms, which are usually furnished with prehensile suckers or hooks, The head is highly developed, with large, well organized eyes and ears, and usually with a cartilaginous brain case. The higher forms, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopi, swim rapidly by ejecting a jet of water from the tubular siphon beneath the head. They have a pair of powerful horny jaws shaped like a parrot's beak, and a bag of inklike fluid which they can eject from the siphon, thus clouding the water in order to escape from their enemies. They are divided into two orders, the Dibranchiata, having two gills and eight or ten sucker-bearing arms, and the Tetrabranchiata, with four gills and numerous arms without suckers. The latter are all extinct except the Nautilus. See Octopus, Squid, Nautilus.

CEPHALOPODIC; CEPHALOPODOUS Ceph`a*lo*pod"ic, Ceph`a*lop"o*dous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the cephalopods.

CEPHALOPTERA Ceph`a*lop"te*ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the generic names of the gigantic ray (Manta birostris), known as devilfish and sea devil. It is common on the coasts of South Carolina, Florida, and farther south. Some of them grow to enormous size, becoming twenty feet of more across the body, and weighing more than a ton.

CEPHALOSOME Ceph"a*lo*some, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + -some body.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The anterior region or head of insects and other arthropods. Packard.

CEPHALOSTYLE Ceph"a*lo*style, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The anterior end of the notochord and its bony sheath in the base of cartilaginous crania.

CEPHALOTHORAX Ceph`a*lo*tho"rax, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + thorax.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The anterior portion of any one of the Arachnida and higher Crustacea, consisting of the united head and thorax.

CEPHALOTOME Ceph"a*lo*tome, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An instrument for cutting into the fetal head, to facilitate delivery.

CEPHALOTOMY Ceph`a*lot"o*my, n.

1. Dissection or opening of the head.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Craniotomy; -- usually applied to bisection of the fetal head with a saw.

CEPHALOTRIBE Ceph"a*lo*tribe, n. Etym: [Cephalo- + Gr. to rub, grind.]

Defn: An obstetrical instrument for performing cephalotripsy.

CEPHALOTRIPSY Ceph"a*lo*trip`sy, n. Etym: [See Cephalotribe.] (Med.)

Defn: The act or operation of crushing the head of a fetus in the womb in order to effect delivery.

CEPHALOTROCHA Ceph`a*lot"ro*cha, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of annelid larva with a circle of cilia around the head.

CEPHALOUS Ceph"a*lous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a head; -- applied chiefly to the Cephalata, a division of mollusks.

CEPHEUS Ce"pheus, n.

Defn: (Astron.) A northern constellation near the pole. Its head, which is in the Milky Way, is marked by a triangle formed by three stars of the fourth magnitude. See Cassiopeia.

CERACEOUS Ce*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. cera wax.]

Defn: Having the texture and color of new wax; like wax; waxy.

CERAGO Ce*ra"go, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.]

Defn: Beebread.

CERAMIC Ce*ram"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. Keramic.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to pottery; relating to the art of making earthenware; as, ceramic products; ceramic ornaments for ceilings.

CERAMICS Ce*ram"ics, n. Etym: [See Ceramic.]

1. The art of making things of baked clay; as pottery, tiles, etc.

2. pl.

Defn: Work formed of clay in whole or in part, and baked; as, vases, urns, etc. Knight.

CERARGYRITE Ce*rar"gy*rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Native silver chloride, a mineral of a white to pale yellow or gray color, darkening on exposure to the light. It may be cut by a knife, like lead or horn (hence called horn silver).

CERASIN Cer"a*sin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white amorphous substance, the insoluble part of cherry gum; -- called also meta-arabinic acid.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A gummy mucilaginous substance; -- called also bassorin, tragacanthin, etc.

CERASINOUS Ce*ras"i*nous, a.

1. Pertaining to, or containing, cerasin.

2. Of a cherry color.

CERASTES Ce*ras"tes, n. Etym: [L., a horned serpent, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of poisonous African serpents, with a horny scale over each eye; the horned viper.

CERATE Ce"rate, n. Etym: [L. ceratum, ceratm, fr. cera wax.] (Med.)

Defn: An unctuous preparation for external application, of a consistence intermediate between that of an ointment and a plaster, so that it can be spread upon cloth without the use of heat, but does not melt when applied to the skin.

Note: Cerate consists essentially of wax (for which resin or spermaceti is sometimes substituted) mixed with oil, lard, and various medicinal ingredients. The cerate (formerly called simple cerate) of the United States Pharmacopoeia is a mixture of three parts of white wax and seven parts of lard.

CERATED Ce"ra*ted, p. a. Etym: [L. ceratus, p. p. of cerare to wax, fr. cera wax.]

Defn: Covered with wax.

CERATINE Cer"a*tine, a. Etym: [Gr. (Lagic.)

Defn: Sophistical.

CERATOBRANCHIA Cer`a*to*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. n. pl., gills.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of nudibranchiate Mollusca having on the back papilliform or branched organs serving as gills.

CERATOBRANCHIAL Cer`a*to*bran"chi*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the bone, or cartilage, below the epibranchial in a branchial arch. -- n.

Defn: A ceratobranchial bone, or cartilage.

CERATODUS Ce*rat"o*dus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of ganoid fishes, of the order Dipnoi, first known as Mesozoic fossil fishes; but recently two living species have been discovered in Australian rivers. They have lungs so well developed that they can leave the water and breathe in air. In Australia they are called salmon and baramunda. See Dipnoi, and Archipterygium.

CERATOHYAL Cer`a*to*hy"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the bone, or carts, large, below the epihyal in the hyoid arch. -- n.

Defn: A ceratohyal bone, or cartilage, which, in man, forms one of the small horns of the hyoid.

CERATOSAURUS Cer`a*to*sau"rus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A carnivorous American Jurassic dinosaur allied to the European Megalosaurus. The animal was nearly twenty feet in length, and the skull bears a bony horn core on the united nasal bones. See Illustration in Appendix.

CERATOSPONGIAE Cer`a*to*spon"gi*æ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of sponges in which the skeleton consists of horny fibers. It includes all the commercial sponges.

CERAUNICS Ce*rau"nics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: That branch of physics which treats of heat and electricity. R. Park.

CERAUNOSCOPE Ce*rau"no*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument or apparatus employed in the ancient mysteries to imitate thunder and lightning. T. Moore.

CERBEREAN Cer*be"re*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or resembling, Cerberus. [Written also Cerberian.] With wide Cerberean mouth. Milton.

CERBERUS Cer"be*rus, n. Etym: [L. Cerberus (in sense 1), gr.

1. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: A monster, in the shape, of a three-headed dog, guarding the entrance into the infernal regions, Hence: Any vigilant custodian or guardian, esp. if surly.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of East Indian serpents, allied to the pythons; the bokadam.

CERCAL Cer"cal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the tail.

CERCARIA Cer*ca"ri*a, n.; pl. Cercarle ( Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larval form of a trematode worm having the shape of a tadpole, with its body terminated by a tail-like appendage.

CERCARIAN Cer*ca"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, the Cercariæ. -- n.

Defn: One of the Cercariæ.

CERCOPOD Cer"co*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the jointed antenniform appendage of the posterior somites of cartain insects. Packard.

CERCUS Cer"cus, n.; pl. Cerci (. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cercopod.

CERE Cere, n. Etym: [L. cera wax: cf. F. cire.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The soft naked sheath at the base of the beak of birds of prey, parrots, and some other birds. See Beak.

CERE Cere, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cering.] Etym: [L. cerare, fr. cera wax: cf. F. cirer.]

Defn: To wax; to cover or close with wax. Wiseman.

CEREAL Ce"re*al, a. Etym: [L. Cerealis pert. to Ceres, and hence, to agriculture. See Ceres.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the grasses which are cultivated for their edible seeds (as wheat, maize, rice, etc.), or to their seeds or grain.

CEREAL Ce"re*al n.

Defn: Any grass cultivated for its edible grain, or the grain itself; -- usually in the plural.

CEREALIA Ce`re*a"li*a, n. pl. Etym: [L. See Cereal.]

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: Public festivals in honor of Ceres.

2. The cereals. Crabb.

CEREALIN Ce"re*a*lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous substance closely resembling diastase, obtained from bran, and possessing the power of converting starch into dextrin, sugar, and lactic acid. Watts.

CEREBEL Cer"e*bel, n.

Defn: The cerebellum. Derham.

CEREBELLAR; CEREBELLOUS Cer`e*bel"lar, Cer`e*bel"lous, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the cerebellum.

CEREBELLUM Cer`e*bel"lum, n.; pl. E. Cerebellums (, L. Cerebella (. Etym: [L., dim. of cerebrum brain.] (Anat.)

Defn: The large lobe of the hind brain in front of and above the medulla; the little brain. It controls combined muscular action. See Brain.

CEREBRAL Cer"e*bral, a. Etym: [L. cerebrum brain; akin to Gr. cérébral. See Cheer.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cerebrum. Cerebral apoplexy. See under Apoplexy.

CEREBRAL Cer"e*bral, n. Etym: [A false translation of the Skr. murdhanya, lit., head-sounds.]

Defn: One of a class of lingual consonants in the East Indian languages. See Lingual, n.

Note: Prof. W. D. Whitney calls these letters linguals, and this is their usual designation in the United States.

CEREBRALISM Cer"e*bral*ism, n. (Philos.)

Defn: The doctrine or theory that psychical phenomena are functions or products of the brain only.

CEREBRALIST Cer"e*bral*ist, n.

Defn: One who accepts cerebralism.

CEREBRATE Cer"e*brate, v. i. (Physiol.)

Defn: To exhibit mental activity; to have the brain in action.

CEREBRATION Cer`e*bra"tion, n.

Defn: Action of the brain, whether conscious or unconscious.

CEREBRIC Cer"e*bric, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the brain. Cerebric acid (Physiol. Chem.), a name formerly sometimes given to cerebrin.

CEREBRICITY Cer`e*bric"i*ty, n.

Defn: Brain power. [R.]

CEREBRIFORM Ce*reb"ri*form, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + -form.]

Defn: Like the brain in form or substance.

CEREBRIFUGAL Cer`e*brif"u*gal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + L. fugere to flee.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the brain to the spinal cord, and so transfer cerebral impulses (centrifugal impressions) outwards.

CEREBRIN Cer"e*brin, n. Etym: [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A nonphosphorized, nitrogenous substance, obtained from brain and nerve tissue by extraction with boiling alcohol. It is uncertain whether it exists as such in nerve tissue, or is a product of the decomposition of some more complex substance.

CEREBRIPETAL Cer`e*brip"e*tal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + L. petere to seek.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Applied to those nerve fibers which go from the spinal cord to the brain and so transfer sensations (centripetal impressions) from the exterior inwards.

CEREBRITIS Cer`e*bri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cerebrum + -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the cerebrum.

CEREBROID Cer"e*broid, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + -oid.]

Defn: Resembling, or analogous to, the cerebrum or brain.

CEREBROLOGY Cer`e*brol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + -logy.]

Defn: The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain.

CEREBROPATHY Cer`e*brop"a*thy, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A hypochondriacal condition verging upon insanity, occurring in those whose brains have been unduly taxed; -- called also brain fag.

CEREBROSCOPY Cer`e*bros"co*py, n. Etym: [Cerebrum + -scopy.] (Med.)

Defn: Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of diseas; esp., the act or process of diagnosticating the condition of the brain by examination of the interior of the eye (as with an ophthalmoscope). Buck.

CEREBROSE Cer`e*brose", n. Etym: [From Cerebrum.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A sugarlike body obtained by the decomposition of the nitrogenous non-phosphorized principles of the brain.

CEREBRO-SPINAL Cer`e*bro-spi"nal, a. Etym: [Cerebrum + spinal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Cerebro-spinal fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid secreted by the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. -- Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Cerebro-spinal fever (Med.), a dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever. It is not contagious.

CEREBRUM Cer"e*brum, n.; pl. E. Cerebrums, L. Cerebra. Etym: [L., the brain.] (Anat.)

Defn: The anterior, and in man the larger, division of the brain; the seat of the reasoning faculties and the will. See Brain.

CERECLOTH Cere"cloth`, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + E. cloth.]

Defn: A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter. Linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cerecloth. Bacon.

CEREMENT Cere"ment, n. Etym: [L. cera wax: cf. F. cirement.] (a) A cerecloth used for the special purpose of enveloping a dead body when embalmed. (b) Any shroud or wrapping for the dead.

CEREMONIAL Cer`e*mo"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. caerimonialis: cf. F. cérimonial. See Ceremony.]

1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites. Ceremonial observances and outward show. Hallam.

2. Observant of forms; ceremonious.

Note: [In this sense ceremonious is now preferred.] Donne. He moves in the dull ceremonial track. Druden.

CEREMONIAL Cer`e*mo"ni*al, n.

1. A system of rules and ceremonies, enjoined by law, or established by custom, in religious worship, social intercourse, or the courts of princes; outward form. The gorgeous ceremonial of the Burgundian court. Prescott.

2. The order for rites and forms in the Roman Catholic church, or the

## book containing the rules presribed to be observed on solemn

occasions.

CEREMONIALISM Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ism, n.

Defn: Adherence to external rites; fondness for ceremony.

CEREMONIALLY Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ly, adv.

Defn: According to rites and ceremonies; as, a person ceremonially unclean.

CEREMONIALNESS Cer`e*mo"ni*al*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being ceremonial.

CEREMONIOUS Cer`e*mo"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cérémonieux, L. Caerimoniosus.]

1. Consisting of outward forms and rites; ceremonial.

Note: [In this sense ceremonial is now preferred.] The ceremonious part of His worship. South.

2. According to prescribed or customary rules and forms; devoted to forms and ceremonies; formally respectful; punctilious. "Ceremonious phrases." Addison. Too ceremonious and traditional. Shak.

Syn. -- Formal; precise; exact. See Formal.

CEREMONIOUSLY Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ceremonious way.

CEREMONIOUSNESS Cer`e*mo"ni*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality, or practice, of being ceremonious.

CEREMONY Cer"e*mo*ny, n.; pl. Ceremonies. Etym: [F. cérémonie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.]

1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as, the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies. According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover]. Numb. ix. 3 Bring her up the high altar, that she may The sacred ceremonies there partake. Spenser. [The heralds] with awful ceremony And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim A solemn council. Milton.

2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority. Ceremony was but devised at first To set a gloss on . . . hollow welcomes . . . But where there is true friendship there needs none. Shak. Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them. Chesterfield.

3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.] Disrobe the images, If you find them decked with ceremonies. . . . Let no images Be hung with Cæsar's trophies. Shak.

4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.] Cæsar, I never stood on ceremonies, Yet, now they fright me. Shak. Master of ceremonies, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. -- Not to stand on ceremony, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold.

CEREOUS Ce"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. cereus, fr. cera was.]

Defn: Waxen; like wax. [Obs.] Gayton.

CERES Ce"res, n. Etym: [L., Ceres, also corn, grain, akin to E. create.]

1. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: The daughter of Saturn and Ops or Rhea, the goddess of corn and tillage.

2. (Actron.)

Defn: The first discovered asteroid.

CERESIN Cer"e*sin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white wax, made by bleaching and purifying ozocerite, and used as a substitute for beeswax.

CEREUS Ce"re*us, n. Etym: [L., a wax candle, fr. cera wax. So named from the resemblance of one species to the columnar shape of a wax candle.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants of the Cactus family. They are natives of America, from California to Chili.

Note: Although several species flower in the night, the name Night- blooming cereus is specially applied to the Cereus grandiflorus, which is cultivated for its beautiful, shortlived flowers. The Cereus giganteus, whose columnar trunk is sometimes sixty feet in height, is a striking feature of the scenery of New Mexico, Texas, etc.

CEREVIS Cer"e*vis (ser"e*vis; G. tser`e*ves"), n. [G., fr. L. cerevisia, cervisia, beer.]

Defn: A small visorless cap, worn by members of German student corps. It is made in the corps colors, and usually bears the insignia of the corps.

CERIA Ce"ri*a (se"ri*a), n. (Chem.)

Defn: Cerium oxide, CeO2, a white infusible substance constituting about one per cent of the material of the common incandescent mantle.

CERIAL Cer"i*al, a.

Defn: Same as Cerial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CERIFEROUS Ce*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. ra wax + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing wax.

CERIN Ce"rin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + -in: cf. L. cerinus wax-colored.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A waxy substance extracted by alcohol or ether from cork; sometimes applied also to the portion of beeswax which is soluble in alcohol. Watts.

2. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of the mineral allanite.

CERINTHIAN Ce*rin"thi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of an ancient religious sect, so called fron Cerinthus, a Jew, who attempted to unite the doctrines of Christ with the opinions of the Jews and Gnostics. Hook.

CERIPH Cer"iph, n. (Type Founding)

Defn: One of the fine lines of a letter, esp. one of the fine cross strokes at the top and bottom of letters. [Spelt also seriph.] Savage.

CERISE Ce*rise", a. Etym: [F., a cherry. See Cherry.]

Defn: Cherry-colored; a light bright red; --- applied to textile fabrics, especially silk.

CERITE Ce"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A gastropod shell belonging to the family Cerithiïdæ; -- so called from its hornlike form.

CERITE Ce"rite, n. Etym: [From Cherium.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a brownish of cherry-red color, commonly massive. It is a hydrous silicate of cerium and allied metals.

CERIUM Ce"ri*um, n. Etym: [Named dy Berzelius in 1803 from the asteroid Ceres, then just discovered (1801).] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare metallic element, occurring in the minerals cerite, allanite, monazite, etc. Symbol Ce. Atomic weight 141.5. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. It tarnishes readily in the air.

CERNUOUS Cer"nu*ous, a. Etym: [L. cernuus with the face turned toward the earth.] (Bot.)

Defn: Inclining or nodding downward; pendulous; drooping; -- said of a bud, flower, fruit, or the capsule of a moss.

CERO Ce"ro, n. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. Sp. sierra saw, sawfish, cero.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large and valuable fish of the Mackerel family, of the genus Scomberomorus. Two species are found in the West Indies and less commonly on the Atlantic coast of the United States, -- the common cero (Scomberomorus caballa), called also kingfish, and spotted, or king, cero (S. regalis).

CEROGRAPH Ce"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. khros wax + -graph.]

Defn: A writing on wax. Knight.

CEROGRAPHIC; CEROGRAPHICAL Ce`ro*graph"ic, Ce`ro*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cerography.

CEROGRAPHIST Ce*rog"ra*phist, n.

Defn: One who practices cerography.

CEROGRAPHY Ce*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

1. The art of making characters or designs in, or with, wax.

2. A method of making stereotype plates from inscribed sheets of wax.

CEROLITE Cer"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. * wax + -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous silicate of magnesium, allied to serpentine, occurring in waxlike masses of a yellow or greenish color.

CEROMA Ce*ro"ma, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. The unguent (a composition of oil and wax) with which wrestles were anointed among the ancient Romans.

2. (Anc. Arch.)

Defn: That part of the baths and gymnasia in which bathers and wrestlers anointed themselves.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cere of birds.

CEROMANCY Cer"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by dropping melted wax in water.

CEROON Ce*roon", n. Etym: [See Seroon.]

Defn: A bale or package. covered with hide, or with wood bound with hide; as, a ceroon of indigo, cochineal, etc.

CEROPLASTIC Ce`ro*plas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Fine arts) (a) Relating to the art of modeling in wax. (b) Modeled in wax; as, a ceroplastic figure.

CEROPLASTICS; CEROPLASTY Ce`ro*plas"tics, Ce`ro*plas"ty, n. Etym: [Gr. céroplastique.]

Defn: The art of modeling in wax.

CEROSIN Cer"o*sin, n. Etym: [L. cera wax.] (Chem.)

Defn: A waxy substance obtained from the bark of the sugar cane, and crystallizing in delicate white laminæ.

CEROTE Ce"rote, n. Etym: [Obs.]

Defn: See Cerate.

CEROTENE Cer"o*tene, n. Etym: [L. cerotum a pomade. See Cerate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white waxy solid obtained from Chinese wax, and by the distillation of cerotin.

CEROTIC Ce*rot"ic, a. Etym: [See Cerotene.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, beeswax or Chinese wax; as, cerotic acid or alcohol.

CEROTIN Cer"o*tin, n. Etym: [See Cerotene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline substance, C27H55.OH, obtained from Chinese wax, and regarded as an alcohol of the marsh gas series; -- called also cerotic alcohol, ceryl alcohol.

CEROTYPE Ce"ro*type`, n. [Gr. wax + -type.]

Defn: A printing process of engraving on a surface of wax spread on a steel plate, for electrotyping.

CERRIAL Cer"ri*al, a. Etym: [L. cerreus, fr. cerrus a kind of oak.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cerris. Chaplets green of cerrial oak. Dryden.

CERRIS Cer"ris, n. Etym: [L. cerrus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of oak (Quercus cerris) native in the Orient and southern Europe; -- called also bitter oak and Turkey oak.

CERTAIN Cer"tain, a. Etym: [F. certain, fr. (assumed) LL. certanus, fr. L. certus determined, fixed, certain, orig. p. p. of cernere to perceive, decide, determine; akin to Gr. concern, critic, crime, riddle a sieve, rinse, v.]

1. Assured in mind; having no doubts; free from suspicions concerning. To make her certain of the sad event. Dryden. I myself am certain of you. Wyclif.

2. Determined; resolved; -- used with an infinitive. However, I with thee have fixed my lot, Certain to undergo like doom. Milton.

3. Not to be doubted or denied; established as a fact. The dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure. Dan. ii. 45.

4. Actually existing; sure to happen; inevitable. Virtue that directs our ways Through certain dangers to uncertain praise. Dryden. Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all. Shak.

5. Unfailing; infallible. I have often wished that I knew as certain a remedy for any other distemper. Mead.

6. Fixed or stated; regular; determinate. The people go out and gather a certain rate every day. Ex. xvi. 4.

7. Not specifically named; indeterminate; indefinite; one or some; -- sometimes used independenty as a noun, and meaning certain persons. It came to pass when he was in a certain city. Luke. v. 12. About everything he wrote there was a certain natural grace und decorum. Macaulay. For certain, assuredly. -- Of a certain, certainly.

Syn. -- Bound; sure; true; undeniable; unquestionable; undoubted; plain; indubitable; indisputable; incontrovertible; unhesitating; undoubting; fixed; stated.

CERTAIN Cer"tain, n.

1. Certainty. [Obs.] Gower.

2. A certain number or quantity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CERTAIN Cer"tain, adv.

Defn: Certainly. [Obs.] Milton.

CERTAINLY Cer"tain*ly, adv.

Defn: Without doubt or question; unquestionably.

CERTAINNESS Cer"tain*ness, n.

Defn: Certainty.

CERTAINTY Cer"tain*ty, n.; pl. Certainties. Etym: [OF. certaineté.]

1. The quality, state, or condition, of being certain. The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes. Fisher Ames.

2. A fact or truth unquestionable established. Certainties are uninteresting and sating. Landor.

3. (Law)

Defn: Clearness; freedom from ambiguity; lucidity. Of a certainty, certainly.

CERTES Cer"tes, adv. Etym: [F. certes, for à certes, fr. L. certus. See Certain.]

Defn: Certainly; in truth; verily. [Archaic] Certes it great pity was to see Him his nobility so foul deface. Spenser.

CERTIFICATE Cer*tif"i*cate, n. Etym: [F. certificat, fr. LL. certificatus made certain, p. p. of certificare. See tify.]

1. A written testimony to the truth of any fact; as, certificate of good behavior.

2. A written declaration legally authenticated. Trial by certificate, a trial which the testimony of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as, when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the proper officer in writing, under his seal. Blackstone.

CERTIFICATE Cer*tif"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certificated; p. pr. & vb. n. Certificating.] Etym: [See Certify.]

1. To verify or vouch for by certificate.

2. To furnish with a certificate; as, to certificate the captain of a vessel; a certificated teacher.

CERTIFICATION Cer`ti*fi*ca"tion, n.Etym: [L. certificatio: cf. F. certification.]

Defn: The act of certifying.

CERTIFIER Cer"ti*fi`er, n.

Defn: One who certifies or assures.

CERTIFY Cer"ti*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Certified; p. pr. & vb. n. Certifying.] Etym: [F. certifier, LL. certificare; L. certus certain + facere to make. See Certain, and cf. Certificate, v. t.]

1. To give cetain information to; to assure; to make certain. We certify the king, that . . . thou shalt have no portion on this side the river. Ezra iv. 16.

2. To give certain information of; to make certain, as a fact; to verify. Hammond. The industry of science at once certifies and greatly extends our knowledge of the vastness of the creation. I. Taylor.

3. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration concerning, in writing, under hand, or hand and seal. The judges shall certify their opinion to the chancellor, and upon such certificate the decree is usually founded. Blackstone. Certified check, A bank check, the validity of which is certified by the bank on which it is drawn.

CERTIORARI Cer`ti*o*ra"ri, n. Etym: [So named from the emphatic word certiorari in the Latin form of the writ, which read certiorar volumus we wish to be certified.] (Law)

Defn: A writ issuing out of chancery, or a superior court, to call up the records of a inferior court, or remove a cause there depending, in order that the party may have more sure and speedy justice, or that errors and irreguarities may be corrected. It is obtained upon complaint of a party that he has not received justice, or can not have an impartial trial in the inferior court.

Note: A certiorari is the correct process to remove the proceedings of a court in which cases are tried in a manner different from the course of the common law, as of county commissioners. It is also used as an auxiliary process in order to obtain a full return to some other process. Bouvier.

CERTITUDE Cer"ti*tude, n. Etym: [LL. certitudo, fr. L. certus: cf. F. certitude. See Certain.]

Defn: Freedom from doubt; assurance; certainty. J. H. Newman.

CERULE Cer"ule, a. Etym: [L. caerulus, eguiv. to caeruleus.]

Defn: Blue; cerulean. [Obs.] Dyer.

CERULEAN Ce*ru"le*an, a. Etym: [L. caeruleus.]

Defn: Sky-colored; blue; azure. Cowper. Blue, blue, as if that sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. Bryant.

CERULEIN Ce*ru"le*in, n. [L. caeruleus sky-blue.] (Chem.)

Defn: A fast dyestuff, C20H8O6, made by heating gallein with strong sulphuric acid. It dyes mordanted fabrics green.

CERULEOUS Ce*ru"le*ous, a.

Defn: Cerulean. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CERULESCENT Ce`ru*les"cent, a. [L. caeruleus sky-blue + -escent.]

Defn: Tending to cerulean; light bluish.

CERULEUM Ce*ru"le*um, n. [NL.]

Defn: A greenish blue pigment prepared in various ways, consisting essentially of cobalt stannate. Unlike other cobalt blues, it does not change color by gaslight.

CERULIFIC Cer`u*lif"ic, a. Etym: [L.arulus dark blue + facere to make.]

Defn: Producing a blue or sky color. [R.]

CERUMEN Ce*ru"men, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cera wax.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The yellow, waxlike secretion from the glands of the external ear; the earwax.

CERUMINOUS Ce*ru"mi*nous, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or secreting, cerumen; as, the ceruminous glands.

CERUSE Ce"ruse, n. Etym: [F. céruse, L. cerussa.]

1. White lead, used as a pigment. See White lead, under White.

2. A cosmetic containing white lead. To distinguish ceruse from natural bloom. Macaulay.

3. (Min.)

Defn: The native carbonate of lead.

CERUSED Ce"rused, a.

Defn: Washed with a preparation of white lead; as, cerused face. Beau. & Fl.

CERUSITE; CERUSSITE Ce"ru*site, Ce"rus*site, n. (Min.)

Defn: Native lead carbonate; a mineral occurring in colorless, white, or yellowish transparent crystals, with an adamantine, also massive and compact.

CERVANTITE Cer"van*tite, n. Etym: [Named from Cervantes a town in Spain.] (Min.)

Defn: See under Antimony.

CERVELAT Cer"ve*lat, n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: An ancient wind instrument, resembling the bassoon in tone.

CERVICAL Cer"vi*cal, a. Etym: [L. cervix, -icis, neck: cf. F. cervical.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the neck; as, the cervical vertebræ.

CERVICIDE Cer"vi*cide, n. Etym: [L. cervus deer + caedere to kill.]

Defn: The act of killing deer; deer-slaying. [R.]

CERVINE Cer"vine, a. Etym: [L. cervinus, fr. cervus deer: cf. F. cervin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the deer, or to the family Cervidæ.

CERVIX Cer"vix, n.; pl. E. Cervixes, L. Cervices. Etym: [L.] (Anat.)

Defn: The neck; also, the necklike portion of any part, as of the womb. See Illust. of Bird.

CERVUS Cer"vus, n. Etym: [L., a deer.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of ruminants, including the red deer and other allied species.

Note: Formerly all species of deer were included in the genus Cervus.

CERYL Ce"ryl, n. Etym: [L. cera wax + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A radical, C27H55 supposed to exist in several compounds obtained from Chinese wax, beeswax, etc.

CESAREAN; CESARIAN Ce*sa"re*an, Ce*sa"ri*an, a.

Defn: Same as Cæsarean, Cæsarian.

CESARISM Ce"sar*ism, n.

Defn: See Cæsarism.

CESPITINE Ces"pi*tine, n. Etym: [L. caespes, caespitis, a turf.]

Defn: An oil obtained by distillation of peat, and containing various members of the pyridine series.

CESPITITIOUS Ces"pi*ti`tious, a. Etym: [L. caespiticius, fr. caespes turf.]

Defn: Same as Cespitious. [R.] Gough.

CESPITOSE Ces"pi*tose`, a. Etym: [L. caespes turf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the form a piece of turf, i. e., many stems from one rootstock or from many entangled rootstocks or roots. [Written also cæspitose.]

CESPITOUS Ces"pi*tous, a. Etym: [See Cespitose.]

Defn: Pertaining to, consisting, of resembling, turf; turfy. A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems from the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet of matting. Martyn.

CESS Cess, n. Etym: [For sess, conts. from Assess.]

1. A rate or tax. [Obs. or Prof. Eng. & Scot.] Spenser.

2. Bound; measure. [Obs.] The poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess. Shak.

CESS Cess, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cessing.]

Defn: To rate; to tax; to assess. Spenser.

CESS Cess, v. i. Etym: [F. cesser. See Cease.]

Defn: To cease; to neglect. [Obs.] Spenser.

CESSANT Ces"sant a. Etym: [L. cessans, p. pr. of cessare. See Cease.]

Defn: Inactive; dormant [Obs.] W. Montagu.

CESSATION Ces*sa"tion, n. Etym: [F. cessation, L. cessatio, fr. cessare. See Cease.]

Defn: A ceasing of discontinuance, as of action, whether termporary or final; a stop; as, a cessation of the war. The temporary cessation of the papal iniquities. Motley. The day was yearly observed for a festival by cessation from labor. Sir J. Hayward. Cessation of arms (Mil.), an armistice, or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time for a capitulation, or for other purposes.

Syn. -- Stop; rest; stay; pause; discontinuance; intermission; interval; respite; interruption; recess; remission.

CESSAVIT Ces*sa"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has ceased.] [O. Eng. Law]

Defn: A writ given by statute to recover lands when the tenant has for two years failed to perform the conditions of his tenure.

CESSER Ces"ser, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. i.] (Law)

Defn: a neglect of a tenant to perform services, or make payment, for two years.

CESSIBLE Ces"si*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cessible. See Cession.]

Defn: Giving way; yielding. [Obs.] -- Ces`si*bil"i*ty, n. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

CESSION Ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. cessio, fr. cedere to give way: cf. F. Cession. See Cede.]

1. A yielding to physical force. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Concession; compliance. [Obs.]

3. A yielding, or surrender, as of property or rights, to another person; the act of ceding. A cession of the island of New Orleans. Bancroft.

4. (Eccl. Law)

Defn: The giving up or vacating a benefice by accepting another without a proper dispensation.

5. (Civil Law)

Defn: The voluntary surrender of a person's effects to his creditors to avoid imprisonment.

CESSIONARY Ces"sion*a*ry, a. Etym: [LL. cessionarius, from cessionare to cede, fr. L. cessio: cf. F. cessionnaire. See Cession.]

Defn: Having surrendered the effects; as, a cessionary bankrupt. Martin.

CESSMENT Cess"ment, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. t.]

Defn: An assessment or tax. [Obs.] Johnson.

CESSOR Ces"sor, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. i. Cf. Cesser.] (Law)

Defn: One who neglects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. See Cessavit. Cowell.

CESSOR Ces"sor, n. Etym: [From Cess, v. t.]

Defn: An assessor. [Obs.]

CESSPIPE Cess`pipe", n.

Defn: A pipe for carrying off waste water, etc., from a sink or cesspool. Knight.

CESSPOOL Cess"pool`, n. Etym: [See Sesspol.]

Defn: A cistern in the course, or the termination, of a drain, to collect sedimentary or superfluous matter; a privy vault; any receptace of filth. [Written also sesspool.]

CEST Cest, n. Etym: [L. cestus: cf. OF. ceste.]

Defn: A woman's girdle; a cestus. [R.] Collins.

CESTODE Ces"tode, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n.

Defn: One of the Cestoidea.

CESTOID Ces"toid, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cestoidea. -- n.

Defn: One of the Cestoidea.

CESTOIDEA Ces*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., gr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of parasitic worms (Platelminthes) of which the tapeworms are the most common examples. The body is flattened, and usually but not always long, and composed of numerous joints or segments, each of which may contain a complete set of male and female reproductive organs. They have neither mouth nor intestine. See Tapeworm. [Written also Cestoda.]

CESTOLDEAN Ces*told"e*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cestoidea.

CESTRACIONT Ces*tra"ci*ont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A shark of the genus Cestracion, and of related genera. The posterior teeth form a pavement of bony plates for crushing shellfish. Most of the species are extinct. The Port Jackson shark and a similar one found in California are living examples.

CESTRACIONT Ces*tra"ci*ont, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the genus Cestracion.

CESTUS Ces"tus, n. Etym: [L. cestus girdle, Gr.

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: A girdle; particularly that of Aphrodite (or Venus) which gave the wearer the power of exciting love.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of Ctenophora. The typical species (Cestus Veneris) is remarkable for its brilliant iridescent colors, and its long, girdlelike form.

CESTUS Ces"tus, n. Etym: [L. caestus, and cestus.] (Antiq.)

Defn: A covering for the hands of boxers, made of leather bands, and often loaded with lead or iron.

CESTUY; CESTUI Ces"tuy or Ces"tui, pron. Etym: [Norm. F.] (Law)

Defn: He; the one. Cestuy que trust ( Etym: [norm. F.], a person who has the equitable and beneficial interest in property, the legal interest in which is vested in a trustee. Wharton. -- Cestuy que use ( Etym: [Norm. F.], a person for whose use land, etc., is granted to another.

CESURA Ce*su"ra, n.

Defn: See Cæsura.

CESURAL Ce*su"ral, a.

Defn: See Cæsural.

CETACEA Ce*ta"ce*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. cetus whale, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of marine mammals, including the whales. Like ordinary mammals they breathe by means of lungs, and bring forth living young which they suckle for some time. The anterior limbs are changed to paddles; the tail flukes are horizontal. There are two living suborders: (a) The Mysticete or whalebone whales, having no true teeth after birth, but with a series of plates of whalebone [see Baleen.] hanging down from the upper jaw on each side, thus making a strainer, through which they receive the small animals upon which they feed. (b) The Denticete, including the dolphins and sperm whale, which have teeth. Another suborder (Zeuglodontia) is extinct. The Sirenia were formerly included in the Cetacea, but are now made a separate order.

CETACEAN Ce*ta"cean, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cetacea.

CETACEOUS Ce*ta"ceous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cetacea.

CETE Ce"te, n. Etym: [L., pl.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cetacea, or collectively, the Cetacea.

CETENE Ce"tene, n. Etym: [See Cete.] (Chem.)

Defn: An oily hydrocarbon, C16H32, of the ethylene series, obtained from spermaceti.

CETERACH Cet"e*rach, n. Etym: [F. cétérac, fr. Ar. shetrak.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of fern with fronds (Asplenium Ceterach).

CETEWALE Cet"e*wale, n. Etym: [OF. citoal, F. zedoaire. See Zedoary.]

Defn: Same as Zedoary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CETIC Ce"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a whale.

CETIN Ce"tin, n. Etym: [L. cetus whale.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, waxy substance, forming the essential part of spermaceti.

CETOLOGICAL Ce`to*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cetology.

CETOLOGIST Ce*tol"o*gist, a.

Defn: One versed in cetology.

CETOLOGY Ce*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. cétologie.]

Defn: The description or natural history of cetaceous animals.

CETRARIC Ce*trar"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetaria Islandica). Cetraric acid. See Cetrarin.

CETRARIN Cet"ra*rin, n. Etym: [From Cetraria Islandica, the scientific name of Iceland moss.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white substance extracted from the lichen, Iceland moss (Cetraria Islandica). It consists of several ingredients, among which is cetraric acid, a white, crystalline, bitter substance.

CETYL Ce"tyl, n. Etym: [Gr. -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: A radical, C16H33, not yet isolated, but supposed to exist in a series of compounds homologous with the ethyl compounds, and derived from spermaceti.

CETYLIC Ce*tyl"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, spermaceti. Cetylic alcohol (Chem.), a white, waxy, crystalline solid, obtained from spermaceti, and regarded as homologous with ordinary, or ethyl, alcohol; ethal; - - called also cetyl alcohol.

CEYLANITE Cey"lan*ite, n. Etym: [F., fr. Ceylan Ceylon.] (Min.)

Defn: A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. It is also called pleonaste. [Written also ceylonite.]

CEYLONESE Cey`lon*ese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Ceylon. -- n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Ceylon.

C.G.S. C.G.S.

Defn: An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. -- applied to a system of units much empoyed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time.

C. G. S. C. G. S.

Defn: An abbreviation for Centimeter, Gram, Second. -- applied to a system of units much employed in physical science, based upon the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of weight or mass, and the second as the unit of time.

C. G. T. C. G. T.

Defn: An abbreviation for Confédération Générale du Travail (the French syndicalist labor union).

CHA Cha (chä), n. [Chin. ch"a.] [Also chaa, chais, tsia, etc.]

Defn: Tea; -- the Chinese (Mandarin) name, used generally in early works of travel, and now for a kind of rolled tea used in Central Asia.

A pot with hot water . . . made with the powder of a certain herb called chaa, which is much esteemed. Tr. J. Van Linschoten's Voyages (1598).

CHAB Chab, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The red-bellied wood pecker (Melanerpes Carolinus).

CHABASITE; CABAZITE Chab"a*site, Cab"a*zite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral occuring in glassy rhombohedral crystals, varying, in color from white to yellow or red. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also chabasie.

CHABLIS Cha*blis", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A white wine made near Chablis, a town in France.

CHABOUK; CHABUK Cha*bouk", Cha*buk", n. Etym: [Hind. chabuk horsewhip.]

Defn: A long whip, such as is used in the East in the infliction of punishment. Balfour.

CHACE Chace, n.

Defn: See 3d Chase, n., 3.

CHACE Chace, v. t.

Defn: To pursue. See Chase v. t.

CHACHALACA Cha`cha*la"ca, n. Etym: [Native name, prob. given in imitation of its cry.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The texan guan (Ortalis vetula). [written also chiacalaca.]

CHACMA Chac"ma, n. Etym: [Native name.]

Defn: A large species of African baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius); -- called also ursine baboon.

Note: [See Illust. of Baboon.]

CHACONNE Cha*conne", n. Etym: [F., fr. Sp. chacona.] (Mus.)

Defn: An old Spanish dance in moderate three-four measure, like the Passacaglia, which is slower. Both are used by classical composers as themes for variations.

CHAD Chad, n.

Defn: See Shad. [Obs.]

CHAETETES Chæ*te"tes, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of fossil corals, common in the lower Silurian limestones.

CHAETIFEROUS Chæ*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Bearing setæ.

CHAETODONT Chæ"to*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine fish of the family Chætodontidæ. The chætodonts have broad, compressed bodies, and usually bright colors.

CHAETODONT Chæto*dont, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chætodonts or the family Chætodontidæ.

CHAETOGNATH Chæ"tog*nath, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chætognatha.

CHAETOGNATHA Chæ*tog"na*tha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl)

Defn: An order of free-swimming marine worms, of which the genus Sagitta is the type. They have groups of curved spines on each side of the head.

CHAETOPOD Chæ"to*pod, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the Chætopoda. -- n.

Defn: One of the Chætopoda.

CHAETOPODA Chæ*top"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very extensive order of Annelida, characterized by the presence of lateral setæ, or spines, on most or all of the segments. They are divided into two principal groups: Oligochæta, including the earthworms and allied forms, and Polychæta, including most of the marine species.

CHAETOTAXY Chæ"to*tax`y, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The arrangement of bristles on an insect.

CHAFE Chafe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chafed; p pr. & vb. n. Chafing.] Etym: [OE. chaufen to warm, OF. chaufer, F. chauffer, fr. L. calefacere, calfacere, to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make. See Caldron.]

1. To ecxite heat in by friction; to rub in order to stimulate and make warm. To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin. Spenser.

2. To excite passion or anger in; to fret; to irritate. Her intercession chafed him. Shak.

3. To fret and wear by rubbing; as, to chafe a cable. Two slips of parchment which she sewed round it to prevent its being chafed. Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To rub; fret; gall; vex; excite; inflame.

CHAFE Chafe, v. i.

Defn: To rub; to come together so as to wear by rubbing; to wear by friction. Made its great boughs chafe together. Longfellow. The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores. Shak.

2. To be worn by rubbing; as, a cable chafes.

3. To have a feeling of vexation; to be vexed; to fret; to be irritated. Spenser. He will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter. Shak.

CHAFE Chafe, n.

1. Heat excited by friction.

2. Injury or wear caused by friction.

3. Vexation; irritation of mind; rage. The cardinal in a chafe sent for him to Whitehall. Camden.

CHAFER Chaf"er, n.

1. One who chafes.

2. A vessel for heating water; -- hence, a dish or pan. A chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons. Baker.

CHAFER Chaf"er, n. Etym: [AS. ceafor; akin to D. kever, G këfer.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of beetle; the cockchafer. The name is also applied to other species; as, the rose chafer.

CHAFERY Chaf"er*y, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.] (Iron Works)

Defn: An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars.

CHAFEWAX; CHAFFWAX Chafe"wax`, or Chaff"wax`, n. (Eng. Law)

Defn: Formerly a chancery officer who fitted wax for sealing writs and other documents.

CHAFEWEED Chafe"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The cudweed (Gnaphalium), used to prevent or cure chafing.

CHAFF Chaff, n. Etym: [AC. ceaf; akin to D. kaf, G. kaff.]

1. The glumes or husks of grains and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing, etc. So take the corn and leave the chaff behind. Dryden. Old birds are not caught with caff. Old Proverb.

2. Anything of a comparatively light and worthless character; the refuse part of anything. The chaff and ruin of the times. Shak.

3. Straw or hay cut up fine for the food of cattle. By adding chaff to his corn, the horse must take more time to eat it. In this way chaff is very useful. Ywatt.

4. Light jesting talk; banter; raillery.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: The scales or bracts on the receptacle, which subtend each flower in the heads of many Compositæ, as the sunflower. Gray. Chaff cutter, a machine for cutting, up straw, etc., into "chaff" for the use of cattle.

CHAFF Chaff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffing.]

Defn: To use light, idle lagnguage by way of fun or ridicule; to banter.

CHAFF Chaff, v. t.

Defn: To make fun of; to turn into ridicule by addressing in ironical or bantering language; to quiz. Morgan saw that his master was chaffing him. Thackeray. A dozen honest fellows . . . chaffed each other about their sweethearts. C. Kingsley.

CHAFFER Chaff"er, n.

Defn: One who chaffs.

CHAFFER Chaf"fer, n. Etym: [OE. chaffare, cheapfare; AS. ceáp a bargain, price + faru a journey; hence, originally, a going to barain, to market. See Cheap, and Fare.]

Defn: Bargaining; merchandise. [Obs.] Holished.

CHAFFER Chaf"fer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chaffered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaffering.] Etym: [OE. chaffaren, fr. chaffare, chapfare, cheapfare, a bargaining. See Chaffer, n.]

1. To treat or dispute about a purchase; to bargain; to haggle or higgle; to negotiate. To chaffer for preferments with his gold. Dryden.

2. To talk much and idly; to chatter. Trench.

CHAFFER Chaf"fer, v. t.

1. To buy or sell; to trade in. He chaffered chairs in which churchmen were set. Spenser.

2. To exchange; to bandy, as words. Spenser.

CHAFFERER Chaf"fer*er, n.

Defn: One who chaffers; a bargainer.

CHAFFERN Chaf"fern, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.]

Defn: A vessel for heating water. [Obs.] Johnson.

CHAFFERY Chaf"fer*y, n.

Defn: Traffic; bargaining. [Obs.] Spenser.

CHAFFINCH Chaf"finch, n. Etym: [Cf. Chiff-chaff.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of Europe (Fringilla coelebs), having a variety of very sweet songs, and highly valued as a cage bird; -- called also copper finch.

CHAFFING Chaff"ing, n.

Defn: The use of light, frivolous language by way of fun or ridicule; raillery; banter.

CHAFFLESS Chaff"less, a.

Defn: Without chaff.

CHAFFY Chaff"y, a.

1. Abounding in, or resembling, chaff. Chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail. Coleridge.

2. Light or worthless as chaff. Slight and chaffy opinion. Glanvill.

3. (Bot.) (a) Resembling chaff; composed of light dry scales. (b) Bearing or covered with dry scales, as the under surface of certain ferns, or the disk of some composite flowers.

CHAFING Chaf"ing, n. Etym: [See Chafe, v. t.]

Defn: The act of rubbing, or wearing by friction; making by rubbing. Chafing dish, a dish or vessel for cooking on the table, or for keeping food warm, either by coals, by a lamp, or by hot water; a portable grate for coals. -- Chafing gear (Naut.), any material used to protect sails, rigging, or the like, at points where they are exposed to friction.

CHAGREEN Cha*green", n.

Defn: See Shagreen.

CHAGRES FEVER Cha"gres fe"ver. (Med.)

Defn: A form of malarial fever occurring along the Chagres River, Panama.

CHAGRIN Cha*grin", n. Etym: [F., fr. chagrin shagreen, a particular kind of rough and grained leather; also a rough fishskin used for graters and files; hence (Fig.), a gnawing, corroding grief. See Shagreen.]

Defn: Vexation; mortification. I must own that I felt rather vexation and chagrin than hope and satisfaction. Richard Porson. Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin. Pope.

Syn. -- Vexation; mortification; peevishness; fretfulness; disgust; disquiet. Chagrin, Vexation, Mortification. These words agree in the general sense of pain produced by untoward circumstances. Vexation is a feeling of disquietude or irritating uneasiness from numerous causes, such as losses, disappointments, etc. Mortification is a stronger word, and denotes that keen sense of pain which results fron wounded pride or humiliating occurrences. Chagrin is literally the cutting pain produced by the friction of Shagreen leather; in its figurative sense, it varies in meaning, denoting in its lower degrees simply a state of vexation, and its higher degrees the keenest sense of mortification. "Vexation arises chiefly fron our wishes and views being crossed: mortification, from our self-importance being hurt; chagrin, from a mixture of the two." Crabb.

CHAGRIN Cha*grin", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chagrined; p. pr. & vb. n. Chargrining.] Etym: [Cf. F. chagriner See Chagrin, n.]

Defn: To excite ill-humor in; to vex; to mortify; as, he was not a little chagrined.

CHAGRIN Cha*grin", v. i.

Defn: To be vexed or annoyed. Fielding.

CHAGRIN Cha*grin", a.

Defn: Chagrined. Dryden.

CHAIN Chain, n. Etym: [F. chaîne, fr. L. catena. Cf. Catenate.]

1. A series of links or rings, usually of metal, connected, or fitted into one another, used for various purposes, as of support, of restraint, of ornament, of the exertion and transmission of mechanical power, etc. [They] put a chain of gold about his neck. Dan. v. 29.

2. That which confines, fetters, or secures, as a chain; a bond; as, the chains of habit. Driven down To chains of darkness and the undying worm. Milton.

3. A series of things linked together; or a series of things connected and following each other in succession; as, a chain of mountains; a chain of events or ideas.

4. (Surv.)

Defn: An instrument which consists of links and is used in measuring land.

Note: One commonly in use is Gunter's chain, which consists of one hundred links, each link being seven inches and ninety-two one hundredths in length; making up the total length of rods, or sixty- six, feet; hence, a measure of that length; hence, also, a unit for land measure equal to four rods square, or one tenth of an acre.

5. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Iron links bolted to the side of a vessel to bold the dead-eyes connected with the shrouds; also, the channels.

6. (Weaving)

Defn: The warp threads of a web. Knight. Chain belt (Mach.), a belt made of a chain; -- used for transmitting power. -- Chain boat, a boat fitted up for recovering lost cables, anchors, etc. -- Chain bolt (a) (Naut.) The bolt at the lower end of the chain plate, which fastens it to the vessel's side. (b) A bolt with a chain attached for drawing it out of position. -- Chain bond. See Chain timber. -- Chain bridge, a bridge supported by chain cables; a suspension bridge. -- Chain cable, a cable made of iron links. -- Chain coral (Zoöl.), a fossil coral of the genus Halysites, common in the middle and upper Silurian rocks. The tubular corallites are united side by side in groups, looking in an end view like links of a chain. When perfect, the calicles show twelve septa. -- Chain coupling. (a) A shackle for uniting lengths of chain, or connecting a chain with an object. (b) (Railroad) Supplementary coupling together of cars with a chain. -- Chain gang, a gang of convicts chained together. -- Chain hook (Naut.), a hook, used for dragging cables about the deck. -- Chain mail, flexible, defensive armor of hammered metal links wrought into the form of a garment. -- Chain molding (Arch.), a form of molding in imitation of a chain, used in the Normal style. -- Chain pier, a pier suspended by chain. -- Chain pipe (Naut.), an opening in the deck, lined with iron, through which the cable is passed into the lockers or tiers. -- Chain plate (Shipbuilding), one of the iron plates or bands, on a vessel's side, to which the standing rigging is fastened. -- Chain pulley, a pulley with depressions in the periphery of its wheel, or projections from it, made to fit the links of a chain. -- Chain pumps. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain rule (Arith.), a theorem for solving numerical problems by composition of ratios, or compound proportion, by which, when several ratios of equality are given, the consequent of each being the same as the antecedent of the next, the relation between the first antecedent and the last consequent is discovered. -- Chain shot (Mil.), two cannon balls united by a shot chain, formerly used in naval warfare on account of their destructive effect on a ship's rigging. -- Chain stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Chain timber. (Arch.) See Bond timber, under Bond. -- Chain wales. (Naut.) Same as Channels. -- Chain wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Closed chain, Open chain (Chem.), terms applied to the chemical structure of compounds whose rational formulæ are written respectively in the form of a closed ring (see Benzene nucleus, under Benzene), or in an open extended form. -- Endless chain, a chain whose ends have been united by a link.

CHAIN Chain, v. t. [imp. p. p. Chained (chand); p. pr. & vb. n. Chaining.]

1. To fasten, bind, or connect with a chain; to fasten or bind securely, as with a chain; as, to chain a bulldog. Chained behind the hostile car. Prior.

2. To keep in slavery; to enslave. And which more blest who chained his country, say Or he whose virtue sighed to lose a day Pope.

3. To unite closely and strongly. And in this vow do chain my soul to thine. Shak.

4. (Surveying)

Defn: To measure with the chain.

5. To protect by drawing a chain across, as a harbor.

CHAINLESS Chain"less, a.

Defn: Having no chain; not restrained or fettered. "The chainless mind." Byron.

CHAINLET Chain"let, n.

Defn: A small chain. Sir W. Scott.

CHAIN PUMP Chain" pump`.

Defn: A pump consisting of an endless chain, running over a drum or wheel by which it is moved, and dipping below the water to be raised. The chain has at intervals disks or lifts which fit the tube through which the ascending part passes and carry the water to the point of discharge.

CHAIN STITCH Chain" stitch`.

1. An ornamental stitch like the links of a chain; -- used in crocheting, sewing, and embroidery.

2. (Machine Sewing)

Defn: A stitch in which the looping of the thread or threads forms a chain on the under side of the work; the loop stitch, as distinguished from the lock stitch. See Stitch.

CHAIN TIE Chain tie. (Arch.)

Defn: A tie consisting of a series of connected iron bars or rods.

CHAIN WHEEL Chain" wheel`.

1. A chain pulley, or sprocket wheel.

2. An inversion of the chain pump, by which it becomes a motor driven by water.

CHAINWORK Chain"work`, n.

Defn: Work looped or linked after the manner of a chain; chain stitch work.

CHAIR Chair, n. Etym: [OE. chaiere, chaere, OF. chaiere, chaere, F. chaire pulpit, fr. L. cathedra chair, armchair, a teacher's or professor's chair, Gr. sit. See Sit, and cf. Cathedral, chaise.]

1. A movable single seat with a back.

2. An official seat, as of a chief magistrate or a judge, but esp. that of a professor; hence, the office itself. The chair of a philosophical school. Whewell. A chair of philology. M. Arnold.

3. The presiding officer of an assembly; a chairman; as, to address the chair.

4. A vehicle for one person; either a sedan borne upon poles, or two- wheeled carriage, drawn by one horse; a gig. Shak. Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.

5. An iron blok used on railways to support the rails and secure them to the sleepers. Chair days, days of repose and age. -- To put into the chair, to elect as president, or as chairman of a meeting. Macaulay. -- To take the chair, to assume the position of president, or of chairman of a meeting.

CHAIR Chair, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. Chaired; p. pr. & vb. n. Chairing.]

1. To place in a chair.

2. To carry publicly in a chair in triumph. [Eng.]

CHAIRMAN Chair"man, n.; pl. Chairmen (.

1. The presiding officer of a committee, or of a public or private meeting, or of any organized body.

2. One whose business it is to cary a chair or sedan. Breaks watchmen's heads and chairmen's glasses. Prior.

CHAIRMANSHIP Chair"man*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a chairman of a meeting or organized body.

CHAISE Chaise, n. Etym: [F. chaise seat, or chair, chaise or carriage, for chaire, from a peculiar Parisian pronunciation. See Chair.]

1. A two-wheeled carriage for two persons, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, or thoroughbraces. It is usually drawn by one horse.

2. Loosely,

Defn: a carriage in general. Cowper.

CHAJA Cha"ja, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The crested screamer of Brazil (Palamedea, or Chauna, chavaria), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna, and faithful kamichi. It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi.

CHAK Chak, v. i.

Defn: To toss up the head frequently, as a horse to avoid the restraint of the bridle.

CHALAZA Cha*la"za, n.; pl. E. Chalazas, L. Chalazæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

CHALAZAL Cha*la"zal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

CHALAZE Cha*laze", n.

Defn: Same as Chalaza.

CHALAZIFEROUS Chal`a*zif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Chalaza + -ferous.]

Defn: Having or bearing chalazas.

CHALAZION Cha*la"zi*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

CHALAZOGAMY Chal`a*zog"a*my, n. [Chalaza + -gamy, as in polygamy.] (Bot.)

Defn: A process of fecundation in which the pollen tube penetrates to the embryosac through the tissue of the chalaza, instead of entering through the micropyle. It was originally discovered by Treub in Casuarina, and has since been found to occur regularly in the families Betulaceæ and Juglandaceæ. Partial chalazogamy is found in Ulmus, the tube here penetrating the nucleus midway between the chalaza and micropyle. --Chal`a*zo*gam"ic (#), a.

CHALCANTHITE Chal*can"thite, n. Etym: [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol, under Blue.

CHALCEDONIC Chal"ce*don"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to chalcedony.

CHALCEDONY Chal*ced"o*ny, n.; pl. Chalcedonies. Etym: [ L. chalcedonius, fr. Gr. calcédoine, OE. calcidoine, casidoyne. Cf. Cassidony.] (Min.)

Defn: A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.]

Note: When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx. Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.

CHALCHIHUITL Chal`chi*huitl, n. (Min.)

Defn: The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise.

CHALCID FLY Chal"cid fly`. Etym: [From Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects (Chalcididæ. Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects.

CHALCIDIAN Chal*cid"i*an, n. Etym: [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards (Chalcidæ), having four small or rudimentary legs.

CHALCOCITE Chal"co*cite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance, and vitreous copper; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine.]

CHALCOGRAPHER; CHALCOGRAPHIST Chal*cog"ra*pher, Chal*cog"ra*phist, n.

Defn: An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

CHALCOGRAPHY Chal*cog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

CHALCOPYRITE Chal`co*pyr"ite, n. Etym: [Gr. pyrite. So named from its color.] (Min.)

Defn: Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of opper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

CHALDAIC Chal*da"ic, a. Etym: [L. Chaldaicus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldes. -- n.

Defn: The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

CHALDAISM Chal"da*ism, n.

Defn: An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

CHALDEAN Chal*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Chaldaeus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; -- so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

CHALDEE Chal"dee, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n.

Defn: The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea. Chaldee Paraphrase, A targum written in Aramaic.

CHALDRICH; CHALDER Chal"drich, Chal"der, n. Etym: [Icel. tjaldr.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

CHALDRON Chal"dron, n. Etym: [OF. chaldron, F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron.]

Defn: An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exlusively for coal and coke.

Note: In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs. De Colange.

CHALET Cha*let", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A herdsman's hut in the mountains of Switzerland. Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen. Wordsworth.

2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

CHALICE Chal"ice, n. Etym: [OR. chalis, calice, OF. chalice, calice, F. calice, fr. L. calix, akin to Gr. helmet. Cf. Calice, Calyx.]

Defn: A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

CHALICED Chal"iced, a.

Defn: Having a calyx or cup; cupshaped. "Chaliced flowers." Shak.

CHALK Chalk, n. Etym: [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz, and Cawk.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also, by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon. Black chalk, a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. -- By a long chalk, by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell. -- Chalk drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon. -- Chalk formation. See Cretaceous formation, under Cretaceous. -- Chalk line, a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. -- Chalk mixture, a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. -- Chalk period. (Geol.) See Cretaceous period, under Cretaceous. -- Chalk pit, a pit in which chalk is dug. -- Drawing chalk. See Crayon, n., 1. -- French chalk, steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. -- Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

CHALK Chalk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chalked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking.]

1. To rub or mark with chalk.

2. To manure with chalk, as land. Morimer.

3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach. Tennyson. Let a bleak paleness chalk the door. Herbert. To chalk out, to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out." Burke.

CHALKCUTTER Chalk"cut`ter, n.

Defn: A man who digs chalk.

CHALKINESS Chalk"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being chalky.

CHALKSTONE Chalk"stone`, n.

1. A mass of chalk. As chalkstones . . . beaten in sunder. Isa. xxvii. 9.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

CHALKY Chalk"y, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as, a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, n. Etym: [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny.]

1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also, the letter or message conveying the summons. A challenge to controversy. Goldsmith.

2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign.

3. A claim or demand. [Obs.] There must be no challenge of superiority. Collier.

4. (Hunting)

Defn: The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game.

5. (Law)

Defn: An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause. Blackstone

6. An exception to a person as not legally qualifed to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.] Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole panel. -- Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. -- Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. -- Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. -- Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Challenged; p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging.] Etym: [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier, chalongier, to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge, n., and cf. Calumniate.]

1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy. I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood. Locke.

2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat. By this I challenge him to single fight. Shak.

3. To claim as due; to demand as a right. Challenge better terms. Addison.

4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.] He complained of the emperors . . . and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues . . . from them. Holland.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as, the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there"

6. To take exception to; question; as, to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation.

7. (Law)

Defn: To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court.

8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualifed as a voter. [U. S.] To challenge to the array, favor, polls. See under Challenge, n.

CHALLENGE Chal"lenge, v. i.

Defn: To assert a right; to claim a place. Where nature doth with merit challenge. Shak.

CHALLENGEABLE Chal"lenge*a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be challenged.

CHALLENGER Chal"len*ger, n.

Defn: One who challenges.

CHALLIS Chal"lis, n. Etym: [F. chaly, challis, a stuff made of goat's hair.]

Defn: A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies' dresses. [Written also chally.]

CHALON Cha"lon, n.

Defn: A bed blanket. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHALYBEAN Cha*lyb"e*an, a. Etym: [L. chalybeïus, fr. chalybs steel, Gr.

1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel.

2. Of superior quality and temper; -- applied to steel. [Obs.] Milton.

CHALYBEATE Cha*lyb"e*ate, a. Etym: [NL. chalybeatus, fr. chalubeïus. See Chalubean.]

Defn: Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate springs.

CHALYBEATE Cha*lyb"e*ate, n.

Defn: Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

CHALYBEOUS Cha*lyb"e*ous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

CHALYBITE Chal"y*bite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Native iron carbonate; -- usually called siderite.

CHAM Cham, v. t. Etym: [See Chap.]

Defn: To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. More.

CHAM Cham, n. Etym: [See Khan.]

Defn: The sovereign prince of Tartary; -- now usually written khan. Shak.

CHAMADE Cha*made, n. Etym: [F. chamade, fr. Pg. chamada, fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare.] (Mil.)

Defn: A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum. They beat the chamade, and sent us carte blanche. Addison.

CHAMAL Cha"mal, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Angora goat. See Angora goat, under Angora.

CHAMBER Cham"ber, n. Etym: [F. chambre, fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber, Camera, Comrade.]

1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as, the house had four chambers.

2. pl.

Defn: Apartments in a lodging house. "A bachelor's life in chambers." Thackeray.

3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as, presence chamber; senate chamber.

4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as, the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce.

5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as, the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye.

6. pl. (Law.)

Defn: A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court.

7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.]

8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; -- formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ornance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades. Air chamber. See Air chamber, in the Vocabulary. -- Chamber of commerce, a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. -- Chamber council, a secret council. Shak. -- Chamber counsel or counselor, a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. -- Chamber fellow, a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. -- Chamber hangings, tapestry or hangings for a chamber. -- Chamber lye, urine. Shak. -- Chamber music, vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or chuch. -- Chamber practice (Law.), the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. -- To sit at chambers, to do business in chambers, as a judge.

CHAMBER Cham"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering.]

1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers.

2. To be lascivious. [Obs.]

CHAMBER Cham"ber, v. t.

1. To shut up, as inn a chamber. Shak.

2. To furnish with a chamber; as, to chamber a gun.

CHAMBERED Cham"bered, a.

Defn: Having a chamber or chambers; as, a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

CHAMBERER Cham"ber*er, n.

1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

CHAMBERING Cham"ber*ing, n.

Defn: Lewdness. [Obs.] Rom. xiii. 13.

CHAMBERLAIN Cham"ber*lain, n. Etym: [OF. chamberlain, chambrelencF. chambellon, OHG. chamerling, chamarlinc, G. kämmerling, kammer chamber (fr. L. camera) + -ling. See Chamber, and -ling.] [Formerly written chamberlin.]

1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers.

2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.]

3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court.

4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as, the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc. The lord chamberlain of England, an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household, whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

CHAMBERLAINSHIP Cham"ber*lain*ship, n.

Defn: Office if a chamberlain.

CHAMBERMAID Cham"ber*maid`, n.

1. A maidservant who has the care of chambers, making the beds, sweeping, cleaning the rooms, etc.

2. A lady's maid. [Obs.] Johnson.

CHAMBERTIN Cham`ber*tin", n.

Defn: A red wine from Chambertin near Dijon, in Burgundy.

CHAMBRANLE Cham`bran"le, n. [F.] (Arch.)

Defn: An ornamental bordering or framelike decoration around the sides and top of a door, window, or fireplace. The top piece is called the traverse and the side pieces the ascendants.

CHAMBRAY Cham"bray, n. [From Cambrai, France. Cf. Cambric.]

Defn: A gingham woven in plain colors with linen finish.

CHAMBREL Cham"brel, n.

Defn: Same as Gambrel.

CHAMECK Cha*meck", n. Etym: [Native Brazilian name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of spider monkey (Ateles chameck), having the thumbs rudimentary and without a nail.

CHAMELEON Cha*me"le*on, n. Etym: [L. Chamaeleon, Gr. Humble, and Lion.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lizardlike reptile of the genus Chamæleo, of several species, found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The skin is covered with fine granmulations; the tail is prehensile, and the body is much compressed laterally, giving it a high back.

Note: Its color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it, or with its temper when disturbed. In a cool, dark place it is nearly white, or grayish; on admitting the light, it changes to brown, bottle-green, or blood red, of various shades, and more or less mottled in arrangment. The American chameleons belong to Anolis and allied genera of the family Iguanidæ. They are more slender in form than the true chameleons, but have the same power of changing their colors. Chameleon mineral (Chem.), the compound called potassium permanganate, a dark violet, crystalline substance, KMnO4, which in formation passes through a peculiar succession of color from green to blue, purple, red, etc. See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

CHAMELEONIZE Cha*me"le*on*ize, v. t.

Defn: To change into various colors. [R.]

CHAMFER Cham"fer, n. Etym: [See Chamfron.]

Defn: The surface formed by cutting away the arris, or angle, formed by two faces of a piece of timber, stone, etc.

CHAMFER Cham"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chamfered ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chamfering.(

1. (Carp.)

Defn: To cut a furrow in, as in a column; to groove; to channel; to flute.

2. To make a chamfer on.

CHAMFRET Cham"fret, n. Etym: [See Chamfron.]

1. (Carp.)

Defn: A small gutter; a furrow; a groove.

2. A chamfer.

CHAMFRON Cham"fron, n. Etym: [F. chanfrein.] (Anc. Armor)

Defn: The frontlet, or head armor, of a horse. [Written also champfrain and chamfrain.]

CHAMISAL Cha`mi*sal", n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Sp. chamiza a kind of wild cane.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A California rosaceous shrub (Adenostoma fasciculatum) which often forms an impenetrable chaparral.

2. A chaparral formed by dense growths of this shrub.

CHAMLET Cham"let, n.

Defn: See Camlet. [Obs.]

CHAMOIS Cham"ois, n. Etym: [F. chamois, prob. fr. OG. gamz, G. gemse.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small species of antelope (Rupicapra tragus), living on the loftiest mountain ridges of Europe, as the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. It possesses remarkable agility, and is a favorite object of chase.

2. A soft leather made from the skin of the chamois, or from sheepskin, etc.; -- called also chamois leather, and chammy or shammy leather. See Shammy.

CHAMOMILE Cham"o*mile, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Camomile.

CHAMP Champ, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Champed; p. pr. & vb. n. Champing.] Etym: [Prob, of Scand. orgin; cf. dial. Sw. kämsa to chew with difficulty, champ; but cf. also OF. champier, champeyer, champoyer, to graze in fields, fr. F. champ field, fr. L. campus. Cf. Camp.]

1. To bite with repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard. Foamed and champed the golden bit. Dryden.

2. To bite into small pieces; to crunch. Steele.

CHAMP Champ, v. i.

Defn: To bite or chew impatiently. They began . . . irefully to champ upon the bit. Hooker.

CHAMP; CHAMPE Champ, Champe, n. Etym: [F. champ, L. campus field.] (Arch.)

Defn: The field or ground on which carving appears in relief.

CHAMPAGNE Cham*pagne", n. Etym: [F. See Champaign.]

Defn: A light wine, of several kinds, originally made in the province of Champagne, in France.

Note: Champagne properly includes several kinds not only of sparkling but off still wines; but in America the term is usually restricted to wines which effervesce.

CHAMPAIGN Cham*paign", n. Etym: [OF. champaigne; same word as campagne.]

Defn: A flat, open country. Fair champaign, with less rivers interveined. Milton. Through Apline vale or champaign wide. Wordsworth.

CHAMPAIGN Cham*paign", a.

Defn: Flat; open; level. A wide, champaign country, filled with herds. Addison.

CHAMPER Champ"er, n.

Defn: One who champs, or bites.

CHAMPERTOR Cham"per*tor, n. Etym: [F. champarteur a divider of fields or field rent. See Champerty.] (Law)

Defn: One guilty of champerty; one who purchases a suit, or the right of suing, and carries it on at his own expense, in order to obtain a share of the gain.

CHAMPERTY Cham"per*ty, n. Etym: [F. champart field rent, L. campipars; champ (L. campus) field + part (L. pars) share.]

1. Partnership in power; equal share of authority. [Obs.] Beauté ne sleighte, strengthe ne hardyness, Ne may with Venus holde champartye. Chaucer.

2. (Law)

Defn: The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See Maintenance.

Note: By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

CHAMPIGNON Cham*pi"gnon, n. Etym: [F., a mushroom, ultimately fr. L. campus field. See Camp.] (Bot.)

Defn: An edible species of mushroom (Agaricus campestris). Fairy ring champignon, the Marasmius oreades, which has a strong flavor but is edible.

CHAMPION Cham"pi*on, n. Etym: [F. champion, fr. LL.campio, of German origin; cf. OHG. chempho, chemphio, fighter, champf, G. kampf, contest; perh. influenced by L. campus field, taken in the sense of "field of battle."]

1. One who engages in any contest; esp. one who in ancient times contended in single combat in behalf of another's honor or rights; or one who acts or speaks in behalf of a person or a cause; a defender; an advocate; a hero. A stouter champion never handled sword. Shak. Champions of law and liberty. Fisher Ames.

2. One who by defeating all rivals, has obtained an acknowledged supremacy in any branch of athetics or game of skill, and is ready to contend with any rival; as, the champion of England.

Note: Champion is used attributively in the sense of surpassing all competitors; overmastering; as, champion pugilist; champion chess player.

Syn. -- Leader; chieftain; combatant; hero; warrior; defender; protector.

CHAMPION Cham"pi*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Championed; p. pr. & vb. n. Championing.] [Obs.] Shak.

2. To furnish with a champion; to attend or defend as champion; to support or maintain; to protect. Championed or unchampioned, thou diest. Sir W. Scott.

CHAMPIONNESS Cham"pi*on*ness, n.

Defn: A female champion. Fairfax.

CHAMPIONSHIP Cham"pi*on*ship, n.

Defn: State of being champion; leadership; supremancy.

CHAMPLAIN PERIOD Cham*plain" pe"ri*od. (Geol.)

Defn: A subdivision of the Quaternary age immediately following the Glacial period; -- so named from beds near Lake Champlain.

Note: The earlier deposits of this period are diluvial in character, as if formed in connection with floods attending the melting of the glaciers, while the later deposits are of finer material in more quiet waters, as the alluvium.

CHAMPLEVE Champ`le*vé", a. [F., p. p. of champlever to engrave. See 3d Champ, Camp, Lever a bar.] (Art)

Defn: Having the ground engraved or cut out in the parts to be enameled; inlaid in depressions made in the ground; -- said of a kind of enamel work in which depressions made in the surface are filled with enamel pastes, which are afterward fired; also, designating the process of making such enamel work. --n.

Defn: A piece of champlevé enamel; also, the process or art of making such enamel work; champlevé work.

CHAMSIN Cham*sin", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Kamsin.

CHANCE Chance, n. Etym: [F. chance, OF. cheance, fr. LL. cadentia a allusion to the falling of the dice), fr. L. cadere to fall; akin to Skr. çad to fall, L. cedere to yield, E. cede. Cf. Cadence.]

1. A supposed material or psychical agent or mode of activity other than a force, law, or purpose; fortune; fate; -- in this sense often personifed. It is strictly and philosophically true in nature and reason that there is no such thing as chance or accident; it being evident that these words do not signify anything really existing, anything that is truly an agent or the cause of any event; but they signify merely men's ignorance of the real and immediate cause. Samuel Clark. Any society into which chance might throw him. Macaulay. That power Which erring men call Chance. Milton.

2. The operation or activity of such agent. By chance a priest came down that way. Luke x. 31.

3. The supposed effect of such an agent; something that befalls, as the result of unknown or unconsidered forces; the issue of uncertain conditions; an event not calculated upon; an unexpected occurrence; a happening; accident; fortuity; casualty. It was a chance that happened to us. 1 Sam. vi. 9. The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts, And wins (O shameful chance!) the Queen of Hearts. Pope. I spake of most disastrous chance. Shak.

4. A possibity; a likelihood; an opportunity; -- with reference to a doubtful result; as, a chance result; as, a chance to escape; a chance for life; the chances are all against him. So weary with disasters, tugged with fortune. That I would get my life on any chance, To mend it, or be rid on't Shak.

5. (Math.)

Defn: Probability.

Note: The mathematical expression, of a chance is the ratio of frequency with which an event happens in the long run. If an event may happen in a ways and may fail in b ways, and each of these a + b ways is equally likely, the chance, or probability, that the event will happen is measured by the fraction a/(a + b), and the chance, or probability, that it will fail is measured by b/(a + b). Chance comer, one who, comes unexpectedly. -- The last chance, the sole remaining ground of hope. -- The main chance, the chief opportunity; that upon which reliance is had, esp. self-interest. -- Theory of chances, Doctrine of chances (Math.), that branch of mathematics which treats of the probability of the occurrence of

## particular events, as the fall of dice in given positions.

-- To mind one's chances, to take advantage of every circumstance; to seize every opportunity.

CHANCE Chance, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Chancing.]

Defn: To happen, come, or arrive, without design or expectation. "Things that chance daily." Robynson (More's Utopia). If a bird's nest chance to be before thee. Deut. xxii. 6. I chanced on this letter. Shak.

Note: Often used impersonally; as, how chances it How chance, thou art returned so soon Shak.

CHANCE Chance, v. t.

1. To take the chances of; to venture upon; -- usually with it as object. Come what will, I will chance it. W. D. Howells.

2. To befall; to happen to. [Obs.] W. Lambarde.

CHANCE Chance, a.

Defn: Happening by chance; casual.

CHANCE Chance, adv.

Defn: By chance; perchance. Gray.

CHANCEABLE Chance"a*ble, a.

Defn: Fortuitous; casual. [Obs.]

CHANCEABLY Chance"a*bly, adv.

Defn: By chance. [Obs.]

CHANCEFUL Chance"ful, a.

Defn: Hazardous. [Obs.] Spenser.

CHANCEL Chan"cel, n. Etym: [OF. chancel, F. chanceau, cancel, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars. (The chancel was formerly inclosed with lattices or crossbars) See Cancel, v. t.] (Arch.) (a) That part of a church, reserved for the use of the clergy, where the altar, or communion table, is placed. Hence, in modern use; (b) All that part of a cruciform church which is beyond the line of the transept farthest from the main front. Chancel aisle (Arch.), the aisle which passes on either side of or around the chancel. -- Chancel arch (Arch.), the arch which spans the main opening, leading to the chancel -- Chancel casement, the principal window in a chancel. Tennyson. -- Chancel table, the communion table.

CHANCELLERY Chan"cel*ler*y, n. Etym: [Cf. Chancery.]

Defn: Chancellorship. [Obs.] Gower.

CHANCELLOR Chan"cel*lor, n. Etym: [OE. canceler, chaunceler, F. chancelier, LL. cancellarius chancellor, a director of chancery, fr. L. cancelli lattices, crossbars, which surrounded the seat of judgment. See Chancel.]

Defn: A judicial court of chancery, which in England and in the United States is distinctively a court with equity jurisdiction.

Note: The chancellor was originally a chief scribe or secretary under the Roman emperors, but afterward was invested with judicial powers, and had superintendence over the other officers of the empire. From the Roman empire this office passed to the church, and every bishop has his chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. In later times, in most countries of Europe, the chancellor was a high officer of state, keeper of the great seal of the kingdom, and having the supervision of all charters, and like public instruments of the crown, which were authenticated in the most solemn manner. In France a secretary is in some cases called a chancellor. In Scotland, the appellation is given to the foreman of a jury, or assize. In the present German empire, the chancellor is the president of the federal council and the head of the imperial administration. In the United States, the title is given to certain judges of courts of chancery or equity, established by the statutes of separate States. Blackstone. Wharton. Chancellor of a bishop, or of a diocese (R. C. Ch. & ch. of Eng.), a law officer appointed to hold the bishop's court in his diocese, and to assist him in matter of ecclesiastical law. -- Chancellor of a cathedral, one of the four chief dignitaries of the cathedrals of the old foundation, and an officer whose duties are chiefly educational, with special reference to the cultivation of theology. -- Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, an officer before whom, or his deputy, the court of the duchy chamber of Lancaster is held. This is a special jurisdiction. -- Chancellor of a university, the chief officer of a collegiate body. In Oxford, he is elected for life; in Cambridge, for a term of years; and his office is honorary, the chief duties of it devolving on the vice chancellor. -- Chancellor of the exchequer, a member of the British cabinet upon whom devolves the charge of the public income and expenditure as the highest finance minister of the government. -- Chancellor of the order of the Garter (or other military orders), an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. -- Lord high chancellor of England, the presiding judge in the court of chancery, the highest judicial officer of the crown, and the first lay person of the state after the blood royal. He is created chancellor by the delivery into his custody of the great seal, of which he becomes keeper. He is privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the House of Lords by prescription.

CHANCELLORSHIP Chan"cel*lor*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a chancellor; the time during which one is chancellor.

CHANCE-MEDLEY Chance"-med`ley, n. Etym: [Chance + medley.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The kiling of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. See Chaud-Medley.

Note: The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, or to any accidental killing of a person without premeditation or evil intent, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing as happens in defending one's self against assault. Bouvier.

2. Luck; chance; accident. Milton. Cowper.

CHANCERY Chan"cer*y, n. Etym: [F. chancellerie, LL. cancellaria, from L. cancellarius. See Chancellor, and cf. Chancellery.]

1. In England, formerly, the highest court of judicature next to the Parliament, exercising jurisdiction at law, but chiefly in equity; but under the jurisdiction act of 1873 it became the chancery division of the High Court of Justice, and now exercises jurisdiction only in equity.

2. In the Unites States, a court of equity; equity; proceeding in equity.

Note: A court of chancery, so far as it is a court of equity, in the English and American sense, may be generally, if not precisely, described as one having jurisdiction in cases of rights, recognized and protected by the municipal jurisprudence, where a plain, adequate, and complete remedy can not be had in the courts of common law. In some of the American States, jurisdiction at law and in equity centers in the same tribunal. The courts of the United States also have jurisdiction both at law and in equity, and in all such cases they exercise their jurisdiction, as courts of law, or as courts of equity, as the subject of adjudication may require. In others of the American States, the courts that administer equity are distinct tribunals, having their appropriate judicial officers, and it is to the latter that the appellation courts of chancery is usually applied; but, in American law, the terms equity and court of equity are more frequently employed than the corresponding terms chancery and court of chancery. Burrill. Inns of chancery. See under Inn. -- To get (or to hold) In chancery (Boxing), to get the head of an antagonist under one's arm, so that one can pommel it with the other fist at will; hence, to have wholly in One's power. The allusion is to the condition of a person involved in the chancery court, where he was helpless, while the lawyers lived upon his estate.

CHANCRE Chan"cre, n. Etym: [F. chancere. See Cancer.] (Med.)

Defn: A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; -- called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre. Soft chancre. A chancroid. See Chancroid.

CHANCROID Chan"croid, n. Etym: [Chancre + -oil.] (Med.)

Defn: A venereal sore, resembling a chancre in its seat and some external characters, but differing from it in being the starting point of a purely local process and never of a systemic disease; -- called also soft chancre.

CHANCROUS Chan"crous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chancreux.] (Med.)

Defn: Of the nature of a chancre; having chancre.

CHANDELIER Chan`de*lier", n. Etym: [F. See Chandler.]

1. A candlestick, lamp, stand, gas fixture, or the like, having several branches; esp., one hanging from the ceiling.

2. (Fort.)

Defn: A movable parapet, serving to support fascines to cover pioneers. [Obs.]

CHANDLER Chan"dler, n. Etym: [F. chandelier a candlestick, a maker or seller of candles, LL. candelarius chandler, fr. L. candela candle. See Candle, and cf. Chandelier.]

1. A maker or seller of candles. The chandler's basket, on his shoulder borne, With tallow spots thy coat. Gay.

2. A dealer in other commodities, which are indicated by a word prefixed; as, ship chandler, corn chandler.

CHANDLERLY Chan"dler*ly, a.

Defn: Like a chandler; in a petty way. [Obs.] Milton.

CHANDLERY Chan"dler*y, n.

Defn: Commodities sold by a chandler.

CHANDOO Chan*doo", n.

Defn: An extract or preparation of opium, used in China and India for smoking. Balfour.

CHANDRY Chan"dry, n.

Defn: Chandlery. [Obs.] "Torches from the chandry." B. Jonson.

CHANFRIN Chan"frin, n. Etym: [F. chanfrein. Cf. Chamfron.]

Defn: The fore part of a horse's head.

CHANGE Change, v. t. [Imp. & p. p. Changed; p. pr. & vb. n. Changing.] Etym: [F. changer, fr. LL. cambiare, to exchange, barter, L. cambire. Cf. Cambial.]

1. To alter; to make different; to cause to pass from one state to another; as, to change the position, character, or appearance of a thing; to change the countenance. Therefore will I change their glory into shame. Hosea. iv. 7.

2. To alter by substituting something else for, or by giving up for something else; as, to change the clothes; to change one's occupation; to change one's intention. They that do change old love for new, Pray gods, they change for worse! Peele.

3. To give and take reciprocally; to exchange; -- followed by with; as, to change place, or hats, or money, with another. Look upon those thousands with whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune and condition. Jer. Taylor.

4. Specifically: To give, or receive, smaller denominations of money (technically called change) for; as, to change a gold coin or a bank bill. He pulled out a thirty-pound note and bid me change it. Goldsmith. To change a horse, or To change hand (Man.), to turn or bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to right, or from the right to the left. -- To change hands, to change owners. -- To change one's tune, to become less confident or boastful. [Colloq.] -- To change step, to take a break in the regular succession of steps, in marching or walking, as by bringing the hollow of one foot against the heel of the other, and then stepping off with the foot which is in advance.

Syn. -- To alter; vary; deviate; substitute; innovate; diversify; shift; veer; turn. See Alter.

CHANGE Change, v. i.

1. To be altered; to undergo variation; as, men sometimes change for the better. For I am Lord, I change not. Mal. iii. 6.

2. To pass from one phase to another; as, the moon changes to-morrow night.

CHANGE Change, n. Etym: [F. change, fr. changer. See Change. v. t.]

1. Any variation or alteration; a passing from one state or form to another; as, a change of countenance; a change of habits or principles. Apprehensions of a change of dynasty. Hallam. All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come. Job xiv. 14.

2. A succesion or substitution of one thing in the place of another; a difference; novelty; variety; as, a change of seasons. Our fathers did for change to France repair. Dryden. The ringing grooves of change. Tennyson.

3. A passing from one phase to another; as, a change of the moon.

4. Alteration in the order of a series; permutation.

5. That which makes a variety, or may be substituted for another. Thirty change (R.V. changes) of garments. Judg. xiv. 12.

6. Small money; the money by means of which the larger coins and bank bills are made available in small dealings; hence, the balance returned when payment is tendered by a coin or note exceeding the sum due.

7. Etym: [See Exchange.]

Defn: A place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building appropriated for mercantile transactions. [Colloq. for Exchange.]

8. A public house; an alehouse. [Scot.] They call an alehouse a change. Burt.

9. (Mus.)

Defn: Any order in which a number of bells are struck, other than that of the diatonic scale. Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing. Holder. Change of life, the period in the life of a woman when menstruation and the capacity for conception cease, usually occurring between forty-five and fifty years of age. -- Change ringing, the continual production, without repetition, of changes on bells, See def. 9. above. -- Change wheel (Mech.), one of a set of wheels of different sizes and number of teeth, that may be changed or substituted one for another in machinery, to produce a different but definite rate of angular velocity in an axis, as in cutting screws, gear, etc. -- To ring the changes on, to present the same facts or arguments in variety of ways.

Syn. -- Variety; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; vicissitude; innovation; novelty; transmutation; revolution; reverse.

CHANGEABILITY Change`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: Changeableness.

CHANGEABLE Change"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. changeable.]

1. Capable of change; subject to alteration; mutable; variable; fickle; inconstant; as, a changeable humor.

2. Appearing different, as in color, in different lights, or under different circumstances; as, changeable silk.

Syn. -- Mutable; alterable; variable; inconstant; fitful; vacillating; capricious; fickle; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; wavering; erratic; giddy; volatile.

CHANGEABLENESS Change"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being changeable; fickleness; inconstancy; mutability.

CHANGEABLY Change"a*bly, adv.

Defn: In a changeable manner.

CHANGEFUL Change"ful, a.

Defn: Full of change; mutable; inconstant; fickle; uncertain. Pope. His course had been changeful. Motley. -- Change"ful*ly, adv. -- Change"ful*ness, n.

CHANGE GEAR Change gear. (Mach.)

Defn: A gear by means of which the speed of machinery or of a vehicle may be changed while that of the propelling engine or motor remains constant; -- called also change-speed gear.

CHANGE KEY Change key.

Defn: A key adapted to open only one of a set of locks; -- distinguished from a master key.

CHANGELESS Change"less, a.

Defn: That can not be changed; constant; as, a changeless purpose. -- Change"less*ness, n.

CHANGELING Change"ling, n. Etym: [Change + -ling.]

1. One who, or that which, is left or taken in the place of another, as a child exchanged by fairies. Such, men do changelings call, so changed by fairies' theft. Spenser. The changeling [a substituted writing] never known. Shak.

2. A simpleton; an idiot. Macaulay. Changelings and fools of heaven, and thence shut out. Wildly we roam in discontent about. Dryden.

3. One apt to change; a waverer. "Fickle changelings." Shak.

CHANGELING Change"ling, a.

1. Taken or left in place of another; changed. "A little changeling boy." Shak.

2. Given to change; inconstant. [Obs.] Some are so studiously changeling. Boyle.

CHANGER Chan"ger, n.

1. One who changes or alters the form of anything.

2. One who deals in or changes money. John ii. 14.

3. One apt to change; an inconstant person.

CHANK Chank", n. Etym: [Skr. çankha. See Conch.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The East Indian name for the large spiral shell of several species of sea conch much used in making bangles, esp. Turbinella pyrum. Called also chank chell.

CHANNEL Chan"nel, n. Etym: [OE. chanel, canel, OF. chanel, F. chenel, fr. L. canalis. See Canal.]

1. The hollow bed where a stream of water runs or may run.

2. The deeper part of a river, harbor, strait, etc., where the main current flows, or which affords the best and safest passage for vessels.

3. (Geog.)

Defn: A strait, or narrow sea, between two portions of lands; as, the British Channel.

4. That through which anything passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting; as, the news was conveyed to us by different channels. The veins are converging channels. Dalton. At best, he is but a channel to convey to the National assembly such matter as may import that body to know. Burke.

5. A gutter; a groove, as in a fluted column.

6. pl. Etym: [Cf. Chain wales.] (Naut.)

Defn: Flat ledges of heavy plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, to increase the spread of the shrouds and carry them clear of the bulwarks. Channel bar, Channel iron (Arch.), an iron bar or beam having a section resembling a flat gutter or channel. -- Channel bill (Zoöl.), a very large Australian cucko (Scythrops Novæhollandiæ. -- Channel goose. (Zoöl.) See Gannet.

CHANNEL Chan"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Channeled, or Channelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Channeling, or Channelling.]

1. To form a channel in; to cut or wear a channel or channels in; to groove. No more shall trenching war channel her fields. Shak.

2. To course through or over, as in a channel. Cowper.

CHANNELING Chan"nel*ing, n.

1. The act or process of forming a channel or channels.

2. A channel or a system of channels; a groove.

CHANSON Chan"son, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cantion song. See Cantion, Canzone.]

Defn: A song. Shak.

CHANSON DE GESTE Chan`son" de geste". [F., prop., song of history.]

Defn: Any Old French epic poem having for its subject events or exploits of early French history, real or legendary, and written originally in assonant verse of ten or twelve syllables. The most famous one is the Chanson de Roland.

Langtoft had written in the ordinary measure of the later chansons de geste. Saintsbury.

CHANSONNETTE Chan`son*nette", n.; pl. Chansonnettes. Etym: [F., dim. of chanson.]

Defn: A little song. These pretty little chansonnettes that he sung. Black.

CHANT Chant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chanting.] Etym: [F. chanter, fr. L. cantare, intens. of canere to sing. Cf. Cant affected speaking, and see Hen.]

1. To utter with a melodious voice; to sing. The cheerful birds . . . do chant sweet music. Spenser.

2. To celebrate in song. The poets chant in the theaters. Bramhall.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: To sing or recite after the manner of a chant, or to a tune called a chant.

CHANT Chant, v. i.

1. To make melody with the voice; to sing. "Chant to the sound of the viol." Amos vi. 5.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: To sing, as in reciting a chant. To chant (or chaunt) horses, to sing their praise; to overpraise; to cheat in selling. See Chaunter. Thackeray.

CHANT Chant, n.Etym: [F. chant, fr. L. cantus singing, song, fr. canere to sing. See Chant, v. t.]

1. Song; melody.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A short and simple melody, divided into two parts by double bars, to which unmetrical psalms, etc., are sung or recited. It is the most ancient form of choral music.

3. A psalm, etc., arranged for chanting.

4. Twang; manner of speaking; a canting tone. [R.] His strange face, his strange chant. Macaulay. Ambrosian chant, See under Ambrosian. Chant royal Etym: [F.], in old French poetry, a poem containing five strophes of eleven lines each, and a concluding stanza. -- each of these six parts ending with a common refrain. -- Gregorian chant. See under Gregorian.

CHANTANT Chan`tant", a. Etym: [F. singing.] (Mus.)

Defn: Composed in a melodious and singing style.

CHANTER Chant"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chanteur.]

1. One who chants; a singer or songster. Pope.

2. The chief singer of the chantry. J. Gregory.

3. The flute or finger pipe in a bagpipe. See Bagpipe.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hedge sparrow.

CHANTERELLE Chan`te*relle", n. Etym: [F.] (Bot.)

Defn: A name for several species of mushroom, of which one (Cantharellus cibrius) is edible, the others reputed poisonous.

CHANTEY Chant"ey, n. [Cf. F. chanter to sing, and Chant. n.]

Defn: A sailor's song.

May we lift a deep-sea chantey such as seamen use at sea Kipling.

CHANTICLEER Chan"ti*cleer, n. Etym: [F. Chanteclair, name of the cock in the Roman du Renart (Reynard the Fox); chanter to chant + clair clear. See Chant, and Clear.]

Defn: A cock, so called from the clearness or loundness of his voice in crowing.

CHANTING Chant"ing, n.

Defn: Singing, esp. as a chant is sung. Chanting falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon (Melierax canorus or musicus). The male has the habit, remarkable in a bird of prey, of singing to his mate, while she is incubating.

CHANTOR Chant"or, n.

Defn: A chanter.

CHANTRESS Chant"ress, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chanteresse.]

Defn: A female chanter or singer. Milton.

CHANTRY Chant"ry, n.; pl. Chantries. Etym: [OF. chanterie, fr. chanter to sing.]

1. An endowment or foundation for the chanting of masses and offering of prayers, commonly for the founder.

2. A chapel or altar so endowed. Cowell.

CHAOMANCY Cha"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of apperances in the air.

CHAOS Cha"os, n. Etym: [L. chaos chaos (in senses 1 & 2), Gr. Chasm.]

1. An empty, immeasurable space; a yawning chasm. [Archaic] Between us and there is fixed a great chaos. Luke xvi. 26 (Rhemish Trans. ).

2. The confused, unorganized condition or mass of matter before the creation of distinct and order forms.

3. Any confused or disordered collection or state of things; a confused mixture; confusion; disorder.

CHAOTIC Cha*ot"ic, a.

Defn: Resembling chaos; confused.

CHAOTICALLY Cha*ot"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chaotic manner.

CHAP Chap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chapping.] Etym: [See Chop to cut.]

1. To cause to open in slits or chinks; to split; to cause the skin of to crack or become rough. Then would unbalanced heat licentious reign, Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain. Blackmore. Nor winter's blast chap her fair face. Lyly.

2. To strike; to beat. [Scot.]

CHAP Chap, v. i.

1. To crack or open in slits; as, the earth chaps; the hands chap.

2. To strike; to knock; to rap. [Scot.]

CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [From Chap, v. t. & i.]

1. A cleft, crack, or chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the skin.

2. A division; a breach, as in a party. [Obs.] Many clefts and chaps in our council board. T. Fuller.

3. A blow; a rap. [Scot.]

CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [OE. chaft; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel kjaptr jaw, Sw. Käft, D. kiæft; akin to G. kiefer, and E. jowl. Cf. Chops.]

1. One of the jaws or the fleshy covering of a jaw; -- commonly in the plural, and used of animals, and colloquially of human beings. His chaps were all besmeared with crimson blood. Cowley. He unseamed him [Macdonald] from the nave to the chaps. Shak.

2. One of the jaws or cheeks of a vise, etc.

CHAP Chap, n. Etym: [Perh. abbreviated fr. chapman, but used in a more general sense; or cf. Dan. kiæft jaw, person, E. chap jaw.]

1. A buyer; a chapman. [Obs.] If you want to sell, here is your chap. Steele.

2. A man or boy; a youth; a fellow. [Colloq.]

CHAP Chap, v. i. Etym: [See Cheapen.]

Defn: To bargain; to buy. [Obs.]

CHAPARAJOS Cha`pa*ra"jos, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.]

Defn: Overalls of sheepskin or leather, usually open at the back, worn, esp. by cowboys, to protect the legs from thorny bushes, as in the chaparral; -- called also chapareras or colloq. chaps. [Sp. Amer.]

CHAPARERAS Cha`pa*re"ras, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.]

Defn: Same as Chaparajos. [Sp. Amer.]

CHAPARRAL Cha`par*ral", n. Etym: [Sp., fr. chaparro an evergeen oak.]

1. A thicket of low evergreen oaks.

2. An almost impenetrable thicket or succession of thickets of thorny shrubs and brambles. Chaparral cock; fem. Chaparral hen (Zoöl.), a bird of the cuckoo family (Geococcyx Californianus), noted for running with great speed. It ranges from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas; -- called also road runner, ground cuckoo, churea, and snake killerit is the state bird of New Mexico.

CHAPBOOK Chap"book`, n. Etym: [See Chap to cheapen.]

Defn: Any small book carried about for sale by chapmen or hawkers. Hence, any small book; a toy book.

CHAPE Chape, n. Etym: [F., a churchman's cope, a cover, a chape, fr. L. cappa. See Cap.]

1. The piece by which an object is attached to something, as the frog of a scabbard or the metal loop at the back of a buckle by which it is fastened to a strap.

2. The transverse guard of a sword or dagger.

3. The metal plate or tip which protects the end of a scabbard, belt, etc. Knight.

CHAPEAU Cha`peau", n.; pl. Chapeux. Etym: [F., fr. OF. chapel hat. See Chaplet.]

1. hat or covering for the head.

2. (Her.)

Defn: A cap of maintenance. See Maintenance. Chapeau bras ( Etym: [F. chapeau hat + bras arm], a hat so made that it can be compressed and carried under the arm without injury. Such hats were particularly worn on dress occasions by gentlemen in the 18th century. A chapeau bras is now worn in the United States army by general and staff officers.

CHAPED Chaped, p. p. or a.

Defn: Furnished with a chape or chapes. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHAPEL Chap"el, n. Etym: [OF. chapele, F. chapelle, fr. LL. capella, orig., a short cloak, hood, or cowl; later, a reliquary, sacred vessel, chapel; dim. of cappa, capa, cloak, cape, cope; also, a covering for the head. The chapel where St. Martin's cloak was preserved as a precious relic, itself came to be called capella, whence the name was applied to similar paces of worship, and the guardian of this cloak was called capellanus, or chaplain. See Cap, and cf. Chaplain., Chaplet.]

1. A subordinate place of worship; as, (a) a small church, often a private foundation, as for a memorial; (b) a small building attached to a church; (c) a room or recess in a church, containing an altar.

Note: In Catholic churches, and also in cathedrals and abbey churches, chapels are usually annexed in the recesses on the sides of the aisles. Gwilt.

2. A place of worship not connected with a church; as, the chapel of a palace, hospital, or prison.

3. In England, a place of worship used by dissenters from the Established Church; a meetinghouse.

4. A choir of singers, or an orchastra, attached to the court of a prince or nobleman.

5. (Print.) (a) A printing office, said to be so called because printing was first carried on in England in a chapel near Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of workmen in a printing office. Chapel of ease. (a) A chapel or dependent church built for the ease or a accommodation of an increasing parish, or for parishioners who live at a distance from the principal church. (b) A privy. (Law) -- Chapel master, a director of music in a chapel; the director of a court or orchestra. -- To build a chapel (Naut.), to chapel a ship. See Chapel, v. t., 2. -- To hold a chapel, to have a meeting of the men employed in a printing office, for the purpose of considering questions affecting their interests.

CHAPEL Chap"el, v. t.

1. To deposit or inter in a chapel; to enshrine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To cause (a ship taken aback in a light breeze) so to turn or make a circuit as to recover, without bracing the yards, the same tack on which she had been sailing.

CHAPELESS Chape"less, a.

Defn: Without a chape.

CHAPELET Chap"e*let, n. Etym: [F. See Chaplet.]

1. A pair of Straps, with stirrups, joined at the top and fastened to the pommel or the frame of the saddle, after they have been adjusted to the convenience of the rider. [Written also chaplet.]

2. A kind of chain pump, or dredging machine.

CHAPELLANY Chap"el*la*ny, n.; pl. Chapellanies. Etym: [Cf. E. chapellenie, LL. capellania. See Chaplain.]

Defn: A chapel within the jurisdiction of a church; a subordinate ecclesiastical foundation.

CHAPELRY Chap"el*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chapelerie.]

Defn: The territorial disrict legally assigned to a chapel.

CHAPERON Chap"er*on, n. Etym: [F. chaperon. See Chape, Cape, Cap.]

1. A hood; especially, an ornamental or an official hood. His head and face covered with a chaperon, out of which there are but two holes to look through. Howell.

2. A divice placed on the foreheads of horses which draw the hearse in pompous funerals.

3. A matron who accompanies a young lady in public, for propriety, or as a guide and protector.

CHAPERON Chap"er*on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chaperoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Chaperoning.] Etym: [Cf. F. chaperonner, fr. chaperon.]

Defn: To attend in public places as a guide and protector; to matronize. Fortunately Lady Bell Finley, whom I had promised to chaperon, sent to excuse herself. Hannah More.

CHAPERONAGE Chap"er*on`age, n.

Defn: Attendance of a chaperon on a lady in public; protection afforded by a chaperon.

CHAPFALLEN Chap"fall`en, a.

Defn: Having the lower chap or jaw drooping, -- an indication of humiliation and dejection; crestfallen; discouraged. See Chopfallen.

CHAPITER Chap"i*ter, n. Etym: [OF. chapitel, F. chapiteau, from L. capitellum, dim. of caput head. Cf. Capital, Chapter.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A capital [Obs.] See Chapital. Ex. xxxvi. 38.

2. (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: A summary in writing of such matters as are to be inquired of or presented before justices in eyre, or justices of assize, or of the peace, in their sessions; -- also called articles. Jacob.

CHAPLAIN Chap"lain, n. Etym: [F. chapelain, fr. LL. capellanus, fr. capella. See Chapel.]

1. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who performs religious service in a chapel.

2. A clergyman who is officially atteched to the army or navy, to some public institution, or to a family or court, for the purpose of performing divine service.

3. Any person (clergyman or layman) chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc.; as, a chaplain of a Masonic or a temperance lodge.

CHAPLAINCY Chap"lain*cy, n.; pl. Chaplaincies (.

Defn: The office, position, or station of a chaplain. Swift.

CHAPLAINSHIP Chap"lain*ship, n.

1. The office or business of a chaplain. The Bethesda of some knight's chaplainship. Milton.

2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Johnson.

CHAPLESS Chap"less, a.

Defn: Having no lower jaw; hence, fleshless. [R.] "Yellow, chapless skulls." Shak.

CHAPLET Chap"let, n. Etym: [F. chapelet, dim. of OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. LL. cappa. See Cap, and cf. Chapelet, Chapeau.]

1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head.

2. A string of beads, or part of a string, used by Roman Catholic in praying; a third of a rosary, or fifty beads. Her chaplet of beads and her missal. Longfellow.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A small molding, carved into beads, pearls, olives, etc.

4. (Man.)

Defn: A chapelet. See Chapelet, 1.

5. (Founding)

Defn: A bent piece of sheet iron, or a pin with thin plates on its ends, for holding a core in place in the mold.

6. A tuft of feathers on a peacock's head. Johnson.

CHAPLET Chap"let, n.

Defn: A small chapel or shrine.

CHAPLET Chap"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chapleted.]

Defn: To adorn with a chaplet or with flowers. R. Browning.

CHAPMAN Chap"man, n.; pl. Chapmen. Etym: [AS. ceápman; ceáp trade + man man; akin to D. koopman, Sw. köpman, Dan. kiöpmand, G. kaufmann.f. Chap to cheapen, and see Cheap.]

1. One who buys and sells; a merchant; a buyer or a seller. [Obs.] The word of life is a quick commodity, and ought not, as a drug to be obtruded on those chapmen who are unwilling to buy it. T. Fuller.

2. A peddler; a hawker.

CHAPPY Chap"py,

Defn: Full of chaps; cleft; gaping; open.

CHAPS Chaps, n. pl.

Defn: The jaws, or the fleshy parts about them. See Chap. "Open your chaps again." Shak.

CHAPTER Chap"ter, n. Etym: [OF. chapitre, F. chapitre, fr. L. capitulum, dim. of caput head, the chief person or thing, the principal division of a writing, chapter. See Chief, and cf, Chapiter.]

1. A division of a book or treatise; as, Genesis has fifty chapters.

2. (Eccl.) (a) An assembly of monks, or of the prebends and other clergymen connected with a cathedral, conventual, or collegiate church, or of a diocese, usually presided over by the dean. (b) A community of canons or canonesses. (c) A bishop's council. (d) A business meeting of any religious community.

3. An organized branch of some society or fraternity as of the Freemasons. Robertson.

4. A meeting of certain organized societies or orders.

5. A chapter house. [R.] Burrill.

6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe.

7. A location or compartment. In his bosom! In what chapter of his bosom Shak. Chapter head, or Chapter heading, that which stands at the head of a chapter, as a title. -- Chapter house, a house or room where a chapter meets, esp. a cathedral chapter. -- The chapter of accidents, chance. Marryat.

CHAPTER Chap"ter, v. t.

1. To divide into chapters, as a book. Fuller.

2. To correct; to bring to book, i. e., to demand chapter and verse. [Obs.] Dryden.

CHAPTREL Chap"trel, n. Etym: [See Chapiter.] (Arch.)

Defn: An impost. [Obs.]

CHAR; CHARR Char, Charr, n. Etym: [Ir. cear, Gael. ceara, lit., red, blood- colored, fr. cear blood. So named from its red belly.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the several species of fishes of the genus Salvelinus, allied to the spotted trout and salmon, inhabiting deep lakes in mountainous regions in Europe. In the United States, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is sometimes called a char.

CHAR Char, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A car; a chariot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHAR Char, n. Etym: [OE. cherr, char a turning, time, work, AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, occasion, business, fr. cerran, cyrran, to turn; akin to OS. kërian, OHG. chëran, G. kehren. Cf. Chore, Ajar.]

Defn: Work done by the day; a single job, or task; a chore. [Written also chare.] [Eng.] When thou hast done this chare, I give thee leave To play till doomsday. Shak.

CHAR; CHARE Char, Chare, v. t. Etym: [See 3d Char.]

1. To perform; to do; to finish. [Obs.] Nores. Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband. Old Proverb.

2. To work or hew, as stone. Oxf. Gloss.

CHAR; CHARE Char, Chare, v. i.

Defn: To work by the day, without being a regularly hired servant; to do small jobs.

CHAR Char, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charred; p. pr. & vb. n. Charring.] Etym: [Prob. the same word as char to perform (see Char, n.), the modern use coming from charcoal, prop. coal-turned, turned to coal.]

1. To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder.

2. To burn slightly or partially; as, to char wood.

CHARA Cha"ra, n. Etym: [NL., of uncertain origin.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of flowerless plants, having articulated stems and whorled branches. They flourish in wet places.

CHAR-A-BANC Char`-a-banc", n.; pl. Chars-a-banc. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A long, light, open vehicle, with benches or seats running lengthwise.

CHARACT Char"act, n.

Defn: A distinctive mark; a character; a letter or sign. [Obs.] See Character. In all his dressings, characts, titles, forms. Shak.

CHARACTER Char"ac*ter, n. Etym: [L., an instrument for marking, character, Gr. caractère.]

1. A distinctive mark; a letter, figure, or symbol. It were much to be wished that there were throughout the world but one sort of character for each letter to express it to the eye. Holder.

2. Style of writing or printing; handwriting; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person or people; as, an inscription in the Runic character. You know the character to be your brother's Shak.

3. The peculiar quality, or the sum of qualities, by which a person or a thing is distinguished from others; the stamp impressed by nature, education, or habit; that which a person or thing really is; nature; disposition. The character or that dominion. Milton. Know well each Ancient's proper character; His fable, subject, scope in every page; Religion, Country, genius of his Age. Pope. A man of . . . thoroughly subservient character. Motley.

4. Strength of mind; resolution; independence; individuality; as, he has a great deal of character.

5. Moral quality; the principles and motives that control the life; as, a man of character; his character saves him from suspicion.

6. Quality, position, rank, or capacity; quality or conduct with respect to a certain office or duty; as, in the miserable character of a slave; in his character as a magistrate; her character as a daughter.

7. The estimate, individual or general, put upon a person or thing; reputation; as, a man's character for truth and veracity; to give one a bad character. This subterraneous passage is much mended since Seneca gave so bad a character of it. Addison.

8. A written statement as to behavior, competency, etc., given to a servant. [Colloq.]

9. A unique or extraordinary individuality; a person characterized by peculiar or notable traits; a person who illustrates certain phases of character; as, Randolph was a character; Cæsar is a great historical character.

10. One of the persons of a drama or novel.

Note: "It would be well if character and reputation were used distinctively. In truth, character is what a person is; reputation is what he is supposed to be. Character is in himself, reputation is in the minds of others. Character is injured by temptations, and by wrongdoing; reputation by slanders, and libels. Character endures throughout defamation in every form, but perishes when there is a voluntary transgression; reputation may last through numerous transgressions, but be destroyed by a single, and even an unfounded, accusation or aspersion." Abbott.

CHARACTER Char"ac*ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charactered.]

1. To engrave; to inscribe. [R.] These trees shall be my books. And in their barks my thoughts I 'll character. Shak.

2. To distinguish by particular marks or traits; to describe; to characterize. [R.] Mitford.

CHARACTERISM Char"ac*ter*ism, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A distinction of character; a characteristic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CHARACTERISTIC Char`ac*ter*is"tic, a. Etym: [Gr. charactéristique.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or serving to constitute, the character; showing the character, or distinctive qualities or traits, of a person or thing; peculiar; distinctive. Characteristic clearness of temper. Macaulay.

CHARACTERISTIC Char`ac*ter*is"tic, n.

1. A distinguishing trait, quality, or property; an element of character; that which characterized. Pope. The characteristics of a true critic. Johnson.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The integral part (whether positive or negative) of a logarithm.

CHARACTERISTICAL Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al, a.

Defn: Characteristic.

CHARACTERISTICALLY Char`ac*ter*is"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a characteristic manner; in a way that characterizes.

CHARACTERIZATION Char`ac*ter*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of characterizing.

CHARACTERIZE Char"ac*ter*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Characterized; p. pr. & vb. n. Characterizing.] Etym: [LL. characterizare, Gr. charactériser.]

1. To make distinct and recognizable by peculiar marks or traits; to make with distinctive features. European, Asiatic, Chinese, African, and Grecian faces are Characterized. Arbuthot.

2. To engrave or imprint. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

3. To indicate the character of; to describe. Under the name of Tamerlane he intended to characterize King William. Johnson.

4. To be a characteristic of; to make, or express the character of. The softness and effeminacy which characterize the men of rank in most countries. W. Irving.

Syn. -- To describe; distinguish; mark; designate; style; particularize; entitle.

CHARACTERLESS Char"ac*ter*less, a.

Defn: Destitute of any distinguishing quality; without character or force.

CHARACTERY Char"ac*ter*y, n.

1. The art or means of characterizing; a system of signs or characters; symbolism; distinctive mark. Fairies use flowers for their charactery. Shak.

2. That which is charactered; the meaning. [Obs.] I will construe to thee All the charactery of my sad brows. Shak.

CHARADE Cha*rade", n. Etym: [F. charade, cf. Pr. charrada long chat, It ciarlare to chat, whence E. charlatan.]

Defn: A verbal or acted enigma based upon a word which has two or more significant syllables or parts, each of which, as well as the word itself, is to be guessed from the descriptions or representations.

CHARBOCLE Char"bo*cle, n.

Defn: Carbuncle. [Written also Charboncle.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHARBON Char"bon, n. Etym: [F., coal, charbon.]

1. (Far.)

Defn: A small black spot or mark remaining in the cavity of the corner tooth of a horse after the large spot or mark has become obliterated.

2. A very contagious and fatal disease of sheep, horses, and cattle. See Maligmant pustule.

CHARCOAL Char"coal`, n. Etym: [See Char, v. t., to burn or to reduce to coal, and Coal.]

1. Impure carbon prepared from vegetable or animal substances; esp., coal made by charring wood in a kiln, retort, etc., from which air is excluded. It is used for fuel and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: Finely prepared charcoal in small sticks, used as a drawing implement. Animal charcoal, a fine charcoal prepared by calcining bones in a closed vessel; -- used as a filtering agent in sugar refining, and as an absorbent and disinfectant. -- Charcoal blacks, the black pigment, consisting of burnt ivory, bone, cock, peach stones, and other substances. -- Charcoal drawing (Fine Arts), a drawing made with charcoal. See Charcoal, 2. Until within a few years this material has been used almost exclusively for preliminary outline, etc., but at present many finished drawings are made with it. -- Charcoal point, a carbon pencil prepared for use un an electric light apparatus. -- Mineral charcoal, a term applied to silky fibrous layers of charcoal, interlaminated in beds of ordinary bituminous coal; -- known to miners as mother of coal.

CHARD Chard, n. Etym: [Cf. F. carde esclent thistle.]

1. The tender leaves or leafstalks of the artichoke, white beet, etc., blanched for table use.

2. A variety of the white beet, which produces large, succulent leaves and leafstalks.

CHARE Chare, n.

Defn: A narrow street. [Prov. Eng.]

CHARE Chare, n. & v.

Defn: A chore; to chore; to do. See Char.

CHARGE Charge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charged; p. pr. & vb. n. Charging.] Etym: [OF. chargier, F. charger, fr. LL. carricare, fr. L. carrus wagon. Cf. Cargo, Caricature, Cark, and see Car.]

1. To lay on or impose, as a load, tax, or burden; to load; to fill. A carte that charged was with hay. Chaucer. The charging of children's memories with rules. Locke.

2. To lay on or impose, as a task, duty, or trust; to command, instruct, or exhort with authority; to enjoin; to urge earnestly; as, to charge a jury; to charge the clergy of a diocese; to charge an agent. Moses . . . charged you to love the Lord your God. Josh. xxii. 5. Cromwell, I charge thee, fing away ambition. Shak.

3. To lay on, impose, or make subject to or liable for. When land shal be charged by any lien. Kent.

4. To fix or demand as a prince; as, he charges two dollars a barrelk for apples.

5. To place something to the account of as a debt; to debit, as to charge one with goods. Also, to enter upon the debit side of an account; as, to charge a sum to one.

6. To impute or ascribe; to lay to one's charge. No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime On native loth and negligence of time. Dryden.

7. To accuse; to make a charge or assertion against (a) person or thing); to lay the responsibility (for something said or done) at the door of. If the did that wrong you charge with. Tennyson.

8. To place within or upon any firearm, piece of apparatus or machinery, the quantity it is intended and fitted to hold or bear; to load; to fill; as, to charge a gun; to charge an electrical machine, etc. Their battering cannon charged to the mouths. Shak.

9. To ornament with or cause to bear; as, to charge an architectural member with a molding.

10. (Her.)

Defn: To assume as a bearing; as, he charges three roses or; to add to or represent on; as, he charges his shield with three roses or.

11. To call to account; to challenge. [Obs.] To charge me to an answer. Shak.

12. To bear down upon; to rush upon; to attack. Charged our main battle's front. Shak.

Syn. -- To intrust; command; exhort; instruct; accuse; impeach; arraign. See Accuse.

CHARGE Charge, v. i.

1. To make an onset or rush; as, to charge with fixed bayonets. Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron. Glanvill. "Charge for the guns!" he said. Tennyson.

2. To demand a price; as, to charge high for goods.

3. To debit on an account; as, to charge for purchases.

4. To squat on its belly and be still; -- a command given by a sportsman to a dog.

CHARGE Charge, n. Etym: [F. charge, fr. charger to load. See Charge, v. t., and cf. Cargo, Caricature.]

1. A load or burder laid upon a person or thing.

2. A person or thing commited or intrusted to the care, custody, or management of another; a trust.

Note: The people of a parish or church are called the charge of the clergyman who is set over them.

3. Custody or care of any person, thing, or place; office; responsibility; oversight; obigation; duty. 'Tis a great charge to come under one body's hand. Shak.

4. Heed; care; anxiety; trouble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. Harm. [Obs.] Chaucer.

6. An order; a mandate or command; an injunction. The king gave cherge concerning Absalom. 2. Sam. xviii. 5.

7. An address (esp. an earnest or impressive address) containing instruction or exhortation; as, the charge of a judge to a jury; the charge of a bishop to his clergy.

8. An accusation of a wrong of offense; allegation; indictment; specification of something alleged. The charge of confounding very different classes of phenomena. Whewell.

9. Whatever constitutes a burden on property, as rents, taxes, lines, etc.; costs; expense incurred; -- usually in the plural.

10. The price demanded for a thing or service.

11. An entry or a account of that which is due from one party to another; that which is debited in a business transaction; as, a charge in an account book.

12. That quantity, as of ammunition, electricity, ore, fuel, etc., which any apparatus, as a gun, battery, furnace, machine, etc., is intended to receive and fitted to hold, or which is actually in it at one time

13. The act of rushing upon, or towards, an enemy; a sudden onset or attack, as of troops, esp. cavalry; hence, the signal for attack; as, to sound the charge. Never, in any other war afore, gave the Romans a hotter charge upon the enemies. Holland. The charge of the light brigade. Tennyson.

14. A position (of a weapon) fitted for attack; as, to bring a weapon to the charge.

15. (Far.)

Defn: A soft of plaster or ointment.

16. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing. See Bearing, n., 8.

17. Etym: [Cf. Charre.]

Defn: Thirty-six pigs of lead, each pig weighing about seventy pounds; -- called also charre.

18. Weight; import; value. Many suchlike "as's" of great charge. Shak. Back charge. See under Back, a. -- Bursting charge. (a (Mil.) The charge which bursts a shell, etc. (b (Mining) A small quantity of fine powder to secure the ignition of a charge of coarse powder in blasting. -- Charge and discharge (Equity Practice), the old mode or form of taking an account before a master in chancery. -- Charge sheet, the paper on which are entered at a police station all arrests and accusations. -- To sound the charge, to give the signal for an attack.

Syn. -- Care; custody; trust; management; office; expense; cost; price; assault; attack; onset; injunction; command; order; mandate; instruction; accusation; indictment.

CHARGEABLE Charge"a*ble, a.

1. That may be charged, laid, imposed, or imputes; as, a duty chargeable on iron; a fault chargeable on a man.

2. Subject to be charge or accused; liable or responsible; as, revenues chargeable with a claim; a man chargeable with murder.

3. Serving to create expense; costly; burdensome. That we might not be chargeable to any of you. 2. Thess. iii. 8. For the sculptures, which are elegant, were very chargeable. Evelyn.

CHARGEABLENESS Charge"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being chargeable or expensive. [Obs.] Whitelocke.

CHARGEABLY Charge"a*bly, adv.

Defn: At great cost; expensively. [Obs.]

CHARGEANT Char"geant, a. Etym: [F. chargeant, fr. charger to load.]

Defn: Burdensome; troublesome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHARGE D'AFFAIRES Char`gé" d'af`faires", n.; pl. Chargés d'affaires. Etym: [F., "charged with affairs."]

Defn: A diplomatic representative, or minister of an inferior grade, accredited by the government of one state to the minister of foreign affairs of another; also, a substitute, ad interim, for an ambassador or minister plenipotentiary.

CHARGEFUL Charge"ful, a.

Defn: Costly; expensive. [Obs.] The fineness of the gold and chargeful fashion. Shak.

CHARGEHOUSE Charge"house`, n.

Defn: A schoolhouse. [Obs.]

CHARGELESS Charge"less, a.

Defn: Free from, or with little, charge.

CHARGEOUS Char"geous, a.

Defn: Burdensome. [Obs.] I was chargeous to no man. Wyclif, (2 Cor. xi. 9).

CHARGER Char"ger, n.

1. One who, or that which charges.

2. An instrument for measuring or inserting a charge.

3. A large dish. [Obs.] Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger. Matt. xiv. 8.

4. A horse for battle or parade. Macaulay. And furious every charger neighed. Campbell.

CHARGESHIP Char*ge"ship, n.

Defn: The office of a chargé d'affaires.

CHARILY Char"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chary manner; carefully; cautiously; frugally.

CHARINESS Char"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being chary.

CHARIOT Char"i*ot, n. Etym: [F. Chariot, from char car. See Car.]

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: A two-wheeled car or vehicle for war, racing, state processions, etc. First moved the chariots, after whom the foot. Cowper.

2. A four-wheeled pleasure or state carriage, having one seat. Shak.

CHARIOT Char"i*ot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charioted; p. pr. & vb. n. Charioting.]

Defn: To convey in a chariot. Milton.

CHARIOTEE Char`i*ot*ee", n.

Defn: A light, covered, four-wheeled pleasure carriage with two seats.

CHARIOTEER Char`i*ot*eer", n.

1. One who drives a chariot.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: A constellation. See Auriga, and Wagones.

CHARISM Cha"rism, n. Etym: [Gr. .] (Eccl.)

Defn: A miraculously given power, as of healing, speaking foreign languages without instruction, etc., attributed to some of the early Christians.

CHARISMATIC Char`is*mat"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a charism.

CHARITABLE Char"i*ta*ble, a.Etym: [F. See Charity.]

1. Full of love and good will; benevolent; kind. Be thy intents wicked or charitable, . . . . . . I will speak to thee. Shak.

2. Liberal in judging of others; disposed to look on the best side, and to avoid harsh judgment.

3. Liberal in benefactions to the poor; giving freely; generous; beneficent. What charitable men afford to beggars. Shak.

4. Of or pertaining to charity; springing from, or intended for, charity; relating to almsgiving; elemosynary; as, a charitable institution.

5. Dictated by kindness; favorable; lenient. By a charitable construction it may be a sermon. L. Andrews.

Syn. -- Kind; beneficent; benevolent; generous; lenient; forgiving; helpful; liberal; favorable; indulgent.

CHARITABLENESS Char"i*ta*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being charitable; the exercise of charity.

CHARITABLY Char"i*ta*bly, adv.

Defn: In a charitable manner.

CHARITY Char"i*ty, n.; pl. Charities. Etym: [F. charité fr. L. caritas dearness, high regard, love, from carus dear, costly, loved; asin to Skr. kam to wish, love, cf. Ir. cara a friend, W. caru to love. Cf. Caress.]

1. Love; universal benevolence; good will.

Defn: Now abideth faith, hope, charity, three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1. Cor. xiii. 13. They, at least, are little to be envied, in whose hearts the great charities . . . lie dead. Ruskin. With malice towards none, with charity for all. Lincoln.

2. Liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to put the best construction on the words and

## actions of others.

The highest exercise of charity is charity towards the uncharitable. Buckminster.

3. Liberality to the poor and the suffering, to benevolent institutions, or to worthy causes; generosity. The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to the Trojans, spake like a Christian. Dryden.

4. Whatever is bestowed gratuitously on the needy or suffering for their relief; alms; any act of kindness. She did ill then to refuse her a charity. L'Estrange.

5. A charitable institution, or a gift to create and support such an institution; as, Lady Margaret's charity.

6. pl. (Law)

Defn: Eleemosynary appointments [grants or devises] including relief of the poor or friendless, education, religious culture, and public institutions. The charities that soothe, and heal, and bless, Are scattered at the feet of man like flowers. Wordsworth. Sisters of Charity (R. C. Ch.), a sisterhood of religious women engaged in works of mercy, esp. in nursing the sick; -- a popular designation. There are various orders of the Sisters of Charity.

Syn. -- Love; benevolence; good will; affection; tenderness; beneficence; liberality; almsgiving.

CHARIVARI Cha*ri`va*ri", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A mock serenade of discordant noises, made with kettles, tin horns, etc., designed to annoy and insult.

Note: It was at first performed before the house of any person of advanced age who married a second time.

CHARK Chark, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. charcoal.]

Defn: Charcoal; a cinder. [Obs.] DeFoe.

CHARK Chark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charked.]

Defn: To burn to a coal; to char. [Obs.]

CHARLATAN Char"la*tan, n. Etym: [F. charlatan, fr. It. ciarlatano, fr. ciarlare to chartter, prate; of imitative origin; cf. It. zirlare to whistle like a thrush.]

Defn: One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions; a quack; an impostor; an empiric; a mountebank.

CHARLATANIC; CHARLATANICAL Char`la*tan"ic, Char`la*tan"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or like a charlatan; making undue pretension; empirical; pretentious; quackish. -- Char`la*tan"ic*al*ly, adv.

CHARLATANISM Char"la*tan*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. charlatanisme.]

Defn: Charlatanry.

CHARLATANRY Char"la*tan*ry, n. Etym: [F. charlatanrie, from It. ciarlataneria. See Charlatan.]

Defn: Undue pretensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; empiricism.

CHARLES'S WAIN Charles's Wain. Etym: [Charles + wain; cf. AS. Carles w (for wægn), Sw. karlvagnen, Dan. karlsvogn. See Churl, and Wain.] (Astron.)

Defn: The group of seven stars, commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear. See Ursa major, under Ursa.

Note: The name is sometimes also applied to the Constellation.

CHARLIE Char"lie, n.

1. A familiar nickname or substitute for Charles.

2. A night watchman; -- an old name.

3. A short, pointed beard, like that worn by Charles I.

4. As a proper name, a fox; -- so called in fables and familiar literature.

CHARLOCK Char"lock, n. Etym: [AS. cerlic; the latter part perh. fr. AS. leác leek. Cf. Hemlock.] (Bot.)

Defn: A cruciferous plant (Brassica sinapistrum) with yellow flowers; wild mustard. It is troublesome in grain fields. Called also chardock, chardlock, chedlock, and kedlock. Jointed charlock, White charlock, a troublesome weed (Raphanus Raphanistrum) with straw- colored, whitish, or purplish flowers, and jointed pods: wild radish.

CHARLOTTE Char"lotte, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A kind of pie or pudding made by lining a dish with slices of bread, and filling it with bread soaked in milk, and baked. Charlotte Russe (, or Charlotte à la russe Etym: [F., lit., Russian charlotte] (Cookery), a dish composed of custard or whipped cream, inclosed in sponge cake.

CHARM Charm, n. Etym: [F. charme, fr. L. carmen song, verse, incantation, for casmen, akin to Skr. çasman, çasa, a laudatory song, from a root signifying to praise, to sing.]

1. A melody; a song. [Obs.] With charm of earliest birds. Milton. Free liberty to chant our charms at will. Spenser.

2. A word or combination of words sung or spoken in the practice of magic; a magical combination of words, characters, etc.; an incantation. My high charms work. Shak.

3. That which exerts an irresistible power to please and attract; that which fascinates; any alluring quality. Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul. Pope. The charm of beauty's powerful glance. Milton.

4. Anything worn for its supposed efficacy to the wearer in averting ill or securing good fortune.

5. Any small decorative object worn on the person, as a seal, a key, a silver whistle, or the like. Bunches of charms are often worn at the watch chain.

Syn. - Spell; incantation; conjuration; enchantment; fascination; attraction.

CHARM Charm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charmed; p. pr. & vb. n. Charming.] Etym: [Cf. F. charmer. See Charm, n.]

1. To make music upon; to tune. [Obs. & R.] Here we our slender pipes may safely charm. Spenser.

2. To subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to affect by magic. No witchcraft charm thee! Shak.

3. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe. Music the fiercest grief can charm. Pope.

4. To attract irresistibly; to delight exceedingly; to enchant; to fascinate. They, on their mirth and dance Intent, with jocund music charm his ear. Milton.

5. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences; as, a charmed life. I, in my own woe charmed, Could not find death. Shak.

Syn. - To fascinate; enchant; enrapture; captivate; bewitch; allure; subdue; delight; entice; transport.

CHARM Charm, v. i.

1. To use magic arts or occult power; to make use of charms. The voice of charmers, charming never so wisely. Ps. lviii. 5.

2. To act as, or produce the effect of, a charm; to please greatly; to be fascinating.

3. To make a musical sound. [Obs.] Milton.

CHARMEL Char"mel, n. Etym: [Heb.]

Defn: A fruitful field. Libanus shall be turned into charmel, and charmel shall be esteemed as a forest. Isa. xxix. 17 (Douay version).

CHARMER Charm"er, n.

1. One who charms, or has power to charm; one who uses the power of enchantment; a magician. Deut. xviii. 11.

2. One who delights and attracts the affections.

CHARMERESS Charm"er*ess, n.

Defn: An enchantress. Chaucer.

CHARMFUL Charm"ful, a.

Defn: Abounding with charms. "His charmful lyre." Cowley.

CHARMING Charm"ing, a.

Defn: Pleasing the mind or senses in a high degree; delighting; fascinating; attractive. How charming is divine philosophy. Milton.

Syn. - Enchanting; bewitching; captivating; enrapturing; alluring; fascinating; delightful; pleasurable; graceful; lovely; amiable; pleasing; winning. -- Charm"ing*ly, adv. -- Charm"ing*ness, n.

CHARMLESS Charm"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of charms. Swift.

CHARNECO; CHARNICO Char"ne*co, Char"ni*co, n.

Defn: A sort of sweet wine. [Obs.] Shak.

CHARNEL Char"nel, a. Etym: [F. charnel carnal, fleshly, fr. L. carnalis. See Carnal.]

Defn: Containing the bodies of the dead. "Charnel vaults." Milton. Charnel house, a tomb, vault, cemetery, or other place where the bones of the dead are deposited; originally, a place for the bones thrown up when digging new graves in old burial grounds.

CHARNEL Char"nel, n.

Defn: A charnel house; a grave; a cemetery. In their proud charnel of Thermopylæ. Byron.

CHARON Cha"ron, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Cless. Myth.)

Defn: The son of Erebus and Nox, whose office it was to ferry the souls of the dead over the Styx, a river of the infernal regions. Shak.

CHARPIE Char"pie, n. Etym: [F., properly fem. p. p. of OF. charpir, carpir, to pluck, fr. L. carpere. Cf. Carpet.] (Med.)

Defn: Straight threads obtained by unraveling old linen cloth; -- used for surgical dressings.

CHARQUI Char"qui, n. Etym: [Sp. A term used in South America, Central America, and the Western United States.]

Defn: Jerked beef; beef cut into long strips and dried in the wind and sun. Darwin.

CHARR Charr, n.

Defn: See 1st Char.

CHARRAS Char"ras, n.

Defn: The gum resin of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Same as Churrus. Balfour.

CHARRE Charre, n. Etym: [LL. charrus a certain weight.]

Defn: See Charge, n., 17.

CHARRY Char"ry, a. Etym: [See 6th Char.]

Defn: Pertaining to charcoal, or partaking of its qualities.

CHART Chart, n. Etym: [A doublet of card: cf. F. charte charter, carte card. See Card, and cf. Charter.]

1. A sheet of paper, pasteboard, or the like, on which information is exhibited, esp. when the information is arranged in tabular form; as, an historical chart.

2. A map; esp., a hydrographic or marine map; a map on which is projected a portion of water and the land which it surrounds, or by which it is surrounded, intended especially for the use of seamen; as, the United States Coast Survey charts; the English Admiralty charts.

3. A written deed; a charter. Globular chart, a chart constructed on a globular projection. See under Globular. -- Heliographic chart, a map of the sun with its spots. -- Mercator's chart, a chart constructed on the principle of Mercator's projection. See Projection. -- Plane chart, a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which its spherical form is disregarded, the meridians being drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude at equal distances. -- Selenographic chart, a map representing the surface of the moon. -- Topographic chart, a minute delineation of a limited place or region.

CHART Chart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Charted.]

Defn: To lay down in a chart; to map; to delineate; as, to chart a coast.

CHARTA Char"ta, n. Etym: [L., leaf of paper. See Chart.] (Law) (a) Material on which instruments, books, etc., are written; parchment or paper. (b) A charter or deed; a writing by which a grant is made. See Magna Charta.

CHARTACEOUS Char*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. chartaceus. See Charta.]

Defn: Resembling paper or parchment; of paper-like texture; papery.

CHARTE Charte, n. Etym: [F. See Chart.]

Defn: The constitution, or fundamental law, of the French monarchy, as established on the restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1814.

CHARTER Char"ter, n. Etym: [OF. chartre, F. chartre, charte, fr. L. chartula a little paper, dim. of charta. See Chart, Card.]

1. A written evidence in due form of things done or granted, contracts made, etc., between man and man; a deed, or conveyance. [Archaic]

2. An instrument in writing, from the sovereign power of a state or country, executed in due form, bestowing rights, franchises, or privileges. The king [John, a.d. 1215], with a facility somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter which was required of him. This famous deed, commonly called the "Great Charter," either granted or secured very important liberties and privileges to every order of men in the kingdom. Hume.

3. An act of a legislative body creating a municipal or other corporation and defining its powers and privileges. Also, an instrument in writing from the constituted authorities of an order or society (as the Freemasons), creating a lodge and defining its powers.

4. A special privilege, immunity, or exemption. My mother, Who has a charter to extol her blood, When she does praise me, grieves me. Shak.

5. (Com.)

Defn: The letting or hiring a vessel by special contract, or the contract or instrument whereby a vessel is hired or let; as, a ship is offered for sale or charter. See Charter party, below. Charter land (O. Eng. Law), land held by charter, or in socage; bookland. -- Charter member, one of the original members of a society or corporation, esp. one named in a charter, or taking part in the first proceedings under it. -- Charter party Etym: [F. chartre partie, or charte partie, a divided charter; from the practice of cutting the instrument of contract in two, and giving one part to each of the contractors] (Com.), a mercantile lease of a vessel; a specific contract by which the owners of a vessel let the entire vessel, or some principal part of the vessel, to another person, to be used by the latter in transportation for his own account, either under their charge or his. -- People's Charter (Eng. Hist.), the document which embodied the demands made by the Chartists, so called, upon the English government in 1838.

CHARTER Char"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chartered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chartering.]

1. To establish by charter.

2. To hire or let by charter, as a ship. See Charter party, under Charter, n.

CHARTERED Char"tered, a.

1. Granted or established by charter; having, or existing under, a charter; having a privilege by charter. The sufficiency of chartered rights. Palfrey. The air, a chartered libertine. Shak.

2. Hired or let by charter, as a ship.

CHARTERER Char"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who charters; esp. one who hires a ship for a voyage.

CHARTERHOUSE Char"ter*house`, n.

Defn: A well known public school and charitable foundation in the building once used as a Carthusian monastery (Chartreuse) in London.

CHARTERIST Char"ter*ist, n.

Defn: Same as Chartist.

CHARTISM Chart"ism, n. Etym: [F. charte charter. Cf. Charte, Chart.]

Defn: The principles of a political party in England (1838-48), which contended for universal suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, and other radical reforms, as set forth in a document called the People's Charter.

CHARTIST Chart"ist, n.

Defn: A supporter or partisan of chartism. [Eng.]

CHARTLESS Chart"less, a.

1. Without a chart; having no guide.

2. Not mapped; uncharted; vague. Barlow.

CHARTOGRAPHER; CHARTOGRAPHIC; CHARTOGRAPHY Char*tog"ra*pher, n., Char`to*graph"ic (, a., Char*tog"ra*phy (, n., etc.

Defn: Same as Cartographer, Cartographic, Cartography, etc.

CHARTOMANCY Char"to*man`cy, n. Etym: [L. charta paper + -mancy. Cf. Cartomancy.]

Defn: Divination by written paper or by cards.

CHARTOMETER Char*tom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Chart + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring charts or maps.

CHARTREUSE Char`treuse", n. Etym: [F.]

1. A Carthusian monastery; esp. La Grande Chartreuse, mother house of the order, in the mountains near Grenoble, France.

2. An alcoholic cordial, distilled from aromatic herbs; -- made at La Grande Chartreuse.

CHARTREUX Char`treux", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A Carthusian.

CHARTULARY Char"tu*la*ry, n.

Defn: See Cartulary.

CHARWOMAN Char"wom`an, n.; pl. Charwomen. Etym: [See Char a chore.]

Defn: A woman hired for odd work or for single days.

CHARY Char"y, a. Etym: [AS. cearig careful, fr. cearu care. See Care.]

Defn: Careful; wary; cautious; not rash, reckless, or spendthrift; saving; frugal. His rising reputation made him more chary of his fame. Jeffrey.

CHARYBDIS Cha*ryb"dis, n. Etym: [L., Gr.

Defn: A dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily opposite Scylla on the Italian coast. It is personified as a female monster. See Scylla.

CHASABLE Chas"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being chased; fit for hunting. Gower.

CHASE Chase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chased; p. pr. & vb. n. Chasing.] Etym: [OF. chacier, F. chasser, fr. (assumed) LL. captiare, fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See Catch.]

1. To pursue for the purpose of killing or taking, as an enemy, or game; to hunt. We are those which chased you from the field. Shak. Philologists, who chase A panting syllable through time and place. Cowper.

2. To follow as if to catch; to pursue; to compel to move on; to drive by following; to cause to fly; -- often with away or off; as, to chase the hens away. Chased by their brother's endless malice from prince to prince and from place to place. Knolles.

3. To pursue eagerly, as hunters pursue game. Chasing each other merrily. Tennyson.

CHASE Chase, v. i.

Defn: To give chase; to hunt; as, to chase around after a doctor. [Colloq.]

CHASE Chase, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chasse, fr. chasser. See Chase, v.]

1. Vehement pursuit for the purpose of killing or capturing, as of an enemy, or game; an earnest seeking after any object greatly desired; the act or habit of hunting; a hunt. "This mad chase of fame." Dryden. You see this chase is hotly followed. Shak.

2. That which is pursued or hunted. Nay, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase, For I myself must hunt this deer to death. Shak.

3. An open hunting ground to which game resorts, and which is private properly, thus differing from a forest, which is not private property, and from a park, which is inclosed. Sometimes written chace. [Eng.]

4. (Court Tennis)

Defn: A division of the floor of a gallery, marked by a figure or otherwise; the spot where a ball falls, and between which and the dedans the adversary must drive his ball in order to gain a point. Chase gun (Naut.), a cannon placed at the bow or stern of an armed vessel, and used when pursuing an enemy, or in defending the vessel when pursued. -- Chase port (Naut.), a porthole from which a chase gun is fired. -- Stern chase (Naut.), a chase in which the pursuing vessel follows directly in the wake of the vessel pursued.

CHASE Chase, n. Etym: [F. cháse, fr. L. capsa box, case. See Case a box.] (Print.)

1. A rectangular iron frame in which pages or columns of type are imposed.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: The part of a cannon from the reënforce or the trunnions to the swell of the muzzle. See Cannon.

3. A groove, or channel, as in the face of a wall; a trench, as for the reception of drain tile.

4. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A kind of joint by which an overlap joint is changed to a flush joint, by means of a gradually deepening rabbet, as at the ends of clinker-built boats.

CHASE Chase, v. t. Etym: [A contraction of enchase.]

1. To ornament (a surface of metal) by embossing, cutting away parts, and the like.

2. To cut, so as to make a screw thread.

CHASER Chas"er, n.

1. One who or that which chases; a pursuer; a driver; a hunter.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Same as Chase gun, esp. in terms bow chaser and stern chaser. See under Bow, Stern.

CHASER Chas"er, n.

1. One who chases or engraves. See 5th Chase, and Enchase.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A tool with several points, used for cutting or finishing screw threads, either external or internal, on work revolving in a lathe.

CHASIBLE Chas"i*ble, n.

Defn: See Chasuble.

CHASING Chas"ing, n.

Defn: The art of ornamenting metal by means of chasing tools; also, a piece of ornamental work produced in this way.

CHASM Chasm, n. Etym: [L. chasma, Gr. Chaos.]

1. A deep opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a yawning abyss; a cleft; a fissure. That deep, romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill. Coleridge.

2. A void space; a gap or break, as in ranks of men. Memory . . . fills up the chasms of thought. Addison.

CHASMED Chasmed, a.

Defn: Having gaps or a chasm. [R.]

CHASMY Chas"my, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chasm; abounding in chasms. Carlyle. They cross the chasmy torrent's foam-lit bed. Wordsworth.

CHASSE Chas`se", n. Etym: [F., fr. chassé, p. p. of chasser to chase.]

Defn: A movement in dancing, as across or to the right or left.

CHASSE Chas`se", v. i. (Dancing)

Defn: To make the movement called chassé; as, all chassé; chassé to the right or left.

CHASSE-CAFE Chasse`-ca`fé", n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + café coffee.]

Defn: See Chasse, n., above.

CHASSELAS Chas"se*las, n. Etym: [F., from the village of Chasselas.]

Defn: A white grape, esteemed for the table.

CHASSE-MAREE Chasse`-ma`rée", n. [F., fr. chasser to chase + marée tide.] (Naut.)

Defn: A French coasting lugger.

CHASSEPOT Chasse`pot", n. Etym: [From the French inventor, A. A. Chassepot.] (Mil.)

Defn: A kind of breechloading, center-fire rifle, or improved needle gun.

CHASSEUR Chas`seur", n. Etym: [F., a huntsman. See Chase to pursue.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: One of a body of light troops, cavalry or infantry, trained for rapid movements.

2. An attendant upon persons of rank or wealth, wearing a plume and sword. The great chasseur who had announced her arrival. W. Irving.

CHASSIS Chas"sis, n. Etym: [F. ch.] (Mil.)

Defn: A traversing base frame, or movable railway, along which the carriage of a barbette or casemate gum moves backward and forward. [See Gun carriage.]

CHAST Chast, v. t.

Defn: to chasten. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHASTE Chaste, a. Etym: [F. chaste, from L. castus pure, chaste; cf. Gr. to purify.]

1. Pure from unlawful sexual intercourse; virtuous; continent. "As chaste as Diana." Shak. Whose bed is undefiled and chaste pronounced. Milton.

2. Pure in thought and act; innocent; free from lewdness and obscenity, or indecency in act or speech; modest; as, a chaste mind; chaste eyes.

3. Pure in design and expression; correct; free from barbarisms or vulgarisms; refined; simple; as, a chaste style in composition or art. That great model of chaste, lofty, and eloquence, the Book of Common Prayer. Macaulay.

4. Unmarried. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Undefiled; pure; virtuous; continent; immaculate; spotless. Chaste tree. Same as Agnus castus.

CHASTELY Chaste"ly, adv.

Defn: In a chaste manner; with purity.

CHASTEN Chas"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chastened; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastening.] Etym: [OE. chastien, OF. Chastier, F. Ch, fr. L. castigare to punish, chastise; castus pure + agere to lead, drive. See Chaste, Act, and cf. Castigate, Chastise.]

1. To correct by punishment; to inflict pain upon the purpose of reclaiming; to discipline; as, to chasten a son with a rod. For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth. Heb. xii. 6.

2. To purify from errors or faults; to refine. They [classics] chasten and enlarge the mind, and excite to noble

## actions. Layard.

Syn. -- To chastise; punish; correct; discipline; castigate; afflict; subdue; purify. To Chasten, Punish, Chastise. To chasten is to subject to affliction or trouble, in order to produce a general change for the better in life or character. To punish is to inflict penalty for violation of law, disobedience to authority, or intentional wrongdoing. To chastise is to punish a particular offense, as with stripes, especially with the hope that suffering or disgrace may prevent a repetition of faults.

CHASTENED Chas"tened, a.

Defn: Corrected; disciplined; refined; purified; toned down. Sir. W. Scott. Of such a finished chastened purity. Tennyson.

CHASTENER Chas"ten*er, n.

Defn: One who chastens.

CHASTENESS Chaste"ness, n.

1. Chastity; purity.

2. (Literature & Art)

Defn: Freedom from all that is meretricious, gaundy, or affected; as, chasteness of design.

CHASTISABLE Chas*tis"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable or deserving of chastisement; punishable. Sherwood.

CHASTISE Chas*tise", v. t. [imp & p. p. Chastised; p. pr. & vb. n. Chastising.] Etym: [OE. chastisen; chastien + ending -isen + modern - ise, ize, L. izare, G. Chasten.]

1. To inflict pain upon, by means of stripes, or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishment or reformation; to punish, as with stripes. How fine my master is! I am afraid He will chastise me. Shak. I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chemists thus discovered and chastised. Boyle.

2. To reduce to order or obedience; to correct or purify; to free from faults or excesses. The gay, social sense, by decency chastised. Thomson.

Syn. -- See Chasten.

CHASTISEMENT Chas"tise*ment, n. Etym: [From Chastise.]

Defn: The act of chastising; pain inflicted for punishment and correction; discipline; punishment. Shall I so much dishonor my fair stars, On equal terms to give him chastesement! Shak. I have borne chastisement; I will not offend any more. Job xxxiv. 31.

CHASTISER Chas*tis"er, n.

Defn: One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. Jer. Taylor. The chastiser of the rich. Burke.

CHASTITY Chas"ti*ty, n. Etym: [F. chasteté, fr. L. castitas, fr. castus. See Chaste.]

1. The state of being chaste; purity of body; freedom from unlawful sexual intercourse. She . . . hath preserved her spotless chastity. T. Carew.

2. Moral purity. So dear to heaven is saintly chastity, That, when a soul is found sicerely so A thousand liveried angels lackey her. Milton.

3. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. (Literature & Art)

Defn: Chasteness.

CHASUBLE Chas"u*ble, n. Etym: [F. chasuble, LL. casubula, cassibula, casula, a hooded garment, covering the person like a little house; cf. It. casupola, casipola, cottage, dim of L. casa cottage.] (Eccl.)

Defn: The outer vestment worn by the priest in saying Mass, consisting, in the Roman Catholic Church, of a broad, flat, back piece, and a narrower front piece, the two connected over the shoulders only. The back has usually a large cross, the front an upright bar or pillar, designed to be emblematical of Christ's sufferings. In the Greek Church the chasuble is a large round mantle. [Written also chasible, and chesible.]

CHAT Chat, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chatted; p. pr. & vb. n. Chatting.] Etym: [From Chatter. *22.]

Defn: To talk in a light and familiar manner; to converse without form or ceremony; to gossip. Shak. To chat a while on their adventures. Dryden.

Syn. -- To talk; chatter; gossip; converse.

CHAT Chat, v. t.

Defn: To talk of. [Obs.]

CHAT Chat, n.

1. Light, familiar talk; conversation; gossip. Snuff, or fan, supply each pause of chat, With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that. Pope.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Icteria, allied to the warblers, in America. The best known species are the yelow-breasted chat (I. viridis), and the long chat (I. longicauda). In Europe the name is given to several birds of the family Saxicolidæ, as the stonechat, and whinchat. Bush chat. (Zoöl.) See under Bush.

CHAT Chat, n.

1. A twig, cone, or little branch. See Chit.

2. pl. (Mining)

Defn: Small stones with ore. Chat potatoes, small potatoes, such as are given to swine. [Local.]

CHATEAU Cha`teau", n.; pl. Chateux. Etym: [F. château a castle. See Castle.]

1. A castle or a fortress in France.

2. A manor house or residence of the lord of the manor; a gentleman's country seat; also, particularly, a royal residence; as, the chateau of the Louvre; the chateau of the Luxembourg.

Note: The distinctive, French term for a fortified caste of the middle ages is château-fort. Chateau en Espagne ( Etym: [F.], a castle in Spain, that is, a castle in the air, Spain being the region of romance.

CHATELAINE Chat"e*laine, n. Etym: [F. châtelaine the wife of a castellan, the mistress of a chateau, a chatelaine chain.]

Defn: An ornamental hook, or brooch worn by a lady at her waist, and having a short chain or chains attached for a watch, keys, trinkets, etc. Also used adjectively; as, a chatelaine chain.

CHATELET Chat"e*let, n. Etym: [F. châtelet, dim. of château. See Castle.]

Defn: A little castle.

CHATELLANY Chat"el*la*ny, n. Etym: [F. châtellenie.]

Defn: Same as Castellany.

CHATI Cha`ti", n. Etym: [Cf. F. chat cat.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small South American species of tiger cat (Felis mitis).

CHATOYANT Cha*toy"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of chatoyer to be chatoyant, fr. chat cat.] (Min.)

Defn: Having a changeable, varying luster, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or oa a cat's eye in the dark.

CHATOYANT Cha*toy"ant, n. (Min.)

Defn: A hard stone, as the cat's-eye, which presents on a polished surface, and in the interior, an undulating or wary light.

CHATOYMENT Cha*toy"ment, n. Etym: [F. chatoiement. See Chatoyant.]

Defn: Changeableness of color, as in a mineral; play of colors. Cleaceland.

CHATTEL Chat"tel, n. Etym: [OF. chatel; another form of catel. See Cattle.] (Law)

Defn: Any item of movable or immovable property except the freehold, or the things which are parcel of it. It is a more extensive term than goods or effects.

Note: Chattels are personal or real: personal are such as are movable, as goods, plate, money; real are such rights in land as are less than a freehold, as leases, mortgages, growing corn, etc. Chattel mortgage (Law), a mortgage on personal property, as distinguished from one on real property.

CHATTELISM Chat"tel*ism, n.

Defn: The act or condition of holding chattels; the state of being a chattel.

CHATTER Chat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Chattering.] Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Chat, v. i. Chitter.]

1. To utter sounds which somewhat resemble language, but are inarticulate and indistinct. The jaw makes answer, as the magpie chatters. Wordsworth.

2. To talk idly, carelessly, or with undue rapidity; to jabber; to prate. To tame a shrew, and charm her chattering tongue. Shak.

3. To make a noise by rapid collisions. With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden.

CHATTER Chat"ter, v. t.

Defn: To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. Begin his witless note apace to chatter. Spenser.

CHATTER Chat"ter, n.

1. Sounds like those of a magpie or monkey; idle talk; rapid, thoughtless talk; jabber; prattle. Your words are but idle and empty chatter. Longfellow.

2. Noise made by collision of the teeth, as in shivering.

CHATTERATION Chat*ter*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act or habit of chattering. [Colloq.]

CHATTERER Chat"ter*er, n.

1. A prater; an idle talker.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the family Ampelidæ -- so called from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer (Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.

CHATTERING Chat"ter*ing, n.

Defn: The act or habit of talking idly or rapidly, or of making inarticulate sounds; the sounds so made; noise made by the collision of the teeth; chatter.

CHATTER MARK Chat"ter mark`. (a) (Mach.) One of the fine undulations or ripples which are formed on the surface of work by a cutting tool which chatters. (b) (Geol.) A short crack on a rock surface planed smooth by a glacier.

CHATTINESS Chat"ti*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being chatty, or of talking easily and pleasantly.

CHATTY Chat"ty, a.

Defn: Given to light, familiar talk; talkative. Lady M. W. Montagu.

CHATTY Chat"ty, n. Etym: [Tamil shati.]

Defn: A porous earthen pot used in India for cooling water, etc.

CHATWOOD Chat"wood`, n. Etym: [Chat a little stick + wood.]

Defn: Little sticks; twigs for burning; fuel. Johnson.

CHAUD-MEDLEY Chaud"-med`ley, n. Etym: [F. chaude mêlée; chaud hot + mêler (Formerly sometimes spelt medler) to mingle.] (Law)

Defn: The killing of a person in an affray, in the heat of blood, and while under the influence of passion, thus distinguished from chance- medley or killing in self-defense, or in a casual affray. Burrill.

CHAUDRON Chau"dron, n.

Defn: See Chawdron. [Obs.]

CHAUFFER Chauf"fer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chauffoir a kind of stone, fr. chauffer to heat. See Chafe.] (Chem.)

Defn: A table stove or small furnace, usually a cylindrical box of sheet iron, with a grate at the bottem, and an open top.

CHAUFFEUR Chauf`feur", n. [F., lit., stoker.]

1. [pl.] (F. Hist.)

Defn: Brigands in bands, who, about 1793, pillaged, burned, and killed in parts of France; -- so called because they used to burn the feet of their victims to extort money.

2. One who manages the running of an automobile; esp., the paid operator of a motor vehicle.

CHAUFFEUSE Chauf`feuse", n. [F., fem. of chauffeur.]

Defn: A woman chauffeur.

CHAULDRON Chaul"dron, n.

Defn: See Chawdron. [Obs.]

CHAUN Chaun, n.

Defn: A gap. [Obs.] Colgrave.

CHAUN Chaun, v. t. & i.

Defn: To open; to yawn. [Obs.] O, chaun thy breast. Marston.

CHAUNT Chaunt, n. & v.

Defn: See Chant.

CHAUNTER Chaunt"er, n.

1. A street seller of ballads and other broadsides. [Slang, Eng.]

2. A deceitful, tricky dealer or horse jockey. [Colloq.] He was a horse chaunter; he's a leg now. Dickens.

3. The flute of a bagpipe. See Chanter, n., 3.

CHAUNTERIE Chaunt"er*ie, n.

Defn: See Chantry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHAUS Cha"us, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: a lynxlike animal of Asia and Africa (Lynx Lybicus).

CHAUSSES Chausses, n. pl. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The garment for the legs and feet and for the body below the waist, worn in Europe throughout the Middle Ages; applied also to the armor for the same parts, when fixible, as of chain mail.

CHAUSSURE Chaus`sure", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A foot covering of any kind.

CHAUTAUQUA SYSTEM OF EDUCATION Chau*tau"qua sys"tem of education.

Defn: The system of home study established in connection with the summer schools assembled at Chautauqua, N. Y., by the Methodist Episcopal bishop, J. H. Vincent.

CHAUVINISM Chau"vin*ism, n. Etym: [F. chauvinisme, from Chauvin, a character represented as making grotesque and threatening displays of his attachment to his fallen chief, Napoleon I., in 1815.]

Defn: Blind and absurd devotion to a fallen leader or an obsolete cause; hence, absurdly vainglorious or exaggerated patriotism. -- Chau"vin*ist, n. -- Chau`vin*is"tic (, a.

Note: To have a generous belief in the greatness of one's country is not chauvinism. It is the character of the latter quality to be wildly extravagant, to be fretful and childish and silly, to resent a doubt as an insult, and to offend by its very frankness. Prof. H. Tuttle.

CHAVENDER Chav"en*der, n. Etym: [Cf. Cheven.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The chub. Walton.

CHAW Chaw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chawing.] Etym: [See Chew.]

1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to chew, as the cud; to champ, as the bit. The trampling steed, with gold and purple trapped, Chawing the foamy bit, there fiercely stood. Surrey.

2. To ruminate in thought; to consider; to keep the mind working upon; to brood over. Dryden.

Note: A word formerly in good use, but now regarded as vulgar.

CHAW Chaw, n. Etym: [See Chaw, v. t.]

1. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Law]

2. Etym: [Cf. Jaw.]

Defn: The jaw. [Obs.] Spenser. Chaw bacon, a rustic; a bumpkin; a lout. (Law) -- Chaw tooth, a grinder. (Law)

CHAWDRON Chaw"dron, n. Etym: [OF. chaudun, caudun, caldun; cf. G. kaldaunen guts, bowels, LL. calduna intestine, W. coluddyn gut, dim. of coludd bowels.]

Defn: Entrails. [Obs.] [Written also chaudron, chauldron.] Shak.

CHAY ROOT Chay" root`. Etym: [Tamil shaya.]

Defn: The root of the Oldenlandia umbellata, native in India, which yieds a durable red dyestuff. [Written also choy root.]

CHAZY EPOCH Cha*zy" ep"och. (Geol.)

Defn: An epoch at the close of the Canadian period of the American Lower Silurian system; -- so named from a township in Clinton Co., New York. See the Diagram under Geology.

CHEAP Cheap, n. Etym: [AS. ceáp bargain, sale, price; akin to D. Koop purchase, G. Kauf, ICel. kaup bargain. Cf. Cheapen, Chapman, Chaffer, Cope, v. i.]

Defn: A bargain; a purchase; cheapness. [Obs.] The sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe. Shak.

CHEAP Cheap, a. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. "good cheap": a good purchase or bargain; cf. F. bon marché, à bon marché. See Cheap, n., Cheapen.]

1. Having a low price in market; of small cost or price, as compared with the usual price or the real value. Where there are a great sellers to a few buyers, there the thing to be sold will be cheap. Locke.

2. Of comparatively small value; common; mean. You grow cheap in every subject's eye. Dryden. Dog cheap, very cheap, -- a phrase formed probably by the catachrestical transposition of good cheap. [Colloq.]

CHEAP Cheap, adv.

Defn: Cheaply. Milton.

CHEAP Cheap, v. i.

Defn: To buy; to bargain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHEAPEN Cheap"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheapened; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheapening.] Etym: [OE. cheapien, chepen, to trade, buy, sell, AS. ceápian; akin to D. koopen to buy, G. kaufen, Icel. kaupa, Goth. kaupon to trade. Cf. Chap to bargain.]

1. To ask the price of; to bid, bargain, or chaffer for. [Obsoles.] Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift.

2. Etym: [Cf. Cheap, a.]

Defn: To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Pope. My proffered love has cheapened me. Dryden.

CHEAPENER Cheap"en*er, n.

Defn: One who cheapens.

CHEAP-JACK; CHEAP-JOHN Cheap"-jack`, Cheap"-john`, n.

Defn: A seller of low-priced or second goods; a hawker.

CHEAPLY Cheap"ly, adv.

Defn: At a small price; at a low value; in a common or inferior manner.

CHEAPNESS Cheap"ness, n.

Defn: Lowness in price, considering the usual price, or real value.

CHEAR Chear, n. & v. [Obs.]

Defn: See Cheer.

CHEAT Cheat, n. Etym: [rob. an abbrevation of escheat, lands or tenements that fall to a lord or to the state by forfeiture, or by the death of the tenant without heirs; the meaning being explained by the frauds, real or supposed, that were resorted to in procuring escheats. See Escheat.]

1. An act of deception or fraud; that which is the means of fraud or deception; a fraud; a trick; imposition; imposture. When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat. Dryden.

2. One who cheats or deceives; an impostor; a deceiver; a cheater. Airy wonders, which cheats interpret. Johnson

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A troublesome grass, growing as a weed in grain fields; -- called also chess. See Chess.

4. (Law)

Defn: The obtaining of property from another by an intentional active distortion of the truth.

Note: When cheats are effected by deceitful or illegal symbols or tokens which may affect the public at large and against which common prudence could not have guarded, they are indictable at common law. Wharton.

Syn. -- Deception; imposture; fraud; delusion; artifice; trick; swindle; deceit; guile; finesse; stratagem.

CHEAT Cheat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cheating.] Etym: [See CHeat, n., Escheat.]

1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick; to swindle. I am subject to a tyrant, a sorcerer, that by his cunning hath cheated me of this island. Shak.

2. To beguile. Sir W. Scott. To cheat winter of its dreariness. W. Irving.

Syn. -- To trick; cozen; gull; chouse; fool; outwit; circumvent; beguile; mislead; dupe; swindle; defraud; overreach; delude; hoodwink; deceive; bamboozle.

CHEAT Cheat, v. i.

Defn: To practice fraud or trickery; as, to cheat at cards.

CHEAT Cheat, n. Etym: [Perh. from OF. cheté goods, chattels.]

Defn: Wheat, or bread made from wheat. [Obs.] Drayton. Their purest cheat, Thrice bolted, kneaded, and subdued in paste. Chapman.

CHEATABLE Cheat"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being cheated.

CHEATABLENESS Cheat"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Capability of being cheated.

CHEATER Cheat"er, n.

1. One who cheats.

2. An escheator. [R.] Shak.

CHEBACCO Che*bac"co, n. Etym: [From Chebacco, the former name of Essex, a town in Massachusetts where such vessels were built.] (Naut.)

Defn: A narrow-sterned boat formerly much used in the Newfoundland fisheries; -- called also pinkstern and chebec. Bartlett.

CHEBEC Che"bec, n. (Naut.)

Defn: See Chebacco.

CHEBEC Che*bec", n. Etym: [Named from its note.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small American bird (Empidonax minimus); the least flycatcher.

CHECK Check, n. Etym: [OE. chek, OF. eschec, F. échec, a stop, hindrance, orig. check in the game of chess, pl. échecs chess, through AR., fr. Pers. shah king. See Shah, and cf. Checkmate, Chess, Checker.]

1. (Chess)

Defn: A word of warning denoting that the king is in danger; such a menace of a player's king by an adversary's move as would, if it were any other piece, expose it to immediate capture. A king so menaced is said to be in check, and must be made safe at the next move.

2. A condition of interrupted or impeded progress; arrest; stop; delay; as, to hold an enemy in check. Which gave a remarkable check to the first progress of Christianity. Addison. No check, no stay, this streamlet fears. Wordsworth.

3. Whatever arrests progress, or limits action; an obstacle, guard, restraint, or rebuff. Useful check upon the administration of government. Washington. A man whom no check could abash. Macaulay.

4. A mark, certificate, or token, by which, errors may be prevented, or a thing or person may be identified; as, checks placed against items in an account; a check given for baggage; a return check on a railroad.

5. A written order directing a bank or banker to pay money as therein stated. See Bank check, below.

6. A woven or painted design in squares resembling the patten of a checkerboard; one of the squares of such a design; also, cloth having such a figure.

7. (Falconry)

Defn: The forsaking by a hawk of its proper game to follow other birds.

8. Small chick or crack. Bank check, a written order on a banker or broker to pay money in his keeping belonging to the signer. -- Check book, a book containing blank forms for checks upon a bank. -- Check hook, a hook on the saddle of a harness, over which a checkrein is looped. -- Check list, a list or catalogue by which things may be verified, or on which they may be checked. -- Check nut (Mech.), a secondary nut, screwing down upon the primary nut to secure it. Knight. -- Check valve (Mech.), a valve in the feed pipe of a boiler to prevent the return of the feed water. -- To take check, to take offense. [Obs.] Dryden.

Syn. -- Hindrance; setback; interruption; obstruction; reprimand; censure; rebuke; reproof; repulse; rebuff; tally; counterfoil; counterbalance; ticket; draft.

CHECK Check, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checked; p. pr. & vb. n. checking.]

1. (Chess)

Defn: To make a move which puts an adversary's piece, esp. his king, in check; to put in check.

2. To put a sudden restraint upon; to stop temporarily; to hinder; to repress; to curb. So many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and oppression. Burke.

3. To verify, to guard, to make secure, by means of a mark, token, or other check; to distinguish by a check; to put a mark against (an item) after comparing with an original or a counterpart in order to secure accuracy; as, to check an account; to check baggage.

4. To chide, rebuke, or reprove. The good king, his master, will check him for it. Shak.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: To slack or ease off, as a brace which is too stiffly extended.

6. To make checks or chinks in; to cause to crack; as, the sun checks timber.

Syn. -- To restrain; curb; bridle; repress; control; hinder; impede; obstruct; interrupt; tally; rebuke; reprove; rebuff.

CHECK Check, v. i.

Defn: To make a stop; to pause; -- with at. The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after. Locke.

2. To clash or interfere. [R.] Bacon.

3. To act as a curb or restraint. It [his presence] checks too strong upon me. Dryden.

4. To crack or gape open, as wood in drying; or to crack in small checks, as varnish, paint, etc.

5. (Falconry)

Defn: To turn, when in pursuit of proper game, and fly after other birds. And like the haggard, check at every feather That comes before his eye. Shak.

CHECK Check, a.

Defn: Checkered; designed in checks.

CHECKAGE Check"age, n.

1. The act of checking; as, the checkage of a name or of an item in a list.

2. The items, or the amount, to which attention is called by a check or checks.

CHECKER Check"er, n. Etym: [From Check, v. t.]

Defn: One who checks.

CHECKER Check"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkered; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkering.] Etym: [From OF. eschequier a chessboard, F. échiquier. See Check, n., and cf. 3d Checker.]

1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard, as by crossing stripes of different colors.

2. To variegate or diversify with different qualities, color, scenes, or events; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosterity and adversity. Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood. Addison.

CHECKER Check"er, n. Etym: [OF. eschequier. See Checker, v. t.]

1. A piece in the game of draughts or checkers.

2. A pattern in checks; a single check.

3. Checkerwork.

Note: This word is also written chequer.

CHECKERBERRY Check"er*ber`ry, n.; pl. Checkerberries. (Bot.)

Defn: A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Also incorrectly applied to the partridge berry (Mitchella repens).

CHECKERBOARD Check"er*board, n.

Defn: A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for playing checkers or draughts.

CHECKERED Check"ered, a.

1. Marked with alternate squares or checks of different color or material. Dancing in the checkered shade. Milton.

2. Diversified or variegated in a marked manner, as in appearance, character, circumstances, etc. This checkered narrative. Macaulay.

CHECKERS Check"ers, n. pl. Etym: [See Checher, v.]

Defn: A game, called also daughts, played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having twelve men (counters or checkers) which are moved diagonally. The game is ended when either of the players has lost all his men, or can not move them.

CHECKERWORK Check"er*work`, n.

1. Work consisting of or showing checkers varied alternately as to colors or materials.

2. Any aggregate of varied vicissitudes. How strange a checkerwork of Providence is the life of man. De Foe.

CHECKLATON Check"la*ton, n.

1. Ciclatoun. [Obs.]

2. Gilded leather. [Obs.] Spenser.

CHECKLESS Check"less, a.

Defn: That can not be checked or restrained.

CHECKMATE Check"mate, n. Etym: [F. échec et mat, fr. Per. shah mat ceckmate, lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mata he died, is dead. The king, when made prisoner, or checkmated, is assumed to be dead, and the game is finished. See Chess.]

1. The position in the game of chess when a king is in check and cannot be released, -- which ends the game.

2. A complete check; utter defeat or overthrow.

CHECKMATE Check"mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Checkmated; p. pr. & vb. n. Checkmating.]

1. (Chess)

Defn: To check (an adversary's king) in such a manner that escape in impossible; to defeat (an adversary) by putting his king in check from which there is no escape.

2. To defeat completely; to terminate; to thwart. To checkmate and control my just demands. Ford.

CHECKREIN Check"rein`, n.

1. A short rein looped over the check hook to prevent a horse from lowering his head; -- called also a bearing rein.

2. A branch rein connecting the driving rein of one horse of a span or pair with the bit of the other horse.

CHECKROLL Check"roll`, n.

Defn: A list of servants in a household; -- called also chequer roll.

CHECKSTRING Check"string`, n.

Defn: A cord by which a person in a carriage or horse car may signal to the driver.

CHECKWORK Check"work, n.

Defn: Anything made so as to form alternate squares lke those of a checkerboard.

CHECKY Check"y, a. (Her.)

Defn: Divided into small alternating squares of two tinctures; -- said of the field or of an armorial bearing. [Written also checquy, cheguy.]

CHEDDAR Ched"dar, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or made at, Cheddar, in England; as, Cheddar cheese.

CHEEK Cheek, n. Etym: [OE. cheke, cheoke, AS. céace, céoce; cf. Goth. kukjan to kiss, D. kaak cheek; perh. akin to E. chew, jaw.]

1. The side of the face below the eye.

2. The cheek bone. [Obs.] Caucer.

3. pl. (Mech.)

Defn: Those pieces of a machine, or of any timber, or stone work, which form corresponding sides, or which are similar and in pair; as, the cheeks (jaws) of a vise; the cheeks of a gun carriage, etc.

4. pl.

Defn: The branches of a bridle bit. Knight.

5. (Founding)

Defn: A section of a flask, so made that it can be moved laterally, to permit the removal of the pattern from the mold; the middle part of a flask.

6. Cool confidence; assurance; impudence. [Slang] Cheek of beef. See Illust. of Beef. -- Cheek bone (Anat.) the bone of the side of the fase; esp., the malar bone. -- Cheek by jowl, side by side; very intimate. -- Cheek pouch (Zoöl.), a sacklike dilation of the cheeks of certain monkeys and rodents, used for holding food. -- Cheeks of a block, the two sides of the shell of a tackle block. -- Cheeks of a mast, the projection on each side of a mast, upon which the trestletrees rest. -- Cheek tooth (Anat.), a hinder or molar tooth. -- Butment cheek. See under Butment.

CHEEK Cheek, v. t.

Defn: To be impudent or saucy to. [Slang.]

CHEEKED Cheeked, a.

Defn: Having a cheek; -- used in composition. "Rose-cheeked Adonis." Shak.

CHEEKY Cheek"y,

Defn: a Brazen-faced; impudent; bold. [Slang.]

CHEEP Cheep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cheeped.] Etym: [Cf. Chirp].

Defn: To chirp, as a young bird.

CHEEP Cheep, v. t.

Defn: To give expression to in a chirping tone. Cheep and twitter twenty million loves. Tennyson.

CHEEP Cheep, n.

Defn: A chirp, peep, or squeak, as of a young bird or mousse.

CHEER Cheer, n. Etym: [OE. chere face, welcome, cheer, OF. chiere, F. chère, fr. LL. cara face, Gr. , L. cerebrum brain, G. hirn, and E. cranium.]

1. The face; the countenance or its expression. [Obs.] "Sweat of thy cheer." Wyclif.

2. Feeling; spirit; state of mind or heart. Be of good cheer. Matt. ix. 2. The parents . . . fled away with heavy cheer. Holland.

3. Gayety; mirth; cheerfulness; animation. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Shak.

1. That which promotes good spirits or cheerfulness; provisions prepared for a feast; entertainment; as, a table loaded with good cheer.

5. A shout, hurrah, or acclamation, expressing joy enthusiasm, applause, favor, etc. Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street. Tennyson. Whzt cheer Now do you fare What is there that is cheering

CHEER Cheer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cheered; p. pr. & vb. n. cheering.]

1. To cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful; -- often with up. Cowpe.

2. To infuse life, courage, animation, or hope, into; to inspirit; to solace or comfort. The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered. Dryden.

3. To salute or applaud with cheers; to urge on by cheers; as, to cheer hounds in a chase. To cheer ship, to salute a passing ship by cheers of sailors stationed in the rigging.

Syn. -- To gladden; encourage; inspirit; comfort; console; enliven; refresh; exhilarate; animate; applaud.

CHEER Cheer, v. i.

1. To grow cheerful; to become gladsome or joyous; -- usually with up. At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. A. Philips.

2. To be in any state or temper of mind. [Obs.] How cheer'st thou, Jessica Shak.

3. To utter a shout or shouts of applause, triumph, etc. And even the ranks of Tusculum Could scare forbear to cheer. Macaulay.

CHEERER Cheer"er, n.

Defn: One who cheers; one who, or that which, gladdens. "Thou cheerer of our days." Wotton. "Prime cheerer, light." Thomson.

CHEERFUL Cheer"ful, a.

Defn: Having or showing good spirits or joy; cheering; cheery; contented; happy; joyful; lively; animated; willing. To entertain a cheerful disposition. Shak. The cheerful birds of sundry kind Do chant sweet music. Spenser. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God. Macaulay. This general applause and cheerful shout. Shak.

Syn. -- Lively; animated; gay; joyful; lightsome; gleeful; blithe; airy; sprightly; jocund; jolly; joyous; vivacious; buoyant; sunny; happy; hopeful.

CHEERFULLY Cheer"ful*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cheerful manner, gladly.

CHEERFULNESS Cheer"ful*ness, n.

Defn: Good spirits; a state of moderate joy or gayety; alacrity.

CHEERILY Cheer"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cheery manner.

CHEERINESS Cheer"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being cheery.

CHEERINGLY Cheer"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner to cheer or encourage.

CHEERISNESS Cheer"is*ness, n.

Defn: Cheerfulness. [Obs.] There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness. Milton.

CHEERLESS Cheer"less, a.

Defn: Without joy, gladness, or comfort. -- Cheer"less*ly, adv. -- Cheer"less*ness, n. My cheerful day is turned to cheerles night. Spenser.

Syn. -- Gloomy; sad; comfortless; dispiriting; dicsconsolate; dejected; melancholy; forlorn.

CHEERLY Cheer"ly, a.

Defn: Gay; cheerful. [Obs.] Shak.

CHEERLY Cheer"ly, adv.

Defn: Cheerily. [Archaic] Tennyson.

CHEERRY Cheer"ry, a.

Defn: Cheerful; lively; gay; bright; pleasant; as, a cheery person. His cheery little study, where the sunshine glimmered so pleasantly. Hawthorne.

CHEESE Cheese, n. Etym: [OE. chese, AS. cese, fr. L. caseus, LL. casius. Cf. Casein.]

1. The curd of milk, coagulated usually with rennet, separated from the whey, and pressed into a solid mass in a hoop or mold.

2. A mass of pomace, or ground apples, pressed togehter in the form of a cheese.

3. The flat, circuliar, mucilaginous fruit of the dwarf mallow (Malva rotundifolia). [Colloq.]

4. A low courtesy; -- so called on account of the cheese form assumed by a woman's dress when she stoops after extending the skirts by a rapid gyration. De Quincey. Thackeray. Cheese cake, a cake made of or filled with, a composition of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Prior. -- Cheese fly (Zoöl.), a black dipterous insect (Piophila casei) of which the larvæ or maggots, called ckippers or hoppers, live in cheese. -- Cheese mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Tryoglyhus siro) in cheese and other articles of food. -- Cheese press, a press used in making cheese, to separate the whey from the curd, and to press the curd into a mold. -- Cheese rennet (Bot.), a plant of the Madder family (Golium verum, or yellow bedstraw), sometimes used to coagulate milk. The roots are used as a substitute for madder. -- Cheese vat, a vat or tub in which the curd is formed and cut or broken, in cheese making.

CHEESE CLOTH Cheese" cloth`.

Defn: A thin, loosewoven cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds.

CHEESELEP Cheese"lep, n. Etym: [Cf. Keslop.]

Defn: A bag in which rennet is kept.

CHEESEMONGER Cheese"mon`ger, n.

Defn: One who deals incheese. B. Jonson.

CHEESEPARING Cheese"par`ing, n.

Defn: A thin portion of the rind of a cheese. -- a.

Defn: Scrimping; mean; as, cheeseparing economy.

CHEESINESS Chees"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being cheesy.

CHEESY Chees"y, a.

Defn: Having the nature, qualities, taste, form, consistency, or appearance of cheese.

CHEETAH Chee"tah, n. Etym: [Hind. chita.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of leopard (Cynælurus jubatus) tamed and used for hunting in India. The woolly cheetah of South Africa is C. laneus. [Written also chetah.]

CHEF Chef, n. Etym: [F.]

1. A chief of head person.

2. The head cook of large establishment, as a club, a family, etc.

3. (Her.)

Defn: Same as Chief.

CHEF-D'OEUVRE Chef`-d'oeuvre", n.; pl. Chefs-d'oeuvre. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A masterpiece; a capital work in art, literature, etc.

CHEGOE; CHEGRE Cheg"oe, Cheg"re, n.

Defn: See Chigoe.

CHEILOPLASTY Chei"lo*plas`ty, n. Etym: [Gr. -plasty.] (Surg.)

Defn: The process of forming an artificial tip or part of a lip, by using for the purpose a piece of healthy tissue taken from some neighboring part.

CHEILOPODA Chei*lop"o*da, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Ch.

CHEIROPTER Chei*rop"ter, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cheiroptera.

CHEIROPTERA Chei*rop"te*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of mammalia, including the bats, having four toes of each of the anterior limbs elongated and connected by a web, so that they can be used like wings in flying. See Bat.

CHEIROPTEROUS Chei*rop"ter*ous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Cheiroptera, or Bat family.

CHEIROPTERYGIUM Chei*rop`te*ryg"i*um, n.; pl. Cheiropterygia. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The typical pentadactyloid limb of the higher vertebrates.

CHEIROSOPHY Chei*ros"o*phy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The art of reading character as it is delineated in the hand. -- Chei*ros"o*phist (, n.

CHEIROTHERIUM Chei`ro*the"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Poleon.)

Defn: A genus of extinct animals, so named from fossil footprints rudely resembling impressions of the human hand, and believed to have been made by labyrinthodont reptiles. See Illustration in Appendix.

CHEKELATOUN Chek`e*la*toun", n.

Defn: See Ciclatoun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHEKMAK Chek"mak, n.

Defn: A turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.

CHELA Che"la, n.; pl. Chelæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pincherlike claw of Crustacea and Arachnida.

CHELATE Che"late, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Cheliferous.

CHELERYTHRINE Chel`e*ryth"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Am alkaloidal principle obtained from the celandine, and named from the red color of its salts, It is a coloriess crystalline substance, and acts as an acrid narcotic poison. It is identical with sanguinarine.

CHELICERA Che*lic"e*ra, n.; pl. Cheliceræ Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the anterior pair of mouth organs, terminated by a pincherlike claw, in scorpions and allied Arachnida. They are homologous with the falcers of spiders, and probably with the mandibles of insects.

CHELIDON Chel"i*don, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The hollow at the flexure of the arm.

CHELIDONIC Chel`i*don"ic, a. Etym: [See Celandine.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the celandine. Cheidonic acid, a weak acid extracted fron the celandine (Chelidonium majus), as a white crystalline substance.

CHELIDONIUS Chel`i*do"ni*us, n. Etym: [L. (sc. lapillus.)]

Defn: A small stone taken from the gizzard of a young swallow. -- anciently worn as a medicinal charm.

CHELIFER Chel"i*fer, n. Etym: [Gr. -fer.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Book scorpion, under Book.

CHELIFEROUS Che*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Gr. -ferous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having cheliform claws, like a crab.

CHELIFORM Chel"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a movable joint or finger closing againts a preceding joint or a projecting part of it, so that the whole may be ised for grasping, as the claw of a crab; pincherlike.

CHELONE Che*lo"ne, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of hardy perennial flowering plants, of the order Scrophulariaceaæ., natives of North America; -- called also snakehead, turtlehead, shellflower, etc.

CHELONIA Che*lo"ni*a, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of reptiles, including the tortoises and turtles, perculiar in having a part of the vertebræ, ribs, and sternum united with the dermal plates so as to form a firm shell. The jaws are covered by a horny beak. See Reptilia; also, Illust. in Appendix.

CHELONIAN Che*lo"ni*an, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to animals of the tortoise kind. -- n.

Defn: One of the Chelonia.

CHELURA Che*lu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of marine amphipod crustacea, which bore into and sometimes destroy timber.

CHELY Che"ly, n.

Defn: A claw. See Chela. [Obs.]

CHEMIC Chem"ic, n. Etym: [See Chenistry.]

1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.]

2. (Bleaching)

Defn: A solution of chloride of line.

CHEMIC Chem"ic, a.

Defn: Chemical. Blackw. Mag.

CHEMICAL Chem"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical comnbinations. Chemical attraction or affinity. See under Attraction.

CHEMICAL Chem"ic*al, n.

Defn: A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.

CHEMICALLY Chem"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: According to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation.

CHEMIGLYPHIC Chem`i*glyph"ic, a. Etym: [Chemical +

Defn: Engraved by a voltaic battary.

CHEMIGRAPHY Che*mig"ra*phy, n. [Chemical + -graphy.]

Defn: Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical

## action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing photography.

-- Chem`i*graph"ic (#), a.

CHEMILOON Chem`i*loon", n.

Defn: A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united in one. [U. S.]

CHEMISE Che*mise", n. Etym: [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia, shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or Olr. coimumse sort of garment. Cf. Camis.]

1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women.

2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.

CHEMISETTE Chem`i*sette", n.Etym: [F., dim. of chemise.]

Defn: An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck, shoulders, and breast.

CHEMISM Chem"ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.]

Defn: The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical attaction; affinity; -- sometimes used as a general expression for chemical

## activity or relationship.

CHEMIST Chem"ist, n. Etym: [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F. chimiste.]

Defn: A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or drugs.

CHEMISTRY Chem"is*try, n. Etym: [From Chemist. See Alchemy.]

1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of substances, and of the changes which they undergo in consequence of alterations in the constitution of the molecules, which depend upon variations of the number, kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms. These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained. Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule.

Note: Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified.

2. An application of chemical theory and method to the consideration of some particular subject; as, the chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo.

3. A treatise on chemistry.

Note: This word and its derivatives were formerly written with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the pronunciation was conformed to the orthography. Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or mineral substances. -- Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances which from the structure of organized beings and their products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no fundamental difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. -- Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and tissues of the body, and of the various physiological processes incident to life. -- Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use. -- Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without necessary reference to their practical applications or mere utility.

CHEMITYPE Chem"i*type, n. Etym: [Chemical + -type.] (Engraving)

Defn: One of a number of processes by which an impression from an engraved plate is obtained in relief, to be used for printing on an ordinary printing press.

CHEMOLYSIS Che*mol"y*sis, n. Etym: [Chemical + Gr.

Defn: A term sometimes applied to the decomposition of organic substance into more simple bodies, by the use of chemical agents alone. Thudichum.

CHEMOSIS Che*mo"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. a swelling of the cornea resembling a cockleshell, fr. a gaping, hence a cockleshell.] (Med.)

Defn: Inflammatory swelling of the conjunctival tissue surrounding the cornea. --Che*mot"ic (#), a.

CHEMOSMOSIS Chem`os*mo"sis, n. Etym: [Chemical + osmosis.]

Defn: Chemical action taking place through an intervening membrane.

CHEMOSMOTIC Chem`os*mot"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or produced by, chemosmosis. [R.]

CHEMOSYNTHESIS Chem`o*syn"the*sis, n. [Chemical + synthesis.] (Plant Physiol.)

Defn: Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid. -- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic (#), a.

CHEMOTAXIS; CHEMIOTAXIS Chem`o*tax"is, n. Formerly also Chem`i*o*tax"is. [Chemical + Gr. arrangement, fr. to arrange.] (Biol.)

Defn: The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organisms, as bacteria, zoöspores of algæ, etc., to chemical substances held in solution. They may be attracted (positive chemotaxis) or repelled (negative chemotaxis). -- Chem`o*tac"tic (#), a. -- Chem`o*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

CHEMUNG PERIOD Che*mung" pe"ri*od, (Geol.)

Defn: A subdivision in the upper part of the Devonian system in America, so named from the Chemung River, along which the rocks are well developed. It includes the Portage and Chemung groups or epochs. See the Diagram under Geology.

CHENG Cheng, n. Etym: [Chinese.]

Defn: A chinese reed instrument, with tubes, blown by the mouth.

CHENILLE Che*nille", n. Etym: [F., prop., a caterpillar.]

Defn: Tufted cord, of silk or worsted, for the trimimg of ladies' dresses, for embroidery and fringes, and for the weft of chenille rugs.

CHENOMORPHAE Che`no*mor"phæ, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of birds, including the swans, ducks, geese, flamingoes and screamers.

CHEPSTER Chep"ster, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European starling. [Local, Eng.]

CHEQUE Cheque, n.

Defn: See Check.

CHEQUER Cheq"uer, n. & v.

Defn: Same as Checker.

CHEQUING Che*quing", n.

Defn: A coin. See Sequin. Shak.

CHEQUY Cheq"uy, n. (Her.)

Defn: Same as Checky.

CHERIF Cher"if, n.

Defn: See Cherif.

CHERIMOYER Cher`i*moy"er, n. Etym: [F. chérimolier.] (Bot.)

1. A small downy-leaved tree (Anona Cherimolia), with fragrant flowers. It is a native of Peru.

2. Its delicious fruit, which is succulent, dark purple, and similar to the custard apple of the West Indies.

CHERISH Cher"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cherished; p. pr. & vb. n. Cherising.] Etym: [F. chérir, fr. cher dear, fr. L. carus. See Caress, Finish.]

1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to nurture with care; to protect and aid. We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. 1 Thess. ii. 7.

2. To hold dear; to embrace with interest; to indulge; to encourage; to foster; to promote; as, to cherish religious principle. To cherish virtue and humanity. Burke.

Syn. -- To nourish; foster; nurse; nurture; entertain; encourage; comfort; protect; support; See Nurture.

CHERISHER Cher"ish*er, n.

Defn: One who cherishes. The cherisher of my flesh and blood. Shak.

CHERISHMENT Cher"ish*ment, n.

Defn: Encouragement; comfort. [Obs.] Rich bounty and dear cherishment. Spenser.

CHERMES Cher"mes, n.

Defn: See Kermes.

CHEROGRIL Cher"o*gril, n. Etym: [L. choerogryllus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cony.

CHEROKEES Cher`o*kees", n. pl.; sing. Cherokee. (Ethnol.)

Defn: An Appalachian tribe of Indians, formerly inhabiting the region about the head waters of the Tennessee River. They are now mostly settled in the Indian Territory, and have become one of the most civilized of the Indian Tribes.

CHEROOT Che*root", n. Etym: [Tamil shuruttu, prop., a roll.]

Defn: A kind of cigar, originally brought from Mania, in the Philippine Islands; now often made of inferior or adulterated tabacco.

CHERRY Cher"ry, n. Etym: [OE. chery, for cherys, fr. F. cerise (cf. AS. cyrs cherry), fr. LL. ceresia, fr. L. cerasus Cherry tree, Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A tree or shrub of the genus Prunus (Which also includes the plum) bearing a fleshy drupe with a bony stone; (a) The common garden cherry (Prunus Cerasus), of which several hundred varieties are cultivated for the fruit, some of which are, the begarreau, blackheart, black Tartarian, oxheart, morelle or morello, May-duke (corrupted from Médoc in France). (b) The wild cherry; as, prunus serotina (wild black cherry), valued for its timber; P. Virginiana (choke cherry), an American shrub which bears astringent fruit; P. avium and P. Padus, European trees (bird cherry).

2. The fruit of the cherry tree, a drupe of various colors and flavors.

3. The timber of the cherry tree, esp. of the black cherry, used in cabinetmaking, etc.

4. A peculiar shade of red, like that of a cherry. Barbadoes cherry. See under Barbadoes. -- Cherry bird (Zoöl.), an American bird; the cedar bird; -- so called from its fondness for cherries. -- Cherry bounce, cherry brandy and sugar. -- Cherry brandy, brandy in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry laurel (Bot.), an evergren shrub (Prunus Lauro-cerasus) common in shrubberies, the poisonous leaves of which have a flavor like that of bitter almonds. -- Cherry pepper (Bot.), a species of Capsicum (C. cerasiforme), with small, scarlet, intensely piquant cherry-shaped fruit. -- Cherry pit. (a) A child's play, in which cherries are thrown into a hole. Shak. (b) A cherry stone. -- Cherry rum, rum in which cherries have been steeped. -- Cherry sucker (Zoöl.), the European spotted flycatcher (Musicapa grisola); -- called also cherry chopper cherry snipe. Cherry tree, a tree that bears cherries. -- Ground cherry, Winter cherry, See Alkekengi.

CHERRY Cher"ry, a.

Defn: Like a red cherry in color; ruddy; blooming; as, a cherry lip; cherry cheeks.

CHERSONESE Cher"so*nese, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A peninsula; a tract of land nearly surrounded by water, but united to a larger tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as, the Cimbric Chersonese, or Jutland; the Tauric Chersonese, or Crimea.

CHERT Chert, n. Etym: [Ir. ceart stone, perh. akin to E. crag.] (Min.)

Defn: An impure, massive, flintlike quartz or hornstone, of a dull color.

CHERTY Chert"y, a.

Defn: Like chert; containing chert; flinty.

CHERUB Cher"ub, n.; pl. Cherubs; but the Hebrew plural Cherubim is also used. Etym: [Heb. kerub.]

1. A mysterious composite being, the winged footstool and chariot of the Almighty, described in Ezekiel i. and x. I knew that they were the cherubim. Ezek. x. 20. He rode upon a cherub and did fly. Ps. xviii. 10.

2. A symbolical winged figure of unknown form used in connection with the mercy seat of the Jewish Ark and Temple. Ez. xxv. 18.

3. One of a order of angels, variously represented in art. In European painting the cherubim have been shown as blue, to denote knowledge, as distinguished from the seraphim (see Seraph), and in later art the children's heads with wings are generally called cherubs.

4. A beautiful child; -- so called because artists have represented cherubs as beautiful children.

CHERUBIC; CHERUBICAL Che*ru"bic, Che*ru"bic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cherubs; angelic. "The cherubic host." Milton.

CHERUBIM Cher"u*bim, n.

Defn: The Hebrew plural of Cherub.. Cf. Seraphim.

Note: Cherubims, in the King James version of the bible, is an incorrect form, made by adding the English plural termination to the Hebrew plural cherubim instead of to the singular cherub.

CHERUBIN Cher"u*bin, a.

Defn: Cherubic; angelic. [Obs.] Shak.

CHERUBIN Cher"u*bin, n.

Defn: A cherub. [Obs.] Dryden.

CHERUP Cher"up, v. i. Etym: [Prob. fr. chirp.]

Defn: To make a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to chirp. See Chirrup. "Cheruping birds." Drayton.

CHERUP Cher"up, v. t.

Defn: To excite or urge on by making a short, shrill, cheerful sound; to cherup to. See Chirrup. He cherups brisk ear-erecting steed. Cowper.

CHERUP Cher"up, n.

Defn: A short, sharp, cheerful noise; a chirp; a chirrup; as, the cherup of a cricket.

CHERVIL Cher"vil, n. Etym: [AS. cerfille, fr. L. caerefolium, chaerephyllum, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Anthriscus cerefolium) with pinnately divided aromatic leaves, of which several curled varieties are used in soups and salads.

CHES Ches,

Defn: pret. of Chese. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHESE Chese, v. t.

Defn: To choose [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHESIBLE Ches"i*ble, n.

Defn: See Chasuble.

CHESLIP Ches"lip, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wood louse. [Prov. Eng.]

CHESS Chess, n. Etym: [OE. ches, F. échecs, prop. pl. of échec check. See 1st Check.]

Defn: A game played on a chessboard, by two persons, with two differently colored sets of men, sixteen in each set. Each player has a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, two castles or rooks, and eight pawns.

CHESS Chess, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of brome grass (Bromus secalinus) which is a troublesome weed in wheat flelds, and is often erroneously regarded as degenerate or changed wheat; it bears a very slight resemblance to oats, and if reaped and ground up with wheat, so as to be used for food, is said to produce narcotic effects; -- called also cheat and Willard's bromus. [U. S.]

Note: Other species of brome grass are called upright chess, soft chess, etc.

CHESS-APPLE Chess"-ap`ple, n.

Defn: The wild service of Europe (Purus torminalis).

CHESSBOARD Chess"board`, n.

Defn: The board used in the game of chess, having eight rows of alternate light and dark squares, eight in each row. See Checkerboard.

Note: The chessboard and the checkerboard are alike.

CHESSEL Ches"sel, n.

Defn: The wooden mold in which cheese is pressed. Simmonds.

CHESSES Chess"es, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. chassis a framework of carpenty.] (Mil.)

Defn: The platforms, consisting of two or more planks doweled together, for the flooring of a temporary military bridge. Wilhelm. A singular, chess, is sometimes used. "Each chess consists of three planks." Farrow.

CHESSIL Ches"sil, n. Etym: [OE. chesil, AS. ceosel gravel, sand.]

Defn: Gravel or pebbles. Halliwell.

CHESSMAN Chess"man, n.; pl. Chessmen.

Defn: A piece used in the game of chess.

CHESSOM Ches"som, n. Etym: [Cf. Chisley.]

Defn: Mellow earth; mold. [Obs.] Bacon.

CHESSTREE Chess"tree`, n. Etym: [Cf. F chassis a framework of carpentry.] (Naut.)

Defn: A piece of oak bolted perpendicularly on the side of a vessel, to aid in drawing down and securing the clew of the mainsail.

CHESSY COPPER Ches`sy" cop"per. (Min.)

Defn: The mineral azurite, found in fine crystallization at Chessy, near Lyons; called also chessylite.

CHEST Chest, n. Etym: [OE. chest, chist, AS. cest, cist, cyst, L. cista, fr. Gr. Cist, Cistern.]

1. A large box of wood, or other material, having, like a trunk, a lid, but no covering of skin, leather, or cloth. Heaps of money crowded in the chest. Dryden.

2. A coffin. [Obs.] He is now dead and mailed in his cheste. Chaucer.

3. The part of the body inclosed by the ribs and breastbone; the thorax.

4. (Com.)

Defn: A case in which certain goods, as tea, opium, etc., are transported; hence, the quantity which such a case contains.

5. (Mech.)

Defn: A tight receptacle or box, usually for holding gas, steam, liguids, etc.; as, the steam chest of an engine; the wind chest of an organ. Bomb chest, See under Bomb. -- Chest of drawers, a case or movable frame containing drawers.

CHEST Chest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chested.]

1. To deposit in a chest; to hoard.

2. To place in a coffin. [Obs.] He dieth and is chested. Gen. 1. 26 (heading).

CHEST Chest, n. Etym: [AS. ceást.]

Defn: Strife; contention; controversy. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

CHESTED Chest"ed, a.

Defn: Having (such) a chest; -- in composition; as, broad-chested; narrow-chested.

CHESTERLITE Ches"ter*lite, n. Etym: [See -lite.]

Defn: A variety of feldspar found in crystals in the county of Chester, Pennsylvania.

CHESTEYN Ches"teyn, n.

Defn: The chestnut tree. [Obs.] Wilwe, elm, plane, assch, box, chesteyn. Chaucer.

CHEST FOUNDER Chest" foun`der. (Far.)

Defn: A rheumatic affection of the muscles of the breast and fore legs of a horse, affecting motion and respiration.

CHESTNUT Chest"nut, n. Etym: [For chesten-nut; OE. chestein, chesten, chastein, chestnut, fr. AS. cisten in cistenbeám chestnut tree, influenced by OF. chastaigne, F. châtaigne, both the AS. and the F. words coming from L. castanea a chestnut, Gr. Castanets.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The edible nut of a forest tree (Castanea vesce) of Europe and America. Commonly two or more of the nuts grow in a prickly bur.

2. The tree itself, or its light, coarse-grained timber, used for ornamental work, furniture, etc.

3. A bright brown color, like that of the nut.

4. The horse chestnut (often so used in England).

5. One of the round, or oval, horny plates on the inner sides of the legs of the horse, and allied animals.

6. An old joke or story. [Slang] Chestnut tree, a tree that bears chestnuts.

CHESTNUT Chest"nut, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining of a chestnut; of a reddish brown color; as, chestnut curls.

CHETAH Che"tah, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cheetah.

CHETVERT Chet"vert, n. Etym: [Russ. chetverte.]

Defn: A measure of grain equal to 0.7218 of an imperial quarter, or 5.95 Winchester bushels. [Russia]

CHEVACHIE Chev"a*chie`, n.

Defn: See Chivachie. [Obs.]

CHEVAGE Che"vage, n.

Defn: See Chiefage. [Obs.]

CHEVAL Che*val", n.; pl. Chevaux. Etym: [F. See Cavalcade.]

Defn: A horse; hence, a support or frame. Cheval glass, a mirror swinging in a frame, and large enough to reflect the full leght figure.

CHEVAL-DE-FRISE Che*val"-de-frise", n.; commonly used in the pl. Chevaux-de-frise. Etym: [F.; cheval horse + Frise Friesland, where it was first used.] (Mil.)

Defn: A piece of timber or an iron barrel traversed with iron-pointed spikes or spears, five or six feet long, used to defend a passage, stop a breach, or impede the advance of cavalry, etc. Obstructions of chain, boom, and cheval-de-frise. W. Irving.

CHEVALIER Che`va*lier", n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. caballarius. See Cavaller.]

1. A horseman; a knight; a gallant young man. "Mount, chevaliers; to arms." Shak.

2. A member of certain orders of knighthood. Chevalier d'industrie ( Etym: [F.], one who lives by persevering fraud; a pickpocket; a sharper. -- The Chevalier St. George (Eng. Hist.), James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II.), called "The Pretender." -- The Young Chevalier, Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier St. George.

CHEVAUX Che*vaux", n. pl.

Defn: See Cheval.

CHEVE Cheve, v. i. Etym: [OF. chevir. See Chievance.]

Defn: To come to an issue; to turn out; to succed; as, to cheve well in a enterprise. [Prov. or Obs.] Holland.

CHEVELURE Cheve*lure", n. Etym: [F., head of hair.]

Defn: A hairlike envelope. The nucleus and chevelure of nebulous star. Sir. W. Hershel.

CHEVEN Chev"en, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chevanne. Cf. Chavender.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A river fish; the chub. Sir T. Browne.

CHEVENTEIN Chev"en*tein, n.

Defn: A variant of Chieftain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHEVERIL Chev"er*il, n. Etym: [OF. chevrel, F. chevreau, kid, dim. of chevre goat, fr. L. capra. See Caper, v. i.]

Defn: Soft leather made of kid skin. Fig.: Used as a symbol of flexibility. [Obs.] Here's wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad. Shak.

CHEVERIL Chev"er*il, a.

Defn: Made of cheveril; pliant. [Obs.] A cheveril conscience and a searching wit. Drayton.

CHEVERLIIZE Chev"er*li*ize, v. i.

Defn: To make as pliable as kid leather. [Obs.] Br. Montagu.

CHEVET Che*vet", n. Etym: [F., head of the bed, dim. fr. chef head. See Chief.] (Arch.)

Defn: The extreme end of the chancel or choir; properly the round or polygonal part.

CHEVIOT Chev"i*ot, n.

1. A valuable breed of mountain sheep in Scotland, which takes its name from the Cheviot hills.

2. A woolen fabric, for men's clothing.

CHEVISANCE Chev"i*sance, n. Etym: [Of. chevisance, chevissance, fr. chevircome to an end, perform, fr. chef head, end, from L. caput head. See Chieve, Chief.]

1. Achievement; deed; performance. [Obs.] Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance. Spenser.

2. A bargain; profit; gain. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

3. (O. Eng. Law) (a) A making of contracts. (b) A bargain or contract; an agreement about a matter in dispute, such as a debt; a business compact. (c) An unlawful agreement or contract.

CHEVRETTE Chev*rette", n. Etym: [F., fr. chévre goat, fr. L. capra. Cf. Chevron.] (Mil.)

Defn: A machine for raising guns or mortar into their carriages.

CHEVRON Chev"ron, n. Etym: [F., rafter, chevron, from chévre goat, OF. chevre, fr. L. capra she-goat. See Cheveril.]

1. (Her.)

Defn: One of the nine honorable ordinaries, consisting of two broad bands of the width of the bar, issuing, respectively from the dexter and sinister bases of the field and conjoined at its center.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A distinguishing mark, above the elow, on the sleeve of a noncommisioned officer's coat.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A zigzag molding, or group of moldings, common in Norman architecture. Chevron bones (Anat.), The V-shaped subvertebral arches which inclose the caudal blood vessels in some animals.

CHEVRONED Chev"roned, p. a.

Defn: Having a chevron; decorated with an ornamental figure of a zigzag from. [A garment] whose nether parts, with their bases, were of watchet cloth of silver, chevroned all over with lace. B. Jonson.

CHEVRONEL Chev"ron*el, n. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing like a chevron, but of only half its width.

CHEVRONWISE Chev"ron*wise`, adv. (Her.)

Defn: In the manner of a chevron; as, the field may be divided chevronwise.

CHEVROTAIN Chev`ro*tain", n. Etym: [F. chevrotin, OF. chevrot little goat, roe, dim. of chevre goat. See Chevron.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small ruminant of the family Tragulidæ a allied to the musk deer. It inhabits Africa and the East Indies. See Kanchil.

CHEVY Chev"y, v. t.

Defn: See Chivy, v. t. [Slang, Eng.] One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes. London Times.

CHEW Chew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chewed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chewing.] Etym: [As ceówan, akin to D. kauwen, G. kauen. Cf. Chaw, Jaw.]

1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate.

2. To ruminate mentally; to meditate on. He chews revenge, abjuring his offense. Prior. To chew the cud, to chew the food ocer again, as a cow; to ruminate; hence, to meditate. Every beast the parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat. Deut. xxiv. 6.

CHEW Chew, v. i.

Defn: To perform the action of biting and grinding with the teeth; to ruminate; to meditate. old politicians chew wisdom past. Pope.

CHEW Chew, n.

Defn: That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a cud. [Law]

CHEWER Chew"er, n.

Defn: One who chews.

CHEWET Chew"et, n.

Defn: A kind of meat pie. [Obs.]

CHEWINK Che"wink, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An american bird (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) of the Finch family, so called from its note; -- called also towhee bunting and ground robin.

CHEYENNES Chey*ennes", n. pl.; sing. cheyenne. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A warlike tribe of indians, related to the blackfeet, formerly inhabiting the region of Wyoming, but now mostly on reservations in the Indian Territory. They are noted for their horsemanship.

CHIAN Chi"an a. Etym: [L. chius, fr. Chios the island Chios, Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chios, an island in the Ægean Sea. Chian earth, a dense, compact kind of earth, from Chios, used anciently as an astringent and a cosmetic. -- Chian turpentine, a fragrant, almost transparent turpentine, obtained from the Pistacia Terebinthus.

CHIAROSCURIST Chi*a`ros*cu"rist, n.

Defn: A painter who cares for and studies light and shade rather than color.

CHIAROSCURO; CHIARO-OSCURO Chia`ro*scu"ro, Chi*a"ro-os*cu"ro, n. Etym: [It., clear dark.] (a) The arrangement of light and dark parts in a work of art, such as a drawing or painting, whether in monochrome or in color. (b) The art or practice of so arranging the light and dark parts as to produce a harmonious effect. Cf. Clair-obscur.

CHIASM; CHIASMA Chi"asm, Chi*as"ma, n. Etym: [NL. chiasma, fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: A commissure; especially, the optic commissure, or crucial union of the optic nerves. -- Chi*as"mal (, a..

CHIASMUS Chi*as"mus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Chiasm.] (Rhet.)

Defn: An inversion of the order of words or phrases, when repeated or subsequently referred to in a sentence; thus, If e'er to bless thy sons My voice or hands deny, These hands let useful skill forsake, This voice in silence die. Dwight.

CHIASTOLITE Chi*as"to*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite. See Chiasm. So called from the resemblance of the cross cuts of is crystals to the Greek letter x.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of andalusite; -- called also macle. The tesselated apperance of a cross section is due to the symmetrical arrangement of impurities in the crystal.

CHIBBAL Chib"bal, n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cibol.

CHIBOUQUE; CHIBOUK Chi*bouque", Chi*bouk", n. Etym: [F. chibouque, fr. Turk.]

Defn: A Turkish pipe, usually with a mouthpiece of amber, a stem, four or five feet long and not pliant, of some valuable wood, and a bowl of baked clay.

CHIC Chic, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Good form; style. [Slang]

CHICA Chi"ca, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A red coloring matter. extracted from the Bignonia Chica, used by some tribes of South American Indians to stain the skin.

2. A fermented liquor or beer made in South American from a decoction of maize.

3. A popular Moorish, Spanish, and South American dance, said to be the original of the fandango, etc.

CHICALOTE Chi`ca*lo"te, n. [Sp., prob. of Mex. origin.] (Bot.)

Defn: A Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone platyceras), which has migrated into California.

CHICANE Chi*cane", n. Etym: [F., prob. earlier meaning a dispute, orig. in the game of mall (F. mail), fr. LGr. chaugan club or bat; or possibly ultimated fr. L. ciccus a trible.]

Defn: The use of artful subterfuge, designed to draw away attention from the merits of a case or question; -- specifically applied to legal proceedings; trickery; chicanery; caviling; sophistry. Prior. To shuffle from them by chicane. Burke. To cut short this, I propound it fairly to your own canscience. Berkeley.

CHICANE Chi*cane", v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. chicaner. See Chicane, n.]

Defn: To use shifts, cavils, or artifices. Burke.

CHICANER Chi*can"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chicaneur.]

Defn: One who uses chicanery. Locke.

CHICANERY Chi*can"er*y, n. Etym: [F. chicanerie.]

Defn: Mean or unfair artifice to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; stratagem; sharp practice; sophistry. Irritated by perpetual chicanery. Hallam.

Syn. -- Trickery; sophistry; stratagem.

CHICCORY Chic"co*ry, n.

Defn: See Chicory.

CHICH Chich, n.; pl. Chiches (. Etym: [F. chiche, pois chiche, a dwarf pea, from L. cicer the chick-pea.] (Bot.)

Defn: The chick-pea.

CHICHA Chi"cha, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: See Chica.

CHICHEVACHE Chiche"vache`, n. Etym: [F. chiche lean + vache cow.]

Defn: A fabulous cow of enormous size, whose food was patient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition.

CHICHLING; CHICHLING VETCH Chich"ling, Chich"ling vetch`, n. Etym: [Chich + -ling.] (Bot.)

Defn: A leguminous plant (Lathyrus sativus), with broad flattened seeds which are sometimes used for food.

CHICK Chick, v. i. Etym: [OE. chykkyn, chyke, chicken.]

Defn: To sprout, as seed in the ground; to vegetate. Chalmers.

CHICK Chick, n.

1. A chicken.

2. A child or young person; -- a term of endearment. Shak.

CHICKABIDDY Chick"a*bid`dy, n.

Defn: A chicken; a fowl; also, a trivial term of endearment for a child.

CHICKADEE Chick"a*dee`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small bird, the blackcap titmouse (Parus atricapillus), of North America; -- named from its note.

CHICKAREE Chick"a*ree`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American red squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius); -- so called from its cry.

CHICKASAWS Chick"a*saws, n. pl.; sing. Chickasaw. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A trible of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian) allied to the Choctaws. They formerly occupied the northern part of Alabama and Mississippi, but now live in the Indian Territory.

CHICKEN Chick"en, n. Etym: [AS. cicen, cyceun, dim. of coc cock; akin to LG. kiken, küken, D. Kieken, kuiken, G. küchkein. See Cock the animal.]

1. A young bird or fowl, esp. a young barnyard fowl.

2. A young person; a child; esp. a young woman; a maiden. "Stella is no chicken." Swift. Chicken cholera, a contagious disease of fowls; - - so called because first studied during the prevalence of a cholera epidemic in France. It has no resemblance to true cholera.

CHICKEN-BREASTED Chick"en-breast`ed, a.

Defn: Having a narrow, projecting chest, caused by forward curvature of the vertebral column.

CHICKEN-HEARTED Chick"en-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Timid; fearful; cowardly. Bunyan.

CHICKEN POX Chick"en pox". (Med.)

Defn: A mild, eruptive disease, generally attacking children only; varicella.

CHICKLING Chick"ling, n. Etym: [Chick+-ling.]

Defn: A small chick or chicken.

CHICK-PEA Chick"-pea`, n. Etym: [See Chich.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A Small leguminous plant (Cicer arietinum) of Asia, Africa, and the sounth of Europe; the chick; the dwarf pea; the gram.

2. Its nutritious seed, used in cookery, and especially, when roasted (parched pulse), as food for travelers in the Eastern deserts.

CHICKWEED Chick"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several caryophyllaseous weeds, especially Stellaria media, the seeds and flower buds of which are a favorite food of small birds.

CHICKY Chick"y, n.

Defn: A chicken; -- used as a diminutive or pet name, especially in calling fowls.

CHICLE; CHICLE GUM Chic"le, n., Chicle gum. [Amer. Sp. chicle.]

Defn: A gumlike substance obtained from the bully tree (Mimusops globosa) and sometimes also from the naseberry or sapodilla (Sapota zapotilla). It is more plastic than caoutchouc and more elastic than gutta-percha, as an adulterant of which it is used in England. It is used largely in the United States in making chewing gum.

CHICO Chi"co, n.

1. Var. of Chica.

2. The common greasewood of the western United States (Sarcobatus vermiculatus).

3. In the Philippines, the sapodilla or its fruit; also, the marmalade tree or its fruit.

CHICORY Chic"o*ry, n. Etym: [F. chicorée, earlier also cichorée, L. cichorium, fr. Gr. , , Cf. Succory.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A branching perennial plant (Cichorium Intybus) with bright blue flowers, growing wild in Europe, Asia, and America; also cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; succory; wild endive. See Endive.

2. The root, which is roasted for mixing with coffe.

CHICORY Chi"co*ry, n.

Defn: See Chiccory.

CHIDE Chide, v. t. Etym: [imp. Chid, or Chode (Obs.); p. p. Chidden, Chid; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiding.] Etym: [AS. cidan; of unknown origin.]

1. To rebuke; to reprove; to scold; to find fault with. Upbraided, chid, and rated at. Shak.

2. Fig.: To be noise about; to chafe against. The sea that chides the banks of England. Shak. To chide hither, chide from, or chide away, to cause to come, or to drive away, by scolding or reproof.

Syn. -- To blame; rebuke; reprove; scold; censure; reproach; reprehend; reprimand.

CHIDE Chide, v. i.

1. To utter words of disapprobation and displeasure; to find fault; to contend angrily. Wherefore the people did chide with Moses. Ex. xvii. 2.

2. To make a clamorous noise; to chafe. As doth a rock againts the chiding flood. Shak.

CHIDE Chide, n. Etym: [AS. cid]

Defn: A continuous noise or murmur. The chide of streams. Thomson.

CHIDER Chid"er, n.

Defn: One who chides or quarrels. Shak.

CHIDERESS Chid"er*ess, n.

Defn: She who chides. [Obs.]

CHIDESTER Chide"ster, n. Etym: [Chide + -ster.]

Defn: A female scold. [Obs.]

CHIDINGLY Chid"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chiding or reproving manner.

CHIEF Chief, n. Etym: [OE. chief, chef, OF. chief, F. chef, fr. L. caput head, possibly akin to E. head. Cf. Captain, Chapter]

1. The head or leader of any body of men; a commander, as of an army; a head man, as of a tribe, clan, or family; a person in authority who directs the work of others; the pricipal actio or agent.

2. The principal part; the most valuable portion. The chief of the things which should be utterly destroyed.1. Sam. xv. 21

3. (Her.)

Defn: The upper third part of the field. It is supposed to be composed of the dexter, sinister, and middle chiefs. In chief. (a) At the head; as, a commander in chief. (b) (Eng. Law) From the king, or sovereign; as, tenure in chief, tenure directly from the king.

Syn. -- Chieftain; captain; general; commander; leader; head; principal; sachem; sagamore; sheik. -- Chief, chieftain, Commander, Leader. These words fluctuate somewhat in their meaning according to circumstances, but agree in the general idea of rule and authority. The term chief is now more usually applied to one who is a head man, leader, or commander in civil or military affairs, or holds a hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan; as, the chief of police; the chief of an Indian tribe. A chieftain is the chief of a clan or tribe , or a military leader. A commander directs the movements of or has control over a body of men, as a military or naval force. A leader is one whom men follow, as in a political party, a legislative body, a military or scientific expedition, etc., one who takes the command and gives direction in particular enterprises.

CHIEF Chief, a.

1. Highest in office or rank; principal; head. "Chief rulers." John. xii. 42.

2. Principal or most eminent in any quality or action; most distinguished; having most influence; taking the lead; most important; as, the chief topic of conversation; the chief interest of man.

3. Very intimate, near, or close. [Obs.] A whisperer separateth chief friends. Prov. xvi. 28.

Syn. -- Principal; head; leading; main; paramount; supreme; prime; vital; especial; great; grand; eminent; master.

CHIEFAGE Chief"age, n. Etym: [OF. chevage, fr. chief head. See Chief.]

Defn: A tribute by the head; a capitation tax. [Written also chevage and chivage.] [Obs.]

CHIEF BARON Chief" bar"on. (Eng. Law)

Defn: The presiding judge of the court of exchequer.

CHIEFEST Chief"est, a. Etym: [Superl. of Chief.]

Defn: First or foremost; chief; principal. [Archaic] "Our chiefest courtier." Shak. The chiefest among ten thousand. Canticles v. 10.

CHIEF HARE Chief" hare`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small rodent (Lagamys princeps) inhabiting the summits of the Rocky Mountains; -- also called crying hare, calling hare, cony, American pika, and little chief hare.

Note: It is not a true hare or rabbit, but belongs to the curious family Lagomyidæ.

CHIEF JUSTICE Chief" jus"tice.

Defn: The presiding justice, or principal judge, of a court. Lord Chief Justice of England, The presiding judge of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The highest judicial officer of the realm is the Lord High Chancellor. -- Chief Justice of the United States, the presiding judge of the Supreme Court, and Highest judicial officer of the republic.

CHIEF-JUSTICESHIP Chief"-jus"tice*ship, n.

Defn: The office of chief justice. Jay selected the chief-justiceship as most in accordance with his tastes. The Century.

CHIEFLESS Chief"less, a.

Defn: Without a chief or leader.

CHIEFLY Chief"ly, adv.

1. In the first place; principally; preëminently; above; especially. Search through this garden; leave unsearched no nook; But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge. Milton.

2. For the most part; mostly. Those parts of the kingdom where the . . . estates of the dissenters chiefly lay. Swift.

CHIEFRIE Chief"rie, n.

Defn: A small rent paid to the lord paramount. [Obs.] Swift.

CHIEFTAIN Chief"tain, n. Etym: [OE. cheftayn, chevetayn, OF. chevetain, F. capitaine, LL. capitanus, fr. L. caput head. Cf. Captain, and see chief.]

Defn: A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan.

Syn. -- Chief; commander; leader; head. See Chief.

CHIEFTAINCY; CHIEFTAINSHIP Chief"tain*cy, Chief"tain*ship, n.

Defn: The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain.

CHIERTE Chier"te, n. Etym: [OF. cherté. See Charity.]

Defn: Love; tender regard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHIEVANCE Chiev"ance, n. Etym: [OF. chevance property, equiv. To chevisance, fr. chevir to accomplish. See Chevisance.]

Defn: An unlawful bargain; traffic in which money is exported as discount. [Obs.] Bacon.

CHIEVE Chieve, v. i.

Defn: See Cheve, v. i. [Obs.]

CHIFF-CHAFF Chiff"-chaff (, n. Etym: [So called from its note.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of European warbler (Sylvia hippolais); -- called also chip-chap, and pettychaps.

CHIFFON Chif`fon", n. [F., lit., rag. See Chiffonier.]

1.

Defn: Any merely ornamental adjunct of a woman's dress, as a bunch of ribbon, lace, etc.

2. A kind of soft gauzy material used for ruches, trimmings, etc.

CHIFFONIER; CHIFFONIERE Chif`fo*nier", fem. Chif`fo-nière", n. Etym: [F. chiffonnier, fem. chiffonnière, fr. chiffon rag, fr. chiffe a rag, fimsy cloth.]

1. One who gathers rags and odds and ends; a ragpicker.

2. A receptacle for rags or shreds.

3. A movable and ornamental closet or piece of furniture with shelves or drawers. G. Eliot.

CHIGNON Chi"gnon (, n. Etym: [F., prop. equiv. to chaînon link, fr. chaîne chain, fr. L. catena Cf. Chain.]

Defn: A knot, boss, or mass of hair, natural or artificial, worn by a woman at the back of the head. A curl that had strayed from her chignon. H. James.

CHIGOE; CHIGRE Chig"oe, Chig"re, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chigue, perh. fr. Catalan chic small, Sp. chico; or of Peruvian origin.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of flea (Pulex penetrans), common in the West Indies and South America, which often attacks the feet or any exposed part of the human body, and burrowing beneath the skin produces great irritation. When the female is allowed to remain and breed, troublesome sores result, which are sometimes dangerous. See Jigger. [Written also chegre, chegoe, chique, chigger, jigger.]

Note: The name is sometimes erroneously given to certain mites or ticks having similar habits.

CHIH FU Chih" fu`. [Chin. chih fu, lit., (He who) knows (the) prefecture.]

Defn: An official administering a prefecture of China; a prefect, supervising the civil business of the hsiens or districts comprised in his fu (which see).

CHIH HSIEN Chih" hsien`. [Chin. chih hsien, lit., (He who) knows (the) district.]

Defn: An official having charge of a hsien, or administrative district, in China; a district magistrate, responsible for good order in his hsien (which see), and having jurisdiction in its civil and criminal cases.

CHIH TAI Chih" tai`. [Chin. chih to govern + t"ai an honorary title.]

Defn: A Chinese governor general; a tsung tu (which see).

CHIKARA Chi*ka"ra (, n. Etym: [Hind.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Ingoat antelope (Tragops Bennettii) Of India. (b) The Indian four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis).

CHILBLAIN Chil"blain`, n. Etym: [Chill + Blain.]

Defn: A blain, sore, or inflammatory swelling, produced by exposure of the feet or hands to cold, and attended by itching, pain, and sometimes ulceration.

CHILBLAIN Chil"blain`, v. t.

Defn: To produce chilblains upon.

CHILD Child, n.; pl. Children. Etym: [AS. cild, pl. cildru; cf. Goth. kilÞei womb, in-kilÞ\'d3 with child.]

1. A son or a daughter; a male or female descendant, in the first degree; the immediate progeny of human parents; -- in law, legitimate offspring. Used also of animals and plants.

2. A descendant, however remote; -- used esp. in the plural; as, the children of Israel; the children of Edom.

3. One who, by character of practice, shows signs of relationship to, or of the influence of, another; one closely connected with a place, occupation, character, etc.; as, a child of God; a child of the devil; a child of disobedience; a child of toil; a child of the people.

4. A noble youth. See Childe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. A young person of either sex. esp. one between infancy and youth; hence, one who exhibits the characteristics of a very young person, as innocence, obedience, trustfulness, limited understanding, etc. When I was child. I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things. 1. Cor. xii. 11.

6. A female infant. [Obs.] A boy or a child, I wonder Shak. To be with child, to be pregnant. -- Child's play, light work; a trifling contest.

CHILD Child, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Childed; p. pr. & vb. n. Childing.]

Defn: To give birth; to produce young. This queen Genissa childing died. Warner. It chanced within two days they childed both. Latimer.

CHILDBEARING Child"bear`ing, n.

Defn: The act of producing or bringing forth children; parturition. Milton. Addison.

CHILDBED Child"bed, n.

Defn: The state of a woman bringing forth a child, or being in labor; parturition.

CHILDBIRTH Child"birth, n.

Defn: The act of bringing forth a child; travail; labor. Jer. Taylor.

CHILDCROWING Child"crow`ing, n. (Med.)

Defn: The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup.

CHILDE Childe, n.

Defn: A cognomen formerly prefixed to his name by the oldest son, until he succeeded to his ancestral titles, or was knighted; as, Childe Roland.

CHILDED Child"ed, a.

Defn: Furnished with a child. [Obs.]

CHILDERMAS DAY Chil"dermas day`. Etym: [AS. cildamæsse-dæg; cild child +dæg day.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A day (December 28) observed by mass or festival in commemoration of the children slain by Herod at Bethlehem; -- called also Holy Innocent's Day.

CHILDHOOD Child"hood, n. Etym: [AS. cildhad; cild child + -had. See Child, and hood.]

1. The state of being a child; the time in which persons are children; the condition or time from infancy to puberty. I have walked before you from my childhood. 1. Sam. xii. 2.

2. Children, taken collectively. [R.] The well-governed childhood of this realm. Sir. W. Scott.

3. The commencement; the first period. The childhood of our joy. Shak. Second childhood, the state of being feeble and incapable from old age.

CHILDING Child"ing, a. Etym: [See Child, v. i.]

Defn: Bearing Children; (Fig.) productive; fruitful. [R.] Shak.

CHILDISH Child"ish, a.

1. Of, pertaining to, befitting, or resembling, a child. "Childish innocence." Macaulay.

2. Peurile; trifling; weak. Methinks that simplicity in her countenance is rather childish than innocent. Addison.

Note: Childish, as applied tc persons who are grown up, is in a disparaging sense; as, a childish temper.

CHILDISHLY Child"ish*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a child; in a trifling way; in a weak or foolish manner.

CHILDISHNESS Child"ish*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being childish; simplicity; harmlessness; weakness of intellect.

CHILDLESSNESS Child"less*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being childless.

CHILDLIKE Child"like, a.

Defn: Resembling a child, or that which belongs to children; becoming a child; meek; submissive; dutiful. "Childlike obedience." Hooker.

Note: Childlike, as applied to persons grown up, is commonly in a good sense; as, childlike grace or simplicity; childlike modesty.

CHILDLY Child"ly, a.

Defn: Having tthe character of a child; belonging, or appropriate, to a child. Gower.

CHILDLY Child"ly, adv.

Defn: Like a child. Mrs. Browning.

CHILDNESS Child"ness, n.

Defn: The manner characteristic of a child. [Obs.] "Varying childness." Shak.

CHILDREN Chil"dren, n.;

Defn: pl. of Child.

CHILDSHIP Child"ship, n.

Defn: The state or relation of being a child.

CHILD STUDY Child study.

Defn: A scientific study of children, undertaken for the purpose of discovering the laws of development of the body and the mind from birth to manhood.

CHILEAN Chil"e*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chile.

CHILEAN Chil"e*an, n.

Defn: A native or resident of Chile; Chilian.

CHILEAN PINE Chilean pine. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Monkey-puzzle.

CHILI Chil"i, n. Etym: [Sp. chili, chile.]

Defn: A kind of red pepper. See Capsicum [Written also chilli and chile.]

CHILIAD Chil"i*ad, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A thousand; the aggregate of a thousand things; especially, a period of a thousand years. The world, then in the seventh chiliad, will be assumed up unto God. Sir. T. More.

CHILIAGON Chil"i*a*gon, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A plane figure of a thousand angles and sides. Barlow.

CHILIAHEDRON Chil"i*a*hedron, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A figure bounded by a thousand plane surfaces [Spelt also chiliaëdron.]

CHILIAN Chil"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Chili. -- n.

Defn: A native or citizen of Chili.

CHILIAN; CHILIARCH Chil"i*an, Chil"i*arch`, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The commander or chief of a thousand men.

CHILIARCHY Chil"i*arch`y, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A body consisting of a thousand men. Mitford.

CHILIASM Chil"i*asm, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. The millennium.

2. The doctrine of the personal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium.

CHILIAST Chil"i*ast, n. Etym: [Gr. Chiliasm.]

Defn: One who believes in the second coming of Christ to reign on earth a thousand years; a milllenarian.

CHILIASTIC Chili*astic, a.

Defn: Millenarian. "The obstruction offered by the chiliastic errors." J. A. Alexander.

CHILL Chill, n. Etym: [AS. cele, cyle, from the same root as celan, calan, to be cold; akin to D. kil cold, coldness, Sw. kyla to chill, and E. cool. See Cold, and cf. Cool.]

1. A moderate but disagreeable degree of cold; a disagreeable sensation of coolness, accompanied with shivering. "[A] wintry chill." W. Irving.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A sensation of cold with convulsive shaking of the body, pinched face, pale skin, and blue lips, caused by undue cooling of the body or by nervous excitement, or forming the precursor of some constitutional disturbance, as of a fever.

3. A check to enthusiasm or warmth of feeling; discouragement; as, a chill comes over an assemblly.

4. An iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it. Raymond.

5. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. Knight. Chill and fever, fever and ague.

CHILL Chill, a.

1. Moderately cold; tending to cause shivering; chilly; raw. Noisome winds, and blasting vapors chill. Milton.

2. Affected by cold. "My veins are chill." Shak.

3. Characterized by coolness of manner, feeling, etc.; lacking enthusiasm or warmth; formal; distant; as, a chill reception.

4. Discouraging; depressing; dispiriting.

CHILL Chill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chilled (chìld); p. pr. & vb. n. Chilling.]

1. To strike with a chill; to make chilly; to cause to shiver; to affect with cold. When winter chilled the day. Goldsmith.

2. To check enthusiasm or warmth of feeling of; to depress; to discourage. Every thought on God chills the gayety of his spirits. Rogers.

3. (Metal.)

Defn: To produce, by sudden cooling, a change of crystallization at or near the surface of, so as to increase the hardness; said of cast iron.

CHILL Chill, v. i. (Metal.)

Defn: To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling while solidifying; as, some kinds of cast iron chill to a greater depth than others.

CHILLED Chilled, a.

1. Hardened on the surface or edge by chilling; as, chilled iron; a chilled wheel.

2. (Paint.)

Defn: Having that cloudiness or dimness of surface that is called "blooming."

CHILLI Chil"li, n.

Defn: See Chili.

CHILLINESS Chill"i*ness, n.

1. A state or sensation of being chilly; a disagreeable sensation of coldness.

2. A moderate degree of coldness; disagreeable coldness or rawness; as, the chilliness of the air.

3. Formality; lack of warmth.

CHILLING Chill"ing, a.

Defn: Making chilly or cold; depressing; discouraging; cold; distant; as, a chilling breeze; a chilling manner. -- Chill"ing"ly, adv.

CHILLNESS Chill"ness, n.

Defn: Coolness; coldness; a chill. Death is the chillness that precedes the dawn. Longfellow.

CHILLY Chill"y, a.

Defn: Moderately cold; cold and raw or damp so as to cause shivering; causing or feeling a disagreeable sensation of cold, or a shivering.

CHILOGNATH Chi"log*nath, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A myriapod of the order Chilognatha.

CHILOGNATHA Chi*log"na*tha, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the two principal orders of myriapods. They have numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of small, slender legs, which are attached ventrallly, near together.

CHILOMA Chi*lo"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The tumid upper lip of certain mammals, as of a camel.

CHILOPOD Chi"lo*pod, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A myriapod of the order Chilopoda.

CHILOPODA Chi*lop"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the orders of myriapods, including the centipeds. They have a single pair of elongated legs attached laterally to each segment; well developed jaws; and a pair of thoracic legs converted into poison fangs. They are insectivorous, very active, and some species grow to the length of a foot.

CHILOSTOMA; CHILOSTOMATA Chi*los"to*ma, Chi*lo*stom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An extensive suborder of marine Bryozoa, mostly with calcareous shells. They have a movable lip and a lid to close the aperture of the cells. [Also written Chillostomata.]

CHILOSTOMATOUS Chi`lo*stoma*tous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Chilostoma.

CHILTERN HUNDREDS Chiltern Hundreds. Etym: [AS. Chiltern the Chiltern, high hills in Buckinghamshire, perh. Fr. ceald cold + ern, ærn, place.]

Defn: A tract of crown land in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward. As members of Parliament cannot resign, when they wish to go out they accept this stewardship, which legally vacates their seats.

CHIMAERA Chi*mæ"ra, n. Etym: [NL. See Chimera.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cartilaginous fish of several species, belonging to the order Holocephali. The teeth are few and large. The head is furnished with appendages, and the tail terminates in a point.

CHIMAEROID Chi*mæ"roid, a. Etym: [Chimæra + old.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Related to, or like, the chimæra.

CHIMANGO Chi*man"go Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A south American carrion buzzard (Milvago chimango). See Caracara.

CHIMB Chimb (chim), n. Etym: [AS. cim, in cimstan base of a pillar; akin to D. kim, f. Sw. kim., G. kimme f.]

Defn: The edge of a cask, etc; a chine. See Chine, n., 3. [Written also hime.]

CHIMB Chimb, v. i.

Defn: Chime. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHIME Chime, n. Etym: [See Chimb.]

Defn: See Chine, n., 3.

CHIME Chime, n. Etym: [OE. chimbe, prop., cymbal, OF. cymbe, cymble, in a dialectic form, chymble, F. cymbale, L. cymbalum, fr. Gr. Cymbal.]

1. The harmonious sound of bells, or of musical instruments. Instruments that made melodius chime. Milton.

2. A set of bells musically tuned to each other; specif., in the pl., the music performed on such a set of bells by hand, or produced by mechanism to accompany the striking of the hours or their divisions. We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shak.

3. Pleasing correspondence of proportion, relation, or sound. "Chimes of verse." Cowley.

CHIME Chime, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chimed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chiming.] Etym: [See Chime, n.]

1. To sound in harmonious accord, as bells.

2. To be in harmony; to agree; to sut; to harmonize; to correspond; to fall in with. Everything chimed in with such a humor. W. irving.

3. To join in a conversation; to express assent; -- followed by in or in with. [Colloq.]

4. To make a rude correspondence of sounds; to jingle, as in rhyming. Cowley

CHIME Chime, v. i.

1. To cause to sound in harmony; to play a tune, as upon a set of bells; to move or strike in harmony. And chime their sounding hammers. Dryden.

2. To utter harmoniously; to recite rhythmically. Chime his childish verse. Byron.

CHIMER Chim"er, n.

Defn: One who chimes.

CHIMERA Chime"ra, n.; pl. Chimeras. Etym: [L. chimaera a chimera (in sense 1), Gr. qymbr a yearling ewe.]

1. (Myth.)

Defn: A monster represented as vomiting flames, and as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. "Dire chimeras and enchanted isles." Milton.

2. A vain, foolish, or incongruous fancy, or creature of the imagination; as, the chimera of an author. Burke.

CHIMERE Chi*mere", n. Etym: [OF. chamarre., F. simarre (cf. It. zimarra), fr. Sp. chamarra, zamarra, a coat made of sheepskins, a sheepskin, perh. from Ar. sammur the Scythian weasel or marten, the sable. Cf. Simarre.]

Defn: The upper robe worn by a bishop, to which lawn sleeves are usually attached. Hook.

CHIMERIC Chi*mer"ic, a.

Defn: Chimerical.

CHIMERICAL Chi*mer"ic*al, a.

Defn: Merely imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wildly or vainly conceived; having, or capable of having, no existence except in thought; as, chimerical projects.

Syn. -- Imaginary; fanciful; fantastic; wild; unfounded; vain; deceitful; delusive.

CHIMERICALLY Chi*mer"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Wildy; vainly; fancifully.

CHIMINAGE Chim"i*nage, n. Etym: [OF. cheminage, fr. chemin way, road.] (Old Law)

Defn: A toll for passage through a forest. [Obs.] Cowell.

CHIMNEY Chim"ney, n.; pl. Chimneys. Etym: [F. cheminée, LL. caminata, fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr.

1. A fireplace or hearth. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. That part of a building which contains the smoke flues; esp. an upright tube or flue of brick or stone, in most cases extending through or above the roof of the building. Often used instead of chimney shaft. Hard by a cottage chimney smokes. Milton.

3. A tube usually of glass, placed around a flame, as of a lamp, to create a draft, and promote combustion.

4. (Min.)

Defn: A body of ore, usually of elongated form, extending downward in a vein. Raymond. Chimney board, a board or screen used to close a fireplace; a fireboard. -- Chimney cap, a device to improve the draught of a chimney, by presenting an exit aperture always to leeward. -- Chimney corner, the space between the sides of the fireplace and the fire; hence, the fireside. -- Chimney hook, a hook for holding pats and kettles over a fire, -- Chimney money, hearth money, a duty formerly paid in England for each chimney. -- Chimney pot (Arch.), a cylinder of earthenware or sheet metal placed at the top of a chimney which rises above the roof. -- Chimney swallow. (Zoöl.) (a) An American swift (Chæture pelasgica) which lives in chimneys. (b) In England, the common swallow (Hirundo rustica). -- Chimney sweep, Chimney sweeper, one who cleans chimneys of soot; esp. a boy who climbs the flue, and brushes off the soot.

CHIMNEY-BREAST Chim"ney-breast`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The horizontal projection of a chimney from the wall in which it is built; -- commonly applied to its projection in the inside of a building only.

CHIMNEY-PIECE Chim"ney-piece`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A decorative construction around the opning of a fireplace.

CHIMPANZEE Chim*pan"zee, n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. chimpanzé, chimpansé, chimpanzée.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An african ape (Anthropithecus troglodytes or Troglodytes niger) which approaches more nearly to man, in most respects, than any other ape. When full grown, it is from three to four feet high.

CHIN Chin, n. Etym: [AS. cin, akin to OS. kin, G kinn, Icel. kinn, cheek, Dan. & Sw. kind, L. gena, Gr. hanu. *232.]

1. The lower extremity of the face below the mouth; the point of the under jaw.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The exterior or under surface embraced between the branches of the lower jaw bone, in birds.

CHINA Chi"na, n.

1. A country in Eastern Asia.

2. China ware, which is the modern popular term for porcelain. See Porcelain. China aster (Bot.), a well-known garden flower and plant. See Aster. -- China bean. See under Bean, 1. -- China clay See Kaolin. -- China grass, Same as Ramie. -- China ink. See India ink. -- China pink (Bot.), an anual or biennial species of Dianthus (D. Chiensis) having variously colored single or double flowers; Indian pink. -- China root (Med.), the rootstock of a species of Smilax (S. China, from the East Indies; -- formerly much esteemed for the purposes that sarsaparilla is now used for. Also the galanga root (from Alpinia Gallanga and Alpinia officinarum). -- China rose. (Bot.) (a) A popular name for several free-blooming varieties of rose derived from the Rosa Indica, and perhaps other species. (b) A flowering hothouse plant (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) of the Mallow family, common in the gardens of China and the east Indies. -- China shop, a shop or store for the sale of China ware or of crockery. -- China ware, porcelain; -- so called in the 17th century because brought from the far East, and differing from the pottery made in Europa at that time; also, loosely, crockery in general. -- Pride of China, China tree. (Bot.) See Azedarach.

CHINALDINE Chin*al"dine, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine + aldehyde.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Quinaldine.

CHINAMAN Chi"na*man, n.; pl. Chinamen (.

Defn: A native of China; a Chinese.

CHINCAPIN Chin"ca*pin, n.

Defn: See Chinquapin.

CHINCH Chinch, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. chinche, fr. L. cimex.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bedbug (Cimex lectularius).

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bug (Blissus leucopterus), which, in the United States, is very destructive to grass, wheat, and other grains; -- also called chiniz, chinch bug, chink bug. It resembles the bedbug in its disgusting odor.

CHINCHA Chin"cha, n. Etym: [Cf. Chinchilla.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A south American rodent of the genus Lagotis.

CHINCHE Chinche, a. Etym: [F. chiche miserly.]

Defn: Parsimonious; niggardly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHINCHERIE Chinch"er*ie, n.

Defn: Penuriousness. [Obs.] By cause of his skarsete and chincherie. Caucer.

CHINCHILLA Chin*chil"la, n. Etym: [Sp.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small rodent (Chinchilla lanigera), of the size of a large squirrel, remarkable for its fine fur, which is very soft and of a pearly gray color. It is a native of Peru and Chili.

2. The fur of the chinchilla.

3. A heavy, longnapped, tufted woolen cloth.

CHINCHONA; CHINCONA Chin*cho"na, Chin*co"na.

Defn: See Cinchona.

CHIN COUGH Chin" cough". Etym: [For chink cough; cf. As. cincung long laughter, Scot. kink a violent fit of coughing, akin to MHG. kichen to pant. Cf. Kinknaust, Cough.]

Defn: Whooping cough.

CHINE Chine, n. Etym: [Cf. Chink.]

Defn: A chink or cleft; a narrow and deep ravine; as, Shanklin Chine in the Isle of Wight, a quarter of a mile long and 230 feet deep. [Prov. Eng.] "The cottage in a chine." J. Ingelow.

CHINE Chine, n.Etym: [OF. eschine, F. échine, fr. OHG. skina needle, prickle, shin, G. schiene splint, schienbein shin. For the meaning cf. L. spina thorn, prickle, or spine, the backbone. Cf. Shin.]

1. The backbone or spine of an animal; the back. "And chine with rising bristles roughly spread." Dryden.

2. A piece of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking.

Note: [See Illust. of Beef.]

3. The edge or rim of a cask, etc., formed by the projecting ends of the staves; the chamfered end of a stave.

CHINE Chine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chined.]

1. To cut through the backbone of; to cut into chine pieces.

2. Too chamfer the ends of a stave and form the chine..

CHINED Chined, a.

1. Pertaining to, or having, a chine, or backbone; -- used in composition. Beau. & Fl.

2. Broken in the back. [Obs.] He's chined, goodman. Beau. & Fl.

CHINESE Chi"nese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to China; peculiar to China. Chinese paper. See India paper, under India. -- Chinese wax, a snowy-wgite, waxlike substance brought from China. It is the bleached secretion of certain insects of the family Coccidæ especially Coccus Sinensis.

CHINESE Chi*nese", n. sing. & pl.

1. A native or natives of China, or one of that yellow race with oblique eyelids who live principally in China.

2. sing.

Defn: The language of China, which is monosyllabic.

Note: Chineses was used as a plural by the contemporaries of Shakespeare and Milton.

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT Chinese Exclusion Act.

Defn: Any of several acts forbidding the immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States, originally from 1882 to 1892 by act of May 6, 1882, then from 1892 to 1902 by act May 5, 1892. By act of April 29, 1902, all existing legislation on the subject was reënacted and continued, and made applicable to the insular possessions of the United States.

CHINK Chink, n. Etym: [OE. chine, AS. cine fissure, chink, fr. cinan to gape; akin to Goth. Keinan to sprout, G. keimen. Cf. Chit.]

Defn: A small cleft, rent, or fissure, of greater length than breadth; a gap or crack; as, the chinks of wall. Through one cloudless chink, in a black, stormy sky. Shines out the dewy morning star. Macaulay.

CHINK Chink, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chinking.]

Defn: To crack; to open.

CHINK Chink, v. t.

1. To cause to open in cracks or fissures.

2. To fill up the chinks of; as, to chink a wall.

CHINK Chink, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin. Cf. Jingle.]

1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal struck with a slight degree of violence. "Chink of bell." Cowper.

2. Money; cash. [Cant] "To leave his chink to better hands." Somerville.

CHINK Chink, v. t.

Defn: To cause to make a sharp metallic sound, as coins, small pieces of metal, etc., by bringing them into collision with each other. Pope.

CHINK Chink, v. i.

Defn: To make a slight, sharp, metallic sound, as by the collision of little pieces of money, or other small sonorous bodies. Arbuthnot.

CHINKY Chink"y, a.

Defn: Full of chinks or fissures; gaping; opening in narrow clefts. Dryden.

CHINNED Chinned, a.

Defn: Having a chin; -- used chiefly in compounds; as, short-chinned.

CHINOIDINE Chi*noid"ine, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (cf. G. & F. china Peruvian bark) + --oil + -ine.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Quinodine.

CHINOISERIE Chi`noi`se*rie" (she`nwa`z'*re"), n. [F.]

Defn: Chinese conduct, art, decoration, or the like; also, a specimen of Chinese manners, art, decoration, etc.

CHINOLINE Chin"o*line, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoldine) + L. oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Quinoline.

CHINONE Chi"none, n. Etym: [NL. chinium quinine (see Chinoidine.) + -one.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Quinone.

CHINOOK Chi*nook", n.

1. (Ethnol.)

Defn: One of a tribe of North American Indians now living in the state of Washington, noted for the custom of flattening their skulls. Chinooks also called Flathead Indians.

2. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory.

3. A jargon of words from various languages (the largest proportion of which is from that of the Chinooks) generally understood by all the Indian tribes of the northwestern territories of the United States.

CHINOOK STATE Chi*nook" State.

Defn: Washington -- a nickname. See Chinook, n.

CHINQUAPIN Chin"qua*pin, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A branching, nut-bearing tree or shrub (Castanea pumila) of North America, from six to twenty feet high, allied to the chestnut. Also, its small, sweet, edible nat. [Written also chincapin and chinkapin.] Chinquapin oak, a small shrubby oak (Quercus prinoides) of the Atlantic States, with edible acorns. -- Western Chinquapin, an evergreen shrub or tree (Castanopes chrysophylla) of the Pacific coast. In California it is a shrub; in Oregon a tree 30 to 125 feet high.

CHINSE Chinse, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chinsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chinsing.] (Naut.)

Defn: To thrust oakum into (seams or chinks) with a chisel , the point of a knife, or a chinsing iron; to calk slightly. Chinsing iron, a light calking iron.

CHINTZ Chintz, n.; pl. Chintzes. Etym: [Hindi chint spotted cotton clooth, chinta spot.]

Defn: Cotton cloth, printed with flowers and other devices, in a number of different colors, and often glazed. Swift.

CHIOPPINE Chiop*pine", n.

Defn: Same as Chopine, n.

CHIP Chip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chipping.] Etym: [Cf. G. kippen to cut off the edge, to clip, pare. Cf. Chop to cut.]

1. To cut small pieces from; to diminsh or reduce to shape, by cutting away a little at a time; to hew. Shak.

2. To break or crack, or crack off a portion of, as of an eggshell in hatching, or a piece of crockery.

3. To bet, as with chips in the game of poker. To chip in, to contribute, as to a fund; to share in the risks or expenses of. [Slang. U. S.]

CHIP Chip, v. i.

Defn: To break or fly off in small pieces.

CHIP Chip, n.

1. A piece of wood, stone, or other substance, separated by an ax, chisel, or cutting instrument.

2. A fragment or piece broken off; a small piece.

3. Wood or Cuban palm leaf split into slips, or straw plaited in a special manner, for making hats or bonnets.

4. Anything dried up, withered, or without flavor; -- used contemptuously.

5. One of the counters used in poker and other games.

6. (Naut.)

Defn: The triangular piece of wood attached to the log line. Buffalo chips. See under Buffalo. -- Chip ax, a small ax for chipping timber into shape. -- Chip bonnet, Chip hat, a bonnet or a hat made of Chip. See Chip, n., 3. -- A chip off the old block, a child who resembles either of his parents. [Colloq.] Milton.- Potato chips, Saratoga chips, thin slices of raw potato fried crisp.

CHIPMUNK Chip"munk`, n. Etym: [Indian name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A squirrel-like animal of the genus Tamias, sometimes called the striped squirrel, chipping squirrel, ground squirrel, hackee. The common species of the United States is the Tamias striatus. [Written also chipmonk, chipmuck, and chipmuk.]

CHIPPENDALE Chip"pen*dale, a.

Defn: Designating furniture designed, or like that designed, by Thomas Chippendale, an English cabinetmaker of the 18th century. Chippendale furniture was generally of simple but graceful outline with delicately carved rococo ornamentation, sculptured either in the solid wood or, in the cheaper specimens, separately and glued on. In the more elaborate pieces three types are recognized: French Chippendale, having much detail, like Louis Quatorze and Louis Quinze; Chinese Chippendale, marked by latticework and pagodalike pediments; and Gothic Chippendale, attempting to adapt medieval details. The forms, as of the cabriole and chairbacks, often resemble Queen Anne. In chairs, the seat is widened at the front, and the back toward the top widened and bent backward, except in Chinese Chippendale, in which the backs are usually rectangular. -- Chip"pen*dal*ism (#), n.

It must be clearly and unmistakably understood, then, that, whenever painted (that is to say, decorated with painted enrichment) or inlaid furniture is described as Chippendale, no matter where or by whom, it is a million chances to one that the description is incorrect. R. D. Benn.

CHIPPER Chip"per, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Cheep, Chirp.]

Defn: To chirp or chirrup. [ Prov. Eng.] Forby.

CHIPPER Chip"per, a.

Defn: Lively; cheerful; talkative. [U. S.]

CHIPPEWAYS Chip"pe*ways, n. pl.; sing. Chippeway. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe of Indians formerly inhabiting the northern and weastern shores of Lake Superior; -- called also Objibways.

CHIPPING Chip"ping, n.

1. A chip; a piece separated by a cutting or graving instrument; a fragment.

2. The act or process of cutting or breaking off small pieces, as in dressing iron with a chisel, or reducing a timber or block of stone to shape.

3. The breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter's ware, porcelain, etc.

CHIPPING BIRD Chip"ping bird`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The chippy.

CHIPPING SQUIRREL Chip"ping squir"rel.

Defn: See Chipmunk.

CHIPPY Chip"py, a.

Defn: Abounding in, or resembling, chips; dry and tasteless.

CHIPPY Chip"py, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small American sparrow (Spizella socialis), very common near dwelling; -- also called chipping bird and chipping sparrow, from its simple note.

CHIPS Chips, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A ship's carpenter. [Cant.]

CHIRAGRA Chi*ra"gra, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Gout in the hand.

CHIRAGRICAL Chi*rag"ric*al, a.

Defn: Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. Sir. T. Browne.

CHIRETTA Chi*ret"ta, n. Etym: [Hind. chira\'c6ta.]

Defn: A plant (Agathotes Chirayta) found in Northern India, having medicinal properties to the gentian, and esteemed as a tonic and febrifuge.

CHIRK Chirk, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Chirp, also Creak.]

1. To shriek; to gnash; to utter harsh or shrill cries. [Obs.] All full of chirkyng was that sorry place. Cheucer.

2. To chirp like a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHIRK Chirk, v. t.

Defn: To cheer; to enliven; as, to chirk one up. [Colloq. New Eng. ]

CHIRK Chirk, a. Etym: [From Chirk, v. i.]

Defn: Lively; cheerful; in good spirits. [Colloq. New Eng.]

CHIRM Chirm, v. i. Etym: [Cf. AS. cyrman, cirman, to cry out. *24 Cf. Chirp.]

Defn: To chirp or to make a mournful cry, as a bird. [Obs.] Huloet.

CHIROGNOMY Chi*rog"no*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The art of judging character by the shape and apperance of the hand.

CHIROGRAPH Chi"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. (Old. Law) (a) A writing which, reguiring a counterpart, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter party. (b) The last part of a fine of land, commonly called the foot of the fine. Bouvier.

CHIROGRAPHER Chi*rog"ra*pher, n.

1. One who practice the art or business of writing or engrossing.

2. See chirographist, 2. Chirographer of fines (Old Eng. Law), an officer in the court of common pleas, who engrossed fines.

CHIROGRAPHIC; CHIROGRAPHICAL Chi`ro*graph"ic, Chi`ro*graph"ic*al a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to chirography.

CHIROGRAPHIST Chi*rog"ra*phist, n.

1. A chirographer; a writer or engrosser.

2. One who tells fortunes by examining the hand.

CHIROGRAPHY Chi*rog"ra*phy, n.

1. The art of writing or engrossing; handwriting; as, skilled in chirography.

2. The art of telling fortunes by examining the hand.

CHIROGYMNAST Chi`ro*gym"nast, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A mechanocal contrivance for exercesing the fingers of a pianist.

CHIROLOGICAL Chi`ro*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to chirology.

CHIROLOGIST Chi*rol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers.

CHIROLOGY Chi*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The art or practice of using the manual alphabet or of communicating thoughts by sings made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for spoken or written language in intercourse with the deaf and dumb. See Dactylalogy.

CHIROMANCER Chi"ro*man`cer, n.

Defn: One who practices chiromancy. Dryden.

CHIROMANCY Chi"ro*mancy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: The art or practice of foretelling events, or of telling the fortunes or the disposition of persons by inspecting the hand; palmistry.

CHIROMANIST; CHIROMANTIST Chi"ro*man`ist, Chi"ro*man`tist n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A chiromancer.

CHIROMANTIC; CHIROMANTICAL Chi`ro*man"tic, Chi`ro*man"tic*al a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to chiromancy.

CHIROMONIC Chi`ro*mon"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to chironomy.

CHIRONOMY Chi*ron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The art of moving the hands in oratory or in pantomime; gesture [Obs.]

CHIROPLAST Chi"ro*plast, n. Etym: [Gr. (Mus.)

Defn: An instrument to guid the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano, etc.

CHIROPODIST Chi*rop"o*dist, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: One who treats diseases of the hands and feet; especially, one who removes corns and bunions.

CHIROPODY Chirop"ody, n.

Defn: The art of treating diseases of the hands and feet.

CHIROSOPHIST Chiros"ophist, n. Etym: [Gr. Sophist.]

Defn: A fortune teller.

CHIRP Chirp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chirped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirping.] Etym: [Of imitative orgin. Cf. Chirk, Chipper, Cheep, Chirm, Chirrup.]

Defn: To make a shop, sharp, cheerful, as of small birds or crickets.

CHIRP Chirp, n.

Defn: A short, sharp note, as of a bird or insect. "The chirp of flitting bird." Bryant.

CHIRPER Chirp"er, n.

Defn: One who chirps, or is cheerful.

CHIRPING Chirp"ing, a.

Defn: Cheering; enlivening. He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes. Pope.

CHIRPINGLY Chirp"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chirping manner.

CHIRRE Chirre, v. i. Etym: [Cf. G. girren, AS. corian to murmur, complain. *24.]

Defn: To coo, as a pigeon. [Obs.]

CHIRRUP Chir"rup, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chirruped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chirruping.] Etym: [See Chirp.]

Defn: To quicken or animate by chirping; to cherup.

CHIRRUP Chir"rup, v. i.

Defn: To chirp. Tennyson. The criket chirrups on the hearth. Goldsmith.

CHIRRUP Chir"rup, n.

Defn: The act of chirping; a chirp. The sparrows' chirrup on the roof. Tennyson.

CHIRRUPY Chir"rupy, a.

Defn: Cheerful; joyous; chatty.

CHIRURGEON Chi*rur"geon, n. Etym: [F. chirurgien, from chirurgie surgery, fr. Gr. Surgeon, Work.]

Defn: A surgeon. [Obs.]

CHIRURGEONLY Chi*rur"geon*ly, adv.

Defn: Surgically. [Obs.] Shak.

CHIRURGERY Chi*rur"ger*y, n. Etym: [See Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgery.]

Defn: Surgery. [Obs.]

CHIRURGIC; CHIRURGICAL Chi*rur"gic, Chirur"gical, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chirurgiquerurgical, L. Chirurgicus, Gr. Chirurgeon, and cf. Surgical.]

Defn: Surgical [Obs.] "Chirurgical lore" Longfellow.

CHISEL Chis"el, n. Etym: [OF. chisel, F. ciseau, fr. LL. cisellus, prob. for caesellus, fr. L. caesus, p. p. of caedere to cut. Cf. Scissors.]

Defn: A tool with a cutting edge on one end of a metal blade, used in dressing, shaping, or working in timber, stone, metal, etc.; -- usually driven by a mallet or hammer. Cold chisel. See under Cold, a.

CHISEL Chis"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chiseled, or Chiselled (p. pr. & vb. n. Chiseling, or Chiselling.] Etym: [Cf. F. ciseler.]

1. To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel; as, to chisel a block of marble into a statue.

2. To cut close, as in a bargain; to cheat. [Slang]

CHISLEU Chis"leu, n. Etym: [Heb.]

Defn: The ninth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of November with a part of December.

CHISLEY Chis"ley, a. Etym: [AS. ceosel gravel or sand. Cf. Chessom.]

Defn: Having a large admixture of small pebbles or gravel; -- said of a soil. Gardner.

CHIT Chit, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ci shoot, sprig, from the same root as cinan to yawn. See Chink a cleft.]

1. The embryo or the growing bud of a plant; a shoot; a sprout; as, the chits of Indian corn or of potatoes.

2. A child or babe; as, a forward chit; also, a young, small, or insignificant person or animal. A little chit of a woman. Thackeray.

3. An excrescence on the body, as a wart. [Obs.]

4. A small tool used in cleaving laths. Knight.

CHIT Chit, v. i.

Defn: To shoot out; to sprout. I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been thrown forth. Mortimer.

CHIT Chit, 3d sing. of Chide.

Defn: Chideth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHITCHAT Chit"chat, n. Etym: [From Chat, by way of reduplication.]

Defn: Familiar or trifling talk; prattle.

CHITIN Chi"tin, n. Etym: [See Chiton.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white amorphous horny substance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustacea, and various other invertebrates; entomolin.

CHITINIZATION Chi`ti*ni*za"tion, n.

Defn: The process of becoming chitinous.

CHITINOUS Chi"ti*nous, a.

Defn: Having the nature of chitin; consisting of, or containing, chitin.

CHITON Chi"ton, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. An under garment among the ancient Greeks, nearly representing the modern shirt.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a group of gastropod mollusks, with a shell composed of eight movable dorsal plates. See Polyplacophora.

CHITTER Chit"ter, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Chatter.]

1. To chirp in a tremulous manner, as a bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To shiver or chatter with cold. [Scot.] Burns.

CHITTERLING Chit"ter*ling, n.

Defn: The frill to the breast of a shirt, which when ironed out resembled the small entrails. See Chitterlings. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

CHITTERLINGS Chit"ter*lings, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. AS. cwiÞ womb, Icel. kvith, Goth. qiÞus, belly, womb, stomach, G. kutteln chitterlings.] (Cookery)

Defn: The smaller intestines of swine, etc., fried for food.

CHITTRA Chit"tra, n. Etym: [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The axis deer of India.

CHITTY Chit"ty, a.

1. Full of chits or sprouts.

2. Childish; like a babe. [Obs.]

CHIVACHIE Chiv"a*chie`, n. Etym: [OF. chevauchie, chevauchée; of the same origin as E. cavalcade.]

Defn: A cavalry raid; hence, a military expedition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHIVALRIC Chiv"al*ric, a. Etym: [See Chivalry.]

Defn: Relating to chivalry; knightly; chivalrous.

CHIVALROUS Chiv"al*rous, a. Etym: [OF. chevalerus, chevalereus, fr. chevalier. See Chivalry.]

Defn: Pertaining to chivalry or knight-errantry; warlike; heroic; gallant; high-spirited; high-minded; magnanimous. In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Spenser.

CHIVALROUSLY Chiv"al*rous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chivalrous manner; gallantly; magnanimously.

CHIVALRY Chiv"al*ry, n. Etym: [F. chevalerie, fr. chevalier knight, OF., horseman. See Chevalier, and cf. Cavalry.]

1. A body or order of cavaliers or knights serving on horseback; illustrious warriors, collectively; cavalry. "His Memphian chivalry." Milton. By his light Did all the chivalry of England move, To do brave acts. Shak.

2. The dignity or system of knighthood; the spirit, usages, or manners of knighthood; the practice of knight-errantry. Dryden.

3. The qualifications or character of knights, as valor, dexterity in arms, courtesy, etc. The glory of our Troy this day doth lie On his fair worth and single chivalry. Shak.

4. (Eng. Law)

Defn: A tenure of lands by knight's service; that is, by the condition of a knight's performing service on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his lord.

5. Exploit. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Court of chivalry, a court formerly held before the lord high constable and earl marshal of England as judges, having cognizance of contracts and other matters relating to deeds of arms and war. Blackstone.

CHIVARRAS; CHIVARROS Chi*var"ras, Chi*var"ros, n. pl. [Mex. Sp.]

Defn: Leggings. [Mex. & Southwestern U. S.]

CHIVE Chive, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A filament of a stamen. [Obs.]

CHIVE Chive, n. Etym: [F. cive, fr. L. cepa, caepa, onion. Cf. Cives, Cibol.] (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial plant (Allium Schoenoprasum), allied to the onion. The young leaves are used in omelets, etc. [Written also cive.]

CHIVY Chiv"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chivied; p. pr. & vb. n. Chivying.] Etym: [Cf. Chevy.]

Defn: To goad, drive, hunt, throw, or pitch. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

CHLAMYDATE Chlam"y*date, a. Etym: [L. chlamydatus dressed in a military cloak. See Chlamys.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a mantle; -- applied to certain gastropods.

CHLAMYPHORE Chlam"y*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus, and C. retusus) allied to the armadillo. It is covered with a leathery shell or coat of mail, like a cloak, attached along the spine.

CHLAMYS Chla"mys, n.; pl. E. Chlamyses, L. Chlamydes. Etym: [L., from Gr.

Defn: A loose and flowing outer garment, worn by the ancient Greeks; a kind of cloak.

CHLOASMA Chlo*as"ma, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A cutaneous affection characterized by yellow or yellowish brown pigmented spots.

CHLORAL Chlo"ral, n. Etym: [Chlorine + alcohol.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless oily liquid, CCl3.CHO, of a pungent odor and harsh taste, obtained by the action of chlorine upon ordinary or ethyl alcohol.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Chloral hydrate. Chloral hydrate, a white crystalline substance, obtained by treating chloral with water. It produces sleep when taken internally or hypodermically; -- called also chloral.

CHLORALAMIDE Chlo"ral*am`ide, n. Etym: [Chloral + amide.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of chloral and formic amide used to produce sleep.

CHLORALISM Chlo"ral*ism, n. (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition of the system resulting from excessive use of chloral.

CHLORALUM Chlor`al"um, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aluminium.]

Defn: An impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminium, used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.

CHLORANIL Chlor`an"il, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, C6Cl4.O2, regarded as a derivative of quinone, obtained by the action of chlorine on certain benzene derivatives, as aniline.

CHLORATE Chlo"rate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorate. See Chlorine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of chloric acid; as, chlorate of potassium.

CHLORAURATE Chlor`au"rate, n. Etym: [Chlorine + aurate.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Aurochloride.

CHLORHYDRIC Chlor`hy"dric, a. Etym: [Chlorine + hydrogen + -ic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Hydrochloric.

CHLORHYDRIN Chlor`hy"drin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: One of a class of compounds formed from certain polybasic alcohols (and especially glycerin) by the substitution of chlorine for one or more hydroxyl groups.

CHLORIC Chlo"ric, a. Etym: [From Chlorine.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, chloric acid, HClO3. Chloric ether (Chem.), ethylene dichloride. See Dutch liquid, under Dutch.

CHLORIDATE Chlo"ri*date, v.t.

Defn: To treat or prepare with a chloride, as a plate with chloride of silver, for the purposes of photography. R. Hunt.

CHLORIDE Chlo"ride, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A binary compound of chlorine with another element or radical; as, chloride of sodium (common salt). Chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. -- Chloride of lime, bleaching powder; a grayish white substance, CaOClcalcium hypochlorite. See Hypochlorous acid, under Hypochlorous. -- Mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate.

CHLORIDIC Chlo*rid"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chloride; containing a chloride.

CHLORIDIZE Chlo"rid*ize, v. t.

Defn: See Chloridate.

CHLORIMETRY Chlo*rim"e*try, n.

Defn: See Chlorometry.

CHLORINATE Chlo"rin*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chlorinated; p. pr. & vb. n. Chlorinating.] (Chem.)

Defn: To treat, or cause to combine, with chlorine.

CHLORINATION Chlo`ri*na"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of subjecting anything to the action of chlorine; especially, a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.

CHLORINE Chlo"rine, n. Etym: [Gr. Yellow.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the elementary substances, commonly isolated as a greenish yellow gas, two and one half times as heavy as air, of an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and exceedingly poisonous. It is abundant in nature, the most important compound being common salt. It is powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent. Symbol Cl. Atomic weight, 35.4. Chlorine family, the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, called the halogens, and classed together from their common peculiariries.

CHLORIODIC Chlor`i*od"ic, a.

Defn: Compounded of chlorine and iodine; containing chlorine and iodine.

CHLORIODINE Chlor`i"o*dine, n.

Defn: A compound of chlorine and iodine. [R.]

CHLORITE Chlo"rite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: The name of a group of minerals, usually of a green color and micaceous to granular in structure. They are hydrous silicates of alumina, iron, and magnesia. Chlorite slate, a schistose or slaty rock consisting of alumina, iron, and magnesia.

CHLORITE Chlo"rite, n. Etym: [Chlorous + -ite.] (Chem.)

Defn: Any salt of chlorous acid; as, chlorite of sodium.

CHLORITIC Chlo*rit"ic, a. Etym: [From 1st Chlorite.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, chlorite; as, chloritic sand.

CHLORMETHANE Chlor`meth"ane, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless gas, CH3Cl, of a sweet odor, easily condensed to a liquid; -- called also methyl chloride.

CHLORO- Chlo"ro-. (Chem.)

Defn: A prefix denoting that chlorine is an ingredient in the substance named.

CHLOROCRUORIN Chlo`ro*cru"o*rin, n. Etym: [Gr. cruorin.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A green substance, supposed to be the cause of the green color of the blood in some species of worms. Ray Lankester.

CHLORODYNE Chlo"ro*dyne, n. Etym: [From chlorine, in imitation of anodyne.] (Med.)

Defn: A patent anodyne medicine, containing opium, chloroform, Indian hemp, etc.

CHLOROFORM Chlo"ro*form, n. Etym: [Chlorine + formyl, it having been regarded as a trichloride of this radical: cf. F. chloroforme, G. chloroform.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless volatile liquid, CHCl3, having an ethereal odor and a sweetish taste, formed by treating alcohol with chlorine and an alkali. It is a powerful solvent of wax, resin, etc., and is extensively used to produce anæsthesia in surgical operations; also externally, to alleviate pain.

CHLOROFORM Chlo"ro*form, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chloroformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chloroforming.]

Defn: To treat with chloroform, or to place under its influence.

CHLOROLEUCITE Chlo`ro*leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. leucite.] (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Chloroplastid.

CHLOROMETER Chlo*rom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chloromètre. See Chlorine, and - meter.]

Defn: An instrument to test the decoloring or bleaching power of chloride of lime.

CHLOROMETRY Chlo*rom"e*try, n.

Defn: The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine.

CHLOROPAL Chlo*ro"pal, n. Etym: [Gr. opal.] (Min.)

Defn: A massive mineral, greenish in color, and opal-like in appearance. It is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron.

CHLOROPEPTIC Chlo`ro*pep"tic, a. Etym: [Chlorine + peptic.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to an acid more generally called pepsin- hydrochloric acid.

CHLOROPHANE Chlo"ro*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. chlorophane.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of fluor spar, which, when heated, gives a beautiful emerald green light.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: The yellowish green pigment in the inner segment of the cones of the retina. See Chromophane.

CHLOROPHYLL Chlo"ro*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. chlorophylle.] (Bot.)

Defn: Literally, leaf green; a green granular matter formed in the cells of the leaves (and other parts exposed to light) of plants, to which they owe their green color, and through which all ordinary assimilation of plant food takes place. Similar chlorophyll granules have been found in the tissues of the lower animals. [Written also chlorophyl.]

CHLOROPLAST Chlo"ro*plast, n. [Pref. chloro-+ Gr. to mold, form.] (Biol.)

Defn: A plastid containing chlorophyll, developed only in cells exposed to the light. Chloroplasts are minute flattened granules, usually occurring in great numbers in the cytoplasm near the cell wall, and consist of a colorless ground substance saturated with chlorophyll pigments. Under light of varying intensity they exhibit phototactic movements. In animals chloroplasts occur only in certain low forms.

CHLOROPLASTID Chlo`ro*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Gr. plastid.] (Bot.)

Defn: A granule of chlorophyll; -- also called chloroleucite.

CHLOROPLATINIC Chlo`ro*pla*tin"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: See Platinichloric.

CHLOROSIS Chlo*ro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. chlorose.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: The green sickness; an anæmic disease of young women, characterized by a greenish or grayish yellow hue of the skin, weakness, palpitation, etc.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A disease in plants, causing the flowers to turn green or the leaves to lose their normal green color.

CHLOROTIC Chlo*rot"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorotique.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or affected by, chlorosis.

CHLOROUS Chlo"rous, a. Etym: [See Chlorine.]

1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chlorine; -- said of those compounds of chlorine in which this element has a valence of three, the next lower than in chloric compounds; as, chlorous acid, HClO2.

2. (Chem. Physics)

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the electro-negative character of chlorine; hence, electro-negative; -- opposed to basylous or zincous. [Obs.]

CHLORPICRIN Chlor`pi"crin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A heavy, colorless liquid, CCl3.NO2, of a strong pungent odor, obtained by subjecting picric acid to the action of chlorine. [Written also chloropikrin.]

CHLORURET Chlo"ru*ret, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chlorure.] (Chem.)

Defn: A chloride. [Obs.]

CHOAK Choak, v. t. & i.

Defn: See Choke.

CHOANOID Cho"a*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.)

Defn: Funnel-shaped; -- applied particularly to a hollow muscle attached to the ball of the eye in many reptiles and mammals.

CHOCARD Cho"card, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The chough.

CHOCK Chock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chocking.]

Defn: To stop or fasten, as with a wedge, or block; to scotch; as, to chock a wheel or cask.

CHOCK Chock, v. i.

Defn: To fill up, as a cavity. "The woodwork . . . exactly chocketh into joints." Fuller.

CHOCK Chock, n.

1. A wedge, or block made to fit in any space which it is desired to fill, esp. something to steady a cask or other body, or prevent it from moving, by fitting into the space around or beneath it.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A heavy casting of metal, usually fixed near the gunwale. It has two short horn-shaped arms curving inward, between which ropes or hawsers may pass for towing, mooring, etc.

CHOCK Chock, adv. (Naut.)

Defn: Entirely; quite; as, chock home; chock aft.

CHOCK Chock, v. t. Etym: [F. choquer. Cf. Shock, v. t.]

Defn: To encounter. [Obs.]

CHOCK Chock, n.

Defn: An encounter. [Obs.]

CHOCKABLOCK Chock"a*block, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit; brought close together, as the two blocks of a tackle in hoisting.

CHOCK-FULL Chock"-full`, a.

Defn: Quite full; choke-full.

CHOCOLATE Choc"o*late, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. the Mexican name of the cacao. Cf. Cacao, Cocoa.]

1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted seeds of the Theobroma Cacao ground and mixed with other ingredients, usually sugar, and cinnamon or vanilla.

2. The beverage made by dissolving a portion of the paste or cake in boiling water or milk. Chocolate house, a house in which customers may be served with chocolate. -- Chocolate nut. See Cacao.

CHOCTAWS Choc"taws, n. pl.

Defn: ; sing. Choctaw. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians (Southern Appalachian), in early times noted for their pursuit of agriculture, and for living at peace with the white settlers. They are now one of the civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.

CHODE Chode,

Defn: the old imp. of chide. See Chide.

CHOGSET Chog"set, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cunner.

CHOICE Choice, n. Etym: [OE. chois, OF. chois, F. choix, fr. choisir to choose; of German origin; cf. Goth. kausjan to examine, kiusan to choose, examine, G. kiesen. *46. Cf. Choose.]

1. Act of choosing; the voluntary act of selecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred; the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another; election.

2. The power or opportunity of choosing; option. Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take be so in our power that we might have refused it. Hooker.

3. Care in selecting; judgment or skill in distinguishing what is to be preferred, and in giving a preference; discrimination. I imagine they [the apothegms of Cæsar] were collected with judgment and choice. Bacon.

4. A sufficient number to choose among. Shak.

5. The thing or person chosen; that which is approved and selected in preference to others; selection. The common wealth is sick of their own choice. Shak.

6. The best part; that which is preferable. The flower and choice Of many provinces from bound to bound. Milton. To make a choice of, to choose; to select; to separate and take in preference.

Syn. - See Volition, Option.

CHOICE Choice, a. [Compar. Choicer; superl. Choicest.]

1. Worthly of being chosen or preferred; select; superior; precious; valuable. My choicest hours of life are lost. Swift.

2. Preserving or using with care, as valuable; frugal; -- used with of; as, to be choice of time, or of money.

3. Selected with care, and due attention to preference; deliberately chosen. Choice word measured phrase. Wordsworth.

Syn. - Select; precious; exquisite; uncommon; rare; chary; careful/

CHOICEFUL Choice"ful, a.

Defn: Making choices; fickle. [Obs.] His choiceful sense with every change doth fit. Spenser.

CHOICELY Choice"ly, adv.

1. With care in choosing; with nice regard to preference. "A band of men collected choicely, from each county some." Shak.

2. In a preferable or excellent manner; excellently; eminently. "Choicely good." Walton.

CHOICENESS Choice"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being of particular value or worth; nicely; excellence.

CHOIR Choir, n. Etym: [OE. quer, OF. cuer, F. choeur, fr. L. chorus a choral dance, chorus, choir, fr. Gr. hortus garden, and E. yard. See Chorus.]

1. A band or organized company of singers, especially in church service. [Formerly written also quire.]

2. That part of a church appropriated to the singers.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: The chancel. Choir organ (Mus.), one of the three or five distinct organs included in the full organ, each separable from the rest, but all controlled by one performer; a portion of the full organ, complete in itself, and more practicable for ordinary service and in the accompanying of the vocal choir. -- Choir screen, Choir wall (Arch.), a screen or low wall separating the choir from the aisles. -- Choir service, the service of singing performed by the choir. T. Warton.

CHOKE Choke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choked; p. pr. & vb. n. Choking.] Etym: [OE. cheken, choken; cf. AS. aceocian to suffocate, Icel. koka to gulp, E. chincough, cough.]

1. To render unable to breathe by filling, pressing upon, or squeezing the windpipe; to stifle; to suffocate; to strangle. With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder. Shak.

2. To obstruct by filling up or clogging any passage; to block up. Addison.

3. To hinder or check, as growth, expansion, progress, etc.; to stifle. Oats and darnel choke the rising corn. Dryden.

4. To affect with a sense of strangulation by passion or strong feeling. "I was choked at this word." Swift.

5. To make a choke, as in a cartridge, or in the bore of the barrel of a shotgun. To choke off, to stop a person in the execution of a purpose; as, to choke off a speaker by uproar.

CHOKE Choke, v. i.

1. To have the windpipe stopped; to have a spasm of the throat, caused by stoppage or irritation of the windpipe; to be strangled.

2. To be checked, as if by choking; to stick. The words choked in his throat. Sir W. Scott.

CHOKE Choke, n.

1. A stoppage or irritation of the windpipe, producing the feeling of strangulation.

2. (Gun.) (a) The tied end of a cartridge. (b) A constriction in the bore of a shotgun, case of a rocket, etc.

CHOKEBERRY Choke"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The small apple-shaped or pear-shaped fruit of an American shrub (Pyrus arbutifolia) growing in damp thickets; also, the shrub.

CHOKEBORE Choke"bore`, n.

1. In a shotgun, a bore which is tapered to a slightly smaller diameter at a short distance (usually 2½ to 3 inches) to the rear of the muzzle, in order to prevent the rapid dispersion of the shot.

2. A shotgun that is made with such a bore.

CHOKEBORE Choke"bore`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chokebored; p. pr. & vb. n. Chokeboring.]

Defn: To provide with a chokebore.

CHOKECHERRY Choke"cher`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry (Prunus Virginiana); also, the bush or tree which bears such fruit.

CHOKE DAMP Choke" damp`.

Defn: See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic.

CHOKEDAR Cho`ke*dar", n. Etym: [Hindi chauki-dar.]

Defn: A watchman; an officer of customs or police. [India]

CHOKE-FULL Choke"-full`, a.

Defn: Full to the brim; quite full; chock-full.

CHOKE PEAR Choke" pear`.

1. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the mucous membrane of the mouth.

2. A sarcasm by which one is put to silence; anything that can not be answered. [Low] S. Richardson.

CHOKER Chok"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, chokes.

2. A stiff wide cravat; a stock. [Slang]

CHOKE-STRAP Choke"-strap`, n. (Saddlery)

Defn: A strap leading from the bellyband to the lower part of the collar, to keep the collar in place.

CHOKING Chok"ing, a.

1. That chokes; producing the feeling of strangulation.

2. Indistinct in utterance, as the voice of a person affected with strong emotion.

CHOKING COIL Choking coil. (Elec.)

Defn: A coil of small resistance and large inductance, used in an alternating-current circuit to impede or throttle the current, or to change its phase; --called also reactance coil or reactor, these terms being now preferred in engineering usage.

CHOKY; CHOKEY Chok"y Chok"ey, a.

1. Tending to choke or suffocate, or having power to suffocate.

2. Inclined to choke, as a person affected with strong emotion. "A deep and choky voice." Aytoun. The allusion to his mother made Tom feel rather chokey. T. Hughes.

CHOLAEMAA Cho*læ"ma*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A disease characterized by severe nervous symptoms, dependent upon the presence of the constituents of the bile in the blood.

CHOLAGOGUE Chol"a*gogue, a. Etym: [Gr. cholagogue.] (Med.)

Defn: Promoting the discharge of bile from the system. -- n.

Defn: An agent which promotes the discharge of bile from the system.

CHOLATE Cho"late, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of cholic acid; as, sodium cholate.

CHOLECYSTIS Chol`e*cys"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The gall bladder.

CHOLECYSTOTOMY Chol`e*cys*tot"o*my, n. Etym: [Cholecystis + Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: The operation of making an opening in the gall bladder, as for the removal of a gallstone.

CHOLEDOLOGY Chol`e*dol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy. Cf. F. cholédologie.] (Med.)

Defn: A treatise on the bile and bilary organs. Dunglison.

Note: Littré says that the word cholédologie is absolutely barbarous, there being no Greek word cholology.

CHOLEIC Cho*le"ic, a. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, bile; as, choleic acid.

CHOLER Chol"er, n. Etym: [OE. coler, F. colère anger, L. cholera a bilious complaint, fr. Gr. Gall, and cf. Cholera.]

1. The bile; -- formerly supposed to be the seat and cause of irascibility. [Obs.] His [Richard Hooker's] complexion . . . was sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow. I. Warton.

2. Irritation of the passions; anger; wrath. He is rash and very sudden in choler. Shak.

CHOLERA Chol"er*a, n. Etym: [L., a bilious disease. See Choler.] (Med.)

Defn: One of several diseases affecting the digestive and intestinal tract and more or less dangerous to life, esp. the one commonly called Asiatic cholera. Asiatic cholera, a malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice- water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. -- Cholera bacillus. See Comma bacillus. -- Cholera infantum, a dangerous summer disease, of infants, caused by hot weather, bad air, or poor milk, and especially fatal in large cities. -- Cholera morbus, a disease characterized by vomiting and purging, with gripings and cramps, usually caused by imprudence in diet or by gastrointestinal disturbance. -- Chicken cholera. See under Chicken. -- Hog cholera. See under Hog. -- Sporadic cholera, a disease somewhat resembling the Asiatic cholera, but originating where it occurs, and rarely becoming epidemic.

CHOLERAIC Chol`er*a"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to, or resulting from, or resembling, cholera.

CHOLERIC Chol"er*ic, a. Etym: [L. cholericus, Gr. cholérique.]

1. Abounding with, or producing choler, or bile. Dryden.

2. Easily irritated; irascible; inclined to anger.

3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger. "Choleric speech." Sir W. Raleigh. Choleric temperament, the bilious temperament.

CHOLERICLY Chol"er*ic*ly, adv.

Defn: In a choleric manner; angrily.

CHOLERIFORM Chol"er*i*form`, a. Etym: [Cholera + -form.]

Defn: Resembling cholera.

CHOLERINE Chol"er*ine, n. (Med.) (a) The precursory symptoms of cholera. (b) The first stage of epidemic cholera. (c) A mild form of cholera.

CHOLEROID Chol"er*oid, a. Etym: [Cholera + -oid.]

Defn: Choleriform.

CHOLESTERIC Cho`les*ter"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cholestérique.]

Defn: Pertaining to cholesterin, or obtained from it; as, cholesteric acid. Ure.

CHOLESTERIN Cho*les"ter*in, n. Etym: [Gr. cholestérine. See Stearin.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, fatty, crystalline substance, tasteless and odorless, found in animal and plant products and tissue, and especially in nerve tissue, in the bile, and in gallstones.

CHOLIAMB; CHOLIAMBIC Cho"li*amb, Cho`li*am"bic, n. Etym: [L. choliambus, Gr. (Pros.)

Defn: A verse having an iambus in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last.

CHOLIC; CHOLINIC Chol"ic, Cho*lin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, the bile. Cholic acid (Chem.), a complex organic acid found as a natural constituent of taurocholic and glycocholic acids in the bile, and extracted as a resinous substance, convertible under the influence of ether into white crystals.

CHOLINE Cho"line, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: See Neurine.

CHOLOCHROME Chol"o*chrome, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: See Bilirubin.

CHOLOPHAEIN Chol`o*phæ"in, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: See Bilirubin.

CHOLTRY Chol"try, n.

Defn: A Hindoo caravansary.

CHOMAGE Cho`mage", n. [F. chomage.]

1.

Defn: Stoppage; cessation (of labor).

2. A standing still or idle (of mills, factories, etc.).

CHOMP Chomp, v. i.

Defn: To chew loudly and greedily; to champ. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell.

CHONDRIFICATION Chon`dri*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: Formation of, or conversion into, cartilage.

CHONDRIFY Chon"dri*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Gr. -fy.]

Defn: To convert, or be converted, into cartilage.

CHONDRIGEN Chon"dri*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: The chemical basis of cartilage, converted by long boiling in water into a gelatinous body called chondrin.

CHONDRIGENOUS Chon*drig"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Affording chondrin.

CHONDRIN Chon"drin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, amorphous, nitrogenous substance, tasteless and odorless, formed from cartilaginous tissue by long-continued action of boiling water. It is similar to gelatin, and is a large ingredient of commercial gelatin.

CHONDRITE Chon"drite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A meteoric stone characterized by the presence of chondrules.

CHONDRITIC Chon*drit"ic, a. (Min.)

Defn: Granular; pertaining to, or having the granular structure characteristic of, the class of meteorites called chondrites.

CHONDRITIS Chon*dri"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammation of cartilage.

CHONDRO- Chon"dro-. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A combining form meaning a grain, granular, granular cartilage, cartilaginous; as, the chondrocranium, the cartilaginous skull of the lower vertebrates and of embryos.

CHONDRODITE Chon"dro*dite, n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A fluosilicate of magnesia and iron, yellow to red in color, often occurring in granular form in a crystalline limestone.

CHONDROGANOIDEA Chon`dro*ga*noi"de*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ganoidei. See Ganoid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so called on account of their cartilaginous skeleton.

CHONDROGEN Chon"dro*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: Same as Chondrigen.

CHONDROGENESIS Chon`dro*gen"e*sis, n. Etym: [Gr. genesis.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The development of cartilage.

CHONDROID Chon"droid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.]

Defn: Resembling cartilage.

CHONDROLOGY Chon*drol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy: cf. F. chondrologie.] (Anat.)

Defn: The science which treats of cartilages. Dunglison.

CHONDROMA Chon*dro"ma, n.; pl. Chondromata. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oma.]

Defn: A cartilaginous tumor or growth.

CHONDROMETER Chon*drom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.]

Defn: A steelyard for weighting grain.

CHONDROPTERYGIAN Chon*drop`ter*yg"i*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chondropterygien.]

Defn: Having a cartilaginous skeleton. -- n.

Defn: One of the Chondropterygii.

CHONDROPTERYGII Chon*drop`te*ryg"i*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of fishes, characterized by cartilaginous fins and skeleton. It includes both ganoids (sturgeons, etc.) and selachians (sharks), but is now often restricted to the latter. [Written also Chondropterygia.]

CHONDROSTEI Chon*dros"te*i, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of fishes, including the sturgeons; -- so named because the skeleton is cartilaginous.

CHONDROTOMY Chon*drot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The dissection of cartilages.

CHONDRULE Chon"drule, n. Etym: [Dim. from Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A peculiar rounded granule of some mineral, usually enstatite or chrysolite, found imdedded more or less aboundantly in the mass of many meteoric stones, which are hence called chondrites.

CHOOSE Choose, v. t. [imp. Chose; p. p. Chosen, Chose (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Choosing.] Etym: [OE. chesen, cheosen, AS. ceósan; akin to OS. kiosan, D. kiezen, G. kiesen, Icel. kjosa, Goth. kiusan, L. gustare to taste, Gr. jush to enjoy. *46. Cf. Choice, 2d Gust.]

1. To make choice of; to select; to take by way of preference from two or more objects offered; to elect; as, to choose the least of two evils. Choose me for a humble friend. Pope.

2. To wish; to desire; to prefer. [Colloq.] The landlady now returned to know if we did not choose a more genteel apartment. Goldsmith. To choose sides. See under Side.

Syn. - To select; prefer; elect; adopt; follow. -- To Choose, Prefer, Elect. To choose is the generic term, and denotes to take or fix upon by an act of the will, especially in accordance with a decision of the judgment. To prefer is to choose or favor one thing as compared with, and more desirable than, another, or more in accordance with one's tastes and feelings. To elect is to choose or select for some office, employment, use, privilege, etc., especially by the concurrent vote or voice of a sufficient number of electors. To choose a profession; to prefer private life to a public one; to elect members of Congress.

CHOOSE Choose, v. i.

1. To make a selection; to decide. They had only to choose between implicit obedience and open rebellion. Prescott.

2. To do otherwise. "Can I choose but smile" Pope. Can not choose but, must necessarily. Thou canst not choose but know who I am. Shak.

CHOOSER Choos"er, n.

Defn: One who chooses; one who has the power or right of choosing; an elector. Burke.

CHOP Chop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chopped; p. pr. & vb. n. Chopping.] Etym: [Cf. LG. & D. kappen, Dan. kappe, Sw. kappa. Cf. Chap to crack.]

1. To cut by striking repeatedly with a sharp instrument; to cut into pieces; to mince; -- often with up.

2. To sever or separate by one more blows of a sharp instrument; to divide; -- usually with off or down. Chop off your hand, and it to the king. Shak.

3. To seize or devour greedily; -- with up. [Obs.] Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast, which the fox presently chopped up. L'estrange.

CHOP Chop, v. i.

1. To make a quick strike, or repeated strokes, with an ax or other sharp instrument.

2. To do something suddenly with an unexpected motion; to catch or attempt to seize. Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and loses the substance. L'Estrange.

3. To interrupt; -- with in or out. This fellow interrupted the sermon, even suddenly chopping in. Latimer.

CHOP Chop, v. t. Etym: [Cf. D. koopen to buy. See Cheapen, v. t., and cf. Chap, v. i., to buy.]

1. To barter or truck.

2. To exchange; substitute one thing for another. We go on chopping and changing our friends. L'Estrange. To chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms; to argue sophistically.

CHOP Chop, v. i.

1. To purchase by way of truck.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To vary or shift suddenly; as, the wind chops about.

3. To wrangle; to altercate; to bandy words. Let not the counsel at the bar chop with the judge. Bacon.

CHOP Chop, n.

Defn: A change; a vicissitude. Marryat.

CHOP Chop, v. t. & i.

Defn: To crack. See Chap, v. t. & i.

CHOP Chop, n.

1. The act of chopping; a stroke.

2. A piece chopped off; a slice or small piece, especially of meat; as, a mutton chop.

3. A crack or cleft. See Chap.

CHOP Chop, n. Etym: [See Chap.]

1. A jaw of an animal; -- commonly in the pl. See Chops.

2. A movable jaw or cheek, as of a wooden vise.

3. The land at each side of the mouth of a river, harbor, or channel; as, East Chop or West Chop. See Chops.

CHOP Chop, n. Etym: [Chin. & Hind. chap stamp, brand.]

1. Quality; brand; as, silk of the first chop.

2. A permit or clearance. Chop dollar, a silver dollar stamped to attest its purity. -- chop of tea, a number of boxes of the same make and quality of leaf. -- Chowchow chop. See under Chowchow. -- Grand chop, a ship's port clearance. S. W. Williams.

CHOPBOAT Chop"boat`, n. Etym: [Chin. chop sort, quality.]

Defn: A licensed lighter employed in the transportation of goods to and from vessels. [China] S. W. Williams.

CHOPCHURCH Chop"church`, n. Etym: [See Chop to barter.] (Old Eng. Law)

Defn: An exchanger or an exchange of benefices. [Cant]

CHOPFALLEN Chop`fall`en, a.

Defn: Having the lower chop or jaw depressed; hence, crestfallen; dejected; dispirited;downcast. See Chapfallen.

CHOPHOUSE Chop"house`, n.

Defn: A house where chops, etc., are sold; an eating house. The freedom of a chophouse. W. Irving.

CHOPHOUSE Chop"house`, n. Etym: [See Chop quality.]

Defn: A customhouse where transit duties are levied. [China] S. W. Williams.

CHOPIN Chop"in, n. Etym: [F. chopine, fr. G. schoppen.]

Defn: A liquid measure formerly used in France and Great Britain, varying from half a pint to a wine quart.

CHOPIN Chop"in, n.

Defn: See Chopine.

CHOPINE Cho*pine", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. chapin, escapin, Sp. chapin, Pg. chapim.]

Defn: A clog, or patten, having a very thick sole, or in some cases raised upon a stilt to a height of a foot or more. [Variously spelt chioppine, chopin, etc.] Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last, by the altitude of a chopine. Shak.

CHOP-LOGIC Chop"-log`ic, n.

Defn: One who bandies words or is very argunentative. [Jocular] Shak.

CHOPNESS Chop"ness, n.

Defn: A kind of spade. [Eng.]

CHOPPER Chop"per, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, chops.

CHOPPING Chop"ping, a. Etym: [Cf. Chubby.]

Defn: Stout or plump; large. [Obs.] Fenton.

CHOPPING Chop"ping, a. Etym: [See Chop to barter.]

Defn: Shifting or changing suddenly, as the wind; also, having tumbling waves dashing against each other; as, a chopping sea.

CHOPPING Chop"ping, n.

Defn: Act of cutting by strokes. Chopping block, a solid block of wood on which butchers and others chop meat, etc. -- Chopping knife, a knife for chopping or mincing meat, vegetables, etc.; -- usually with a handle at the back of the blade instead of at the end.

CHOPPY Chop"py, a. Etym: [Cf. Chappy.]

1. Full of cracks. "Choppy finger." Shak.

2. Etym: [Cf. Chop a change.]

Defn: Rough, with short, tumultuous waves; as, a choppy sea.

CHOPS Chops, n. pl. Etym: [See Chop a jaw.]

1. The jaws; also, the fleshy parts about the mouth.

2. The sides or capes at the mouth of a river, channel, harbor, or bay; as, the chops of the English Channel.

CHOPSTICK Chop"stick", n.

Defn: One of two small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the Chinese and Japanese to convey food to the mouth.

CHOP SUEY; CHOP SOOY Chop su"ey or Chop soo"y . [Chin. (Cantonese) shap sui odds and ends, fr. shap for sap to enter the mouth + sui small bits pounded fine.]

Defn: A mélange served in Chinese restaurants to be eaten with rice, noodles, etc. It consists typically of bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., and sliced meats, fried and flavored with sesame oil. [U. S.]

CHORAGIC Cho*rag"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a choragus. Choragic monument, a building or column built by a victorious choragus for the reception and exhibition of the tripod which he received as a prize. Those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllus are still to be seen at Athens.

CHORAGUS Cho*ra"gus, n.; pl. Choragi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: A chorus leader; esp. one who provided at his own expense and under his own supervision one of the choruses for the musical contents at Athens.

CHORAL Cho"ral, a. Etym: [LL. choralis, fr. L. chorus. See Chorus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a choir or chorus; singing, sung, or adapted to be sung, in chorus or harmony. Choral service, a service of song.

CHORAL Cho"ral, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A hymn tune; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison by the congregation; as, the Lutheran chorals. [Sometimes written chorale.]

CHORALIST Cho"ral*ist, n.

Defn: A singer or composer of chorals.

CHORALLY Cho"ral*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a chorus; adapted to be sung by a choir; in harmony.

CHORD Chord, n. Etym: [L chorda a gut, a string made of a gut, Gr. cord. See Cord.]

1. The string of a musical instrument. Milton.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A combination of tones simultaneously performed, producing more or less perfect harmony, as, the common chord.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: A right line uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or curve.

4. (Anat.)

Defn: A cord. See Cord, n., 4.

5. (Engin.)

Defn: The upper or lower part of a truss, usually horizontal, resisting compression or tension. Waddell. Accidental, Common, and Vocal chords. See under Accidental, Common, and Vocal. -- Chord of an arch. See Illust. of Arch. -- Chord of curvature, a chord drawn from any point of a curve, in the circle of curvature for that point. -- Scale of chords. See Scale.

CHORD Chord, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Chording.]

Defn: To provide with musical chords or strings; to string; to tune. When Jubal struck the chorded shell. Dryden. Even the solitary old pine tree chords his harp. Beecher.

CHORD Chord, v. i. (Mus.)

Defn: To accord; to harmonize together; as, this note chords with that.

CHORDA Chor"da, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. chorda. See Chord.] (Anat.)

Defn: A cord. Chorda dorsalis (. Etym: [NL., lit., cord of the back.] (Anat.) See Notochord.

CHORDAL Chor"dal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chord.

CHORDATA Chor*da"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. chorda cord.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A comprehensive division of animals including all Vertebrata together with the Tunicata, or all those having a dorsal nervous cord.

CHORDEE Chor*dee", n. Etym: [F. cordé, cordée, p. p. of corder to cord.] (Med.)

Defn: A painful erection of the penis, usually with downward curvature, occurring in gonorrhea.

CHORE Chore, n. Etym: [The same word as char work done by the day.]

Defn: A small job; in the pl., the regular or daily light work of a household or farm, either within or without doors. [U. S.]

CHORE Chore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chored; p. pr. & vb. n. Choring.]

Defn: To do chores. [U. S.]

CHORE Chore, n.

Defn: A choir or chorus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CHOREA Cho*re"a. n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: St. Vitus's dance; a disease attended with convulsive twitchings and other involuntary movements of the muscles or limbs.

CHOREE Cho*ree", n. Etym: [F. chorée.]

Defn: See Choreus.

CHOREGRAPHIC; CHOREGRAPHICAL Cho`re*graph"ic, Cho`re*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to choregraphy.

CHOREGRAPHY Cho*reg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [GR. -graphy.]

Defn: The art of representing dancing by signs, as music is represented by notes. Craig.

CHOREIC Cho*re"ic, a.

Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, chorea; convulsive.

CHOREPISCOPAL Cho`re*pis"co*pal, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a chorepiscopus or his change or authority.

CHOREPISCOPUS Cho`re*pis"co*pus, n.; pl. Chorepiscopi. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Bishop.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A "country" or suffragan bishop, appointed in the ancient church by a diocesan bishop to exercise episcopal jurisdiction in a rural district.

CHOREUS; CHOREE Cho*re"us, Cho*ree" (, n. Etym: [L. choreus, Gr. chorée.] (Anc. Pros.) (a) a trochee. (b) A tribrach.

CHORIAMB Cho"ri*amb, n.; pl. Choriambs (.

Defn: Same as Choriambus.

CHORIAMBIC Cho`ri*am"bic, a. Etym: [L. choriambicus, gr.

Defn: Pertaining to a choriamb. -- n.

Defn: A choriamb.

CHORIAMBUS Cho`ri*am"bus, n.; pl. L. Choriambi, E. Choriambuses. Etym: [L. choriambus, Gr. (Anc. Pros.)

Defn: A foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the other short (- ~ ~ -); that is, a choreus, or trochee, and an iambus united.

CHORIC Cho"ric, a. Etym: [L. choricus, Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chorus. I remember a choric ode in the Hecuba. Coleridge.

CHORION Cho"ri*on, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Anat.) (a) The outer membrane which invests the fetus in the womb; also, the similar membrane investing many ova at certain stages of development. (b) The true skin, or cutis.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: The outer membrane of seeds of plants.

CHORISIS Cho"ri*sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The separation of a leaf or floral organ into two more parts.

Note: In collateral chorisis the parts are side by side. -- In parallel or median chorisis they are one in front of another.

CHORIST Cho"rist, n. Etym: [F. choriste.]

Defn: A singer in a choir; a chorister. [R.]

CHORISTER Chor"is*ter, n. Etym: [See Chorus.]

1. One of a choir; a singer in a chorus. Dryden.

2. One who leads a choir in church music. [U. S.]

CHORISTIC Cho*ris"tic, a.

Defn: Choric; choral. [R.]

CHOROGRAPH Cho"ro*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.]

Defn: An instrument for constructing triangles in marine surveying, etc.

CHOROGRAPHER Cho*rog"ra*pher, n.

1. One who describes or makes a map of a district or region. "The chorographers of Italy." Sir T. Browne.

2. A geographical antiquary; one who investigates the locality of ancient places.

CHOROGRAPHICAL Cho`ro*graph"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to chorography. -- Cho`ro*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

CHOROGRAPHY Cho*rog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [L. chorographia, Gr.

Defn: the mapping or description of a region or district. The chorography of their provinces. Sir T. Browne.

CHOROID Cho"roid, a. Etym: [gr. (Anat.)

Defn: resembling the chorion; as, the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and the choroid coat of the eyeball. -- n.

Defn: The choroid coat of the eye. See Eye. Choroid plexus (Anat.), one of the delicate fringelike processes, consisting almost entirely of blood vessels, which project into the ventricles of the brain.

CHOROIDAL Cho*roid"al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the choroid coat.

CHOROLOGY Cho*rol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.] (Biol.)

Defn: The science which treats of the laws of distribution of living organisms over the earth's surface as to latitude, altitude, locality, etc. Its distribution or chorology. Huxley.

CHOROMETRY Cho*rom"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.]

Defn: The art of surveying a region or district.

CHORTLE Chor"tle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Chortled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chor"tling.]

Defn: A word coined by Lewis Carroll (Charles L. Dodgson), and usually explained as a combination of chuckle and snort. [Humorous]

O frabjous day ! Callooh ! Callay ! He chortled in his joy. Lewis Carroll.

CHORUS Cho"rus, n.; pl. Choruses. Etym: [L., a dance in a ring, a dance accompanied with song; a chorus, a band of dancers and singers. Gr. Choir.]

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: A band of singers and dancers. The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of singers. Dryden.

2. (Gr. Drama)

Defn: A company of persons supposed to behold what passed in the acts of a tragedy, and to sing the sentiments which the events suggested in couplets or verses between the acts; also, that which was thus sung by the chorus. What the lofty, grave tragedians taught In chorus or iambic. Milton.

3. An interpreter in a dumb show or play. [Obs.]

4. (Mus.)

Defn: A company of singers singing in concert.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A composition of two or more parts, each of which is intended to be sung by a number of voices.

6. (Mus.)

Defn: Parts of a song or hymn recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas; also, a company of singers who join with the singer or choir in singer or choir in singing such parts.

7. The simultaneous of a company in any noisy demonstration; as, a Chorus of shouts and catcalls.

CHORUS Cho"rus, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chorused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chorusing.]

Defn: To sing in chorus; to exclaim simultaneously. W. D. Howells.

CHOSE Chose, n.; pl. Choses. Etym: [F., fr. L. causa cause, reason. See Cause.] (Law)

Defn: A thing; personal property. Chose in action, a thing of which one has not possession or actual enjoyment, but only a right to it, or a right to demand it by action at law, and which does not exist at the time in specie; a personal right to a thing not reduced to possession, but recoverable by suit at law; as a right to recover money due on a contract, or damages for a tort, which can not be enforced against a reluctant party without suit. -- Chose in possession, a thing in possession, as distinguished from a thing in action. -- Chose local, a thing annexed to a place, as a mill. -- Chose transitory, a thing which is movable. Cowell. Blount.

CHOSE Chose,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Choose.

CHOSEN Cho"sen, p. p. of Choose.

Defn: Selected from a number; picked out; choice. Seven hundred chosen men left-handed. Judg. xx. 16.

CHOSEN Cho"sen, n.

Defn: One who, or that which is the object of choice or special favor.

CHOU Chou, n.; pl. Choux (#). [F., fr. L. caulis stalk.]

1. A cabbage.

2. A kind of light pastry, usually in the form of a small round cake, and with a filling, as of jelly or cream.

3. A bunch, knot, or rosette of ribbon or other material, used as an ornament in women's dress.

CHOUAN Chou"an, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

CHOUGH Chough, n. Etym: [OE. choughe, kowe (and cf. OE. ca), fr. AS. ceó; cf. also D. kauw, OHG. chaha; perh. akin to E. caw. *22. Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the Crow family (Fregilus graculus) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; -- also called chauk, chauk-daw, chocard, Cornish chough, red-legged crow. The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough. Cornish chough (Her.), a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; -- called also aylet and sea swallow.

CHOUICHA Chou"i*cha, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat.

CHOUKA Chou"ka, n. Etym: [Native name] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

CHOULE Choule, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Jowl. Sir W. Scott.

CHOULTRY Choul"try, n.

Defn: See Choltry.

CHOUSE Chouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Choused; p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing.] Etym: [From Turk. cha\'d4sh a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of £4,000.]

Defn: To cheat, trick, defraud; -- followed by of, or out of; as, to chouse one out of his money. [Colloq.] The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness. Landor.

CHOUSE Chouse, n.

1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull. Hudibras.

2. A trick; sham; imposition. Johnson.

3. A swindler. B. Jonson.

CHOUT Chout, n. Etym: [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.]

Defn: An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India] J. Mill.

CHOW Chow, n. [Chin chou.]

Defn: A prefecture or district of the second rank in China, or the chief city of such a district; -- often part of the name of a city, as in Foochow.

CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, a. Etym: [Chin.]

Defn: Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together).

Chowchow chop, the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship. S. W. Williams.

CHOWCHOW Chow"chow`, n. (Com.)

Defn: A kind of mixed pickles.

CHOWDER Chow"der, n. Etym: [F. chaudière a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron.]

1. (Cookery)

Defn: A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together.

2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Chowder beer, a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

CHOWDER Chow"der, v. t.

Defn: To make a chowder of.

CHOWRY Chow"ry, n. Etym: [Hind. chaunri.]

Defn: A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies. Malcom.

CHOWTER Chow"ter, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OE. chowre, and Prov. E. chow, to grumble.]

Defn: To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

CHOY ROOT Choy" root`.

Defn: See Chay root.

CHREMATISTICS Chre`ma*tis"tics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

CHREOTECHNICS Chre`o*tech"nics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

CHRESTOMATHIC Chres`to*math"ic, a.

Defn: Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school." Southey.

CHRESTOMATHY Chres*tom"a*thy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy.

CHRISM Chrism, n. Etym: [OE. crisme, from AS. crisma; also OE. creme, fr. OF. cresme, like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma, fr. Gr. friare, fricare, to rub, Skr. gharsh, E. friable, friction. Cf. Chrisom.] (Gr. & R. C. Church

1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

2. The same as Chrisom.

CHRISMAL Chris"mal, a. Etym: [LL. chrismalis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

CHRISMATION Chris*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatio.]

Defn: The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil. Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism. Jer. Taylor.

CHRISMATORY Chris"ma*to*ry, n. Etym: [LL. chrismatorium.]

Defn: A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

CHRISOM Chris"om, n. Etym: [See Chrism.]

1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.]

2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.] Blount.

CHRIST Christ, n. Etym: [L. Christus, Gr. chri`ein to anoint. See Chrism.]

Defn: The Anointed; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah.

CHRISTCROSS Christ"cross`, n.

1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, -- sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial. The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon. Old Play. Nares.

2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.] Quarles.

CHRISTCROSS-ROW Christ"cross-row`,

Defn: The alphabet; -- formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm. From infant conning of the Christcross-row. Wordsworth.

CHRISTEN Chris"ten, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christened; p. pr. & vb. n. Christening.] Etym: [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.]

1. To baptize and give a Christian name to.

2. To give a name; to denominate. "Christen the thing what you will." Bp. Burnet.

3. To Christianize. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

CHRISTENDOM Chris"ten*dom, n. Etym: [AS. cristend; cristen a Christian + -dom.]

1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.] Shak.

2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.] Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms. Shak.

3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom. Milton A wide and still widening Christendom. Coleridge.

4. The whole body of Christians. Hooker.

CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, n. Etym: [L. christianus, Gr. cristen. See Christ.]

1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ. The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. Acts xi. 26.

2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system.

3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ, and Campbellites. (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice.

Note: In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kris"chan.

CHRISTIAN Chris"tian, a.

1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people.

3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court. Blackstone.

4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent. The graceful tact; the Christian art. Tennyson. Christian Commission. See under Commission. -- Christian court. Same as Ecclesiastical court. -- Christian era, the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. -- Christian name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

CHRISTIAN ERA Christian Era.

Defn: The era in use in all Christian countries, which was intended to commence with the birth of Christ. The era as now established was first used by Dionysius Exiguus (died about 540), who placed the birth of Christ on the 25th of December in the year of Rome 754, which year he counted as 1 a. d. This date for Christ's birth is now generally thought to be about four years too late.

CHRISTIANISM Chris`tian*ism, n. Etym: [L. christianismus, Gr. christianisme.]

1. The Christian religion. [Obs.] Milton.

2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.] Johnson

CHRISTIANITE Chris"tian*ite, n. Etym: [In sense (a) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense (b) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite. [R.] (b) See Phillipsite.

CHRISTIANITY Chris*tian"i*ty, n. Etym: [OE. cristiente, OF. cristienté, F. chrétienté, fr. L. christianitas. ]

1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ.

2. Practical conformity of one's inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion

3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.] To Walys fled the christianitee Of olde Britons. Chaucer.

CHRISTIANIZATION Chris`tian*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Christianized (; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. christianiser, L. christianizare, fr. Gr.

1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, to Christianize pagans.

2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles. Christianized philosophers. I. Taylor.

CHRISTIANIZE Chris"tian*ize, v. i.

Defn: To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian. The pagans began to Christianize. Latham.

CHRISTIANLIKE Chris"tian*like`, a.

Defn: Becoming to a Christian. A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion. Shak.

CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion. Sufferings . . . patiently and Christianly borne. Sharp.

CHRISTIANLY Chris"tian*ly, a.

Defn: Christianlike. Longfellow.

CHRISTIANNESS Chris"tian*ness, n.

Defn: Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.] Hammond.

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE Christian Science.

Defn: A system of healing disease of mind and body which teaches that all cause and effect is mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the Divine Principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. The system was founded by Rev. Mary Baker Glover Eddy, of Concord, N. H., in 1866, and bases its teaching on the Scriptures as understood by its adherents.

CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST Christian Scientist.

Defn: A believer in Christian Science; one who practices its teachings.

CHRISTIAN SENECA Christian Seneca.

Defn: Joseph Hall (1574 -- 1656), Bishop of Norwich, a divine eminent as a moralist.

CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM Christian Socialism.

Defn: Any theory or system that aims to combine the teachings of Christ with the teachings of socialism in their applications to life; Christianized socialism; esp., the principles of this nature advocated by F. D. Maurice, Charles Kingsley, and others in England about 1850. -- Christian socialist.

CHRISTLESS Christ"less, a.

Defn: Without faith in Christ; unchristian. Tennyson.

CHRISTLIKE Christ"like`, a.

Defn: Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. -- Christ"like`ness, n.

CHRISTLY Christ"ly, a.

Defn: Christlike. H. Bushnell.

CHRISTMAS Christ"mas, n. Etym: [Christ + mass.]

Defn: An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality. Christmas box. (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. -- Christmas carol, a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. -- Christmas day. Same as Christmas. -- Christmas eve, the evening before Christmas. -- Christmas fern (Bot.), an evergreen North American fern (Aspidium acrostichoides), which is much used for decoration in winter. -- Christmas flower, Christmas rose, the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. -- Christmas tree, a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

CHRISTMASTIDE Christ"mas*tide`, n. Etym: [Christmas + tide time.]

Defn: The season of Christmas.

CHRISTOCENTRIC Chris"to*cen"tric, a. Etym: [Christ + centric.]

Defn: Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion. J. W. Chadwick.

CHRISTOLOGY Chris*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Crist + -logy.]

Defn: A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

CHRISTOM Chris"tom, n.

Defn: See Chrisom. [Obs.] Shak.

CHRISTOPHANY Chris*toph"a*ny, n. Etym: [Christ + Gr.

Defn: An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

CHRIST'S-THORN Christ's-thorn`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus, Zizyphus Spina-Christi, and Z. vulgaris. The last bears the fruit called jujube, and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

CHROMASCOPE Chro"ma*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

CHROMATE Chro"mate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chromate. See Chrome.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of chromic acid.

CHROMATIC Chro*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. chromaticus, Gr.

1. Relating to color, or to colors.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale.

Note: The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors. Chromatic aberration. (Opt.) See Aberration, 4. -- Chromatic printing, printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. -- Chromatic scale (Mus.), the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

CHROMATICAL Chro*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: Chromatic. [Obs.]

CHROMATICALLY Chro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chromatic manner.

CHROMATICS Chro*mat"ics, n.

Defn: The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

CHROMATIN Chro"ma*tin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

CHROMATISM Chro"ma*tism, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Optics)

Defn: The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: An abnormal coloring of plants.

CHROMATOGENOUS Chro`ma*tog"e*nous, a. Etym: [Gr. -genous.]

Defn: Producing color.

CHROMATOGRAPHY Chro`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A treatise on colors

CHROMATOLOGY Chro`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: A treatise on colors.

CHROMATOPHORE Chro"ma*to*phore`, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

CHROMATOSCOPE Chro"ma*to*scope`, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.] (Astron.)

Defn: A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; -- used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

CHROMATOSPHERE Chro"ma*to*sphere`, n.

Defn: A chromosphere. [R.]

CHROMATROPE Chro"ma*trope, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored.

2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

CHROMATYPE Chro"ma*type, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. (Photog.)

Defn: A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium.

2. The process by which such picture is made.

CHROME Chrome, n.

Defn: Same as Chromium. Chrome alum (Chem.), a dark violet substance, (SO4)3Cr2.K2SO4.24H2O, analogous to, and crystallizing like, common alum. It is regarded as a double sulphate of chromium and potassium. -- Chrome green (a) The green oxide of chromium, Cr2O3, used in enamel painting, and glass staining. (b) A pigment made by mixing chrome yellow with Prussian blue. -- Chrome red, a beautiful red pigment originally prepared from the basic chromate of lead, but now made from red oxide of lead. -- Chrome yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, PbCrO4, used by painters.

CHROME STEEL Chrome steel.

Defn: Same as Chromium steel, under Steel.

CHROMIC Chro"mic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium; -- said of the compounds of chromium in which it has its higher valence. Chromic acid, an acid, H2CrO4, analogous to sulphuric acid, not readily obtained in the free state, but forming well known salts, many of which are colored pigments, as chrome yellow, chrome red, etc. -- Chromic anhydride, a brilliant red crystalline substance, CrO3, regarded as the anhydride of chromic acid. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers known.

CHROMID Chro"mid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Chromidæ, a family of fresh-water fishes abundant in the tropical parts of America and Africa. Some are valuable food fishes, as the bulti of the Nile.

CHROMIDROSIS Chro`mi*dro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Secretion of abnormally colored perspiration.

CHROMISM Chro"mism, n.

Defn: Same as Chromatism.

CHROMITE Chro"mite, n.

1. (Min.)

Defn: A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; -- called also chromic iron.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]

CHROMIUM Chro"mi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.

CHROMO Chro"mo, n.; pl. Chromos. Etym: [Abbrev. from chromolithograph.]

Defn: A chromolithograph.

CHROMOBLAST Chro"mo*blast, n. Etym: [Gr. -blast.]

Defn: An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.

CHROMOGEN Chro"mo*gen, Etym: [Gr. -gen.]

1. (Biol.)

Defn: Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.

CHROMOGENIC Chro"mo*gen"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria.

CHROMOGRAPH Chro"mo*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph.]

Defn: An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; -- called also hectograph.

CHROMOLEUCITE Chro`mo*leu"cite, n. Etym: [Gr. leucite.] (Bot.)

Defn: A chromoplastid.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPH Chro`mo*lith"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. lithograph.]

Defn: A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHER Chro`mo*li*thog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who is engaged in chromolithography.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHIC Chro"mo*lith`o*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.

CHROMOLITHOGRAPHY Chro"mo*li*thog"ra*phy, n.

Defn: Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.

CHROMOPHANE Chro"mo*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.

CHROMOPHORE Chro"mo*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Any chemical group or residue (as NO

CHROMOPHOTOGRAPH Chro`mo*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. color + photograph.]

Defn: A picture made by any of the processes for reproducing photographs in colors. --Chro`mo*pho`to*graph"ic (#), a.

CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY Chro`mo*pho*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. photography.]

Defn: The art of producing photographs in colors.

CHROMOPHOTOLITHOGRAPH Chro"mo*pho`to*lith"o*graph, n.

Defn: A photolithograph printed in colors.

CHROMOPLASTID Chro`mo*plas"tid, n. Etym: [Gr. plastid.] (Bot.)

Defn: A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; -- also called chromoleucite.

CHROMOSOME Chro"mo*some`, n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.

CHROMOSPHERE Chro"mo*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Astron.)

Defn: An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.

CHROMOSPHERIC Chro`mo*spher"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.

CHROMOTYPE Chro"mo*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.]

1. A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph.

2. A photographic picture in the natural colors.

CHROMOUS Chro"mous, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds. Chromous acid, a bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.

CHROMULE Chro"mule, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.

CHRONIC Chron"ic, a. Etym: [L. chronicus, Gr. chronique.]

1. Relating to time; according to time.

2. Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual. Chronic disease, one which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.

CHRONICAL Chron"ic*al, a.

Defn: Chronic.

## Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method. J. A.

Alexander.

CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, n. Etym: [OE. cronicle, fr. cronique, OF. cronique, F. chronique, L. chronica, fr. Gr. Chronic.]

1. An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time.

2. A narrative of events; a history; a record.

3. pl.

Defn: The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings.

Syn. - Register; record; annals. See History.

CHRONICLE Chron"i*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chronicled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chronicling.]

Defn: To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. Shak.

CHRONICLER Chron"i*cler, n.

Defn: A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian. Such an honest chronicler as Griffith. Shak.

CHRONIQUE Chro`nique", n. Etym: [F. See Chronicle.]

Defn: A chronicle. L. Addison.

CHRONOGRAM Chron"o*gram, n. Etym: [Gr. chronogramme.]

1. An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. - the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632.

2. The record or inscription made by a chronograph.

CHRONOGRAMMATIC; CHRONOGRAMMATICAL Chron`o*gram*mat"ic, Chron`o*gram*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronogrammatique.]

Defn: Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.

CHRONOGRAMMATIST Chron`o*gram"ma*tist, n.

Defn: A writer of chronograms.

CHRONOGRAPH Chron"o*graph, n. Etym: [Gr. -graph: cf. F. chronographe.]

1. An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity.

2. Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.]

3. A chronoscope.

CHRONOGRAPHER Chro*nog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. Tooke.

CHRONOGRAPHIC Chron`o*graph"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a chronograph.

CHRONOGRAPHY Chro*nog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. Chronograph.]

Defn: A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*ger, n.

Defn: Same as Chronologist.

CHRONOLOGIC; CHRONOLOGICAL Chron`o*log"ic, Chron`o*log"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as, chronological tables. Raleigh. -- Chron`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

CHRONOLOGIST; CHRONOLOGER Chro*nol"o*gist, Chro*nol"o*ger, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology. That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided. Locke. THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December. John Knox.

CHRONOLOGY Chro*nol"o*gy, n.; pl. Chronologies. Etym: [Gr. chronologie.]

Defn: The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates. If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid. A. Holmes.

CHRONOMETER Chro*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. chronomètre.]

1. An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper.

2. A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; -- intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: A metronome. Box chronometer. See under Box. -- Pocket chronometer, a chronometer in the form of a large watch. -- To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t.

CHRONOMETRIC; CHRONOMETRICAL Chron`o*met"ric, Chron`o*met"ric*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrique.]

Defn: Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.

CHRONOMETRY Chro*nom"e*try, n. Etym: [Cf. F. chronométrie.]

Defn: The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.

CHRONOPHER Chron"o*pher, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.

CHRONOPHOTOGRAPH Chron`o*pho"to*graph, n. [Gr. time + photograph.]

Defn: One of a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of the motion. --Chron`o*pho*tog"ra*phy, n.

CHRONOSCOPE Chron"o*scope, n. Etym: [Gr. -scope.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.

CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.

CHRYSALID Chrys"a*lid, n.; pl. Chrysalids.

Defn: See Chrysalis.

CHRYSALIS Chrys"a*lis, n.; pl. Chrysalides. Etym: [L. chrysallis the gold- colored pupa of butterflies, Gr. Aurelia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).

CHRYSANILINE Chrys*an"i*line, n. Etym: [Gr. anilene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.

CHRYSANTHEMUM Chrys*an"the*mum, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.

CHRYSAROBIN Chrys`a*ro"bin, n. Etym: [Gr. araroba a foreign name of Goa powder + -in.] (Chem.)

Defn: A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.

CHRYSAURIN Chrys*au"rin, n. Etym: [Gr. aurum gold. So called from its color.]

Defn: An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.

CHRYSELEPHANTINE Chrys`el*e*phan"tine, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory.

Note: The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.

CHRYSENE Chry"sene, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to napthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.

CHRYSOBERYL Chrys"o*ber`yl, n. Etym: [L. chrysoberyllus, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.

CHRYSOCHLORE Chrys"o*chlore, n. Etym: [Gr. chrysochlore.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.

CHRYSOCOLLA Chrys"o*col`la, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.

CHRYSOGEN Chrys"o*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.

CHRYSOGRAPHY Chry*sog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr.

1. The art of writing in letters of gold.

2. A writing executed in letters of gold.

CHRYSOIDINE Chrys*o"ï*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. -oid + -ine.] (Chem.)

Defn: An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3(NH2)2. Also, one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoïdine proper.

CHRYSOLITE Chrys"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. chrysolithos, Gr. chrysolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; -- called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.

CHRYSOLOGY Chry*sol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.

CHRYSOPA Chrys*o"pa, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.

CHRYSOPHANE Chrys"o*phane, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.

CHRYSOPHANIC Chrys`o*phan"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane. Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; -- called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.

CHRYSOPRASE Chrys"o*prase, n. Etym: [OE. crisopace, OF. crisoprace, F. chrysoprase, L. chrysoprasus, fr. Gr. (Min.)

Defn: An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.

CHRYSOPRASUS Chry*sop"ra*sus, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: See Chrysoprase. Rev. xxi. 20.

CHRYSOSPERM Chrys"o*sperm, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CHRYSOTYPE Chrys"o*type, n. Etym: [Gr. -type.]

1. A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. Abney.

2. 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.

CHTHONIAN Chtho"ni*an, a. [Gr. in or under the earth, fr. , , earth.]

Defn: Designating, or pertaining to, gods or spirits of the underworld; esp., relating to the underworld gods of the Greeks, whose worship is widely considered as more primitive in form than that of the Olympian gods. The characteristics of chthonian worship are propitiatory and magical rites and generalized or euphemistic names of the deities, which are supposed to have been primarily ghosts.

CHTHONIC Chthon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, chthonic religions. [The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus. Max Müller.

CHTHONOPHAGIA; CHTHONOPHAGY Chthon`o*pha"gi*a, Chtho*noph"a*gy, n. Etym: [NL. chthonophagia; Gr.

Defn: A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.

CHUB Chub, n. Etym: [This word seems to signify a large or thick fish. Cf. Sw. kubb a short and thick piece of wood, and perh. F. chabot chub.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidæ or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc. Chub mackerel (Zoöl.), a species of mackerel (Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; -- called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big-eye mackerel. -- Chub sucker (Zoöl.), a fresh-water fish of the United States (Erimyzon sucetta); -- called also creekfish.

CHUBBED Chub"bed, a.

Defn: Chubby. [R.] H. Brooke.

CHUBBEDNESS Chub"bed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being chubby.

CHUBBY Chub"by, a.

Defn: Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. "Chubby faces." I. Taylor.

CHUB-FACED Chub"-faced`, a.

Defn: Having a plump, short face.

CHUCK Chuck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [Imitative of the sound.]

1. To make a noise resembling that of a hen when she calls her chickens; to cluck.

2. To chuckle; to laugh. [R.] Marston.

CHUCK Chuck, v. t.

Defn: To call, as a hen her chickens. Dryden.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. The chuck or call of a hen.

2. A sudden, small noise.

3. A word of endearment; -- corrupted from chick. "Pray, chuck, come hither." Shak.

CHUCK Chuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Chucking.] Etym: [F. choquer to strike. Cf. Shock, v. t.]

1. To strike gently; to give a gentle blow to. Chucked the barmaid under the chin. W. Irving.

2. To toss or throw smartly out of the hand; to pitch. [Colloq.] "Mahomet Ali will just be chucked into the Nile." Lord Palmerson.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: To place in a chuck, or hold by means of a chuck, as in turning; to bore or turn (a hole) in a revolving piece held in a chuck.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. A slight blow or pat under the chin.

2. A short throw; a toss.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: A contrivance or machine fixed to the mandrel of a lathe, for holding a tool or the material to be operated upon.

Chuck farthing, a play in which a farthing is pitched into a hole; pitch farthing. -- Chuck hole, a deep hole in a wagon rut. -- Elliptic chuck, a chuck having a silder and an eccentric circle, which, as the work turns round, give it a sliding motion across the center which generates an ellipse. Knight.

CHUCK Chuck, n.

1. A small pebble; -- called also chuckstone and chuckiestone. [Scot.]

2. pl.

Defn: A game played with chucks, in which one or more are tossed up and caught; jackstones. [Scot.]

CHUCK Chuck, n.

Defn: A piece of the backbone of an animal, from between the neck and the collar bone, with the adjoining parts, cut for cooking; as, a chuck steak; a chuck roast. [Colloq.]

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Chuckled; p. pr. & vb. n. Chuckling.] Etym: [From lst Chuck.]

1. To call, as a hen her chickens; to cluck. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. To fondle; to cocker. [Obs.] Dryden.

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, n.

Defn: A short, suppressed laugh; the expression of satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

CHUCKLE Chuc"kle, v. i. Etym: [From lst Chuck.]

Defn: To laugh in a suppressed or broken manner, as expressing inward satisfaction, exultation, or derision.

CHUCKLEHEAD Chuc"kle*head`, n.

Defn: A person with a large head; a numskull; a dunce. [Low] Knowles.

CHUCKLEHEADED Chuc"kle*head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a large head; thickheaded; dull; stupid. Smart.

CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW Chuck`-Will's-wid"ow, n. (Zool.)

Defn: A species of goatsucker (Antrostomus Carolinensis), of the southern United States; -- so called from its note.

CHUD Chud, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Chew, Cud.]

Defn: To champ; to bite. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

CHUET Chu"et, n. Etym: [From Chew, v. t.]

Defn: Minced meat. [Obs.] Bacon.

CHUFA Chu"fa, n. Etym: [Sp.] (Bot.)

Defn: A sedgelike plant (Cyperus esculentus) producing edible tubers, native about the Mediterranean, now cultivated in many regions; the earth almond.

CHUFF Chuff, n. Etym: [Perh. a modification of chub: cf. W. cyff stock, stump.]

Defn: A coarse or stupid fellow. Shak.

CHUFF Chuff, a.

Defn: Stupid; churlish. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

CHUFFILY Chuff"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Clownishly; surlily.

CHUFFINESS Chuff"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being chuffy.

CHUFFY Chuff"y, a.

1. Fat or puffed out in the cheeks.

2. Rough; clownish; surly.

CHULAN Chu"lan, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The fragrant flowers of the Chloranthus inconspicuus, used in China for perfuming tea.

CHUM Chum, n. Etym: [Perh. a contraction fr. comrade or chamber fellow: cf. also AS. cuma a comer, guest.]

Defn: A roommate, especially in a college or university; an old and intimate friend.

CHUM Chum, v. i. [imp. p. p. Chummed; p. pr. & vb. n. Chumming.]

Defn: To occupy a chamber with another; as, to chum together at college. [U. S.]

CHUM Chum, n.

Defn: Chopped pieces of fish used as bait. [U. S.]

CHUMP Chump, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kumbr a chopping, E. chop.]

Defn: A short, thick, heavy piece of wood. Morton. Chump end, the thick end; as, the chump end of a joint of meat. Dickens.

CHUNAM Chu*nam", n. Etym: [Hind. chuna, from Skr. curna powder, dust; or a Dravidian word.]

Defn: Quicklime; also, plaster or mortar. [India] Whitworth.

CHUNK Chunk, n. Etym: [Cf. Chump.]

Defn: A short, thick piece of anything. [Colloq. U. S. & Prov. Eng.]

CHUNKY Chunk"y, a.

Defn: Short and thick. [U. S.] Kane.

CHUPATTY Chu*pat"ty, n.; pl. -ties (#). [Hind. chapati.]

Defn: A kind of griddlecake of unleavened bread, used among the natives of India. [Anglo-Indian]

CHUPRASSY; CHUPRASSIE Chu*pras"sy Chu*pras"sie, n. [Hind. chaprassi, fr. chapras badge.]

Defn: A messenger or servant wearing an official badge. [Anglo- Indian]

CHURCH Church, n. Etym: [OE. chirche, chireche, cherche, Scot. kirk, from AS. circe, cyrice; akin to D. kerk, Icel. kirkja, Sw. kyrka, Dan. kirke, G. kirche, OHG. chirihha; all fr. Gr. ç\'d4ra hero, Zend. çura strong, OIr. caur, cur, hero. Cf. Kirk.]

1. A building set apart for Christian worship.

2. A Jewish or heathen temple. [Obs.] Acts xix. 37.

3. A formally organized body of Christian believers worshiping together. "When they had ordained them elders in every church." Acts xiv. 23.

4. A body of Christian believers, holding the same creed, observing the same rites, and acknowledging the same ecclesiastical authority; a denomination; as, the Roman Catholic church; the Presbyterian church.

5. The collective body of Christians.

6. Any body of worshipers; as, the Jewish church; the church of Brahm.

7. The aggregate of religious influences in a community; ecclesiastical influence, authority, etc.; as, to array the power of the church against some moral evil. Remember that both church and state are properly the rulers of the people, only because they are their benefactors. Bulwer.

Note: Church is often used in composition to denote something belonging or relating to the church; as, church authority; church history; church member; church music, etc. Apostolic church. See under Apostolic. -- Broad church. See Broad Church. -- Catholic or Universal church, the whole body of believers in Christ throughout the world. -- Church of England, or English church, the Episcopal church established and endowed in England by law. -- Church living, a benefice in an established church. -- Church militant. See under Militant. -- Church owl (Zoöl.), the white owl. See Barn owl. -- Church rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the maintenance of the church and its services. -- Church session. See under Session. -- Church triumphant. See under Triumphant. -- Church work, work on, or in behalf of, a church; the work of a

## particular church for the spread of religion.

-- Established church, the church maintained by the civil authority; a state church.

CHURCH Church, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churched; p. pr. & vb. n. Churching.]

Defn: To bless according to a prescribed form, or to unite with in publicly returning thanks in church, as after deliverance from the dangers of childbirth; as, the churching of women.

CHURCH-ALE Church"-ale`, n.

Defn: A church or parish festival (as in commemoration of the dedication of a church), at which much ale was used. Wright. Nares.

CHURCH-BENCH Church"-bench`, n.

Defn: A seat in the porch of a church. Shak.

CHURCHDOM Church"dom, n.

Defn: The institution, government, or authority of a church. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

CHURCHGOER Church"go`er, n.

Defn: One who attends church.

CHURCHGOING Church"go`ing, a.

1. Habitually attending church.

2. Summoning to church. The sound of the churchgoing bell. Cowper.

CHURCH-HAW Church"-haw`, n. Etym: [Church + haw a yard.]

Defn: Churchyard. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CHURCHISM Church"ism, n.

Defn: Strict adherence to the forms or principles of some church organization; sectarianism.

CHURCHLESS Church"less, a.

Defn: Without a church. T. Fuller.

CHURCHLIKE Church"like`, a.

Defn: Befitting a church or a churchman; becoming to a clergyman. Shak.

CHURCHLINESS Church"li*ness, n.

Defn: Regard for the church.

CHURCHLY Church"ly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or suitable for, the church; ecclesiastical.

CHURCHMAN Church"man, n.; pl. Churchmen.

1. An ecclesiastic or clergyman.

2. An Episcopalian, or a member of the Established Church of England. "A zealous churchman." Macaulay.

3. One was is attached to, or attends, church.

CHURCHMANLY Church"man*ly, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or becoming, a churchman. Milman.

CHURCHMANSHIP Church"man*ship, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being a churchman; attachment to the church.

CHURCH MODES Church" modes`. (Mus.)

Defn: The modes or scales used in ancient church music. See Gregorian.

CHURCHSHIP Church"ship, n.

Defn: State of being a church. South.

CHURCHWARDEN Church"ward`en, n.

1. One of the officers (usually two) in an Episcopal church, whose duties vary in different dioceses, but always include the provision of what is necessary for the communion service.

2. A clay tobacco pipe, with a long tube. [Slang, Eng.] There was a small wooden table placed in front of the smoldering fire, with decanters, a jar of tobacco, and two long churchwardens. W. Black.

CHURCHWARDENSHIP Church"ward`en*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a churchwarden.

CHURCHY Church"y, a.

Defn: Relating to a church; unduly fond of church forms. [Colloq.]

CHURCHYARD Church"yard`, n.

Defn: The ground adjoining a church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. Like graves in the holy churchyard. Shak.

Syn. -- Burial place; burying ground; graveyard; necropolis; cemetery; God's acre.

CHURL Churl, n. Etym: [AS. ceorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband; akin to D. karel, kerel, G. kerl, Dan. & Sw. karl, Icel. karl, and to the E. proper name Charles (orig., man, male), and perh. to Skr. jara lover. Cf. Carl, Charles's Wain.]

1. A rustic; a countryman or laborer. "A peasant or churl." Spenser. Your rank is all reversed; let men of cloth Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls. Emerson.

2. A rough, surly, ill-bred man; a boor. A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or falsehood. Sir P. Sidney.

3. A selfish miser; an illiberal person; a niggard. Like to some rich churl hoarding up his pelf. Drayton.

CHURL Churl, a.

Defn: Churlish; rough; selfish. [Obs.] Ford.

CHURLISH Churl"ish, a.

1. Like a churl; rude; cross-grained; ungracious; surly; illiberal; niggardly. "Churlish benefits." Ld. Burleigh. Half mankind maintain a churlish strife. Cowper.

2. Wanting pliancy; unmanageable; unyielding; not easily wrought; as, a churlish soil; the churlish and intractable nature of some minerals. Boyle.

CHURLISHLY Churl"ish*ly, adv.

Defn: In a churlish manner.

CHURLISHNESS Churl"ish*ness, n.

Defn: Rudeness of manners or temper; lack of kindness or courtesy.

CHURLY Churl"y, a.

Defn: Rude; churlish; violent. Longfellow.

CHURME; CHIRM Churme, Chirm, n. Etym: [See Chirm.]

Defn: Clamor, or confused noise; buzzing. [Obs.] The churme of a thousand taunts and reproaches. Bacon.

CHURN Churn, n. Etym: [OE. chirne, cherne, AS. ceren, cyrin; akin to D. karn, Dan. kierne. See Churn, v. t.]

Defn: A vessel in which milk or cream is stirred, beaten, or otherwise agitated (as by a plunging or revolving dasher) in order to separete the oily globules from the other parts, and obtain butter.

CHURN Churn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Churned; p. pr. & vb. n. Churning.] Etym: [OE. chernen, AS. cernan; akin to LG. karnen, G. kernen, D. karnen, Dan. kierne, Sw. kärna, and also to E. corn, kernel, the meaning coming from the idea of extracting the kernel or marrow. See Kernel.]

1. To stir, beat, or agitate, as milk or cream in a churn, in order to make butter.

2. To shake or agitate with violence. Churned in his teeth, the foamy venom rose. Addison.

CHURN Churn, v. i.

Defn: To perform the operation of churning.

CHURNING Churn"ing, n.

1. The act of one who churns.

2. The quantity of butter made at one operation.

CHURR Churr, n. [Cf. Chirr.]

Defn: A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by some insects, as the cockchafer, or by some birds, as the nightjar, the partridge, etc.

CHURR Churr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Churred; p. pr. & vb. n. Churr"ing.]

Defn: To make a churr, as a cockchafer.

That's the churring of the nightjar. Hall Caine.

CHURR Churr, v. t.

Defn: To utter by churring.

CHURRUS Chur"rus, n. Etym: [Hind. charas.]

Defn: A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.

CHURRWORM Churr"worm`, n. Etym: [AS. cyrran, cerran, to turn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; -- called also fan cricket. Johnson.

CHUSE Chuse, v. t.

Defn: See Choose. [Obs.]

CHUTE Chute, n. Etym: [F. chute, prop. a fall.]

1. A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel.

2. See Shoot.

CHUTNEY; CHUTNEE Chut"ney, Chut"nee, n. Etym: [Hind. chatni.]

Defn: A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.

CHYLACEOUS Chy*la"ceous, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.

CHYLAQUEOUS Chy*la"que*ous, a. Etym: [Chyle + aqueous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; -- said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.

CHYLE Chyle, n. Etym: [NL. chylus, Gr. chyle; prob. akin to E. fuse to melt.] (Physiol.)

Defn: A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.

CHYLIFACTION Chyl`i*fac"tion, n. Etym: [Chyle + L. facere to make.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, -- a digestive process.

CHYLIFACTIVE Chyl`i*fac"tive, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.

CHYLIFEROUS Chy*lif"er*ous, a.

Defn: [Chyle + -ferous: cf. F. chylifère.] (Physiol.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as, chyliferous vessels.

CHYLIFIC Chy*lif"ic, a.

Defn: Chylifactive.

CHYLIFICATION Chyl`i*fi*ca"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.

CHYLIFICATORY Chy*lif"i*ca*to*ry ( or ), a.

Defn: Chylifactive.

CHYLIFY Chy"li*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Chyle + -ly.] (Physiol.)

Defn: To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.

CHYLOPOETIC Chy`lo*po*et"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. chylopoiei^n to make into juice, chylo`s juice, chyle + poiei^n to make.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Concerned in the formation of chyle; as, the chylopoetic organs.

CHYLOUS Chy"lous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. chyleux.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.

CHYLURIA Chy*lu"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL. from Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.

CHYME Chyme, n. Etym: [L. chymus chyle, Gr. chyme. See Chyle.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle.

CHYMIC; CHYMIST; CHYMISTRY Chym"ic, Chym"ist, Chym"is*try. [Obs.]

Defn: See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.

CHYMIFEROUS Chy*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Chyme + -ferous.] (Physiol.)

Defn: Bearing or containing chyme.

CHYMIFICATION Chym`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Chyme + L. facere to make: cf. F. Chymification.] (Physiol.)

Defn: The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.

CHYMIFY Chym"i*fy, v. t. Etym: [Chyme + -fy: cf. F. chymifier.] (Physiol.)

Defn: To form into chyme.

CHYMOUS Chy"mous, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to chyme.

CHYOMETER Chy*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Chem.)

Defn: An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.

CIBARIOUS Ci*ba"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. cibaruus, fr. cibus food.]

Defn: Pertaining to food; edible. Johnson.

CIBATION Ci*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. cibatio, fr. cibare to feed.]

1. The act of taking food.

2. (Alchemy)

Defn: The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucilbe with fresh material. B. Jonson.

CIBOL Cib"ol, n. Etym: [F. ciboule, LL. cepula, cepola, dim. of L. cepa, caepa, caepe, an onion. Cf. Chibbal, Cives.]

Defn: A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.

CIBORIUM Ci*bo"ri*um, n.: pl. Ciboria. Etym: [LL., fr. L. ciborium a cup, fr. Gr.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar.

2. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.

CICADA Ci*ca"da, n.; pl. E. Cicadas, L. Cicadæ. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by pecular organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.

CICALA Ci*ca"la, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. cicada.]

Defn: A cicada. See Cicada. "At eve a dry cicala sung." Tennison.

CICATRICE Cic"a*trice, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cicatrix.]

Defn: A cicatrix.

CICATRICIAL Cic`a*tri"cial, a. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix. Dunglison.

CICATRICLE Cic"a*tri`cle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatricule, fr. L. cicatricula a small scar, fr. cicatrix a scar.] (Biol.)

Defn: The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.

CICATRISIVE Cic"a*tri`sive, a.

Defn: Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.

CICATRIX Ci*ca"trix, n.; pl. Cicatrices. Etym: [L.] (Med.)

Defn: The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.

CICATRIZANT Cic"a*tri`zant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisant, properly p. pr. of cicatriser.] (Med.)

Defn: A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.

CICATRIZATION Cic`a*tri*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicatrisation.] (Med.)

Defn: The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.

CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cicatrized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cicatrizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cicatriser, fr. cicatrice, L. cicatrix, scar.] (Med.)

Defn: To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh. Wiseman.

CICATRIZE Cic"a*trize, v. i. (Med.)

Defn: To heal; to have a new skin.

CICATROSE Cic"a*trose`, a.

Defn: Full of scars. Craig.

CICELY Cic"e*ly, n. Etym: [L. seselis, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.

CICERO Cic"e*ro, n. (Print.)

Defn: Pica type; -- so called by French printers.

CICERONE Ci`ce*ro"ne, n.; pl. It. Ciceroni, E. Cicerones. Etym: [It., fr. L. Cicero, the Roman orator. So called from the ordinary talkativeness of such a guide.]

Defn: One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide. Every glib and loquacious hireling who shows strangers about their picture galleries, palaces, and ruins, is termed by them [the Italians] a cicerone, or a Cicero. Trench.

CICERONIAN Cic`e*ro"ni*an, a. Etym: [L. Ciceronianus, fr. Cicero, the orator.]

Defn: Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.

CICERONIANISM Cic`e*ro"ni*an*ism, n.

Defn: Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." Sir P. Sidney.

CICHORACEOUS Cich`o*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [See Chicory.]

Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.

CICH-PEA Cich"-pea`, n.

Defn: The chick-pea. Holland.

CICISBEISM Ci*cis"be*ism, n.

Defn: The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.

CICISBEO Ci`cis*be"o, n.; pl. It. Cicisbei. Etym: [It.]

1. A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women.

2. A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc. [Obs.]

CICLATOUN Cic"la*toun`, n. Etym: [Of. ciclaton.]

Defn: A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages. [Obs.] [Written also checklaton, chekelatoun.] His robe was of ciclatoun, That coste many a Jane. Chaucer.

CICURATE Cic"u*rate, v. t. Etym: [L. cicurare to tame, fr. cicur tame.]

Defn: To tame. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CICURATION Cic`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cicuration.]

Defn: The act of taming. [Obs.] Ray.

CICUTA Ci*cu"ta, n. Etym: [L., the poison hemlock.] (Bot.)

Defn: a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.

Note: The name cicuta is sometimes erroneously applied to Conium maculatum, or officinal hemlock.

CICUTOXIN Cic`u*tox"in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.

CID Cid, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. Ar. seid lord.]

1. Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century.

2. An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.

CIDER Ci"der, n. Etym: [F. cidre, OF. sidre, fr. L. sicera a kind of strong drink, Gr. shakar to be intoxicated, shekar strong drink.]

Defn: The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes.

Note: Cider was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor, but was not applied to wine. Cider brandy, a kind of brandy distilled from cider. -- Cider mill, a mill in which cider is made. -- Cider press, the press of a cider mill.

CIDERIST Ci`der*ist, n.

Defn: A maker of cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

CIDERKIN Ci"der*kin, n. Etym: [Cider + -kin.]

Defn: A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water. Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the place of small beer. Mortimer.

CI-DEVANT Ci`-de*vant", a. Etym: [F., hitherto, formerly.]

Defn: Former; previous; of times gone by; as, a cidevant governor.

CIERGE Cierge, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cera wax.]

Defn: A wax candle used in religous rites.

CIGAR Ci*gar", n. Etym: [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.]

Defn: A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking. Cigar fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Decapterus punctatus), allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

CIGARETTE Cig`a*rette", n. Etym: [F. cigarette.]

Defn: A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking.

CILIA Cil"i*a, n. pl. Cilium, the sing., is rarely used. Etym: [L. cilium eyelid.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The eyelashes.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.

CILIARY Cil"ia*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. ciliaire.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as, the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as, ciliary motion.

CILIATA Cil`i*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Cilia.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.

CILIATE; CILIATED Cil"i*ate, Cil"i*a`ted, a.

Defn: Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as, a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as, the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.

CILICE Cil"ice, n. Etym: [F. See Cilicious.]

Defn: A kind of haircloth undergarment. Southey.

CILICIAN Ci*li"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.

CILICIOUS Ci*li"cious, a. Etym: [L. cilicium a covering, orig. made of Cilician goat's hair, fr. Cilicious Cilician, fr. Cilicia, a province of Asia Minor.]

Defn: Made, or consisting, of hair. [Obs.] A Cilicious or sackcloth habit. Sir T. Browne.

CILIFORM; CILIIFORM Cil"i*form, Cil"i*i*form`, a. Etym: [Cilium + -form]

Defn: Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.

CILIOGRADE Cil"i*o*grade, a. Etym: [Cilium + L. gradi to step: cf. F. ciliograde.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as, the ciliograde Medusæ.

CILIUM Cil"i*um, n. Etym: [L., eyelid.]

Defn: See Cilia.

CILL Cill, n.

Defn: See Sill., n. a foundation.

CILLOSIS Cil*lo"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cilium eyelid.] (Med.)

Defn: A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.

CIMA Ci"ma, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A kind of molding. See Cyma.

CIMAR Ci*mar", n.

Defn: See Simar.

CIMBAL Cim"bal, n. Etym: [It. ciambella.]

Defn: A kind of confectionery or cake. [Obs.] Nares.

CIMBIA Cim"bi*a, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A fillet or band placed around the shaft of a column as if to strengthen it. [Written also cimia.]

CIMBRIAN Cim"bri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cimbri. -- n.

Defn: One of the Cimbri. See Cimbric.

CIMBRIC Cim"bric, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe inhabiting Northern Germany. -- n.

Defn: The language of the Cimbri.

CIMELIARCH Ci*me"li*arch, n. Etym: [L. cimeliarcha, Gr.

Defn: A superintendent or keeper of a church's valuables; a churchwarden. [Obs.] Bailey.

CIMETER Cim"e*ter, n.

Defn: See Scimiter.

CIMEX Ci"mex, n.; pl. Cimices. Etym: [L., a bug.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of hemipterous insects of which the bedbug is the best known example. See Bedbug.

CIMIA Cim"i*a, n. (Arch.)

Defn: See Cimbia.

CIMISS Ci"miss, n. Etym: [L. cimex, -icis, a bug.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bedbug. [Obs.] Wright.

CIMMERIAN Cim*me"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Cimmerius.] [Written also Kimmerian.]

1. Pertaining to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, said to have lived, in very ancient times, in profound and perpetual darkness.

2. Without any light; intensely dark. In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell. Milton.

CIMOLITE Cim"o*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. Cimolus, an island of the Cyclades.] (Min.)

Defn: A soft, earthy, clayey mineral, of whitish or grayish color.

CINCH Cinch, n. Etym: [Sp. cincha, fr. L. cingere to gird.]

1. A strong saddle girth, as of canvas. [West. U. S.]

2. A tight grip. [Colloq.]

CINCHONA Cin*cho"na, n. Etym: [So named from the wife of Count Chinchon, viceroy of Peru in the seventeenth century, who by its use was freed from an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain, contributed to the general propagation of this remedy.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees growing naturally on the Andes in Peru and adjacent countries, but now cultivated in the East Indies, producing a medicinal bark of great value.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The bark of any species of cinchona containing three per cent. or more of bitter febrifuge alkaloids; Peruvian bark; Jesuits' bark.

CINCHONACEOUS Cin`cho*na"ceous, a.

Defn: Allied or pertaining to cinchona, or to the plants that produce it.

CINCHONIC Cin*chon"ic, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or obtained from, cinchona. Mayne.

CINCHONIDINE Cin*chon"i*dine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids, found especially in red cinchona bark. It is a white crystalline substance, C19H22N2O, with a bitter taste and qualities similar to, but weaker than, quinine; -- sometimes called also cinchonidia.

CINCHONINE Cin"cho*nine, n. Etym: [From Cinchona: cf. F. cinchonine.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinine group of alkaloids isomeric with and resembling cinchonidine; -- called also cinchonia.

CINCHONISM Cin"cho*nism, n. Etym: [From Cinchona.] (Med.)

Defn: A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc.

CINCHONIZE Cin"cho*nize, v. t.

Defn: To produce cinchonism in; to poison with quinine or with cinchona.

CINCINNATI EPOCH Cin`cin*na"ti ep"och. (Geol.)

Defn: An epoch at the close of the American lower Silurian system. The rocks are well developed near Cincinnati, Ohio. The group includes the Hudson River and Lorraine shales of New york.

CINCINNUS Cin*cin"nus, n.; pl. -ni (#). [Also cicinus, cicinnus.] [L., a curl of hair.] (Bot.)

Defn: A form of monochasium in which the lateral branches arise alternately on opposite sides of the false axis; -- called also scorpioid cyme. --Cin*cin"nal (#), a.

CINCTURE Cinc"ture, n. Etym: [L. cinctura, fr. cingere, cinctum, to gird.]

1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body, -- as by an ecclesiastic for confining the alb.

2. That which encompasses or incloses; an inclosure. "Within the cincture of one wall." Bacon.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: The fillet, listel, or band next to the apophyge at the extremity of the shaft of a column.

CINCTURED Cinc"tured, n.

Defn: Having or wearing a cincture or gridle.

CINDER Cin"der, n. Etym: [AS. sinder slag, dross; akin to Icel. sindr dross, Sw. sinder, G. sinter, D. sintel; perh. influenced by F. cendre ashes, fr. L. cinis. Cf. Sinter.]

1. Partly burned or vitrified coal, or other combustible, in which fire is extinct.

2. A hot coal without flame; an ember. Swift.

3. A scale thrown off in forging metal.

4. The slag of a furnace, or scoriaceous lava from a volcano. Cinder frame, a framework of wire in front of the tubes of a locomotive, to arrest the escape of cinders. -- Cinder notch (Metal.), the opening in a blast furnace, through which melted cinder flows out.

CINDERY Cin"der*y, a.

Defn: Resembling, or composed of, cinders; full of cinders.

CINEFACTION Cin`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [LL. cinefactio: L. cinis ashes + facere to make: cf. F. cinéfaction.]

Defn: Cineration; reduction to ashes. [Obs.]

CINEMATIC; CINEMATICAL Cin`e*mat"ic, Cin`e*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: See Kinematic.

CINEMATICS Cin`e*mat"ics, n. sing.

Defn: See Kinematics.

CINEMATOGRAPH Cin`e*mat"o*graph, n. [Gr. , , motion + -graph.]

1.

Defn: A machine, combining magic lantern and kinetoscope features, for projecting on a screen a series of pictures, moved rapidly (25 to 50 a second) and intermittently before an objective lens, and producing by persistence of vision the illusion of continuous motion; a moving-picture machine; also, any of several other machines or devices producing moving pictorial effects. Other common names for the cinematograph are animatograph, biograph, bioscope, electrograph, electroscope, kinematograph, kinetoscope, veriscope, vitagraph, vitascope, zoögyroscope, zoöpraxiscope, etc.

The cinematograph, invented by Edison in 1894, is the result of the introduction of the flexible film into photography in place of glass. Encyc. Brit.

2. A camera for taking chronophotographs for exhibition by the instrument described above.

CINEMATOGRAPHER Cin`e*ma*tog"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who exhibits moving pictures or who takes chronophotographs by the cinematograph. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic (#), a. -- Cin`e*mat`o*graph"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

CINEMOGRAPH Ci*ne"mo*graph, n. [Gr. motion + -graph.]

Defn: An integrating anemometer.

CINERACEOUS Cin`er*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. cineraceus, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; cinerous.

CINERARIA Cin`e*ra"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. LL. cinerarius pert. to ashes, fr. cinis ashes. So called from the ash-colored down on the leaves.] (Bot.)

Defn: A Linnæan genus of free-flowering composite plants, mostly from South Africa. Several species are cultivated for ornament.

CINERARY Cin"er*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. cinerarius, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Pertaining to ashes; containing ashes. Cinerary urns, vessels used by the ancients to preserve the ashes of the dead when burned.

CINERATION Cin`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. cinis ashes: cf. F. cinération.]

Defn: The reducing of anything to ashes by combustion; cinefaction.

CINEREOUS Ci*ne"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. cinereus, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; ash-colored; grayish.

CINERESCENT Cin`er*es"cent, a.

Defn: Somewhat cinereous; of a color somewhat resembling that of wood ashes.

CINERITIOUS Cin`er*i"tious, a. Etym: [L. cineritius, cinericius, fr. cinis ashes.]

Defn: Like ashes; having the color of ashes, -- as the cortical substance of the brain.

CINERULENT Ci*ner"u*lent, a.

Defn: Full of ashes. [Obs.]

CINGALESE Cin`ga*lese", n. sing. & pl. Etym: [Cf. F. Cingalais.]

Defn: A native or natives of Ceylon descended from its primitive inhabitants; also (sing.),

Defn: the language of the Cingalese. -- a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cingalese. [Written also Singhalese.]

Note: Ceylonese is applied to the inhabitants of the island in general.

CINGLE Cin"gle, n. Etym: [L. cingula, cingulum, fr. cingere to gird.]

Defn: A girth. [R.] See Surcingle.

CINGULUM Cin"gu*lum, n. Etym: [L., a girdle.] (Zoöl.) (a) A distinct girdle or band of color; a raised spiral line as seen on certain univalve shells. (b) The clitellus of earthworms. (c) The base of the crown of a tooth.

CINNABAR Cin"na*bar, n. Etym: [L. cinnabaris, Gr. qinbar, Hind. shangarf.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: Red sulphide of mercury, occurring in brilliant red crystals, and also in red or brown amorphous masses. It is used in medicine.

2. The artificial red sulphide of mercury used as a pigment; vermilion. Cinnabar Græcorum (. Etym: [L. Graecorum, gen. pl., of the Greeks.] (Med.) Same as Dragon's blood. -- Green cinnabar, a green pigment consisting of the oxides of cobalt and zinc subjected to the action of fire. -- Hepatic cinnabar (Min.), an impure cinnabar of a liver-brown color and submetallic luster.

CINNABARINE Cin"na*ba*rine, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cinabarin.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnabarine sand.

CINNAMENE Cin"na*mene, n. Etym: [From Cinnamic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Styrene (which was formerly called cinnamene because obtained from cinnamic acid). See Styrene.

CINNAMIC Cin*nam"ic, a. Etym: [From Cinnamon.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or obtained from, cinnamon. Cinnamic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, odorless substance. C6H5.C2H2C2H2.CO2H, formerly obtained from storax and oil of cinnamon, now made from certain benzene derivatives in large quantities, and used for the artificial production of indigo.

CINNAMOMIC Cin`na*mom"ic, a. Etym: [L. cinnamomum cinnamon.] (Chem.)

Defn: See Cinnamic.

CINNAMON Cin"na*mon, n. Etym: [Heb. qinnamon; cf. Gr. cinnamomum, cinnamon. The Heb. word itself seems to have been borrowed from some other language; cf. Malay kaju manis sweet wood.] (a) The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, a tree growing in Ceylon. It is aromatic, of a moderately pungent taste, and is one of the best cordial, carminative, and restorative spices. (b) Cassia. Cinnamon stone (Min.), a variety of garnet, of a cinnamon or hyacinth red color, sometimes used in jewelry. -- Oil of cinnamon, a colorless aromatic oil obtained from cinnamon and cassia, and consisting essentially of cinnamic aldehyde, C6H5.C2H2.CHO. -- Wild cinnamon. See Canella.

CINNAMONE Cin"na*mone, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -one.]

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance, (C6H5.C2H2)2CO, the ketone of cinnamic acid.

CINNAMYL Cin"na*myl, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + -yl.] (Chem.)

Defn: The hypothetical radical, (C6H5.C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. [Formerly written also cinnamule.]

CINNOLINE Cin"no*line, n. Etym: [Cinnamic + quinoline.]

Defn: A nitrogenous organic base, C8H6N2, analogous to quinoline, obtained from certain complex diazo compounds.

CINQUE Cinque, n. Etym: [F. cinq, fr. L. quinque five. See Five.]

Defn: Five; the number five in dice or cards.

CINQUECENTIST Cin`que*cen"tist, n.

1. An Italian of the sixteenth century, esp. a poet or artist.

2. A student or imitator of the art or literature of the Cinquecento.

CINQUECENTO Cin`que*cen"to, n. & a. Etym: [It., five hundred, abbrev. for fifteen hundred. The Cinquecento style was so called because it arose after the year 1500.]

Defn: The sixteenth century, when applied to Italian art or literature; as, the sculpture of the Cinquecento; Cinquecento style.

CINQUEFOIL Cinque"foil`, n. Etym: [Cinque five + foil, F. feuille leaf. See Foil.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The name of several different species of the genus Potentilla; -- also called five-finger, because of the resemblance of its leaves to the fingers of the hand.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornamental foliation having five points or cups, used in windows, panels, etc. Gwilt. Marsh cinquefoil, the Potentilla palustris, a plant with purple flowers which grows in fresh-water marshes.

CINQUE-PACE Cinque"-pace`, n. Etym: [Cinque + pace.]

Defn: A lively dance (called also galliard), the steps of which were regulated by the number five. [Obs.] Nares. Shak.

CINQUE PORTS Cinque" Ports`. Etym: [Cinque + port.] (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: Five English ports, to which peculiar privileges were anciently accorded; -- viz., Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich; afterwards increased by the addition of Winchelsea, Rye, and some minor places. Baron of the Cinque Ports. See under Baron.

CINQUE-SPOTTED Cinque"-spot`ted, a.

Defn: Five-spotted. [R.] Shak.

CINTER Cin"ter, n. Etym: [F. cintre.] (Arch.)

Defn: See Center.

CINURA Ci*nu"ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The group of Thysanura which includes Lepisma and allied forms; the bristletails. See Bristletail, and Lepisma.

CION Ci"on, n. Etym: [OF. cion. See Scion.]

Defn: See Scion. The cion overruleth the stock; and the stock is but passive, and giveth aliment, but no motion, to the graft. Bacon.

CIPHER Ci"pher, n. Etym: [OF. cifre zero, F. Chiffre figure (cf. Sp.cifra, LL. cifra), fr. Ar. çifrun, çafrun, empty, cipher, zero, fr. çafira to be empty. Cf. Zero.]

1. (Arith.)

Defn: A character [0] which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but when placed at the right hand of a whole number, increases its value tenfold.

2. One who, or that which, has no weight or influence. Here he was a mere cipher. W. Irving.

3. A character in general, as a figure or letter. [Obs.] This wisdom began to be written in ciphers and characters and letters bearing the forms of creatures. Sir W. Raleigh.

4. A combination or interweaving of letters, as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, a painter's cipher, an engraver's cipher, etc. The cut represents the initials N. W.

5. A private alphabet, system of characters, or other mode of writing, contrived for the safe transmission of secrets; also, a writing in such characters. His father . . . engaged him when he was very young to write all his letters to England in cipher. Bp. Burnet. Cipher key, a key to assist in reading writings in cipher.

CIPHER Ci"pher, a.

Defn: Of the nature of a cipher; of no weight or influence. "Twelve cipher bishops." Milton.

CIPHER Ci"pher, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciphered; p. pr. & vb. n. Ciphering.]

Defn: To use figures in a mathematical process; to do sums in arithmetic. "T was certain he could write and cipher too. Goldsmith.

CIPHER Ci"pher, v. t.

1. To write in occult characters. His notes he ciphered with Greek characters. Hayward.

2. To get by ciphering; as, to cipher out the answer.

3. To decipher. [Obs.] Shak.

4. To designate by characters. [Obs.] Shak.

CIPHERER Ci"pher*er, n.

Defn: One who ciphers.

CIPHERHOOD Ci"pher*hood, n.

Defn: Nothingness. [R.] Goodwin.

CIPOLIN Cip"o*lin, n. Etym: [It. cippollino, prop., a little onion, fr. cipolla onion (cf. E. cibol). So called because its veins consist, like onions, of different strata, one lying upon another.] (Min.)

Defn: A whitish marble, from Rome, containiing pale greenish zones. It consists of calcium carbonate, with zones and cloudings of talc.

CIPPUS Cip"pus, n.; pl. Cippi. Etym: [L., stake, post.]

Defn: A small, low pillar, square or round, commonly having an inscription, used by the ancients for various purposes, as for indicating the distances of places, for a landmark, for sepulchral inscriptions, etc. Gwilt.

CIRC Circ, n. Etym: [See Circus.]

Defn: An amphitheatrical circle for sports; a circus. [R.] T. Warton.

CIRCAR Cir*car", n. Etym: [See Sircar.]

Defn: A district, or part of a province. See Sircar. [India]

CIRCASSIAN Cir*cas"sian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Circassia, in Asia. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Circassia.

CIRCEAN Cir*ce"an, a. Etym: [L. Circaeus.]

Defn: Having the characteristics of Circe, daughter of Sol and Perseis, a mythological enchantress, who first charmed her victims and then changed them to the forms of beasts; pleasing, but noxious; as, a Circean draught.

CIRCENSIAL; CIRCENSIAN Cir*cen"sial, Cir*cen"sian, a. Etym: [L. Circensis, ludi Circenses, the games in the Circus Maximus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or held in, the Circus, In Rome. The pleasure of the Circensian shows. Holyday.

CIRCINAL Cir"ci*nal, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Circinate.

CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. circinatus, p. p. of circinare to make round, fr. circinus a pair of compasses, from Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Rolled together downward, the tip occupying the center; -- a term used in reference to foliation or leafing, as in ferns. Gray.

CIRCINATE Cir"ci*nate, v. t.

Defn: To make a circle around; to encompass. [Obs.] Bailey.

CIRCINATION Cir`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. circinatio circle.]

1. An orbicular motion. [Obs.] bailey.

2. A circle; a concentric layer. [Obs.] "The circinations and spherical rounds of onions." Sir T. Browne.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, n. Etym: [OE. cercle, F. cercle, fr. L. circulus (Whence also AS. circul), dim. of circus circle, akin to Gr. Circus, Circum- .]

1. A plane figure, bounded by a single curve line called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point within it, called the center.

2. The line that bounds sush a figure; a circumference; a ring.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: An instrument of observation, the graduated limb of which consists of an entire circle.

Note: When it is fixed to a wall in an observatory, it is called a mural circle; when mounted with a telescope on an axis and in Y's, in the plane of the meridian, a meridian or transit circle; when involving the principle of reflection, like the sextant, a reflecting circle; and when that of repeating an angle several times continuously along the graduated limb, a repeating circle.

4. A round body; a sphere; an orb. It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth. Is. xi. 22.

5. Compass; circuit; inclosure. In the circle of this forest. Shak.

6. A company assembled, or conceived to assemble, about a central point of interest, or bound by a common tie; a class or division of society; a coterie; a set. As his name gradually became known, the circle of his acquaintance widened. Macaulay.

7. A circular group of persons; a ring.

8. A series ending where it begins, and repeating itself. Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain. Dryden.

9. (Logic)

Defn: A form of argument in which two or more unproved statements are used to prove each other; inconclusive reasoning. That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and, again, that gravity is a quality whereby a heavy body descends, is an impertinent circle and teaches nothing. Glanvill.

10. Indirect form of words; circumlocution. [R.] Has he given the lie, In circle, or oblique, or semicircle. J. Fletcher.

11. A territorial division or district.

Note: The Circles of the Holy Roman Empire, ten in number, were those principalities or provinces which had seats in the German Diet. Azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. -- Circle of altitude (Astron.), a circle parallel to the horizon, having its pole in the zenith; an almucantar. -- Circle of curvature. See Osculating circle of a curve (Below). -- Circle of declination. See under Declination. -- Circle of latitude. (a) (Astron.) A great circle perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles. (b) (Spherical Projection) A small circle of the sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis. -- Circles of longitude, lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it. -- Circle of perpetual apparition, at any given place, the boundary of that space around the elevated pole, within which the stars never set. Its distance from the pole is equal to the latitude of the place. -- Circle of perpetual occultation, at any given place, the boundary of the space around the depressed pole, within which the stars never rise. -- Circle of the sphere, a circle upon the surface of the sphere, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. -- Diurnal circle. See under Diurnal. -- Dress circle, a gallery in a theater, generally the one containing the prominent and more expensive seats. -- Druidical circles (Eng. Antiq.), a popular name for certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged, as at Stonehenge, near Salisbury. -- Family circle, a gallery in a theater, usually one containing inexpensive seats. -- Horary circles (Dialing), the lines on dials which show the hours. -- Osculating circle of a curve (Geom.), the circle which touches the curve at some point in the curve, and close to the point more nearly coincides with the curve than any other circle. This circle is used as a measure of the curvature of the curve at the point, and hence is called circle of curvature. -- Pitch circle. See under Pitch. -- Vertical circle, an azimuth circle. -- Voltaic circle or circuit. See under Circuit. -- To square the circle. See under Square.

Syn. -- Ring; circlet; compass; circuit; inclosure.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circled; p. pr. & vb. n. Circling.] Etym: [OE. cerclen, F. cercler, fr. L. circulare to make round. See Circle, n., and cf. Circulate.]

1. To move around; to revolve around. Other planets circle other suns. Pope.

2. To encompass, as by a circle; to surround; to inclose; to encircle. Prior. Pope. Their heads are circled with a short turban. Dampier. So he lies, circled with evil. Coleridge. To circle in, to confine; to hem in; to keep together; as, to circle bodies in. Sir K. Digby.

CIRCLE Cir"cle, v. i.

Defn: To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate. Thy name shall circle round the gaping through. Byron.

CIRCLED Cir"cled, a.

Defn: Having the form of a circle; round. "Monthly changes in her circled orb." Shak.

CIRCLER Cir"cler, n.

Defn: A mean or inferior poet, perhaps from his habit of wandering around as a stroller; an itinerant poet. Also, a name given to the cyclic poets. See under Cyclic, a. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CIRCLET Cir"clet, n.

1. A little circle; esp., an ornament for the person, having the form of a circle; that which encircles, as a ring, a bracelet, or a headband. Her fair locks in circlet be enrolled. Spenser.

2. A round body; an orb. Pope. Fairest of stars . . . that crown'st the smiling morn With thy bright circlet. Milton.

3. A circular piece of wood put under a dish at table. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CIRCOCELE Cir"co*cele, n.

Defn: See Cirsocele.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, n. Etym: [F. circuit, fr. L. circuitus, fr. circuire or circumire to go around; circum around + ire to go.]

1. The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as, the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun. Watts.

2. The circumference of, or distance round, any space; the measure of a line round an area. The circuit or compass of Ireland is 1,800 miles. J. Stow.

3. That which encircles anything, as a ring or crown. The golden circuit on my head. Shak.

4. The space inclosed within a circle, or within limits. A circuit wide inclosed with goodliest trees. Milton.

5. A regular or appointed journeying from place to place in the exercise of one's calling, as of a judge, or a preacher.

6. (a) (Law) A certain division of a state or country, established by law for a judge or judges to visit, for the administration of justice. Bouvier. (b) (Methodist Church) A district in which an itinerant preacher labors.

7. Circumlocution. [Obs.] "Thou hast used no circuit of words." Huloet. Circuit court (Law), a court which sits successively in different places in its circuit (see Circuit, 6). In the United States, the federal circuit courts are commonly presided over by a judge of the supreme court, or a special circuit judge, together with the judge of the district court. They have jurisdiction within statutory limits, both in law and equity, in matters of federal cognizance. Some of the individual States also have circuit courts, which have general statutory jurisdiction of the same class, in matters of State cognizance. -- Circuit or Circuity of action (Law), a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to attain the object in view. -- To make a circuit, to go around; to go a roundabout way. -- Voltaic or Galvanic circuit or circle, a continous electrical communication between the two poles of a battery; an arrangement of voltaic elements or couples with proper conductors, by which a continuous current of electricity is established.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. i.

Defn: To move in a circle; to go round; to circulate. [Obs.] J. Philips.

CIRCUIT Cir"cuit, v. t.

Defn: To travel around. [Obs.] "Having circuited the air." T. Warton.

CIRCUITEER Cir`cuit*eer", n.

Defn: A circuiter. Pope.

CIRCUITER Cir"cuit*er, n.

Defn: One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge. [R.] R. Whitlock.

CIRCUITION Cir`cu*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. circuitio. See Circuit.]

Defn: The act of going round; circumlocution. [R.]

CIRCUITOUS Cir*cu"i*tous, a. Etym: [LL. circuitosus.]

Defn: Going round in a circuit; roundabout; indirect; as, a circuitous road; a circuitous manner of accompalishing an end. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ly, adv. -- Cir*cu"i*tous*ness, n.

Syn. -- Tortuous; winding; sinuous; serpentine.

CIRCUITY Cir*cu"i*ty, n.

Defn: A going round in a circle; a course not direct; a roundabout way of proceeding.

CIRCULABLE Cir"cu*la*ble, a.

Defn: That may be circulated.

CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.]

1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.

2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.

3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic. Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido Dennis.

4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter. A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless circular throughout England. Hallam.

5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] A man so absolute and circular In all those wished-for rarities that may take A virgin captive. Massinger. Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle. -- Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. -- Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function. -- Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360º. -- Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. -- Circular note or letter. (a) (Com.) See under Credit. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. -- Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. Bailey. Barlow. -- Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. -- Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization. -- Circular or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. -- Circular saw. See under Saw.

CIRCULAR Cir"cu*lar, n. Etym: [Cf. (for sense 1) F. circulaire, lettre circulaire. See Circular, a.]

1. A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.

2. A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.

CIRCULARISE circularise v.

1. to canvass by distributing letters. Syn. -- circularize. [WordNet 1.5]

2. to distribute circulars to. Syn. -- circularize. [WordNet 1.5]

3. to to pass around, as information. Syn. -- circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate, broadcast, spread, diffuse, disperse. [WordNet 1.5]

CIRCULARITY Cir`cu*lar"i*ty, n. Etym: [LL. circularitas.]

Defn: The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.

CIRCULARLY Cir"cu*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In a circular manner.

CIRCULARY Cir"cu*la*ry, a.

Defn: Circular; illogical. [Obs. & .] "Cross and circulary speeches." Hooker.

CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ciorculated; P. pr. & vb. n. Circulating.] Etym: [L. circulatus, p. p. of circulare, v. t., to surround, make round, circulari, v. i., to gather into a circle. See Circle.]

1. To move in a circle or circuitously; to move round and return to the same point; as, the blood circulates in the body. Boyle.

2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as, money circulates; a story circulates.

Circulating decimal. See Decimal. -- Circulating library, a library whose books are loaned to the public, usually at certain fixed rates. -- Circulating medium. See Medium.

CIRCULATE Cir"cu*late, v. t.

Defn: To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit. Circulating pump. See under Pump.

Syn. -- To spread; diffuse; propagate; disseminate.

CIRCULATION Cir`cu*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. circulatio: cf. F. circulation.]

1. The act of moving in a circle, or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began. This continual circulation of human things. Swift.

2. The act of passing from place to place or person to person; free diffusion; transmission. The true doctrines of astronomy appear to have had some popular circulation. Whewell.

3. Currency; circulating coin; notes, bills, etc., current for coin.

4. The extent to which anything circulates or is circulated; the measure of diffusion; as, the circulation of a newspaper.

5. (Physiol.)

Defn: The movement of the blood in the blood-vascular system, by which it is brought into close relations with almost every living elementary constituent. Also, the movement of the sap in the vessels and tissues of plants.

CIRCULATIVE Cir"cu*la*tive, a.

Defn: Promoting circulation; circulating. [R.] Coleridge.

CIRCULATOR Cir"cu*la`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. L. circulator a peddler.]

Defn: One who, or that which, circulates.

CIRCULATORIOUS Cir`cu*la*to"ri*ous, a.

Defn: Travelling from house to house or from town to town; itinerant. [Obs.] "Circulatorious jugglers." Barrow.

CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. circulatorius pert. to a mountebank: cf. F. circulatoire.]

1. Circular; as, a circulatory letter. Johnson.

2. Circulating, or going round. T. Warton.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: Subserving the purposes of circulation; as, circulatory organs; of or pertaining to the organs of circulation; as, circulatory diseases.

CIRCULATORY Cir"cu*la*to*ry, n.

Defn: A chemical vessel consisting of two portions unequally exposed to the heat of the fire, and with connecting pipes or passages, through which the fluid rises from the overheated portion, and descends from the relatively colder, maintaining a circulation.

CIRCULET Cir"cu*let, n.

Defn: A circlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

CIRCULINE Cir"cu*line, a.

Defn: Proceeding in a circle; circular. [Obs.] "With motion circuline". Dr. H. More.

CIRCUM- Cir"cum-. Etym: [Akin to circle, circus.]

Defn: A Latin preposition, used as a prefix in many English words, and signifying around or about.

CIRCUMAGITATE Cir`cum*ag"i*tate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum + agitate.]

Defn: To agitate on all sides. Jer. Taylor.

CIRCUMAMBAGE Cir`cum*am"bage, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambage, obs. sing. of ambages.]

Defn: A roundabout or indirect course; indirectness. [Obs.] S. Richardson.

CIRCUMAMBIENCY Cir`cum*am"bi*en*cy, n.

Defn: The act of surrounding or encompassing. Sir T. Browne.

CIRCUMAMBIENT Cir`cum*am"bi*ent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + ambient.]

Defn: Surrounding; inclosing or being on all sides; encompassing. "The circumambient heaven." J. Armstrong.

CIRCUMAMBULATE Cir`cum*am"bu*late, v. t. Etym: [L. circumambulatus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around; circum + ambulare. See Ambulate.]

Defn: To walk round about. -- Cir`cum*am`bu*la"tion, n.

CIRCUMBENDIBUS Cir`cum*bend"i*bus, n.

Defn: A roundabout or indirect way. [Jocular] Goldsmith.

CIRCUMCENTER Cir`cum*cen"ter, n. (Geom.)

Defn: The center of a circle that circumscribes a triangle.

CIRCUMCISE Cir"cum*cise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumcised; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumcising.] Etym: [L. circumcisus, p. p. of circumcidere to cut around, to circumcise; circum + caedere to cut; akin to E. cæsura, homicide, concise, and prob. to shed, v. t.]

1. To cut off the prepuce of foreskin of, in the case of males, and the internal labia of, in the case of females.

2. (Script.)

Defn: To purify spiritually.

CIRCUMCISER Cir"cum*ci`ser, n.

Defn: One who performs circumcision. Milton.

CIRCUMCISION Cir`cum*cision, n. Etym: [L. circumcisio.]

1. The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin of males, or the internal labia of females.

Note: The circumcision of males is practiced as a religious rite by the Jews, Mohammedans, etc.

2. (Script.) (a) The Jews, as a circumcised people. (b) Rejection of the sins of the flesh; spiritual purification, and acceptance of the Christian faith.

CIRCUMCLUSION Cir`cum*clu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumcludere, -clusum, to inclose.]

Defn: Act of inclosing on all sides. [R.]

CIRCUMCURSATION Cir`cum*cur*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumcursare, -satum, to run round about.]

Defn: The act of running about; also, rambling language. [Obs.] Barrow.

CIRCUMDENUDATION Cir`cum*den`u*da"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + denudation.] (Geol.)

Defn: Denudation around or in the neighborhood of an object. Hills of circumdenudation, hills which have been produced by surface erosion; the elevations which have been left, after denudation of a mass of high ground. Jukes.

CIRCUMDUCE Cir`cum*duce", v. t. Etym: [See Circumduct.] (Scots Law)

Defn: To declare elapsed, as the time allowed for introducing evidence. Sir W. Scott.

CIRCUMDUCT Cir`cum*duct", v. t. Etym: [L. circumductus, p. p. of circumducere to lead around; circum + ducere to lead.]

1. To lead about; to lead astray. [R.]

2. (Law)

Defn: To contravene; to nullify; as, to circumduct acts of judicature. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

CIRCUMDUCTION Cir`cum*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumductio.]

1. A leading about; circumlocution. [R.] Hooker.

2. An annulling; cancellation. [R.] Ayliffe.

3. (Phisiol.)

Defn: The rotation of a limb round an imaginary axis, so as to describe a concial surface.

CIRCUMESOPHAGAL Cir`cum*e*soph"a*gal, a. Etym: [Pref. circum + esophagal.] (Anat.)

Defn: Surrounding the esophagus; -- in Zool. said of the nerve commissures and ganglia of arthropods and mollusks.

CIRCUMESOPHAGEAL Cir`cum*e`so*phag"e*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Circumesophagal.

CIRCUMFER Cir"cum*fer, v. t. Etym: [L. circumferre; circum + ferre to bear. See lst Bear.]

Defn: To bear or carry round. [Obs.] Bacon.

CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, n. Etym: [L. circumferentia.]

1. The line that goes round or encompasses a circular figure; a periphery. Millon.

2. A circle; anything circular. His ponderous shield . . . Behind him cast. The broad circumference Hung on his shoulders like the moon. Milton.

3. The external surface of a sphere, or of any orbicular body.

CIRCUMFERENCE Cir*cum"fer*ence, v. t.

Defn: To include in a circular space; to bound. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL Cir*cum`fer*en"tial, a. Etym: [LL. circumferentialis.]

Defn: Pertaining to the circumference; encompassing; encircling; circuitous. Parkhurst.

CIRCUMFERENTIALLY Cir*cum`fer*en"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: So as to surround or encircle.

CIRCUMFERENTOR Cir*cum`fer*en"tor, n. Etym: [See Circumfer.]

1. A surveying instrument, for taking horizontal angles and bearings; a surveyor's compass. It consists of a compass whose needle plays over a circle graduated to 360º, and of a horizontal brass bar at the ends of which are standards with narrow slits for sighting, supported on a tripod by a ball and socket joint.

2. A graduated wheel for measuring tires; a tire circle.

CIRCUMFLANT Cir"cum*flant, a. Etym: [L. circumflans, p. pr. of circumflare.]

Defn: Blowing around. [Obs.] Evelyn.

CIRCUMFLECT Cir"cum*flect, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflecting.] Etym: [L. circumflectere. See Circumflex.]

1. To bend around.

2. To mark with the circumflex accent, as a vowel. [R.]

CIRCUMFLECTION Cir`cum*flec"tion, n.

Defn: See Circumflexion.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, n. Etym: [L. circumflexus a bending round, fr. circumflectere, circumflexum, to bend or turn about; circum + flectere to bend. See Flexible.]

1. A wave of the voice embracing both a rise and fall or a fall and a rise on the same a syllable. Walker.

2. A character, or accent, denoting in Greek a rise and of the voice on the same long syllable, marked thus [~ or Accent, n., 2.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumflexed; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumflexing.]

Defn: To mark or pronounce with a circumflex. Walker.

CIRCUMFLEX Cir"cum*flex, a. Etym: [Cf. L. circumflexus, p. p.]

1. Moving or turning round; circuitous. [R.] Swift.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Curved circularly; -- applied to several arteries of the hip and thigh, to arteries, veins, and a nerve of the shoulder, and to other parts.

CIRCUMFLEXION Cir`cum*flex"ion, n.

1. The act of bending, or causing to assume a curved form.

2. A winding about; a turning; a circuity; a fold.

CIRCUMFLUENCE Cir*cum"flu*ence, n.

Defn: A flowing round on all sides; an inclosing with a fluid.

CIRCUMFLUENT; CIRCUMFLUOUS Cir*cum"flu*ent, Cir*cum"flu*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumfluere, p. pr. of circumfluere; circum + fluere to flow; also L. circumfluus.]

Defn: Flowing round; surrounding in the manner of a fluid. "The deep, circumfluent waves." Pope.

CIRCUMFORANEAN; CIRCUMFORANEOUS Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*an, Cir`cum*fo*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. circumforaneus found in markets; circum + forum a market place.]

Defn: Going about or abroad; walking or wandering from house to house. Addison.

CIRCUMFULGENT Cir`cum*ful"gent, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + fulgent.]

Defn: Shining around or about.

CIRCUMFUSE Cir`cum*fuse", v. t. Etym: [L. circumfusus, p. p. of circumfundere to pour around; circum + fundere to pour.]

Defn: To pour round; to spread round. His army circumfused on either wing. Milton.

CIRCUMFUSILE Cir`cum*fu"sile, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. fusilis fusil, a.]

Defn: Capable of being poured or spread round. "Circumfusile gold." Pope.

CIRCUMFUSION Cir`cum*fu"sion, n. Etym: [L. circumfusio.]

Defn: The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being spread round. Swift.

CIRCUMGESTATION Cir`cum*ges*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumgestare to carry around; circum + gestare to carry.]

Defn: The act or process of carrying about. [Obs.] Circumgestation of the eucharist to be adored. Jer. Taylor.

CIRCUMGYRATE Cir`cum*gy"rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [Pref. circum- + gyrate.]

Defn: To roll or turn round; to cause to perform a rotary or circular motion. Ray.

CIRCUMGYRATION Cir`cum*gy*ra"tion, n.

Defn: The act of turning, rolling, or whirling round. A certain turbulent and irregular circumgyration. Holland.

CIRCUMGYRATORY Cir`cum*gy"ra*to*ry, a.

Defn: Moving in a circle; turning round. Hawthorne.

CIRCUMGYRE Cir`cum*gyre", v. i.

Defn: To circumgyrate. [Obs.]

CIRCUMINCESSION Cir`cum*in*ces"sion, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] (Theol.)

Defn: The reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons of the Trinity.

CIRCUMJACENCE Cir`cum*ja"cence, n.

Defn: Condition of being circumjacent, or of bordering ou every side.

CIRCUMJACENT Cir`cum*ja"cent, a. Etym: [L. circumjacens, p. pr. of circumjacere; circum + jac to lie.]

Defn: Lying round; borderong on every side. T. Fuller.

CIRCUMJOVIAL Cir`cum*jo"vi*al, n. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, Jove.]

Defn: One of the moons or satellites of the planet Jupiter. [Obs.] Derham.

CIRCUMLITTORAL Cir`cum*lit"to*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + littus, littoris, shore; preferable form, litus, litoria.]

Defn: Adjointing the shore.

CIRCUMLOCUTION Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumlocutio, fr. circumloqui, - locutus, to make use of circumlocution; circum + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.]

Defn: The use of many words to express an idea that might be expressed by few; indirect or roundabout language; a periphrese. the plain Billingagate way of calling names . . . would save abundance of time lost by circumlocution. Swift. Circumlocution office, a term of riducle for a governmental office where business is delayed by passing through the hands of different officials.

CIRCUMLOCUTIONAL Cir`cum*lo*cu"tion*al, a.

Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, circumlocutions; periphrastic; circuitous.

CIRCUMLOCUTORY Cir`cum*loc"u*to*ry, a.

Defn: Characterised by circumlocution; periphrastic. Shenstone. The officials set to work in regular circumlocutory order. Chambers's Journal.

CIRCUMMERIDIAN Cir`cum*me*rid"i*an, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + meridian.]

Defn: About, or near, the meridian.

CIRCUMMURE Cir`cum*mure", v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum- + mure, v. t.]

Defn: To encompass with a wall. Shak.

CIRCUMNAVIGABLE Cir`cum*nav"i*ga*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being sailed round. Ray.

CIRCUMNAVIGATE Cir`cum*nav"i*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumnavigated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumnavigating.] Etym: [L. circumnavigatus, p. p. of circumnavigare to sail round; circum + navigare to navigate.]

Defn: To sail completely round. Having circumnavigated the whole earth. T. Fuller.

CIRCUMNAVIGATION Cir`cum*nav`i*ga"tion, n.

Defn: The act of circumnavigating, or sailing round. Arbuthnot.

CIRCUMNAVIGATOR Cir`cum*nav"iga`tor, n.

Defn: One who sails round. W. Guthrie.

CIRCUMNUTATE Cir`cum*nu"tate, v. i. Etym: [Pref. circum- + nutate.]

Defn: To pass through the stages of circumnutation.

CIRCUMNUTATION Cir`cum*nu*ta"tion, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The successive bowing or bending in different directions of the growing tip of the stems of many plants, especially seen in climbing plants.

CIRCUMPOLAR Cir`cum*po"lar, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + polar.]

Defn: About the pole; -- applied to stars that revolve around the pole without setting; as, circumpolar stars.

CIRCUMPOSITION Cir`cum*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumpositio, fr. circumponere, - positium, to place around.]

Defn: The act of placing in a circle, or round about, or the state of being so placed. Evelyn.

CIRCUMROTARY; CIRCUMROTATORY Cir`cum*ro"tary, Cir`cum*ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + rotary, rotatory.]

Defn: turning, rolling, or whirling round.

CIRCUMROTATE Cir`cum*ro"tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. circumrotare; circum + rotare to turn round.]

Defn: To rotate about. [R.]

CIRCUMROTATION Cir`cum*ro*ta"tion, n.

Defn: The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round. J. Gregory.

CIRCUMSCISSILE Cir`cum*scis"sile, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + scissle.] (Bot.)

Defn: Dehiscing or opening by a transverse fissure extending around (a capsule or pod). See Illust. of Pyxidium.

CIRCUMSCRIBABLE Cir`cum*scrib"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being circumscribed.

CIRCUMSCRIBE Cir`cum*scribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumscribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumscribing.] Etym: [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum + scribere to write, draw. See Soribe.]

1. to write or engare around. [R.] Thereon is circumscribed this epitaph. Ashmole.

2. To inclose within a certain limit; to hem in; to surround; to bound; to confine; to restrain. To circumscribe royal power. Bancroft.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: To draw a line around si as to touch at certain points without cutting. See Inscribe, 5.

Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrict; confine; abridge; restrain; environ; encircle; inclose; encompass.

CIRCUMSCRIBER Cir`cum*scrib"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, circumscribes.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE Cir`cum*scrip"ti*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION Cir`cum*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumscriptio. See Circumscribe.]

1. An inscription written around anything. [R.] Ashmole.

2. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; outline; periphery. Ray.

3. The act of limiting, or the state of being limited, by conditions or restraints; bound; confinement; limit. The circumscriptions of terrestrial nature. Johnson. I would not my unhoused, free condition Put into circumscription and confine. Shak.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE Cir`cum*scrip"tive, a.

Defn: Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; marcing the limits or form of.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIVELY Cir`cum*scrip"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a limited manner.

CIRCUMSCRIPTLY Cir"cum*script`ly, adv.

Defn: In a literal, limited, or narrow manner. [R.] Milton.

CIRCUMSPECT Cir"cum*spect, a. Etym: [L. circumspectus, p. p. of circumspicere to look about one's self, to observe; circum + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy.]

Defn: Attentive to all the circustances of a case or the probable consequences of an action; cautious; prudent; wary.

Syn. -- See Cautious.

CIRCUMSPECTION Cir`cum*spec"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumspectio.]

Defn: Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case; caution; watchfulness. With silent circumspection, unespied. Milton.

Syn. -- Caution; prudence; watchfulness; deliberation; thoughtfulness; wariness; forecast.

CIRCUMSPECTIVE Cir`cum*spec"tive, a.

Defn: Looking around everi way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger. "Circumspective eyes." Pope.

CIRCUMSPECTIVELY Cir`cum*spec"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: Circumspectly.

CIRCUMSPECTLY Cir"cum*spect"ly, adv.

Defn: In a circumspect manner; cautiously; warily.

CIRCUMSPECTNESS Cir"cum*spect"ness, n.

Defn: Vigilance un guarding against evil from every quarter; caution. [Travel] forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security. Sir H. Wotton.

CIRCUMSTANCE Cir"cum*stance, n. Etym: [L. circumstantia, fr. circumstans, -antis, p. pr. of circumstare to stand around; circum + stare to stand. See Stand.]

1. That which attends, or relates to, or in some way affects, a fact or event; an attendant thing or state of things. The circumstances are well known in the country where they happened. W. Irving.

2. An event; a fact; a particular incident. The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqoeror weeping for new worlds, or the like circumstances in histery. Addison.

3. Circumlocution; detail. [Obs.] So without more circumstance at all I hold it fit that shake hands and part. Shak.

4. pl.

Defn: Condition in regard to worldly estate; state of property; situation; surroundings. When men are easy in their circumstances, they are naturally enemies to innovations. Addison. Not a circumstance, of no account. [Colloq.] -- Under the circumstances, taking all things into consideration.

Syn. -- Event; occurrence; incident; situation; condition; position; fact; detail; item. See Event.

CIRCUMSTANCE Cir"cum*stance, v. t.

Defn: To place in a particular situation; to suppy relative incidents. The poet took the matters of fact as they came down to him and circumstanced them, after his own manner. Addison.

CIRCUMSTANCED Cir"cum*stanced, p. a.

1. Placed in a particular position or condition; situated. The proposition is, that two bodies so circumstanced will balance each other. Whewell.

2. Governed by events or circumstances. [Poetic & R.] "I must be circumstanced." Shak.

CIRCUMSTANT Cir"cum*stant, a. Etym: [L. circumstans. See Circumstance.]

Defn: Standing or placed around; surrounding. [R.] "Circumstant bodies." Sir K. Digby.

CIRCUMSTANTIABLE Cir`cum*stan"tia*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being circumstantiated. [Obs.] Jer Taylor.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL Cir`cum*stan"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. circonstanciel.]

1. Consisting in, or pertaining to, circumstances or particular incidents. The usual character of human testimony is substantial truth under circumstantial variety. Paley.

2. Incidental; relating to, but not essential. We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in religious worship . . . and what is merely circumstantial. Sharp.

3. Abounding with circumstances; detailing or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular. Tedious and circumstantial recitals. Prior. Circumstantial evidence (Law), evidence obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption. According to some authorities circumstantial is distinguished from positive evidence in that the latter is the testimony of eyewitnesses to a fact or the admission of a party; but the prevalent opinion now is that all such testimony is dependent on circumstances for its support. All testimony is more or less circumstantial. Wharton.

Syn. -- See Minute.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL Cir`cum*stan"tial, n.

Defn: Something incidental to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to an essential; -- generally in the plural; as, the circumstantials of religion. Addison.

CIRCUMSTANTIALITY Cir`cum*stan`ti*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state, characteristic, or quality of being circumstantial;

## particularity or minuteness of detail. "I will endeavor to describe

with sufficient circumstantiality." De Quincey.

CIRCUMSTANTIALLY Cir`cum*stan"tial*ly, adv.

1. In respect to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally. Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circumstantially different. Glanvill.

2. In every circumstance or particular; minutely. To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials. Boyle.

CIRCUMSTANTIATE Cir`cum*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumstantiated; p. pr. & vb. n. Circumstantiating.] Etym: [See Circumstantiating (

1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [R.] If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will that freely which now it wills reluctantly. Bramhall.

2. To prove or confirm by circumstances; to entr into details concerning. Neither will time permint to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general. State Trials (1661).

CIRCUMTERRANEOUS Cir`cum*ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [Pref. circum- + L. terra earth.]

Defn: Being or dwelling around the earth. "Circumterraneous demouns." H. Hallywell.

CIRCUMUNDULATE Cir`cum*un"du*late, v. t. Etym: [Pref. circum- + undulate.]

Defn: To flow round, as waves. [R.]

CIRCUMVALLATE Cir`cum*val"late, v. t. Etym: [L. circumvallatus, p. p. of circumvallare to surround with a wall; circum + vallare to wall, fr. vallum rampart.]

Defn: To surround with a rampart or wall. Johnson.

CIRCUMVALLATE Cir`cum*val"late, a.

1. Surrounded with a wall; inclosed with a rampart.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Surrounded by a ridle or elevation; as, the circumvallate papillæ, near the base of the tongue.

CIRCUMVALLATION Cir`cum*val*la"tion, n. (Mil.) (a) The act of surrounding with a wall or rampart. (b) A line of field works made around a besieged place and the besieging army, to protect the camp of the besiegers against the attack of an enemy from without.

CIRCUMVECTION Cir`cum*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumvectio; circum + vehere to carry.]

Defn: The act of carrying anything around, or the state of being so carried.

CIRCUMVENT Cir`cum*vent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvented; p. pr. vb. n. Circumventing.] Etym: [L. circumventis, p. p. of circumvenire, to come around, encompass, decieve; circum + venire to come, akin to E. come.]

Defn: To gain advantage over by arts, stratagem, or deception; to decieve; to delude; to get around. I circumvented whom I could not gain. Dryden.

CIRCUMVENTION Cir`cum*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumventio.]

Defn: The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion. A school in which he learns sly circumvention. Cowper.

CIRCUMVENTIVE Cir`cum*vent"ive, a.

Defn: Tending to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding.

CIRCUMVENTOR Cir`cum*vent"or, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who circumvents; one who gains his purpose by cunning.

CIRCUMVEST Cir`cum*vest", v. t. Etym: [L. circumvestire; circum + vestire to clothe.]

Defn: To cover round, as woth a garment; to invest. [Obs.] Circumvested with much prejudice. Sir H. Wotton.

CIRCUMVOLANT Cir*cum"vo*lant, a. Etym: [L. circumvolans, p. pr. See Circumvolation.]

Defn: Flying around. The circumvolant troubles of humanity. G. Macdonald.

CIRCUMVOLATION Cir`cum*vo*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. circumvolate. -volatum, to fly around; circum + volare to fly.]

Defn: The act of flying round. [R.]

CIRCUMVOLUTION Cir`cum*vo*lu"tion, n. Etym: [See Circumvolve.]

1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled.

2. A thing rolled round another. Arbuthnot.

3. A roundabout procedure; a circumlocution. He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions. Beaconsfield.

CIRCUMVOLVE Cir`cum*volve", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Circumvolved; p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving.] Etym: [L. circumvolvere, -volutum; circum + volvere to roll.]

Defn: To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion. Herrick.

CIRCUMVOLVE Cir`cum*volve", v. i.

Defn: To roll round; to revolve.

CIRCUS Cir"cus, n.; pl. Circuses. Etym: [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle, and cf. Cirque.]

1. (Roman Antiq.)

Defn: A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows.

Note: The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators. Harpers' Latin Dict.

2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. Also, the company of performers, with their equipage.

3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.] The narrow circus of my dungeon wall. Byron.

CIRL BUNTING Cirl" bun`ting. Etym: [Cf. It. cirlo.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European bunting (Emberiza cirlus).

CIRQUE Cirque, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. circus.]

1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects. A dismal cirque Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor. Keats.

2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

CIRRATE Cir"rate, a. Etym: [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

CIRRHIFEROUS Cir*rhif"er*ous, a.

Defn: See Cirriferous.

CIRRHOSE Cir"rhose, a.

Defn: Same as Cirrose.

CIRRHOSIS Cir*rho"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. cirrhose. So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.)

Defn: A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ.

CIRRHOTIC Cir*rhot"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as, cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

CIRRHOUS Cir"rhous, a.

Defn: See Cirrose.

CIRRHUS Cir"rhus, n.

Defn: Same as Cirrus.

CIRRI Cir"ri, n. pl.

Defn: See Cirrus.

CIRRIFEROUS Cir*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -ferous.]

Defn: Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals.

CIRRIFORM Cir"ri*form, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -form.] (Biol.)

Defn: Formed like a cirrus or tendril; -- said of appendages of both animals and plants.

CIRRIGEROUS Cir*rig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cirrus + -gerous.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

CIRRIGRADE Cir"ri*grade, a. Etym: [Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.)

Defn: Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

CIRRIPED Cir"ri*ped, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Cirripedia.

CIRRIPEDIA Cir`ri*pe"di*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa.

CIRROBRANCHIATA Cir`ro*bran`chi*a"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

CIRRO-CUMULUS Cir`ro-cu"mu*lus, n. Etym: [Cirrus + cumulus.] (Meteor.)

Defn: See under Cloud.

CIRROSE Cir"rose, a. Etym: [See Cirrus.] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as, a cirrose leaf. (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose.]

CIRROSTOMI Cir`ros"to*mi, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The lowest group of vertebrates; -- so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus.

CIRRO-STRATUS Cir`ro-stra"tus, n. Etym: [Cirrus + stratus.] (Meteor.)

Defn: See under Cloud.

CIRROUS Cir"rous, a.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Cirrose.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Tufted; -- said of certain feathers of birds.

CIRRUS Cir"rus, n.; pl. Cirri. Etym: [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A tendril or clasper.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri; those of the last segment are caudal cirri. (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida, and Polychæta.

Note: In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca.

4. (Meteor.)

Defn: See under Cloud.

CIRSOCELE Cir"so*cele, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein.

CIRSOID Cir"soid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Med.)

Defn: Varicose. Cirsoid aneurism, a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

CIRSOTOMY Cir*sot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: Any operation for the removal of varices by incision. Dunglison.

CIS- Cis-.

Defn: A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side.

CISALPINE Cis*al"pine, a. Etym: [L. Cisalpinus; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.]

Defn: On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; -- opposed to transalpine.

CISATLANTIC Cis`at*lan"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + Atlantic.]

Defn: On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; -- used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer. Story.

CISCO Cis"co, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Lake herring (Coregonus Artedi), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi, a related species of Lake Michigan.

CISELURE Ci`se*lure", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The process of chasing on metals; also, the work thus chased. Weale.

CISLEITHAN Cis*lei"than, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + Leitha.]

Defn: On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

CISMONTANE Cis*mon"tane, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.]

Defn: On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane.

CISPADANE Cis"pa*dane`, a. Etym: [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus, pert. to the Padus or Po.]

Defn: On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side.

CISSOID Cis"soid, n. Etym: [Gr. (Geom.)

Defn: A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

CIST Cist, n. Etym: [L. cista box, chest, Gr. Chest.]

1. (Antiq.)

Defn: A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. See Cyst.

CISTED Cist"ed, a.

Defn: Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted.

CISTERCIAN Cis*ter"cian, n. Etym: [LL. Cistercium. F. Cîteaux, a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Cîteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. -- a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Cistercians.

CISTERN Cis"tern, n. Etym: [OE. cisterne, OF. cisterne, F. cisterne, fr. L. cisterna, fr. cista box, chest. See Cist, and cf. chest.]

1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids.

2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. "The wide cisterns of the lakes." Blackmore.

CISTIC Cist"ic, a.

Defn: See Cystic.

CIT Cit (, n. Etym: [Contr. fr. citizen.]

Defn: A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; -- used contemptuously. "Insulted as a cit". Johnson Which past endurance sting the tender cit. Emerson.

CITABLE Cit"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being cited.

CITADEL Cit"a*del, n. Etym: [F. citadelle, It. citadella, dicitt city, fr. L. civitas. See City.]

Defn: A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense. Syn. - Stronghold. See Fortress.

CITAL Cit"al, n. Etym: [From Cite]

1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.] Johnson

2. Citation; quotation [R.] Johnson.

CITATION Ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. citation, LL. citatio, fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite]

1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice.

2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation. This horse load of citations and fathers. Milton.

3. Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts.

4. (Law)

Defn: A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.

CITATOR Ci*ta"tor, n.

Defn: One who cites. [R]

CITATORY Ci"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. citatirius.]

Defn: Having the power or form of a citation; as, letters citatory.

CITE Cite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cited; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing] Etym: [F. citer, fr. L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr.

1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon. The cited dead, Of all past ages, to the general doom Shall hasten. Milton. Cited by finger of God. De Quincey.

2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.] Shak.

3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another. The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. Shak.

4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation. The imperfections which you have cited. Shak.

5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.] Aged honor cites a virtuous youth. Shak.

6. (Law)

Defn: To notify of a proceeding in court. Abbot

Syn. -- To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote.

CITER Cit"er, n.

Defn: One who cites.

CITESS Cit"ess, n. Etym: [From Cit.]

Defn: A city woman [R.]

CITHARA Cith"a*ra, n. Etym: [L. Cf. Cittern, Guitar.] (Mus.)

Defn: An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

CITHARISTIC Cith`a*ris"tic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara.

CITHERN Cith"ern, n.

Defn: See Cittern.

CITICISM Cit"i*cism, n. Etym: [From cit.]

Defn: The manners of a cit or citizen.

CITIED Cit"ied, a.

1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. "Smoky, citied towns" [R.] Drayton.

2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] "The citied earth." Keats.

CITIFIED Cit"i*fied, a. Etym: [City +-fy.]

Defn: Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

CITIGRADAE Cit`i*gra"dæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire, ciere, to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider.

CITIGRADE Cit"i*grade, a. Etym: [Cf. F. citigrade.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to the Citigradæ. -- n.

Defn: One of the Citigradæ.

CITINER Cit"i*ner, n.

Defn: One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.] Champan.

CITIZEN Cit"i*zen, n. Etym: [OE. citisein, OF. citeain, F. citoyen, fr. cité city. See City, and cf. Cit.]

1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises. That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs. G. Eliot.

2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman. Shak.

3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it.

Note: This protection is . . . national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home. Abbot

4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

CITIZEN Cit"i*zen, a.

1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as, a citizen soldiery.

2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.] I am not well, But not so citizen a wanton as To seem to die ere sick. Shak.

CITIZENESS Cit"i*zen*ess, n.

Defn: A female citizen. [R.]

CITIZENSHIP Cit"i*zen*ship, n.

Defn: The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

CITOLE Cit"ole, n. Etym: [OF. citole, fr. L. cithara. See Cittern.] (Mus.)

Defn: A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

CITRACONIC Cit`ra*con"ic, a. Etym: [Citric + aconitic.]

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids. Citraconic acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C3H4(CO2H)2, obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series.

CITRANGE Cit"range, n. [Citrus + orange.]

Defn: A citrous fruit produced by a cross between the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata). It is more acid and has a more pronounced aroma than the orange; the tree is hardier. There are several varieties.

CITRATE Cit"rate, n. Etym: [From Citric.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of citric acid.

CITRIC Cit"ric, a. Etym: [Cf. F. citrique. See Citron.] (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as, citric acid. Citric acid (Chem.), an organic acid, C3H4OH.(CO2H)3, extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberies, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste.

CITRINATION Cit`ri*na"tion, n. Etym: [See Citrine.]

Defn: The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher's stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color. Thynne.

CITRINE Cit"rine, a. Etym: [F. citrin. See Citron.]

Defn: Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow. Citrine ointment (Med.), a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unquentum hydrargyri nitratis.

CITRINE Cit"rine, n.

Defn: A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz.

CITRON Cit"ron, n. Etym: [F. citron, LL. citro, fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum, sc. malum, a citron), from Gr.

1. (Bot)

Defn: A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce.

2. A citron tree.

3. A citron melon. Citron melon. (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. -- Citron tree (Bot.), the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica.

CITRUS Cit"rus, n. Etym: [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

CITTERN Cit"tern, n. Etym: [L.cithara, Gr. Cithara, Gittern.] (Mus.)

Defn: An instrument shaped like a lute, but strung with wire and played with a quill or plectrum. [Written also cithern.] Shak.

Note: Not to be confounded with zither.

CITTERN-HEAD Cit"tern-head`, n.

Defn: Blockhead; dunce; -- so called because the handle of a cittern usually ended with a carved head. Marsion

CITY Cit"y (, n.; pl. Cities. Etym: [OE. cite, F. citcivitas citizenship, state, city, fr. civis citizen; akin to Goth. heiwa (in heiwafrauja man of the house), AS. heirath marriage, prop., providing a house, E. hind a peasant.]

1. A large town.

2. A corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen or a city council consisting of a board of aldermen and a common council; in Great Britain, a town corporate, which is or has been the seat of a bishop, or the capital of his see. A city is a town incorporated; which is, or has been, the see of a bishop; and though the bishopric has been dissolved, as at Westminster, it yet remaineth a city. Blackstone When Gorges constituted York a city, he of course meant it to be the seat of a bishop, for the word city has no other meaning in English law. Palfrey

3. The collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city. "What is the city but the people" Shak.

Syn. -- See Village.

CITY Cit"y, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a city. Shak. City council. See under Council. -- City court, The municipal court of a city. [U. S.] -- City ward, a watchman, or the collective watchmen, of a city. [Obs.] Fairfax.

CIVE Cive, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Chive.

CIVET Civ"et, n. Etym: [F. civette (cf. It. zibetto) civet, civet cat, fr. LGr. zub, zab, civet.]

1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from glands in the anal pouch of the civet (Viverra civetta). It is of clear yellowish or brownish color, of a strong, musky odor, offensive when undiluted, but agreeble when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume.

2. (Zoöl)

Defn: The animal that produces civet (Viverra civetta); -- called also civet cat. It is carnivorous, from two to three feet long, and of a brownish gray color, with transverse black bands and spots on the body and tail. It is a native of northern Africa and of Asia. The name is also applied to other species.

CIVET Civ"et, v. t.

Defn: To scent or perfume with civet. Cowper

CIVIC Civ"ic, a. Etym: [L.civicus, fr. civis citizen. See City.]

Defn: Relating to, or derived from, a city or citizen; relating to man as a member of society, or to civil affairs. Civic crown (Rom. Antiq.), a crown or garland of oak leaves and acorns, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

CIVICISM Civ"i*cism, n.

Defn: The principle of civil government.

CIVICS Civ"ics, n.

Defn: The science of civil government.

CIVIL Civ"il, a. Etym: [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen: cf. F. civil. See City.]

1. Pertaining to a city or state, or to a citizen in his relations to his fellow citizens or to the state; within the city or state.

2. Subject to government; reduced to order; civilized; not barbarous; -- said of the community. England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even the other day since England grew civil. Spenser.

3. Performing the duties of a citizen; obedient to government; -- said of an individual. Civil men come nearer the saints of God than others; they come within a step or two of heaven. Preston

4. Having the manners of one dwelling in a city, as opposed to those of savages or rustics; polite; courteous; complaisant; affable.

Note: "A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position as a 'civis' and his relations to the other members of that 'civitas.'" Trench

5. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesiastical, or official state.

6. Relating to rights and remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings. Civil action, an action to enforce the rights or redress the wrongs of an individual, not involving a criminal proceeding. -- Civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture, as private houses, palaces, churches, etc. -- Civil death. (Law.) See under Death. -- Civil engineering. See under Engineering. -- Civil law. See under Law. -- Civil list. See under List. -- Civil remedy (Law), that given to a person injured, by action, as opposed to a criminal prosecution. -- Civil service, all service rendered to and paid for by the state or nation other than that pertaining to naval or military affairs. -- Civil service reform, the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system in the conduct of the civil service, esp. in the matter of appointments to office. -- Civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states. -- Civil suit. Same as Civil action. -- CCivil war. See under War. -- Civil year. See under Year.

CIVILIAN Ci*vil"ian, n. Etym: [From Civil]

1. One skilled in the civil law. Ancient civilians and writers upon government. Swift.

2. A student of the civil law at a university or college. R. Graves.

3. One whose pursuits are those of civil life, not military or clerical.

CIVILIST Civ"il*ist, n.

Defn: A civilian. [R.] Warbur

CIVILITY Ci*vil"i*ty, n.; pl. Civilities. Etym: [L. civilitas: cf. F. civilité. See Civil.]

1. The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed; a state of civilization. [Obs.] Monarchies have risen from barbarrism to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Sir J. Davies. The gradual depature of all deeper signification from the word civility has obliged the creation of another word -- civilization. Trench.

2. A civil office, or a civil process [Obs.] To serve in a civility. Latimer.

3. Courtesy; politeness; kind attention; good breeding; a polite act or expression. The insolent civility of a proud man is, if possible, more shocking than his rudeness could be. Chesterfield. The sweet civilities of life. Dryden.

Syn. -- Urbanity; affability; complaisance.

CIVILIZABLE Civ"i*li`za*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being civilized.

CIVILIZATION Civ`i*li*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. civilisation.]

1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; national culture; refinement. Our manners, our civilization, and all the good things connected with manners, and with civilization, have, in this European world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles -- . . . the spirit of a gentleman, and spirit of religion. Burke

2. (Law)

Defn: Rendering a criminal process civil. [Obs.]

CIVILIZE Civ"i*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Civilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Civilizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. civilizer, fr.L. civilis civil. See Civil.]

1. To reclaim from a savage state; to instruct in the rules and customs of civilization; to educate; to refine. Yet blest that fate which did his arms dispose Her land to civilize, as to subdue. Dryden

2. To admit as suitable to a civilized state. [Obs. or R.] "Civilizing adultery." Milton.

Syn. -- To polish; refine; humanize.

CIVILIZED Civ"i*lized, a.

Defn: Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning, and civil manners; refined; cultivated. Sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society. J. Quincy.

CIVILIZER Civ"i*li*zer, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, civilizes or tends to civilize.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Civil Service Commission.

Defn: In the United States, a commission appointed by the President, consisting of three members, not more than two of whom may be adherents of the same party, which has the control, through examinations, of appointments and promotions in the classified civil service. It was created by act of Jan, 16, 1883 (22 Stat. 403).

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM Civil Service Reform.

Defn: The substitution of business principles and methods for political methods in the conduct of the civil service. esp. the merit system instead of the spoils system in making appointments to office.

CIVILY Civ"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a civil manner; as regards civil rights and privileges; politely; courteously; in a well bred manner.

CIVISM Civ"ism, n. Etym: [Cf.F. civisme, fr.L. civis citizen.]

Defn: State of citizenship. [R.] Dyer.

CIZAR Ciz"ar, v. i. Etym: [From Cizars.]

Defn: To clip with scissors. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

CIZARS Ciz"ars, n. pl.

Defn: Scissors. [Obs.] Swift.

CIZE Cize, n.

Defn: Bulk; largeness. [Obs.] See Size.

CLABBER Clab"ber, n. Etym: [See Bonnyclabber]

Defn: Milk curdled so as to become thick.

CLABBER Clab"ber, v. i.

Defn: To become clabber; to lopper.

CLACHAN Clach"an, n. Etym: [Scot., fr.Gael.]

Defn: A small village containing a church. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott Sitting at the clachon alehouse. R. L. Stevenson.

CLACK Clack, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clacked;p. pr. & vb. n. Clacking.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. F.claquer to clap, crack, D. klakken, MHG. klac crack, Ir. clagaim I make a noise, ring. Cf. Clack, n., Clatter, Click.]

1. To make a sudden, sharp noise, or a succesion of such noises, as by striking an object, or by collision of parts; to rattle; to click. We heard Mr.Hodson's whip clacking on the ahoulders of the poor little wretches. Thackeray.

2. To utter words rapidly and continually, or with abruptness; to let the tongue run.

CLACK Clack, v. t.

1. To cause to make a sudden, sharp noise, or succession of noises; to click.

2. To utter rapidly and inconsiderately. Feltham. To clack wool, to cut off the sheep's mark, in order to make the wool weigh less and thus yield less duty. [Eng.]

CLACK Clack, n. Etym: [Cf. F. claque a slap or smack, MHG. klac crack, W. clec crack, gossip. See Clack, v. t.]

1. A sharp, abrupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking an object.

2. Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve.

3. Continual or importunate talk; prattle; prating. Whose chief intent is to vaunt his spiritual clack. South. Clack box (Mach.), the box or chamber in which a clack valve works. -- Clack dish, a dish with a movable lid, formerly carried by beggars, who clacked the lid to attract notice. Shak. Clack door (Mining), removable cover of the opening through which access is had to a pump valve. -- Clack valve (Mach.), a valve; esp. one hinged at one edge, which, when raised from its seat, falls with a clacking sound.

CLACKER Clack"er, n.

1. One who clacks; that which clacks; especially, the clapper of a mill.

2. A claqueur. See Claqueur.

CLAD Clad, v.t

Defn: To clothe. [Obs.] Holland.

CLAD Clad,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Clothe.

CLADOCERA Cla*doc"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of the Entomostraca.

Note: They have a bivalve shell, covering the body but not the head, and from four to six pairs of legs and two pairs of antenæ, for use in swimming. They mostly inhabit fresh water.

CLADOPHYLL Clad"o*phyll, n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A special branch, resembling a leaf, as in the apparent foliage of the broom (Ruscus) and of the common cultivated smilax (Myrsiphillum).

CLAGGY Clag"gy, a. Etym: [Cf. Clog.]

Defn: Adhesive; -- said of a roof in a mine to which coal clings.

CLAIK Claik, n.

Defn: See Clake.

CLAIM Claim (klam), v. [imp. & p. p. Claimed (klamd); p. pr. & vb. n. Claiming.] Etym: [OE. clamen, claimen, OF. clamer, fr. L. clamare to cry out, call; akin to calare to proclaim, Gr. kal to sound, G. holen to fetch, E. hale haul.]

1. To ask for, or seek to obtain, by virtue of authority, right, or supposed right; to challenge as a right; to demand as due.

2. To proclaim. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser.

4. To assert; to maintain. [Colloq.]

CLAIM Claim, v. i.

Defn: To be entitled to anything; to deduce a right or title; to have a claim. We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority. Locke.

CLAIM Claim, n. Etym: [Of. claim cry, complaint, from clamer. See Claim, v.t.]

1. A demand of a right or supposed right; a calling on another for something due or supposed to be due; an assertion of a right or fact.

2. A right to claim or demand something; a title to any debt, privilege, or other thing in possession of another; also, a title to anything which another should give or concede to, or confer on, the claimant. "A bar to all claims upon land." Hallam.

3. The thing claimed or demanded; that (as land) to which any one intends to establish a right; as a settler's claim; a miner's claim. [U.S. & Australia]

4. A laoud call. [Obs.] Spenser To lay claim to, to demand as a right. "Doth he lay claim to thine inheritance" Shak.

CLAIMABLE Claim"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being claimed.

CLAIMANT Claim"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. clamant, p. pr. of clamer. Cf.Clamant.]

Defn: One who claims; one who asserts a right or title; a claimer.

CLAIMER Claim"er, n.

Defn: One who claims; a claimant.

CLAIMLESS Claim"less, a.

Defn: Having no claim.

CLAIRAUDIENCE Clair*au"di*ence, n. [F. clair clear + F. & E. audience a hearing. See Clear.]

Defn: Act of hearing, or the ability to hear, sounds not normally audible; -- usually claimed as a special faculty of spiritualistic mediums, or the like.

CLAIRAUDIENT Clair*au"di*ent, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or characterized by, clairaudience.

CLAIRAUDIENT Clair*au"di*ent, n.

Defn: One alleged to have the power of clairaudience.

CLAIRE Claire, n. [F.]

Defn: A small inclosed pond used for gathering and greening oysters.

CLAIR-OBSCUR Clair"-ob*scur" (, n. Etym: [F. See Clare-obscure.]

Defn: See Chiaroscuro.

CLAIRVOYANCE Clair*voy"ance, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A power, attributed to some persons while in a mesmeric state, of discering objects not perceptible by the senses in their normal condition.

CLAIRVOYANT Clair*voy"ant, a. Etym: [F., fr. clair clear + voyant, p. pr. of voir to see. See Clear, and Vision.]

Defn: Pertaining to clairvoyance; discerning objects while in a mesmeric state which are not present to the senses.

CLAIRVOYANT Clair*voy"ant n.

Defn: One who is able, when in a mesmeric state, to discern objects not present to the senses.

CLAKE; CLAIK Clake, Claik, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The bernicle goose; -- called also clack goose.

CLAM Clam, n. Etym: [Cf. Clamp, Clam, v. t., Clammy.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bivalve mollusk of many kinds, especially those that are edible; as, the long clam (Mya arenaria), the quahog or round clam (Venus mercenaria), the sea clam or hen clam (Spisula solidissima), and other species of the United States. The name is said to have been given originally to the Tridacna gigas, a huge East Indian bivalve. You shall scarce find any bay or shallow shore, or cove of sand, where you may not take many clampes, or lobsters, or both, at your pleasure. Capt. John Smith (1616). Clams, or clamps, is a shellfish not much unlike a coclke; it lieth under the sand. Wood (1634).

2. (Ship Carp.)

Defn: Strong pinchers or forceps.

3. pl. (Mech.)

Defn: A kind of vise, usually of wood. Blood clam. See under Blood.

CLAM Clam (clam), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clammed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clamming.] Etym: [Cf. AS. clæman to clam, smear; akin to Icel. kleima to smear, OHG. kleimjan, chleimen, to defile, or E. clammy.]

Defn: To clog, as with glutinous or viscous matter. A swarm of wasps got into a honey pot, and there they cloyed and clammed Themselves till there was no getting out again. L'Estrange.

CLAM Clam, v. i.

Defn: To be moist or glutinous; to stick; to adhere. [R.] Dryden

CLAM Clam, n.

Defn: Claminess; moisture. [R.] "The clam of death." Carlyle.

CLAM Clam, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. clamor.]

Defn: A crash or clangor made by ringing all the bells of a chime at once. Nares.

CLAM Clam, v. t. & i.

Defn: To produce, in bell ringing, a clam or clangor; to cause to clang. Nares.

CLAMANT Cla"mant, a. Etym: [L. clamans, p. pr. of clamare to call. Cf. Claimant.]

Defn: Crying earnestly, beseeching clamorousky. "Clamant children." Thomson.

CLAMATION Cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [LL. clamatio, fr. L. clamare to call.]

Defn: The act of crying out. Sir T. Browne.

CLAMATORES Clam`a*to"res, n. pl. Etym: [L. clamator, pl. clamatores, a bawler.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of passerine birds in which the vocal muscles are but little developed, so that they lack the power of singing.

CLAMATORIAL Clam`a*to"rial, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or pertaining to the Clamatores.

CLAMBAKE Clam"bake, n.

Defn: The backing or steaming of clams on heated stones, between layers of seaweed; hence, a picnic party, gathered on such an occasion.

CLAMBER Clam"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clambered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clambering.] Etym: [OE clambren, clameren, to heap together, climb; akin to Icel. klambra to clamp, G. klammern. Cf. Clamp, Climb.]

Defn: To climb with difficulty, or with hands and feet; -- also used figuratively. The narrow street that clambered toward the mill. Tennyson.

CLAMBER Clam"ber, n.

Defn: The act of clambering. T. Moore.

CLAMBER Clam"ber, v. t.

Defn: To ascend by climbing with difficulty. Clambering the walls to eye him. Shak.

CLAMJAMPHRIE Clam*jam"phrie, n.

Defn: Low, worthless people; the rabble. [Scot.] Jamieson.

CLAMMILY Clam"mi*ly, adv.

Defn: In a clammy manner. "Oozing so clammily." Hood.

CLAMMINESS Clam"mi*ness, n.

Defn: State of being clammy or viscous.

CLAMMY Clam"my, a. [Compar. Clammier; superl. Clammiest.] Etym: [Cf. AS. clam clay. See Clam to clog, and cf. Clay.]

Defn: Having the quality of being viscous or adhesive; soft and sticky; glutinous; damp and adhesive, as if covered with a cold perspiration.

CLAMOR Clam"or, n. Etym: [OF. clamour, clamur, F. clameur, fr. L. clamor, fr. clamare to cry out. See Claim.]

1. A great outcry or vociferation; loud and continued shouting or exclamation. Shak.

2. Any loud and continued noise. Addison.

3. A continued expression of dissatisfaction or discontent; a popular outcry. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Outcry; exclamation; noise; uproar.

CLAMOR Clam"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamored; p. pr. & vb. n. Clamoring.]

1. To salute loudly. [R.] The people with a shout Rifted the air, clamoring their god with praise. Milton .

2. To stun with noise. [R.] Bacon.

3. To utter loudly or repeatedly; to shout. Clamored their piteous prayer incessantly. Longfellow. To clamor bells, to repeat the strokes quickly so as to produce a loud clang. Bp. Warbur

CLAMOR Clam"or, v. i.

Defn: To utter loud sounds or outcries; to vociferate; to complain; to make importunate demands. The obscure bird Clamored the livelong night. Shak.

CLAMORER Clam"or*er, n.

Defn: One who clamors.

CLAMOROUS Clam"or*ous, a. Etym: [LL. clamorosus, for L. Clamosus: cf. OF. clamoreux.]

Defn: Speaking and repeating loud words; full of clamor; calling or demanding loudly or urgently; vociferous; noisy; bawling; loud; turbulent. "My young ones were clamorous for a morning's excursion." Southey. -- Clam"or*ous*ly, adv. -- Clam"or*ous*ness, n.

CLAMP Clamp, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. & D. klamp, Dan. klampe, also D. klampen to fasten, clasp. Cf. Clam, Cramp.]

1. Something rigid that holds fast or binds things together; a piece of wood or metal, used to hold two or more pieces together.

2. (a) An instrument with a screw or screws by which work is held in its place or two parts are temporarily held together. (b) (Joinery) A piece of wood placed across another, or inserted into another, to bind or strengthen.

3. One of a pair of movable pieces of lead, or other soft material, to cover the jaws of a vise and enable it to grasp without bruising.

4. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A thick plank on the inner part of a ship's side, used to sustuan the ends of beams.

5. A mass of bricks heaped up to be burned; or of ore for roasting, or of coal coking.

6. A mollusk. See Clam. [Obs.] Clamp nails, nails used to fasten on clamps in ships.

CLAMP Clamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clamped p. pr. & vb. n. Clamping.]

1. To fasten with a clamp or clamps; to apply a clamp to; to place in a clamp.

2. To cover, as vegetables, with earth. [Eng.]

CLAMP Clamp, n. Etym: [Prob. an imitative word. Cf.Clank.]

Defn: A heavy footstep; a tramp.

CLAMP Clamp, v. i.

Defn: To tread heavily or clumsily; to clump. The policeman with clamping feet. Thackeray.

CLAMPER Clamp"er, n.

Defn: An instrument of iron, with sharp prongs, attached to a boot or shoe to enable the wearer to walk securely upon ice; a creeper. Kane.

CLAN Clan, n. Etym: [Gael. clann offspring, descendants; akin to Ir. clann, cland, offspring, tribe, family; perh. from L. plania scion, slip, cutting. Cf. Plant, n.]

1. A tribe or collection of families, united under a chieftain, regarded as having the same common ancestor, and bearing the same surname; as, the clan of Macdonald. "I have marshaled my clan." Campbell.

2. A clique; a sect, society, or body of persons; esp., a body of persons united by some common interest or pursuit; -- sometimes used contemptuously.

## Partidge and the rest of his clan may hoot me. Smolett.

The whole clan of the enlightened among us. Burke.

CLANCULAR Clan"cu*lar, a. Etym: [L. clancularius , from clanculum secretly, adv. dim. of clam secretly.]

Defn: Conducted with secrecy; clandestine; concealed. [Obs.] Not close and clancular, but frank and open. Barrow.

CLANCULARLY Clan"cu*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: privately; secretly. [Obs.]

CLANDESTINE Clan*des"tine, a. Etym: [L. clandestinus, fr. clam secretly; akin to celare, E. conceal: cf. F. clandestin.]

Defn: Conducted with secrecy; withdrawn from public notice, usually for an evil purpose; kept secret; hidden; private; underhand; as, a clandestine marriage. Locke.

Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; concealed; underhand; sly; stealthy; surreptitious; furtive; fraudulent. -- Clan*des"tine*ly, adv. -- Clan*des"tine*ness, n.

CLANDESTINITY Clan`des*tin"i*ty, n.

Defn: Privacy or secrecy. [R.]

CLANG Clang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanged; p. pr. & vb. n. Clanging.] Etym: [L. clangere; akin to Gr. clank.]

Defn: To strike together so as to produce a ringing metallic sound. The fierce Caretes . . . clanged their sounding arms. Prior.

CLANG Clang, v. i.

Defn: To give out a clang; to resound. "Clanging hoofs." Tennyson.

CLANG Clang, n.

1. A loud, ringing sound, like that made by metallic substances when clanged or struck together. The broadsword's deadly clang, As if a thousand anvils rang. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Qualyty of tone.

CLANGOR Clan"gor, n. Etym: [L., fr. clangere. See Clang, v. t.]

Defn: A sharp, harsh, ringing sound. Dryden.

CLANGOROUS Clan"gor*ous, a. Etym: [LL. clangorosus.]

Defn: Making a clangor; having a ringing, metallic sound.

CLANGOUS Clan"gous, a.

Defn: Making a clang, or a ringing metallic sound. [Obs.]

CLANJAMFRIE Clan*jam"frie, n.

Defn: Same as Clamjamphrie. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

CLANK Clank, n. Etym: [Akin to clink, and of imitative origin; cf. G. klang sound, D. klank. Cf. Clang.]

Defn: A sharp, brief, ringing sound, made by a collision of metallic or other sonorous bodies; -- usually expressing a duller or less resounding sound than clang, and a deeper and stronger sound than clink. But not in chains to pine, His spirit withered with tyeur clank. Byron.

CLANK Clank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clanked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clanking.]

Defn: To cause to sound with a clank; as, the prisoners clank their chains.

CLANK Clank, v. i.

Defn: To sound with a clank.

CLANKLESS Clank"less, a.

Defn: Without a clank. Byreon.

CLAN-NA-GAEL Clan"-na-Gael", n. [Ir., clan of the Gaels.]

Defn: A secret society of Irish Fenians founded in Philadelphia in 1881.

CLANNISH Clan"nish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a clan; closely united, like a clan; disposed to associate only with one's clan or clique; actuated by the traditions, prejudices, habits, etc., of a clan. -- Clan"nish*ly, adv. -- Clan"nish*ness, n.

CLANSHIP Clan"ship, n.

Defn: A state of being united togheter as in a clan; an association under a chieftain.

CLANSMAN Clans"man, n.; pl. Clansmen.

Defn: One belonging to the same clan with another.

CLAP Clap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Clapping.] Etym: [AS. clappan; akin to Icel. & Sw. klappa, D, klappen, to clap, prate, G. klaffen, v.i., to split open, yelp, klopfen, v.t. & i., to knock.]

1. To strike; to slap; to strike, or strike together, with a quick motion, so, as to make a sharp noise; as, to clap one's hands; a clapping of wings. Then like a bird it sits and sings, And whets and claps its silver wings. Marvell.

2. To thrust, drive, put, or close, in a hasty or abrupt manner; -- often followed by to, into, on, or upon. He had just time to get in and clap to the door. Locke Clap an extinguaisher upon your irony. Lamb.

3. To manifest approbation of, by striking the hands together; to applaud; as, to clap a performance. To clap hands. (a) To pledge faith by joining hands. [Obs.] Shak. (b) To express contempt or derision. [Obs.] Lam. ii. 15. To clap hold of, to seize roughly or quickly. -- To clap up. (a) To imprison hastily or without due formality. (b) To make or contrive hastily. [Obs.] "Was ever match clapped up so suddenly" Shak.

CLAP Clap, v. i.

1. To knock, as at a door. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To strike the hands together in applause. Their ladies bid them clap. Shak.

3. To come together suddenly with noise. The doors around me clapped. Dryden.

4. To enter with alacrity and briskness; -- with to or into. [Obs.] "Shall we clap into it roundly, without . . . saying we are hoarse" Shak.

5. To talk noisily; to chatter loudly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLAP Clap, n.

1. A loud noise made by sudden collision; a bang. "Give the door such a clap, as you go out, as will shake the whole room." Swift.

2. A burst of sound; a sudden explosion. Horrible claps of thunder. Hakewill.

3. A single, sudden act or motion; a stroke; a blow. What, fifty of my followers at a clap! Shak.

4. A striking of hands to express approbation. Unextrected claps or hisses. Addison.

5. Noisy talk; chatter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

6. (Falconry)

Defn: The nether part of the beak of a hawk. Clap dish. See Clack dish, under Clack, n. -- Clap net, a net for taking birds, made to close or clap together.

CLAP Clap, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. clapoir.]

Defn: Gonorrhea.

CLAPBOARD Clap"board, n.

1. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other; -- used for weatherboarding the outside of houses. [U. S.]

2. A stave for a cask. [Eng.] Halliwell.

CLAPBOARD Clap"board, v. t.

Defn: To cover with clapboards; as, to clapboard the sides of a house. [U. S.] Bartlett.

CLAPBREAD; CLAPCAKE Clap"bread`, Clap"cake`, n.

Defn: Oatmeal cake or bread clapped or beaten till it is thin. [Obs.] Halliwell.

CLAPE Clape, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird; the flicker.

CLAPPER Clap"per, n.

1. A person who claps.

2. That which strikes or claps, as the tongue of a bell, or the piece of wood that strikes a mill hopper, etc. See Illust. of Bell. Clapper rail (Zoöl.), an Americam species of rail (Rallus scepitans).

CLAPPER Clap"per, n. Etym: [F. clapier.]

Defn: A rabbit burrow. [Obs.]

CLAPPERCLAW Clap"per*claw, v. t. Etym: [Clap + claw.]

1. To fight and scratch. C. Smart.

2. To abuse with the tongue; to revile; to scold.

CLAPS Claps, v. t.

Defn: Variant of Clasp [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLAPTRAP Clap"trap`, n.

1. A contrivance for clapping in theaters. [Obs.]

2. A trick or device to gain applause; humbug.

CLAPTRAP Clap"trap`, a.

Defn: Contrived for the purpose of making a show, or gaining applause; deceptive; unreal.

CLAQUE Claque, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A collection of persons employed to applaud at a theatrical exhibition.

CLAQUEUR Cla`queur", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One of the claque employed to applaud at a theater.

CLARE Clare, n.

Defn: A nun of the order of St.Clare.

CLARENCE Clar"ence, n.

Defn: A close four-wheeled carriage, with one seat inside, and a seat for the driver.

CLARENCEUX; CLARENCIEUX Clar"en*ceux, Clar"en*cieux, n. (Her.)

Defn: See King-at-arms.

CLARENDON Clar"en*don, n.

Defn: A style of type having a narrow and heave face. It is made in all sizes.

Note: This line is in nonpareil Clarendon.

CLARE-OBSCURE Clare"-ob*scure", n. Etym: [L. clarus clear + obscurus obscure; cf. F. clair-obscur. Cf. Chiaroscuro.] (Painting)

Defn: See Chiaroscuro.

CLARET Clar"et, n. Etym: [OE. claret, clare, clarry, OF. claret, clar, fr. cler, F. clair, clear, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.]

Defn: The name firat given in England to the red wines of M

CLARIBELLA Clar`i*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., from L. clarus clear + bellus fine.] (Mus.)

Defn: A soft, sweet stop, or set of open wood pipes in an organ.

CLARICHORD Clar"i*chord, n. Etym: [F. clatocorde, fr.L. clarus clear + chorda string. See Chord.]

Defn: A musical instrument, formerly in use, in form of a spinet; -- called also manichord and clavichord.

CLARIFICATION Clar`i*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. clarification, L. clarificatio glorification.]

1. The act or process of making clear or transparent, by freeing visible impurities; as, the clarification of wine.

2. The act of freeing from obscurities. The clarification of men's ideas. Whewell.

CLARIFIER Clar"i*fi`er, n.

1. That which clarifies.

2. A vessel in which the process of clarification is conducted; as, the clarifier in sugar works. Ure.

CLARIFY Clar"i*fy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clarified; p. pr. & vb. n. Clarifying.] Etym: [F. clarifier, from L. clarificare; clarus clear + facere to make. See Clear, and Fact.]

1. To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; -- said of liquids, as wine or sirup. "Boiled and clarified." Ure.

2. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate. To clarify his reason, and to rectify his will. South.

3. To glorify. [Obs.] Fadir, clarifie thi name. Wyclif (John ii. 28).

CLARIFY Clar"i*fy, v. i.

1. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification.

2. To grow clear or bright; to clear up. Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the discoursing with another. Bacon.

CLARIGATE Clar"i*gate, v. i. Etym: [L. clarigare]

Defn: To declare war with certain ceremonies. [Obs.] Holland.

CLARINET Clar"i*net`, n. Etym: [F. clarinette, dim. of clarine, from L. clarus. See Clear, and cf. Clarion.] (Mus.)

Defn: A wind instrument, blown by a single reed, of richer and fuller tone than the oboe, which has a double reed. It is the leading instrument in a military band.

Note: [Often improperly called clarionet.]

CLARINO Cla*ri"no, n. Etym: [It. a trumpet.] (Mus.)

Defn: A reed stop in an organ.

CLARION Clar"i*on, n. Etym: [OE. clarioun, OF. clarion, F. clairon, LL. clario, claro; so called from its clear tone, fr. L. clarus clear. See Clear.]

Defn: A kind of trumpet, whose note is clear and shrill. He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle. E. Everett.

CLARIONET Clar`i*o*net", n. Etym: [See Clarion, Clarinet.] (Mus.)

Defn: See Clarinet.

CLARISONUS Cla*ris"o*nus, a. Etym: [L. clarisonus; clarus + sonus.]

Defn: Having a clear sound. [Obs.] Ash.

CLARITUDE Clar"i*tude, n. Etym: [L. claritudo, fr. clarus clear.]

Defn: Clearness; splendor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

CLARITY Clar"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear: cf. F. clarté.]

Defn: Clearness; brightness; splendor. Floods, in whose more than crystal clarity, Innumerable virgin graces row. Beaumont.

CLARO-OBSCURO Cla"ro-ob*scu"ro, n.

Defn: See Chiaroscuro.

CLARRE Clar`ré", n. Etym: [See Claret.]

Defn: Wine with a mixture of honey and species. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLART Clart, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Armor. kalar mud, mire, kalara to dirt, Sw. lort mud.]

Defn: To daub, smear, or spread, as with mud, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CLARTY Clart"y, a.

Defn: Sticky and foul; muddy; filthy; dirty. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CLARY Clar"y, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Clarion.]

Defn: To make a loud or shrill noise. [Obs.] Golding.

CLARY Cla"ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. sclarea, scarlea, D. & G. scharlei, F. sclarée.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Salvia sclarea) of the Sage family, used in flavoring soups. Clary water, a composition of clary flowers with brandy, etc., formerly used as a cardiac.

CLASH Clash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clashed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clashing.] Etym: [Of imitative origin; cf. G. klatschen, Prov. G. kleschen, D. kletsen, Dan. klaske, E. clack.]

1. To make a noise by striking against something; to dash noisily together.

2. To meet in opposition; to act in a contrary direction; to come onto collision; to interfere. However some of his interests might clash with those of the chief adjacent colony. Palfrey.

CLASH Clash, v. t.

Defn: To strike noisily against or together.

CLASH Clash n.

1. A loud noise resulting from collision; a noisy collision of bodies; a collision. The roll of cannon and clash of arms. Tennyson.

2. Opposition; contradiction; as between differing or contending interests, views, purposes, etc. Clashes between popes and kings. Denham.

CLASH GEAR Clash gear. (Mach.)

Defn: A change-speed gear in which the gears are changed by sliding endwise.

CLASHINGLY Clash"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With clashing.

CLASP Clasp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clasped; p. pr. & vb. n. Clasping] Etym: [OE. claspen, clapsen, prob. akin to E. clap.]

1. To shut or fasten together with, or as with, a clasp; to shut or fasten (a clasp, or that which fastens with a clasp).

2. To inclose and hold in the hand or with the arms; to grasp; to embrace.

3. To surround and cling to; to entwine about. "Clasping ivy." Milton.

CLASP Clasp, n.

1. An adjustable catch, bent plate, or hook, for holding together two objects or the parts of anything, as the ends of a belt, the covers of a book, etc.

2. A close embrace; a throwing of the arms around; a grasping, as with the hand. Clasp knife, a large knife, the blade of which folds or shuts into the handle. -- Clasp lock, a lock which closes or secures itself by means of a spring.

CLASPER Clasp"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, clasps, as a tendril. "The claspers of vines." Derham.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of a pair of organs used by the male for grasping the female among many of the Crustacea. (b) One of a pair of male copulatory organs, developed on the anterior side of the ventral fins of sharks and other elasmobranchs. See Illust. of Chimæra.

CLASPERED Clasp"ered, a.

Defn: Furnished with tendrils.

CLASS Class, n. Etym: [F. classe, fr. L. classis class, collection, fleet; akin to Gr. claim, haul.]

1. A group of individuals ranked together as possessing common characteristics; as, the different classes of society; the educated class; the lower classes.

2. A number of students in a school or college, of the same standing, or pursuing the same studies.

3. A comprehensive division of animate or inanimate objects, grouped together on account of their common characteristics, in any classification in natural science, and subdivided into orders, families, tribes, gemera, etc.

4. A set; a kind or description, species or variety. She had lost one class energies. Macaulay.

5. (Methodist Church)

Defn: One of the sections into which a church or congregation is divided, and which is under the supervision of a class leader. Class of a curve (Math.), the kind of a curve as expressed by the number of tangents that can be drawn from any point to the curve. A circle is of the second class. -- Class meeting (Methodist Church), a meeting of a class under the charge of a class leader, for counsel and relegious instruction.

CLASS Class, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Classed; p. pr. & vb. n. Classing.] Etym: [Cf. F. classer. See Class, n.]

1. To arrange in classes; to classify or refer to some class; as, to class words or passages.

Note: In scientific arrangement, to classify is used instead of to class. Dana.

2. To divide into classes, as students; to form into, or place in, a class or classes.

CLASS Class, v. i.

Defn: To grouped or classed. The genus or famiky under which it classes. Tatham.

CLASS DAY Class day.

Defn: In American colleges and universities, a day of the commencement season on which the senior class celebrates the completion of its course by exercises conducted by the members, such as the reading of the class histories and poem, the delivery of the class oration, the planting of the class ivy, etc.

CLASSIBLE Class"i*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being classed.

CLASSIC; CLASSICAL Clas"sic, Clas"sic*al, a. Etym: [L. classicus relating to the classes of the Roman people, and especially to the frist class; hence, of the first rank, superior, from classis class: cf. F. classique. See Class, n.]

1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, especially in literature or art. Give, as thy last memorial to the age, One classic drama, and reform the stage. Byron. Mr. Greaves may justly be reckoned a classical author on this subject [Roman weights and coins]. Arbuthnot.

2. Of or pertaining to the ancient Greeks and Romans, esp. to Greek or Roman authors of the highest rank, or of the period when their best literature was produced; of or pertaining to places inhabited by the ancient Greeks and Romans, or rendered famous by their deeds. Though throned midst Latium's classic plains. Mrs. Hemans. The epithet classical, as applied to ancient authors, is determined less by the purity of their style than by the period at which they wrote. Brande & C. He [Atterbury] directed the classical studies of the undergraduates of his college. Macaulay.

3. Conforming to the best authority in literature and art; chaste; pure; refined; as, a classical style. Classical, provincial, and national synods. Macaulay. Classicals orders. (Arch.) See under Order.

CLASSIC Clas"sic, n.

1. A work of acknowledged excellence and authrity, or its author; -- originally used of Greek and Latin works or authors, but now applied to authors and works of a like character in any language. In is once raised him to the rank of a legitimate English classic. Macaulay.

2. One learned in the literature of Greece and Rome, or a student of classical literature.

CLASSICALISM Clas"sic*al*ism, n.

1. A classical idiom, style, or expression; a classicism.

2. Adherence to what are supposed or assumed to be the classical canons of art.

CLASSICALIST Clas"sic*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who adheres to what he thinks the classical canons of art. Ruskin.

CLASSICALITY; CLASSICALNESS Clas`si*cal"i*ty, Clas"sic*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being classical.

CLASSICALLY Clas"sic*al*ly, adv.

1. In a classical manner; according to the manner of classical authors.

2. In the manner of classes; according to a regular order of classes or sets.

CLASSICISM Clas"si*cism, n.

Defn: A classic idiom or expression; a classicalism. C. Kingsley.

CLASSICIST Clas"si*cist, n.

Defn: One learned in the classics; an advocate for the classics.

CLASSIFIABLE Clas"si*fi`a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being classified.

CLASSIFIC Clas*sif"ic, a.

Defn: Characterizing a class or classes; relating to classification.

CLASSIFICATION Clas`si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. classification.]

Defn: The act of forming into a class or classes; a distibution into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to some common relations or affinities. Artificial classification. (Science) See under Artifitial.

CLASSIFICATORY Clas"si*fi*ca`to*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to classification; admitting of classification. "A classificatory system." Earle.

CLASSIFIER Clas"si*fi`er, n.

Defn: One who classifies.

CLASSIFY Clas"si*fy, v. t. [imp. & pp. Classified; p. pr. & vb. n. Classifying.] Etym: [L. classis class +

Defn: To distribute into classes; to arrange according to a system; to arrnge in sets according to some method founded on common properties or characters.

Syn. -- To arrange; distibute; rank.

CLASSIS Clas"sis, n.; pl. Classes. Etym: [L. See Class, n.]

1. A class or order; sort; kind. [Obs.] His opinion of that classis of men. Clarendon.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: An ecclesiastical body or judicat

CLASSMAN Class"man, n.; pl. Classmen(#).

1. A member of a class; a classmate.

2. A candidate for graduation in arts who is placed in an honor class, as opposed to a passman, who is not classified. [Oxford, Eng.]

CLASSMATE Class"mate`, n.

Defn: One who is in the same class with another, as at school or college.

CLASTIC Clas"tic, a. Etym: [Gr.

1. Pertaining to what may be taken apart; as, clastic anatomy (of models).

2. (Min.)

Defn: Fragmental; made up of brokas, sandstone is a clastic rock.

CLATCH Clatch, n. [Cf. Scot. clatch a slap, the noise caused by the collision of soft bodies; prob. of imitative origin.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.)

1. A soft or sloppy lump or mass; as, to throw a clatch of mud.

2. Anything put together or made in a careless or slipshod way; hence, a sluttish or slipshod woman.

CLATCH Clatch, v. t. & i.

Defn: To daub or smear, as with lime; to make or finish in a slipshod way. [Scot.]

CLATHRATE Clath"rate, a. Etym: [L. clathri latti

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Shaped like a lattice; cancellate. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the surface marked with raised lines resembling a lattice, as many shells.

CLATTER Clat"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clattered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clattering.] Etym: [AS. cla a rattle, akin to D. klateren to rattle. Cf. Clack.]

1. To make a rattling sound by striking hard bodies together; to make a succession of abrupt, rattling sounds. Clattering loud with clamk. Longfellow.

2. To talk fast and noisily; to rattle with the tongue. I see thou dost but clatter. Spenser.

CLATTER Clat"ter, v. t.

Defn: To make a rattling noise with. You clatter still your brazen kettle. Swift.

CLATTER Clat"ter, n.

1. A rattling noise, esp. that made by the collision of hard bodies; also, any loud, abrupt sound; a repetition of abrupt sounds. The goose let fall a golden egg With cackle and with clatter. Tennyson.

2. Commotion; disturbance. "Those mighty feats which made such a clatter in story." Barrow.

3. Rapid, noisy talk; babble; chatter. "Hold still thy clatter." Towneley Myst. (15 th Cent. ). Throw by your clatter And handle the matter. B. Jonson

CLATTERER Clat"ter*er, n.

Defn: One who clatters.

CLATTERINGLY Clat"ter*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With clattering.

CLAUDE LORRAINE GLASS Claude" Lor*raine" glass`. Etym: [Its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives to those of a picture by Claude Lorrain (often written Lorraine).]

Defn: A slightly convex mirror, commonly of black glass, used as a toy for viewing the reflected landscape.

CLAUDENT Clau"dent, a. Etym: [L. claudens, p. pr. of claudere to shut.]

Defn: Shutting; confining; drawing together; as, a claudent muscle. [R.] Jonson

CLAUDICANT Clau"di*cant, a. Etym: [L. claudicans, p. pr. of claudicare to limp, fr. claudus lame.]

Defn: Limping. [R.]

CLAUDICATION Clau`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. claudicatio.]

Defn: A halting or limping. [R.] Tatler.

CLAUSE Clause, n. Etym: [F. clause, LL. clausa, equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of claudere to shut, to end. See Close.]

1. A separate portion of a written paper, paragraph, or sentence; an article, stipulation, or proviso, in a legal document. The usual attestation clause to a will. Bouvier.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: A subordinate portion or a subdivision of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate.

CLAUSE Clause, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Letters clause or close, under Letter.

CLAUSTRAL Claus"tral, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL. claustralis, fr. L. claustrum. See Cloister.]

Defn: Cloistral. Ayliffe

CLAUSTRUM Claus"trum, n.; pl. Claustra. Etym: [L., a bolt or bar.] (Anat.)

Defn: A thin lamina of gray matter in each cerebral hemiphere of the brain of man. -- Claus"tral, a.

CLAUSULAR Clau"su*lar, a. Etym: [From L. clausula. See Clause, n.]

Defn: Consisting of, or having, clauses. Smart.

CLAUSURE Clau"sure, n. Etym: [L. clausura. See Closure.]

Defn: The act of shutting up or confining; confinement. [R.] Geddes.

CLAVATE; CLAVATED Cla"vate, Cla"va*ted, a. Etym: [L. clava club.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Club-shaped; having the form of a club; growing gradually thicker toward the top.

Note: [See Illust. of Antennae.]

CLAVE Clave,

Defn: imp. of Cleave. [Obs.]

CLAVECIN Clav"e*cin, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The harpsichord.

CLAVEL Cla"vel, n.

Defn: See Clevis.

CLAVELLATE Clav"el*late, a.

Defn: See Clavate.

CLAVELLATED Clav"el*la`ted, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. cineres clavelatti ashes of burnt lees or dregs of wine, F. clavel an inferior sort of soda, E. clavate.] (Old Chem.)

Defn: Said of potash, probably in reference to its having been obtained from billets of wood by burning. [Obs.]

CLAVER Clav"er, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Clover. Holland.

CLAVER Clav"er, n.

Defn: Frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chattering. [Scot. & North of Eng.] Emmy found herself entirely at a loss in the midst of their clavers. Thackeray.

CLAVICHORD Clav"i*chord, n. Etym: [F. clavicorde, fr. L. clavis key + chorda string.] (Mus.)

Defn: A keyed stringed instrument, now superseded by the pianoforte. See Clarichord.

CLAVICLE Clav"i*cle, n. Etym: [F. clavicule, fr. L. clavicula a little key, tendril, dim. of clavis key, akin to claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Clef.] (Anat.)

Defn: The collar bone, which is joined at one end to the scapula, or shoulder blade, and at the other to the sternum, or breastbone. In man each clavicle is shaped like the letter

CLAVICORN Clav"i*corn, a. Etym: [Cf. F. clavicorne.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having club-shaped antennæ. See Antennæ -- n.

Defn: One of the Clavicornes.

CLAVICORNES Clav`i*cor"nes, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; Fr. L. clava club + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of beetles having club-shaped antennæ.

CLAVICULAR Cla*vic"u*lar, a. Etym: [Cf. F. claviculaire. See Clavicle.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the clavicle.

CLAVIER Cla"vi*er ( F. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. clavis key.] (Mus.)

Defn: The keyboard of an organ, pianoforte, or harmonium.

Note: Clavier (

CLAVIFORM Clav"i*form, a. Etym: [L. clava club + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Club-shaped; clavate. Craig.

CLAVIGER Clav"i*ger, n. Etym: [L., fr. clavis key + gerere to carry.]

Defn: One who carries the keys of any place.

CLAVIGER Clav"i*ger, n. Etym: [L., fr. clava club + gerere to carry.]

Defn: One who carries a club; a club bearer.

CLAVIGEROUS Cla*vig"er*ous, a.

Defn: Bearing a club or a key.

CLAVIS Cla"vis, n.; pl. L. Claves, E. Clavises. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A key; a glossary.

CLAVUS Cla"vus, n. Etym: [L., a nail.]

Defn: A callous growth, esp. one the foot; a corn.

CLAVY Cla"vy, n.; pl. Clavies. Etym: [Cf. F. claveau centerpiece of an arch.] (Arch.)

Defn: A mantelpiece.

CLAW Claw, n. Etym: [AS. clawu, cla, cleó; akin to D. klaauw, G. Klaue, Icel. klo, SW. & Dan. klo, and perh. to E. clew.]

1. A sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast or bird.

2. The whole foot of an animal armed with hooked nails; the pinchers of a lobster, crab, etc.

3. Anything resembling the claw of an animal, as the curved and forked end of a hammer for drawing nails.

4. (Bot.)

Defn: A slender appendage or process, formed like a claw, as the base of petals of the pink. Gray. Claw hammer, a hammer with one end of the metallic head cleft for use in extracting nails, etc. -- Claw hammer coat, a dress coat of the swallowtail pattern. [Slang] -- Claw sickness, foot rot, a disease affecting sheep.

CLAW Claw, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clawed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clawing.] Etym: [AS. clawan. See Claw, n.]

1. To pull, tear, or scratch with, or as with, claws or nails.

2. To relieve from some uneasy sensation, as by scratching; to tickle; hence, to flatter; to court. [Obs.] Rich men they claw, soothe up, and flatter; the poor they contemn and despise. Holland.

3. To rail at; to scold. [Obs.] In the aforesaid preamble, the king fairly claweth the great monasteries, wherein, saith he, religion, thanks be to God, is right well kept and observed; though he claweth them soon after in another acceptation. T. Fuller Claw me, claw thee, stand by me and I will stand by you; -- an old proverb. Tyndale. To claw away, to scold or revile. "The jade Fortune is to be clawed away for it, if you should lose it." L'Estrange. To claw (one) on the back, to tickle; to express approbation. (Obs.) Chaucer. -- To claw (one) on the gall, to find falt with; to vex. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLAW Claw, v. i.

Defn: To scrape, scratch, or dig with a claw, or with the hand as a claw. "Clawing [in ash barrels] for bits of coal." W. D. Howells. To claw off (Naut.), to turn to windward and beat, to prevent falling on a lee shore.

CLAWBACK Claw"back`, n.

Defn: A flatterer or sycophant. [Obs.] "Take heed of these clawbacks." Latimer.

CLAWBACK Claw"back`, a.

Defn: Flattering; sycophantic. [Obs.] Like a clawback parasite. Bp. Hall.

CLAWBACK Claw"back`, v. t.

Defn: To flatter. [Obs.] Warner.

CLAWED Clawed, a.

Defn: Furnished with claws. N. Grew.

CLAWLESS Claw"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of claws.

CLAY Clay, n. Etym: [AS. clæg; akin to LG. klei, D. klei, and perh. to AS. clam clay, L. glus, gluten glue, Gr. glue. Cf. Clog.]

1. A soft earth, which is plastuc, or may be molded with the hands, consisting of hydrous silicate of alumunium. It is the result of the wearing down and decomposition, in part, of rocks containing aluminous minerals, as granite. Lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and other ingredients, are often present as impurities.

2. (Poetry & Script.)

Defn: Earth in general, as representing the elementary particles of the human body; hence, the human body as formed from such particles. I also am formed out of the clay. Job xxxiii. 6. The earth is covered thick with other clay, Which her own clay shall cover. Byron. Bowlder clay. See under Bowlder. -- Brick clay, the common clay, containing some iron, and therefore turning red when burned. -- Clay cold, cold as clay or earth; lifeless; inanimate. -- Clay ironstone, an ore of iron consisting of the oxide or carbonate of iron mixed with clay or sand. -- Clay marl, a whitish, smooth, chalky clay. -- Clay mill, a mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. -- Clay pit, a pit where clay is dug. -- Clay slate (Min.), argillaceous schist; argillite. -- Fatty clays, clays having a greasy feel; they are chemical compounds of water, silica, and aluminia, as halloysite, bole, etc. -- Fire clay , a variety of clay, entirely free from lime, iron, or an alkali, and therefore infusible, and used for fire brick. -- Porcelain clay, a very pure variety, formed directly from the decomposition of feldspar, and often called kaolin. -- Potter's clay, a tolerably pure kind, free from iron.

CLAY Clay, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Claying.]

1. To cover or manure with clay.

2. To clarify by filtering through clay, as sugar.

CLAY-BRAINED Clay"-brained`, a.

Defn: Stupid. [Obs.] Shak.

CLAYES Clayes, n. pl. Etym: [F. claie hurdle.] (Fort.)

Defn: Wattles, or hurdles, made with stakes interwoven with osiers, to cover lodgments. [Obs.]

CLAYEY Clay"ey, a.

Defn: Consisting of clay; abounding with clay; partaking of clay; like clay.

CLAYISH Clay"ish, a.

Defn: Partaking of the nature of clay, or containing particles of it.

CLAYMORE Clay"more`, n. Etym: [Gael. claidheamhmor a broadsword; Gael. claidheamh sword + mor great, large. Cf. Claymore.]

Defn: A large two-handed sword used formerly by the Scottish Highlanders.

CLAYTONIA Clay*to"ni*a, n. Etym: [Named after Dr.John Clayton, an American botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: An American genus of perennial herbs with delicate blossoms; -- sometimes called spring beauty.

CLEADING Clead"ing, n. Etym: [Scot., clothing. See Cloth.]

1. A jacket or outer covering of wood, etc., to prevent radiation of heat, as from the boiler, cylinder. etc., of a steam engine.

2. The planking or boarding of a shaft, cofferdam, etc.

CLEAN Clean, a. [Compar. Cleaner (; superl. Cleanest.] Etym: [OE. clene, AS. cl; akin to OHG. chleini pure, neat, graceful, small, G. klein small, and perh. to W. glan clean, pure, bright; all perh. from a primitive, meaning bright, shining. Cf. Glair.]

1. Free from dirt or filth; as, clean clothes.

2. Free from that which is useless or injurious; without defects; as, clean land; clean timber.

3. Free from awkwardness; not bungling; adroit; dexterous; as, aclean trick; a clean leap over a fence.

4. Free from errors and vulgarisms; as, a clean style.

5. Free from restraint or neglect; complete; entire. When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not make clean riddance of corners of thy field. Le

6. Free from moral defilement; sinless; pure. Create in me a clean heart, O God. Ps. li. 10 That I am whole, and clean, and meet for Heaven Tennyson.

7. (Script.)

Defn: Free from ceremonial defilement.

8. Free from that which is corrupting to the morals; pure in tone; healthy. "Lothair is clean." F. Harrison.

9. Well-proportioned; shapely; as, clean limbs. A clean bill of health, a certificate from the proper authrity that a ship is free from infection. -- Clean breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- To make a clean breast. See under Breast.

CLEAN Clean, adv.

1. Without limitation or remainder; quite; perfectly; wholly; entirely. "Domestic broils clean overblown." Shak. "Clean contrary." Milton. All the people were passed clean over Jordan. Josh. iii. 17.

2. Without miscarriage; not bunglingly; dexterously. [Obs.] "Pope came off clean with Homer." Henley.

CLEAN Clean, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleaned; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaning.] Etym: [See Clean, a., and cf. Cleanse.]

Defn: To render clean; to free from whatever is foul, offensive, or extraneous; to purify; to cleanse. To clean out, to exhaust; to empty; to get away from (one) all his money. [Colloq.] De Quincey.

CLEAN-CUT Clean"-cut`, a.

Defn: See Clear-cut.

CLEANER Clean"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, cleans.

CLEANING Clean"ing, n.

1. The act of making clean.

2. The afterbirth of cows, ewes, etc. Gardner.

CLEANLILY Clean"li*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cleanly manner.

CLEAN-LIMBED Clean"-limbed`, a.

Defn: With well-proportioned, unblemished limbs; as, a clean-limbed young fellow. Dickens.

CLEANLINESS Clean"li*ness, n. Etym: [From Cleanly.]

Defn: State of being cleanly; neatness of person or dress. Cleanliness from head to heel. Swift.

CLEANLY Clean"ly, a. [Compar. Cleanlier; superl. Cleanliest.] Etym: [From Clean.]

1. Habitually clean; pure; innocent. "Cleanly joys." Glanvill. Some plain but cleanly country maid. Dryden. Displays her cleanly platter on the board. Goldsmith.

2. Cleansing; fitted to remove moisture; dirt, etc. [Obs.] "With cleanly powder dry their hair." Prior.

3. Adroit; skillful; dexterous; artful. [Obs.] Through his fine handling and his cleanly play. Spenser.

CLEANLY Clean"ly, adv.

1. In a clean manner; neatly. He was very cleanly dressed. Dickens.

2. Innocently; without stain. Shak.

3. Adroitly; dexterously. Middleton.

CLEANNESS Clean"ness, n. Etym: [AS. cl. See Clean.]

1. The state or quality of being clean.

2. Purity of life or language; freedom from licentious courses. Chaucer.

CLEANSABLE Cleans"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being cleansed. Sherwood.

CLEANSE Cleanse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleansed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleansing.] Etym: [AS. clænsian, fr. clæne clean. See Clean.]

Defn: To render clean; to free from fith, pollution, infection, guilt, etc.; to clean. If we walk in the light . . . the blood of Jesus Christ his son cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John i. 7. Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseased, And with some sweet oblivious antidote Cleanse the suffed bosom of that perilous stuff Which weighs upon the heart Shak.

CLEANSER Cleans"er, n. Etym: [AS. cl.]

Defn: One who, or that which, cleanses; a detergent. Arbuthnot.

CLEAN-TIMBERED Clean"-tim`bered, a.

Defn: Well-propotioned; symmetrical. [Poetic] Shak.

CLEAR Clear, a. [Compar. Clearer; superl. Clearest.] Etym: [OE. cler, cleer, OF. cler, F. clair, fr.L. clarus, clear, broght, loud, distinct, renownwd; perh. akin to L. clamare to call, E. claim. Cf. Chanticleer, Clairvoyant, Claret, Clarufy.]

1. Free from opaqueness; transparent; bright; light; luminous; unclouded. The stream is so transparent, pure, and clear. Denham. Fair as the moon, clear as the sun. Canticles vi. 10.

2. Free from ambiquity or indistinctness; lucid; perspicuous; plain; evident; manifest; indubitable. One truth is clear; whatever is, is right. Pop

3. Able to perceive clearly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating; as, a clear intellect; a clear head. Mother of science! now I feel thy power Within me clear, not only to discern Things in their causes, but to trace the ways Of highest agents. Milton.

4. Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful. With a countenance as clear As friendship wears at feasts. Shak.

5. Easily or distinctly heard; audible; canorous. Hark! the numbers soft and clear Gently steal upon the ear. Pope.

6. Without mixture; entirely pure; as, clear sand.

7. Without defect or blemish, such as freckles or knots; as, a clear complexion; clear lumber.

8. Free from guilt or stain; unblemished. Statesman, yet friend to truth! in soul sincere, In action faithful, and in honor clear. Pope.

9. Without diminution; in full; net; as, clear profit. I often wished that I had clear, For life, six hundred pounds a-year. Swift .

10. Free from impediment or obstruction; unobstructed; as, a clear view; to keep clear of debt. My companion . . . left the way clear for him. Addison.

11. Free from embarrassment; detention, etc. The cruel corporal whispered in my ear, Five pounds, if rightly tipped, would set me clear. Gay. Clear breach. See under Breach, n., 4. -- Clear days (Law.), days reckoned from one day to another, excluding both the first and last day; as, from Sunday to Sunday there are six clear days. -- Clear stuff, boards, planks, etc., free from knots.

Syn. -- Manifest; pure; unmixed; pellucid; transparent; luminous; obvious; visible; plain; evident; apparent; distinct; perspicuous. See Manifest.

CLEAR Clear, n. (Carp.)

Defn: Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls; as, a room ten feet square in the clear.

CLEAR Clear, adv.

1. In a clear manner; plainly. Now clear I understand What oft . . . thoughts have searched in vain. Milton.

2. Without limitation; wholly; quite; entirely; as, to cut a piece clear off.

CLEAR Clear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleared; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearing.]

1. To render bright, transparent, or undimmed; to free from clouds. He sweeps the skies and clears the cloudy north. Dryden.

2. To free from impurities; to clarify; to cleanse.

3. To free from obscurity or ambiguity; to relive of perplexity; to make perspicuous. Many knotty points there are Which all discuss, but few can clear. Prior.

4. To render more quick or acute, as the understanding; to make perspicacious. Our common prints would clear up their understandings. Addison

5. To free from impediment or incumbrance, from defilement, or from anything injurious, useless, or offensive; as, to clear land of trees or brushwood, or from stones; to clear the sight or the voice; to clear one's self from debt; -- often used with of, off, away, or out. Clear your mind of cant. Dr. Johnson. A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous matter. Addison.

6. To free from the imputation of guilt; to justify, vindicate, or acquit; -- often used with from before the thing imputed. I . . . am sure he will clear me from partiality. Dryden. How! wouldst thou clear rebellion Addison.

7. To leap or pass by, or over, without touching or fallure; as, to clear a hedge; to clear a reef.

8. To gain without deduction; to net. The profit which she cleared on the cargo. Macaulay. To clear a ship at the customhouse, to exhibit the documents required by law, give bonds, or perform other acts requisite, and procure a permission to sail, and such papers as the law requires. -- To clear a ship for action, or To clear for action (Naut.), to remove incumbrances from the decks, and prepare for an engagement. -- To clear the land (Naut.), to gain such a distance from shore as to have sea room, and be out of danger from the land. -- To clear hawse (Naut.), to disentangle the cables when twisted. -- To clear up, to explain; to dispel, as doubts, cares or fears.

CLEAR Clear, v. i.

1. To become free from clouds or fog; to become fair; -- often fallowed by up, off, or away. So foul a sky clears without a strom. Shak. Advise him to stay till the weather clears up. Swift.

2. To disengage one's self frpm incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free. [He that clears at once will relapse; for finding himself out of straits, he will revert to the customs; but he that cleareth by degrees induceth a habit of frugality. Bacon.

3. (Banking)

Defn: To make exchanges of checks and bills, and settle balances, as is done in a clearing house.

4. To obtain a clearance; as, the steamer cleared for Liverpool to- day. To clear out, to go or run away; to depart. [Colloq.]

CLEARAGE Clear"age, n.

Defn: The act of reforming anything; clearance. [R.]

CLEARANCE Clear"ance, n.

1. The act of clearing; as, to make a through clearance.

2. A certificate that a ship or vessel has been cleared at the customhouse; permission to sail. Every ship was subject to seizure for want of stamped clearances. Durke

3. Clear or net profit. Trollope.

4. (Mach.)

Defn: The distance by which one object clears another, as the distance between the piston and cylinder head at the end of a stroke in a steam engine, or the least distance between the point of a cogwell tooth and the bottom of a space between teeth of a wheel with which it engages. Clearance space (Steam engine), the space inclosed in one end of the cylinder, between the valve or valves and the piston, at the beginning of a stroke; waste room. It includes the space caused by the piston's clearance and the space in ports, passageways, etc. Its volume is often expressed as a certain proportion of the volume swept by the piston in a single stroke.

CLEARCOLE Clear"cole`, n. [F. claire colle clear glue; clair clear (f. claire) + colle glue, Gr. ]

Defn: A priming of size mixed with whiting or white lead, used in house painting, etc.; also, a size upon which gold leaf is applied in gilding.

CLEARCOLE Clear"cole`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearcoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearcoling.]

Defn: To coat or paint with clearcole.

CLEAR-CUT Clear"-cut`, a.

1. Having a sharp, distinct outline, like that of a cameo. She has . . . a cold and clear-cut face. Tennyson.

2. Concisely and distinctly expressed.

CLEAREDNESS Clear"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being cleared. Imputed by his friends to the clearedness, by his foes to the searedness, of his conscience. T. Fuller.

CLEARER Clear"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, clears. Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding. Addison.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A tool of which the hemp for lines and twines, used by sailmakers, is finished.

CLEAR-HEADED Clear"-head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a clear understanding; quick of perception; intelligent. "He was laborious and clear-headed." Macaulay. -- Clear"-head`ed*ness, n.

CLEARING Clear"ing, n.

1. The act or process of making clear. The better clearing of this point. South.

2. A tract of land cleared of wood for cultivation. A lonely clearing on the shores of Moxie Lake. J. Burroughs.

3. A method adopted by banks and bankers for making an exchange of checks held by each against the others, and settling differences of accounts.

Note: In England, a similar method has been adopted by railroads for adjusting their accounts with each other.

4. The gross amount of the balances adjusted in the clearing house. Clearing house, the establishment where the business of clearing is carried on. See above, 3.

CLEARLY Clear"ly, adv.

Defn: In a clear manner.

CLEARNESS Clear"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being clear.

Syn. -- Clearness, Perspicuity. Clearness has reference to our ideas, and springs from a distinct conception of the subject under consideration. Perspicuity has reference to the mode of expressing our ideas and belongs essentially to style. Hence we speak of a writer as having clear ideas, a clear arrangement, and perspicuous phraseology. We do at times speak of a person's having great clearness of style; but in such cases we are usually thinking of the clearness of his ideas as manifested in language. "Whenever men think clearly, and are thoroughly interested, they express themselves with perspicuity and force." Robertson.

CLEAR-SEEING Clear"-see`ing, a.

Defn: Having a clear physical or mental vision; having a clear understanding.

CLEAR-SHINING Clear"-shin`ing, a.

Defn: Shining brightly. Shak.

CLEAR-SIGHTED Clear"-sight`ed, a.

Defn: Seeing with clearness; discerning; as, clear-sighted reason

CLEAR-SIGHTEDNESS Clear"-sight`ed*ness, n.

Defn: Acute discernment.

CLEARSTARCH Clear"starch`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clearstarched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clearstraching.]

Defn: To stiffen with starch, and then make clear by clapping with the hands; as, to clearstarch muslin.

CLEARSTARCHER Clear"starch`er, n.

Defn: One who clearstarches.

CLEARSTORY; CLERESTORY Clear"sto`ry, Clere"sto`ry, n. (Arch.)

Defn: The upper story of the nave of a church, containing windows, and rising above the aisle roofs.

CLEARWING Clear"wing`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lepidop terous insect with partially transparent wings, of the family Ægeriadæ, of which the currant and peach-tree borers are examples.

CLEAT Cleat (klet), n. Etym: [OE. clete wedge; cf.D. kloot ball, Ger. kloss, klotz, lump. clod, MHG. kloz lump, ball, wedge, OHG. chloz ball, round mass.]

1. (Carp.)

Defn: A strip of wood or iron fastened on transversely to something in order to give strength, prevent warping, hold position, etc.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A device made of wood or metal, having two arms, around which turns may be taken with a line or rope so as to hold securely and yet be readily released. It is bolted by the middle to a deck or mast, etc., or it may be lashed to a rope.

CLEAT Cleat, v. t.

Defn: To strengthen with a cleat.

CLEAVABLE Cleav"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of cleaving or being divided.

CLEAVAGE Cleav"age, n.

1. The act of cleaving or splitting.

2. (Crystallog.)

Defn: The quality possessed by many crystallized substances of splitting readily in one or more definite directions, in which the cohesive attraction is a minimum, affording more or less smooth surfaces; the direction of the dividing plane; a fragment obtained by cleaving, as of a diamond. See Parting.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: Division into laminæ, like slate, with the lamination not necessarily parallel to the plane of deposition; -- usually produced by pressure. Basal cleavage, cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes. -- Cell cleavage (Biol.), multiplication of cells by fission. See Segmentation. -- Cubuc cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of a cube. -- Diagonal cleavage, cleavage parallel to ta diagonal plane. -- Egg clavage. (Biol.) See Segmentation. -- Lateral cleavage, cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. -- Octahedral, Dodecahedral, or Rhombohedral, cleavage, cleavage parallel to the faces of an octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron. -- Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical prism.

CLEAVE Cleave, v. i. [.. Cleaved (, Clave (, (Obs.); p. p. Cleaved; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] Etym: [OE. cleovien, clivien, cliven, AS. cleofian, clifian; akin to OS. klibon, G. kleben, LG. kliven, D. kleven, Dan. klæbe, Sw. klibba, and also to G. kleiben to cleve, paste, Icel. klifa to climb. Cf. Climb.]

1. To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast; to cling. My bones cleave to my skin. Ps. cii. 5. The diseases of Egypt . . . shall cleave unto thee. Deut. xxviii. 60. Sophistry cleaves close to and protects Sin's rotten trunk, concealing its defects. Cowper.

2. To unite or be united closely in interest or affection; to adhere with strong attachment. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife. Gen. ii. 24. Cleave unto the Lord your God. Josh. xxiii. 8.

3. To fit; to be adapted; to assimilate. [Poetic.] New honors come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mold But with the aid of use. Shak.

CLEAVE Cleave, v. t. [imp. Cleft, Clave (, Clove (, (Obsolescent); p. p. Cleft, Cleaved ( or Cloven (; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleaving.] Etym: [OE. cleoven, cleven, AS. cleófan; akin to OS. klioban, D. klooven, G. klieben, Icel. kljufa, Sw. klyfva, Dan. klöve and prob. to Gr. glubere to peel. Cf. Cleft.]

1. To part or divide by force; to split or rive; to cut. O Hamlet, thou hast cleft my heart in twain. Shak.

2. To pert or open naturally; to divide. Every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws. Deut. xiv. 6.

CLEAVE Cleave, v. i.

Defn: To part; to open; to crack; to separate; as parts of bodies; as, the ground cleaves by frost. The Mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst. Zech. xiv. 4.

CLEAVELANDITE Cleave"land*ite, n. Etym: [From Professor Parker Cleaveland.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of albite, white and lamellar in structure.

CLEAVER Cleav"er, n.

Defn: One who cleaves, or that which cleaves; especially, a butcher's instrument for cutting animal bodies into joints or pieces.

CLEAVERS Cleav"ers, n. Etym: [From Cleave to stick.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Galium (G. Aparine), having a fruit set with hooked bristles, which adhere to whatever they come in contact with; -- called also, goose grass, catchweed, etc.

CLECHE Clé`ché", a. Etym: [F. cléché.] (Her.)

Defn: Charged with another bearing of the same figure, and of the color of the field, so large that only a narrow border of the first bearing remains visible; -- said of any heraldic bearing. Compare Voided.

CLECHY Cle"chy, a.

Defn: See Cléché.

CLEDGE Cledge, n. Etym: [Cf. Clay.] (Mining.)

Defn: The upper stratum of fuller's earth.

CLEDGY Cledg"y, a.

Defn: Stiff, stubborn, clayey, or tenacious; as, a cledgy soil. Halliwell.

CLEE Clee, n.

Defn: A claw. [Holland.

CLEE Clee, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The redshank.

CLEEK Cleek, n.

1. A large hook or crook, as for a pot over a fire; specif., an iron- headed golf club with a straight, narrow face and a long shaft.

2. Act of cleeking; a clutch. [Scot.]

CLEEK Cleek, v. t. [pret. Claught; pret. & p. p. Cleeked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleeking.] [ME. cleken, clechen, to seize, clutch; perh. akin to E. clutch.] [Scot & Dial. Eng.]

1.

Defn: To seize; clutch; snatch; catch; pluck.

2. To catch or draw out with a cleek, as a fish; to hook.

3. To hook or link (together); hence, to marry. Scott.

CLEF Clef, n. Etym: [F. clef key, a key in music, fr. L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.)

Defn: A character used in musical notation to determine the position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.

Note: The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of these letters. They indicate that the letters of absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C clef under C, 2. Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass.

CLEFT Cleft, imp. & p. p.

Defn: from Cleave.

CLEFT Cleft, a.

1. Divided; split; partly divided or split.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Incised nearly to the midrob; as, a cleft leaf.

CLEFT Cleft, n. Etym: [OE. clift; cf. Sw. klyft cave, den, Icel. kluft cleft, Dan. klöft, G. kluft. See Cleave to split and cf. 2d Clift, 1st Clough.]

1. A space or opening made by splitting; a crack; a crevice; as, the cleft of a rock. Is. ii. 21.

2. A piece made by splitting; as, a cleft of wood.

3. (Far.)

Defn: A disease in horses; a crack on the band of the pastern. Branchial clefts. See under Branchial.

Syn. -- Crack; crevice; fissure; chink; cranny.

CLEFT-FOOTED Cleft"-foot`ed, a.

Defn: Having a cloven foot.

CLEFTGRAFT Cleft"graft`, v. t.

Defn: To ingraft by cleaving the stock and inserting a scion. Mortimer.

CLEG Cleg, n. Etym: [Northern Eng. & Scot. gleg: cf. Gael. crethleag.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small breeze or horsefly. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.

CLEISTOGAMIC; CLEISTOGAMOUS Cleis`to*gam"ic, Cleis*tog"a*mous a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Having, beside the usual flowers, other minute, closed flowers, without petals or with minute petals; -- said of certain species of plants which possess flowers of two or more kinds, the closed ones being so constituted as to insure self-fertilization. Darwin.

CLEM Clem, v. t. & i. Etym: [Cf. clam to clog, or G. klemmen to pinch, Icel. kl, E. clamp.]

Defn: To starve; to famish. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CLEMATIS Clem"a*tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of flowering plants, of many species, mostly climbers, having feathery styles, which greatly enlarge in the fruit; -- called also virgin's bower.

CLEMENCE Clem"ence, n.

Defn: Clemency. [Obs.] Spenser.

CLEMENCY Clem"en*cy, n.; pl. Clemencies. Etym: [L. clementia, fr. clemens mild, calm.]

1. Disposition to forgive and spare, as offenders; mildness of temper; gentleness; tenderness; mercy. Great clemency and tender zeal toward their subjects. Stowe. They had applied for the royal clemency. Macaulay.

2. Mildness or softness of the elements; as, the clemency of the season.

Syn. -- Mildness; tenderness; indulgence; lenity; mercy; gentleness; compassion; kindness.

CLEMENT Clem"ent, a. Etym: [L. clemens; -entis; cf. F. cl.]

Defn: Mild in temper and disposition; merciful; compassionate. Shak. -- Clem"ent*ly, adv.

CLEMENTINE Clem"ent*ine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Clement, esp. to St.Clement of Rome and the spurious homilies attributed to him, or to Pope Clement V. and his compilations of canon law.

CLENCH Clench, n. & v. t.

Defn: See Clinch.

CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE Cle`o*pa"tra's nee"dle. [So named after Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.]

Defn: Either of two obelisks which were moved in ancient times from Heliopolis to Alexandria, one of which is now on the Thames Embankment in London, and the other in Central Park, in the City of New York.

Some writers consider that only the obelisk now in Central Park is properly called Cleopatra's needle.

CLEPE Clepe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cleped or; p. pr. & vb. n. Cleping. Cf. Ycleped.] Etym: [AS. clepan, cleopian, clipian, clypian, to cry, call.]

Defn: To call, or name. [Obs.] That other son was cleped Cambalo. Chaucer.

CLEPE Clepe, v. i.

Defn: To make appeal; to cry out. [Obs.] Wandering in woe, and to the heavens on high Cleping for vengeance of this treachery. Mir. for Mag.

CLEPSINE Clep"si*ne, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of freshwater leeches, furnished with a proboscis. They feed upon mollusks and worms.

CLEPSYDRA Clep"sy*dra, n. Etym: [L. from Gr.

Defn: A water clock; a contrivance for measuring time by the graduated flow of a liquid, as of water, through a small aperture. See Illust. in Appendix.

CLEPTOMANIA Clep`to*ma"ni*a, n. Etym: [NL.]

Defn: See Kleptomania.

CLERESTORY Clere"sto`ry, n.

Defn: Same as Clearstory.

CLERGEON Cler"geon, n. Etym: [F., dim. of clerc. See Clerk.]

Defn: A chorister boy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLERGIAL Cler"gi*al, a.

Defn: Learned; erudite; clercial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLERGICAL Cler"gi*cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the clergy; clerical; clerkily; learned. [Obs.] Milton.

CLERGY Cler"gy, n. Etym: [OE. clergie, clergi, clerge, OF. clergie, F. clergie (fr. clerc clerc, fr. L. clericus priest) confused with OF. clergié, F. clergé, fr. LL. clericatus office of priest, monastic life, fr. L. clericus priest, LL. scholar, clerc. Both the Old French words meant clergy, in sense 1, the former having also sense 2. See Clerk.]

1. The body of men set apart, by due ordination, to the service of God, in the Christian church, in distinction from the laity; in England, usually restricted to the ministers of the Established Church. Hooker.

2. Learning; also, a learned profession. [Obs.] Sophictry . . . rhetoric, and other cleargy. Guy of Warwick. Put their second sons to learn some clergy. State Papers (1515).

3. The privilege or benefit of clergy. If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction. Blackstone. Benefit of clergy (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge -- a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks. This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV. (1827). -- Regular clergy, Secular clergy See Regular, n., and Secular, a.

CLERGYABLE Cler"gy*a*ble, a.

Defn: Entitled to, or admitting, the benefit of clergy; as, a clergyable felony. Blackstone.

CLERGYMAN Cler"gy*man, n.; pl. Clergymen.

Defn: An ordained minister; a man regularly authorized to peach the gospel, and administer its ordinances; in England usually restricted to a minister of the Established Church.

CLERIC Cler"ic, n. Etym: [AS., fr. L. clericus. See Clerk.]

Defn: A clerk, a clergyman. [R.] Bp. Horsley.

CLERIC Cler"ic, a.

Defn: Same as Clerical.

CLERICAL Cler"ic*al, a. Etym: [LL. clericalis. See Clerk.]

1. Of or pertaining to the clergy; suitable for the clergy. "A clerical education." Burke.

2. Of or relating to a clerk or copyist, or to writing. "Clerical work." E. Everett. A clerical error, an error made in copying or writing.

CLERICALISM Cler"ic*al*ism, n.

Defn: An excessive devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order; undue influence of the clergy; sacerdotalism.

CLERICITY Cler*ic"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being a clergyman.

CLERISY Cler"i*sy, n. Etym: [LL. clericia. See Clergy.]

1. The literati, or well educated class.

2. The clergy, or their opinions, as opposed to the laity.

CLERK Clerk (; in Eng. ; 277), n. Etym: [Either OF. clerc, fr. L. clericus a priest, or AS. clerc, cleric, clerk, priest, fr. L. clericus, fr. Gr. Clergy.]

1. A clergyman or ecclesiastic. [Obs.] All persons were styled clerks that served in the church of Christ. Ayliffe.

2. A man who could read; a scholar; a learned person; a man of letters. [Obs.] "Every one that could read . . . being accounted a clerk." Blackstone. He was no great clerk, but he was perfectly well versed in the interests of Europe. Burke.

3. A parish officer, being a layman who leads in reading the responses of the Episcopal church service, and otherwise assists in it. [Eng.] Hook. And like unlettered clerk still cry "Amen". Shak.

4. One employed to keep records or accounts; a scribe; an accountant; as, the clerk of a court; a town clerk. The clerk of the crown . . . withdrew the bill. Strype.

Note: In some cases, clerk is synonymous with secretary. A clerk is always an officer subordinate to a higher officer, board, corporation, or person; whereas a secretary may be either a subordinate or the head of an office or department.

5. An assistant in a shop or store. [U. S.]

CLERK-ALE Clerk"-ale` ( in Eng. , n.

Defn: A feast for the benefit of the parish clerk. [Eng.] T. Warton.

CLERKLESS Clerk"less, a.

Defn: Unlearned. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

CLERKLIKE Clerk"like`, a.

Defn: Scholarlike. [Obs.] Shak.

CLERKLINESS Clerk"li*ness, n.

Defn: Scholarship. [Obs.]

CLERKLY Clerk"ly, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a clerk. Cranmer.

CLERKLY Clerk"ly, adv.

Defn: In a scholarly manner. [Obs.] Shak.

CLERKSHIP Clerk"ship, n.

Defn: State, quality, or business of a clerk.

CLEROMANCY Cler"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy; cf. F. cléromancie.]

Defn: A divination by throwing dice or casting lots.

CLERONOMY Cle*ron"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Inheritance; heritage.

CLERSTORY Cler"sto`ry, n.

Defn: See Clearstory.

CLEVER Clev"er, a. Etym: [Origin uncertain. Cf. OE. cliver eager, AS. clyfer (in comp.) cloven; or clifer a claw, perh. connected with E. cleave to divide, split, the meaning of E. clever perh. coming from the idea of grasping, seizing (with the mind).]

1. Possessing quickness of intellect, skill, dexterity, talent, or adroitness; expert. Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two great creative minds. Macaulay. Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever. C. Kingsley.

2. Showing skill or adroitness in the doer or former; as, a clever speech; a clever trick. Byron.

3. Having fitness, propriety, or suitableness. "T would sound more clever To me and to my heirs forever. Swift.

4. Well-shaped; handsome. "The girl was a tight, clever wench as any was." Arbuthnot.

5. Good-natured; obliging. [U. S.]

Syn. -- See Smart.

CLEVERISH Clev"er*ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat clever. [R.]

CLEVERLY Clev"er*ly, adv.

Defn: In a clever manner. Never was man so clever absurd. C. Smart.

CLEVERNESS Clev"er*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being clever; skill; dexterity; adroitness.

Syn. -- See Ingenuity.

CLEVIS Clev"is, n. Etym: [Cf. Cleave to adhere, Clavel.]

Defn: A piece of metal bent in the form of an oxbow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of the tongue of a plow, wagen, etc., to attach it to a draft chain, whiffletree, etc.; -- called also clavel, clevy.

CLEW; CLUE Clew, Clue, n. Etym: [OE. clewe, clowe, clue, AS. cleowen, cliwen, clywe ball of thread; akin to D. kluwen, OHG. chliwa, chliuwa, G. dim. kleuel, knäuel, and perch. to L. gluma hull, husk, Skr. glaus sort of ball or tumor. Perch. akin to E. claw. *26. Cf. Knawel.]

1. A ball of thread, yarn, or cord; also, The thread itself. Untwisting his deceitful clew. Spenser.

2. That which guides or directs one in anything of a doubtful or intricate nature; that which gives a hint in the solution of a mystery. The clew, without which it was perilous to enter the vast and intricate maze of countinental politics, was in his hands. Macaulay.

3. (Naut.) (a.)

Defn: A lower corner of a square sail, or the after corner of a fore- and-aft sail. (b.)

Defn: A loop and thimbles at the corner of a sail. (c.)

Defn: A combination of lines or nettles by which a hammock is suspended. Clew garnet (Naut.), one of the ropes by which the clews of the courses of square-rigged vessels are drawn up to the lower yards. -- Clew line (Naut.), a rope by which a clew of one of the smaller square sails, as topsail, topgallant sail, or royal, is run up to its yard. -- Clew-line block (Naut.), The block through which a clew line reeves. See Illust. of Block.

CLEW Clew, v. t. [imp. & p. p. & vb. n. Clewing.] Etym: [Cf. D. kluwenen. See Clew, n.]

1. To direct; to guide, as by a thread. [Obs.] Direct and clew me out the way to happiness. Beau. && Fl.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: To move of draw (a sail or yard) by means of the clew garnets, clew lines, etc.; esp. to draw up the clews of a square sail to the yard. To clew down (Naut.), to force (a yard) down by hauling on the clew lines. -- To clew up (Naut.), to draw (a sail) up to the yard, as for furling.

CLICHE Cli`ché", n. Etym: [F. cliché, from clicher to stereotype.]

Defn: A stereotype plate or any similar reproduction of ornament, or lettering, in relief. Cliché casting, a mode of obtaining an impression from a die or woodcut, or the like, by striking it suddenly upon metal which has been fused and is just becoming solid; also, the casting so obtained.

CLICK Click, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clicked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clicking.] Etym: [Prob. an onomatopoetic word: cf. OF. cliquier. See Clack, and cf. Clink, Clique.]

Defn: To make a slight, sharp noise (or a succession of such noises), as by gentle striking; to tick. The varnished clock that clicked behind the door. Goldsmith.

CLICK Click, v. t.

1. To more with the sound of a click. She clicked back the bolt which held the window sash. Thackeray.

2. To cause to make a clicking noise, as by striking together, or against something. [Jove] clicked all his marble thumbs. Ben Jonson. When merry milkmaids click the latch. Tennyson.

CLICK Click, n.

1. A slight sharp noise, such as is made by the cocking of a pistol.

2. A kind of articulation used by the natives of Southern Africa, consisting in a sudden withdrawal of the end or some other portion of the tongue from a part of the mouth with which it is in contact, whereby a sharp, clicking sound is produced. The sounds are four in number, and are called cerebral, palatal, dental, and lateral clicks or clucks, the latter being the noise ordinarily used in urging a horse forward.

CLICK Click, v. t. Etym: [OE. kleken, clichen. Cf. Clutch.]

Defn: To snatch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CLICK Click, n. Etym: [Cf. 4th Click, and OF. clique latch.]

1. A detent, pawl, or ratchet, as that which catches the cogs of a ratchet wheel to prevent backward motion. See Illust. of Ratched wheel.

2. The latch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

CLICK BEETLE Click" bee"tle. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Elater.

CLICKER Click"er, n.

1. One who stands before a shop door to invite people to buy. [Low, Eng.]

2. (Print.)

Defn: One who as has charge of the work of a companionship.

CLICKET Click"et, n. Etym: [OF. cliquet the latch of a door. See 5th Click.]

1. The knocker of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A latch key. [Eng.] Chaucer.

CLICKY Click"y, a.

Defn: Resembling a click; abounding in clicks. "Their strange clicky language." The Century.

CLIDASTES Cli*das"tes, n. Etym: [NL., prob. from Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of exinct marine reptiles, allied to the Mosasaurus. See Illust. in Appendix.

CLIENCY Cli"en*cy, n.

Defn: State of being a client.

CLIENT Cli"ent, n. Etym: [L. cliens, -emtis, for cluens, one who hears (in relation to his protector), a client, fr. L. cluere to be named or called; akin to Gr. çry, and E. loud: cf. F. client. See Loud.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and influence, who was called his patron.

2. A dependent; one under the protection of another. I do think they are your friends and clients, And fearful to disturb you. B. Jonson.

3. (Law)

Defn: One who consults a legal adviser, or submits his cause to his management.

CLIENTAGE Cli"ent*age, n.

1. State of being client.

2. A body of clients. E. Everett.

CLIENTAL Cli*en"tal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a client. A dependent and cliental relation. Burke. I sat down in the cliental chair. Dickens.

CLIENTED Cli"ent*ed, a.

Defn: Supplied with clients. [R.] The least cliented pettifiggers. R. Carew.

CLIENTELAGE Cli*en"te*lage, n.

Defn: See Clientele, n., 2.

CLIENTELE Cli`en*tele" ( or ), n. Etym: [L. clientela: cf. F. clientèle.]

1. The condition or position of a client; clientship. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. The clients or dependents of a nobleman of patron.

3. The persons who make habitual use of the services of another person; one's clients, collectively; as, the clientele of a lawyer, doctor, notary, etc.

CLIENTSHIP Cli"ent*ship, n.

Defn: Condition of a client; state of being under the protection of a patron. Dryden.

CLIFF Cliff, n. Etym: [AS. clif, cloef; akin to OS. klif, D. klif, klip, Icel. klif, Dan. & G. klippe, Sw. klippa; perh. orig. a climbing place. See Climb.]

Defn: A high, steep rock; a precipice. Cliff swallow (Zoöl.), a North American swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons), which builds its nest against cliffs; the eaves swallow.

CLIFF Cliff, n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Clef. [Obs.]

CLIFF LIMESTONE Cliff" lime"stone`. (Geol.)

Defn: A series of limestone strata found in Ohio and farther west, presenting bluffs along the rivers and valleys, formerly supposed to be of one formation, but now known to be partly Silurian and partly Devonian.

CLIFFY Cliff"y, a.

Defn: Having cliffs; broken; craggy.

CLIFT Clift, n. Etym: [See 1st Cliff, n.]

Defn: A cliff. [Obs.] That gainst the craggy clifts did loudly roar. Spenser.

CLIFT Clift, n. Etym: [See Cleft, n.]

1. A cleft of crack; a narrow opening. [Obs.]

2. The fork of the legs; the crotch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLIFTED Clift"ed, a. Etym: [From Clift a cleft.]

Defn: Broken; fissured. Climb the Andeclifted side. Grainger.

CLIMACTER Cli*mac"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. climactère. See Climax.]

Defn: See Climacteric, n.

CLIMACTERIC Cli*mac"ter*ic ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. climactericus, Gr. Climacter.]

Defn: Relating to a climacteric; critical.

CLIMACTERIC Cli*mac"ter*ic, n.

1. A period in human life in which some great change is supposed to take place in the constitution. The critical periods are thought by some to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the 81st year.

2. Any critical period. It is your lot, as it was mine, to live during one of the grand climacterics of the world. Southey. Grand or Great climacteric, the sixty-third year of human life. I should hardly yield my rigid fibers to be regenerated by them; nor begin, in my grand climacteric, to squall in their new accents, or to stammer, in my second cradle, the elemental sounds of their barbarous metaphysics. Burke.

CLIMACTERICAL Clim`ac*ter"ic*al, a. & n.

Defn: See Climacteric. Evelyn.

CLIMACTIC Cli*mac"tic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a climax; forming, or of the nature of, a climax, or ascending series.

A fourth kind of parallelism . . . is still sufficiently marked to be noticed by the side of those described by Lowth, viz., climactic parallelism (sometimes called "ascending rhythm"). S. R. Driver.

CLIMATAL Cli"ma*tal, a.

Defn: Climatic. Dunglison.

CLIMATARCHIC Cli`ma*tar"chic, a. Etym: [Climate + Gr.

Defn: Presiding over, or regulating, climates.

CLIMATE Cli"mate, n. Etym: [F. climat, L. clima, -atis, fr. Gr. lean, v. i. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Clime.]

1. (Anc. Geog.)

Defn: One of thirty regions or zones, parallel to the equator, into which the surface of the earth from the equator to the pole was divided, according to the successive increase of the length of the midsummer day.

2. The condition of a place in relation to various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, etc., especially as they affect animal or vegetable life.

CLIMATE Cli"mate, v. i.

Defn: To dwell. [Poetic] Shak.

CLIMATIC Cli*mat"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a climate; depending on, or limited by, a climate.

CLIMATICAL Cli*mat"ic*al, a.

Defn: Climatic.

CLIMATIZE Cli"ma*tize, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Climatized; p. pr. & vb. n. Climatizing.]

Defn: To acclimate or become acclimated.

CLIMATOGRAPHY Cli`ma*tog"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Climate + -graphy.]

Defn: A description of climates.

CLIMATOLOGICAL Cli`ma*to*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to climatology.

CLIMATOLOGIST Cli`ma*tol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in, or who studies, climatology.

CLIMATOLOGY Cli`ma*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Climate + -logy: cf. F. climatologie.]

Defn: The science which treats of climates and investigates their phenomena and causes. Brande & C.

CLIMATURE Cli"ma*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. climature.]

Defn: A climate. [Obs.] Shak.

CLIMAX Cli"max, n. Etym: [L., from Gr. Ladder, Lean, v. i.]

1. Upward movement; steady increase; gradation; ascent. Glanvill.

2. (Rhet.)

Defn: A figure of which the parts of a sentence or paragraph are so arranged that each sicceeding one rise "Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope" -- a happy climax. J. D. Forbes.

3. The highest point; the greatest degree. We must look higher for the climax of earthly good. I. Taylor. To cap the climax, to surpass everything, as in excellence or in absurdity. [Colloq.]

CLIMB Climb, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Climbed, Obs. or Vulgar Clomb (; p. pr. & vb. n. Climbing.] Etym: [AS. climban; akin to OHG. chlimban, G. & D. klimmen, Icel. klifa, and E. cleave to adhere.]

1. To ascend or mount laboriously, esp. by use of the hands and feet.

2. To ascend as if with effort; to rise to a higher point. Black vapors climb aloft, and cloud the day. Dryden.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: To ascend or creep upward by twining about a support, or by attaching itself by tendrills, rootlets, etc., to a support or upright surface.

CLIMB Climb, v. t.

Defn: To ascend, as by means of the hands and feet, or laboriously or slowly; to mount.

CLIMB Climb, n.

Defn: The act of one who climbs; ascent by climbing. Warburton.

CLIMBABLE Climb"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being climbed.

CLIMBER Climb"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, climbs: (a) (Bot.) A plant that climbs. (b) (Zoöl.) A bird that climbs, as a woodpecker or a parrot.

CLIMBER Climb"er, v. i. Etym: [From Climb; cf. Clamber.]

Defn: To climb; to mount with effort; to clamber. [Obs.] Tusser.

CLIMBING Climb"ing,

Defn: p. pr. & vb. n. of Climb. Climbing fern. See under Fern. -- Climbing perch. (Zoöl.) See Anabas, and Labyrinthici.

CLIME Clime, n. Etym: [L. clima. See Climate.]

Defn: A climate; a tract or region of the earth. See Climate. Turn we to sutvey, Where rougher climes a nobler race display. Goldsmith.

CLINANTHIUM Cli*nan"thi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The receptacle of the flowers in a composite plant; -- also called clinium.

CLINCH Clinch (; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinching.] Etym: [OE. clenchen, prop. causative of clink to cause to clink, to strike; cf. D. klinken to tinkle, rivet. See Clink.]

1. To hold firmly; to hold fast by grasping or embracing tightly. "Clinch the pointed spear." Dryden.

2. To set closely together; to close tightly; as, to clinch the teeth or the first. Swift.

3. The bend or turn over the point of (something that has been driven trough an object), so that it will hold fast; as, to clinch a nail.

4. To make conclusive; to confirm; to establish; as, to clinch an argument. South.

CLINCH Clinch, v. i.

Defn: To hold fast; to grasp something firmly; to seize or grasp one another.

CLINCH Clinch, n.

1. The act or process of holding fast; that which serves to hold fast; a grip; a grasp; a clamp; a holdfast; as, to get a good clinch of an antagonist, or of a weapon; to secure anything by a clinch.

2. A pun. Pope.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A hitch or bend by which a rope is made fast to the ring of an anchor, or the breeching of a ship's gun to the ringbolts.

CLINCHER Clinch"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, clinches; that which holds fast. Pope.

2. That which ends a dispute or controversy; a decisive argument.

CLINCHER-BUILT Clinch"er-built, a.

Defn: See Clinker-built.

CLING Cling, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clung, Clong (Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Clinging.] Etym: [AS. clingan to adhere, to wither; akin to Dan. klynge to cluster, crowd. Cf. Clump.]

Defn: To adhere closely; to stick; to hold fast, especially by twining round or embracing; as, the tendril of a vine clings to its support; -- usually followed by to or together. And what hath life for thee That thou shouldst cling to it thus Mrs. Hemans.

CLING Cling, v. t.

1. To cause to adhere to, especially by twining round or embraching. [Obs.] I clung legs as close to his side as I could. Swift.

2. To make to dry up or wither. [Obs.] If thou speak'st false, Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, Till famine cling thee. Shak.

CLING Cling, n.

Defn: Adherence; attachment; devotion. [R.] A more tenacious cling to worldly respects. Milton.

CLINGSTONE Cling"stone`, a.

Defn: Having the flesh attached closely to the stone, as in some kinds of peaches. -- n.

Defn: A fruit, as a peach, whose flesh adheres to the stone.

CLINGY Cling"y, a.

Defn: Apt to cling; adhesive. [R.]

CLINIC Clin"ic, n. Etym: [See Clinical.]

1. One confined to the bed by sickness.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: One who receives baptism on a sick bed. [Obs.] Hook.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A school, or a session of a school or class, in which medicine or surgery is taught by the examination and treatment of patients in the presence of the pupils.

CLINICAL; CLINIC Clin"ic*al, Clin"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. clinique. See Lean, v. i.]

1. Of or pertaining to a bed, especially, a sick bed.

2. Of or pertaining to a clinic, or to the study of disease in the living subject. Clinical baptism, baptism administered to a person on a sick bed. -- Clinical instruction, instruction by means of clinics. -- Clinical lecture (Med.), a discourse upon medical topics illustrared by the exhibition and examination of living patients. -- Clinical medicine, Clinical surgery, that part of medicine or surgery which is occupied with the investigation of disease in the living subject.

CLINICALLY Clin"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a clinical manner.

CLINIQUE Cli*nique", n. Etym: [F.] (Med.)

Defn: A clinic.

CLINIUM Clin"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: See Clinanthium.

CLINK Clink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clinked; p. pr. & vb. n. Clinking.] Etym: [OE. clinken; akin to G. klingen, D. klinken, SW. klinga, Dan. klinge; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Clank, Clench, Click, v. i.]

Defn: To cause to give out a slight, sharp, tinkling, sound, as by striking metallic or other sonorous bodies together. And let me the canakin clink. Shak.

CLINK Clink, v. i.

1. To give out a slight, sharp, thinkling sound. "The clinking latch." Tennyson.

2. To rhyme. [Humorous]. Cowper.

CLINK Clink, n.

Defn: A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, made by the collision of sonorous bodies. "Clink and fall of swords." Shak.

CLINKANT Clin"kant, a.

Defn: See Clnquant.

CLINKER Clink"er, n. Etym: [From clink; cf. D. clinker a brick which is so hard that it makes a sonorous sound, from clinken to clink. Cf. Clinkstone.]

1. A mass composed of several bricks run together by the action of the fire in the kiln.

2. Scoria or vitrified incombustible matter, formed in a grate or furnace where anthracite coal in used; vitrified or burnt matter ejected from a volcano; slag.

3. A scale of oxide of iron, formed in forging.

4. A kind of brick. See Dutch klinker, under Dutch.

CLINKER-BUILT Clink"er-built, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having the side planks (af a boat) so arranged that the lower edge of each overlaps the upper edge of the plank next below it like clapboards on a house. See Lapstreak.

CLINKSTONE Clink"stone` (; 110), n. Etym: [Clink + stone; -- from its sonorousness.] (Min.)

Defn: An igneous rock of feldspathic composition, lamellar in structure, and clinking under the hammer. See Phonolite.

CLINODIAGONAL Cli`no*di*ag"o*nal, n. Etym: [Gr. diagonal.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: That diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic crystal which makes an oblique angle witch the vertical axis. See Crystallization. -- a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or the direction of, the clinidiagonal.

CLINODOME Cli"no*dome`, n. Etym: [Gr. dome.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: See under Dome.

CLINOGRAPHIC Cli"no*graph"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. + -graph.]

Defn: Pertaining to that mode of projection in drawing in which the rays of light are supposed to fall obliquely on the plane of projection.

CLINOID Cli"noid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.)

Defn: Like a bed; -- applied to several processes on the inner side of the sphenoid bone.

CLINOMETER Cli*nom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter.] (Geol.)

Defn: An instrument for determining the dip of beds or strata, pr the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level. Dana.

CLINOMETRIC Clin`o*met"ric, a.

1. Pertaining to, or ascertained by, the clinometer.

2. Pertaining to the oblique crystalline forms, or to solids which have oblique angles between the axes; as, the clinometric systems.

CLINOMETRY Cli*nom"e*try, n. (geol.)

Defn: That art or operation of measuring the inclination of strata.

CLINOPINACOID Cli`no*pin"a*coid, n. Etym: [Gr. pinacoid.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: The plane in crystals of the monoclinic system which is parallel to the vertical and the inclined lateral (clinidiagonal) axes.

CLINORHOMBIC Cli`no*rhom"bic, a. Etym: [Gr. rhombic: cf. F. clinorhombique.] (Crystallog.)

Defn: Possessing the qualities of a prism, obliquely inclined to a rhombic base; monoclinic.

CLINOSTAT Cli"no*stat, n. [Gr. to incline + to make to stand.] (Bot.)

Defn: An apparatus consisting of a slowly revolving disk, usually regulated by clockwork, by means of wich the action of external agents, as light and gravity, on growing plants may be regulated or eliminated.

CLINQUANT Clin"quant, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Glittering; dressed in, or overlaid with, tinsel finery. [Obs.] Shak.

CLINQUANT Clin"quant, n.

Defn: Tinse;l; Dutch gold.

CLIO Cli"o, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Class. Myth.)

Defn: The Muse who presided over history.

CLIONE Cli*o"ne, n.

Defn: A genus of naked pteropods. One species (Clione papilonacea), abundant in the Arctic Ocean, constitutes a part of the food of the Greenland whale. It is sometimes incorrectly called Clio.

CLIP Clip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clipped (; p. pr. & vb. n. Clipping.] Etym: [OE. cluppen, clippen, to embrace, AS. clyran to embrace, clasp; cf. OHG. kluft tongs, shears, Icel, klypa to pinch, squeeze, also OE. clippen to cut, shear, Dan. klippe to clip, cut, SW. & Icel. klippa.]

1. To embrace, hence; to encompass. O . . . that Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about, Would bear thee from the knowledge of thyself. Shak.

2. To cut off; as with shears or scissors; as, to clip the hair; to clip coin. Sentenced to have his ears clipped. Macaulay.

3. To curtail; to cut short. All my reports go with the modest truth; No more nor clipped, but so. Shak. In London they clip their words after one manner about the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs. Swift.

CLIP Clip, v. i.

Defn: To move swiftly; -- usually with indefinite it. Straight flies as chek, and clips it down the wind. Dryden.

CLIP Clip, n.

1. An embrace. Sir P. Sidney.

2. A cutting; a shearing.

3. The product of a single shearing of sheep; a season's crop of wool.

4. A clasp or holder for letters, papers, etc.

5. An embracing strap for holding parts together; the iron strap, with loop, at the ends of a whiffletree. Knight.

6. (Far.)

Defn: A projecting flange on the upper edge of a horseshoe, turned up so as to embrace the lower part of the hoof; -- called also toe clip and beak. Youatt.

7. A blow or stroke with the hand; as, he hit him a clip. [Colloq. U. S.]

CLIPPER Clip"per, n.

1. One who clips; specifically, one who clips off the edges of coin. The value is pared off from it into the clipper's pocket. Locke.

2. A machine for clipping hair, esp. the hair of horses.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A vessel with a sharp bow, built and rigged for fast sailing. -- Clip"per-built` (, a.

Note: The name was first borne by "Baltimore clippers" famous as privateers in the early wars of the United States.

CLIPPING Clip"ping, n.

1. The act of embracing. [Obs.]

2. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing; the practice of clipping the edges of coins. clipping by Englishmen is robbing the honest man who receives clipped money. Locke.

3. That which is clipped off or out of something; a piece separated by clipping; as, newspaper clippings.

CLIQUE Clique, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cliquer to click. See Click, v. i.]

Defn: A narrow circle of persons associated by common interests or for the accomplishment of a common purpose; -- generally used in a bad sense.

CLIQUE Clique, v. i.

Defn: To To associate together in a clannish way; to act with others secretly to gain a desired end; to plot; -- used with together.

CLIQUISH Cli"quish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a clique; disposed to from cliques; exclusive in spirit. -- Cli"*quish*ness, n.

CLIQUISM Cli"quism, n.

Defn: The tendency to associate in cliques; the spirit of cliques.

CLITELLUS Cli*tel"lus, n. Etym: [NL., prob. fr. L. clitellae a packsadle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A thickened glandular portion of the body of the adult earthworm, consisting of several united segments modified for reproductive purposes.

CLITORIS Cli"to*ris ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. labia pudendi.] (Anat.)

Defn: A small organ at the upper part of the vulva, homologous to the penis in the male.

CLIVERS Cliv"ers ( or ), n.

Defn: See Cleavers.

CLIVITY Cliv"i*ty, n.; pl. Clivities. Etym: [L. clivus hill.]

Defn: Inclination; ascent or descent; a gradient. [R.]

CLOACA Clo"a"ca, n.; pl. Cloacæ. Etym: [L.]

1. A sewer; as, the Cloaca Maxima of Rome.

2. A privy.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes.

CLOACAL Clo*a"cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cloaca.

CLOAK Cloak (; 110), n. Etym: [Of. cloque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell, F. cloche bell; perh. of Celtik origin and the same word as E. clock. See 1st Clock.]

1. A loose outer garment, extending from the neck downwards, and commonly without sleeves. It is longer than a cape, and is worn both by men and by women.

2. That which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense; a mask; a cover. No man is esteemed any ways considerable for policy who wears religion otherwise than as a cloak. South. Cloak bag, a bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried; a portmanteau. Shak.

CLOAK Cloak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloaked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cloaking.]

Defn: To cover with, or as with, a cloak; hence, to hide or conceal. Now glooming sadly, so to cloak her matter. Spenser.

Syn. -- See Palliate.

CLOAKEDLY Cloak"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a concealed manner.

CLOAKING Cloak"ing, n.

1. The act of covering with a cloak; the act of concealing anything. To take heed of their dissembings and cloakings. Strype.

2. The material of which of which cloaks are made.

CLOAKROOM Cloak"room`, n.

Defn: A room, attached to any place of public resort, where cloaks, overcoats, etc., may be deposited for a time.

CLOCHE Cloche, n. [F., prop., bell.] (Aëronautics)

Defn: An apparatus used in controlling certain kinds of aëroplanes, and consisting principally of a steering column mounted with a universal joint at the base, which is bellshaped and has attached to it the cables for controlling the wing-warping devices, elevator planes, and the like.

CLOCK Clock, n. Etym: [AS. clucge bell; akin to D. klok clock, bell, G. glocke, Dan. klokke, Sw. klocka, Icel. klukka bell, LL. clocca, cloca (whence F. cloche); al perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. clog bell, clock, W. cloch bell. Cf. Cloak.]

1. A machine for measuring time, indicating the hour and other divisions by means of hands moving on a dial plate. Its works are moved by a weight or a spring, and it is often so constructed as to tell the hour by the stroke of a hammer on a bell. It is not adapted, like the watch, to be carried on the person.

2. A watcg, esp. one that strikes. [Obs.] Walton.

3. The striking of a clock. [Obs.] Dryden.

4. A figure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. Swift.

Note: The phrases what o'clock it is nine o'clock, etc., are contracted from what of the clock it is nine of the clock, etc. Alarm clock. See under Alarm. -- Astronomical clock. (a) A clock of superior construction, with a compensating pendulum, etc., to measure time with great accuracy, for use in astronomical observatories; -- called a regulator when used by watchmakers as a standard for regulating timepieces. (b) A clock with mechanism for indicating certain astronomical phenomena, as the phases of the moon, position of the sun in the ecliptic, equation of time, etc. -- Electric clock. (a) A clock moved or regulated by electricity or electro-magnetism. (b) A clock connected with an electro-magnetic recording apparatus. -- Ship's clock (Naut.), a clock arranged to strike from one to eight strokes, at half hourly intervals, marking the divisions of the ship's watches. -- Sidereal clock, an astronomical clock regulated to keep sidereal time.

CLOCK Clock, v. t.

Defn: To ornament with figured work, as the side of a stocking.

CLOCK Clock, v. t. & i.

Defn: To call, as a hen. See Cluck. [R.]

CLOCK Clock, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large beetle, esp. the European dung beetle (Scarabæus stercorarius).

CLOCKLIKE Clock"like`, a.

Defn: Like a clock or like clockwork; mechanical. Their services are clocklike, to be set Blackward and vorward at their lord's command. B. Jonson.

CLOCKWISE Clock"wise`, a. & adv.

Defn: Like the motion of the hands of a clock; -- said of that direction of a rotation about an axis, or about a point in a plane, which is ordinarily reckoned negative.

CLOCKWORK Clock"work`, n.

Defn: The machinery of a clock, or machinary resembling that of a clock; machinery which produced regularity of movement.

CLOD Clod, n. Etym: [OE. clodde, latter form of clot. See Clot.]

1. A lump or mass, especially of earth, turf, or clay. "Clods of a slimy substance." Carew. "Clods of iron and brass." Milton. "Clods of blood." E. Fairfax. The earth that casteth up from the plow a great clod, is not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod. Bacon.

2. The ground; the earth; a spot of earth or turf. The clod Where once their sultan's horse has trod. Swift.

3. That which is earthy and of little relative value, as the body of man in comparison with the soul. This cold clod of clay which we carry about with us. T. Burnet.

4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt Dryden.

5. A pert of the shoulder of a beef creature, or of the neck piece near the shoulder. See Illust. of Beef.

CLOD Clod, v.i

Defn: To collect into clods, or into a thick mass; to coagulate; to clot; as, clodded gore. See Clot. Clodded in lumps of clay. G. Fletcher.

CLOD Clod, v. t.

1. To pelt with clods. Jonson.

2. To throw violently; to hurl. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

CLODDISH Clod"dish, a.

Defn: Resembling clods; gross; low; stupid; boorish. Hawthorne. -- Clod"dish*ness, n.

CLODDY Clod"dy, a.

Defn: Consisting of clods; full of clods.

CLODHOPPER Clod"hop`per, n.

Defn: A rude, rustic fellow.

CLODHOPPING Clod"hop`ping, a.

Defn: Boorish; rude. C. Bronté.

CLODPATE Clod"pate`, n.

Defn: A blockhead; a dolt.

CLODPATED Clod"pat`ed, a.

Defn: Stupid; dull; doltish.

CLODPOLL Clod"poll`, n. Etym: [Clod + poll head.]

Defn: A stupid fellow; a dolt. [Written also clodpole.] Shak.

CLOFF Cloff, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: Formerly an allowance of two pounds in every three hundred weight after the tare and tret are subtracted; now used only in a general sense, of small deductions from the original weight. [Written also clough.] McCulloch.

CLOG Clog, n. Etym: [OE. clogge clog, Scot. clag, n., a clot, v., to to obstruct, cover with mud or anything adhesive; prob. of the same origin as E. clay.]

1. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind. All the ancient, honest, juridical principles and institutions of England are so many clogs to check and retard the headlong course of violence and opression. Burke.

2. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion. As a dog . . . but chance breaks loose, And quits his clog. Hudibras. A clog of lead was round my feet. Tennyson.

3. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine. In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort . . . makes use of wooden clogs. Harvey. Clog almanac, a primitive kind of almanac or calendar, formerly used in England, made by cutting notches and figures on the four edges of a clog, or square piece of wood, brass, or bone; -- called also a Runic staff, from the Runic characters used in the numerical notation. -- Clog dance, a dance performed by a person wearing clogs, or thick-soled shoes. -- Clog dancer.

CLOG Clog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Clogging.]

1. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper. The winds of birds were clogged with ace and snow. Dryden.

2. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up; as, to clog a tube or a channel.

3. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex. The commodities are clogged with impositions. Addison. You 'll rue the time That clogs me with this answer. Shak.

Syn. -- Impede; hinder; obstruct; embarrass; burden; restrain; restrict.

CLOG Clog, v. i.

1. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will begin to clog. S. Sharp.

2. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass. Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not together. Evelyn.

CLOGGINESS Clog"gi*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being clogged.

CLOGGING Clog"ging, n.

Defn: Anything which clogs. Dr. H. More.

CLOGGY Clog"gy, a.

Defn: Clogging, or having power to clog.

CLOISONNE Cloi`son*né, a. Etym: [F., partitioned, fr. cloison a partition.]

Defn: Inlaid between partitions: -- said of enamel when the lines which divide the different patches of fields are composed of a kind of metal wire secured to the ground; as distinguished from champlevé enamel, in which the ground is engraved or scooped out to receive the enamel. S. Wells Williams.

CLOISTER Clois"ter, n. Etym: [OF. cloistre, F. cloître, L. claustrum, pl. claustra, bar, bolt, bounds, fr. claudere, clausum, to close. See Close, v. t., and cf. Claustral.]

1. An inclosed place. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A covered passage or ambulatory on one side of a court; (pl.) the series of such passages on the different sides of any court, esp. that of a monastery or a college. But let my due feet never fail To walk the studious cloister's pale. Milton.

3. A monastic establishment; a place for retirement from the world for religious duties. Fitter for a cloister than a crown. Daniel. Cloister garth (Arch.), the garden or open part of a court inclosed by the cloisters.

Syn. -- Cloister, Monastery, Nunnery, Convent, Abbey, Priory. Cloister and convent are generic terms, and denote a place of seclusion from the world for persons who devote their lives to religious purposes. They differ is that the distinctive idea of cloister is that of seclusion from the world, that of convent, community of living. Both terms denote houses for recluses of either sex. A cloister or convent for monks is called a monastery; for nuns, a nunnery. An abbey is a convent or monastic institution governed by an abbot or an abbess; a priory is one governed by a prior or a prioress, and is usually affiliated to an abbey.

CLOISTER Clois"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloistered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cloistering.]

Defn: To confine in, or as in, a cloister; to seclude from the world; to immure. None among them are throught worthy to be styled religious persons but those that cloister themselves up in a monastery. Sharp.

CLOISTERAL Clois"ter*al, a.

Defn: Cloistral. [Obs.] I. Walton.

CLOISTERED Clois"tered, a.

1. Dwelling in cloisters; solitary. "Cloistered friars and vestal nuns." Hudibras. In cloistered state let selfish sages dwell, Proud that their heart is narrow as their cell. Shenstone.

2. Furnished with cloisters. Sir H. Wotton.

CLOISTERER Clois"ter*er, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cloistier.]

Defn: One belonging to, or living in, a cloister; a recluse.

CLOISTRAL Clois"tral, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or confined in, a cloister; recluse. [Written also cloisteral.] Best become a cloistral exercise. Daniel.

CLOISTRESS Clois"tress, n.

Defn: A nun. [R.] Shak.

CLOKE Cloke, n. & v.

Defn: See Cloak. [Obs.]

CLOMB; CLOMBEN Clomb, Clomb"en,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Climb (for climbed). [Obs.] The sonne, he sayde, is clomben up on hevene. Chaucer.

CLOMP Clomp, n.

Defn: See Clamp.

CLONG Clong,

Defn: imp. of Cling. [Obs.]

CLONIC Clon"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. clonique.] (Med.)

Defn: Having an irregular, convulsive motion. Dunglison. Clonic spasm. (Med.) See under Spasm.

CLONUS Clo"nus, n. [NL., fr. Gr. violent, confused motion.] (Med.)

Defn: A series of muscular contractions due to sudden stretching of the muscle, -- a sign of certain neuropathies.

CLOOM Cloom, v. t. Etym: [A variant of clam to clog.]

Defn: To close with glutinous matter. [Obs.] Mortimer.

CLOOP Cloop, n. Etym: [An onomatopoeia.]

Defn: The sound made when a cork is forcibly drawn from a bottle. "The cloop of a cork wrenched from a bottle." Thackeray.

CLOOT Cloot, n. [Cf. G. dial. kleuzen to split.] (Scot. & Dial. Eng.)

1. One of the divisions of a cleft hoof, as in the ox; also, the whole hoof.

2. The Devil; Clootie; -- usually in the pl. Burns.

CLOOTIE Cloot"ie, n. (Scot. & Dial. Eng.)

1.

Defn: A little hoof.

2. The Devil. "Satan, Nick, or Clootie." Burns.

CLOSE Close, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Closed; p. pr. & vb. n. Closing.] Etym: [From OF. & F. clos, p. p. of clore to close, fr. L. claudere; akin to G. schliessen to shut, and to E. clot, cloister, clavicle, conclude, sluice. Cf. Clause, n.]

1. To stop, or fill up, as an opening; to shut; as, to close the eyes; to close a door.

2. To bring together the parts of; to consolidate; as, to close the ranks of an army; -- often used with up.

3. To bring to an end or period; to conclude; to complete; to finish; to end; to consummate; as, to close a bargain; to close a course of instruction. One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden.

4. To come or gather around; to inclose; to encompass; to confine. The depth closed me round about. Jonah ii. 5. But now thou dost thyself immure and close In some one corner of a feeble heart. Herbert. A closed sea, a sea within the jurisdiction of some particular nation, which controls its navigation.

CLOSE Close, v. i.

1. To come together; to unite or coalesce, as the parts of a wound, or parts separated. What deep wounds ever closed without a scar Byron.

2. To end, terminate, or come to a period; as, the debate closed at six o'clock.

3. To grapple; to engange in hand-to-hand fight. They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest. Prescott. To close on or upon, to come to a mutual agreement; to agree on or join in. "Would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage." Sir W. Temple. -- To close with. (a) To accede to; to consent or agree to; as, to close with the terms proposed. (b) To make an agreement with. -- To close with the land (Naut.), to approach the land.

CLOSE Close, n.

1. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction. [Obs.] The doors of plank were; their close exquisite. Chapman.

2. Conclusion; cessation; ending; end. His long and troubled life was drawing to a close. Macaulay.

3. A grapple in wrestling. Bacon.

4. (Mus.) (a) The conclusion of a strain of music; cadence. (b) A double bar marking the end. At every close she made, the attending throng Replied, and bore the burden of the song. Dryden.

Syn. -- Conclusion; termination; cessation; end; ending; extremity; extreme.

CLOSE Close ( or ), n. Etym: [OF. & F. clos an inclosure, fr. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.]

1. An inclosed place; especially, a small field or piece of land surrounded by a wall, hedge, or fence of any kind; -- specifically, the precinct of a cathedral or abbey. Closes surrounded by the venerable abodes of deans and canons. Macaulay.

2. A narrow passage leading from a street to a court, and the houses within. [Eng.] Halliwell

3. (Law)

Defn: The interest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not inclosed. Bouvier.

CLOSE Close, a. [Compar. Closer; superl. Closest.] Etym: [Of. & F. clos, p. p. of clore. See Close, v. t.]

1. Shut fast; closed; tight; as, a close box. From a close bower this dainty music flowed. Dryden.

2. Narrow; confined; as, a close alley; close quarters. "A close prison." Dickens.

3. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling of lassitude; -- said of the air, weather, etc. If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, . . . and the other maketh it exceeding unequal. Bacon.

4. Strictly confined; carefully quarded; as, a close prisoner.

5. Out of the way observation; secluded; secret; hidden. "He yet kept himself close because of Saul." 1 Chron. xii. 1 "Her close intent." Spenser.

6. Disposed to keep secrets; secretive; reticent. "For servecy, no lady closer." Shak.

7. Having the parts near each other; dense; solid; compact; as applied to bodies; viscous; tenacious; not volatile, as applied to liquids. The golden globe being put into a press, . . . the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal. Locke.

8. Concise; to the point; as, close reasoning. "Where the original is close no version can reach it in the same compass." Dryden.

9. Adjoining; near; either in space; time, or thought; -- often followed by to. Plant the spring crocuses close to a wall. Mortimer. The thought of the Man of sorrows seemed a very close thing -- not a faint hearsay. G. Eliot.

10. Short; as, to cut grass or hair close.

11. Intimate; familiar; confidential. League with you I seek And mutual amity, so strait, so close, That I with you must dwell, or you with me. Milton.

12. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; as, a close vote. "A close contest." Prescott.

13. Difficult to obtain; as, money is close. Bartlett.

14. Parsimonious; stingy. "A crusty old fellow, as close as a vise." Hawthorne.

15. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact; strict; as, a close translation. Locke.

16. Accurate; careful; precise; also, attentive; undeviating; strict; not wandering; as, a close observer.

17. (Phon.)

Defn: Uttered with a relatively contracted opening of the mouth, as certain sounds of e and o in French, Italian, and German; -- opposed to open. Close borough. See under Borough. -- Close breeding. See under Breeding. -- Close communion, communion in the Lord's supper, restricted to those who have received baptism by immersion. -- Close corporation, a body or corporation which fills its own vacancies. -- Close fertilization. (Bot.) See Fertilization. -- Close harmony (Mus.), compact harmony, in which the tones composing each chord are not widely distributed over several octaves. -- Close time, a fixed period during which killing game or catching certain fish is prohibited by law. -- Close vowel (Pron.), a vowel which is pronounced with a diminished aperture of the lips, or with contraction of the cavity of the mouth. -- Close to the wind (Naut.), directed as nearly to the point from which the wind blows as it is possible to sail; closehauled; -- said of a vessel.

CLOSE Close, adv.

1. In a close manner.

2. Secretly; darkly. [Obs.] A wondrous vision which did close imply The course of all her fortune and posterity. Spenser.

CLOSE-BANDED Close"-band`ed, a.

Defn: Closely united.

CLOSE-BARRED Close"-barred`, a.

Defn: Firmly barred or closed.

CLOSE-BODIED Close"-bod`ied, a.

Defn: Fitting the body exactly; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe.

CLOSE-FIGHTS Close"-fights`, n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Barriers with loopholes, formerly erected on the deck of a vessel to shelter the men in a close engagement with an enemy's boarders; -- called also close quarters. [Obs.]

CLOSEFISTED Close"fist`ed, a.

Defn: Covetous; niggardly. Bp. Berkeley. "Closefisted contractors." Hawthorne.

CLOSEHANDED Close"hand`ed, a.

Defn: Covetous; penurious; stingy; closefisted. -- Close"hand`ed*ness, n.

CLOSEHAULED Close"hauled`, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Under way and moving as nearly as possible toward the direction from which the wind blows; -- said of a sailing vessel.

CLOSELY Close"ly, adv.

1. In a close manner.

2. Secretly; privately. [Obs.] That nought she did but wayle, and often steepe Her dainty couch with tears which closely she did weepe. Spenser.

CLOSEMOUTHED Close"mouthed`, a.

Defn: Cautious in speaking; secret; wary; uncommunicative.

CLOSEN Clos"en, v. t.

Defn: To make close. [R.]

CLOSENESS Close"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being close. Half stifled by the closeness of the room. Swift. We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius. Bacon. An affectation of closeness and covetousness. Addison.

Syn. -- Narrowness; oppressiveness; strictness; secrecy; compactness; conciseness; nearness; intimacy; tightness; stinginess; literalness.

CLOSER Clos"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, closes; specifically, a boot closer. See under Boot.

2. A finisher; that which finishes or terminates.

3. (Masonry)

Defn: The last stone in a horizontal course, if of a less size than the others, or a piece of brick finishing a course. Gwilt.

CLOSEREEFED Close"reefed`, a. (Naut.)

Defn: Having all the reefs taken in; -- said of a sail.

CLOSE-STOOL Close"-stool`, n.

Defn: A utensil to hold a chamber vessel, for the use of the sick and infirm. It is usually in the form of a box, with a seat and tight cover.

CLOSET Clos"et, n. Etym: [OF. closet little inclosure, dim. of clos. See Close an inclosure.]

1. A small room or apartment for retirement; a room for privacy. A chair-lumbered closet, just twelve feet by nine. Goldsmith. When thou prayest, enter into thy closet. Matt. vi. 6.

2. A small apartment, or recess in the side of a room, for household utensils, clothing, etc. Dryden. Closet sin, sin commited in privacy. Bp. Hall.

CLOSET Clos"et, v. t. [imp. & p. pr. & vb. n. Closeting.]

1. To shut up in, or as in, a closet; to conceal. [R.] Bedlam's closeted and handcuffed charge. Cowper.

2. To make into a closet for a secret interview. He was to call a new legislature, to closet its members. Bancroft. He had been closeted with De Quadra. Froude.

CLOSE-TONGUED Close"-tongued` (, a.

Defn: Closemouthed; silent. "Close-tongued treason." Shak.

CLOSH Closh, n. Etym: [CF. F. clocher to limp, halt.]

Defn: A disease in the feet of cattle; laminitis. Crabb.

CLOSH Closh, n. Etym: [CF. D. klossen to play at bowls.]

Defn: The game of ninepins. [Obs.] Halliwell.

CLOSURE Clo"sure (, 135), n. Etym: [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.]

1. The act of shutting; a closing; as, the closure of a chink.

2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed. Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope.

3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure. O thou bloody prison . . . Within the guilty closure of thy walls Richard the Second here was hacked to death. Shak.

4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Parliamentary Practice)

Defn: A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word clôture was originally applied to this proceeding.

CLOT Clot, n. Etym: [OE. clot, clodde, clod; akin to D. kloot ball, G. kloss clod, dumpling, klotz block, Dan. klods, Sw. klot bowl, globe, klots block; cf. AS. clate bur. Cf. Clod, n., Clutter to clot.]

Defn: A concretion or coagulation; esp. a soft, slimy, coagulated mass, as of blood; a coagulum. "Clots of pory gore." Addison. Doth bake the egg into clots as if it began to poach. Bacon.

Note: Clod and clot appear to be radically the same word, and are so used by early writers; but in present use clod is applied to a mass of earth or the like, and clot to a concretion or coagulation of soft matter.

CLOT Clot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clotting.]

Defn: To concrete, coagulate, or thicken, as soft or fluid matter by evaporation; to become a cot or clod.

CLOT Clot, v. t.

Defn: To form into a slimy mass.

CLOTBUR Clot"bur`, n. Etym: [Cf. Clote.]

1. The burdock. [Prov. Engl.] Prior.

2. Same as Cocklebur.

CLOTE Clote, n. Etym: [AS. cl: cf. G. klette.]

Defn: The common burdock; the clotbur. [Obs.] Wyclif.

CLOTH Cloth, n.; pl. Cloths (#; 115), except in the sense of garments, when it is Clothes (klothz or kloz). Etym: [OE. clath cloth, AS. cla\'ed cloth, garment; akin to D. kleed, Icel. klæ\'ebi, Dan. klæde, cloth, Sw. kläde, G. kleid garment, dress.]

1. A fabric made of fibrous material (or sometimes of wire, as in wire cloth); commonly, a woven fabric of cotton, woolen, or linen, adapted to be made into garments; specifically, woolen fabrics, as distinguished from all others.

2. The dress; raiment. [Obs.] See Clothes. I'll ne'er distust my God for cloth and bread. Quarles.

3. The distinctive dress of any profession, especially of the clergy; hence, the clerical profession. Appeals were made to the priesthood. Would they tamely permit so gross an insult to be offered to their cloth Macaulay. The cloth, the clergy, are constituted for administering and for giving the best possible effect to . . . every axiom. I. Taylor. Body cloth. See under Body. -- Cloth of gold, a fabric woven wholly or partially of threads of gold. -- Cloth measure, the measure of length and surface by which cloth is measured and sold. For this object the standard yard is usually divided into quarters and nails. -- Cloth paper, a coarse kind of paper used in pressing and finishing woolen cloth. -- Cloth shearer, one who shears cloth and frees it from superfluous nap.

CLOTHE Clothe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clothed ( or Clad; p. pr. & vb. n. Clothing.] Etym: [OE. clathen, clothen, clethen, AS. cla\'ebian, clæ\'eban. See Cloth.]

1. To put garments on; to cover with clothing; to dress. Go with me, to clothe you as becomes you. Shak.

2. To provide with clothes; as, to feed and clothe a family; to clothe one's self extravagantly. Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. Prov. xxiii. 21 The naked every day he clad, When he put on his clothes. Goldsmith.

3. Fig.: To cover or invest, as with a garment; as, to clothe one with authority or power. Language in which they can clothe their thoughts. Watts. His sides are clothed with waving wood. J. Dyer. Thus Belial, with with words clothed in reason's garb. Milton.

CLOTHE Clothe, v. i.

Defn: To wear clothes. [Poetic] Care no more to clothe eat. Shak.

CLOTHES Clothes ( or ; 277), n. pl. Etym: [From Cloth.]

1. Covering for the human body; dress; vestments; vesture; -- a general term for whatever covering is worn, or is made to be worn, for decency or comfort. She . . . speaks well, and has excellent good clothes. Shak. If I may touch but his clothes, I shall be whole. Mark. v. 28.

2. The covering of a bed; bedclothes. She turned each way her frighted head, Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes. Prior. Body clothes. See under Body. -- Clothes moth (Zoöl.), a small moth of the genus Tinea. The most common species (T. flavifrontella)is yellowish white. The larvæ eat woolen goods, furs, feathers, etc. They live in tubular cases made of the material upon which they feed, fastened together with silk.

Syn. -- Garments; dress; clothing; apparel; attire; vesture; raiment; garb; costume; habit; habiliments.

CLOTHESHORSE Clothes"horse`, n.

Defn: A frame to hang clothes on.

CLOTHESLINE Clothes"line`, n.

Defn: A rope or wire on which clothes are hung to dry.

CLOTHESPIN Clothes"pin` ( or ), n.

Defn: A forked piece of wood, or a small spring clamp, used for fastening clothes on a line.

CLOTHESPRESS Clothes"press`, n.

Defn: A receptacle for clothes.

CLOTHIER Cloth"ier, n.

1. One who makes cloths; one who dresses or fulls cloth. Hayward.

2. One who sells cloth or clothes, or who makes and sells clothes.

CLOTHING Cloth"ing, n.

1. Garments in general; clothes; dress; raiment; covering. From others he shall stand in need of nothing, Yet on his brothers shall depend for clothing. Milton. As for me, . . . my clothing was sackloth. Ps. xxxv. 13

2. The art of process of making cloth. [R.] Instructing [refugees] in the art of clothing. Ray.

3. A covering of non-conducting material on the outside of a boiler, or steam chamber, to prevent radiation of heat. Knight.

4. (Mach.)

Defn: See Card clothing, under 3d Card.

CLOTHRED Clot"hred, p. p.

Defn: Clottered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLOTPOLL Clot"poll`, n.

Defn: See Clodpoll. [Obs.] Shak.

CLOTTED Clot"ted, a.

Defn: Composed of clots or clods; having the quality or form of a clot; sticky; slimy; foul. "The clotted glebe." J. Philips. When lust . . . Lets in defilement to the inward parts, The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton.

CLOTTER Clot"ter, v. i. Etym: [From Clot.]

Defn: To concrete into lumps; to clot. [Obs.] "Clottered blood." Chapman.

CLOTTY Clot"ty, a. Etym: [From Clot, n.]

Defn: Full of clots, or clods. "Clotty matter." Harvey.

CLOTURE Clô`ture", n. Etym: [F.] (Parliamentary Practice)

Defn: See Closure, 5.

CLOTWEED Clot"weed`, n. Etym: [See Clote.]

Defn: Cocklebur.

CLOUD Cloud, n. Etym: [Prob. fr. AS. cld a rock or hillock, the application arising from the frequent resemblance of clouds to rocks or hillocks in the sky or air.]

1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, susponded in the upper atmosphere. I do set my bow in the cloud. Gen. ix. 13.

Note: A classification of clouds according to their chief forms was first proposed by the meteorologist Howard, and this is still substantially employed. The following varieties and subvarieties are recognized: (a) Cirrus. This is the most elevated of all the forms of clouds; is thin, long-drawn, sometimes looking like carded wool or hair, sometimes like a brush or room, sometimes in curl-like or fleecelike patches. It is the cat's-tail of the sailor, and the mare's-tail of the landsman. (b) Cumulus. This form appears in large masses of a hemispherical form, or nearly so, above, but flat below, one often piled above another, forming great clouds, common in the summer, and presenting the appearance of gigantic mountains crowned with snow. It often affords rain and thunder gusts. (c) Stratus. This form appears in layers or bands extending horizontally. (d) Nimbus. This form is characterized by its uniform gray tint and ragged edges; it covers the sky in seasons of continued rain, as in easterly storms, and is the proper rain cloud. The name is sometimes used to denote a raining cumulus, or cumulostratus. (e) Cirro-cumulus. This form consists, like the cirrus, of thin, broken, fleecelice clouds, but the parts are more or less rounded and regulary grouped. It is popularly called mackerel sky. (f) Cirro-stratus. In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus. (g) Cumulo-stratus. A form between cumulus and stratus, often assuming at the horizon a black or bluish tint. -- Fog, cloud, motionless, or nearly so, lying near or in contact with the earth's surface. -- Storm scud, cloud lying quite low, without form, and driven rapidly with the wind.

2. A mass or volume of smoke, or flying dust, resembling vapor. "A thick cloud of incense." Ezek. viii. 11.

3. A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as, a cloud upon one's reputation; a cloud on a title.

4. That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as, a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect.

5. A great crowd or multitude; a vast collection. "So great a cloud of witnesses." Heb. xii. 1.

6. A large, loosely-knitted scarf, worn by women about the head. Cloud on a (or the) title (Law), a defect of title, usually superficial and capable of removal by release, decision in equity, or legislation. -- To be under a cloud, to be under suspicion or in disgrace; to be in disfavor. -- In the clouds, in the realm of facy and imagination; beyond reason; visionary.

CLOUD Cloud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouding.]

1. To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as, the sky is clouded.

2. To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen. One day too late, I fear me, noble lord, Hath clouded all thy happy days on earth. Shak. Be not disheartened, then, nor cloud those looks. Milton. Nothing clouds men's minds and impairs their honesty like prejudice. M. Arnold.

3. To blacken; to sully; to stain; to tarnish; to damage; -- esp. used of reputation or character. I would not be a stander-by to hear My sovereign mistress clouded so, without My present vengeance taken. Shak.

4. To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as, to cloud yarn. And the nice conduct of a clouded cane. Pope.

CLOUD Cloud, v. i.

Defn: To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; -- often used with up. Worthies, away! The scene begins to cloud. Shak.

CLOUDAGE Cloud"age, n.

Defn: Mass of clouds; cloudiness. [R.] A scudding cloudage of shapes. Coleridge.

CLOUDBERRY Cloud"ber`ry, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of raspberry (Rubus Chamæmerous) growing in the northern regions, and bearing edible, amber-colored fruit.

CLOUD-BUILT Cloud"-built, a.

Defn: Built of, or in, the clouds; airy; unsubstantial; imaginary. Cowper. So vanished my cloud-built palace. Goldsmith.

CLOUD-BURST Cloud"-burst`, n.

Defn: A sudden copious rainfall, as the whole cloud had been precipitated at once.

CLOUD-CAPPED Cloud"-capped`, a.

Defn: Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as, cloud-capped mountains.

CLOUD-COMPELLER Cloud"-com*pel`ler, n.

Defn: Cloud-gatherer; -- an epithet applied to Zeus. [Poetic.] Pope.

CLOUDILY Cloud"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cloudy manner; darkly; obscurely. Dryden.

CLOUDINESS Cloud"i*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being cloudy.

CLOUDING Cloud"ing, n.

1. A mottled appearance given to ribbons and silks in the process of dyeing.

2. A diversity of colors in yarn, recurring at regular intervals. Knight.

CLOUDLAND Cloud"land`, n.

Defn: Dreamland.

CLOUDLESS Cloud"less, a.

Defn: Without a cloud; clear; bright. A cloudless winter sky. Bankroft. -- Cloud"less*ly, adv. -- Cloud"less*ness, n.

CLOUDLET Cloud"let, n.

Defn: A little cloud. R. Browning. Eve's first star through fleecy cloudlet peeping. Coleridge.

CLOUDY Cloud"y (, a. [Compar. Cloudier (; superl. Cloudiest.] Etym: [From Cloud, n.]

1. Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as, a cloudy sky.

2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds. As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar descended. Ex. xxxiii. 9

3. Indicating gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature; not open or cheerful. "A cloudy countenance." Shak.

4. Confused; indistinct; obscure; dark. Cloudy and confused notions of things. Watts.

5. Lacking clearness, brightness, or luster. "A cloudy diamond." Boyle.

6. Marked with veins or sports of dark or various hues, as marble.

CLOUGH Clough, n. Etym: [OE. clough, cloghe, clou, clewch, AS. (assumed) cloh, akin to G. klinge ravine.]

1. A cleft in a hill; a ravine; a narrow valley. Nares.

2. A sluice used in returning water to a channel after depositing its sediment on the flooded land. Knight.

CLOUGH Clough, n. (Com.)

Defn: An allowance in weighing. See Cloff.

CLOUT Clout, n. Etym: [AS. clut a little cloth, piece of metal; cf. Sw. klut, Icel. klutr a kerchief, or W. clwt a clout, Gael. clud.]

1. A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag. His garments, nought but many ragged clouts, With thorns together pinned and patched was. Spenser. A clout upon that head where late the diadem stood. Shak.

2. A swadding cloth.

3. A piece; a fragment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. The center of the butt at which archers shoot; -- probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head. A'must shoot nearer or he'll ne'er hit the clout. Shak.

5. An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer.

6. A blow with the hand. [Low] Clout nail, a kind of wrought-iron nail heaving a large flat head; -- used for fastening clouts to axletrees, plowshares, etc., also for studding timber, and for various purposes.

CLOUT Clout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Clouting.] Etym: [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.]

1. To cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout. And old shoes and clouted upon their feet. Josh. ix. 5. Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in . . . clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers. Latimer.

2. To join or patch clumsily. If fond Bavius vent his clouted song. P. Fletcher

3. To quard with an iron plate, as an axletree.

4. To give a blow to; to strike. [Low] The . . . queen of Spain took off one of her chopines and clouted Olivarez about the noddle with it. Howell.

5. To stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole. Clouted cream, clotted cream, i. e., cream obtained by warming new milk. A. Philips.

Note: "Clouted brogues" in Shakespeare and "clouted shoon" in Milton have been understood by some to mean shoes armed with nails; by others, patched shoes.

CLOUTERLY Clout"er*ly, a. Etym: [From Clout, n.]

Defn: Clumsy; awkward. [Obs.] Rough-hewn, cloutery verses. E. Phillips.

CLOVE Clove,

Defn: imp. of Cleave. Cleft. Spenser. Clove hitch (Naut.) See under Hitch. -- Clove hook (Naut.), an iron two-part hook, with jaws overlapping, used in bending chain sheets to the clews of sails; -- called also clip hook. Knight.

CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [D. kloof. See Cleave, v. t.]

Defn: A cleft; a gap; a ravine; -- rarely used except as part of a proper name; as, Kaaterskill Clove; Stone Clove.

CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [OE. clow, fr. F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit. nail of clove, fr. L. clavus nail, perh. akin to clavis key, E. clavicle. The clove was so called from its resemblance to a nail. So in D. kruidnagel clove, lit. herb-nail or spice-nail. Cf. Cloy.]

Defn: A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower bud of the clove tree (Eugenia, or Caryophullus, aromatica), a native of the Molucca Isles. Clove camphor. (Chem.) See Eugenin. -- Clove gillyflower, Clove pink (Bot.), any fragrant self-colored carnation.

CLOVE Clove, n. Etym: [AS. clufe an ear of corn, a clove of garlic; cf. cleófan to split, E. cleave.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in the case of garlic. Developing, in the axils of its skales, new bulbs, of what gardeners call cloves. Lindley.

2. A weight. A clove of cheese is about eight pounds, of wool, about seven pounds. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CLOVEN Clo"ven, p. p. & a.

Defn: from Cleave, v. t. To show the cloven foot or hoof, to reveal a devilish character, or betray an evil purpose, notwithstanding disguises, -- Satan being represented dramatically and symbolically as having cloven hoofs.

CLOVEN-FOOTED; CLOVEN-HOOFED Clo"ven-foot`ed, Clo"ven-hoofed`, a.

Defn: Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as the ox.

CLOVER Clo"ver, n. Etym: [OE. claver, clover, AS. cl; akin to LG. & Dan. klever, D. klaver, G. klee, Sw. kl.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of differend species of the genus Trifolium; as the common red clover, T. pratense, the white, T. repens, and the hare's foot, T. arvense. Clover weevil (Zoöl.) a small weevil (Apion apricans), that destroys the seeds of clover. -- Clover worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Asopia costalis), often very destructive to clover hay. -- In clover, in very pleasant circumstances; fortunate. [Colloq.] - - Sweet clover. See Meliot.

CLOVERED Clo"vered, a.

Defn: Covered with growing clover. Flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale. Thomson.

CLOWE-GILOFRE Clowe"-gi*lof`re, n. Etym: [See 3d Clove, and Gilliflower.]

Defn: Spice clove. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLOWN Clown, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. klunni a clumsy, boorish fellow, North Fries. kl clown, dial. Sw. klunn log, Dan. klunt log block, and E. clump, n.]

1. A man of coarse nature and manners; an awkward fellow; an illbred person; a boor. Sir P. Sidney.

2. One who works upon the soil; a rustic; a churl. The clown, the child of nature, without guile. Cowper.

3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, etc. The clown shall make those laugh whose lungs are tickle o'the sere. Shak.

CLOWN Clown, v. i.

Defn: To act as a clown; -- with it [Obs.] Beclowns it properly indeed. B. Jonson.

CLOWNAGE Clown"age, n.

Defn: Behavior or manners of a clown; clownery. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CLOWNERY Clown"er*y, n.

Defn: Clownishness. L'Estrange.

CLOWNISH Clown"ish, a.

Defn: Of or resembling a clown, or characteristic of a clown; ungainly; awkward. "Clownish hands." Spenser. "Clownish mimic." Prior. -- Clown"ish*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Coarse; rough; clumsy; awkward; ungainly; rude; uncivil; ill- bred; boorish; rustic; untutored.

CLOWNISHNESS Clown"ish*ness, n.

Defn: The manners of a clown; coarseness or rudeness of behavior. That plainness which the alamode people call clownishness. Locke.

CLOY Cloy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cloyed (kloid); p. pr. & vb. n. Cloying.] Etym: [OE. cloer to nail up, F. clouer, fr. OF. clo nail, F. clou, fr. L. clavus nail. Cf. 3d Clove.]

1. To fill or choke up; to stop up; to clog. [Obs.] The duke's purpose was to have cloyed the harbor by sinking ships, laden with stones. Speed.

2. To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate; to fill to loathing; to surfeit. [Who can] cloy the hungry edge of appetite By bare imagination of a feast Shak. He sometimes cloys his readers instead of satisfying. Dryden.

3. To penetrate or pierce; to wound. Which, with his cruel tusk, him deadly cloyed. Spenser. He never shod horse but he cloyed him. Bacon.

4. To spike, as a cannon. [Obs.] Johnson.

5. To stroke with a claw. [Obs.] Shak.

CLOYLESS Cloy"less, a.

Defn: That does not cloy. Shak.

CLOYMENT Cloy"ment, n.

Defn: Satiety. [Obs.] Shak.

CLUB Club, n. Etym: [CF. Icel. klubba, klumba, club, klumbuf a clubfoot, SW. klubba club, Dan. klump lump, klub a club, G. klumpen clump, kolben club, and E. clump.]

1. A heavy staff of wood, usually tapering, and wielded the hand; a weapon; a cudgel. But make you ready your stiff bats and clubs; Rome and her rats are at the point of battle. Shak.

2. Etym: [Cf. the Spanish name bastos, and Sp. baston staff, club.]

Defn: Any card of the suit of cards having a figure like the trefoil or clover leaf. (pl.) The suit of cards having such figure.

3. An association of persons for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, politics, good fellowship, etc.; esp. an association supported by equal assessments or contributions of the members. They talked At wine, in clubs, of art, of politics. Tennyson. He [Goldsmith] was one of the nine original members of that celebrated fraternity which has sometimes been called the Literary Club, but which has always disclaimed that epithet, and still glories in the simple name of the Club. Macaulay.

4. A joint charge of expense, or any person's share of it; a contribution to a common fund. They laid down the club. L'Estrange. We dined at a French house, but paid ten shillings for our part of the club. Pepys. Club law, government by violence; lynch law; anarchy. Addison. -Club moss (Bot.), an evergreen mosslike plant, much used in winter decoration. The best know species is Lycopodium clavatum, but other Lycopodia are often called by this name. The spores form a highly inflammable powder. -- Club root (Bot.), a disease of cabbages, by which the roots become distorted and the heads spoiled. -- Club topsail (Naut.), a kind of gaff topsail, used mostly by yachts having a fore-and-aft rig. It has a short "club" or "jack yard" to increase its spread.

CLUB Club, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Clubbing.]

1. To beat with a club.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: To throw, or allow to fall, into confusion. To club a battalion implies a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men to their natural front in line or column. Farrow.

3. To unite, or contribute, for the accomplishment of a common end; as, to club exertions.

4. To raise, or defray, by a proportional assesment; as, to club the expense. To club a musket (Mil.), to turn the breach uppermost, so as to use it as a club.

CLUB Club, v. i.

1. To form a club; to combine for the promotion of some common object; to unite. Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream. Dryden.

2. To pay on equal or proportionate share of a common charge or expense; to pay for something by contribution. The owl, the raven, and the bat, Clubbed for a feather to his hat. Swift.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: To drift in a current with an anchor out.

CLUBBABLE Club"ba*ble, a.

Defn: Suitable for membership in a club; sociable. [Humorous.] G. W. Curtis.

CLUBBED Clubbed, a.

Defn: Shaped like a club; grasped like, or used as, a club. Skelton.

CLUBBER Club"ber, n.

1. One who clubs.

2. A member of a club. [R.] Massinger.

CLUBBISH Club"bish, a.

1. Rude; clownish. [Obs.]

2. Disposed to club together; as, a clubbish set.

CLUBBIST Club"bist, n.

Defn: A member of a club; a frequenter of clubs. [R.] Burke.

CLUBFIST Club"fist`, n.

1. A large, heavy fist.

2. A coarse, brutal fellow. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

CLUBFISTED Club"fist`ed, a.

Defn: Having a large fist. Howell.

CLUBFOOT Club"foot, n. Etym: [Club + foot.] (Med.)

Defn: A short, variously distorted foot; also, the deformity, usually congenital, which such a foot exhibits; talipes.

CLUBFOOTED Club"foot`ed, a.

Defn: Having a clubfoot.

CLUBHAND Club"hand`, n. (Med.)

Defn: A short, distorted hand; also, the deformity of having such a hand.

CLUBHAUL Club"haul`, v. t. (Naut.)

Defn: To put on the other tack by dropping the lee anchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails (which brings the vessel's head to the wind), and by cutting the cable as soon as she pays off on the other tack. Clubhauling is attempted only in an exigency.

CLUBHOUSE Club"house`, n.

Defn: A house occupied by a club.

CLUBROOM Club"room`, n.

Defn: The apartment in which a club meets. Addison.

CLUB-RUSH Club"-rush`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A rushlike plant, the reed mace or cat-tail, or some species of the genus Scirpus. See Bulrush.

CLUB-SHAPED Club"-shaped, a.

Defn: Enlarged gradually at the end, as the antennæ of certain insects.

CLUCK Cluck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clucked; p pr. & vb. n. Clucking.] Etym: [AS. cloccian; cf. D. klokken, G. glucken, glucksen, LG. klukken, Dan. klukke; all prob. of imitative origin.]

Defn: To make the noise, or utter the call, of a brooding hen. Ray.

CLUCK Cluck, v. t.

Defn: To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens. She, poor hen, fond of no second brood, Has clucked three to the wars. Shak.

CLUCK Cluck, n.

1. The call of a hen to her chickens.

2. A click. See 3d Click, 2.

CLUCKING Cluck"ing, n.

Defn: The noise or call of a brooding hen.

CLUE Clue, n. Etym: [See Clew, n.]

Defn: A ball of thread; a thread or other means of guidance. Same as Clew. You have wound a goodly clue. Shak. This clue once found unravels all the rest. Pope. Serve as clues to guide us into further knowledge. Locke.

CLUM Clum, interj.

Defn: Silence; hush. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CLUMBER Clum"ber, n. Etym: [Named from the estate of the Duke of Newcastle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of field spaniel, with short legs and stout body, which, unlike other spaniels, hunts silently.

CLUMP Clump, n. Etym: [Cf. D. klomp lump, G. klump, klumpen, Dan. klump, Sw. kllimp; perh. akin to L. globus, E. globe. Cf. Club.]

1. An unshaped piece or mass of wood or other substance.

2. A cluster; a group; a thicket. A clump of shrubby trees. Hawthorne.

3. The compressed clay of coal strata. Brande & C.

CLUMP Clump, v. t.

Defn: To arrange in a clump or clumps; to cluster; to group. Blackmore.

CLUMP Clump, v. i.

Defn: To tread clumsily; to clamp. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CLUMPER Clump"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. G. klümpern to clod. See Clump, n.]

Defn: To form into clumps or masses. [Obs.] Vapors . . . clumpered in balls of clouds. Dr. H. More.

CLUMPS Clumps, n.

Defn: A game in which questions are asked for the purpose of enabling the questioners to discover a word or thing previously selected by two persons who answer the questions; -- so called because the players take sides in two "clumps" or groups, the "clump" which guesses the word winning the game.

CLUMPY Clump"y, a. Etym: [From Clump, n.]

Defn: Composed of clumps; massive; shapeless. Leigh Hunt.

CLUMSILY Clum"si*ly, adv.

Defn: In a clumsy manner; awkwardly; as, to walk clumsily.

CLUMSINESS Clum"si*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being clusy. The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and ignorance. Collier.

CLUMSY Clum"sy, a. [Compar. Clumsier; superl. Clumsiest.] Etym: [OE. clumsed benumbed, fr. clumsen to be benumbed; cf. Icel. klumsa lockjaw, dial. Sw. klummsen benumbed with cold. Cf. 1st Clam, and 1st Clamp.]

1. Stiff or benumbed, as with cold. [Obs.]

2. Without skill or grace; wanting dexterity, nimbleness, or readiness; stiff; awkward, as if benumbed; unwieldy; unhandy; hence; ill-made, misshapen, or inappropriate; as, a clumsy person; a clumsy workman; clumsy fingers; a clumsy gesture; a clumsy excuse. But thou in clumsy verse, unlicked, unpointed, Hast shamefully defied the Lord's anointed. Dryden.

Syn. -- See Awkward.

CLUNCH Clunch, n. Etym: [Perh. fr. clinch to make fast]

Defn: .

1. (Mining)

Defn: Indurated clay. See Bind, n., 3.

2. One of the hard beds of the lower chalk. Dana.

CLUNG Clung,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Cling.

CLUNG Clung, a. Etym: [Prop. p. p. fr. OE. clingen to wither. See Cling, v. i.]

Defn: Wasted away; shrunken. [Obs.]

CLUNIAC Clu"ni*ac, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A monk of the reformed branch of the Benedictine Order, founded in 912 at Cluny (or Clugny) in France. -- Also used as a.

CLUNIACENSIAN Clu`ni*a*cen"sian, a.

Defn: Cluniac.

CLUPEOID Clu"pe*oid, a. Etym: [L.clupea a kind of fish, NL., generic name of the herring + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Herring family.

CLUSTER Clus"ter, n. Etym: [AS. cluster, clyster; cf. LG. kluster (also Sw. & Dan. klase a cluster of grapes, D. klissen to be entangled.)]

1. A number of things of the same kind growing together; a bunch. Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes, Which load the bunches of the fruitful vine. Spenser.

2. A number of similar things collected together or lying contiguous; a group; as, a cluster of islands. "Cluster of provinces." Motley.

3. A number of individuals grouped together or collected in one place; a crowd; a mob. As bees . . . Pour forth their populous youth about the hive In clusters. Milton. We loved him; but, like beasts And cowardly nobles, gave way unto your clusters, Who did hoot him out o' the city. Shak.

CLUSTER Clus"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Clustered; p. pr. & vb. n. Clustering.]

Defn: To grow in clusters or assemble in groups; to gather or unite in a cluster or clusters. His sunny hair Cluster'd about his temples, like a god's. Tennyson. The princes of the country clustering together. Foxe.

CLUSTER Clus"ter, v. t.

Defn: To collect into a cluster or clusters; to gather into a bunch or close body. Not less the bee would range her cells, . . . The foxglove cluster dappled bells. Tennyson. Or from the forest falls the clustered snow. Thomson. Clustered column (Arch.), a column which is composed, or appears to be composed, of several columns collected together.

CLUSTERINGLY Clus"ter*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In clusters.

CLUSTERY Clus"ter*y, a. Etym: [From Cluster, n.]

Defn: Growing in, or full of, clusters; like clusters. Johnson.

CLUTCH Clutch (kluch; 224), n. Etym: [OE. cloche, cloke, claw, Scot. clook, cleuck, also OE. cleche claw, clechen, cleken, to seize; cf. AS. gelæccan (where ge- is a prefix) to seize. Cf. Latch a catch.]

1. A gripe or clinching with, or as with, the fingers or claws; seizure; grasp. "The clutch of poverty." Cowper. An expiring clutch at popularity. Carlyle. But Age, with his stealing steps, Hath clawed me in his clutch. Shak.

2. pl.

Defn: The hands, claws, or talons, in the act of grasping firmly; -- often figuratively, for power, rapacity, or cruelty; as, to fall into the clutches of an adversary. I must have . . . little care of myself, if I ever more come near the clutches of such a giant. Bp. Stillingfleet.

3. (Mach.)

Defn: A device which is used for coupling shafting, etc., so as to transmit motion, and which may be disengaged at pleasure.

4. Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The nest complement of eggs of a bird. Bayonet clutch (Mach.), a clutch in which connection is made by means of bayonets attached to arms sliding on a feathered shaft. The bayonets slide through holes in a crosshead fastened on the shaft.

CLUTCH Clutch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Clutched; p. pr. & vb. n. Clutching.] Etym: [OE. clucchen. See Clutch, n.]

1. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand, hands, or claws; -- often figuratively; as, to clutch power. A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch the whole globe at one intellectual grasp. Collier. Is this a dagger which I see before me . . . Come, let me clutch thee. Shak.

2. To close tightly; to clinch. Not that I have the power to clutch my hand. Shak.

CLUTCH Clutch, v. i.

Defn: To reach (at something) as if to grasp; to catch or snatch; -- often followed by at. Clutching at the phantoms of the stock market. Bankroft.

CLUTTER Clut"ter, n. Etym: [Cf. W. cludair heap, pile, cludeirio to heap.]

1. A confused collection; hence, confusion; disorder; as, the room is in a clutter. He saw what a clutter there was with huge, overgrown pots, pans, and spits. L'Estrange.

2. Clatter; confused noise. Swift.

CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cluttered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cluttering.]

Defn: To crowd together in disorder; to fill or cover with things in disorder; to throw into disorder; to disarrange; as, to clutter a room.

CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. i.

Defn: To make a confused noise; to bustle. It [the goose] cluttered here, it chuckled there. Tennyson.

CLUTTER Clut"ter, v. t. Etym: [From Clod, n.]

Defn: To clot or coagulate, as blood. [Obs.] Holland.

CLYDESDALE Clydes"dale, n.

Defn: One of a breed of heavy draft horses originally from Clydesdale, Scotland. They are about sixteen hands high and usually brown or bay.

CLYDESDALE TERRIER Clydesdale terrier.

Defn: One of a breed of small silky-haired terriers related to, but smaller than, the Skye terrier, having smaller and perfectly erect ears.

CLYPEASTROID Clyp`e*as"troid, a. Etym: [NL. Clypeaster (L. clupeus shield + aster star) + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or related to the genus Clupeaster; -- applied to a group of flattened sea urchins, with a rosette of pores on the upper side.

CLYPEATE Clyp"e*ate, a. Etym: [L. clupeatus, p. p. of clupeare to arm with a shield, fr. clupeus, clipeus shield.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Shaped like a round buckler or shield; scutate.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Furnished with a shield, or a protective plate or shell.

CLYPEIFORM Clyp"e*i*form`, a. Etym: [L. clupeus shield + -form.]

Defn: Shield-shaped; clypeate.

CLYPEUS Clyp"e*us, n.; pl. Clypei. Etym: [L., a shield.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The frontal plate of the head of an insect.

CLYSMIAN Clys"mi*an, a. Etym: [Gr. Clyster.]

Defn: Connected with, or related to, the deluge, or to a cataclysm; as, clysmian changes. Smart.

CLYSMIC Clys"mic, a.

Defn: Washing; cleansing.

CLYSTER Clys"ter, n. Etym: [L., fr. G. hlutrs pure, G. lauter: cf. F. clystère] (Med.)

Defn: A liquid injected into the lower intestines by means of a syringe; an injection; an enema. Clyster pipe, a tube or pipe used for injections.

CLYTIE KNOT Cly"tie knot.

Defn: In hair dressing, a loose, low coil at the back of the head, like the knot on the head of the bust of Clytie by G. F. Watts.

CNEMIAL Cne"mi*al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the shin bone. Cnemial crest, a crestlike prominence on the proximal end of the tibia of birds and some reptiles.

CNIDA Cni"da, n.; pl. Cnidæ. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the peculiar stinging, cells found in Coelenterata; a nematocyst; a lasso cell.

CNIDARIA Cni*da"ri*a, n., pl. Etym: [NL. See Cnida.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A comprehensive group equivalent to the true Coelenterata, i.e., exclusive of the sponges. They are so named from presence of stinging cells (cnidae) in the tissues. See Coelenterata.

CNIDOBLAST Cni"do*blast, n. Etym: [Cnida + -blast.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the cells which, in the Coelenterata, develop into cnidæ.

CNIDOCIL Cni"do*cil, n. Etym: [Cnida + cilium eyelash.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The fine filiform process of a cnidoblast.

CO- Co- (.

Defn: A form of the prefix com-, signifying with, together, in conjunction, joint. It is used before vowels and some consonants. See Com-.

COACERVATE Co`a*cer"vate, a. Etym: [L. coacervatus, p. p. of coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See Acervate.]

Defn: Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.] Bacon.

COACERVATE Co`a*cer"vate, v. t.

Defn: To heap up; to pile. [R.]

COACERVATION Co*ac`er*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. coacervatio.]

Defn: A heaping together. [R.] Bacon.

COACH Coach (; 224), n. Etym: [F. coche, fr. It. cocchio, dim. of cocca little boat, fr. L. concha mussel, mussel shell, Gr. çankha. Cf. Conch, Cockboat, Cockle.]

1. A large, closed, four-wheeled carriage, having doors in the sides, and generally a front and back seat inside, each for two persons, and an elevated outside seat in front for the driver.

Note: Coaches have a variety of forms, and differ in respect to the number of persons they can carry. Mail coaches and tallyho coaches often have three or more seats inside, each for two or three persons, and seats outside, sometimes for twelve or more.

2. A special tutor who assists in preparing a student for examination; a trainer; esp. one who trains a boat's crew for a race. [Colloq.] Wareham was studying for India with a Wancester coach. G. Eliot.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: A cabin on the after part of the quarterdeck, usually occupied by the captain. [Written also couch.] [Obs.] The commanders came on board and the council sat in the coach. Pepys.

4. (Railroad)

Defn: A first-class passenger car, as distinguished from a drawing- room car, sleeping car, etc. It is sometimes loosely applied to any passenger car.

COACH Coach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coached; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaching.]

1. To convey in a coach. Pope.

2. To prepare for public examination by private instruction; to train by special instruction. [Colloq.] I coached him before he got his scholarship. G. Eliot.

COACH Coach, v. i.

Defn: To drive or to ride in a coach; -- sometimes used with it. [Colloq.] "Coaching it to all quarters." E. Waterhouse.

COACHBOX Coach"box`.

Defn: The seat of a coachman.

COACHDOG Coach"dog`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of a breed of dogs trained to accompany carriages; the Dalmatian dog.

COACHEE Coach"ee, n.

Defn: A coachman [Slang]

COACHER Coach"er, n.

1. A coachman. [Obs.]

2. A coach horse.

3. One who coaches; specif. (Baseball),

Defn: one of the side at the bat posted near first or third base to direct a base runner.

COACHFELLOW Coach"fel`low, n.

Defn: One of a pair of horses employed to draw a coach; hence (Fig.), a comrade. Shak.

COACHMAN Coach"man, n.; pl. Coachmen.

1. A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tropical fish of the Atlantic ocean (Dutes auriga); -- called also charioteer. The name refers to a long, lashlike spine of the dorsal fin.

COACHMANSHIP Coach"man*ship, n.

Defn: Skill in driving a coach.

COACHWHIP SNAKE Coach"whip` snake". (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, slender, harmless snake of the southern United States (Masticophis flagelliformis).

Note: Its long and tapering tail has the scales so arranged and colored as to give it a braided appearance, whence the name.

COACT Co*act", v. t. Etym: [L. coactare, intens. fr. cogere, coactum, to force. See Cogent.]

Defn: To force; to compel; to drive. [Obs.] The faith and service of Christ ought to be voluntary and not coacted. Foxe.

COACT Co*act", v. i. Etym: [Pref. co- + act, v.i.]

Defn: To act together; to work in concert; to unite. [Obs.] But if I tell you how these two did coact. Shak.

COACTION Co*ac"tion, n. Etym: [L. coactio.]

Defn: Force; compulsion, either in restraining or impelling. Sojth.

COACTIVE Co*ac"tive, a. Etym: [In sense 1, fr. 1st Coact; in sense 2, fr. 2d Coact.]

1. Serving to compel or constrain; compulsory; restrictive. Any coactive power or the civil kind. Bp. Warburton.

2. Acting in concurrence; united in action. With what's unreal thou coactive art. Shak.

COACTIVELY Co*ac"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a coactive manner.

COACTIVITY Co`ac*tiv"i*ty, n.

Defn: Unity of action.

COADAPTATION Co*ad`ap*ta"tion, n.

Defn: Mutual adaption. R. Owen.

COADAPTED Co`a*dapt"ed, a.

Defn: Adapted one to another; as, coadapted pulp and tooth. R. Owen.

COADJUMENT Co*ad"ju*ment, n.

Defn: Mutual help; coöperation. [R.] Johnson.

COADJUST Co`ad*just", v. t.

Defn: To adjust by mutual adaptations. R. Owen.

COADJUSTMENT Co`ad*just"ment, n.

Defn: Mutual adjustment.

COADJUTANT Co*ad"ju*tant, a.

Defn: Mutually assisting or operating; helping. J. Philips.

COADJUTANT Co*ad"ju*tant, n.

Defn: An assistant. R. North.

COADJUTING Co*ad"ju*ting, a.

Defn: Mutually assisting. [Obs.] Drayton.

COADJUTIVE Co*ad"ju*tive, a.

Defn: Rendering mutual aid; coadjutant. Feltham.

COADJUTOR Co`ad*ju"tor, n. Etym: [L. See Co-, and Aid.]

1. One who aids another; an assistant; a coworker. Craftily outwitting her perjured coadjutor. Sheridan.

2. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: The assistant of a bishop or of a priest holding a benefice.

COADJUTORSHIP Co`ad*ju"tor*ship, n.

Defn: The state or office of a coadjutor; joint assistance. Pope.

COADJUTRESS; COADJUTRIX Co`ad*ju"tress, Co`ad*ju"trix, n.

Defn: A female coadjutor or assistant. Holland. Smollett.

COADJUVANCY Co*ad"ju*van*cy, n.

Defn: Joint help; coöperation. Sir T. Browne.

COADJUVANT Co*ad"ju*vant, a.

Defn: Coöperating.

COADJUVANT Co*ad"ju*vant, n. (Med.)

Defn: An adjuvant.

COADUNATE Co*ad"u*nate, a. Etym: [L. coadunatus, p. p. of coadunare to unite. See Adunation.] (Bot.)

Defn: United at the base, as contiguous lobes of a leaf.

COADUNATION Co*ad`u*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. coadunatio.]

Defn: Union, as in one body or mass; unity. Jer. Taylor. The coadunation of all the civilized provinces. Coleridge.

COADUNITION Co*ad`u*ni"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + pref. ad- + unition.]

Defn: Coadunation. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

COADVENTURE Co`ad*ven"ture, n.

Defn: An adventure in which two or more persons are partakers.

COADVENTURE Co`ad*ven"ture, v. i.

Defn: To share in a venture. Howell.

COADVENTURER Co`ad*ven"tur*er, n.

Defn: A fellow adventurer.

COAFFOREST Co`af*for"est, v. t.

Defn: To convert into, or add to, a forest. Howell.

COAG Coag, n.

Defn: See Coak, a kind of tenon.

COAGENCY Co*a"gen*cy, n.

Defn: Agency in common; joint agency or agent. Coleridge.

COAGENT Co*a"gent, n.

Defn: An associate in an act; a coworker. Drayton.

COAGMENT Co`ag*ment", v. t. Etym: [L. coagmentare, fr. coagmentum a joining together, fr. cogere. See Cogent.]

Defn: To join together. [Obs.] Glanvill.

COAGMENTATION Co*ag`men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coagmentatio.]

Defn: The act of joining, or the state of being joined, together; union. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

COAGULABILITY Co*ag`u*la*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being coagulable; capacity of being coagulated. Ure.

COAGULABLE Co*ag"u*la*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being coagulated. Boyle.

COAGULANT Co*ag"u*lant, n. Etym: [L. coagulans, p. pr.]

Defn: That which produces coagulation.

COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, a. Etym: [L. coagulatus, p. p. of coagulare to coagulate, fr. coagulum means of coagulation, fr. cogere, coactum, to drive together, coagulate. See Cogent.]

Defn: Coagulated. [Obs.] Shak.

COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coagulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coagulating.]

Defn: To cause (a liquid) to change into a curdlike or semisolid state, not by evaporation but by some kind of chemical reaction; to curdle; as, rennet coagulates milk; heat coagulates the white of an egg.

COAGULATE Co*ag"u*late, v. i.

Defn: To undergo coagulation. Boyle.

Syn. -- To thicken; concrete; curdle; clot; congeal.

COAGULATED Co*ag"u*la`ted, a.

Defn: Changed into, or contained in, a coagulum or a curdlike mass; curdled. Coagulated proteid (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of bodies formed in the coagulation of a albuminous substance by heat, acids, or other agents.

COAGULATION Co*ag`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. coagulatio.]

1. The change from a liquid to a thickened, curdlike, insoluble state, not by evaporation, but by some kind of chemical reaction; as, the spontaneous coagulation of freshly drawn blood; the coagulation of milk by rennet, or acid, and the coagulation of egg albumin by heat. Coagulation is generally the change of an albuminous body into an insoluble modification.

2. The substance or body formed by coagulation.

COAGULATIVE Co*ag"u*la*tive, a.

Defn: Having the power to cause coagulation; as, a coagulative agent. Boyle.

COAGULATOR Co*ag"u*la`tor, n.

Defn: That which causes coagulation. Hixley.

COAGULATORY Co*ag"u*la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Serving to coagulate; produced by coagulation; as, coagulatory effects. Boyle.

COAGULUM Co*ag"u*lum, n.; pl. Coagula. Etym: [L. See Coagulate, a.]

Defn: The thick, curdy precipitate formed by the coagulation of albuminous matter; any mass of coagulated matter, as a clot of bloot.

COAITA Co*ai"ta, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The native name of certain South American monkeys of the genus Ateles, esp. A. paniscus. The black-faced coaita is Ateles ater. See Illustration in Appendix.

COAK Coak, n.

Defn: See Coke, n.

COAK Coak, n.

1. (Carp.)

Defn: A kind of tenon connecting the face of a scarfed timber with the face of another timber, or a dowel or pin of hard wood or iron uniting timbers. [Also spelt coag.]

2. A metallic bushing or strengthening piece in the center of a wooden block sheve.

COAK Coak, v. t. (Carp.)

Defn: To unite, as timbers, by means of tenons or dowels in the edges or face. Totten.

COAL Coal, n. Etym: [AS. col; akin to D. kool, OHG. chol, cholo, G. kohle, Icel. kol, pl., Sw. kol, Dan. kul; cf. Skr. jval to burn. Cf. Kiln, Collier.]

1. A thoroughly charred, and extinguished or still ignited, fragment from wood or other combustible substance; charcoal.

2. (Min.)

Defn: A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible substance, dug from beds or veins in the earth to be used for fuel, and consisting, like charcoal, mainly of carbon, but more compact, and often affording, when heated, a large amount of volatile matter.

Note: This word is often used adjectively, or as the first part of self-explaining compounds; as, coal-black; coal formation; coal scuttle; coal ship. etc.

Note: In England the plural coals is used, for the broken mineral coal burned in grates, etc.; as, to put coals on the fire. In the United States the singular in a collective sense is the customary usage; as, a hod of coal. Age of coal plants. See Age of Acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Anthracite or Glance coal. See Anthracite. -- Bituminous coal. See under Bituminous. -- Blind coal. See under Blind. -- Brown coal, or Lignite. See Lignite. -- Caking coal, a bituminous coal, which softens and becomes pasty or semi-viscid when heated. On increasing the heat, the volatile products are driven off, and a coherent, grayish black, cellular mass of coke is left. -- Cannel coal, a very compact bituminous coal, of fine texture and dull luster. See Cannel coal. -- Coal bed (Geol.), a layer or stratum of mineral coal. -- Coal breaker, a structure including machines and machinery adapted for crushing, cleansing, and assorting coal. -- Coal field (Geol.), a region in which deposits of coal occur. Such regions have often a basinlike structure, and are hence called coal basins. See Basin. -- Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating. -- Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships. -- Coal measures. (Geol.) (a) Strata of coal with the attendant rocks. (b) A subdivision of the carboniferous formation, between the millstone grit below and the Permian formation above, and including nearly all the workable coal beds of the world. -- Coal oil, a general name for mineral oils; petroleum. -- Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation. -- Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. -- To haul over the coals, to call to account; to scold or censure. [Colloq.] -- Wood coal. See Lignite.

COAL Coal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaled; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaling.]

1. To burn to charcoal; to char. [R.] Charcoal of roots, coaled into great pieces. Bacon.

2. To mark or delineate with charcoal. Camden.

3. To supply with coal; as, to coal a steamer.

COAL Coal, v. i.

Defn: To take in coal; as, the steaer coaled at Southampton.

COAL-BLACK Coal"-black, a.

Defn: As black as coal; jet black; very black. Dryden.

COALERY Coal"er*y, n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Colliery.

COALESCE Co`a*lesce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coalesced; p. pr. & vb. n. Coalescing.] Etym: [L. coalescere, coalitium; co- + alescere to grow up, incho. fr. alere to nourish. See Aliment, n.]

1. To grow together; to unite by growth into one body; as, the parts separated by a wound coalesce.

2. To unite in one body or product; to combine into one body or community; as, vapors coalesce. The Jews were incapable of coalescing with other nations. Campbell. Certain combinations of ideas that, once coalescing, could not be shaken loose. De Quincey.

Syn. -- See Add.

COALESCENCE Co`a*les"cence, n.

Defn: The act or state of growing together, as similar parts; the act of uniting by natural affinity or attraction; the state of being united; union; concretion.

COALESCENT Co`a*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. coalescens, p. pr.]

Defn: Growing together; cohering, as in the organic cohesion of similar parts; uniting.

COALFISH Coal"fish`, n. Etym: [Named from the dark color of the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The pollock; -- called also, coalsey, colemie, colmey, coal whiting, etc. See Pollock. (b) The beshow or candlefish of Alaska. (c) The cobia.

COALGOOSE Coal"goose`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cormorant; -- so called from its black color.

COALITE Co"a*lite, v. i. Etym: [L. coalitus, p. p. of coalescere. See Coalesce.]

Defn: To unite or coalesce. [Obs.] Let them continue to coalite. Bolingbroke.

COALITE Co"a*lite, v. t.

Defn: To cause to unite or coalesce. [Obs.] Time has by degrees blended . . . and coalited the conquered with the conquerors. Burke.

COALITION Co`a*li"tion, n. Etym: [LL. coalitio: cf. F. coalition. See Coalesce.]

1. The act of coalescing; union into a body or mass, as of separate bodies or parts; as, a coalition of atoms. Bentley.

2. A combination, for temporary purposes, of persons, parties, or states, having different interests. A coalition of the puritan and the blackleg. J. Randolph. The coalition between the religious and worldly enemies of popery. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Alliance; confederation; confederacy; league; combination; conjunction; conspiracy; union.

COALITIONER Co`a*li"tion*er, n.

Defn: A coalitionist.

COALITIONIST Co`a*li"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who joins or promotes a coalition; one who advocates coalition.

CO-ALLY Co`-al*ly", n.; pl. Co-allies.

Defn: A joint ally. Kent.

COAL-METER Coal"-me`ter, n.

Defn: A licensed or official coal measurer in London. See Meter. Simmonds.

COALMOUSE Coal"mouse`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small species of titmouse, with a black head; the coletit.

COALPIT Coal"pit`, n.

1. A pit where coal is dug.

2. A place where charcoal is made. [U. S.]

COALSACK Coal"sack`, n. [Coal + 2d sack.] (Astron.)

Defn: Any one of the spaces in the Milky Way which are very black, owing to the nearly complete absence of stars; esp., the large space near the Southern Cross sometimes called the Black Magellanic Cloud.

COAL TAR Coal" tar`.

Defn: A thick, black, tarry liquid, obtained by the distillation of bituminous coal in the manufacture of illuminating gas; used for making printer's ink, black varnish, etc. It is a complex mixture from which many substances have been obtained, especially hydrocarbons of the benzene or aromatic series.

Note: Among its important ingredients are benzene, aniline, phenol, naphtalene, anthracene, etc., which are respectively typical of many dye stuffs, as the aniline dyes, the phthaleïns, indigo, alizarin, and many flavoring extracts whose artificial production is a matter of great commercial importance.

COAL-WHIPPER Coal"-whip`per, n.

Defn: One who raises coal out of the hold of a ship. [Eng.] Dickens.

COAL WORKS Coal" works.

Defn: A place where coal is dug, including the machinery for raising the coal.

COALY Coal"y, a. Etym: [From Coal, n.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, coal; containing coal; of the nature of coal.

COAMINGS Coam"ings, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. Comb a crest.] (Naut.)

Defn: Raised pieces of wood of iron around a hatchway, skylight, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water from running bellow; esp. the fore-and-aft pieces of a hatchway frame as distinguished from the transverse head ledges. [Written also combings.]

COANNEX Co`an*nex", v. t.

Defn: To annex with something else.

COAPTATION Co`ap*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coaptatio, fr. coaptare to fit together; co- + aptare. See Aptate.]

Defn: The adaptation or adjustment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone or dislocated joint.

COARCT; COARCTATE Co*arct", Co*arc"tate, v. t. Etym: [See Coarctate, a.]

1. To press together; to crowd; to straiten; to confine closely. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To restrain; to confine. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

COARCTATE Co*arc"tate, a. Etym: [L. coarctatus, p. p. of coarctare to press together; co- + arctare to press together, from arctus, p. p. See Arctation.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pressed together; closely connected; -- applied to insects having the abdomen separated from the thorax only by a constriction. Coarctate pupa (Zoöl.), a pupa closely covered by the old larval skin, as in most Diptera.

COARCTATION Co`arc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coarctatio.]

1. Confinement to a narrow space. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Pressure; that which presses. [Obs.] Ray.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A stricture or narrowing, as of a canal, cavity, or orifice.

COARSE Coarse, a. [Compar. Coarser; superl. Coarsest.] Etym: [As this word was anciently written course, or cours, it may be an abbreviation of of course, in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, homely, made for common domestic use, plain, rude, rough, gross, e. g., "Though the threads be course." Gascoigne. See Course.]

1. Large in bulk, or composed of large parts or particles; of inferior quality or appearance; not fine in material or close in texture; gross; thick; rough; -- opposed to fine; as, coarse sand; coarse thread; coarse cloth; coarse bread.

2. Not refined; rough; rude; unpolished; gross; indelicate; as, coarse manners; coarse language. I feel Of what coarse metal ye are molded. Shak. To copy, in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions. Dryden.

Syn. -- Large; thick; rough; gross; blunt; uncouth; unpolished; inelegant; indelicate; vulgar.

COARSE-GRAINED Coarse"-grained`, a.

Defn: Having a coarse grain or texture, as wood; hence, wanting in refinement.

COARSELY Coarse"ly, adv.

Defn: In a coarse manner; roughly; rudely; inelegantly; uncivilly; meanly.

COARSEN Coars"en, v. t.

Defn: To make coarse or vulgar; as, to coarsen one's character. [R.] Graham.

COARSENESS Coarse"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being coarse; roughness; melegance; vulgarity; grossness; as, coarseness of food, texture, manners, or language. "The coarseness of the sackcloth." Dr. H. More. Pardon the coarseness of the illustration. L'Estrange. A coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings. Burke.

COARTICULATION Co`ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. (Anat.)

Defn: The unoin or articulation of bones to form a joint.

CO-ASSESSOR Co`-as*sess"or, n.

Defn: A joint assessor.

COAST Coast, n. Etym: [OF. coste, F. côte, rib, hill, shore, coast, L. costa rib, side. Cf. Accost, v. t., Cutlet.]

1. The side of a thing. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

2. The exterior line, limit, or border of a country; frontier border. [Obs.] From the river, the river Euphrates, even to the uttermost sea, shall your coast be. Deut. xi. 24.

3. The seashore, or land near it. He sees in English ships the Holland coast. Dryden. We the Arabian coast do know At distance, when the species blow. Waller. The coast is clear, the danger is over; no enemy in sight. Dryden. Fig.: There are no obstacles. "Seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane dismissed Musidorus." Sir P. Sidney. Coast guard. (a) A body of men originally employed along the coast to prevent smuggling; now, under the control of the admiralty, drilled as a naval reserve. [Eng.] (b) The force employed in lifesaving stations along the seacoast. [U. S.] -- Coast rat (Zoöl.), a South African mammal (Bathyergus suillus), about the size of a rabbit, remarkable for its extensive burrows; -- called also sand mole. -- Coast waiter, a customhouse officer who superintends the landing or shipping of goods for the coast trade. [Eng.]

COAST Coast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coasting.] Etym: [OE. costien, costeien, costen, OF. costier, costoier, F. côtoyer, fr. Of. coste coast, F. côte. See Coast, n.]

1. To draw or keep near; to approach. [Obs.] Anon she hears them chant it lustily, And all in haste she coasteth to the cry. Shak.

2. To sail by or near the shore. The ancients coasted only in their navigation. Arbuthnot.

3. To sail from port to port in the same country.

4. Etym: [Cf. OF. coste, F. côte, hill, hillside.]

Defn: To slide down hill; to slide on a sled, upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

COAST Coast, v. t.

1. To draw near to; to approach; to keep near, or by the side of. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

2. To sail by or near; to follow the coast line of. Nearchus, . . . not knowing the compass, was fain to coast that shore. Sir T. Browne.

3. To conduct along a coast or river bank. [Obs.] The Indians . . . coasted me along the river. Hakluyt.

COASTAL Coast"al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cast.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Defn: A bureau of the United States government charged with the topographic and hydrographic survey of the coast and the execution of belts of primary triangulation and lines of precise leveling in the interior. It now belongs to the Department of Commerce and Labor.

COASTER Coast"er, n.

1. A vessel employed in sailing along a coast, or engaged in the coasting trade.

2. One who sails near the shore.

COASTING Coast"ing, a.

Defn: Sailing along or near a coast, or running between ports along a coast. Coasting trade, trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country, as distinguished fron foreign trade or trade involving long voyages. -- Coasting vessel, a vessel employed in coasting; a coaster.

COASTING Coast"ing, n.

1. A sailing along a coast, or from port to port; a carrying on a coasting trade.

2. Sliding down hill; sliding on a sled upon snow or ice. [Local, U. S.]

COASTWISE; COASTWAYS Coast"wise`, Coast"ways`, adv.

Defn: By way of, or along, the coast.

COAT Coat (; 110), n. Etym: [OF. cote, F. cotte, petticoat, cotte d'armes coat of arms, cotte de mailles coat of mail, LL. cota, cotta, tunic, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. chozzo coarse mantle, G. klotze, D. kot, hut, E. cot. Cf. Cot a hut.]

1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body; especially, such a garment worn by men. Let each His adamantine coat gird well. Milton.

2. A petticoat. [Obs.] "A child in coats." Locke.

3. The habit or vesture of an order of men, indicating the order or office; cloth. Men of his coat should be minding their prayers. Swift. She was sought by spirits of richest coat. Shak.

4. An external covering like a garment, as fur, skin, wool, husk, or bark; as, the horses coats were sleek. Fruit of all kinds, in coat Rough or smooth rined, or bearded husk, or shell. Milton.

5. A layer of any substance covering another; a cover; a tegument; as, the coats of the eye; the coats of an onion; a coat of tar or varnish.

6. Same as Coat of arms. See below. Hark, countrymen! either renew the fight, Or tear the lions out of England's coat. Shak.

7. A coat card. See below. [Obs.] Here's a trick of discarded cards of us! We were ranked with coats as long as old master lived. Massinger. Coat armor. See under Armor. -- Coat of arms (Her.), a translation of the French cotte d'armes, a garment of light material worn over the armor in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearer. Hence, an heraldic achievement; the bearings of any person, taken together. -- Coat card, a card bearing a coated figure; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. "`I am a coat card indeed.' `Then thou must needs be a knave, for thou art neither king nor queen.'" Rowley. -- Coat link, a pair of buttons or studs joined by a link, to hold together the lappels of a double-breasted coat; or a button with a loop for a single-breasted coat. -- Coat of mail, a defensive garment of chain mail. See Chain mail, under Chain. -- Mast coat (Naut.), a piece of canvas nailed around a mast, where it passes through the deck, to prevent water from getting below. -- Sail coat (Naut.), a canvas cover laced over furled sails, and the like, to keep them dry and clean.

COAT Coat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coated; p. pr. & vb. n. Coating.]

1. To cover with a coat or outer garment.

2. To cover with a layer of any substance; as, to coat a jar with tin foil; to coat a ceiling.

COATEE Coat*ee", n.

Defn: A coat with short flaps.

COATI Co*a"ti ( or , n. Etym: [From the native name: cf. F. coati.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A mammal of tropical America of the genus Nasua, allied to the raccoon, but with a longer body, tail, and nose.

Note: The red coati (N. socialis), called also coati mondi, inhabits Mexico and Central America. The brown coati (N. narica) is found in Surinam and Brazil.

COATING Coat"ing, n.

1. A coat or covering; a layer of any substance, as a cover or protection; as, the coating of a retort or vial.

2. Cloth for coats; as, an assortment of coatings.

COATLESS Coat"less, a.

Defn: Not wearing a coat; also, not possessing a coat.

COAX Coax (; 110), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coaxed; p. pr. & vb. n. Coaxing.] Etym: [Cf. OE. cokes fool, a person easily imposed upon, W. coeg empty, foolish; F. coquin knave, rogue.]

Defn: To persuade by gentle, insinuating courtesy, flattering, or fondling; to wheedle; to soothe.

Syn. -- To wheedle; cajole; flatter; persuade; entice.

COAX Coax, n.

Defn: A simpleton; a dupe. [Obs.] Beau & Fl.

COAXATION Co`ax*a"tion, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The act of croaking. [R] Dr. H. More.

COAXER Coax"er, n.

Defn: One who coaxes.

COAXINGLY Coax"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a coaxing manner; by coaxing.

COB Cob, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cop, copp, head, top, D. kop, G. kopf, kuppe, LL. cuppa cup (cf. E. brainpan), and also W. cob tuft, spider, cop, copa, top, summit, cobio to thump. Cf. Cop top, Cup, n.]

1. The top or head of anything. [Obs.] W. Gifford.

2. A leader or chief; a conspicuous person, esp. a rich covetous person. [Obs.] All cobbing country chuffs, which make their bellies and their bags their god, are called rich cobs. Nash.

3. The axis on which the kernels of maize or indian corn grow. [U. S.]

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A spider; perhaps from its shape; it being round like a head.

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young herring. B. Jonson.

6. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish; -- also called miller's thumb.

7. A short-legged and stout horse, esp. one used for the saddle. [Eng.]

8. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A sea mew or gull; esp., the black-backed gull (Larus marinus). [Written also cobb.]

9. A lump or piece of anything, usually of a somewhat large size, as of coal, or stone.

10. A cobnut; as, Kentish cobs. See Cobnut. [Eng.]

11. Clay mixed with straw. [Prov. Eng.] The poor cottager contenteth himself with cob for his walls, and thatch for his covering. R. Carew.

12. A punishment consisting of blows inflicted on the buttocks with a strap or a flat piece of wood. Wright.

13. A Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland, worth abiut 4s. 6d. [Obs.] Wright. Cob coal, coal in rounded lumps from the size of an egg to that of a football; -- called also cobbles. Grose. -- Cob loaf, a crusty, uneven loaf, rounded at top. Wright. -- Cob money, a kind of rudely coined gold and silver money of Spanish South America in the eighteenth century. The coins were of the weight of the piece of eight, or one of its aliquot parts.

COB Cob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbing.]

1. To strike [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. (Mining)

Defn: To break into small pieces, as ore, so as to sort out its better portions. Raymond.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: To punish by striking on the buttocks with a strap, a flat piece of wood, or the like.

COBAEA Co*bæ"a, n. Etym: [Named after D. Cobo, a Spanish botanist.]

Defn: A genus of climbing plants, native of Mexico and South America. C. scandens is a consrvatory climber with large bell-shaped flowers.

COBALT Co"balt (; 277, 74), n. Etym: [G. kobalt, prob. fr. kobold, kobel, goblin, MHG. kobolt; perh. akin to G. koben pigsty, hut, AS. cofa room, cofgodas household gods, Icel. kofi hut. If so, the ending -old stands for older -walt, -wald, being the same as -ald in E. herald and the word would mean ruler or governor in a house, house spirit, the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome. Cf. Kobold, Cove, Goblin.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal of the iron group, not easily fusible, and somewhat magnetic. Atomic weight 59.1. Symbol Co.

Note: It occurs in nature in combination with arsenic, sulphur, and oxygen, and is obtained from its ores, smaltite, cobaltite, asbolite, etc. Its oxide colors glass or any flux, as borax, a fine blue, and is used in the manufacture of smalt. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron.

2. A commercial name of a crude arsenic used as fly poison. Cobalt bloom. Same as Erythrite. -- Cobalt blue, a dark blue pigment consisting of some salt of cobalt, as the phosphate, ignited with alumina; -- called also cobalt ultramarine, and Thenard's blue. -- Cobalt crust, earthy arseniate of cobalt. -- Cobalt glance. (Min.) See Cobaltite. -- Cobalt green, a pigment consisting essentially of the oxides of cobalt and zinc; -- called also Rinman's green. -- Cobalt yellow (Chem.), a yellow crystalline powder, regarded as a double nitrite of cobalt and potassium.

COBALTIC Co*balt"ic (; 74), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cobaltique.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said especially of those compounds in which cobalt has higher valence; as, cobaltic oxide. Luteo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex yellow compounds of ammonia and cobaltic salts. -- Roseo-cobaltic compounds (Chem.), an extensive series of complex red compounds of cobalt and ammonia. Modifications of these are the purpureo-cobaltic compounds.

COBALTIFEROUS Co`balt*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Cobalt + -ferous.] (Min.)

Defn: Containing cobalt.

COBALTINE; COBALTITE Co"balt*ine, Co"balt*ite n. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a nearly silver-white color, composed of arsenic, sulphur, and cobalt.

COBALTOUS Co*balt"ous, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, cobalt; -- said esp. of cobalt compounds in which the metal has its lower valence. Cobaltous chloride, a crystalline compound, CoCl2, of a pale rose color when hydrous, blue when dehydrated. Its solution is used for a sympathetic ink, the writing being nearly colorless when dried in the air, owing to absorbed moisture, and becoming bright blue when warmed.

COBBING Cob"bing, a.

Defn: Haughty; purse-proud. See Cob, n., 2. [Obs.] Withals (1608).

COBBLE Cob"ble, n.

Defn: A fishing boat. See Coble.

COBBLE Cob"ble, n. Etym: [From Cob a lump. See Cob, n., 9, and cf. Copple, Copplestone.]

1. A cobblestone. "Their slings held cobbles round." Fairfax.

2. pl.

Defn: Cob coal. See under Cob.

COBBLE Cob"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cobbled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cobbling.] Etym: [OF. cobler, copler, to join or knit together, couple, F. coupler, L. copulare to couple, join. Cf. Couple, n. & v. t.]

1. To make or mend coarsely; to patch; to botch; as, to cobble shoes. Shak. "A cobbled saddle." Thackeray.

2. To make clumsily. "Cobbled rhymes." Dryden.

3. To pave with cobblestones.

COBBLER Cob"bler, n.

1. A mender of shoes. Addison.

2. A clumsy workman. Shak.

3. A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry. Cobbler fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish (Blepharis crinitus) of the Atlantic. The name alludes to its threadlike fin rays.

COBBLESTONE Cob"ble*stone`, n.

Defn: A large pebble; a rounded stone not too large to be handled; a small boulder; -- used for paving streets and for other purposes.

COBBY Cob"by, a. Etym: [From Cob, n.]

1. Headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.] Brockett.

2. Stout; hearty; lively. [Obs.]

COBELLIGERENT Co`bel*lig"er*ent, a.

Defn: Carryng on war in conjunction with another power.

COBELLIGERENT Co`bel*lig"er*ent, n.

Defn: A nation or state that carries on war in connection with another.

COBIA Co"bi*a, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An oceanic fish of large size (Elacate canada); the crabeater; -- called also bonito, cubbyyew, coalfish, and sergeant fish.

COBIRON Cob"i`ron, n. Etym: [From Cob the top.]

Defn: An andiron with a knob at the top. Bacon.

COBISHOP Co`bish"op, n.

Defn: A joint or coadjutant bishop. Ayliffe.

COBLE Co"ble, n. Etym: [AS. cuopel; cf. W. ceubal skiff, ferryboat.]

Defn: A flat-floored fishing boat with a lug sail, and a drop rudder extending from two to four feet below the keel. It was originally used on the stormy coast of Yorkshire, England.

COBNUT Cob"nut`, n.

1. (Com.)

Defn: A large roundish variety of the cultivated hazelnut.

2. A game played by children with nuts.

COBOOSE Co*boose", n.

Defn: See Caboose.

COBOURG Co"bourg, n. Etym: [Named from the town of Coburg in Germany.]

Defn: A thin worsted fabric for women's dresses.

COBRA Co"bra, n.

Defn: See Copra.

COBRA Co"bra, n.

Defn: The cobra de capello.

COBRA DE CAPELLO Co"bra de ca*pel"lo. Etym: [Pg., serpent of the hood.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hooded snake (Naia tripudians), a highly venomous serpent inhabiting India.

COBSTONE Cob"stone`, n.

Defn: Cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.]

COBSWAN Cob"swan`, n.

Defn: A large swan. B. Jonson.

COBWALL Cob"wall`, n. Etym: [Cob clay mixed with straw + wall.]

Defn: A wall made of clay mixed with straw.

COBWEB Cob"web`, n. Etym: [Cob a spider + web.]

1. The network spread by a spider to catch its prey.

2. A snare of insidious meshes designed to catch the ignorant and unwary. I can not but lament thy splendid wit Entangled in the cobwebs of the schools. Cowper.

3. That which is thin and unsubstantial, or flimsy and worthless; rubbish. The dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age. Sir P. Sidney.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European spotted flycatcher. Cobweb lawn, a fine linen, mentioned in 1640 as being in pieces of fifteen yards. Beck. Draper's Dict. Such a proud piece of cobweb lawn. Beau. & Fl. Cobweb micrometer, a micrometer in which threads of cobwed are substituted for wires.

COBWEBBED Cob"webbed`, a.

Defn: Abounding in cobwebs. "The cobwebbed cottage." Young.

COBWEBBY Cob"web`by, a.

Defn: Abounding in cobwebs, or any fine web; resembling a cobweb.

COBWORK Cob"work`, a.

Defn: Built of logs, etc., laid horizontally, with the ends dovetailed together at the corners, as in a log house; in marine work, often surrounding a central space filled with stones; as, a cobwork dock or breakwater.

COCA Co"ca, n. Etym: [Sp., fr. native name.]

Defn: The dried leaf of a South American shrub (Erythroxylon Coca). In med., called Erythroxylon.

Note: Coca leaves resemble tea leaves in size, shape, and odor, and are chewed (with an alkali) by natives of Peru and Bolivia to impart vigor in prolonged exertion, or to sustain strength in absence of food. Mexican coca, an American herb (Richardsonia scabra), yielding a nutritious fodder. Its roots are used as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

COCAGNE Coc*agne", n. Etym: [F. cocagne, pays de cocagne; of uncertian origin, cf. Prov. F. couque cake, Catal. coca, L. coquere to cook; as if the houses in this country were covered with cakes. Cf. Cook, Cockney.]

1. An imaginary country of idleness and luxury.

2. The land of cockneys; cockneydom; -- a term applied to London and its suburbs. Smart.

COCAINE Co"ca*ine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A powerful alkaloid, C17H21NO4, obtained from the leaves of coca. It is a bitter, white, crystalline substance, and is remarkable for producing local insensibility to pain.

COCAINISM Co*ca"in*ism, n. (Med.)

Defn: A morbid condition produced by the habitual and excessive use of cocaine. -- Co*ca"in*ist, n.

COCAINIZE Co*ca"in*ize, v. t.

Defn: To treat or anæsthetize with cocaine. -- Co*ca`in*i*za"tion (#), n.

COCCIFEROUS Coc*cif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. coccum a berry + -ferous. See Coccus.]

Defn: Bearing or producing berries; bacciferous; as, cocciferrous trees or plants.

COCCINELLA Coc`ci*nel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. coccineus scarlet-colored. See Cochoneal.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of small beetles of many species. They and their larvæ feed on aphids or plant lice, and hence are of great benefit to man. Also called ladybirds and ladybugs.

COCCOBACTERIUM Coc`co*bac*te"ri*um, n.; pl. Coccobacteria. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. bacterium. So called from its round shape.] (Biol.)

Defn: One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism, generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

COCCOLITE Coc"co*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. coccalite.] (Min.)

Defn: A granular variety of pyroxene, green or white in color.

COCCOLITH Coc"co*lith, n. Etym: [Gr. -lith.] (Biol.)

Defn: One of a kind of minute, calcareous bodies, probably vegetable, often abundant in deep-sea mud.

COCCOSPHERE Coc"co*sphere, n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.] (Biol.)

Defn: A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into coccoliths.

COCCOSTEUS Coc*cos"te*us, n. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct genus of Devonian ganoid fishes, having the broad plates about the head studded with berrylike tubercles.

COCCULUS INDICUS Coc"cu*lus In"di*cus, n. Etym: [NL. cocculus (dim. of L. coccum kermes berry) + L. Indicus of India.] (Bot.)

Defn: The fruit or berry of the Anamirta Cocculus, a climbing plant of the East Indies. It is a poisonous narcotic and stimulant.

COCCUS Coc"cus, n.; pl. Cocci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cochineal.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the separable carpels of a dry fruit.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of hemipterous insects, including scale insects, and the cochineal insect (Coccus cacti).

3. (Biol.)

Defn: A form of bacteria, shaped like a globule.

COCCYGEAL Coc*cyg"e*al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the coccyx; as, the coccygeal vertebræ. Coccygeal glands (Zoöl.) , glands situated at the base of the tail of birds. They secrete the oil with which the plumage is dressed.

COCCYGEOUS Coc*cyg"e*ous, a.

Defn: Coccygeal. [R.]

COCCYX Coc"cyx, n.; pl. L. Coccyges. Etym: [L., cuckoo, Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The end of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum in man and tailless monkeys. It is composed of several vertebræ more or less consolidated.

COCHINEAL Coch"i*neal, Etym: [Sp. cochinilla, dim. from L. coccineus, coccinus, scarlet, fr. coccum the kermes berry, G. Quercus coccifera; but cf. also Sp. cochinilla wood louse, dim. of cochina sow, akin to F. cochon pig.]

Defn: A dyestuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of the Coccus cacti, an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc., and found on several species of cactus, esp. Opuntia cochinellifera.

Note: These insects are gathered from the plant, killed by the application of heat, and exposed to the sun to dry. When dried they resemble small, rough berries or seeds, of a brown or purple color, and form the cochineal of the shops, which is used for making carmine, and also as a red dye.

Note: Cochineal contains as its essential coloring matter carminic acid, a purple red amorphous substance which yields carmine red.

COCHINEAL FIG Coch"i*neal fig, (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of Central and Southern Anerica, of the Cactus familly, extensively cultivated for the sake of the cochineal insect, which lives on it.

COCHIN FOWL Co"chin fowl`, (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large variety of the domestic fowl, originally from Cochin China (Anam).

COCHLEA Coch"le*a, n. Etym: [L., a snail, or snail shell, Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: An appendage of the labyrinth of the internal ear, which is elongated and coiled into a spiral in mammals. See Ear.

COCHLEAR Coch"le*ar, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cochlea.

COCHLEARE Coch`le*a"re, n. Etym: [L.]

1. A spoon. Andrews.

2. (Med)

Defn: A spoonful. Dungleson.

COCHLEARIFORM Coch`le*ar"i*form, a. Etym: [Cochleare + -form.]

Defn: Spoon-shaped.

COCHLEARY Coch"le*a*ry, a. Etym: [L. cochlearum penfor snails (meaning formerly given, snail shell). See Cjchlea.]

Defn: Same as Cochleate.

COCHLEATE; COCHLEATED Coch"le*ate, Coch"le*a`ted, a. Etym: [L. cochleatus spiral or screw- formed. See Cochlea.]

Defn: Having the form of a snail shell; spiral; turbinated.

COCK Cock, n. Etym: [AS. coc; of unkown origin, perh. in imitation of the cry of the cock. Cf. Chicken.]

1. The male of birds, particulary of gallinaceous or domestic fowls.

2. A vane in the shape of a cock; a weathercock. Drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks! Shak.

3. A chief man; a leader or master. [Humorous] Sir Andrew is the cock of the club, since he left us. Addison.

4. The crow of a cock, esp. the first crow in the morning; cockcrow. [Obs.] He begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock. Shak.

5. A faucet or valve.

Note: Jonsons says, "The handly probably had a cock on the top; things that were contrived to turn seem anciently to have had that form, whatever was the reason." Skinner says, because it used to be constructed in forma critæ galli, i.e., in the form of a cock's comb.

6. The style of gnomon of a dial. Chambers.

7. The indicator of a balance. Johnson.

8. The bridge piece which affords a bearing for the pivot of a balance in a clock or watch. Knight. Ball cock. See under Ball. -- Chaparral cock. See under Chaparral. -- Cock and bull story, an extravagant, boastful story; a canard. -- Cock of the plains (Zoöl.) See Sage cock. -- Cock of the rock (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Rupicola aurantia) having a beautiful crest. -- Cock of the walk, a chief or master; the hero of the hour; one who has overcrowed, or got the better of, rivals or competitors. -- Cock of the woods. See Capercailzie.

COCK Cock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cocked; p. pr. & vb. n. Cocking.] Etym: [Cf. Gael. coc to cock.]

1. To set erect; to turn up. Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears. Gay. Dick would cock his nose in scorn. Swift.

2. To shape, as a hat, by turning up the brim.

3. To set on one side in a pert or jaunty manner. They cocked their hats in each other's faces. Macaulay.

4. To turn (the eye) obliquely and partially close its lid, as an expression of derision or insinuation. Cocked hat. (a) A hat with large, stiff flaps turned up to a peaked crown, thus making its form triangular; -- called also three-cornered hat. (b) A game similar to ninepins, except that only three pins are used, which are set up at the angles of a triangle.

COCK Cock, v. i.

Defn: To strut; to swagger; to look big, pert, or menacing. Addison.

COCK Cock, n.

Defn: The act of cocking; also, the turn so given; as, a cock of the eyes; to give a hat a saucy cock.

COCK Cock, n. Etym: [It. cocca notch of an arrow.]

1. The notch of an arrow or crossbow.

2. The hammer in the lock of a firearm. At cock, At full cock, with the hammer raised and ready to fire; -- said of firearms, also, jocularly, of one prepared for instant action. -- At half cock. See under Half. -- Cock feather (Archery), the feather of an arrow at right angles to the direction of the cock or notch. Nares.

COCK Cock, v. t.

Defn: To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing.

COCK Cock, v. i.

Defn: To draw back the hammer of a firearm, and set it for firing. Cocked, fired, and missed his man. Byron.

COCK Cock, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kökkr lump, Dan. kok heap, or E. cock to set erect.]

Defn: A small concial pile of hay.

COCK Cock, v. t.

Defn: To put into cocks or heaps, as hay. Under the cocked hay. Spenser.

COCK Cock, n. Etym: [Of. coque, F. coche, a small vessel, L. concha muscle shell, a vessel. See Coach, and cf.Cog

Defn: A small boat. Yond tall anchoring bark [appears] Diminished to her cock; her cock, a buoy Almost too small for sight. Shak.

COCK Cock, n.

Defn: A corruption or disguise of the word God, used in oaths. [Obs.] "By cock and pie." Shak.

COCKADE Cock*ade", n. Etym: [F. cocarble, fr. coquard vain, OF. coquart, fr. coq cock, prob. of imitative origin. The ornament is so named from its resemblance to the crest of a cock. Cf. Coquette.]

Defn: A badge, usually in the form of a rosette, or knot, and generally worn upon the hat; -- used as an indication of military or naval service, or party allegiance, and in England as a part of the livery to indicate that the wearer is the servant of a military or naval officer. Seduced by military liveries and cockades. Burke.

COCKADED Cock*ad"ed, a.

Defn: Wearing a cockade. Young.

COCK-A-HOOP Cock`-a-hoop", a.

Defn: Boastful; defiant; exulting. Also used adverbially.

COCKAL Cock"al, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

1. A game played with sheep's bones instead of dice [Obs.]

2. The bone used in playing the game; -- called also huckle bone. [Obs.] Nares. A little transverse bone Which boys and bruckeled children call (Playing for points and pins) cockal. Herrick.

COCKALEEKIE Cock`a*leek"ie, n. Etym: [From cock + leek.]

Defn: A favorite soup in Scotland, made from a capon highly seasoned, and boiled with leeks and prunes.

COCKAMAROO Cock`a*ma*roo", n.

Defn: The Russian variety of bagatelle.

COCKATEEL Cock"a*teel, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An Australian parrot (Calopsitta Novæ-Hollandiæ); -- so called from its note.

COCKATOO Cock`a*too, n. Etym: [Malayan kakatua.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the Parrot family, of the subfamily Cacatuinæ, having a short, strong, and much curved beak, and the head ornamented with a crest, which can be raised or depressed at will. There are several genera and many species; as the broad-crested (Plictolophus, or Cacatua, cristatus), the sulphur-crested (P. galeritus), etc. The palm or great black cockatoo of Australia is Microglossus aterrimus. Cock"a*trice, n. Etym: [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock's egg. See Crocodile.]

1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk. That bare vowel, I, shall poison more Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shak.

2. (Her.)

Defn: A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent.

3. (Script.)

Defn: A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified. The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's

Note: [Rev. Ver. basilisk's] den. Is. xi. 8.

4. Any venomous or deadly thing. This little cockatrice of a king. Bacon.

COCKATRICE Cock"a*trice (-tris; 277), n. [OF. cocatrice crocodile, F. cocatrix, cocatrice. The word is a corruption from the same source as E. crocodile, but was confused with cock the bird, F. coq, whence arose the fable that the animal was produced from a cock's egg. See Crocodile.]

1. A fabulous serpent whose breath and look were said to be fatal. See Basilisk.

That bare vowel, I, shall poison more Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shak.

2. (Her.) A representation of this serpent. It has the head, wings, and legs of a bird, and tail of a serpent.

3. (Script.) A venomous serpent which which cannot now be identified.

The weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's [Rev. Ver. basilisk's] den. Is. xi. 8.

4. Any venomous or deadly thing.

This little cockatrice of a king. Bacon.

COCKBILL Cock"bill, v. t. Etym: [See Cock to set erect.] (Naut.)

Defn: To tilt up one end of so as to make almost vertical; as, to cockbill the yards as a sign of mourning. To cockbill the anchor, to suspend it from the cathead preparatory to letting it go. See Acockbill.

COCKBOAT Cock"boat`, n. Etym: [See Cock a boat.]

Defn: A small boat, esp. one used on rivers or near the shore.

COCK-BRAINED Cock"-brained`, a.

Defn: Giddy; rash. Milton.

COCKCHAFER Cock"chaf`er, n. Etym: [See Chafer the beetle.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beetle of the genus Melolontha (esp. M. vulgaris) and allied genera; -- called also May bug, chafer, or dorbeetle.

COCKCROW; COCKCROWING Cock"crow, Cock"crow`ing, n.

Defn: The time at which cooks first crow; the early morning.

COCKER Cock"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cockering.] Etym: [OE. cokeren; cf. W. cocru to indulge, fondle, E. cock the bird, F. coqueliner to dandle (Cotgrave), to imitate the crow of a cock, to run after the girls, and E. cockle, v.]

Defn: Th treat with too great tenderness; to fondle; to indulge; to pamper. Cocker thy child and he shall make thee afraid. Ecclesiasticus xxx. 9. Poor folks cannot afford to cocker themselves up. J. Ingelow.

COCKER Cock"er, n. Etym: [From Cock the bird.]

1. One given to cockfighting. [Obs.] Steele.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small dog of the spaniel kind, used for starting up woodcocks, etc.

COCKER Cock"er, n. Etym: [OE. coker qyiver, boot, AS. cocer quiver; akin to G. köcher quiver, and perh. originally meaning receptacle, holder. Cf. Quiver (for arrows).]

Defn: A rustic high shoe or half-boots. [Obs.] Drayton.

COCKEREL Cock"er*el, n. Etym: [Prob. a double dim. of cock.]

Defn: A young cock.

COCKER SPANIEL Cock"er span"iel.

Defn: One of a breed of small or medium-sized spaniels kept for hunting or retrieving game or for household pets. They usually weigh from eighteen to twenty-eight pounds. They have the head of fair length, with square muzzle, the ears long and set low, the legs short or of medium length, and the coat fine and silky, wavy but not curly. Various colors are bred, as black, liver, red, black and white, black and tan, etc.

COCKET Cock"et, a. Etym: [F. coquet coquettish. See Coquette, n.]

Defn: Pert; saucy. [Obs.] Halliwell.

COCKET Cock"et, n.

1. (Eng. Law)

Defn: A customhouse seal; a certified document given to a shopper as a warrant that his goods have been duly enstered and have paid duty.

2. An office in a customhouse where goods intended for export are entered. [Eng.]

3. A measure for bread. [Obs.] Blount.

COCKEYE Cock"eye`, n. Etym: [From cock to turn up.]

Defn: A squinting eye. Forby.

COCKEYE Cock"eye`, n. (Mach.)

Defn: The socket in the ball of a millstone, which sits on the cockhead.

COCKFIGHT Cock"fight`, n.

Defn: A match or contest of gamecocks.

COCKFIGHTING Cock"fight`ing, n.

Defn: The act or practice of pitting gamecocks to fight.

COCKFIGHTING Cock"fight`ing, a.

Defn: Addicted to cockfighting.

COCKHEAD Cock"head`, n. (Mach.)

Defn: The rounded or pointed top of a grinding mill spindle, forming a pivot on which the stone is balanced.

COCKHORSE Cock"horse`, n.

1. A child's rocking-horse. Ride a cockhorse to Banbury cross. Mother Goose.

2. A high or tall horse. [R.]

COCKHORSE Cock"horse`, a.

1. Lifted up, as one is on a tall horse.

2. Lofty in feeling; exultant; pround; upstart. Our painted fools and cockhorse peasantry. Marlowe.

COCKIELEEKIE Cock`ie*leek"ie, n.

Defn: Same as Cockaleekie.

COCKING Cock"ing, n.

Defn: Cockfighting. Ben Jonson.

COCKLE Coc"kle, n. Etym: [OE. cockes cockles, AS. s sea cockles, prob, from Celtic; cf. W. cocs cockles, Gael. cochull husk. Perh. influenced by EF. coquille shell, a dim. from the root of E. conch. Cf. Coach.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bivalve mollusk, with radiating ribs, of the genus Cardium, especially C. edule, used in Europe for food; -- sometimes applied to similar shells of other genera.

2. A cockleshell.

3. The mineral black tourmaline or schorl; -- so called by the Cornish miners. Raymond.

4. The fire chamber of a furnace. [Eng.] Knight.

5. A hop-drying kiln; an oast. Knight.

6. The dome of a heating furnace. Knight. Cockle hat, a hat ornamented with a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Shak. -- Cockle stairs, winding or spiral stairs.

COCKLE Coc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cockled; p. pr. & vb. n. Cockling.] Etym: [Of uncertian origin.]

Defn: To cause to contract into wrinkles or ridges, as some kinds of cloth after a wetting. Cockling sea, waves dashing against each other with a short and quick motion. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

COCKLE Coc"kle, n. Etym: [AS. coccel, cocel; cf. Gael. cogall tares, husks, cockle.] (Bot.) (a) A plant or weed that grows among grain; the corn rose (Luchnis Githage). (b) The Lotium, or darnel.

COCKLEBUR Coc"kle*bur`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A coarse, composite weed, having a rough or prickly fruit; one of several species of the genus Xanthium; -- called also clotbur.

COCKLED Coc"kled, a.

Defn: Inclosed in a shell. The tender horns of cockled snails. Shak.

COCKLED Coc"kled, a.

Defn: Wrinkled; puckered. Showers soon drench the camlet's cockled grain. Gay.

COCKLER Coc"kler, n.

Defn: One who takes and sells cockles.

COCKLESHELL Coc"kle*shell`, n.

1. One of the shells or valves of a cockle.

2. A light boat. To board the cockleshell in those plunding waters. W. Black.

COCKLOFT Cock"loft` n. Etym: [Prop., a loft where cocks roost.]

Defn: An upper loft; a garret; the highest room in a building. Dryden. Swift.

COCKMASTER Cock"mas`ter, n.

Defn: One who breeds gamecocks. L'Estrange.

COCKMATCH Cock"match`, n.

Defn: A cockfight.

COCKNEY Cock"ney, n.; pl. Cockneys. Etym: [OE. cocknay, cokenay, a spoiled child, effeminate person, an egg; prob. orig. a cock's egg, a small imperfect egg; OE. cok cock + nay, neye, for ey egg (cf. Newt), AS. æg. See 1st Cock, Egg, n.]

1. An effeminate person; a spoilt child. "A young heir or cockney, that is his mother's darling." Nash (1592). This great lubber, the world, will prove a cockney. Shak.

2. A native or resident of the city of London; -- used contemptuosly. A cockney in a rural village was stared at as much as if he had entered a kraal of Hottentots. Macaulay.

COCKNEY Cock"ney, a.

Defn: Of or relating to, or like, cockneys.

COCKNEYDOM Cock"ney*dom, n.

Defn: The region or home of cockneys; cockneys, collectively. Thackeray.

COCKNEYFY Cock"ney*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cockney + -fy.]

Defn: To form with the manners or character of a cockney. [Colloq.]

COCKNEYISH Cock"ney*ish, a.

Defn: Characteristic of, or resembling, cockneys.

COCKNEYISM Cock"ney*ism, n.

Defn: The charasteristics, manners, or dialect, of a cockney.

COCK-PADDLE Cock"-pad`dle, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Lumpfish. [Scot.]

COCK-PADLE Cock"-pad`le, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Lumpfish. [Scot.]

COCKPIT Cock"pit`, n.

1. A pit, or inclosed area, for cockfights. Henry the Eight had built . . . a cockpit. Macaulay.

2. The Privy Council room at Westminster; -- so called because built on the site of the cockpit of Whitehall palace. Brande & C.

3. (Naut.) (a) That part of a war vessel appropriated to the wounded during an engagement. (b) In yachts and other small vessels, a space lower than the rest of the deck, which affords easy access to the cabin.

COCKROACH Cock"roach, n. Etym: [Sp. cucaracha.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An orthopterus insect of the genus Blatta, and allied genera.

Note: The species are numerous, especially in hot countries. Those most commonly infesting houses in Europe and North America are Blatta orientalis, a large species often called black beetle, and the Croton bug (Ectobia Germanica).

COCKSCOMB Cocks"comb, n. Etym: [1st cock, n. + comb crest.]

1. See Coxcomb.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant (Celosia cristata), of many varieties, cultivated for its broad, fantastic spikes of brilliant flowers; -- sometimes called garden cockscomb. Also the Pedicularis, or lousewort, the Rhinanthus Crista-galli, and the Onobrychis Crista-galli.

COCKSHEAD Cocks"head`, n.

Defn: (Bot.) A leguminous herb (Onobrychis Caput-galli), having small spiny-crested pods.

COCKSHUT Cock"shut`, n.

Defn: A kind of net to catch woodcock. [Obs.] Nares. Cockshut time or light, evening twilight; nightfall; -- so called in allusion to the tome at which the cockshut used to be spread. [Obs.] Shak. B. Jonson.

COCKSHY Cock"shy`, n.

1. A game in which trinkets are set upon sticks, to be thrown at by the players; -- so called from an ancient popular sport which consisted in "shying" or throwing cudgels at live cocks.

2. An object at which stones are flung. "Making a cockshy of him," replied the hideous small boy. Dickens.

COCKSPUR Cock"spur, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A variety of Cratægus, or hawthorn (C. Crus-galli), having long, straight thorns; -- called also Cockspur thorn.

COCKSURE Cock"sure`, a.

1. Perfectly safe. [Obs.] We steal as in a castle, cocksure: . . . we walk invisible. Shak.

2. Quite certain. [Colloq.] I throught myself cocksure of the horse which he readily promised me. Pope.

COCKSWAIN Cock"swain (, colloq. ), n. Etym: [Cock a boat + swain; hence, the master of a boat.]

Defn: The steersman of a boat; a petty officer who has charge of a boat and its crew.

COCKTAIL Cock"tail`, n.

1. A beverage made of brandy, whisky, or gin, iced, flavored, and sweetened. [U. S.]

2. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: A horse, not of pure breed, but having only one eighth or one sixteenth impure blood in his veins. Darwin.

3. A mean, half-hearted fellow; a coward. [Slang, Eng.] It was in the second affair that poor little Barney showed he was a cocktail. Thackeray.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of rove beetle; -- so called from its habit of elevating the tail.

COCKUP Cock"up, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, highly esteemed, edible fish of India (Lates calcarifer); -- also called begti.

COCKWEED Cock"weed, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Peppergrass. Johnson.

COCKY Cock"y, a. Etym: [See Cocket.]

Defn: Pert. [Slang]

COCKYOLLY BIRD; COCKYOLY BIRD Cock`y*ol"ly bird or Cock`y*ol"y bird. [Cf. Cock, fowl; Yellow.]

Defn: A pet name for any small bird.

COCO; COCO PALM Co"co, n. or Co"co palm.

Defn: See Cocoa.

COCOA; COCOA PALM Co"coa, n., Co"coa palm` Etym: [Sp. & Pg. coco cocoanut, in Sp. also, cocoa palm. The Portuguese name is said to have been given from the monkeylike face at the base of the nut, fr. Pg. coco a bugbear, an ugly mask to frighten children. Cf., however, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A palm tree producing the cocoanut (Cocos nucifera). It grows in nearly all tropical countries, attaining a height of sixty or eighty feet. The trunk is without branches, and has a tuft of leaves at the top, each being fifteen or twenty feet in length, and at the base of these the nuts hang in clusters; the cocoanut tree.

COCOA Co"coa, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. cacao.]

Defn: A preparation made from the seeds of the chocolate tree, and used in making, a beverage; also the beverage made from cocoa or cocoa shells. Cocoa shells, the husks which separate from the cacao seeds in preparing them for use.

COCOANUT Co"coa*nut`, n.

Defn: The large, hard-shelled nut of the cocoa palm. It yields an agreeable milky liquid and a white meat or albumen much used as food and in making oil.

COCOBOLO; COCOBOLAS Co`co*bo"lo, Co`co*bo"las, n. Etym: [Sp. cocobolo.] (Bot.)

Defn: A very beautiful and hard wood, obtained in the West India Islands. It is used in cabinetmaking, for the handles of tools, and for various fancy articles.

COCOON Co*coon", n. Etym: [F. cocon, dim. of coque shell of egge and insects, fr. L. concha mussel shell. See Conch.]

1. An oblong case in which the silkworn lies in its chrysalis state. It is formed of threads of silk spun by the worm just before leaving the larval state. From these the silk of commerce is prepared.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The case constructed by any insect to contain its larva or pupa. (b) The case of silk made by spiders to protect their eggs. (c) The egg cases of mucus, etc., made by leeches and other worms.

COCOONERY Co*coon"er*y, n.

Defn: A building or apartment for silkworms, when feeding and forming cocoons.

COCTIBLE Coc"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Coctile.]

Defn: Capable of being cooked. Blount.

COCTILE Coc"tile, a. Etym: [L. coctilis, fr. coguere. See Cook.]

Defn: Made by baking, or exposing to heat, as a brick.

COCTION Coc"tion, n. Etym: [L. coctio.]

1. Act of boiling.

2. (Med.) (a) Digestion. [Obs.] (b) The change which the humorists believed morbific matter undergoes before elimination. [Obs.] Dunglison.

COCUS WOOD Co"cus wood`.

Defn: A West Indian wood, used for making flutes and other musical instruments.

COD Cod, n. Etym: [AS. codd small bag; akin to Icel. koddi pillow, Sw. kudde cushion; cf. W. cod, ciod, bag, shell.]

1. A husk; a pod; as, a peascod. [Eng.] Mortimer.

2. A small bag or pouch. [Obs.] Halliwell.

3. The scortum. Dunglison.

4. A pillow or cushion. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

COD Cod, n. Etym: [Cf. G. gadde, and (in Heligoland) gadden, L. gadus merlangus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An important edible fish (Gadus morrhua), Taken in immense numbers on the northern coasts of Europe and America. It is especially abundant and large on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. It is salted and dried in large quantities.

Note: There are several varieties; as shore cod, from shallow water; bank cod, from the distant banks; and rock cod, which is found among ledges, and is often dark brown or mottled with red. The tomcod is a distinct species of small size. The bastard, blue, buffalo, or cultus cod of the Pacific coast belongs to a distinct family. See Buffalo cod, under Buffalo. Cod fishery, the business of fishing for cod. -- Cod line, an eighteen-thread line used in catching codfish. McElrath.

CODA Co"da, n. Etym: [It., tail, fr. L. cauda.] (Mus.)

Defn: A few measures added beyond the natural termination of a composition.

CODDER Cod"der, n.

Defn: A gatherer of cods or peas. [Obs. or Prov.] Johnson.

CODDING Cod"ding, a.

Defn: Lustful. [Obs.] Shak.

CODDLE Cod"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coddled; p. pr. & vb. n. Coddling.] Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. caddle to coax, spoil, fondle, and Cade, a. & v. t.] [Written also codle.]

1. To parboil, or soften by boiling. It [the guava fruit] may be coddled. Dampier.

2. To treat with excessive tenderness; to pamper. How many of our English princes have been coddled at home by their fond papas and mammas! Thackeray. He [Lord Byron] never coddled his reputation. Southey.

CODDYMODDY Cod"dy*mod"dy, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A gull in the plumage of its first year.

CODE Code, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, the stock or

1. A body of law, sanctioned by legislation, in which the rules of law to be specifically applied by the courts are set forth in systematic form; a compilation of laws by public authority; a digest.

Note: The collection of laws made by the order of Justinian is sometimes called, by way of eminence. "The Code" Wharton.

2. Any system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; as, the medical code, a system of rules for the regulation of the professional conduct of physicians; the naval code, a system of rules for making communications at sea means of signals. Code civil or Code Napoleon, a code enacted in France in 1803 and 1804, embodying the law of rights of persons and of property generally. Abbot.

CODEFENDANT Co`de*fend"ant, n.

Defn: A joint defendant. Blackstone.

CODEINE Co*de"ine, n. Etym: [Gr. cod.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the opium alkaloids; a white crystalline substance, C18H21NO3, similar to and regarded as a derivative of morphine, but much feebler in its action; -- called also codeia.

CODETTA Co*det"ta, n. Etym: [It., dim. of coda tail.] (Mus.)

Defn: A short passage connecting two sections, but not forming part of either; a short coda.

CODEX Co"dex, n.; pl. Codices. Etym: [L. See Code.]

1. A book; a manuscript.

2. A collection or digest of laws; a code. Burrill.

3. An ancient manuscript of the Sacred Scriptures, or any part of them, particularly the New Testament.

4. A collection of canons. Shipley.

CODFISH Cod"fish, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of fish. Same as Cod.

CODGER Codg"er, n. Etym: [Cf. Cadger.]

1. A miser or mean person.

2. A singular or odd person; -- a familiar, humorous, or depreciatory appellation. [Colloq.] A few of us old codgers met at the fireside. Emerson.

CODICAL Cod"i*cal, a.

Defn: Ralating to a codex, or a code.

CODICIL Cod"i*cil, n. Etym: [L. codicillus, dim. of codex: cf. F. codicille. See Code.] (Law)

Defn: A clause added to a will.

CODICILLARY Cod`i*cil"la*ry, a. Etym: [L. codicillaris, codicillarius.]

Defn: Of the nature of a codicil.

CODIFICATION Co`di*fi*ca"tion ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. codification.]

Defn: The act or process of codifying or reducing laws to a code.

CODIFIER Co"di*fi`er ( or ), n.

Defn: One who codifies.

CODIFY Co"di*fy ( or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Codified; p. pr. & vb. n. Codifying.] Etym: [Code + -fy: cf. F. codifier.]

Defn: To reduce to a code, as laws.

CODILLA Co*dil"la, n. Etym: [Cf. L. codicula a little tail, dim. of cauda tail.] (Com.)

Defn: The coarse tow of flax and hemp. McElrath.

CODILLE Co*dille", n. Etym: [F. codile.]

Defn: A term at omber, signifying that the game is won. Pope.

CODIST Co"dist, n.

Defn: A codifier; a maker of codes. [R.]

CODLE Co"dle, v. t.

Defn: See Coddle.

CODLIN; CODLING Cod"lin, Cod"ling, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. codæppel a quince.] (a) An apple fit to stew or coddle. (b) An immature apple. A codling when 't is almost an apple. Shak. Codling moth (Zoöl.), a small moth (Carpocapsa Pomonella), which in the larval state (known as the apple worm) lives in apples, often doing great damage to the crop.

CODLING Cod"ling, n. Etym: [Dim. of cod the fish.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A young cod; also, a hake.

COD LIVER Cod" liv`er, n.

Defn: The liver of the common cod and allied species. Cod-liver oil, an oil obtained fron the liver of the codfish, and used extensively in medicine as a means of supplying the body with fat in cases of malnutrition.

CODPIECE Cod"piece`, n. Etym: [Cod, n., piece.]

Defn: A part of male dress in front of the breeches, formerly made very conspicuous. Shak. Fosbroke.

COECILIAN Coe*cil"i*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Cæcilian.

COEDUCATION Co*ed`u*ca"tion, n.

Defn: An educating together, as of persons of different sexes or races. Co*ed`u*ca"tion*al (, a.

COEFFICACY Co*ef"fi*ca*cy, n.

Defn: Joint efficacy.

COEFFICIENCY Co`ef*fi"cien*cy, n.

Defn: Joint efficiency; coöperation. Glanvill.

COEFFICIENT Co`ef*fi"cient, a.

Defn: Coöperating; acting together to produce an effect. Co`ef*fi"cient*ly, adv.

COEFFICIENT Co`ef*fi"cient, n.

1. That which unites in action with something else to produce the same effect.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. coefficient.] (Math.)

Defn: A number or letter put before a letter or quantity, known or unknown, to show how many times the latter is to be taken; as, 6x; bx; here 6 and b are coefficients of x.

3. (Physics)

Defn: A number, commonly used in computation as a factor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain fixed conditions as to temperature, length, volume, etc.; as, the coefficient of expansion; the coefficient of friction. Arbitrary coefficient (Math.), a literal coefficient placed arbitrarily in an algebraic, expression, the value of the coefficient being afterwards determined by the conditions of the problem.

COEHORN Coe"horn, n. Etym: [From its inventor, Baron Coehorn.] (Mil.)

Defn: A small bronze mortar mounted on a wooden block with handles, and light enough to be carried short distances by two men.

COELACANTH Coel"a*canth ( or , a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having hollow spines, as some ganoid fishes.

COELECTRON Co`e*lec"tron, n.

Defn: See Electron.

COELENTERA; COELENTERATA Coe*len"te*ra or Coe*len`te*ra"ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A comprehensive group of Invertebrata, mostly marine, comprising the Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora. The name implies that the stomach and body cavities are one. The group is sometimes enlarged so as to include the sponges.

COELENTERATE Coe*len"ter*ate, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Coelentra. -- n.

Defn: One of the Coelentera.

COELIA Coe"li*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: A cavity.

Note: The word is applied to the ventricles of the brain, the different venticles being indicated by prefixes like those characterizing the parts of the brain in which the cavities are found; as, epicoelia, mesocoelia, metacoelia, procoelia, etc. B. G. Wilder.

COELIAC; CELIAC Coe"li*ac, Ce"li*ac, a. Etym: [L. coeliacus, Gr.

Defn: Relating to the abdomen, or to the cavity of the abdomen. Coeliac artery (Anat.), the artery which issues from the aorta just below the diaphragm; -- called also coeliac axis. -- Coeliac flux, Coeliac passion (Med.), a chronic flux or diarrhea of undigested food.

COELODONT Coe"lo*dont, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having hollow teeth; -- said of a group lizards. -- n.

Defn: One of a group of lizards having hollow teeth.

COELOSPERMOUS Coel`o*sper"mous ( or , a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Hollow-seeded; having the ventral face of the seedlike carpels incurved at the ends, as in coriander seed.

COELUM Coe"lum, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: See Body cavity, under Body.

COEMPTION Co*emp"tion, n. Etym: [L. coëmptio, fr. coëmere to buy up. See Emption.]

Defn: The act of buying the whole quantity of any commodity. [R.] Bacon.

COENDOO Co*en"doo, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Brazilian porcupine (Cercolades, or Sphingurus, prehensiles), remarkable for its prehensile tail.

COENENCHYM; COENENCHYMA Coe*nen"chym, Coe*nen"chy*ma n. Etym: [NL. coenenchyma, fr. Gr. parenchyma.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common tissue which unites the polyps or zooids of a compound anthozoan or coral. It may be soft or more or less ossified. See Coral.

COENESTHESIS Coen`es*the"sis ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Physiol.)

Defn: Common sensation or general sensibility, as distinguished from the special sensations which are located in, or ascribed to, separate organs, as the eye and ear. It is supposed to depend on the ganglionic system.

COENOBITE Coen"o*bite ( or ), n.

Defn: See Cenobite.

COENOECIUM Coe*noe"ci*um ( or ), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common tissue which unites the various zooids of a bryozoan.

COENOGAMY Coe*nog"a*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The state of a community which permits promiscuous sexual intercourse among its members; -- as in certain primitive tribes or communistic societies. [Written also cenogamy.]

COENOSARC Coen"o*sarc ( or ), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common soft tissue which unites the polyps of a compound hydroid. See Hydroidea.

COENURUS Coe*nu"rus, n. Etym: [NL. fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larval stage of a tapeworm (Tænia coenurus) which forms bladderlike sacs in the brain of sheep, causing the fatal disease known as water brain, vertigo, staggers or gid.

Note: This bladder worm has on its surface numerous small heads, each of which, when swallowed by a dog, becomes a mature tapeworm in the dog's intestine.

COEQUAL Co*e"qual, a. Etym: [L. coaequalis; co- + aequalis equal.]

Defn: Being on an equality in rank or power. -- n.

Defn: One who is on an equality with another. In once he come to be a cardinal, He'll make his cap coequal with the crown. Shak.

COEQUALITY Co`e*qual"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being on an equality, as in rank or power.

COEQUALLY Co*e"qual*ly, adv.

Defn: With coequality.

COERCE Co*erce", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coerced; p. pr. & vb. n. Coercing.] Etym: [L. coërcere; co- + arcere to shut up, to press together. See Ark.]

1. To restrain by force, especially by law or authority; to repress; to curb. Burke. Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profligate sort. Ayliffe.

2. To compel or constrain to any action; as, to coerce a man to vote for a certain candidate.

3. To compel or enforce; as, to coerce obedience.

Syn. -- To Coerce, Compel. To compel denotes to urge on by force which cannot be resisted. The term aplies equally to physical and moral force; as, compelled by hunger; compelled adverse circumstances; compelled by parental affection. Coerce had at first only the negative sense of checking or restraining by force; as, to coerce a bad man by punishments or a prisoner with fetters. It has now gained a positive sense., viz., that of driving a person into the performance of some act which is required of him by another; as, to coerce a man to sign a contract; to coerce obedience. In this sense (which is now the prevailing one), coerce differs but little from compel, and yet there is a distinction between them. Coercion is usually acomplished by indirect means, as threats and intimidation, physical force being more rarely employed in coercing.

COERCIBLE Co"er"ci*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being coerced. -- Co*er"ci*ble*ness, n.

COERCION Co*er"cion, n. Etym: [L. coercio, fr. coercere. See Coerce.]

1. The act or process of coercing.

2. (Law)

Defn: The application to another of either physical or moral force. When the force is physical, and cannot be resisted, then the act produced by it is a nullity, so far as concerns the party coerced. When the force is moral, then the act, though voidable, is imputable to the party doing it, unless he be so paralyzed by terror as to act convulsively. At the same time coercion is not negatived by the fact of submission under force. "Coactus volui" (I consented under compulsion) is the condition of mind which, when there is volition forced by coercion, annuls the result of such coercion. Wharton.

COERCITIVE Co*er"ci*tive, a.

Defn: Coercive. "Coercitive power in laws." Jer. Taylor.

COERCIVE Co*er"cive, a.

Defn: Serving or intended to coerce; having power to constrain. -- Co*er"cive*ly, adv. -- Co*er"cive*ness, n. Coercive power can only influence us to outward practice. Bp. Warburton. Coercive or Coercitive force (Magnetism), the power or force which in iron or steel produces a slowness or difficulty in imparting magnetism to it, and also interposes an obstacle to the return of a bar to its natural state when active magnetism has ceased. It plainly depends on the molecular constitution of the metal. Nichol. The power of resisting magnetization or demagnization is sometimes called coercive force. S. Thompson.

COERULIGNONE Coe`ru*lig"none, n. Etym: [L. coeruleus cerulean + lignum wood + E. quinone.] (Chem.)

Defn: A bluish violet, crystalline substance obtained in the purification of crude wood vinegar. It is regarded as a complex quinone derivative of diphenyl; -- called also cedriret.

COESSENTIAL Co`es*sen"tial, a.

Defn: Partaking of the same essence. -- Co`es*sen"tial*ly, adv. We bless and magnify that coessential Spirit, eternally proceeding from both [The Father and the Son]. Hooker.

COESSENTIALITY Co`es*sen`ti*al"i*ty ( or ; 106), n.

Defn: Participation of the same essence. Johnson.

COESTABLISHMENT Co`es*tab"lish*ment, n.

Defn: Joint establishment. Bp. Watson.

COESTATE Co`es*tate", n.

Defn: Joint estate. Smolett.

COETANEAN Co`e*ta"ne*an, n.

Defn: A personcoetaneous with another; a contemporary. [R.] A . . . coetanean of the late earl of SouthamptoAubrey.

COETANEOUS Co`e*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. coaetaneus; co- + aetas age.]

Defn: Of the same age; beginning to exist at the same time; contemporaneous. -- Co`e*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. And all [members of the body] are coetaneous. Bentley.

COETERNAL Co`e*ter"nal, a.

Defn: Equally eternal. -- Co`e*ter"nal*ly, adv. Hail, holy Light, offspring of Heaven first born! Or of the Eternal coeternal beam. Milton.

COETERNITY Co`e*ter"ni*ty, n.

Defn: Existence from eternity equally with another eternal being; equal eternity.

COEVAL Co*e"val, a. Etym: [L. coaevus; co- + aevum lifetime, age. See Age, n.]

Defn: Of the same age; existing during the same period of time, especially time long and remote; -- usually followed by with. Silence! coeval with eternity! Pope. Oaks coeval spread a mournful shade. Cowper.

COEVAL Co*e"val, n.

Defn: One of the same age; a contemporary. As if it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in wit. Pope.

COEVOUS Co*e"vous, a.

Defn: Coeaval [Obs.] South.

COEXECUTOR Co`ex*ec"u*tor, n.

Defn: A joint executor.

COEXECUTRIX Co`ex*ec"u*trix, n.

Defn: A joint executrix.

COEXIST Co`ex*ist, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coexisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Coexisting.]

Defn: To exist at the same time; -- sometimes followed by with. Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of certain simple ideas coexisting together. Locke. So much purity and integrity . . . coexisting with so much decay and so many infirmities. Warburton.

COEXISTENCE Co`ex*ist"ence, n.

Defn: Existence at the same time with another; -- contemporary existence. Without the help, or so much as the coexistence, of any condition. Jer. Taylor.

COEXISTENT Co`ex*ist"ent, a.

Defn: Existing at the same time with another. -- n.

Defn: That which coexists with another. The law of coexistent vibrations. Whewell.

COEXISTING Co`ex*ist"ing, a.

Defn: Coexistent. Locke.

COEXTEND Co`ex*tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coextended; p. pr. & vb. n. Coextending.]

Defn: To extend through the same space or time with another; to extend to the same degree. According to which the least body may be coextended with the greatest. Boyle. Has your English language one single word that is coextended through all these significations Bentley.

COEXTENSION Co`ex*ten"sion, n.

Defn: The act of extending equally, or the state of being equally extended.

COEXTENSIVE Co`ex*ten"sive, a.

Defn: Equally extensive; having as, consciousness and knowledge are coextensive. Sir W. Hamilton. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ly, adv. -- Co`ex*ten"sive*ness, n.

COFFEE Cof"fee, n. Etym: [Turk. qahveh, Ar. qahuah wine, coffee, a decoction of berries. Cf. Café.]

1. The "beans" or "berries" (pyrenes) obtained from the drupes of a small evergreen tree of the genus Coffea, growing in Abyssinia, Arabia, Persia, and other warm regions of Asia and Africa, and also in tropical America.

2. The coffee tree.

Note: There are several species of the coffee tree, as, Coffea Arabica, C. occidentalis, and C. Liberica. The white, fragrant flowers grow in clusters at the root of the leaves, and the fruit is a red or purple cherrylike drupe, with sweet pulp, usually containing two pyrenes, commercially called "beans" or "berries".

3. The beverage made from the roasted and ground berry. They have in Turkey a drink called coffee . . . This drink comforteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon.

Note: The use of coffee is said to have been introduced into England about 1650, when coffeehouses were opened in Oxford and London. Coffee bug (Zoöl.), a species of scale insect (Lecanium coffæa), often very injurious to the coffee tree. -- Coffee rat (Zoöl.) See Musang.

COFFEEHOUSE Cof"fee*house`, n.

Defn: A house of entertainment, where guests are supplied with coffee and other refreshments, and where men meet for conversation. The coffeehouse must not be dismissed with a cursory mention. It might indeed, at that time, have been not improperly called a most important political institution . . . The coffeehouses were the chief organs through which the public opinion of the metropolis vented itself . . . Every man of the upper or middle class went daily to his coffeehouse to learn the news and discuss it. Every coffeehouse had one or more orators, to whose eloquence the crowd listened with admiration, and who soon became what the journalists of our own time have been called -- a fourth estate of the realm. Macaulay.

COFFEEMAN Cof"fee*man, n.

Defn: One who keeps a coffeehouse. Addison.

COFFEEPOT Cof"fee*pot, n.

Defn: A covered pot im which coffee is prepared,

COFFEEROOM Cof"fee*room`, n.

Defn: A public room where coffee and other refreshments may be obtained.

COFFER Cof"fer, n. Etym: [OF. cofre, F. coffre, L. cophinus basket, fr. Gr. Coffin, n.]

1. A casket, chest, or trunk; especially, one used for keeping money or other valuables. Chaucer. In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns. Shak.

2. Fig.: Treasure or funds; -- usually in the plural. He would discharge it without any burden to the queen's coffers, for honor sake. Bacon. Hold, here is half my coffer. Shak.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A panel deeply recessed in the ceiling of a vault, dome, or portico; a caisson.

4. (Fort.)

Defn: A trench dug in the botton of a dry moat, and extending across it, to enable the besieged to defend it by a raking fire.

5. The chamber of a canal lock; also, a caisson or a cofferdam. Coffer dam. (Engin.) See Cofferdam, in the Vocabulary. -- Coffer fish. (Zoöl.) See Cowfish.

COFFER Cof"fer, v. t.

1. To put into a coffer. Bacon.

2. (Mining.)

Defn: To secure from leaking, as a chaft, by ramming clay behind the masonry or timbering. Raymond.

3. To form with or in a coffer or coffers; to turnish with a coffer or coffers.

COFFERDAM Cof"fer*dam, n.

Defn: A water-tight inclosure, as of piles packed with clay, from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of foundations, building of piers, etc.

COFFERER Cof"fer*er, n.

Defn: One who keeps treasures in a coffer. [R.]

COFFERWORK Cof"fer*work`, n. (Masonry)

Defn: Rubblework faced with stone. Knight.

COFFIN Cof"fin, n. Etym: [OE., a basket, receptacle, OF. cofin, fr. L. cophinus. See Coffer, n.]

1. The case in which a dead human body is inclosed for burial. They embalmed him [Joseph], and he was put in a coffin. Gen. 1. 26.

2. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif (matt. xiv. 20).

3. A casing or crust, or a mold, of pastry, as for a pie. Of the paste a coffin I will rear. Shak.

4. A conical paper bag, used by grocers. [Obs.] Nares.

5. (Far.)

Defn: The hollow crust or hoof of a horse's foot, below the coronet, in which is the coffin bone. Coffin bone, the foot bone of the horse and allied animals, inclosed within the hoof, and corresponding to the third phalanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. -- Coffin joint, the joint next above the coffin bone.

COFFIN Cof"fin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coffined; p. pr. & vb. n. Coffining.]

Defn: To inclose in, or as in, a coffin. Would'st thou have laughed, had I come coffined home Shak. Devotion is not coffined in a cell. John Hall (1646).

COFFINLESS Cof"fin*less, a.

Defn: Having no coffin.

COFFLE Cof"fle, n. Etym: [Ar. kafala caravan.]

Defn: A gang of negro slaves being driven to market.

COG Cog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cogged; p. pr. & vb. n. Cogging.] Etym: [Cf. W. coegio to make void, to beceive, from coeg empty, vain, foolish. Cf. Coax, v. t.]

1. To seduce, or draw away, by adulation, artifice, or falsehood; to wheedle; to cozen; to cheat. [R.] I'll . . . cog their hearts from them. Shak.

2. To obtrude or thrust in, by falsehood or deception; as, to cog in a word; to palm off. [R.] Fustian tragedies . . . have, by concerted applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces. J. Dennis To cog a die, to load so as to direct its fall; to cheat in playing dice. Swift.

COG Cog, v. i.

Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to play false; to lie; to wheedle; to cajole. For guineas in other men's breeches, Your gamesters will palm and will cog. Swift.

COG Cog, n.

Defn: A trick or deception; a falsehood. Wm. Watson.

COG Cog, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. kugge a cog, or W. cocos the cogs of a wheel.]

1. (Mech.)

Defn: A tooth, cam, or catch for imparting or receiving motion, as on a gear wheel, or a lifter or wiper on a shaft; originally, a separate piece of wood set in a mortise in the face of a wheel.

2. (Carp.) (a) A kind of tenon on the end of a joist, received into a notch in a bearing timber, and resting flush with its upper surface. (b) A tenon in a scarf joint; a coak. Knight.

3. (Mining.)

Defn: One of the rough pillars of stone or coal left to support the roof of a mine.

COG Cog, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a cog or cogs. Cogged breath sound (Auscultation), a form of interrupted respiration, in which the interruptions are very even, three or four to each inspiration. Quain.

COG Cog, n. Etym: [OE. cogge; cf. D. kog, Icel. kuggr Cf. Cock a boat.]

Defn: A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

COGENCY Co"gen*cy, n. Etym: [See Cogent.]

Defn: The quality of being cogent; power of compelling conviction; conclusiveness; force. An antecedent argument of extreme cogency. J. H. Newman.

COGENIAL Co*ge"ni*al, a.

Defn: Congenial. [Obs.]

COGENT Co"gent, a. Etym: [L. cogens, p. pr. of cogere to drive together, to force; co- + agere to drive. See Agent, a., and cf. Coact to force, Coagulate, p. a.]

1. Compelling, in a physical sense; powerful. [Obs.] The cogent force of nature. Prior.

2. Having the power to compel conviction or move the will; constraining; conclusive; forcible; powerful; not easily reasisted. No better nor more cogent reason. Dr. H. More. Proofs of the most cogent description. Tyndall. The tongue whose strains were cogent as commands, Revered at home, and felt in foreign lands. Cowper.

Syn. -- Forcible; powerful; potent; urgent; strong; persuasive; convincing; conclusive; influential.

COGENTLY Co"gent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cogent manner; forcibly; convincigly; conclusively. Locke.

COGGER Cog"ger, n. Etym: [From Cog to wheedle.]

Defn: A flatterer or deceiver; a sharper.

COGGERY Cog"ger*y, n.

Defn: Trick; deception. Bp. Watson.

COGGLE Cog"gle, n. Etym: [See Cog small boat.]

Defn: A small fishing boat. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

COGGLE Cog"gle, n. Etym: [Cf. Cobble a cobblestone.]

Defn: A cobblestone. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

COGITABILITY Cog`i*ta*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being cogitable; conceivableness.

COGITABLE Cog"i*ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. cogitabilis, fr. cogitare to think.]

Defn: Capable of being brought before the mind as a throught or idea; conceivable; thinkable. Creation is cogitable by us only as a putting forth of divine power. Sir W. Hamilton.

COGITABUND Cog"i*ta*bund`, a. Etym: [L. cogitabundus.]

Defn: Full of thought; thoughtful. [R.] Leigh Hunt.

COGITATE Cog"i*tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cogitated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cogitating.] Etym: [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitare to reflect upon, prob. fr. co- + the root of aio I say; hence, prop., to discuss with one's self. Cf. Adage.]

Defn: To engage in continuous thought; to think. He that calleth a thing into his mind, whether by impression or recordation, cogitateth and considereth, and he that employeth the faculty of his fancy also cogitateth. Bacon.

COGITATE Cog"i*tate, v. t.

Defn: To think over; to plan. He . . . is our witness, how we both day and night, revolving in our minds, did cogitate nothing more than how to satisfy the parts of a good pastor. Foxe.

COGITATION Cog`i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cogitatio: cf. F. cogitation.]

Defn: The act of thinking; thought; meditation; contemplation. "Fixed in cogitation deep." Milton.

COGITATIVE Cog"i*ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. cogitativus.]

1. Possessing, or pertaining to, the power of thinking or meditating. "Cogitative faculties." Wollaston.

2. Given to thought or contemplation. Sir H. Wotton.

COGMAN Cog"man, n.

Defn: A dealer in cogware or coarse cloth. [Obs.] Wright.

COGNAC Co"gnac`, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A kind of French brandy, so called from the town of Cognac.

COGNATE Cog"nate, a. Etym: [L. cognatus; co- + gnatus, natus, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be born. See Nation, and cf. Connate.]

1. Allied by blood; kindred by birth; specifically (Law), related on the mother's side.

2. Of the same or a similar nature; of the same family; proceeding from the same stock or root; allied; kindred; as, a cognate language.

COGNATE Cog"nate, n.

1. (Law)

Defn: One who is related to another on the female side. Wharton.

2. One of a number of things allied in origin or nature; as, certain letters are cognates.

COGNATENESS Cog"nate*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being cognate.

COGNATI Cog*na"ti, n. pl. Etym: [L.] (Law)

Defn: Relatives by the mother's side. Wharton.

COGNATION Cog*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognatio.]

1. Relationship by blood; descent from the same original; kindred. As by our cognation to the body of the first Adam. Jer. Taylor.

2. Participation of the same nature. Sir T. Browne. A like temper and cognation. Sir K. Digby.

3. (Law)

Defn: That tie of consanguinity which exists between persons descended from the same mother; -- used in distinction from agnation.

COGNATUS Cog*na"tus, n. Etym: [L., a kinsman.] (Law)

Defn: A person cinnected through cognation.

COGNISOR; COGNISEE Cog`ni*sor" ( or ), Cog`ni*see, n.

Defn: See Cognizor, Cognizee.

COGNITION Cog*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognitio, fr. cognoscere, cognitum, to become acquainted with, to know; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. See Know, v. t.]

1. The act of knowing; knowledge; perception. I will not be myself nor have cognation Of what I feel: I am all patience. Shak.

2. That which is known.

COGNITIVE Cog"ni*tive, a.

Defn: Knowing, or apprehending by the understanding; as, cognitive power. South.

COGNIZABLE Cog"ni*za*ble ( or , a. Etym: [F. connaissable, fr. connaître to know, L. cognoscere. See Cognition.]

1. Capable of being known or apprehended; as, cognizable causes.

2. Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined. Cognizable both in the ecclesiastical and secular courts. Ayliffe.

COGNIZABLY Cog"ni*za*bly, adv.

Defn: In a cognizable manner.

COGNIZANCE Cog"ni*zance ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OF. conissance, conoissance, F. conaissance, LL. cognoscentia, fr. L. cognoscere to know. See Cognition, and cf. Cognoscence, Connoisseur.]

1. Apprehension by the understanding; perception; observation. Within the cognizance and lying under the control of their divine Governor. Bp. Hurd

2. Recollection; recognition. Who, soon as on that knight his eye did glance, Eftsoones of him had perfect cognizance. Spenser.

3. (Law) (a) Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies. (b) The hearing a matter judicially. (c) An acknowledgment of a fine of lands and tenements or confession of a thing done. [Eng.] (d) A form of defense in the action of replevin, by which the defendant insists that the goods were lawfully taken, as a distress, by defendant, acting as servant for another. [Eng.] Cowell. Mozley & W.

4. The distinguishing mark worn by an armed knight, usually upon the helmet, and by his retainers and followers: Hence, in general, a badge worn by a retainer or dependent, to indicate the person or party to which he belonged; a token by which a thing may be known. Wearing the liveries and cognizance of their master. Prescott. This pale and angry rose, As cognizance of my blood-drinking hate. Shak.

COGNIZANT Cog"ni*zant ( or ), a. Etym: [See Cognizance, and cf. Connusant.]

Defn: Having cognizance or knowledge. (of).

COGNIZE Cog"nize, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Cognizant, Recognize.]

Defn: To know or perceive; to recognize. The reasoning faculty can deal with no facts until they are cognized by it. H. Spencer.

COGNIZEE Cog`ni*zee" ( or ), n. (Law)

Defn: One to whom a fine of land was ackowledged. Blackstone.

COGNIZOR Cog`ni*zor, n. Etym: [See Cognizance.] (Law)

Defn: One who ackowledged the right of the plaintiff or cognizee in a fine; the defendant. Blackstone.

COGNOMEN Cog*no"men, n. Etym: [L.: co- + (g)nomen name.]

1. The last of the three names of a person among the ancient Romans, denoting his house or family.

2. (Eng. Law)

Defn: A surname.

COGNOMINAL Cog*nom"i*nal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cognomen; of the nature of a surname.

COGNOMINAL Cog*nom"i*nal, n.

Defn: One bearing the same name; a namesake. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

COGNOMINATION Cog*nom`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. cognominatio.]

Defn: A cognomen or surname. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

COGNOSCENCE Cog*nos"cence, n. Etym: [LL. cognoscentia. See Cognizance.]

Defn: Cognizance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

COGNOSCENTE Cog`nos*cen"te, n.; pl. Cognoscenti. Etym: [OIt. cognoscente, p. pr. of cognoscere, It. conoscere to know.]

Defn: A conoisseur. Mason.

COGNOSCIBILITY Cog*nos`ci*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being cognoscible. Cudworth.

COGNOSCIBLE Cog*nos"ci*ble, a.

1. Capable of being known. "Matters intelligible and cognoscible." Sir M. Hale.

2. Liable to judicial investigation. Jer. Taylor.

COGNOSCITIVE Cog*nos"ci*tive, a.

Defn: Having the power of knowing. [Obs.] "An innate cognoscitive power." Cudworth.

COGNOVIT Cog*no"vit, n. Etym: [L., he has acknowledged.] (Law)

Defn: An instrument in writting whereby a defendant in an action acknowledges a plaintiff's demand to be just. Mozley & W.

COGON Co*gon", n. [Sp., prob. fr. a native name.]

Defn: A tall, coarse grass (Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippine Islands and adjacent countries, used for thatching.

COGUARDIAN Co*guard"i*an, n.

Defn: A joint guardian.

COGUE Cogue, n. Etym: [Cf. Cog a small boat.]

Defn: A small wooden vessel; a pail. [Scot.] Jamieson.

COGWARE Cog"ware`, n.

Defn: A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the sixteenth century. Halliwell.

COGWHEEL Cog"wheel`, n.

Defn: A wheel with cogs or teeth; a gear wheel. See Illust. of Gearing.

COHABIT Co*hab"it, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohabiting.] Etym: [L. cohabitare; co- + habitare to dwell, to have possession of (a place), freg. of habere to have. See Habit, n. & v.]

1. To inhabit or reside in company, or in the same place or country. The Philistines were worsted by the captived ark . . . : they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing. South.

2. To dwell or live together as husband and wife. The law presumes that husband and wife cohabit together, even after a voluntary separation has taken place between them. Bouvier.

Note: By the common law as existing in the United States, marriage is presumed when a man and woman cohabit permanently together, being reputed by those who know them to be husband and wife, and admitting the relationship. Wharton.

COHABITANT Co*hab"it*ant, n. Etym: [L. cohabitans, p. pr.]

Defn: One who dwells with another, or in the same place or country. No small number of the Danes became peaceable cohabitants with the Saxons in England. Sir W. Raleigh.

COHABITATION Co*hab"i*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. cohabitatio.]

1. The act or state of dwelling together, or in the same place with another. Feltham.

2. (Law)

Defn: The living together of a man and woman in supposed sexual relationship. That the duty of cohabitation is released by the cruelty of one of the parties is admitted. Lord Stowell.

COHABITER Co*hab"it*er, n.

Defn: A cohabitant. Hobbes.

COHEIR Co*heir, n.

Defn: A joint heir; one of two or more heirs; one of several entitled to an inheritance.

COHEIRESS Co*heir"ess, n.

Defn: A female heir who inherits with other heiresses; a joint heiress.

COHEIRSHIP Co*heir"ship, n.

Defn: The state of being a coheir.

COHERALD Co*her"ald, n.

Defn: A joint herald.

COHERE Co*here", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cohered; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohering.] Etym: [L. cohaerere, cohaesum; co- + haerere to stick, adhere. See Aghast, a.]

1. To stick together; to cleave; to be united; to hold fast, as parts of the same mass. Neither knows he . . . how the solid parts of the body are united or cohere together. Locke.

2. To be united or connected together in subordination to one purpose; to follow naturally and logically, as the parts of a discourse, or as arguments in a train of reasoning; to be logically consistent. They have been inserted where they best seemed to cohere. Burke.

3. To suit; to agree; to fit. [Obs.] Had time cohered with place, or place with wishing. Shak.

Syn. -- To cleave; unite; adhere; stick; suit; agree; fit; be consistent.

COHERENCE; COHERENCY Co*her"ence, Co*her"en*cy, n. Etym: [L. cohaerentia: cf. F. cohérence.]

1. A sticking or cleaving together; union of parts of the same body; cohesion.

2. Connection or dependence, proceeding from the subordination of the parts of a thing to one principle or purpose, as in the parts of a discourse, or of a system of philosophy; consecutiveness. Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found in him. Locke.

COHERENT Co*her"ent, a. Etym: [L. cohaerens, p. pr. See Cohere.]

1. Sticking together; cleaving; as the parts of bodies; solid or fluid. Arbuthnot.

2. Composed of mutually dependent parts; making a logical whole; consistent; as, a coherent plan, argument, or discourse.

3. Logically consistent; -- applied to persons; as, a coherent thinker. Watts.

4. Suitable or suited; adapted; accordant. [Obs.] Instruct my daughter how she shall persever, That time and place, with this deceit so lawful, May prove coherent. Shak.

COHERENTLY Co*her"ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a coherent manner.

COHERER Co*her"er, n. (Elec.)

Defn: Any device in which an imperfectly conducting contact between pieces of metal or other conductors loosely resting against each other is materially improved in conductivity by the influence of Hertzian waves; -- so called by Sir O. J. Lodge in 1894 on the assumption that the impact of the electic waves caused the loosely connected parts to cohere, or weld together, a condition easily destroyed by tapping. A common form of coherer as used in wireless telegraphy consists of a tube containing filings (usually a pinch of nickel and silver filings in equal parts) between terminal wires or plugs (called conductor plugs).

COHESIBILITY Co*he`si*bil"i*ty ( or ), n.

Defn: The state of being cohesible. Good.

COHESIBLE Co*he"si*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of cohesion.

COHESION Co*he"sion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cohésion. See Cohere.]

1. The act or state of sticking together; close union.

2. (Physics)

Defn: That from of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass, whether like or unlike; -- distinguished from adhesion, which unites bodies by their adjacent surfaces. Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which, being increased, turns a fluid into a solid. Arbuthnot.

3. Logical agreement and dependence; as, the cohesion of ideas. Locke.

COHESIVE Co*he"sive, a.

1. Holding the particles of a homogeneous body together; as, cohesive attraction; producing cohesion; as, a cohesive force.

2. Cohering, or sticking together, as in a mass; capable of cohering; tending to cohere; as, cohesive clay. Cohesive attraction. See under Attraction. -- Co*he"sive*ly, adv. -- Co*he"sive*ness, n.

COHIBIT Co*hib"it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohibiting.] Etym: [L. cohibitus, p. p. of cohibere to confine; co- + habere to hold.]

Defn: To restrain. [Obs.] Bailey.

COHIBITION Co`hi*bi"tion, n. Etym: [L. cohibitio.]

Defn: Hindrance; restraint. [Obs.]

COHOBATE Co`ho*bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cohobated; p. pr. & vb. n. Cohobating.] Etym: [LL. cohobare; prob. of Arabic origin: cf. F. cohober.] (Anc. Chem.)

Defn: To repeat the distillation of, pouring the liquor back upon the matter remaining in the vessel. Arbuthnot.

COHOBATION Co`ho*ba"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. cohobation.] (Anc. Chem.)

Defn: The process of cohobating. Grew.

COHORN Co"horn, n. (Mil.)

Defn: See Coehorn.

COHORT Co"hort, n. Etym: [L. cohors, prop. an inclosure: cf. F. cohorte. See Court, n.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A body of about five or six hundred soldiers; the tenth part of a legion.

2. Any band or body of warriors. With him the cohort bright Of watchful cherubim. Milton.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: A natural group of orders of plants, less comprehensive than a class.

COHOSH Co"hosh, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial American herb (Caulophyllum thalictroides), whose roostock is used in medicine; -- also called pappoose root. The name is sometimes also given to the Cimicifuga racemosa, and to two species of Actæa, plants of the Crowfoot family.

COHUNE; COHUNE PALM Co*hune", n., or Cohune palm . [Prob. fr. a native name in Honduras.]

Defn: A Central and South American pinnate-leaved palm (Attalea cohune), the very large and hard nuts of which are turned to make fancy articles, and also yield an oil used as a substitute for coconut oil.

COIF Coif (koif), n. Etym: [OF. coife, F. coiffe, LL. cofea, cuphia, fr. OHG. kuppa, kuppha, miter, perh. fr. L. cupa tub. See Cup, n. ; but cf. also Cop, Cuff the article of dress, Quoif, n.]

Defn: A cap. Specifically: (a) A close-fitting cap covering the sides of the head, like a small hood without a cape. (b) An official headdress, such as that worn by certain judges in England. [Writting also quoif.] From point and saucy ermine down To the plain coif and russet gown. H. Brocke. The judges, . . . althout they are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of the coif, yet are they considerable. Bacon.

COIF Coif (koif), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. coiffer.]

Defn: To cover or dress with, or as with, a coif. And coif me, where I'm bald, with flowers. J. G. Cooper.

COIFED Coifed (koift), a.

Defn: Wearing a coif.

COIFFEUR Coif`feur", n. [F.]

Defn: A hairdresser.

COIFFURE Coif"fure, n. Etym: [F., fr. coiffer. See Coif.]

Defn: A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. Addison.

COIGN Coign, n.

Defn: A var. spelling of Coin, Quoin, a corner, wedge; -- chiefly used in the phrase coign of vantage, a position advantageous for

## action or observation.

From some shielded nook or coign of vantage. The Century.

The lithosphere would be depressed on four faces; . . . the four projecting coigns would stand up as continents. Nature.

COIGNE Coigne (koin), n. Etym: [See Coin, n.]

Defn: A quoin. See you yound coigne of the Capitol yon corner stone Shak.

COIGNE; COIGNY Coigne, Coign"y, n.

Defn: The practice of quartering one's self as landlord on a tenant; a quartering of one's self on anybody. [Ireland] Spenser.

COIL Coil (koil), v.t. [imp. & p. p. Coiled (koild); p. pr. & vb. n. Coiling.] Etym: [OF. coillir, F. cueillir, to collect, gather together, L. coligere; col- + legere to gather. See Legend, and cf. Cull, v. t., Collect.]

1. To wind cylindrically or spirally; as, to coil a rope when not in use; the snake coiled itself before springing.

2. To encircle and hold with, or as with, coils. [Obs. or R.] T. Edwards.

COIL Coil, v. i.

Defn: To wind itself cylindrically or spirally; to form a coil; to wind; -- often with about or around. You can see his flery serpents . . . Coiting, playing in the water. Longfellow.

COIL Coil, n.

1. A ring, series of rings, or spiral, into which a rope, or other like thing, is wound. The wild grapevines that twisted their coils from trec to tree. W. Irving.

2. Fig.: Entanglement; toil; mesh; perplexity.

3. A series of connected pipes in rows or layers, as in a steam heating apparatus. Induction coil. (Elec.) See under Induction. -- Ruhmkorff's coil (Elec.), an induction coil, sometimes so called from Ruhmkorff (, a prominent manufacturer of the apparatus.

COIL Coil, n. Etym: [Of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. goil fume, rage.]

Defn: A noise, tumult, bustle, or confusion. [Obs.] Shak.

COILON Coi"lon, n. Etym: [F. See Cullion.]

Defn: A testicle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COIN Coin (koin), n. Etym: [F. coin, formerly also coing, wedge, stamp, corner, fr. L. cuneus wedge; prob. akin to E. cone, hone. See Hone, n., and cf. Coigne, Quoin, Cuneiform.]

1. A quoin; a corner or external angle; a wegde. See Coigne, and Quoin.

2. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped by government authority, making it legally current as money; -- much used in a collective sense. It is alleged that it [a subsidy] exceeded all the current coin of the realm. Hallam.

3. That which serves for payment or recompense. The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood is repaid in a nobler coin. Hammond. Coin balance. See Illust. of Balance. -- To pay one in his own coin, to return to one the same kind of injury or ill treatment as has been received from him. [Colloq.]

COIN Coin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coined (koind); p. pr. & vb. n. Coining.]

1. To make of a definite fineness, and convert into coins, as a mass of metal; to mint; to manufacture; as, to coin silver dollars; to coin a medal.

2. To make or fabricate; to invent; to originate; as, to coin a word. Some tale, some new pretense, he daily coined, To soothe his sister and delude her mind. Dryden.

3. To acquire rapidly, as money; to make. Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter day. Locke.

COIN Coin, v. i.

Defn: To manufacture counterfeit money. They cannot touch me for coining. Shak.

COINAGE Coin"age, n. Etym: [From Coin, v. t., cf. Cuinage.]

1. The act or process of converting metal into money. The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior magistrates. Arbuthnot.

2. Coins; the aggregate coin of a time or place.

3. The cost or expense of coining money.

4. The act or process of fabricating or inventing; formation; fabrication; that which is fabricated or forged. "Unnecessary coinage . . . of words." Dryden. This is the very coinage of your brain. Shak.

COINCIDE Co`in*cide", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coincided; p. pr. & vb. n. Coinciding.] Etym: [L. co- + incidere to fall on; in + cadere to fall: cf. F. coïncider. See Chance, n.]

1. To occupy the same place in space, as two equal triangles, when placed one on the other. If the equator and the ecliptic had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revoluton of the earth useless. Cheyne.

2. To occur at the same time; to be contemporaneous; as, the fall of Granada coincided with the discovery of America.

3. To correspond exactly; to agree; to concur; as, our aims coincide. The rules of right jugdment and of good ratiocination often coincide with each other. Watts.

COINCIDENCE Co*in"ci*dence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coïncidence.]

1. The condition of occupying the same place in space; as, the coincidence of circles, surfaces, etc. Bentley.

2. The condition or fact of happening at the same time; as, the coincidence of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

3. Exact correspondence in nature, character, result, circumstances, etc.; concurrence; agreement. The very concurrence and coincidence of ao many evidences . . . carries a great weight. Sir M. Hale. Those who discourse . . . of the nature of truth . . . affirm a perfect coincidence between truth and goodness. South.

COINCIDENCY Co*in"ci*den*cy, n.

Defn: Coincidence. [R.]

COINCIDENT Co*in"ci*dent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. coïncident.]

Defn: Having coincidence; occupying the same place; contemporaneous; concurrent; -- followed by with. Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well- inclined man. South.

COINCIDENT Co*in"ci*dent, n.

Defn: One of two or more coincident events; a coincidence. [R.] "Coincidents and accidents." Froude.

COINCIDENTAL Co*in`ci*den"tal, a.

Defn: Coincident.

COINCIDENTLY Co*in"ci*dent*ly, adv.

Defn: With coincidence.

COINCIDER Co`in*cid"er, n.

Defn: One who coincides with another in an opinion.

COINDICATION Co*in`di*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coïdication.]

Defn: One of several signs or sumptoms indicating the same fact; as, a coindication of disease.

COINER Coin"er, n.

1. One who makes or stamps coin; a maker of money; -- usually, a maker of counterfeit money. Precautions such as are employed by coiners and receivers of stolen goods. Macaulay.

2. An inventor or maker, as of words. Camden.

COINHABITANT Co`in*hab"it*ant, n.

Defn: One who dwells with another, or with others. "Coinhabitants of the same element." Dr. H. More.

COINHERE Co`in*here", v. i.

Defn: To inhere or exist together, as in one substance. Sir W. Hamilton.

COINHERITANCE Co`in*her"it*ance, n.

Defn: Joint inheritance.

COINHERITOR Co`in*her"it*or, n.

Defn: A coheir.

COINITIAL Co`in*i"tial, a. (Math.)

Defn: Having a common beginning.

COINQUINATE Co*in"qui*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. coinquinatus, p. p. of coinquinare to defile. See Inquinate.]

Defn: Topollute. [Obs.] Skelton.

COINQUINATION Co*in`qui*na"tion, n.

Defn: Defilement. [Obs.]

COINSTANTANEOUS Co*in"stan*ta"ne*ous, a.

Defn: Happening at the same instant. C. Darwin.

COINSURANCE Co`in*sur"ance, n. [Co- + insurance.]

Defn: Insurance jointly with another or others; specif., that system of fire insurance in which the insurer is treated as insuring himself to the extent of that part of the risk not covered by his policy, so that any loss is apportioned between him and the insurance company on the principle of average, as in marine insurance or between other insurers.

COINTENSE Co`intense", a.

Defn: Equal in intensity or degree; as, the relations between 6 and 12, and 8 and 16, are cointense. H. Spencer.

COINTENSION Co`in*ten"sion, n.

Defn: The condition of being of equal in intensity; -- applied to relations; as, 3 : 6 and 6 : 12 are relations of cointension. Cointension . . . is chosen indicate the equality of relations in respect of the contrast between their terms. H. Spencer.

COIR Coir (koir), n. Etym: [Tamil kayiru.]

1. A material for cordage, matting, etc., consisting of the prepared fiber of the outer husk of the cocoanut. Homans.

2. Cordage or cables, made of this material.

COISTRIL Cois"tril, n. Etym: [Prob. from OF. coustillier groom or lad. Cf. Custrel.]

1. An inferior groom or lad employed by an esquire to carry the knight's arms and other necessaries. [Written also coistrel.]

2. A mean, paltry fellow; a coward. [Obs.] Shak.

COIT Coit (koit), n. Etym: [See Quoit.]

Defn: A quoit. [Obs.] Carew.

COIT Coit, v. t.

Defn: To throw, as a stone. [Obs.] See Quoit.

COITION Co*i"tion, n. Etym: [L. coitio, fr. coire to come together; co- + ire to go.]

Defn: A coming together; sexual intercourse; copulation. Grew.

COJOIN Co*join", v. t.

Defn: To join; to conjoin. [R.] Shak.

COJUROR Co*ju"ror, n.

Defn: One who swears to another's credibility. W. Wotton.

COKE Coke, n. Etym: [Perh. akin to cake, n.]

Defn: Mineral coal charred, or depriver of its bitumen, sulphur, or other volatile matter by roasting in a kiln or oven, or by distillation, as in gas works. It is lagerly used where [Written also coak.] Gas coke, the coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in ovens.

COKE Coke, v. t.

Defn: To convert into coke.

COKENAY Coke"nay, n.

Defn: A cockney. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COKERNUT Co"ker*nut`, n. (Com.)

Defn: The cocoanut.

Note: A mode of spelling introduced by the London customhouse to distinguish more widely between this and other articles spelt much in the same manner.

COKES Cokes, n. Etym: [OE. Cf. Coax.]

Defn: A simpleton; a gull; a dupe. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

COKEWOLD Coke"wold, n.

Defn: Cuckold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COL; COL- Col

Defn: - (with, together. See Com-.

COL Col, n. Etym: [F., neck, fr. L. collum neck.]

Defn: A short ridge connecting two higher elevations or mountains; the pass over such a ridge.

COLA Co"la, n. [NL., fr. a native name.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of sterculiaceous trees, natives of tropical Africa, esp. Guinea, but now naturalized in tropical America, esp. in the West Indies and Brazil. (b) Same as Cola nut, below.

COLA Co"la, n.,

Defn: L. pl. of Colon.

COLABORER Co*la"bor*er, n.

Defn: One who labors with another; an associate in labor.

COLANDER Col"an*der, n. Etym: [L. colans, -antis, p. pr. of colare to filter, to strain, fr. colum a strainer. Cf. Cullis, Culvert.]

Defn: A utensil with a bottom perforated with little holes for straining liquids, mashed vegetable pulp, etc.; a strainer of wickerwork, perfprated metal, or the like.

COLA NUT; COLA SEED Cola nut, Cola seed. (Bot.)

Defn: The bitter fruit of Cola acuminata, which is nearly as large as a chestnut, and furnishes a stimulant, which is used in medicine.

COLATION Co*la"tion, n. Etym: [See Colander.]

Defn: The act or process of straining or filtering. [R.]

COLATITUDE Co*lat"i*tude (; 134), n. Etym: [Formed like cosine. See Cosine.]

Defn: The complement of the latitude, or the difference between any latitude and ninety degrees.

COLATURE Col"a*ture, n. Etym: [L. colatura, from colare: cf. F. colature. See Colander.]

Defn: The process of straining; the matter strained; a strainer. [R.]

COLBERTINE Col"ber*tine, n. Etym: [From Jean Baptiste Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV., who encouraged the lace manufacture in France.]

Defn: A kind of lace. [Obs.] Pinners edged with colbertine. Swift. Difference rose between Mechlin, the queen of lace, and colbertine. Young.

COLCHICINE Col"chi*cine ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. colchicine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A powerful vegetable alkaloid, C17H19NO5, extracted from the Colchicum autumnale, or meadow saffron, as a white or yellowish amorphous powder, with a harsh, bitter taste; -- called also colchicia.

COLCHICUM Col"chi*cum, n. Etym: [L., a plant with a poisonous root, fr. Colchicus Colchian, fr. Colchis, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of bulbous-rooted plants found in many parts of Europe, including the meadow saffron.

Note: Preparations made from the poisonous bulbs and seeds, and perhaps from the flowers, of the Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron) are used as remedies for gout and rheumatism.

COLCOTHAR Col"co*thar, n. Etym: [NL. colcothar vitrioli, fr. Ar. qolqotar.] (Chem.)

Defn: Polishing rouge; a reddish brown oxide of iron, used in polishing glass, and also as a pigment; -- called also crocus Martis.

COLD Cold, a. [Compar. Colder; superl. Coldest.] Etym: [OE. cold, cald, AS. cald, ceald; akin to OS. kald, D. koud, G. kalt, Icel. kaldr, Dan. kold, Sw. kall, Goth. kalds, L. gelu frost, gelare to freeze. Orig. p. p. of AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala to freeze. Cf. Cool, a., Chill, n.]

1. Deprived of heat, or having a low temperature; not warm or hot; gelid; frigid. "The snowy top of cold Olympis." Milton.

2. Lacking the sensation of warmth; suffering from the absence of heat; chilly; shivering; as, to be cold.

3. Not pungent or acrid. "Cold plants." Bacon

4. Wanting in ardor, intensity, warmth, zeal, or passion; spiritless; unconcerned; reserved. A cold and unconcerned spectator. T. Burnet. No cold relation is a zealous citizen. Burke.

5. Unwelcome; disagreeable; unsatisfactory. "Cold news for me." "Cold comfort." Shak.

6. Wanting in power to excite; dull; uninteresting. What a deal of cold business doth a man misspend the better part of life in! B. Jonson. The jest grows cold . . . when in comes on in a second scene. Addison.

7. Affecting the sense of smell (as of hunting dogs) but feebly; having lost its odor; as, a cold scent.

8. Not sensitive; not acute. Smell this business with a sense as cold As is a dead man's nose. Shak.

9. Distant; -- said, in the game of hunting for some object, of a seeker remote from the thing concealed.

10. (Paint.)

Defn: Having a bluish effect. Cf. Warm, 8. Cold abscess. See under Abscess. -- Cold blast See under Blast, n., 2. Cold blood. See under Blood, n., 8. -- Cold chill, an ague fit. Wright. -- Cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. Weale. -- Cold cream. See under Cream. -- Cold slaw. See Cole slaw. -- In cold blood, without excitement or passion; deliberately. He was slain in cold blood after thefight was over. Sir W. Scott. To give one the cold shoulder, to treat one with neglect.

Syn. -- Gelid; bleak; frigid; chill; indifferent; unconcerned; passionless; reserved; unfeeling; stoical.

COLD Cold, n.

1. The relative absence of heat or warmth.

2. The sensation produced by the escape of heat; chilliness or chillness. When she saw her lord prepared to part, A deadly cold ran shivering to her heart. Dryden.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A morbid state of the animal system produced by exposure to cold or dampness; a catarrh. Cold sore (Med.), a vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any disease attended with fever. -- To leave one out in the cold, to overlook or neglect him. [Colloq.] Cold, v. i.

Defn: To become cold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COLD-BLOODED Cold"-blood`ed, a.

1. Having cold blood; -- said of fish or animals whose blood is but little warmer than the water or air about them.

2. Deficient in sensibility or feeling; hard-hearted.

3. Not thoroughbred; -- said of animals, as horses, which are derived from the common stock of a country.

COLDFINCH Cold"finch`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A British wagtail.

COLD-HEARTED Cold"-heart`ed, a.

Defn: Wanting passion or feeling; indifferent. -- Cold"-heart`ed*ness, n.

COLDISH Cold"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat cold; cool; chilly.

COLDLY Cold"ly, adv.

Defn: In a cold manner; without warmth, animation, or feeling; with indifference; calmly. Withdraw unto some private place, And reason coldly of your grievances. Shak.

COLDNESS Cold"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being cold.

COLD-SHORT Cold"-short`, a.

Defn: Brittle when cold; as, cold-short iron.

COLD-SHUT Cold"-shut`, a. (Metal.)

Defn: Closed while too cold to become thoroughly welded; -- said of a forging or casting. -- n.

Defn: An imperfection caused by such insufficient welding.

COLD WAVE Cold" wave". (Meteor.)

Defn: In the terminology of the United States Weather Bureau, an unusual fall in temperature, to or below the freezing point, exceeding 16º in twenty-four hours or 20º in thirty-six hours, independent of the diurnal range.

COLE Cole, n. Etym: [OE. col, caul, AS. cawl, cawel, fr. L. caulis, the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. a cabbage stalk, cabbage, akin to Gr. Cauliflower, Kale.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed.

CO-LEGATEE Co-leg`a*tee", n.

Defn: A joint legatee.

COLEGOOSE Cole"goose`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Coalgoose.

COLEMANITE Cole"man*ite, n. Etym: [From W.T. Coleman of San Francisco.] (Min.)

Defn: A hydrous borate of lime occurring in transparent colorless or white crystals, also massive, in Southern California.

COLEMOUSE Cole"mouse`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Coletit.

COLEOPTER Co`le*op"ter, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Coleoptera.

COLEOPTERA Co`le*op"te*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of insects having the anterior pair of wings (elytra) hard and horny, and serving as coverings for the posterior pair, which are membranous, and folded transversely under the others when not in use. The mouth parts form two pairs of jaws (mandibles and maxillæ) adapted for chewing. Most of the Coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils.

COLEOPTERAL; COLEOPTEROUS Co`le*op"ter*al, Co`le*op"ter*ous a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having wings covered with a case or sheath; belonging to the Coleoptera.

COLEOPTERAN Co`le*op"ter*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the order of Coleoptera.

COLEOPTERIST Co`le*op"ter*ist, n.

Defn: One versed in the study of the Coleoptera.

COLEORHIZA Co`le*o*rhi"za, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: A sheath in the embryo of grasses, inclosing the caulicle. Gray.

COLEPERCH Cole"perch`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of small black perch.

COLERA Col"e*ra, n. Etym: [L. cholera. See Choler.]

Defn: Bile; choler. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COLERIDGIAN Cole*ridg"i*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, or to his poetry or metaphysics.

COLESEED Cole"seed`, n.

Defn: The common rape or cole.

COLESLAW Cole"slaw`, n. Etym: [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.]

Defn: A salad made of sliced cabbage.

CO-LESSEE Co`-les*see", n.

Defn: A partner in a lease taen.

CO-LESSOR Co`-les*sor", n.

Defn: A partner in giving a lease.

COLESTAFF Cole"staff`, n.

Defn: See Colstaff.

COLET; COLLET Col"et, Col"letEtym: [Corrupted fr. acolyte.]

Defn: An inferior church servant. [Obs.] See Acolyte.

COLETIT; COALTIT Cole"tit` or Coal"tit, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European titmouse (Parus ater), so named from its black color; -- called also coalmouse and colemouse.

COLEUS Co"le*us, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of several species of the Mint family, cultivated for its bright-colored or variegated leaves.

COLEWORT Cole"wort`, n. Etym: [AS. cawlwyrt; cawl cole + wyrt wort. Cf. Collards.]

1. A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head.

2. Any white cabbage before the head has become firm.

COLFOX Col"fox`, n.

Defn: A crafty fox. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COLIC Col"ic, n. Etym: [F. colique, fr. L. colicus sick with the colic, GR. Colon.] (Med.)

Defn: A severe paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruction, or distention of some one of the hollow viscera. Hepatic colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. -- Intestinal colic, or Ordinary colic, pain due to distention of the intestines by gas. -- Lead colic, Painter's colic, a violent form of intestinal colic, associated with obstinate constipation, produced by chronic lead poisoning. -- Renal colic, the severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. -- Wind colic. See Intestinal colic, above.

COLIC Col"ic, a.

1. Of or pertaining to colic; affecting the bowels. Milton.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the colon; as, the colic arteries.

COLICAL Col"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, colic. Swift.

COLICKY Col"ick*y, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or troubled with, colic; as, a colicky disorder.

COLICROOT Col"ic*root`, n.

Defn: A bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with the leaves all radical, and the small yellow or white flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea). Called sometimes star grass, blackroot, blazing star, and unicorn root.

COLIN Col"in, n. Etym: [F. colin; prop. a dim. of Colas, contr. fr. Nicolas Nicholas.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American quail or bobwhite. The name is also applied to other related species. See Bobwhite.

COLISEUM Col`i*se"um, n. Etym: [NL. (cf. It. coliseo, colosseo), fr. L. colosseus colossal, fr. colossus a colossus. See Colossus, and cf. Colosseum.]

Defn: The amphitheater of Vespasian at Rome, the largest in the world. [Written also Colosseum.]

COLITIS Co*li"tis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -itis.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammation of the large intestine, esp. of its mucous membrane; colonitis.

COLL Coll, v. t. Etym: [OF. coler, fr. L. collum neck.]

Defn: To embrace. [Obs.] "They coll and kiss him." Latimer.

COLLABORATEUR Col*la`bo*ra*teur", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Collaborator.

COLLABORATION Col*lab`o*ra"tion, n.

Defn: The act ofworking together; united labor.

COLLABORATOR Col*lab"o*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L. collaborare to labor together; col- + laborare to labor: cf. F. collaborateur.]

Defn: An associate in labor, especially in literary or scientific labor.

COLLAGEN Col"la*gen, n. Etym: [Gr. -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: The chemical basis of ordinary connective tissue, as of tendons or sinews and of bone. On being boiled in water it becomes gelatin or glue.

COLLAGENOUS Col*lag"e*nous, a. (Physiol.)

Defn: Containing or resembling collagen.

COLLAPSE Col*lapse", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Collapsed; p. pr. & vb. n. Collapsing] Etym: [L. collapsus, p. p. of collabi to collapse; col- + labi to fall, slide. See Lapse.]

1. To fall together suddenly, as the sides of a hollow vessel; to close by falling or shrinking together; to have the sides or parts of (a thing) fall in together, or be crushed in together; as, a flue in the boiler of a steam engine sometimes collapses. A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it. Maunder.

2. To fail suddenly and completely, like something hollow when subject to too much pressure; to undergo a collapse; as, Maximilian's government collapsed soon after the French army left Mexico; many financial projects collapse after attaining some success and importance.

COLLAPSE Col*lapse", n.

1. A falling together suddenly, as of the sides of a hollow vessel.

2. A sudden and complete failure; an utter failure of any kind; a breakdown. [Colloq.]

3. (Med.)

Defn: Extreme depression or sudden failing o

COLLAPSION Col*lap"sion, n. Etym: [L. collapsio.]

Defn: Collapse. [R.] Johnson.

COLLAR Col"lar, n. Etym: [OE. coler, coller, OF. colier, F. collier, necklace, collar, fr. OF. col neck, F. cou, fr. L. collum; akin to AS. heals, G. & Goth. hals. Cf. Hals, n.]

1. Something worn round the neck, whether for use, ornament, restraint, or identification; as, the collar of a coat; a lady's collar; the collar of a dog.

2. (Arch.) (a) A ring or cinture. (b) A collar beam.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The neck or line of junction between the root of a plant and its stem. Gray.

4. An ornament worn round the neck by knights, having on it devises to designate their rank or order.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) A ringlike part of a mollusk in connection with esophagus. (b) A colored ring round the neck of a bird or mammal.

6. (Mech.)

Defn: A ring or round flange upon, surrounding, or against an object, and used for rastraining motion within given limits, or for holding something to its place, or for hibing an opening around an object; as, a collar on a shaft, used to prevent endwise motion of the shaft; a collar surrounding a stovepipe at the place where it enters a wall. The flanges of a piston and the gland of a stuffing box are sometimes called collars.

7. (Naut.)

Defn: An eye formed in the bight or bend of a shroud or stay to go over the masthead; also, a rope to which certain parts of rigging, as dead-eyes, are secured.

8. (Mining)

Defn: A curb, or a horizontal timbering, around the mouth of a shaft. Raymond. Collar beam (Arch.), a horizontal piece of timber connecting and tying together two opposite rafters; -- also, called simply collar. -- Collar of brawn, the quantity of brawn bound up in one parcel. [Eng.] Johnson. -- Collar day, a day of great ceremony at the English court, when persons, who are dignitaries of honorary orders, wear the collars of those orders. -- To slip the collar, to get free; to disentangle one's self from difficulty, labor, or engagement. Spenser.

COLLAR Col"lar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collared; p. pr. & vb. n. Collaring.]

1. To seize by the collar.

2. To put a collar on. To collar beef (or other meat), to roll it up, and bind it close with a string preparatory to cooking it.

COLLAR BONE Col"lar bone`. (Anat.)

Defn: The clavicle.

COLLARDS Col"lards, n., pl. Etym: [Corrupted fr. colewort.]

Defn: Young cabbage, used as "greens"; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort. [Colloq. Souther U. S.]

COLLARED Col"lared, a.

1. Wearing a collar. "Collared with gold." Chaucer.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Wearing a collar; -- said of a man or beast used as a bearing when a collar is represented as worn around the neck or loins.

3. Rolled up and bound close with a string; as, collared beef. See To collar beef, under Collar, v. t.

COLLARET; COLLARETTE Col`lar*et", Col`la*rette", n. [F. collerette, dim. of collier. See Collar.]

Defn: A small collar; specif., a woman's collar of lace, fur, or other fancy material.

COLLATABLE Col*lat"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being collated. Coleridge.

COLLATE Col*late", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collating.] Etym: [From Collation.]

1. To compare critically, as books or manuscripts, in order to note the points of agreement or disagreement. I must collage it, word, with the original Hebrew. Coleridge.

2. To gather and place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: To present and institute in a benefice, when the person presenting is both the patron and the ordinary; -- followed by to.

4. To bestow or confer. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

COLLATE Col*late", v. i. (Ecl.)

Defn: To place in a benefice, when the person placing is both the patron and the ordinary. If the bishop neglets to collate within six months, the right to do it devolves on the archbishop. Encyc. Brit.

COLLATERAL Col*lat"er*al, a. Etym: [LL. collateralis; col- + lateralis lateral. See Lateral.]

1. Coming from, being on, or directed toward, the side; as, collateral pressure. "Collateral light." Shak.

2. Acting in an indirect way. If by direct or by collateral hand They find us touched, we will our kingdom give . . . To you in satisfaction. Shak.

3. Related to, but not strictly a part of, the main thing or matter under consideration; hence, subordinate; not chief or principal; as, collateral interest; collateral issues. That he [Attebury] was altogether in the wrong on the main question, and on all the collateral questions springing out of it, . . . is true. Macaulay.

4. Tending toward the same conclusion or result as something else; additional; as, collateral evidence. Yet the attempt may give Collateral interest to this homely tale. Wordsworth.

5. (Genealogy)

Defn: Descending from the same stock or ancestor, but not in the same line or branch or one from the other; -- opposed to lineal.

Note: Lineal descendants proceed one from another in a direct line; collateral relations spring from a common ancestor, but from different branches of that common stirps or stock. Thus the children of brothers are collateral relations, having different fathers, but a common grandfather. Blackstone.

Collateral assurance, that which is made, over and above the deed itself. -- Collateral circulation (Med. & Physiol.), circulation established through indirect or subordinate branches when the supply through the main vessel is obstructed. -- Collateral issue. (Law) (a) An issue taken upon a matter aside from the merits of the case. (b) An issue raised by a criminal convict who pleads any matter allowed by law in bar of execution, as pardon, diversity of person, etc. (c) A point raised, on cross- examination, aside from the issue fixed by the pleadings, as to which the answer of the witness, when given, cannot subsequently be contradicted by the party asking the question. -- Collateral security, security for the performance of covenants, or the payment of money, besides the principal security,

COLLATERAL Col*lat"er*al, n.

1. A collateral relative. Ayliffe.

2. Collateral security; that which is pledged or deposited as collateral security.

COLLATERALLY Col*lat"er*al*ly, adv.

1. Side by side; by the side. These pulleys . . . placed collaterally. Bp. Wilkins.

2. In an indirect or subordinate manner; indirectly. The will hath force upon the conscience collaterally and indirectly. Jer. Taylor.

3. In collateral relation; not lineally.

COLLATERALNESS Col*lat"er*al*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being collateral.

COLLATION Col*la"tion, n. Etym: [OE. collacioun speech, conference, reflection, OF. collacion, F. collation, fr. L. collatio a bringing together, comparing, fr. collatum (used as the supine of conferre); col- + latium (used as the supine of ferre to bear), for tlatum. See Tolerate, v. t.]

1. The act of collating or comparing; a comparison of one copy er thing (as of a book, or manuscript) with another of a like kind; comparison, in general. Pope.

2. (Print.)

Defn: The gathering and examination of sheets preparatory to binding.

3. The act of conferring or bestowing. [Obs.] Not by the collation of the king . . . but by the people. Bacon.

4. A conference. [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. (Eccl. Law)

Defn: The presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop, who has it in his own gift.

6. (Law) (a) The act of comparing the copy of any paper with its original to ascertain its conformity. (b) The report of the act made by the proper officers.

7. (Scots Law)

Defn: The right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and movable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equaly with others who are of the same degree of kindred.

Note: This also obtains in the civil law, and is found in the code of Louisiana. Bouvier.

8. (Eccles.)

Defn: A collection of the Lives of the Fathers or other devout work read daily in monasteries.

9. A light repast or luncheon; as, a cold collation; -- first applied to the refreshment on fast days that accompanied the reading of the collation in monasteries. A collation of wine and sweetmeats. Whiston. Collation of seals (Old Law), a method of ascertaining the genuineness of a seal by comparing it with another known to be genuine. Bouvier.

COLLATION Col*la"tion, v. i.

Defn: To partake of a collation. [Obs.] May 20, 1658, I . . . collationed in Spring Garden. Evelyn.

COLLATIONER Col*la"tion*er, n. (Print.)

Defn: One who examines the sheets of a book that has just been printed, to ascertain whether they are correctly printed, paged, etc. [Eng.]

COLLATITIOUS Col`la*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. collatitius. See Collation.]

Defn: Brought together; contributed; done by contributions. [Obs.] Bailey.

COLLATIVE Col*la"tive, a. Etym: [L. collativus brought together. ]

Defn: Passing or held by collation; -- said of livings of which the bishop and the patron are the same person.

COLLATOR Col*la"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

1. One who collates manuscripts, books, etc. Addison.

2. (Eccl. Law)

Defn: One who collates to a benefice.

3. One who confers any benefit. [Obs.] Feltham.

COLLAUD Col*laud", v. t. Etym: [L. collaudare; col- + laudare to praise.]

Defn: To join in praising. [Obs.] Howell.

COLLEAGUE Col"league, n. Etym: [F. coll*gue, L. collega one chosen at the same time with another, a partner in office; col- + legare to send or choose as deputy. See Legate.]

Defn: A partner or associate in some civil or ecclesiastical office or employment. It is never used of partners in trade or manufactures.

Syn. -- Helper; assistant; coadjutor; ally; associate; companion; confederate.

COLLEAGUE Col*league", v.t & i.

Defn: To unite or associate with another or with others. [R.] Shak.

COLLEAGUESHIP Col"league*ship, n.

Defn: Partnership in office. Milton.

COLLECT Col*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collected; p. pr. & vb. n. Collecting.] Etym: [L. collecrus, p. p. of collerige to bind together; col- + legere to gather: cf. OF. collecter. See Legend, and cf. Coil, v. t., Cull, v. t.]

1. To gather into one body or place; to assemble or bring together; to obtain by gathering. A band of men Collected choicely from each country. Shak. 'Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving what our labor and industry daily collect. Watts.

2. To demand and obtain payment of, as an account, or other indebtedness; as, to collect taxes.

3. To infer from observed facts; to conclude from premises. [Archaic.] Shak. Which sequence, I conceive, is very ill collected. Locke. To collect one's self, to recover from surprise, embarrassment, or fear; to regain self-control.

Syn. -- To gather; assemble; congregate; muster; accumulate; garner; aggregate; amass; infer; deduce.

COLLECT Col*lect", v. i.

1. To assemble together; as, the people collected in a crowd; to accumulate; as, snow collects in banks.

2. To infer; to conclude. [Archaic] Whence some collect that the former word imports a plurality of persons. South.

COLLECT Col"lect, n. Etym: [LL. collecta, fr. L. collecta a collection in money; an assemblage, fr. collerige: cf. F. collecte. See Collect, v. t.]

Defn: A short, comprehensive prayer, adapted to a particular day, occasion, or condition, and forming part of a liturgy. The noble poem on the massacres of Piedmont is strictly a collect in verse. Macaulay.

COLLECTANEA Col`lec*ta"ne*a, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. from L. collectaneus collected, fr. colligere. See Collect, v. t.]

Defn: Passages selected from various authors, usually for purposes of instruction; miscellany; anthology.

COLLECTED Col*lect"ed, a.

1. Gathered together.

2. Self-possessed; calm; composed.

COLLECTEDLY Col*lect"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Composedly; coolly.

COLLECTEDNESS Col*lect"ed*ness, n.

Defn: A collected state of the mind; self-possession.

COLLECTIBLE Col*lect"i*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being collected.

COLLECTION Col*lec"tion, n. Etym: [L. collectio: cf. F. collection.]

1. The act or process of collecting or of gathering; as, the collection of specimens.

2. That which is collected; as: (a) A gathering or assemblage of objects or of persons. "A collection of letters." Macaulay. (b) A gathering of money for charitable or other purposes, as by passing a contribution box for freewill offerings. "The collection for the saints." 1 Cor. xvi. 1 (c) (Usually in pl.) That which is obtained in payment of demands. (d) An accumulation of any substance. "Collections of moisture." Whewell. "A purulent collection." Dunglison.

3. The act of inferring or concluding from premises or observed facts; also, that which is inferred. [Obs.] We may safely say thus, that wrong collections have been hitherto made out of those words by modern divines. Milton.

4. The jurisdiction of a collector of excise. [Eng.]

Syn. -- Gathering; assembly; assemblage; group; crowd; congregation; mass; heap; compilation.

COLLECTIONAL Col*lec"tion*al (-al), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to collecting. The first twenty-five [years] must have been wasted for collectional purposes. H. A. Merewether.

COLLECTIVE Col*lect"ive, a. Etym: [L. collectivus: cf. F. collectif.]

1. Formed by gathering or collecting; gathered into a mass, sum, or body; congregated or aggregated; as, the collective body of a nation. Bp. Hoadley.

2. Deducing consequences; reasoning; inferring. [Obs.] "Critical and collective reason." Sir T. Browne.

3. (Gram.)

Defn: Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form; as, a collective name or noun, like assembly, army, juri, etc.

4. Tending to collect; forming a collection. Local is his throne . . . to fix a point, A central point, collective of his sons. Young.

5. Having plurality of origin or authority; as, in diplomacy, a note signed by the representatives of several governments is called a collective note. Collective fruit (Bot.), that which is formed from a mass of flowers, as the mulberry, pineapple, and the like; -- called also multiple fruit. Gray.

COLLECTIVE Col*lect"ive, n. (Gram.)

Defn: A collective noun or name.

COLLECTIVELY Col*lect"ive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a mass, or body; in a collected state; in the aggregate; unitedly.

COLLECTIVENESS Col*lect"ive*ness, n.

Defn: A state of union; mass.

COLLECTIVISM Col*lect"iv*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collectivisme.] (Polit. Econ.)

Defn: The doctrine that land and capital should be owned by society collectively or as a whole; communism. W. G. Summer.

COLLECTIVIST Col*lect"iv*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collectiviste.]

Defn: An advocate of collectivism. -- a.

Defn: Relating to, or characteristic of, collectivism.

COLLECTIVITY Col`lec*tiv"i*ty, n.

1. Quality or state of being collective.

2. The collective sum. aggregate, or mass of anything; specif., the people as a body; the state.

The proposition to give work by the collectivity is supposed to be in contravention of the sacred principle of monopolistic competition. W. D. Howells.

3. (Polit. Econ.) Collectivism.

COLLECTOR Col*lect"or, n. Etym: [LL. collector one who collects: cf. F. collecteur.]

1. One who collects things which are separate; esp., one who makes a business or practice of collecting works of art, objects in natural history, etc.; as, a collector of coins. I digress into Soho to explore a bookstall. Methinks I have been thirty years a collector. Lamb.

2. A compiler of books; one who collects scattered passages and puts them together in one book. Volumes without the collector's own reflections. Addison.

3. (Com.)

Defn: An officer appointed and commissioned to collect and receive customs, duties, taxes, or toll. A great part of this is now embezzled . . . by collectors, and other officers. Sir W. Temple.

4. One authorized to collect debts.

5. A bachelor of arts in Oxford, formerly appointed to superintend some scholastic proceedings in Lent. Todd.

COLLECTORATE Col*lect"or*ate, n.

Defn: The district of a collector of customs; a collectorship.

COLLECTORSHIP Col*lect"or*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a collector of customs or of taxes.

COLLEEN Col*leen", n. [Ir. cailin.]

Defn: A girl; a maiden. [Anglo-Irish]

Of all the colleens in the land Sweet Mollie is the daisy. The Century.

COLLEGATARY Col*leg"a*ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. collegetarius. See Legatary.] (Law)

Defn: A joint legatee.

COLLEGE Col"lege, n. Etym: [F. collège, L. collegium, fr. collega colleague. See Colleague.]

1. A collection, body, or society of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common duties and interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges; as, a college of heralds; a college of electors; a college of bishops. The college of the cardinals. Shak. Then they made colleges of sufferers; persons who, to secure their inheritance in the world to come, did cut off all their portion in this. Jer. Taylor.

2. A society of scholars or friends of learning, incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge; as, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and many American colleges.

Note: In France and some other parts of continental Europe, college is used to include schools occupied with rudimentary studies, and receiving children as pupils.

3. A building, or number of buildings, used by a college. "The gate of Trinity College." Macaulay.

4. Fig.: A community. [R.] Thick as the college of the bees in May. Dryden. College of justice, a term applied in Scotland to the supreme civil courts and their principal officers. -- The sacred college, the college or cardinals at Rome.

COLLEGIAL Col*le"gi*al, n. Etym: [LL. collegialis.]

Defn: Collegiate. [R.]

COLLEGIAN Col*le"gi*an, n.

Defn: A member of a college, particularly of a literary institution so called; a student in a college.

COLLEGIATE Col*le"gi*ate, a. Etym: [L. collegiatus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a college; as, collegiate studies; a collegiate society. Johnson. Collegiate church. (a) A church which, although not a bishop's seat, resembles a cathedral in having a college, or chapter of canons (and, in the Church of England, a dean), as Westminster Abbey. (b) An association of churches, possessing common revenues and administered under the joint pastorate of several ministers; as, the Reformed (Dutch) Collegiate Church of New York.

COLLEGIATE Col*le"gi*ate, n.

Defn: A member of a college. Burton.

COLLEMBOLA Col*lem"bo*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The division of Thysanura which includes Podura, and allied forms.

COLLENCHYMA Col*len"chy*ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. parenchyma.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tissue of vegetable cells which are thickend at the angles and (usually) elongated.

COLLET Col"let, n. Etym: [F. collet, dim. fr. L. collum neck. See Collar.]

1. A small collar or neckband. Foxe.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A small metal ring; a small collar fastened on an arbor; as, the collet on the balance arbor of a watch; a small socket on a stem, for holding a drill.

3. (Jewelry) (a) The part of a ring containing the bezel in which the stone is set. (b) The flat table at the base of a brilliant. See Illust. of Brilliant. How full the collet with his jewel is! Cowley.

COLLETERIAL Col`le*te"ri*al, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the colleterium of insects. R. Owen.

COLLETERIUM Col`le*te"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Colletic.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An organ of female insects, containing a cement to unite the ejected ova.

COLLETIC Col*let"ic, a. Etym: [L. colleticus suitable for gluing, Gr.

Defn: Agglutinant. -- n.

Defn: An agglutinant.

COLLEY Col"ley, n.

Defn: See Collie.

COLLIDE Col*lide", v. i. Etym: [L. collidere, collisum; col- + laedere to strike. See Lesion.]

Defn: To strike or dash against each other; to come into collision; to clash; as, the vessels collided; their interests collided. Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate. Tyndall. No longer rocking and swaying, but clashing and colliding. Carlyle.

COLLIDE Col*lide", v. t.

Defn: To strike or dash against. [Obs.] Scintillations are . . . inflammable effluencies from the bodies collided. Sir T. Browne.

COLLIDINE Col"li*dine, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: One of a class of organic bases, C8H11N, usually pungent oily liquids, belonging to the pyridine series, and obtained from bone oil, coal tar, naphtha, and certain alkaloids.

COLLIE Col"lie, n. Etym: [Gael. cuilean whelp, puppy, dog.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Scotch shepherd dog. There are two breeds, the rough-haired and smooth-haired. It is remarkable for its intelligence, displayed especially in caring for flocks. [Written also colly, colley.]

COLLIED Col"lied, p. & a.

Defn: Darkened. See Colly, v. t.

COLLIER Col"lier, n. Etym: [OE. colier. See Coal.]

1. One engaged in the business of digging mineral coal or making charcoal, or in transporting or dealing in coal.

2. A vessel employed in the coal trade.

COLLIERY Col"lier*y, n.; pl. Collieries. Etym: [Cf. Coalery, Collier.]

1. The place where coal is dug; a coal mine, and the buildings, etc., belonging to it.

2. The coal trade. [Obs.] Johnson.

COLLIFLOWER Col"li*flow`er, n.

Defn: See Cauliflower.

COLLIGATE Col"li*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colligated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colligating.] Etym: [L. colligatus, p. p. of colligare to collect; co- + ligare to bind.]

1. To tie or bind together. The pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows. Nicholson.

2. (Logic)

Defn: To bring together by colligation; to sum up in a single proposition. He had discovered and colligated a multitude of the most wonderful . . . phenomena. Tundall.

COLLIGATE Col"li*gate, a.

Defn: Bound together.

COLLIGATION Col`li*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. colligatio.]

1. A binding together. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Logic)

Defn: That process by which a number of isolated facts are brought under one conception, or summed up in a general proposition, as when Kepler discovered that the various observed positions of the planet Mars were points in an ellipse. "The colligation of facts." Whewell. Colligation is not always induction, but induction is always colligation. J. S. Mill.

COLLIMATE Col"li*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collimated; p. p. & vb. n. Collimating.] Etym: [See Collimation.] (Physics & Astron.)

Defn: To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to bring into the same line, as the axes of telescopes, etc.; to render parallel, as rays of light.

Collimating eyepiece, an eyepiece with a diagonal reflector for illumination, used to determine the error of collimation in a transit instrument by observing the image of a cross wire reflected from mercury, and comparing its position in the field with that of the same wire seen directly. -- Collimating lens (Optics), a lens used for producing parallel rays of light.

COLLIMATION Col`li*ma"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. collimation, fr. a false reading (collimare) for L. collineare to direct in a straight line; col- + linea line. Cf. Collineation.]

Defn: The act of collimating; the adjustment of the line of the sights, as the axial line of the telescope of an instrument, into its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument. Error of collimation, the deviation of the line collimation of an astronomical instrument from the position it ought to have with respect to the axis of motion of the instrument. -- Line of collimation, the axial line of the telescope of an astronomical or geodetic instrument, or the line which passes through the optical center of the object glass and the intersection of the cross wires at its focus.

COLLIMATOR Col"li*ma`tor, n.

1. (Astron.)

Defn: A telescope arranged and used to determine errors of collimation, both vertical and horizontal. Nichol.

2. (Optics)

Defn: A tube having a convex lens at one end and at the other a small opening or slit which is at the principal focus of the lens, used for producing a beam of parallel rays; also, a lens so used.

COLLIN Col"lin, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A very pure form of gelatin.

COLLINE Col"line, n. Etym: [F. colline, fr. L. collis a hill.]

Defn: A small hill or mount. [Obs.] And watered park, full of fine collines and ponds. Evelyn.

COLLINEATION Col*lin`e*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. collineare to direct in a straight line. See Collimation.]

Defn: The act of aiming at, or directing in a line with, a fixed object. [R.] Johnson.

COLLING Coll"ing, n. Etym: [From Coll, v. t.]

Defn: An embrace; dalliance. [Obs.] Halliwell.

COLLINGLY Coll"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With embraces. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

COLLINGUAL Col*lin"gual, a.

Defn: Having, or pertaining to, the same language.

COLLIQUABLE Col*liq"ua*ble, a.

Defn: Liable to melt, grow soft, or become fluid. [Obs.] Harvey.

COLLIQUAMENT Col*liq"ua*ment, n.

Defn: The first rudiments of an embryo in generation. Dr. H. More.

COLLIQUATE Col"li*quate, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Colliquated; p. pr. & vb. n. Colliquating.] Etym: [Pref. col- + L. liquare, liquatum, to melt.]

Defn: To change from solid to fluid; to make or become liquid; to melt. [Obs.] The ore of it is colliquated by the violence of the fire. Boyle. [Ice] will colliquate in water or warm oil. Sir T. Browne.

COLLIQUATION Col`li*qua"tion, n.

1. A melting together; the act of melting; fusion. When sand and ashes are well melted together and suffered to cool, there is generated, by the colliquation, that sort of concretion we call "glass". Boyle.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A processive wasting or melting away of the solid parts of the animal system with copious excretions of liquids by one or more passages. [Obs.]

COLLIQUATIVE Col*liq"ua*tive, a.

Defn: Causing rapid waste or exhaustion; melting; as, collequative sweats.

COLLIQUEFACTION Col*liq`ue*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. colliquefactus melted; col- + liquefacere; liquere to be liquid + facere to make.]

Defn: A melting together; the reduction of different bodies into one mass by fusion. The incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction. Bacon.

COLLISH Col"lish, n. (Shoemaking)

Defn: A tool to polish the edge of a sole. Knight.

COLLISION Col*li"sion, n. Etym: [L. collisio, fr. collidere. See Collide.]

1. The act of striking together; a striking together, as of two hard bodies; a violent meeting, as of railroad trains; a clashing.

2. A state of opposition; antagonism; interference. The collision of contrary false principles. Bp. Warburton. Sensitive to the most trifling collisions. W. Irving.

Syn. -- Conflict; clashing; encounter; opposition.

COLLISIVE Col*li"sive, a.

Defn: Colliding; clashing. [Obs.]

COLLITIGANT Col*lit"i*gant, a.

Defn: Disputing or wrangling. [Obs.] -- n.

Defn: One who litigates or wrangles. [Obs.]

COLLOCATE Col"lo*cate, a. Etym: [L. collocatus, p. p. of collocare. See Couch.]

Defn: Set; placed. [Obs.] Bacon.

COLLOCATE Col"lo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collocated; p. pr. & vb. n. Collocating.]

Defn: To set or place; to set; to station. To marshal and collocate in order his battalions. E. Hall.

COLLOCATION Col`lo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. collocatio.]

Defn: The act of placing; the state of being placed with something else; disposition in place; arrangement. The choice and collocation of words. Sir W. Jones.

COLLOCUTION Col`lo*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. collocutio, fr. colloqui, -locutum, to converse; col- + loqui to speak. See Loquacious.]

Defn: A speaking or conversing together; conference; mutual discourse. Bailey.

COLLOCUTOR Col"lo*cu`tor, n. Etym: [L. collocutor]

Defn: One of the speakers in a dialogue. Derham.

COLLODION Col*lo"di*on, n. Etym: [Gr. Colloid.] (Chem.)

Defn: A solution of pyroxylin (soluble gun cotton) in ether containing a varying proportion of alcohol. It is strongly adhesive, and is used by surgeons as a containing for wounds; but its chief application is as a vehicle for the sensitive film in photography. Collodion process (Photog.), a process in which a film of sensitized collodion is used in preparing the plate for taking a picture. -- Styptic collodion, collodion containing an astringent, as tannin.

COLLODIONIZE Col*lo"di*on*ize, v. t.

Defn: To prepare or treat with collodion. R. Hunt.

COLLODIOTYPE Col*lo"di*o*type, n.

Defn: A picture obtained by the collodion process; a melanotype or ambrotype.

COLLODIUM Col*lo"di*um, n.

Defn: See Collodion.

COLLOGUE Col*logue", v. i. Etym: [Cf. L. colloqui and E. dialogue. Cf. Collocution.]

Defn: To talk or confer secretly and confidentially; to converse, especially with evil intentions; to plot mischief. [Archaic or Colloq.] Pray go in; and, sister, salve the matter, Collogue with her again, and all shall be well. Greene. He had been colloguing with my wife. Thackeray.

COLLOID Col"loid, a. Etym: [Gr. -oid. Cf. Collodion.]

Defn: Resembling glue or jelly; characterized by a jellylike appearance; gelatinous; as, colloid tumors.

COLLOID Col"loid, n.

1. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A substance (as albumin, gum, gelatin, etc.) which is of a gelatinous rather than a crystalline nature, and which diffuses itself through animal membranes or vegetable parchment more slowly than crystalloids do; -- opposed to crystalloid.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A gelatinous substance found in colloid degeneration and colloid cancer. Styptic colloid (Med.), a preparation of astringent and antiseptic substances with some colloid material, as collodion, for ready use.

COLLOIDAL Col*loid"al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, colloids.

COLLOIDALITY Col`loi*dal"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being colloidal.

COLLOP Col"lop, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin; cf. OF. colp blow, stroke, piece, F. coup, fr. L. colophus buffet, cuff, Gr. [Written also colp.]

1. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. God knows thou art a collop of my flesh. Shak. Sweetbread and collops were with skewers pricked. Dryden.

2. A part or piece of anything; a portion. Cut two good collops out of the crown land. Fuller.

COLLOPED Col"loped, a.

Defn: Having ridges or bunches of flesh, like collops. With that red, gaunt, and colloped neck astrain. R. Browning.

COLLOPHORE Col"lo*phore, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.) (a) A suckerlike organ at the base of the abdomen of insects belonging to the Collembola. (b) An adhesive marginal organ of the Lucernariae.

COLLOQUIAL Col*lo"qui*al, a. Etym: [See Colloqui.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. common and familiar conversation; conversational; hence, unstudied; informal; as, colloquial intercourse; colloquial phrases; a colloquial style. -- Col*lo"qui*al*ly, adv. His [Johnson's] colloquial talents were, indeed, of the highest order. Macaulay.

COLLOQUIALISM Col*lo"qui*al*ism, n.

Defn: A colloquial expression, not employed in formal discourse or writing.

COLLOQUIALIZE Col*lo"qui*al*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make colloquial and familiar; as, to colloquialize one's style of writing.

COLLOQUIST Col"lo*quist, n.

Defn: A speaker in a colloquy or dialogue. Malone.

COLLOQUY Col"lo*quy, n.; pl. Colloquies. Etym: [L. colloquium. See Collocution.]

1. Mutual discourse of two or more persons; conference; conversation. They went to Worms, to the colloquy there about religion. A. Wood.

2. In some American colleges, a part in exhibitions, assigned for a certain scholarship rank; a designation of rank in collegiate scholarship.

COLLOTYPE Col"lo*type, n. [Gr. glue + -type.]

Defn: A photomechanical print made directly from a hardened film of gelatin or other colloid; also, the process of making such prints. According to one method, the film is sensitized with potassium dichromate and exposed to light under a reversed negative. After the dichromate has been washed out, the film is soaked in glycerin and water. As this treatment causes swelling in those parts of the film which have been acted on by light, a plate results from which impressions can be taken with prepared ink. The albertype, phototype, and heliotype are collotypes.

COLLOW Col"low, n.

Defn: Soot; smut. See 1st Colly. [Obs.]

COLLUCTANCY Col*luc"tan*cy, n. Etym: [L. colluctari to struggle with.]

Defn: A struggling to resist; a striving against; resistance; opposition of nature. [Obs.]

COLLUCTATION Col`luc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. colluctatio, fr. colluctari to struggle with; col- + luctari to struggle.]

Defn: A struggling; a contention. [Obs.] Colluctation with old hags and hobgoblins. Dr. H. More.

COLLUDE Col*lude", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Colluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Colluding.] Etym: [L. colludere, -lusum; col- + ludere to play. See Ludicrous.]

Defn: To have secretly a joint part or share in an action; to play into each other's hands; to conspire; to act in concert. If they let things take their course, they will be represented as colluding with sedition. Burke.

COLLUDER Col*lud"er, n.

Defn: One who conspires in a fraud.

COLLUM Col"lum, n.; pl. Colla. Etym: [L., neck.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A neck or cervix. Dunglison.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Collar. Gray.

COLLUSION Col*lu"sion, n. Etym: [L. collusio: cf. F. collusion. See Collude.]

1. A secret agreement and cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful purpose; a playing into each other's hands; deceit; fraud; cunning. The foxe, maister of collusion. Spenser. That they [miracles] be done publicly, in the face of the world, that there may be no room to suspect artifice and collusion. Atterbury. By the ignorance of the merchants or dishonesty of the weavers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive. Swift.

2. (Law)

Defn: An agreement between two or more persons to defraud a person of his rights, by the forms of law, or to obtain an object forbidden by law. Bouvier. Abbott.

Syn. -- Collusion, Connivance. A person who is guilty of connivance intentionally overlooks, and thus sanctions what he was bound to prevent. A person who is guilty of collusion unites with others (playing into their hands) for fraudulent purposes.

COLLUSIVE Col*lu"sive, a.

1. Characterized by collusion; done or planned in collusion. "Collusive and sophistical arguings." J. Trapp. "Collusive divorces." Strype.

2. Acting in collusion. "Collusive parties." Burke. -- Col*lu"sive*ly, adv. -- Col*lu"sive*ness, n.

COLLUSORY Col*lu"so*ry, a. Etym: [L. collusorius.]

Defn: Collusive.

COLLUTORY Col"lu*to*ry, n. Etym: [L. colluere, collutum, to wash.] (Med.)

Defn: A medicated wash for the mouth.

COLLUVIES Col*lu"vi*es, n. [L., a collection of washings, dregs, offscourings, fr. colluere to wash; col-+ luere to wash.]

1. A collection or gathering, as of pus, or rubbish, or odds and ends.

2. A medley; offscourings or rabble.

COLLY Col"ly, n. Etym: [From Coal.]

Defn: The black grime or soot of coal. [Obs.] Burton.

COLLY Col"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Collied; p. pr. & vb. n. Collying.]

Defn: To render black or dark, as of with coal smut; to begrime. [Archaic.] Thou hast not collied thy face enough. B. Jonson. Brief as the lighting in the collied night. Shak.

COLLY Col"ly, n.

Defn: A kind of dog. See Collie.

COLLYBIST Col"ly*bist, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A money changer. [Obs.] In the face of these guilty collybists. Bp. Hall.

COLLYRIUM Col*lyr"i*um, n.; pl. E. Collyriums, L. Collyria. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An application to the eye, usually an eyewater.

COLOBOMA Col`o*bo"ma, n. [NL. fr. Gr. , the part taken away in mutilation, fr. to mutilate.] (Anat. & Med.)

Defn: A defect or malformation; esp., a fissure of the iris supposed to be a persistent embryonic cleft.

COLOCOLO Col`o*co"lo, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American wild cat (Felis colocolo), of the size of the ocelot.

COLOCYNTH Col"ocynth, n. Etym: [L. colocynthis, Gr. Coloquintida.] (Med.)

Defn: The light spongy pulp of the fruit of the bitter cucumber (Citrullus, or Cucumis, colocynthis), an Asiatic plant allied to the watermelon; coloquintida. It comes in white balls, is intensely bitter, and a powerful cathartic. Called also bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd.

COLOCYNTHIN Col`o*cyn"thin, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colocynthine.] (Chem.)

Defn: The active medicinal principle of colocynth; a bitter, yellow, crystalline substance, regarded as a glucoside.

COLOGNE Co*logne", n. Etym: [Originally made in Cologne, the French name of Köln, a city in Germany.]

Defn: A perfumed liquid, composed of alcohol and certain aromatic oils, used in the toilet; -- called also cologne water and eau de cologne.

COLOGNE EARTH Co*logne" earth`. Etym: [From Cologne the city.] (Min.)

Defn: An earth of a deep brown color, containing more vegetable than mineral matter; an earthy variety of lignite, or brown coal.

COLOMBIER Col"om*bier, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A large size of paper for drawings. See under Paper.

COLOMBIN Co*lom"bin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: See Calumbin.

COLOMBO Co*lom"bo, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Calumba.

COLON Co"lon, n. Etym: [L. colon, colum, limb, member, the largest of the intestines, fr. Gr. colon. Cf. Colic.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: That part of the large intestines which extends from the cæcum to the rectum.

Note: [See Illust of Digestion.]

2. (Gram.)

Defn: A point or character, formed thus [:], used to separate parts of a sentence that are complete in themselves and nearly independent, often taking the place of a conjunction.

COLONEL Colo"nel, n. Etym: [F. colonel, It. colonello, prop., the chief or commander of a column, fr. colonna column, L. columna. See Column.] (Mil.)

Defn: The chief officer of a regiment; an officer ranking next above a lieutenant colonel and next below a brigadier general.

COLONELCY Colo"nel*cy, n. (Mil.)

Defn: The office, rank, or commission of a colonel.

COLONELSHIP Colo"nel*ship, n.

Defn: Colonelcy. Swift.

COLONER Col"o*ner, n.

Defn: A colonist. [Obs.] Holland

COLONIAL Co*lo"ni*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. colonial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a colony; as, colonial rights, traffic, wars.

COLONIALISM Co*lo"ni*al*ism, n.

1. The state or quality of, or the relationship involved in, being colonial.

The last tie of colonialism which bound us to the mother country is broken. Brander Matthews.

2. A custom, idea, feature of government, or the like, characteristic of a colony.

3. The colonial system or policy in political government or extension of territory.

COLONICAL Co*lon"i*cal, a. Etym: [L. colonus husbandman.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to husbandmen. [Obs.]

COLONIST Col"o*nist, n.

Defn: A member or inhabitant of a colony.

COLONITIS Col`o*ni"tis, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Colitis.

COLONIZATION Col`o*ni*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colonisation.]

Defn: Tha act of colonizing, or the state of being colonized; the formation of a colony or colonies. The wide continent of America invited colonization. Bancroft.

COLONIZATIONIST Col`o*ni*za"tion*ist, n.

Defn: A friend to colonization, esp. (U. S. Hist) to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the United States.

COLONIZE Col"o*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colonized; p. pr. & vb. n. Colonizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. coloniser.]

Defn: To plant or establish a colony or colonies in; to people with colonists; to migrate to and settle in. Bacon. They that would thus colonize the stars with inhabitants. Howell.

COLONIZE Col"o*nize, v. i.

Defn: To remove to, and settle in, a distant country; to make a colony. C. Buchanan.

COLONIZER Col"o*ni`zer, n.

Defn: One who promotes or establishes a colony; a colonist. Bancroft.

COLONNADE Col`on*nade", n. Etym: [F. colonnade, It. colonnata, fr. colonna column. See Colonel.] (Arch.)

Defn: A series or range of columns placed at regular intervals with all the adjuncts, as entablature, stylobate, roof, etc.

Note: When in front of a building, it is called a portico; when surrounding a building or an open court or square, a peristyle.

COLONY Col"o*ny, n.; pl. Colonies. Etym: [L. colonia, fr. colonus farmer, fr. colere to cultivate, dwell: cf. F. colonie. Cf. Culture.]

1. A company of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or country, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state; as, the British colonies in America. The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of liberty. There was never a colony formed of better materials. Ames.

2. The district or country colonized; a settlement.

3. A company of persons from the same country sojourning in a foreign city or land; as, the American colony in Paris.

4. (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: A number of animals or plants living or growing together, beyond their usual range.

COLOPHANY Col"o*pha`ny ( or ), n.

Defn: See Colophony.

COLOPHENE Co"lo*phene ( or ), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, oily liquid, formerly obtained by distillation of colophony. It is regarded as a polymeric form of terebenthene. Called also diterebene.

COLOPHON Col"o*phon, n. Etym: [L. colophon finishing stroke, Gr. culmen top, collis hill. Cf. Holm.]

Defn: An inscription, monogram, or cipher, containing the place and date of publication, printer's name, etc., formerly placed on the last page of a book. The colophon, or final description, fell into disuse, and . . . the title page had become the principal direct means of identifying the book. De Morgan. The book was uninjured from title page to colophon. Sir W. Scott.

COLOPHONITE Col"o*pho*nite ( or ), n. Etym: [Cf. F. colophonite. So named from its resemblance to the color of colophony.] (Min.)

Defn: A coarsely granular variety of garnet.

COLOPHONY Col"o*pho`ny ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Rosin.

COLOQUINTIDA Col`o*quin"ti*da, n.

Defn: See Colocynth. Shak.

COLOR Col"or, n. [Written also colour.] Etym: [OF. color, colur, colour, F. couleur, L. color; prob. akin to celare to conceal (the color taken as that which covers). See Helmet.]

1. A property depending on the relations of light to the eye, by which individual and specific differences in the hues and tints of objects are apprehended in vision; as, gay colors; sad colors, etc.

Note: The sensation of color depends upon a peculiar function of the retina or optic nerve, in consequence of which rays of light produce different effects according to the length of their waves or undulations, waves of a certain length producing the sensation of red, shorter waves green, and those still shorter blue, etc. White, or ordinary, light consists of waves of various lengths so blended as to produce no effect of color, and the color of objects depends upon their power to absorb or reflect a greater or less proportion of the rays which fall upon them.

2. Any hue distinguished from white or black.

3. The hue or color characteristic of good health and spirits; ruddy complexion. Give color to my pale cheek. Shak.

4. That which is used to give color; a paint; a pigment; as, oil colors or water colors.

5. That which covers or hides the real character of anything; semblance; excuse; disguise; appearance. They had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship. Acts xxvii. 30. That he should die is worthy policy; But yet we want a color for his death. Shak.

6. Shade or variety of character; kind; species. Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this color. Shak.

7. A distinguishing badge, as a flag or similar symbol (usually in the plural); as, the colors or color of a ship or regiment; the colors of a race horse (that is, of the cap and jacket worn by the jockey). In the United States each regiment of infantry and artillery has two colors, one national and one regimental. Farrow.

8. (Law)

Defn: An apparent right; as where the defendant in trespass gave to the plaintiff an appearance of title, by stating his title specially, thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone.

Note: Color is express when it is asverred in the pleading, and implied when it is implied in the pleading. Body color. See under Body. -- Color blindness, total or partial inability to distinguish or recognize colors. See Daltonism. -- Complementary color, one of two colors so related to each other that when blended together they produce white light; -- so called because each color makes up to the other what it lacks to make it white. Artificial or pigment colors, when mixed, produce effects differing from those of the primary colors, in consequence of partial absorption. -- Of color (as persons, races, etc.), not of the white race; -- commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. -- Primary colors, those developed from the solar beam by the prism, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, which are reduced by some authors to three, -- red, green, and violet-blue. These three are sometimes called fundamental colors. -- Subjective or Accidental color, a false or spurious color seen in some instances, owing to the persistence of the luminous impression upon the retina, and a gradual change of its character, as where a wheel perfectly white, and with a circumference regulary subdiveded, is made to revolve rapidly over a dark object, the teeth, of the wheel appear to the eye of different shades of color varying with the rapidity of rotation. See Accidental colors, under Accidental.

COLOR Col"or, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Colored; p. pr. & vb. n. Coloring.] Etym: [F. colorer.]

1. To change or alter the bue or tint of, by dyeing, staining, painting, etc.; to dye; to tinge; to aint; to stain. The rays, to speak properly, are not colored; in them there is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up a sensation of this or that color. Sir I. Newton.

2. To change or alter, as if by dyeing or painting; to give a false appearance to; usually, to give a specious appearance to; to cause to appear attractive; to make plausible; to palliate or excuse; as, the facts were colored by his prejudices. He colors the falsehood of Æneas by an express command from Jupiter to forsake the queen. Dryden.

3. To hide. [Obs.] That by his fellowship he color might Both his estate and love from skill of any wight. Spenser.

COLOR Col"or, v. i.

Defn: To acquire color; to turn red, especially in the face; to blush.

COLORABLE Col"or*a*ble, a.

Defn: Specious; plausible; having an appearance of right or justice. "Colorable pretense for infidility." Bp. Stillingfleet. -- Col"or*a*ble*ness, n. -- Col"or*a*bly, adv. Colorable and subtle crimes, that seldom are taken within the walk of human justice. Hooker.

COLORADO BEETLE Col`o*ra"do bee"tle. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A yellowish beetle (Doryphora decemlineata), with ten longitudinal, black, dorsal stripes. It has migrated eastwards from its original habitat in Colorado, and is very destructive to the potato plant; -- called also potato beetle and potato bug. See Potato beetle.

COLORADO GROUP Col`o*ra"do group. (Geol.)

Defn: A subdivision of the cretaceous formation of western North America, especially developed in Colorado and the upper Missouri region.

COLORADOITE Col`o*ra"do*ite, n. (Min.)

Defn: Mercury telluride, an iron-black metallic mineral, found in Colorado.

COLORATE Col"or*ate, a. Etym: [L. coloratus, p. p. of colorare to color.]

Defn: Colored. [Obs.] Ray.

COLORATION Col`or*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act or art of coloring; the state of being colored. Bacon. The females . . . resemble each other in their general type of coloration. Darwin.

COLORATURE Col"or*a*ture, n. Etym: [Cf. G. coloratur, fr. LL. coloratura.] (Mus.)

Defn: Vocal music colored, as it were, by florid ornaments, runs, or rapid passages.

COLOR-BLIND Col"or-blind, a.

Defn: Affected with color blindness. See Color blindness, under Color, n.

COLORED Col"ored, a.

1. Having color; tinged; dyed; painted; stained. The lime rod, colored as the glede. Chaucer. The colored rainbow arched wide. Spenser.

2. Specious; plausible; aborned so as to appear well; as, a highly colored description. Sir G. C. Lewis. His colored crime with craft to cloke. Spenser.

3. Of some other color than black or white.

4. (Ethnol.)

Defn: Of some other color than white; specifically applied to negroes or persons having negro blood; as, a colored man; the colored people.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: Of some other color than green. Colored, meaning, as applied to foliage, of some other color than green. Gray.

Note: In botany, green is not regarded as a color, but white is. Wood.

COLORIFIC Col`or*if"ic, a. Etym: [L. color color + facere to make: cf. F. colorifique.]

Defn: Capable of communicating color or tint to other bodies.

COLORIMETER Col`or*im"e*ter, n. Etym: [Color + -meter: cf. F. colorimètre.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring the depth of the color of anything, especially of a liquid, by comparison with a standard liquid.

COLORIMETRY Col`or*im"e*try, n. [See Colorimeter.]

1.

Defn: The quantitative determination of the depth of color of a substance.

2. A method of quantitative chemical analysis based upon the comparison of the depth of color of a solution with that of a standard liquid.

COLORING Col"or*ing, n.

1. The act of applying color to; also, that which produces color.

2. Change of appearance as by addition of color; appearance; show; disguise; misrepresentation. Tell the whole story without coloring or gloss. Compton Reade. Dead coloring. See under Dead.

COLORIST Col"or*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coloriste.]

Defn: One who colors; an artist who excels in the use of colors; one to whom coloring is of prime importance. Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the good colorists. Dryden.

COLORLESS Col"or*less, a.

1. Without color; not distinguished by any hue; transparent; as, colorless water.

2. Free from any manifestation of partial or peculiar sentiment or feeling; not disclosing likes, dislikes, prejudice, etc.; as, colorless music; a colorless style; definitions should be colorless.

COLORMAN Col"or*man, n.; pl. Colormen.

Defn: A vender of paints, etc. Simmonds.

COLOR SERGEANT Col"or ser"geant.

Defn: See under Sergeant.

COLOSSAL Co*los"sal, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cossal, L. colosseus. See Colossus.]

1. Of enormous size; gigantic; huge; as, a colossal statue. "A colossal stride." Motley.

2. (Sculpture & Painting)

Defn: Of a size larger than heroic. See Heroic.

COLOSSEAN Col`os*se"an, a.

Defn: Colossal. [R.]

COLOSSEUM Col`os*se"um, n. Etym: [Neut., fr. L. coloseus gigantic. See Coliseum.]

Defn: The amphitheater of Vespasian in Rome. [Also written Coliseum.]

COLOSSUS Co*los"sus, n.; pl. L. Colossi, E. Colossuses. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

1. A statue of gigantic size. The name was especially applied to certain famous statues in antiquity, as the Colossus of Nero in Rome, the Colossus of Apollo at Rhodes. He doth bestride the narrow world Like a colossus. Shak.

Note: There is no authority for the statement that the legs of the Colossus at Rhodes extended over the mouth of the harbor. Dr. Wm. Smith.

2. Any man or beast of gigantic size.

COLOSTRUM Co*los"trum, n. Etym: [L., biestings.] (Med.) (a) The first milk secreted after delivery; biestings. (b) A mixture of turpentine and the yolk of an egg, formerly used as an emulsion.

COLOTOMY Co*lot"o*my, n. Etym: [Gr. (Surg.)

Defn: An operation for opening the colon

COLOUR Col"our, n.

Defn: See Color.

COLP Colp, n.

Defn: See Collop.

COLPORTAGE Col"por`tage, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: The distribution of religious books, tracts, etc., by colporteurs.

COLPORTER Col"por`ter, n.

Defn: Same as Colporteur.

COLPORTEUR Col"por`teur, n. Etym: [F. colporteur one who carries on his neck, fr. colporter to carry on one's neck; col (L. collum) neck + porter (L. portare) to carry.]

Defn: A hawker; specifically, one who travels about selling and distributing religious tracts and books.

COLSTAFF Col"staff`, n. Etym: [F. col neck + E. staff. Cf. Coll.]

Defn: A staff by means of which a burden is borne by two persons on their shoulders.

COLT Colt (; 110), n. Etym: [OE. colt a young horse, ass, or camel, AS. colt; cf. dial. Sw. kullt a boy, lad.]

1. The young of the equine genus or horse kind of animals; -- sometimes distinctively applied to the male, filly being the female. Cf. Foal.

Note: In sporting circles it is usual to reckon the age of colts from some arbitrary date, as from January 1, or May 1, next preceding the birth of the animal.

2. A young, foolish fellow. Shak.

3. A short knotted rope formerly used as an instrument of punishment in the navy. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Colt's tooth, an imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. -- To cast one's colt's tooth, to cease from youthful wantonness. "Your colt's tooth is not cast yet." Shak. -- To have a colt's tooth, to be wanton. Chaucer.

COLT Colt (; 110), v. i.

Defn: To frisk or frolic like a colt; to act licentiously or wantonly. [Obs.] They shook off their bridles and began to colt. Spenser.

COLT Colt, v. t.

1. To horse; to get with young. Shak.

2. To befool. [Obs.] Shak.

COLTER Col"ter, n. Etym: [AS. culter, fr. L. culter plowshare, knife. Cf. Cutlass.]

Defn: A knife or cutter, attached to the beam of a plow to cut the sward, in advance of the plowshare and moldboard. [Written also coulter.]

COLTISH Colt"ish, a.

Defn: Like a colt; wanton; frisky. He was all coltish, full of ragery. Chaucer. -- Colt"ish*ly, adv. -- Colt"ish*ness, n.

COLT PISTOL Colt pistol. (Firearms)

Defn: A self-loading or semi-automatic pistol with removable magazine in the handle holding seven cartridges. The recoil extracts and ejects the empty cartridge case, and reloads ready for another shot. Called also Browning, and Colt-Browning, pistol.

COLT REVOLVER Colt revolver. (Firearms)

Defn: A revolver made according to a system using a patented revolving cylinder, holding six cartridges, patented by Samuel Colt, an American inventor, in 1835. With various modifications, it has for many years been the standard for the United States army.

COLTSFOOT Colts"foot`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and rootstock are sometimes employed in medicine. Butterbur coltsfoot (Bot.), a European plant (Petasites vulgaris).

COLT'S TOOTH Colt's" tooth`.

Defn: See under Colt.

COLUBER Col"u*ber, n. Etym: [L., a serpent.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of harmless serpents.

Note: Linnæus placed in this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but by modern writers it is greatly restricted.

COLUBRINE Col"u*brine, a. Etym: [L. colubrinus.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: like or related to snakes of the genus Coluber.

2. Like a snake; cunning; crafty. Johnson.

COLUGO Co*lu"go, n. Etym: [Prob. an aboriginal name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A peculiar East Indian mammal (Galleopithecus volans), having along the sides, connecting the fore and hind limbs, a parachutelike membrane, by means of which it is able to make long leaps, like the flying squirrel; -- called also flying lemur.

COLUMBA Co*lum"ba, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Calumba.

COLUMBAE Co*lum"bæ, n. pl.; Etym: [L. columba pigeon.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of birds, including the pigeons.

COLUMBARIUM Col`um*ba"ri*um, n.; pl. L. Columbaria Etym: [L. See Columbary.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A dovecote or pigeon house. (b) A sepulchral chamber with niches for holding cinerary urns.

COLUMBARY Col"um*ba*ry, n.; pl. Columbaries. Etym: [L. columbarium, fr. columba a dove.]

Defn: A dovecote; a pigeon house. Sir T. Browne.

COLUMBATE Co*lum"bate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colombate. See Columbium.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of columbic acid; a niobate. See Columbium.

COLUMBATZ FLY Co*lum"batz fly`. Etym: [From Kolumbatz, a mountain in Germany.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Buffalo fly, under Buffalo.

COLUMBELLA Col`um*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. columba a dove. So called from a fancied resemblance in color and form, of some species.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of univale shells, abundant in tropical seas. Some species, as Columbella mercatoria, were formerly used as shell money.

COLUMBIA Co*lum"bi*a, n.

Defn: America; the United States; -- a poetical appellation given in honor of Columbus, the discoverer. Dr. T. Dwight.

COLUMBIAD Co*lum"bi*ad, n. Etym: [From Columbia the United States.] (Mil.)

Defn: A form of seacoast cannon; a long, chambered gun designed for throwing shot or shells with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation.

Note: Since the War of 1812 the Columbiad has been much modified form now used in seacoast defense is often called the Rodman gun.

COLUMBIAN Co*lum"bi*an, a. Etym: [From Columbia.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the United States, or to America.

COLUMBIC Co*lum"bic, a. Etym: [From Columbium.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, columbium or niobium; niobic. Columbic acid (Chem.), a weak acid derived from columbic or niobic oxide, Nb2O5; -- called also niobic acid.

COLUMBIC Co*lum"bic, a. Etym: [From Columbo.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, the columbo root. Columbic acid (Chem.), an organic acid extracted from the columbo root as a bitter, yellow, amorphous substance.

COLUMBIER Co*lum"bi*er, n.

Defn: See Colombier.

COLUMBIFEROUS Col"um*bif"er*ous, a. Etym: [Columbium + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing or containing columbium.

COLUMBIN Co*lum"bin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, bitter substance. See Calumbin.

COLUMBINE Col"um*bine, a. Etym: [L. columbinus, fr. columba dove.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike; dove-colored. "Columbine innocency." Bacon.

COLUMBINE Col"um*bine, n. Etym: [LL. columbina, L. columbinus dovelike, fr. columba dove: cf. F. colombine. Perh. so called from the beaklike spurs of its flowers.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of several species of the genus Aquilegia; as, A. vulgaris, or the common garden columbine; A. Canadensis, the wild red columbine of North America.

2. The mistress or sweetheart of Harlequin in pantomimes. Brewer.

COLUMBITE Co*lum"bite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. colombite. See Columbium.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a black color, submetallic luster, and high specific specific gravity. It is a niobate (or columbate) of iron and manganese, containing tantalate of iron; -- first found in New England.

COLUMBIUM Co*lum"bi*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Columbia America.] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare element of the vanadium group, first found in a variety of the mineral columbite occurring in Connecticut, probably at Haddam. Atomic weight 94.2. Symbol Cb or Nb. Now more commonly called niobium.

COLUMBO Co*lum"bo, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Calumba.

COLUMBUS DAY Co*lum"bus Day.

Defn: The 12th day of October, on which day in 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America, landing on one of the Bahama Islands (probably the one now commonly called Watling Island), and naming it "San Salvador"; -- called also Discovery Day. This day is made a legal holiday in many States of The United States.

COLUMELLA Col`u*mel"la, n. Etym: [L., dim. of columen column. See Column.]

1. (Bot.) (a) An axis to which a carpel of a compound pistil may be attached, as in the case of the geranium; or which is left when a pod opens. (b) A columnlike axis in the capsule of mosses.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A term applied to various columnlike parts; as, the columnella, or epipterygoid bone, in the skull of many lizards; the columella of the ear, the bony or cartilaginous rod connecting the tympanic membrane with the internal ear.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The upright pillar in the axis of most univalve shells. (b) The central pillar or axis of the calicles of certain corals.

COLUMELLIFORM Col`u*mel"li*form, a. Etym: [Columella + -form.]

Defn: Shaped like a little column, or columella.

COLUMN Col"umn, n. Etym: [L. columna, fr. columen, culmen, fr. cellere (used only in comp.), akin to E. excel, and prob. to holm. See Holm, and cf. Colonel.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A kind of pillar; a cylindrical or polygonal support for a roof, ceiling, statue, etc., somewhat ornamented, and usually composed of base, shaft, and capital. See Order.

2. Anything resembling, in form or position, a column an architecture; an upright body or mass; a shaft or obelisk; as, a column of air, of water, of mercury, etc. ; the Column Vendôme; the spinal column.

3. (Mil.) (a) A body of troops formed in ranks, one behind the other; -- contradistinguished from line. Compare Ploy, and Deploy. (b) A small army.

4. (Naut.)

Defn: A number of ships so arranged as to follow one another in single or double file or in squadrons; -- in distinction from "line", where they are side by side.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A perpendicular set of lines, not extending across the page, and separated from other matter by a rule or blank space; as, a column in a newspaper.

6. (Arith.)

Defn: A perpendicular line of figures.

7. (Bot.)

Defn: The body formed by the union of the stamens in the Mallow family, or of the stamens and pistil in the orchids. Attached column. See under Attach, v. t. -- Clustered column. See under Cluster, v. t. -- Column rule, a thin strip of brass separating columns of type in the form, and making a line between them in printing.

COLUMNAR Co*lum"*nar, a. Etym: [L. columnaris, fr. columna.]

Defn: Formed in columns; having the form of a column or columns; like the shaft of a column. Columnar epithelium (Anat.), epithelium in which the cells are priismatic in form, and set upright on the surface they cover. -- Columnar structure (Geol.), a structure consisting of more or less regular columns, usually six-sided, but sometimes with eight or more sides. The columns are often fractured transversely, with a cup joint, showing a concave surface above. This structure is characteristic of certain igneous rocks, as basalt, and is due to contraction in cooling.

COLUMNARITY Col`um*nar"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being columnar.

COLUMNATED Co*lum"na*ted, a.

Defn: Having columns; as, columnated temples.

COLUMNED Col"umned, a.

Defn: Having columns. Troas and Ilion's columned citadel. Tennyson.

COLUMNIATION Co*lum`ni*a"tion, n.

Defn: The employment or arrangement of columns in a structure. Gwilt.

COLURE Co*lure", n.; pl. Colures. Etym: [F. colure, L. coluri, pl., fr. Gr. (Astron. & Geog.)

Defn: One of two great circles intersecting at right angles in the poles of the equator. One of them passes through the equinoctial points, and hence is denominated the equinoctial colure; the other intersects the equator at the distance of 90º from the former, and is called the solstitial colure. Thrice the equinoctial line He circled; four times crossed the car of night From pole to pole, traversing each colure. Milton.

COLY Co"ly, n.; pl. Colies. Etym: [NL. colius, prob. fr. Gr.

Defn: Any bird of the genus Colius and allied genera. They inhabit Africa.

COLZA Col"za, n. Etym: [F., fr. D. koolzaad, prob., cabbage seed; kool (akin to E. cole) + zaad akin to E. seed.] (Bot.)

Defn: A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.

COM- Com-.

Defn: A prefix from the Latin preposition cum, signifying with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the form com- before b, m, p, and sometimes f, and by assimilation becomes col- before l, cor- before r, and con- before any consonant except b, h, l, m, p, r, and w. Before a vowel com- becomes co-; also before h, w, and sometimes before other consonants.

COMA Co"ma, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. Cemetery.]

Defn: A state of profound insensibility from which it is difficult or impossible to rouse a person. See Carus.

COMA Co"ma, n. Etym: [L., hair, fr. Gr.

1. (Astron.)

Defn: The envelope of a comet; a nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus or body of a comet.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A tuft or bunch, -- as the assemblage of branches forming the head of a tree; or a cluster of brachts when empty and terminating the inflorescence of a plant; or a tuft of long hairs on certain seeds. Coma Berenices ( Etym: [L.] (Astron.), a small constellation north of Virgo; -- called also Berenice's Hair.

COMANCHES Co*man"ches ( or ), n. pl.; sing. Comanche ( or ) . (Ethnol.)

Defn: A warlike, savage, and nomadic tribe of the Shoshone family of Indians, inhabiting Mexico and the adjacent parts of the United States; -- called also Paducahs. They are noted for plundering and cruelty.

COMART Co"mart`, n.

Defn: A covenant. [Obs.] Shak.

COMATE Co"mate, a. Etym: [L. comatus, fr. comare to clothe with hair, fr. coma hair.]

Defn: Encompassed with a coma, or bushy appearance, like hair; hairy.

CO-MATE Co"-mate`, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + mate.]

Defn: A companion. Shak.

COMATOSE Co"ma*tose` ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [From Coma lethargy.]

Defn: Relating to, or resembling, coma; drowsy; lethargic; as, comatose sleep; comatose fever.

COMATOUS Co"ma*tous, a.

Defn: Comatose.

COMATULA Co*mat"u*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. comatulus having hair neatly curled, dim. fr. coma hair.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A crinoid of the genus Antedon and related genera. When young they are fixed by a stem. When adult they become detached and cling to seaweeds, etc., by their dorsal cirri; -- called also feather stars.

COMATULID Co*mat"u*lid, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any crinoid of the genus Antedon or allied genera.

COMB Comb (; 110), n. Etym: [AS.. camb; akin to Sw., Dan., & D. kam, Icel. kambr, G. kamm, Gr. jambha tooth.]

1. An instrument with teeth, for straightening, cleansing, and adjusting the hair, or for keeping it in place.

2. An instrument for currying hairy animals, or cleansing and smoothing their coats; a currycomb.

3. (Manuf. & Mech.) (a) A toothed instrument used for separating and cleansing wool, flax, hair, etc. (b) The serrated vibratory doffing knife of a carding machine. (c) A former, commonly cone-shaped, used in hat manufacturing for hardening the soft fiber into a bat. (d) A tool with teeth, used for chasing screws on work in a lathe; a chaser. (e) The notched scale of a wire micrometer. (f) The collector of an electrical machine, usually resembling a comb.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The naked fleshy crest or caruncle on the upper part of the bill or hood of a cock or other bird. It is usually red. (b) One of a pair of peculiar organs on the base of the abdomen of scorpions.

5. The curling crest of a wave.

6. The waxen framework forming the walls of the cells in which bees store their honey, eggs, etc.; honeycomb. "A comb of honey." Wyclif. When the bee doth leave her comb. Shak.

7. The thumbpiece of the hammer of a gunlock, by which it may be cocked.

COMB Comb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combed; p. pr. & vb. n. Combing.]

Defn: To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust, with a comb; to lay smooth and straight with, or as with, a comb; as, to comb hair or wool. See under Combing. Comb down his hair; look, look! it stands upright. Shak.

COMB Comb, v. i. Etym: [See Comb, n., 5.] (Naut.)

Defn: To roll over, as the top or crest of a wave; to break with a white foam, as waves.

COMB; COMBE Comb, Combe ( or ), n. Etym: [AS. comb, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. cwm a dale, valley.]

Defn: That unwatered portion of a valley which forms its continuation beyond and above the most elevated spring that issues into it. [Written also coombe.] Buckland. A gradual rise the shelving combe Displayed. Southey.

COMB Comb, n.

Defn: A dry measure. See Coomb.

COMBAT Com"bat ( or ; 277), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Combated; p. pr. & vb. n. Combating.] Etym: [F. combattre; pref. com- + battre to beat, fr. L. battuere to strike. See Batter.]

Defn: To struggle or contend, as with an opposing force; to fight. To combat with a blind man I disdain. Milton. After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters. Gibbon.

COMBAT Com"bat, v. t.

Defn: To fight with; to oppose by force, argument, etc.; to contend against; to resist. When he the ambitious Norway combated. Shak. And combated in silence all these reasons. Milton. Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled. Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To fight against; resist; oppose; withstand; oppugn; antagonize; repel; resent.

COMBAT Com"bat, n. Etym: [Cf. F. combat.]

1. A fight; a contest of violence; a struggle for supremacy. My courage try by combat, if thou dar'st. Shak. The noble combat that 'twixt joy and sorrow was fought in Paulina. Shak.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: An engagement of no great magnitude; or one in which the

## parties engaged are not armies. Single combat, one in which a single

combatant meets a single opponent, as in the case of David and Goliath; also a duel.

Syn. -- A battle; engagement; conflict; contest; contention; struggle; fight, strife. See Battle, Contest.

COMBATABLE Com"bat*a*ble ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. combattable.]

Defn: Such as can be, or is liable to be, combated; as, combatable foes, evils, or arguments.

COMBATANT Com"bat*ant, a. Etym: [F. combattant, p. pr.]

Defn: Contending; disposed to contend. B. Jonson.

COMBATANT Com"bat*ant, n. Etym: [F. combattant.]

Defn: One who engages in combat. "The mighty combatants." Milton. A controversy which long survived the original combatants. Macaulay

COMBATER Com"bat*er, n.

Defn: One who combats. Sherwood.

COMBATIVE Com"bat*ive or

Defn: (

COMBATIVENESS Com"bat*ive*ness, n.

1. The quality of being combative; propensity to contend or to quarrel.

2. (Phren.)

Defn: A cranial development supposed to indicate a combative disposition.

COMBATTANT Com`bat`tant", a. Etym: [F.] (Her.)

Defn: In the position of fighting; -- said of two lions set face to face, each rampant.

COMBBROACH Comb"broach`, n.

Defn: A tooth of a wool comb. [Written also combrouch.]

COMBE Combe ( or ), n.

Defn: See Comb.

COMBER Comb"er, n.

1. One who combs; one whose occupation it is to comb wool, flax, etc. Also, a machine for combing wool, flax, etc.

2. A long, curling wave.

COMBER Com"ber, v. t.

Defn: To cumber. [Obs.] Spenser.

COMBER Com"ber, n.

Defn: Encumbrance. [Obs.]

COMBER Com"ber, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cabrilla. Also, a name applied to a species of wrasse. [Prov. Eng.]

COMBINABLE Com*bin"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. combinable.]

Defn: Capable of combinding; consistent with. [R.] M. Arnold. -- Com*bin"a*ble*ness, n.

COMBINATE Com"bi*nate, a. Etym: [LL. combinatus, p. p.]

Defn: United; joined; betrothed. [R.]

COMBINATION Com`bi*na"tion, n. Etym: [LL. combinatio. See Combine.]

1. The act or process of combining or uniting persons and things. Making new compounds by new combinations. Boyle. A solemn combination shall be made Of our dear souls. Shak.

2. The result of combining or uniting; union of persons or things; esp. a union or alliance of persons or states to effect some purpose; -- usually in a bad sense. A combination of the most powerful men in Rome who had conspired my ruin. Melmoth.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: The act or process of uniting by chemical affinity, by which substances unite with each other in definite proportions by weight to form distinct compounds.

4. pl. (Math.)

Defn: The different arrangements of a number of objects, as letters, into groups.

Note: In combinations no regard is paid to the order in which the objects are arranged in each group, while in variations and permutations this order is respected. Brande & C. Combination car, a railroad car containing two or more compartments used for different purposes. [U. S.] -- Combination lock, a lock in which the mechanism is controlled by means of a movable dial (sometimes by several dials or rings) inscribed with letters or other characters. The bolt of the lock can not be operated until after the dial has been so turned as to combine the characters in a certain order or succession. -- Combination room, in the University of Cambridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. -- Combination by volume (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio by which gaseous elements and compounds unite in definite proportions by volume to form distinct compounds. -- Combination by weight (Chem.), the act, process, or ratio, in which substances unite in proportions by weight, relatively fixed and exact, to form distinct compounds. See Law of definite proportions, under Definite.

Syn. -- Cabal; alliance; association; league; union; confederacy; coalition; conspiracy. See Cabal.

COMBINE Com*bine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Combined; p. pr. & vb. n. Combining.] Etym: [LL. combinare, combinatum; L. com- + binus, pl. bini, two and two, double: cf. F. combiner. See Binary.]

1. To unite or join; to link closely together; to bring into harmonious union; to cause or unite so as to form a homogeneous, as by chemical union. So fitly them in pairs thou hast combined. Milton. Friendship is the which really combines mankind. Dr. H. More. And all combined, save what thou must combine By holy marriage. Shak. Earthly sounds, though sweet and well combined. Cowper.

2. To bind; to hold by a moral tie. [Obs.] I am combined by a sacred vow. Shak.

COMBINE Com*bine", v. i.

1. To form a union; to agree; to coalesce; to confederate. You with your foes combine, And seem your own destruction to design Dryden. So sweet did harp and voice combine. Sir W. Scott.

2. To unite by affinity or natural attraction; as, two substances, which will not combine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third.

3. (Card Playing)

Defn: In the game of casino, to play a card which will take two or more cards whose aggregate number of pips equals those of the card played. Combining weight (Chem.), that proportional weight, usually referred to hydrogen as a standard, and for each element fixed and exact, by which an element unites with another to form a distinct compound. The combining weights either are identical with, or are multiples or multiples of, the atomic weight. See Atomic weight, under Atomic, a.

COMBINED Com*bined", a.

Defn: United closely; confederated; chemically united.

COMBINEDLY Com*bin"ed*ly, adv. In combination or coöperation

Defn: ; jointly.

COMBINER Com*bin"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, combines.

COMBING Comb"ing, n.

1. The act or process of using a comb or a number of combs; as, the combing of one's hair; the combing of wool.

Note: The process of combing is used in straightening wool of long staple; short wool is carded.

2. pl. (a) That which is caught or collected with a comb, as loose, tangled hair. (b) Hair arranged to be worn on the head. The baldness, thinness, and . . . deformity of their hair is supplied by borders and combings. Jer. Taylor. (c) (Naut.)

Defn: See Coamings. Combing machine (Textile Manuf.), a machine for combing wool, flax, cotton, etc., and separating the longer and more valuable fiber from the shorter. See also Carding machine, under Carding.

COMBLESS Comb"less, a.

Defn: Without a comb or crest; as, a combless ceck.

COMBOLOIO Com`bo*lo"io, n.

Defn: A Mohammedan rosary, consisting of ninety-nine beads. Byron.

COMB-SHAPED Comb"-shaped`, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Pectinate.

COMBUST Com*bust", a. Etym: [L. combustus, p. p. of comburere to burn up; com- + burere (only in comp.), of uncertian origin; cf. bustum fineral pyre, prurire to itch, pruna a live coal, Gr. plush to burn.]

1. Burnt; consumed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: So near the sun as to be obscured or eclipsed by his light, as the moon or planets when not more than eight degrees and a half from the sun. [Obs.] Planets that are oft combust. Milton.

COMBUSTIBILITY Com*bus`ti*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being combustible.

COMBUSTIBLE Com*bus"ti*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. combustble.]

1. Capable of taking fire and burning; apt to catch fire; inflammable. Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter. South.

2. Ea Arnold was a combustible character. W. Irving.

COMBUSTIBLE Com*bus"ti*ble, n.

Defn: A substance that may bee set on fire, or which is liable to take fire and burn. All such combustibles as are cheap enough for common use go under the name of fuel. Ure.

COMBUSTIBLENESS Com*bus"ti*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Combustibility.

COMBUSTION Com*bus"tion, n. Etym: [L. combustio: cf. F. combustion.]

1. The state of burning.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: The combination of a combustible with a supporter of combustion, producing heat, and sometimes both light and heat. Combustion results is common cases from the mutual chemical action and reaction of the combustible and the oxygen of the atmosphere, whereby a new compound is formed. Ure. Supporter of combustion (Chem.), a gas as oxygen, the combination of which with a combustible, as coal, constitutes combustion.

3. Violent agitation; confusion; tumult. [Obs.] There [were] great combustions and divisions among the heads of the university. Mede. But say from whence this new combustion springs. Dryden.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER Com*bus"tion cham`ber. (Mech.) (a) A space over, or in front of , a boiler furnace where the gases from the fire become more thoroughly mixed and burnt. (b) The clearance space in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the charge is compressed and ignited.

COMBUSTIOUS Com*bus"tious, a.

Defn: Inflammable. [Obs.] Shak.

COME Come, v. i. [imp. Came; p. p. Come; p. pr & vb. n. Coming.] Etym: [OE. cumen, comen, AS. cuman; akin to OS.kuman, D. komen, OHG. queman, G. kommen, Icel. koma, Sw. komma, Dan. komme, Goth. giman, L. venire (gvenire), Gr. gam. *23. Cf. Base, n., Convene, Adventure.]

1. To move hitherward; to draw near; to approach the speaker, or some place or person indicated; -- opposed to go. Look, who comes yonder Shak. I did not come to curse thee. Tennyson.

2. To complete a movement toward a place; to arrive. When we came to Rome. Acts xxviii. 16. Lately come from Italy. Acts vviii. 2.

3. To approach or arrive, as if by a journey or form a distance. "Thy kingdom come." Matt. vi. 10. The hour is comming, and now is. John. v. 25. So quik bright things come to confusion. Shak.

4. To approach or arrive, as the result of a cause, or of the act of another. From whence come wars James iv. 1. Both riches and honor come of thee! Chron. xxix. 12.

5. To arrive in sight; to be manifest; to appear. Then butter does refuse to come. Hudibras.

6. To get to be, as the result of change or progress; -- with a predicate; as, to come united. How come you thus estranged Shak. How come her eyes so bright Shak.

Note: Am come, is come, etc., are frequently used instead of have come, has come, etc., esp. in poetry. The verb to be gives adjectival significance to the participle as expressing a state or condition of the subject, while the auxiliary have expresses simply the completion of the action signified by the verb. Think not that I am come to destroy. Matt. v. 17. We are come off like Romans. Shak. The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year. Bryant.

Note: Come may properly be used (instead of go) in speaking of a movement hence, or away, when there is reference to an approach to the person addressed; as, I shall come home next week; he will come to your house to-day. It is used with other verbs almost as an auxiliary, indicative of approach to the action or state expressed by the verb; as, how came you to do it Come is used colloquially, with reference to a definite future time approaching, without an auxilliary; as, it will be two years, come next Christmas; i. e., when Christmas shall come. They were cried In meeting, come next Sunday. Lowell. Come, in the imperative, is used to excite attention, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. "This is the heir; come, let us kill him." Matt. xxi. 38. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste, or impatience, and sometimes rebuke. "Come, come, no time for lamentation now." Milton. To come, yet to arrive, future. "In times to come." Dryden. "There's pippins and cheese to come." Shak. -- To come about. (a) To come to pass; to arrive; to happen; to result; as, how did these things come about (b) To change; to come round; as, the ship comes about. "The wind is come about." Shak. On better thoughts, and my urged reasons, They are come about, and won to the true side. B. Jonson. -- To come abroad. (a) To move or be away from one's home or country. "Am come abroad to see the world." Shak. (b) To become public or known. [Obs.] "Neither was anything kept secret, but that it should come abroad." Mark. iv. 22. -- To come across, to meet; to find, esp. by chance or suddenly. "We come across more than one incidental mention of those wars." E. A. Freeman. "Wagner's was certainly one of the strongest and most independent natures I ever came across." H. R. Heweis. -- To come after. (a) To follow. (b) To come to take or to obtain; as, to come after a book. -- To come again, to return. "His spirit came again and he revived." Judges. xv. 19. -- To come and go. (a) To appear and disappear; to change; to alternate. "The color of the king doth come and go." Shak. (b) (Mech.) To play backward and forward. -- To come at. (a) To reach; to arrive within reach of; to gain; as, to come at a true knowledge of ourselves. (b) To come toward; to attack; as, he came at me with fury. -- To come away, to part or depart. -- To come between, to interverne; to separate; hence, to cause estrangement. -- To come by. (a) To obtain, gain, acquire. "Examine how you came by all your state." Dryden. (b) To pass near or by way of. -- To come down. (a) To descend. (b) To be humbled. -- To come down upon, to call to account, to reprimand. [Colloq.] Dickens. -- To come home. (a) To retuen to one's house or family. (b) To come close; to press closely; to touch the feelings, interest, or reason. (b) (Naut.) To be loosened from the ground; -- said of an anchor. -- To come in. (a) To enter, as a town, house, etc. "The thief cometh in." Hos. vii. 1. (b) To arrive; as, when my ship comes in. (c) To assume official station or duties; as, when Lincoln came in. (d) To comply; to yield; to surrender. "We need not fear his coming in" Massinger. (e) To be brought into use. "Silken garments did not come in till late." Arbuthnot. (f) To be added or inserted; to be or become a part of. (g) To accrue as gain from any business or investment. (h) To mature and yield a harvest; as, the crops come in well. (i) To have sexual intercourse; -- with to or unto. Gen. xxxviii. 16. (j) To have young; to bring forth; as, the cow will come in next May. [U. S.] -- To come in for, to claim or receive. "The rest came in for subsidies." Swift. -- To come into, to join with; to take part in; to agree to; to comply with; as, to come into a party or scheme. -- To come it ever, to hoodwink; to get the advantage of. [Colloq.] -- To come near or nigh, to approach in place or quality to be equal to. "Nothing ancient or modern seems to come near it." Sir W. Temple. -- To come of. (a) To descend or spring from. "Of Priam's royal race my mother came." Dryden. (b) To result or follow from. "This comes of judging by the eye." L'Estrange. -- To come off. (a) To depart or pass off from. (b) To get free; to get away; to escape. (c) To be carried through; to pass off; as, it came off well. (d) To acquit one's self; to issue from (a contest, etc.); as, he came off with honor; hence, substantively, a come off, an escape; an excuse; an evasion. [Colloq.] (e) To pay over; to give. [Obs.] (f) To take place; to happen; as, when does the race come off (g) To be or become after some delay; as, the weather came off very fine. (h) To slip off or be taken off, as a garment; to separate. (i) To hurry away; to get through. Chaucer. -- To come off by, to suffer. [Obs.] "To come off by the worst." Calamy. -- To come off from, to leave. "To come off from these grave disquisitions." Felton. -- To come on. (a) To advance; to make progress; to thrive. (b) To move forward; to approach; to supervene. -- To come out. (a) To pass out or depart, as from a country, room, company, etc. "They shall come out with great substance." Gen. xv. 14. (b) To become public; to appear; to be published. "It is indeed come out at last." Bp. Stillingfleet. (c) To end; to result; to turn out; as, how will this affair come out he has come out well at last. (d) To be introduced into society; as, she came out two seasons ago. (e) To appear; to show itself; as, the sun came out. (f) To take sides; to take a stand; as, he came out against the tariff.(g) To publicly admit oneself to be homosexual. -- To come out with, to give publicity to; to disclose. -- To come over. (a) To pass from one side or place to another. "Perpetually teasing their friends to come over to them." Addison. (b) To rise and pass over, in distillation. -- To come over to, to join. -- To come round. (a) To recur in regular course. (b) To recover. [Colloq.] (c) To change, as the wind. (d) To relent. J. H. Newman. (e) To circumvent; to wheedle. [Colloq.] -- To come short, to be deficient; to fail of attaining. "All have sinned and come short of the glory of God." Rom. iii. 23. -- To come to. (a) To consent or yield. Swift. (b) (Naut.) (with the accent on to) To luff; to brin the ship's head nearer the wind; to anchor. (c) (with the accent on to) To recover, as from a swoon. (d) To arrive at; to reach. (e) To amount to; as, the taxes come to a large sum. (f) To fall to; to be received by, as an inheritance. Shak. -- To come to blows. See under Blow. -- To come to grief. See under Grief. -- To come to a head. (a) To suppurate, as a boil. (b) To mature; to culminate; as a plot. -- To come to one's self, to recover one's senses. -- To come to pass, to happen; to fall out. -- To come to the scratch. (a) (Prize Fighting) To step up to the scratch or mark made in the ring to be toed by the combatants in beginning a contest; hence: (b) To meet an antagonist or a difficulty bravely. [Colloq.] -- To come to time. (a) (Prize Fighting) To come forward in order to resume the contest when the interval allowed for rest is over and "time" is called; hence: (b) To keep an appointment; to meet expectations. [Colloq.] -- To come together. (a) To meet for business, worship, etc.; to assemble. Acts i. 6. (b) To live together as man and wife. Matt. i. 18. -- To come true, to happen as predicated or expected. -- To come under, to belong to, as an individual to a class. -- To come up (a) to ascend; to rise. (b) To be brought up; to arise, as a question. (c) To spring; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. (d) To come into use, as a fashion. -- To come up the capstan (Naut.), to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. -- To come up the tackle fall (Naut.), to slacken the tackle gently. Totten. -- To come up to, to rise to; to equal. -- To come up with, to overtake or reach by pursuit. -- To come upon. (a) To befall. (b) To attack or invade. (c) To have a claim upon; to become dependent upon for support; as, to come upon the town. (d) To light or chance upon; to find; as, to come upon hid treasure.

COME Come, v. t.

Defn: To carry through; to succeed in; as, you can't come any tricks here. [Slang] To come it, to succeed in a trick of any sort. [Slang]

COME Come, n.

Defn: Coming. Chaucer.

COME-ALONG Come"-a*long`, n.

Defn: A gripping device, as for stretching wire, etc., consisting of two jaws so attached to a ring that they are closed by pulling on the ring.

CO-MEDDLE Co-med"dle, v. t.

Defn: To mix; to mingle, to temper. [Obs.] Shak.

COMEDIAN Co*me"di*an, n. Etym: [Cf. F. comédien.]

1. An actor or player in comedy. "The famous comedian, Roscius." Middleton.

2. A writer of comedy. Milton.

COMEDIENNE Co*mé`di*enne", n. Etym: [F., fem. of com.]

Defn: A women who plays in comedy.

COMEDIETTA Co*me`di*et"ta, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: A dramatic sketch; a brief comedy.

COMEDO Com"e*do, n.; pl. Comedones. Etym: [L., a glutton. See Comestible.] (Med.)

Defn: A small nodule or cystic tumor, common on the nose, etc., which on pressure allows the escape of a yellow wormlike mass of retained oily secretion, with a black head (dirt).

COMEDOWN Come"down`, n.

Defn: A downfall; an humillation. [Colloq.]

COMEDY Com"e*dy, n.; pl. Comedies. Etym: [F. comédie, L. comoedia, fr. Gr. home) + Home, and Ode.]

Defn: A dramatic composition, or representation of a bright and amusing character, based upon the foibles of individuals, the manners of society, or the ludicrous events or accidents of life; a play in which mirth predominates and the termination of the plot is happy; -- opposed to tragedy. With all the vivacity if comedy. Macaulay. Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak.

COMELILY Come"li*ly, adv.

Defn: In a suitable or becoming manner. [R.] Sherwood.

COMELINESS Come"li*ness, n. Etym: [See Comely.]

Defn: The quality or state of being comely. Comeliness is a disposing fair Of things and actions in fit time and place. Sir J. Davies. Strength, comeliness of shape, or amplest merit. Milton. Comeliness signifies something less forcible than beauty, less elegant than grace, and less light than prettiness. Johnson.

COMELY Come"ly, a. [Compar. Comelier; superl. Comeliest.] Etym: [OE. comeliche, AS. cymlic; cyme suitable (fr. cuman to come, become) + lic like.]

1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; well-proportioned; good- looking; handsome. He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very beautiful when he was young. South. Not once perceive their foul disfigurement But boast themselves more comely than before. Milton.

2. Suitable or becoming; proper; agreeable. This is a happier and more comely time Than when these fellows ran about the streets, Crying confusion. Shak. It is good to sing praises unto our God; for it is pleasant; and praise is comely. Ps. cxlvii. 1.

COMELY Come"ly, adv.

Defn: In a becoming manner. Ascham.

COME-OUTER Come-out"er, n.

Defn: One who comes out or withdraws from a religious or other organization; a radical reformer. [Colloq. U. S.]

COMER Com"er, n.

Defn: One who comes, or who has come; one who has arrived, and is present. All comers, all who come, or offer, to take part in a matter, especially in a contest or controversy. "To prove it against all comers." Bp. Stillingfleet.

COMES Co"mes, n. Etym: [L., a companion.] (Mus.)

Defn: The answer to the theme (dux) in a fugue.

COMESSATION Com`es*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. comissatio, comessatio.]

Defn: A reveling; a rioting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

COMESTIBLE Co*mes"ti*ble, a. Etym: [F. comestible, fr. L. comesus, comestus, p. p. pf comedere to eat; com- + edere to eat.]

Defn: Suitable to be eaten; eatable; esculent. Some herbs are most comestible. Sir T. Elyot.

COMESTIBLE Co*mes"ti*ble, n.

Defn: Something suitable to be eaten; -- commonly in the plural. Thackeray.

COMET Com"et, n. Etym: [L. cometes, cometa, from Gr. coma: cf. F. comète.] (Astron.)

Defn: A member of the solar system which usually moves in an elongated orbit, approaching very near to the sun in its perihelion, and receding to a very great distance from it at its aphelion. A comet commonly consists of three parts: the nucleus, the envelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently wanting. See Illustration in Appendix.

COMETARIUM Com`e*ta"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL.] (Astron.)

Defn: An instrument, intended to represent the revolution of a comet round the sun. Hutton.

COMETARY Com"et*a*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. cométaire.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a comet. Cheyne.

COMET-FINDER; COMET-SEEKER Com"et-find`er, or Com"et-seek`er, n. (Astron.)

Defn: A telescope of low power, having a large field of view, used for finding comets.

COMETHER Co*meth"er, n. [Prob. dial. pron. of come hither, used in calling cows, etc.] [Dial. or Colloq., Brit.]

1.

Defn: Matter; affair.

2. Friendly communication or association.

To put the, or one's, comether on, to exercise persuasion upon; to get under one's influence; to beguile; to wheedle.

How does ut come about, sorr, that whin a man has put the comether on wan woman he's sure bound to put ut on another Kipling.

COMETIC Co*met"ic, a.

Defn: Relating to a comet.

COMETOGRAPHER Com`et*og"ra*pher, n.

Defn: One who describes or writes about comets.

COMETOGRAPHY Com`et*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Comet + -graphy: cf. F. cométographie.]

Defn: A description of, or a treatise concerning, comets.

COMETOLOGY Com`et*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Comet + -logy.]

Defn: The department of astronomy relating to comets.

COMFIT Com"fit, n. Etym: [F. confit, prop. a p. p., fr. confire to preserve, pickle, fr. L. conficere to prepare; con- + facere to make. See Fact, and cf. Confect.]

Defn: A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit, root, or seed preserved with sugar and dried; a confection.

COMFIT Com"fit, v. t.

Defn: To preserve dry with sugar. The fruit which does so quickly waste, . . . Thou comfitest in sweets to make it last. Cowley.

COMFITURE Com"fi*ture, n. Etym: [F. confiture; cf. LL. confecturae sweetmeats, confectura a preparing. See Comfit, and cf. Confiture.]

Defn: See Comfit, n.

COMFORT Com"fort, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comforted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comforting.] Etym: [F. conforter, fr. L. confortare to strengthen much; con- + fortis strong. See Fort.]

1. To make strong; to invigorate; to fortify; to corroborate. [Obs.] Wyclif. God's own testimony . . . doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker.

2. To assist or help; to aid. [Obs.] I . . . can not help the noble chevalier: God comfort him in this necessity! Shak.

3. To impart strength and hope to; to encourage; to relieve; to console; to cheer, Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men. Bacon. That we may be adle to comfort them that are in any affliction. 2 Cor. i. 4. (Rev. Ver. ). A perfect woman, nobly planned, To warn, to comfort, and command. Wordsworth.

Syn. -- To cheer; solace; console; revive; encourage; enliven; invigorate; inspirit, gladden; recreate; exhilarate; refresh; animate; confirm; strengthen. -- To Comfort, Console, Solace. These verbs all suppose some antecedent state of suffering or sorrow. Console in confined to the act giving sympathetic relief to the mind under affliction or sorrow, and points to some definite source of that relief; as, the presence of his friend consoled him; he was much consoled by this intelligence. The act of consoling commonly implies the inculcation of resignation. Comfort points to relief afforded by the communication of positive pleasure, hope, and strength, as well as by the diminution of pain; as, "They brought the young man alive, and were not a little comforted." Acts xx. 12.

Note: Solace is from L. solacium, which means according to Dumesnil, consolation inwardly felt or applied to the case of the sufferer. Hence, the verb to solace denotes the using of things for the purpose of affording relief under sorrow or suffering; as, to solace one's self with reflections, with books, or with active employments.

COMFORT Com"fort, n. Etym: [OF. confort, fr. conforter.]

1. Assistance; relief; support. [Obs. except in the phrase "aid and comfort." See 5 below.] Shak.

2. Encouragement; solace; consolation in trouble; also, that which affords consolation. In comfort of her mother's fears. Shak. Cheer thy spirit with this comfort. Shak. Speaking words of endearment where words of comfort availed not. Longfellow.

3. A state of quiet enjoyment; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety; also, whatever contributes to such a condition. I had much joy and comfort in thy love. Phil. 7 (Rev. Ver. ). He had the means of living in comfort. Macaulay.

4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.]

5. (Law)

Defn: Unlawful support, countenance, or encouragement; as, to give aid and comfort to the enemy.

Syn. -- Comfort, Consolation. Comfort has two meanings:

1. Strength and relief received under affliction;

2. Positive enjoyment, of a quiet, permanent nature, together with the sources thereof; as, the comfort of love; surrounded with comforts; but it is with the former only that the word consolation is brought into comparison. As thus compared, consolation points to some specific source of relief for the afflicted mind; as, the consolations of religion. Comfort supposes the relief to be afforded by imparting positive enjoyment, as well as a diminution of pain. "Consolation, or comfort, signifies some alleviation to that pain to which it is not in our power to afford the proper and adequate remedy; they imply rather an augmentation of the power of bearing, than a diminution of the burden." Johnson.

COMFORTABLE Com"fort*a*ble, a. Etym: [OF. confortable.]

1. Strong; vigorous; valiant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Thy conceit is nearer death than thy powers. For my sake be comfortable; hold death a while at the arm's end. Shak.

2. Serviceable; helpful. [Obs.] Be comfortable to my mother, your mistress, and make much of her. Shak.

3. Affording or imparting comfort or consolation; able to comfort; cheering; as, a comfortable hope. "Kind words and comfortable." Cowper. A comfortable provision made for their subsistence. Dryden.

4. In a condition of comfort; having comforts; not suffering or anxious; hence, contented; cheerful; as, to lead a comfortable life. My lord leans wondrously to discontent; His comfortable temper has forsook him: He is much out of health. Shak.

5. Free, or comparatively free, from pain or distress; -- used of a sick person. [U. S.]

COMFORTABLE Com"fort*a*ble, n.

Defn: A stuffed or quilted coverlet for a bed; a comforter; a comfort. [U. S.]

COMFORTABLENESS Com"fort*a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: State of being comfortable or comforting manner. Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. Is. xl. 2.

COMFORTABLY Com"fort*a*bly, adv.

Defn: In a comfortable or comforting manner.

Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. Is. xl. 2.

COMFORTER Com"fort*er, n.

1. One who administers comfort or consolation. Let no comforter delight mine ear But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine. Shak.

2. (Script.)

Defn: The Holy Spirit, -- reffering to his office of comforting believers. But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things. John xiv. 26.

3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. [U. S.] The American schoolboy takes off his comforter and unbuttons his jacket before going in for a snowball fight. Pop. Sci. Monthly.

4. A wadded bedquilt; a comfortable. [U. S.] Job's comforter, a boil. [Colloq.]

COMFORTLESS Com"fort*less, a.

Defn: Without comfort or comforts; in want or distress; cheerless. Comfortless through turanny or might. Spenser.

Syn. -- Forlorn; desolate; cheerless; inconsolable; disconsolate; wretched; miserable. -- Com"fort*less*ly, adv. -- Com"fort*less*ness, n. When all is coldly, comfortlessly costly. Milton.

COMFORTMENT Com"fort*ment, n.

Defn: Act or process of administering comfort. [Obs.] The gentle comfortment and entertainment of the said embassador. Hakluyt.

COMFORTRESS Com"fort*ress, n.

Defn: A woman who comforts. To be your comfortress, and to preserve you. B. Jonson.

COMFREY Com"frey, n. Etym: [Prob. from F. conferve, L. conferva, fr. confervere to boil together, in medical language, to heal, grow together. So called on account of its healing power, for which reason it was also called consolida.] (Bot.)

Defn: A rough, hairy, perennial plant of several species, of the genus Symphytum.

Note: A decoction of the mucilaginous root of the "common comfrey" (S. officinale) is used in cough mixtures, etc.; and the gigantic "prickly comfrey" (S. asperrimum) is somewhat cultivated as a forage plant.

COMIC Com"ic, a. Etym: [L. comicus pertaining to comedy, Gr. comique. See Comedy.]

1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. I can not for the stage a drama lay, Tragic or comic, but thou writ'st the play. B. Jonson.

2. Causing mirth; ludicrous. "Comic shows." Shak.

COMIC Com"ic, n.

Defn: A comedian. [Obs.] Steele.

COMICAL Com"ic*al, a.

1. Relating to comedy. They deny it to be tragical because its catastrphe is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical. Gay.

2. Exciting mirth; droll; laughable; as, a comical story. "Comical adventures." Dryden.

Syn. -- Humorous; laughable; funny. See Droll. -- Com"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Com"ic*al"ness, n.

COMICALITY Com`i*cal"i*ty, n.; pl. Comicalities.

Defn: The quality of being comical; something comical.

COMICRY Com"ic*ry, n.

Defn: The power of exciting mirth; comicalness. [R.] H. Giles.

COMING Com"ing, a.

1. Approaching; of the future, especially the near future; the next; as, the coming week or year; the coming exhibition. Welcome the coming, speed the parting, guest. Pope. Your coming days and years. Byron.

2. Ready to come; complaisant; fond. [Obs.] Pope.

COMING Com"ing, n.

1. Approach; advent; manifestation; as, the coming of the train.

2. Specifically: The Second Advent of Christ. Coming in. (a) Entrance; entrance way; manner of entering; beginning. "The goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof." Ezek. xliii. 11 (b) Income or revenue. "What are thy comings in" Shak.

COMITIA Co*mi"ti*a, n., pl. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A public assembly of the Roman people for electing officers or passing laws.

Note: There were three kinds of comitia: comitia curiata, or assembly of the patricians, who voted in curiæ; comitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole Roman people, who voted by centuries; and comitia tributa, or assembly of the plebeians according to their division into tribes.

COMITIAL Co*mi"tial, a. Etym: [L. comitialis.]

Defn: Relating to the comitia, or popular assembles of the Romans for electing officers and passing laws. Middleton.

COMITIVA Co`mi*ti"va, n. [It.]

Defn: A body of followers; -- applied to the lawless or brigand bands in Italy and Sicily.

COMITY Com"i*ty, n.; pl. Comities. Etym: [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.]

Defn: Mildness and suavity of manners; courtesy between equals; friendly equals; friendly civility; as, comity of manners; the comity of States. Comity of nations (International Law), the courtesy by which nations recognize within their own territory, or in their courts, the peculiar institutions of another nation or the rights and privileges acquired by its citizens in their own land. By some authorities private international law rests on this comity, but the better opinion is that it is part of the common law of the land, and hence is obligatory as law.

Syn. -- Civility; good breeding; courtesy; good will.

COMMA Com"ma, n. Etym: [L. comma part of a sentence, comma, Gr. Capon.]

1. A character or point [,] marking the smallest divisions of a sentence, written or printed.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A small interval (the difference beyween a major and minor half step), seldom used except by tuners. Comma bacillus (Physiol.), a variety of bacillus shaped like a comma, found in the intestines of patients suffering from cholera. It is considered by some as having a special relation to the disease; -- called also cholera bacillus. -- Comma butterfly (Zoöl.), an American butterfly (Grapta comma), having a white comma-shaped marking on the under side of the wings.

COMMAND Com*mand" (; 61), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Commanding.] Etym: [OE. comaunden, commanden, OF. comander, F. commander, fr. L. com- + mandare to commit to, to command. Cf. Commend, Mandate.]

1. To order with authority; to lay injunction upon; to direct; to bid; to charge. We are commanded to forgive our enemies, but you never read that we are commanded to forgive our friends. Bacon. Go to your mistress: Say, I command her come to me. Shak.

2. To exercise direct authority over; to have control of; to have at one's disposal; to lead. Monmouth commanded the English auxiliaries. Macaulay. Such aid as I can spare you shall command. Shak.

3. To have within a sphere of control, influence, access, or vision; to dominate by position; to guard; to overlook. Bridges commanded by a fortified house. Motley. Up to the eastern tower, Whose height commands as subject all the vale. Shak. One side commands a view of the finest garden. Addison.

4. To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to reeceive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as, justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price. 'Tis not in mortals to command success. Addison.

5. To direct to come; to bestow. [Obs.] I will command my blessing upon you. Lev. xxv. 21.

Syn. -- To bid; order; direct; dictate; charge; govern; rule; overlook.

COMMAND Com*mand", v. i.

1. To have or to exercise direct authority; to govern; to sway; to influence; to give an order or orders. And reigned, commanding in his monarchy. Shak. For the king had so commanded concerning [Haman]. Esth. iii. 2.

2. To have a view, as from a superior position. Far and wide his eye commands. Milton.

COMMAND Com*mand", n.

1. An authoritative order requiring obedience; a mandate; an injunction. A waiting what command their mighty chief Had to impose. Milton.

2. The possession or exercise of authority. Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion. Locke.

3. Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as, the forces under his command.

4. Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey. Te steepy stand Which overlooks the vale with wide command. Dryden.

5. Control; power over something; sway; influence; as, to have command over one's temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge. He assumed an absolute command over his readers. Druden.

6. A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer.

Word of command (Mil.), a word or phrase of definite and established meaning, used in directing the movements of soldiers; as, aim; fire; shoulder arms, etc.

Syn. -- Control; sway; power; authority; rule; dominion; sovereignty; mandate; order; injunction; charge; behest. See Direction.

COMMANDABLE Com*mand"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being commanded.

COMMANDANT Com`man*dant", n. Etym: [F., orig. p. pr. of commander.]

Defn: A commander; the commanding officer of a place, or of a body of men; as, the commandant of a navy-yard.

COMMANDATORY Com*mand"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Mandatory; as, commandatory authority. [Obs.]

COMMANDEER Com`man*deer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commandeered; p. pr. & vb. n. Commandeering.] [D. kommandeeren to command, in South Africa to commandeer, fr. F. commander to command. See Command.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: To compel to perform military service; to seize for military purposes; -- orig. used of the Boers.

2. To take arbitrary or forcible possession of. [Colloq.]

COMMANDER Com*mand"er, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commandeur. Cf. Commodore, Commender.]

1. A chief; one who has supreme authority; a leader; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. A leader and commander to the people. Is. lv. 4.

2. (Navy)

Defn: An officer who ranks next below a captain, -- ranking with a lieutenant colonel in the army.

3. The chief officer of a commandery.

4. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in paving, in sail lofts, etc. Commander in chief, the military title of the officer who has supreme command of the land or naval forces or the united forces of a nation or state; a generalissimo. The President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States.

Syn. -- See Chief.

COMMANDERSHIP Com*mand"er*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a commander.

COMMANDERY Com*mand"er*y, n.; pl. Commanderies. Etym: [F. commanderie.]

1. The office or rank of a commander. [Obs.]

2. A district or a manor with lands and tenements appertaining thereto, under the control of a member of an order of knights who was called a commander; -- called also a preceptory.

3. An assembly or lodge of Knights Templars (so called) among the Freemasons. [U. S.]

4. A district under the administration of a military commander or governor. [R.] Brougham.

COMMANDING Com*mand"ing, a.

1. Exercising authority; actually in command; as, a commanding officer.

2. Fitted to impress or control; as, a commanding look or presence.

3. Exalted; overlooking; having superior strategic advantages; as, a commanding position.

Syn. -- Authoritative; imperative; imperious.

COMMANDINGLY Com*mand"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a commanding manner.

COMMANDMENT Com*mand"ment, n. Etym: [OF. commandement, F. commandement.]

1. An order or injunction given by authority; a command; a charge; a precept; a mandate. A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another. John xiii. 34.

2. (Script.)

Defn: One of the ten laws or precepts given by God to the Israelites at Mount Sinai.

3. The act of commanding; exercise of authority. And therefore put I on the countenance Of stern commandment. Shak.

4. (Law)

Defn: The offense of commanding or inducing another to violate the law. The Commandments, The Ten Commandments, the Decalogue, or summary of God's commands, given to Moses at Mount Sinai. (Ex. xx.)

COMMANDO Com*man"do, n. [D. See Command, v. t.]

Defn: In South Africa, a military body or command; also, sometimes, an expedition or raid; as, a commando of a hundred Boers.

The war bands, called commandos, have played a great part in the . . . military history of the country. James Bryce.

COMMANDRESS Com*mand"ress, n.

Defn: A woman invested with authority to command. Hooker.

COMMANDRY Com*mand"ry, n.

Defn: See Commandery.

COMMARK Com"mark`, n. Etym: [Of. comarque, or LL. commarca, commarcha; com- + marcha, boundary. See March a confine.]

Defn: The frontier of a country; confines. [Obs.] Shelton.

COMMATERIAL Com`ma*te"ri*al, a.

Defn: Consisting of the same material. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMMATIC Com*mat"ic, a. Etym: [L. commaticus, Gr. Comma.]

Defn: Having short clauses or sentences; brief; concise.

COMMATISM Com"ma*tism, n. Etym: [See Commatic.]

Defn: Conciseness in writing. Bp. Horsley.

COMMEASURABLE Com*meas"ur*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. Commensurable.]

Defn: Having the same measure; commensurate; proportional. She being now removed by death, a commeasurable grief took as full possession of him as joy had one. I. Walton.

COMMEASURE Com*meas"ure, v. t.

Defn: To be commensurate with; to equal. Tennyson.

COMMEMORABLE Com*mem"o*ra"ble, a. Etym: [L. commemorabilis.]

Defn: Worthy to be commemorated.

COMMEMORATE Com*mem"o*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commemorated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commemorating.] Etym: [L. commemoratus, p. p. of commemorare to remember; com- + memorare to mention, fr. memor mindful. See Memory.]

Defn: To call to remembrance by a special act or observance; to celebrate with honor and solemnity; to honor, as a person or event, by some act of respect of affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of the person or event; as, to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior by the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; to commemorate the Declaration of Independence by the observance of the Fourth of July. We are called upon to commemorate a revolution. Atterbury.

Syn. -- See Celebrate.

COMMEMORATION Com*mem`o*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commemoratio.]

1. The act of commemorating; an observance or celebration designed to honor the memory of some person or event. This sacrament was designed to be a standing commemoration of the death and passion of our Lord. Abp. Tillotson. The commonwealth which . . . chooses the most flagrant act of murderous regicide treason for a feast of eternal commemoration. Burke.

2. Whatever serves the purpose of commemorating; a memorial. Commemoration day, at the University of Oxford, Eng., an annual observance or ceremony in honor of the benefactors of the University, at which time honorary degrees are conferred.

COMMEMORATIVE Com*mem"o*ra*tive, a.

Defn: Tending or intended to commemorate. "A sacrifice commemorative of Christ's offering up his body for us." Hammond. An inscription commemorative of his victory. Sir G. C. Lewis.

COMMEMORATOR Com*mem"o*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who commemorates.

COMMEMORATORY Com*mem"o*ra*to*ry, a.

Defn: Serving to commemorate; commomerative. Bp. Hooper.

COMMENCE Com*mence", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commenced; p. pr. & vb. n. Commencing.] Etym: [F. commencer, OF. commencier, fr. L. com- + initiare to begin. See Initiate.]

1. To have a beginning or origin; to originate; to start; to begin. Here the anthem doth commence. Shak. His heaven commences ere the world be past. Goldsmith.

2. To begin to be, or to act as. [Archaic] We commence judges ourselves. Coleridge.

3. To take a degree at a university. [Eng.] I question whether the formality of commencing was used in that age. Fuller.

COMMENCE Com*mence", v. t.

Defn: To enter upon; to begin; to perform the first act of. Many a wooer doth commence his suit. Shak.

Note: It is the practice of good writers to use the verbal noun (instead of the infinitive with to) after commence; as, he commenced studying, not he commenced to study.

COMMENCEMENT Com*mence"ment, n. Etym: [F. comencement.]

1. The first existence of anything; act or fact of commencing; rise; origin; beginnig; start. The time of Henry VII . . . nearly coincides with the commencement of what is termed "modern history."

2. The day when degrees are conferred by colleges and universities upon students and others.

COMMEND Com*mend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commended; p. pr. & vb. n. Commending.] Etym: [L. commendare; com- + mandare to intrust to one's charge, enjoin, command. Cf. Command, Mandate.]

1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation. His eye commends the leading to his hand. Shak. Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Luke xxiii. 46.

2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard; to present as worthy of notice or favorable attention. Among the objects of knowlwdge, two especially commend themselves to our contemplation. Sir M. Hale. I commend unto you Phebe our sister. Rom. xvi. 1.

3. To mention with approbation; to praise; as, to commend a person or an act. Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read the actions of Achilles. Dryden.

4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remembrance and good will. [Archaic] Commend me to my brother. Shak.

COMMEND Com*mend", n.

1. Commendation; praise. [Obs.] Speak in his just commend. Shak.

2. pl.

Defn: Compliments; greetings. [Obs.] Hearty commends and much endeared love to you. Howell.

COMMENDABLE Com*mend"a*ble, a.

Note: (Formerly accented on the first syllable.) Etym: [L. commendabilis.]

Defn: Worthy of being commended or praised; laudable; praiseworthy. Order and decent ceremonies in the church are not only comely but commendable. Bacon. -- Com*mend"a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mend"a*bly, adv.

COMMENDAM Com*men"dam, n. Etym: [LL. dare in commendam to give into trust.] (Eng. Eccl. Law)

Defn: A vacant living or benefice commended to a cleric (usually a bishop) who enjoyed the revenue until a pastor was provided. A living so held was said to be held in commendam. The practice was abolished by law in 1836. There was [formerly] some sense for commendams. Selden. Partnership in commendam. See under Partnership.

COMMENDATARY Com*mend"a*ta*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commendataire, LL. commendatarius.]

Defn: One who holds a living in commendam.

COMMENDATION Com`men*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. commendatio.]

1. The act of commending; praise; favorable representation in words; recommendation. Need we . . . epistles of commendatiom 2 Cor. iii. 1. By the commendation of the great officers. Bacon.

2. That which is the ground of approbation or praise. Good nature is the most godlike commendation of a man. Dryden.

3. pl.

Defn: A message of affection or respect; compliments; greeting. [Obs.] Hark you, Margaret; No princely commendations to my king Shak.

COMMENDATOR Com*mend"a*tor ( or ), n. Etym: [LL.]

Defn: One who holds a benefice in commendam; a commendatary. Chalmers.

COMMENDATORY Com*mend"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. commendatorius.]

1. Serving to commend; containing praise or commendation; commending; praising. "Commendatory verses." Pope.

2. Holding a benefice in commendam; as, a commendatory bishop. Burke. Commendatory prayer (Book of Common Prayer), a prayer read over the dying. "The commendatory prayer was said for him, and, as it ended, he [William III.] died." Bp. Burnet.

COMMENDATORY Com*mend"a*to*ry, n.

Defn: A commendation; eulogy. [R.] "Commendatories to our affection." Sharp.

COMMENDER Com*mend"er, n.

Defn: One who commends or praises.

COMMENSAL Com*men"sal, n. Etym: [LL. commensalis; L. com- + mensa table: cf. F. commensal. Cf. Mensal.]

1. One who eats at the same table. [Obs.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal, not truly parasitic, which lives in with, or on, another, partaking usually of the same food. Both species may be benefited by the association.

COMMENSAL Com*men"sal, a.

Defn: Having the character of a commensal.

COMMENSALISM Com*men"sal*ism, n.

Defn: The act of eating together; table fellowship.

COMMENSALITY Com`men*sal"i*ty, n.

Defn: Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. [Obs.] "Promiscuous commensality." Sir T. Browne.

COMMENSATION Com`men*sa"tion, n.

Defn: Commensality. [Obs.] Daniel . . . declined pagan commensation. Sir T. Browne.

COMMENSURABILITY Com*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commensurabilite.]

Defn: The quality of being commersurable. Sir T. Browne.

COMMENSURABLE Com*men"su*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. commensurabilis; pref. com- + mensurable. See Commensurate, and cf. Commeasurable.]

Defn: Having a common measure; capable of being exactly measured by the same number, quantity, or measure. -- Com*men"su*ra*ble*ness, n. Commensurable numbers or quantities (Math.), those that can be exactly expressed by some common unit; thus a foot and yard are commensurable, since both can be expressed in terms of an inch, one being 12 inches, the other 36 inches. -- Numbers, or Quantities, commensurable in power, those whose squares are commensurable.

COMMENSURABLY Com*men"su*ra*bly, adv.

Defn: In a commensurable manner; so as to be commensurable.

COMMENSURATE Com*men"su*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commensurated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commensurating.] Etym: [Pref. com- + mensurate.]

1. To reduce to a common measure. Sir T. Browne.

2. To proportionate; to adjust. T. Puller

COMMENSURATE Com*men"su*rate, a.

1. Having a common measure; commensurable; reducible to a common measure; as, commensurate quantities.

2. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate. Those who are persuaded that they shall continue forever, can not choose but aspire after a hapiness commensurate to their duration. Tillotson.

COMMENSURATELY Com*men"su*rate*ly, adv.

1. In a commensurate manner; so as to be equal or proportionate; adequately.

2. With equal measure or extent. Goodwin.

COMMENSURATENESS Com*men"su*rate*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being commensurate. Foster.

COMMENSURATION Com*men`su*ra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. commensuration.]

Defn: The act of commensurating; the state of being commensurate. All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion of one thing to another. South.

COMMENT Com"ment, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commented; p. pr. & vb. n. Commenting.] Etym: [F. commenter, L. commentary to meditate upon, explain, v. intens, of comminisci, commentus, to reflect upon, invent; com- + the root of meminisse to remember, mens mind. See Mind.]

Defn: To make remarks, observations, or criticism; especially, to write notes on the works of an author, with a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain particular passages; to write annotations; -- often followed by on or upon. A physician to comment on your malady. Shak. Critics . . . proceed to comment on him. Dryden. I must translate and comment. Pope.

COMMENT Com"ment, v. t.

Defn: To comment on. [Archaic.] Fuller.

COMMENT Com"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. comment.]

1. A remark, observation, or criticism; gossip; discourse; talk. Their lavish comment when her name was named. Tennyson.

2. A note or observation intended to explain, illustrate, or criticise the meaning of a writing, book, etc.; explanation; annotation; exposition. All the volumes of philosophy, With all their comments. Prior.

COMMENTARY Com"men*ta*ry, n.; pl. Commentaries. Etym: [L. commentarius, commentarium, note book, commentary: cf. F. commentaire. See Comment, v. i.]

1. A series of comments or annotations; esp., a book of explanations or expositions on the whole or a part of the Scriptures or of some other work. This letter . . . was published by him with a severe commentary. Hallam.

2. A brief account of transactions or events written hastily, as if for a memorandum; -- usually in the plural; as, Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War.

COMMENTATE Com"men*tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. commentatus, p. p. of commentari to meditate.]

Defn: To write comments or notes upon; to make comments. [R.] Commentate upon it, and return it enriched. Lamb.

COMMENTATION Com`men*ta"tion, n.

1. The act or process of commenting or criticising; exposition. [R.] The spirit of commentation. Whewell.

2. The result of the labors of a commentator.

COMMENTATOR Com"men*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L. commentator: cf. F. commentateur.]

Defn: One who writes a commentary or comments; an expositor; an annotator. The commentator's professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines claimed as true. Whewell.

COMMENTATORIAL Com`men*ta*to"ri*al ( or , a.

Defn: Pertaining to the making of commentaries. Whewell.

COMMENTATORSHIP Com"men*ta`tor*ship, n.

Defn: The office or occupation of a commentator.

COMMENTER Com"ment`er, n.

Defn: One who makes or writes comments; a commentator; an annotator.

COMMENTITIOUS Com`men*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. commentitius.]

Defn: Fictitious or imaginary; unreal; as, a commentitious system of religion. [Obs.] Warburton.

COMMERCE Com"merce, n.

Note: (Formerly accented on the second syllable.) Etym: [F. commerce, L. commercium; com- + merx, mercis, merchadise. See Merchant.]

1. The exchange or buying and selling of commodities; esp. the exchange of merchandise, on a large scale, between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic. The public becomes powerful in proportion to the opulence and extensive commerce of private men. Hume.

2. Social intercourse; the dealings of one person or class in society with another; familiarity. Fifteen years of thought, observation, and commerce with the world had made him [Bunyan] wiser. Macaulay.

3. Sexual intercourse. W. Montagu.

4. A round game at cards, in which the cards are subject to exchange, barter, or trade. Hoyle. Chamber of commerce. See Chamber.

Syn. -- Trade; traffic; dealings; intercourse; interchange; communion; communication.

COMMERCE Com*merce" ( or , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Commerced; p. pr. & vb. n. Commercing.] Etym: [Cf. F. commercer, fr. LL. commerciare.]

1. To carry on trade; to traffic. [Obs.] Beware you commerce not with bankrupts. B. Jonson.

2. To hold intercourse; to commune. Milton. Commercing with himself. Tennyson. Musicians . . . taught the people in angelic harmonies to commerce with heaven. Prof. Wilson.

COMMERCE DESTROYER Com"merce de*stroy"er. (Nav.)

Defn: A very fast, unarmored, lightly armed vessel designed to capture or destroy merchant vessels of an enemy. Not being intended to fight, they may be improvised from fast passenger steamers.

COMMERCIAL Com*mer"cial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. commercial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with commerce or trade; mercantile; as, commercial advantages; commercial relations. "Princely commercial houses." Macaulay. Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in commercial knowledge and business. -- Commercial law. See under Law. -- Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper, usually about 5 by 7½ or 8 inches. -- Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheks, etc. -- Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who travels from town to town to solicit orders.

Syn. -- See Mercantile.

COMMERCIALISM Com*mer"cial*ism, n.

Defn: The commercial spirit or method. C. Kingsley.

COMMERCIALLY Com*mer"cial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a commercial manner.

COMMIGRATE Com"mi*grate, v. i. Etym: [L. commigrare, commigratum.]

Defn: To migrate together. [R.]

COMMIGRATION Com`mi*gra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commigratio.]

Defn: Migration together. [R.] Woodward.

COMMINATION Com`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. comminatio, from comminary to threaten; com- + minari to threaten: cf. F. commination.]

1. A threat or threatening; a denunciation of punishment or vengeance. With terrible comminations to all them that did resist. I. Taylor.

2. An office in the liturgy of the Church of England, used on Ash Wednesday, containing a recital of God's anger and judgments against sinners.

COMMINATORY Com*min"a*to"ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. comminatoire.]

Defn: Threatening or denouncing punishment; as, comminatory terms. B. Jonson.

COMMINGLE Com*min"gle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commingled; p. pr. & vb. n. Commingling.]

Defn: To mingle together; to mix in one mass, or intimately; to blend. Bacon.

COMMINGLER Com*min"gler, n.

Defn: One that commingles; specif., a device for noiseless heating of water by steam, in a vessel filled with a porous mass, as of pebbles.

COMMINUTE Com"mi*nute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comminuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comminuting.] Etym: [L. comminutus, p. p. of comminuere to comminute; com- + minuere to lessen. See Minute.]

Defn: To reduce to minute particles, or to a fine powder; to pulverize; to triturate; to grind; as, to comminute chalk or bones; to comminute food with the teeth. Pennant. Comminuted fracture. See under Fracture.

COMMINUTION Com`mi*nu"tion, n.

1. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization; the state of being comminuted. Bentley.

2. (Surg.)

Defn: Fracture (of a bone) into a number of pieces. Dunglison.

3. Gradual diminution by the removal of small particles at a time; a lessening; a wearing away. Natural and necessary comminution of our lives. Johnson.

COMMISERABLE Com*mis"er*a*ble, a.

Defn: Pitiable. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMMISERATE Com*mis"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commiserated; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiserating.] Etym: [L. commiseratus, p. p. of commiserari to commiserate; com- + miserari to pity. See Miserable.]

Defn: To feel sorrow, pain, or regret for; to pity. Then must we those, who groan, beneath the weight Of age, disease, or want, commiserate. Denham. We should commiserate our mutual ignorance. Locke.

Syn. -- To pity; compassionate; lament; condole.

COMMISERATION Com*mis`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [F. commis, fr. L. commiseratio a part of an oration intended to exite compassion.]

Defn: The act of commiserating; sorrow for the wants, afflictions, or distresses of another; pity; compassion. And pluck commiseration of his state From brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint. Shak.

Syn. -- See Sympathy.

COMMISERATIVE Com*mis"er*a*tive, a.

Defn: Feeling or expressing commiseration. Todd.

COMMISERATOR Com*mis"er*a`tor, n.

Defn: One who pities.

COMMISSARIAL Com`mis*sa"ri*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a commissary.

COMMISSARIAT Com`mis*sa"ri*at, n. Etym: [F. commissariat.] (Mil.) (a) The organized system by which armies and military posts are supplied with food and daily necessaries. (b) The body of officers charged with such service.

COMMISSARY Com"mis*sa*ry, n.; pl. Commissaries. Etym: [LL. commissarius, fr. L. commissus, p. p. of committere to commit, intrust to. See Commit.]

1. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a superior power; a commissioner. Great Destiny, the Commissary of God. Donne.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: An officer on the bishop, who exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in parts of the diocese at a distance from the residence of the bishop. Ayliffe.

3. (Mil.) (a) An officer having charge of a special sevice; as, the commissary of musters. (b) An officer whose business is to provide food for a body of troops or a military post; -- officially called commissary of subsistence. [U. S.] Washington wrote to the President of Congress . . . urging the appointment of a commissary general, a quartermaster general, a commissary of musters, and a commissary of artillery. W. Irving Commissary general, an officer in charge of some special department of army service; as: (a) The officer in charge of the commissariat and transport department, or of the ordinace store department. [Eng.] (b) The commissary general of subsistence. [U. S.] -- Commissary general of subsistence (Mil. U. S.), the head of the subsistence department, who has charge of the purchase and issue of provisions for the army.

COMMISSARYSHIP Com"mis*sa*ry*ship, n.

Defn: The office or employment of a commissary. Ayliffe.

COMMISSION Com*mis"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. commissio. See Commit.]

1. The act of committing, doing, or performing; the act of perpetrating. Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain degree of hardness. South.

2. The act of intrusting; a charge; instructions as to how a trust shall be executed.

3. The duty or employment intrusted to any person or persons; a trust; a charge.

4. A formal written warrant or authority, granting certain powers or privileges and authorizing or commanding the performance of certain duties. Let him see our commission. Shak.

5. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority; as, a colonel's commission.

6. A company of persons joined in the performance of some duty or the execution of some trust; as, the interstate commerce commission. A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter. Prescott.

7. (Com.) (a) The acting under authority of, or on account of, another. (b) The thing to be done as agent for another; as, I have three commissions for the city. (c) The brokerage or allowance made to a factor or agent for transacting business for another; as, a commission of ten per cent on sales. See Del credere. Commission of array. (Eng. Hist.) See under Array. -- Commission of bankrupty, a commission apointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankrupty, and to secure the bankrupt's lands and effects for the creditors. -- Commission of lunacy, a commission authoring and inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. -- Commission merchant, one who buys or sells goods on commission, as the agent of others, receiving a rate per cent as his compensation. -- Commission, or Commissioned, officer (Mil.), one who has a commission, in distingtion from a noncommossioned or warrant officer. -- Commission of the peace, a commission under the great seal, constituting one or more persons justices of the peace. [Eng.] -- To put a vessel into commission (Naut.), to equip and man a goverment vessel, and send it out on service after it has been laid up; esp., the formal act of tacking command of a vessel for service, hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc. -- To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the officers and crew and retire it from active service, temporarily or permanently. -- To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary administration, as between the going out of one lord keeper and accession of another. [Eng.] -- The United States Christians Commission, an organization among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and performed services of a religious character in the field and in hospitals. -- The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization formed by the people of the North to coöperate with and supplement the medical department of the Union armies during the Civil War.

Syn. -- Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust; employment.

COMMISSION Com*mis"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commissioned; p. pr & vb. n. Commissioning.]

1. To give a commission to; to furnish with a commission; to empower or authorize; as, to commission persons to perform certain acts; to commission an officer.

2. To send out with a charge or commission. A chosen band He first commissions to the Latian land. Dryden.

Syn. -- To appoint; depute; authorize; empower; delegate; constitute; ordain.

COMMISSIONAIRE Com*mis`sion*aire", n. [F. commissionnaire. Cf. Commissioner.]

1. One intrusted with a commission, now only a small commission, as an errand; esp., an attendant or subordinate employee in a public office, hotel, or the like. The commissionaire familiar to European travelers performs miscellaneous services as a light porter, messenger, solicitor for hotels, etc.

2. One of a corps of pensioned soldiers, as in London, employed as doorkeepers, messengers, etc.

COMMISSIONAL; COMMISSIONARY Com*mis"sion*al, Com*mis"sion*a*ry a.

Defn: Of pertaining to, or conferring, a commission; conferred by a commission or warrant. [R.] Delegate or commissionary authority. Bp. Hall.

COMMISSIONATE Com*mis"sion*ate, v. t.

Defn: To commission [Obs.]

COMMISSIONER Com*mis"sion*er, n.

1. A person who has a commission or warrant to perform some office, or execute some bussiness, for the goverment, corporation, or person employing him; as, a commissioner to take affidavits or to adjust claims. To another adress which requisted that a commission might be sent to examine into the state of things in Ireland, William returned a gracious answer, and desired the Commons to name the commissioners. Macaulay.

2. An officer having charge of some department or bureau of the public service. Herbert was first commissioner of the Admiralty. Macaulay. The commissioner of patents, the commissioner of the land office, the commissioner of Indian affairs, are subotdinates of the secretary of the interior. Bartlett. Commissioner of deeds, an officer having authority to take affidavits, depositions, acknowledgment of deeds, etc., for use in the State by which he is appointed. [U. S.] -- County commissioners, certain administrative officers in some of the States, invested by local laws with various powers in reference to the roads, courthouses, financial matters, etc., of the county. [U. S.]

COMMISSIONNAIRE Com*mis`sion*naire" (; F. ), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. commissio.]

1. An agent or factor; a commission merchant.

2. One of a class of attendants, in some European cities, who perform miscellaneous services for travelers.

COMMISSIONSHIP Com*mis"sion*ship, n.

Defn: The office of commissioner. Sir W. Scott.

COMMISSIVE Com*mis"sive, a.

Defn: Relating to commission; of the nature of, or involving, commission. [R.]

COMMISSURAL Com*mis"su*ral ( or ), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a commissure.

COMMISSURE Com*mis"sure ( or ; 134-6), n. Etym: [L. commissura a joing together: cf. F. commissure. See Commit.]

1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite; an interstice, cleft, or juncture.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) The point of union between two parts, as the angles of the lips or eyelids, the mandibles of a bird, etc. (b) A collection of fibers connecting parts of the brain or spinal marrow; a chiasma.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The line of junction or cohering face of two carpels, as in the parsnip, caraway, etc.

COMMIT Com*mit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commited; p. pr. & vb. n. Commiting.] Etym: [L. committere, commissum, to connect, commit; com- + mittere to send. See Mission.]

1. To give in trust; to put into charge or keeping; to intrust; to consign; -- used with to, unto. Commit thy way unto the Lord. Ps. xxxvii. 5. Bid him farewell, commit him to the grave. Shak.

2. To put in charge of a jailor; to imprison. These two were commited. Clarendon.

3. To do; to perperate, as a crime, sin, or fault. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Ex. xx. 14.

4. To join a contest; to match; -- followed by with. [R.] Dr. H. More.

5. To pledge or bind; to compromise, expose, or endanger by some decisive act or preliminary step; -- often used reflexively; as, to commit one's self to a certain course. You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship, without commiting the honor of your sovereign. Junius. Any sudden assent to the proposal . . . might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States. Marshall.

6. To confound. [An obsolete Latinism.] Committing short and long [quantities]. Milton. To commit a bill (Legislation), to refer or intrust it to a committee or others, to be considered and reported. -- To commit to memory, or To commit, to learn by heart; to memorize.

Syn. -- To Commit, Intrust, Consign. These words have in common the idea of transferring from one's self to the care and custody of another. Commit is the widest term, and may express only the general idea of delivering into the charge of another; as, to commit a lawsuit to the care of an attorney; or it may have the special sense of intrusting with or without limitations, as to a superior power, or to a careful servant, or of consigning, as to writing or paper, to the flames, or to prison. To intrust denotes the act of committing to the exercise of confidence or trust; as, to intrust a friend with the care of a child, or with a secret. To consign is a more formal act, and regards the thing transferred as placed chiefly or wholly out of one's immediate control; as, to consign a pupil to the charge of his instructor; to consign goods to an agent for sale; to consign a work to the press.

COMMIT Com"mit, v. i.

Defn: To sin; esp., to be incontinent. [Obs.] Commit not with man's sworn spouse. Shak.

COMMITMENT Com*mit"ment, n.

1. The act of commiting, or putting in charge, keeping, or trust; consigment; esp., the act of commiting to prison. They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged. Clarendon.

2. A warrant or order for the imprisonment of a person; -- more frequently termed a mittimus.

3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration and report; as, the commitment of a petition or a bill.

4. A doing, or preperation, in a bad sense, as of a crime or blunder; commission.

5. The act of pledging or engaging; the act of exposing, endangering, or compromising; also, the state of being pledged or engaged. Hamilton.

COMMITTABLE Com*mit"ta*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being committed.

COMMITTAL Com*mit"tal, n.

Defn: The act of commiting, or the state of being committed; commitment.

COMMITTEE Com*mit"tee, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. comité company, and LL. comitatus jurisdiction or territory of a count, county, assize, army. The word was apparently influenced by the verb commit, but not directly formed from it. Cf. County.]

Defn: One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or bussiness is referred, either by a legislative body, or by a court, or by any collective body of men acting together. Commitee of the whole [house], a committee, embracing all the members present, into which a legislative or deliberative body sometimes resolves itself, for the purpose of considering a particular measure under the operation of different rules from those governing the general legislative proceedings. The committee of the whole has its own chairman, and reports its action in the form of recommendations. -- Standing committee. See under Standing.

COMMITTEE Com`mit*tee", n. Etym: [From Commit, v. t.] (Law)

Defn: One to whom the charge of the person or estate of another, as of a lunatic, is committed by suitable authority; a guardian.

COMMITTEEMAN Com*mit"tee*man, n.

Defn: A member of a committee.

COMMITTER Com*mit"ter, n.

1. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates. South.

2. A fornicator. [Obs.] T. Decker.

COMMITTIBLE Com*mit"ti*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being committed; liable to be committed. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

COMMIX Com*mix", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Commixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Commixing.] Etym: [Pref. com+ + mix: cf. L. commixtus, p. p.of commiscere. See Mix.]

Defn: To mix or mingle together; to blend. The commixed impressions of all the colors do stir up and beget a sensation of white. Sir I. Newton. To commix With winds that sailors rail at. Shak.

COMMIXION Com*mix"ion, n. Etym: [See Commix.]

Defn: Commixture. Shak.

COMMIXTION Com*mix"tion, n. Etym: [L. commixtio.]

Defn: Commixture; mingling. [R.] An exact commixtion of the ingredients. Boyle.

COMMIXTURE Com*mix"ture, n. Etym: [L. commixtura.]

1. The act or process of mixing; the state of being mingled; the blending of ingredients in one mass or compound. In the commixture of anything that is more oily or sweet, such bodies are least apt to putrefy. Bacon.

2. The mass formed by mingling different things; a compound; a mixture. Bacon.

COMMODATE Com"mo*date, n. Etym: [L. commodatum thing lent, loan.] (Scots Law)

Defn: A gratuitous loan.

COMMODE Com*mode", n. Etym: [F. commode, fr. commode convenient, L. commodus; com- + modus measure, mode. See Mode.]

1. A kind of headdress formerly worn by ladies, raising the hair and fore part of the cap to a great height. Or under high commodes, with looks erect. Granville.

2. A piece of furniture, so named according to temporary fashion; as: (a) A cheat of drawers or a bureau. (b) A night stand with a compartment for holding a chamber vessel. (c) A kind of close stool. (d) A movable sink for a wash bowl, with closet.

COMMODIOUS Com*mo"di*ous, a. Etym: [LL. commodiosus, fr. L. commodum convenience, fr. commodus. See Commode.]

Defn: Adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; serviceable; spacious and convenient; roomy and comfortable; as, a commodious house. "A commodious drab." Shak. "Commodious gold." Pope. The haven was not commodious to winter in. Acts. xxvii. 12.

Syn. -- Convenient; suitable; fit; proper; advantageous; serviceable; useful; spacious; comfortable.

COMMODIOUSLY Com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a commodious manner. To pass commodiously this life. Milton.

COMMODIOUSNESS Com*mo"di*ous*ness, n.

Defn: State of being commodious; suitableness for its purpose; convience; roominess. Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the commodiousness of their situation. Sir W. Temple. The commodiousness of the harbor. Johnson.

COMMODITY Com*mod"i*ty, n.; pl. Commodities. Etym: [F. commodit, fr. L. commoditas. See Commode.]

1. Convenience; accommodation; profit; benefit; advantage; interest; commodiousness. [Obs.] Drawn by the commodity of a footpath. B. Jonson. Men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury to others, it was not to be suffered. Hooker.

2. That which affords convenience, advantage, or profit, especially in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (except animals), -- goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures, etc.

3. A parcel or quantity of goods. [Obs.] A commodity of brown paper and old ginger. Shak.

COMMODORE Com"mo*dore`, n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of commander, or Sp. comendador a knight of a military order who holds a commandery; also a superior of a monastery;, fr. LL. commendare to command. Cf. Commend, Command, Commander.]

1. (U. S. Navy)

Defn: An officer who ranks next above a captain; sometimes, by courtesy, the senior captain of a squadron. The rank of commodore corresponds with that of brigadier general in the army.

2. (Brititsh Navy)

Defn: A captain commanding a squadron, or a division of a fleet, or having the temporary rank of rear admiral.

3. A title given courtesy to the senior captain of a line of merchant vessels, and also to the chief officer of a yachting or rowing club.

4. A familiar for the flagchip, or for the principal vessel of a squadron or fleet.

COMMON Com"mon, a. [Compar. Commoner; superl. Commonest.] Etym: [OE. commun, comon, OF. comun, F. commun, fr. L. communis; com- + munis ready to be of service; cf. Skr. mi to make fast, set up, build, Coth. gamains common, G. gemein, and E. mean low, common. Cf. Immunity, Commune, n. & v.]

1. Belonging or relating equally, or similary, to more than one; as, you and I have a common interest in the property. Though life and sense be common to men and brutes. Sir M. Hale.

2. Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, consired together; general; public; as, propertis common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer. Such actions as the common good requereth. Hocker. The common enemy of man. Shak.

3. Often met with; usual; frequent; customary. Grief more than common grief. Shak.

4. Not distinguished or exceptional; inconspicuous; ordinary; plebeian; -- often in a depreciatory sense. The honest, heart-felt enjoyment of common life. W. Irving. This fact was infamous And ill beseeming any common man, Much more a knight, a captain and a leader. Shak. Above the vulgar flight of common souls. A. Murpphy.

5. Profane; polluted. [Obs.] What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. Acts x. 15.

6. Given to habits of lewdness; prostitute. A dame who herself was common. L'Estrange. Common bar (Law) Same as Blank bar, under Blank. -- Common barrator (Law), one who makes a business of instigating litigation. -- Common Bench, a name sometimes given to the English Court of Common Pleas. -- Common brawler (Law), one addicted to public brawling and quarreling. See Brawler. -- Common carrier (Law), one who undertakes the office of carrying (goods or persons) for hire. Such a carrier is bound to carry in all cases when he has accommodation, and when his fixed price is tendered, and he is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which happen in consequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. -- Common chord (Mus.), a chord consisting of the fundamental tone, with its third and fifth. -- Common council, the representative (legislative) body, or the lower branch of the representative body, of a city or other munisipal corporation. -- Common crier, the crier of a town or city. -- Common divisor (Math.), a number or quantity that divides two or more numbers or quantities without a remainder; a common measure. -- Common gender (Gram.), the gender comprising words that may be of either the masculine or the feminine gender. -- Common law, a system of jurisprudence developing under the guidance of the courts so as to apply a consistent and reasonable rule to each litigated case. It may be superseded by statute, but unless superseded it controls. Wharton.

Note: It is by others defined as the unwritten law (especially of England), the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, as ascertained and expressed in the judgments of the courts. This term is often used in contradistinction from statute law. Many use it to designate a law common to the whole country. It is also used to designate the whole body of English (or other) law, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, civil, admiralty, equity, etc. See Law. -- Common lawyer, one versed in common law. -- Common lewdness (Law), the habitual performance of lewd acts in public. -- Common multiple (Arith.) See under Multiple. -- Common noun (Gram.), the name of any one of a class of objects, as distinguished from a proper noun (the name of a particular person or thing). -- Common nuisance (Law), that which is deleterious to the health or comfort or sense of decency of the community at large. -- Common pleas, one of the three superior courts of common law at Westminster, presided over by a chief justice and four puisne judges. Its jurisdiction is confined to civil matters. Courts bearing this title exist in several of the United States, having, however, in some cases, botth civil and criminal jurisdiction extending over the whole State. In other States the jurisdiction of the common pleas is limited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. Its powers are generally defined by statute. -- Common prayer, the liturgy of the Church of England, or of the Protestant Episcopal church of the United States, which all its clergy are enjoined use. It is contained in the Book of Common Prayer. -- Common school, a school maintained at the public expense, and open to all. -- Common scold (Law), a woman addicted to scolding indiscriminately, in public. -- Common seal, a seal adopted and used by a corporation. -- Common sense. (a) A supposed sense which was held to be the common bond of all the others. [Obs.] Trench. (b) Sound judgment. See under Sense. -- Common time (Mus.), that variety of time in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. -- In common, equally with another, or with others; owned, shared, or used, in community with others; affecting or affected equally. -- Out of the common, uncommon; extraordinary. -- Tenant in common, one holding real or personal property in common with others, having distinct but undivided interests. See Joint tenant, under Joint. -- To make common cause with, to join or ally one's self with.

Syn. -- General; public; popular; universal; frequent; ordinary; customary; usual; familiar; habitual; vulgar; mean; trite; stale; threadbare; commonplace. See Mutual, Ordinary, General.

COMMON Com"mon, n.

1. The people; the community. [Obs.] "The weal o' the common." Shak.

2. An inclosed or uninclosed tract of ground for pleasure, for pasturage, etc., the use of which belongs to the public; or to a number of persons.

3. (Law)

Defn: The right of taking a profit in the land of another, in common either with the owner or with other persons; -- so called from the community of interest which arises between the claimant of the right and the owner of the soil, or between the claimants and other commoners entitled to the same right. Common appendant, a right belonging to the owners or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the waste land in the manor where they dwell. -- Common appurtenant, a similar right applying to lands in other manors, or extending to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable, as hogs. -- Common because of vicinage or neighborhood, the right of the inhabitants of each of two townships, lying contiguous to each other, which have usually intercommoned with one another, to let their beasts stray into the other's fields. -- Common in gross or at large, a common annexed to a man's person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. -- Common of estovers, the right of taking wood from another's estate. -- Common of pasture, the right of feeding beasts on the land of another. Burill. -- Common of piscary, the right of fishing in waters belonging to another. -- Common of turbary, the right of digging turf upon the ground of another.

COMMON Com"mon, v. i.

1. To converse together; to discourse; to confer. [Obs.] Embassadors were sent upon both parts, and divers means of entreaty were commoned of. Grafton.

2. To participate. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

3. To have a joint right with others in common ground. Johnson.

4. To board together; to eat at a table in common.

COMMONABLE Com"mon*a*ble, a.

1. Held in common. "Forests . . . and other commonable places." Bacon.

2. Allowed to pasture on public commons. Commonable beasts are either beasts of the plow, or such as manure the ground. Blackstone.

COMMONAGE Com"mon*age, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. communage.]

Defn: The right of pasturing on a common; the right of using anything in common with others. The claim of comonage . . . in most of the forests. Burke.

COMMONALTY Com"mon*al*ty, n.; pl. Commonalties. Etym: [Of. communalté; F. communauté, fr. communal. See Communal.]

1. The common people; those classes and conditions of people who are below the rank of nobility; the commons. The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several degrees. Blackstone. The ancient fare of our kings differed from that of the commonalty in plenteousness only. Landon.

2. The majority or bulk of mankind. [Obs.] Hooker.

COMMONER Com"mon*er, n.

1. One of the common people; one having no rank of nobility. All below them [the peers] even their children, were commoners, and in the eye law equal to each other. Hallam.

2. A member of the House of Commons.

3. One who has a joint right in common ground. Much good land might be gained from forests . . . and from other commonable places, so as always there be a due care taken that the poor commoners have no injury. Bacon.

4. One sharing with another in anything. [Obs.] Fuller.

5. A student in the university of Oxford, Eng., who is not dependent on any foundation for support, but pays all university charges; -- at Cambrige called a pensioner.

6. A prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

COMMONISH Com"mon*ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat common; commonplace; vulgar.

COMMONITION Com`mo*ni"tion, n. Etym: [L. commonitio. See Monition.]

Defn: Advice; warning; instruction. [Obs.] Bailey.

COMMONITIVE Com*mon"i*tive, a.

Defn: Monitory. [Obs.] Only commemorative and commonitive. Bp. Hall.

COMMONITORY Com*mon"i*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. commonitorius.]

Defn: Calling to mind; giving admonition. [Obs.] Foxe.

COMMONLY Com"mon*ly, adv.

1. Usually; generally; ordinarily; frequently; for the most part; as, confirmed habits commonly continue trough life.

2. In common; familiary. [Obs.] Spenser.

COMMONNESS Com"mon*ness, n.

1. State or quality of being common or usual; as, the commonness of sunlight.

2. Triteness; meanness.

COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, a.

Defn: Common; ordinary; trite; as, a commonplace person, or observation.

COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, n.

1. An idea or expression wanting originality or interest; a trite or customary remark; a platitude.

2. A memorandum; something to be frequently consulted or referred to. Whatever, in my reading, occurs concerning this our fellow creature, I do never fail to set it down by way of commonplace. Swift. Commonplace book, a book in which records are made of things to be remembered.

COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, v. t.

Defn: To enter in a commonplace book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton.

COMMONPLACE Com"mon*place`, v. i.

Defn: To utter commonplaces; to indulge in platitudes. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMMONPLACENESS Com"mon*place`ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being commonplace; commonness.

COMMONS Com"mons, n. pl.,

1. The mass of the people, as distinguished from the titled chasses or nobility; the commonalty; the common people. [Eng.] 'T is like the commons, rude unpolished hinds, Could send such message to their sovereign. Shak. The word commons in its present ordinary signification comprises all the people who are under the rank of peers. Blackstone.

2. The House of Commons, or lower house of the British Parliament, consisting of representatives elected by the qualified voters of counties, boroughs, and universities. It is agreed that the Commons were no part of the great council till some ages after the Conquest. Hume.

3. Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities. Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant. Dryden.

4. A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.

5. A common; public pasture ground. To shake his ears, and graze in commons. Shak. Doctors' Commons, a place near St. Paul's Chuchyard in London where the doctors of civil law used to common together, and where were the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts and offices having jurisdiction of marriage licenses, divorces, registration of wills, etc. -- To be on short commons, to have small allowance of food. [Colloq.]

COMMON SENSE Com"mon sense".

Defn: See Common sense, under Sense.

COMMONTY Com"mon*ty, n. (Scots Law)

Defn: A common; a piece of land in which two or more persons have a common right. Bell.

COMMONWEAL Com"mon*weal", n. [Common + weal.]

Defn: Commonwealth. Such a prince, So kind a father of the commonweal. Shak.

COMMONWEALTH Com"mon*wealth`, n. Etym: [Common + wealth well-being.]

1. A state; a body politic consisting of a certain number of men, united, by compact or tacit agreement, under one form of government and system of laws. The trappings of a monarchy would set up an ordinary commonwealth. Milton.

Note: This term is applied to governments which are considered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to an absolute government. The word signifies, strictly, the common well-being or happiness; and hence, a form of government in which the general welfare is regarded rather than the welfare of any class.

2. The whole body of people in a state; the public.

3. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: Specifically, the form of government established on the death of Charles I., in 1649, which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, ending with the abdication of the latter in 1659.

Syn. -- State; realm; republic.

COMMORANCE Com"mo*rance, n.

Defn: See Commorancy.

COMMORANCY Com"mo*ran*cy, n.

1. (Law)

Defn: A dwelling or ordinary residence in a place; habitation. Commorancy consists in usually lying there. Blackstone.

2. (Am. Law)

Defn: Residence temporarily, or for a short time.

COMMORANT Com"mo*rant, n. Etym: [L. commorans, p. pr. of commorari to abide; com- + morari to delay.]

1. (Law)

Defn: Ordinarily residing; inhabiting. All freeholders within the precinct . . . and all persons commorant therein. Blackstone.

2. (Am. Law)

Defn: Inhabiting or occupying temporarily.

COMMORANT Com"mo*rant, n.

Defn: A resident. Bp. Hacket.

COMMORATION Com`mo*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. commoratio.]

Defn: The act of staying or residing in a place. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

COMMORIENT Com*mo"ri*ent, a. Etym: [L. commoriens, p. pr. of commoriri.]

Defn: Dying together or at the same time. [R.] Sir G. Buck.

COMMORSE Com*morse", n. Etym: [L. commorsus, p. p. of commordere to bite sharply.]

Defn: Remorse. [Obs.] "With sad commorse." Daniel.

COMMOTE Com*mote", v. t. Etym: [See Commove.]

Defn: To commove; to disturb; to stir up. [R.] Society being more or less commoted and made uncomfortable. Hawthorne.

COMMOTION Com*mo"tion, n. Etym: [L. commotio: cf. F. commotion. See Motion.]

1. Disturbed or violent motion; agitation. [What] commotion in the winds! Shak.

2. A popular tumult; public disturbance; riot. When ye shall hear of wars and commotions. Luke xxi. 9.

3. Agitation, perturbation, or disorder, of mind; heat; excitement. "He could not debate anything without some commotion." Clarendon.

Syn. -- Excitement; agitation; perturbation; disturbance; tumult; disorder; violence.

COMMOVE Com*move", v. t. [inp. & p. p. Commoved; p. pr. & vb. n. Commoving.] Etym: [L. commovere, commotum; com- + movere to move.]

1. To urge; to persuade; to incite. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To put in motion; to disturb; to unsettle. [R.] Straight the sands, Commoved around, in gathering eddies play. Thomson.

COMMUNAL Com"mu*nal ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. F. communal.]

Defn: Pertaining to a commune.

COMMUNALISM Com"mu*nal*ism, n.

Defn: A French theory of government which holds that commune should be a kind of independent state, and the national government a confederation of such states, having only limited powers. It is advocated by advanced French republicans; but it should not be confounded with communism.

COMMUNALIST Com"mu*nal*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. communaliste.]

Defn: An advocate of communalism.

COMMUNALISTIC Com`mu*nal*is"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to communalism.

COMMUNE Com*mune", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Communed; p. pr. & vb. n. Communing.] Etym: [OF. communier, fr. L. communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Common, and cf. Communicate.]

1. To converse together with sympathy and confidence; to interchange sentiments or feelings; to take counsel. I would commune with you of such things That want no ear but yours. Shak.

2. To receive the communion; to partake of the eucharist or Lord's supper. To commune under both kinds. Bp. Burnet. To commune with one's self or one's heart, to think; to reflect; to meditate.

COMMUNE Com"mune, n.

Defn: Communion; sympathetic intercourse or conversation between friends. For days of happy commune dead. Tennyson.

COMMUNE Com"mune, n. Etym: [F., fr. commun. See Common.]

1. The commonalty; the common people. [Obs.] Chaucer. In this struggle -- to use the technical words of the time -- of the "commune", the general mass of the inhabitants, against the "prudhommes" or "wiser" few. J. R. Green.

2. A small terrotorial district in France under the government of a mayor and municipal council; also, the inhabitants, or the government, of such a district. See Arrondissement.

3. Absolute municipal self-government. The Commune of Paris, or The Commune (a) The government established in Paris (1792-94) by a usurpation of supreme power on the part of representatives chosen by the communes; the period of its continuance is known as the "Reign of Terror." (b) The revolutionary government, modeled on the commune of 1792, which the communists, so called, attempted to establish in 1871.

COMMUNICABILITY Com*mu`ni*ca*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. communicabilité.]

Defn: The quality of being communicable; capability of being imparted.

COMMUNICABLE Com*mu"ni*ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. communicable, LL. communicabilis.]

1. Capable of being communicated, or imparted; as, a communicable disease; communicable knowledge.

2. Communicative; free-speaking. [Obs.] B. Jonson. -- Com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Com*mu"ni*ca"bly, adv.

COMMUNICANT Com*mu"ni*cant, n. Etym: [L. communicans, p. pr.]

1. One who partakes of, or is entitled to partake of, the sacrament of the Lord's supper; a church member. A never-failing monthly communicant. Atterbury.

2. One who communicates. Foxe.

COMMUNICANT Com*mu"ni*cant, a.

Defn: Communicating. [R.] Coleridge.

COMMUNICATE Com*mu"ni*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Communicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Communicating.] Etym: [L. communicatus, p. p. of communicare to communicate, fr. communis common. See Commune, v. i.]

1. To share in common; to participate in. [Obs.] To thousands that communicate our loss. B. Jonson

2. To impart; to convey; as, to communicate a disease or a sensation; to communicate motion by means of a crank. Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings and holy influences. Jer. Taylor.

3. To make known; to recount; to give; to impart; as, to communicate information to any one.

4. To administer the communion to. [R.] She [the church] . . . may communicate him. Jer. Taylor.

Note: This verb was formerly followed by with before the person receiving, but now usually takes to after it. He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby. Clarendon.

Syn. -- To impart; bestow; confer; reveal; disclose; tell; announce; recount; make known. -- To Communicate, Impart, Reveal. Communicate is the more general term, and denotes the allowing of others to partake or enjoy in common with ourselves. Impart is more specific. It is giving to others a part of what we had held as our own, or making them our partners; as, to impart our feelings; to impart of our property, etc. Hence there is something more intimate in imparting intelligence than in communicating it. To reveal is to disclose something hidden or concealed; as, to reveal a secret.

COMMUNICATE Com*mu"ni*cate, v. i.

1. To share or participate; to possess or enjoy in common; to have sympathy. Ye did communicate with my affliction. Philip. iv. 4.

2. To give alms, sympathy, or aid. To do good and to communicate forget not. Heb. xiii. 16.

3. To have intercourse or to be the means of intercourse; as, to communicate with another on business; to be connected; as, a communicating artery. Subjects suffered to communicate and to have intercourse of traffic. Hakluyt. The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals, which all communicate with one another. Arbutnot.

4. To partake of the Lord's supper; to commune. The primitive Christians communicated every day. Jer. Taylor.

COMMUNICATION Com*mu`ni*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. communicatio.]

1. The act or fact of communicating; as, communication of smallpox; communication of a secret.

2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages; interchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means; conference; correspondence. Argument . . . and friendly communication. Shak.

3. Association; company. Evil communications corrupt manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33.

4. Means of communicating; means of passing from place to place; a connecting passage; connection. The Euxine Sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the communication it has both with Asia and Europe. Arbuthnot.

5. That which is communicated or imparted; intelligence; news; a verbal or written message.

6. Participation in the Lord's supper. Bp. Pearson.

7. (Rhet.)

Defn: A trope, by which a speaker assumes that his hearer is a partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of I or you. Beattie.

Syn. -- Correspondence; conference; intercourse.

COMMUNICATIVE Com*mu"ni*ca*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Communicatif, LL. communicativus.]

Defn: Inclined to communicate; ready to impart to others. Determine, for the future, to be less communicative. Swift.

COMMUNICATIVENESS Com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being communicative. Norris.

COMMUNICATOR Com*mu"ni*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who communicates. Boyle.

COMMUNICATORY Com*mu"ni*ca"to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. communicatorius.]

Defn: Imparting knowledge or information. Canonical and communicatory letters. Barrow.

COMMUNION Com*mun"ion, n. Etym: [L. communio: cf. F. communion. See Common.]

1. The act of sharing; community; participation. "This communion of goods." Blackstone.

2. Intercourse between two or more persons; esp., intimate association and intercourse implying sympathy and confidence; interchange of thoughts, purposes, etc.; agreement; fellowship; as, the communion of saints. We are naturally induced to seek communion and fellowship with others. Hooker. What communion hath light with darkness 2 Cor. vi. 14. Bare communion with a good church can never alone make a good man. South.

3. A body of Christians having one common faith and discipline; as, the Presbyterian communion.

4. The sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord's supper; the act of partaking of the sacrament; as, to go to communion; to partake of the communion. Close communion. See under Close, a. -- Communion elements, the bread and wine used in the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion service, the celebration of the Lord's supper, or the office or service therefor. -- Communion table, the table upon which the elements are placed at the celebration of the Lord's supper. -- Communion in both kinds, participation in both the bread and wine by all communicants. -- Communion in one kind, participation in but one element, as in the Roman Catholic Church, where the laity partake of the bread only.

Syn. -- Share; participation; fellowship; converse; intercourse; unity; concord; agreement.

COMMUNISM Com"mu*nism, n. Etym: [F. communisme, fr. commun common.]

Defn: A scheme of equalizing the social conditions of life; specifically, a scheme which contemplates the abolition of inequalities in the possession of property, as by distributing all wealth equally to all, or by holding all wealth in common for the equal use and advantage of all.

Note: At different times, and in different countries, various schemes pertaining to socialism in government and the conditions of domestic life, as well as in the distribution of wealth, have been called communism.

COMMUNIST Com"mu*nist, n. Etym: [F. communiste.]

1. An advocate for the theory or practice of communism.

2. A supporter of the commune of Paris.

COMMUNISTIC Com`mu*nis"tic, a.

1. Of or pertaining to communism or communists; as, communistic theories.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Living or having their nests in common, as certain birds.

COMMUNITY Com*mu"ni*ty, n.; pl. Communities. Etym: [L. communitas: cf. OF. communité. Cf. Commonalty, and see Common.]

1. Common possession or enjoyment; participation; as, a community of goods. The original community of all things. Locke. An unreserved community of thought and feeling. W. Irwing.

2. A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations; as, a community of monks. Hence a number of animals living in a common home or with some apparent association of interests. Creatures that in communities exist. Wordsworth.

3. Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic; the public, or people in general. Burdens upon the poorer classes of the community. Hallam.

Note: In this sense, the term should be used with the definite article; as, the interests of the community.

4. Common character; likeness. [R.] The essential community of nature between organic growth and inorganic growth. H. Spencer.

5. Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] Eyes . . . sick and blunted with community. Shak.

COMMUTABILITY Com*mu`ta*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being commutable.

COMMUTABLE Com*mut"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. commutabilis.]

Defn: Capable of being commuted or interchanged. The predicate and subject are not commutable. Whately.

COMMUTABLENESS Com*mut"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being commutable; interchangeableness.

COMMUTATION Com`mu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. commutatio: cf. F. commutation.]

1. A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation. [R.] So great is the commutation that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves. South.

2. The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange. [Obs.] The use of money is . . . that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot.

3. (Law)

Defn: The change of a penalty or punishment by the pardoning power of the State; as, the commutation of a sentence of death to banishment or imprisonment. Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to be given as a commutation for penance. Blackstone.

4. A substitution, as of a less thing for a greater, esp. a substitution of one form of payment for another, or one payment for many, or a specific sum of money for conditional payments or allowances; as, commutation of tithes; commutation of fares; commutation of copyright; commutation of rations. Angle of commutation (Astron.), the difference of the geocentric longitudes of the sun and a planet. -- Commutation of tithes, the substitution of a regular payment, chargeable to the land, for the annual tithes in kind. -- Commutation ticket, a ticket, as for transportation, which is the evidence of a contract for service at a reduced rate. See 2d Commute, 2.

COMMUTATION TICKET Com`mu*ta"tion tick"et.

Defn: A ticket for transportation at a reduced rate in consideration of some special circumstance, as increase of travel; specif., a ticket for a certain number of, or for daily, trips between neighboring places at a reduced rate, such as are commonly used by those doing business in a city and living in a suburb. Commutation tickets are excepted from the prohibition against special rates contained in the Interstate Commerce Act of Feb. 4, 1887 (24 Stat. 379), and in 145 U. S. 263 it was held that party tickets were also excepted as being "obviously within the commuting principle."

COMMUTATIVE Com*mut"a*tive, a. Etym: [CF. F. commutatif.]

Defn: Relative to exchange; interchangeable; reciprocal. -- Com*mut"a*tive"ly, adv. Rich traders, from their success, are presumed . . . to have cultivated an habitual regard to commutative justice. Burke.

COMMUTATOR Com"mu*ta`tor, n. (Elec.)

Defn: A piece of apparatus used for reversing the direction of an electrical current; an attachment to certain electrical machines, by means of which alternating currents are made to be continuous or to have the same direction.

COMMUTE Com*mute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Commuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Commuting.] Etym: [L. commutare, -mutatum; com- + mutare to change. See Mutation.]

Defn: To exchange; to put or substitute something else in place of, as a smaller penalty, obligation, or payment, for a greater, or a single thing for an aggregate; hence; to lessen; to diminish; as, to commute a sentence of death to one of imprisonment for life; to commute tithes; to commute charges for fares. The sounds water and fire, being once annexed to those two elements, it was certainly more natural to call beings participating of the first "watery", and the last "fiery", than to commute the terms, and call them by the reverse. J. Harris The utmost that could be obtained was that her sentence should be commuted from burning to beheading. Macaulay.

COMMUTE Com*mute", v. i.

1. To obtain or bargain for exemption or substitution; to effect a commutation. He . . . thinks it unlawful to commute, and that he is bound to pay his vow in kind. Jer. Taylor.

2. To pay, or arrange to pay, in gross instead of part by part; as, to commute for a year's travel over a route.

COMMUTER Com*mut"er, n.

Defn: One who commutes; especially, one who commutes in traveling.

COMMUTUAL Com*mu"tu*al, a. Etym: [Pref. com- + mutual.]

Defn: Mutual; reciprocal; united. [R.] There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove. Pope.

COMOSE Co"mose ( or ), a. Etym: [L. comosus hairy, from coma hair.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bearing a tuft of soft hairs or down, as the seeds of milkweed. Gray.

COMPACT Com*pact", p. p. & a Etym: [L. compactus, p. p. of compingere to join or unite; com- + pangere to fasten, fix: cf. F. compacte. See Pact.]

1. Joined or held together; leagued; confederated. [Obs.] "Compact with her that's gone." Shak. A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together. Peacham.

2. Composed or made; -- with of. [Poetic] A wandering fire, Compact of unctuous vapor. Milton.

3. Closely or firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies; firm; close; solid; dense. Glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies. Sir I. Newton.

4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose; as, a compact discourse.

Syn. -- Firm; close; solid; dense; pithy; sententious.

COMPACT Com*pact", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compacting.]

1. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate; to make close; -- as the parts which compose a body. Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone. Blackstone.

2. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. The whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth. Eph. iv. 16.

COMPACT Com"pact, n. Etym: [L. compactum, fr. compacisci, p. p. compactus, to make an agreement with; com- + pacisci to make an agreement. See Pact.]

Defn: An agreement between parties; a covenant or contract. The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, etc. Blackstone. Wedlock is described as the indissoluble compact. Macaulay. The federal constitution has been styled a compact between the States by which it was ratified. Wharton.

Syn. -- See Covenant.

COMPACTED Com*pact"ed, a.

Defn: Compact; pressed close; concentrated; firmly united.

COMPACTEDLY Com*pact"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a compact manner.

COMPACTEDNESS Com*pact"ed*ness, n.

Defn: A state of being compact.

COMPACTER Com*pact"er, n.

Defn: One who makes a compact.

COMPACTIBLE Com*pact"i*ble, a.

Defn: That may be compacted.

COMPACTION Com*pac"tion, n. Etym: [L. compactio.]

Defn: The act of making compact, or the state of being compact. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMPACTLY Com*pact"ly, adv.

Defn: In a compact manner; with close union of parts; densely; tersely.

COMPACTNESS Com*pact"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being compact; close union of parts; density.

COMPACTURE Com*pac"ture, n. Etym: [L. compactura.]

Defn: Close union or connection of parts; manner of joining; construction. [Obs.] "With comely compass and compacture strong." Spenser.

COMPAGES Com*pa"ges, n. sing & pl. Etym: [L., fr. compingere. See Compact, v. t.]

Defn: A system or structure of many parts united. A regular compages of pipes and vessels. Ray.

COMPAGINATE Com*pag"i*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. compaginare, compaginatum.]

Defn: To unite or hold together; as, the side pieces compaginate the frame. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

COMPAGINATION Com*pag`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. compaginatio.]

Defn: Union of parts; structure. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

COMPANABLE Com"pa*na*ble, a. Etym: [OF. compaignable.]

Defn: Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COMPANATOR Com"pa*na`tor, n. Etym: [LL. companatores, pl.] (Eccl.)

Defn: Same as Impanator.

COMPANIABLE Com*pan"i*a*ble, a.

Defn: Companionable; sociable. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMPANION Com*pan"ion, n. Etym: [F. compagnon, OF. compaing, fr. as assumed LL. companio (cf. companium fellowship, a mess), fr. L. com- + panis bread. See Pantry.]

1. One who accompanies or is in company with another for a longer or shorter period, either from choice or casually; one who is much in the company of, or is associated with, another or others; an associate; a comrade; a consort; a partner. The companions of his fall. Milton. The companion of fools shall smart for it. Prov. xiii. 20 (Rev. Ver. ) Here are your sons again; and I must lose Two of the sweetest companions in the world. Shak. A companion is one with whom we share our bread; a messmate. Trench.

2. A knight of the lowest rank in certain orders; as, a companion of the Bath.

3. A fellow; -- in contempt. [Obs.] Shak.

4. Etym: [Cf. OSp. compaña an outhouse, office.] (Naut.) (a) A skylight on an upper deck with frames and sashes of various shapes, to admit light to a cabin or lower deck. (b) A wooden hood or penthouse covering the companion way; a companion hatch. Companion hatch (Naut.), a wooden porch over the entrance or staircase of the cabin. -- Companion ladder (Naut.), the ladder by which officers ascend to, or descend from, the quarter-deck. Totten. -- Companion way (Naut.), a staircase leading to the cabin. -- Knights companions, in certain honorary orders, the members of the lowest grades as distinguished from knights commanders, knights grand cross, and the like.

Syn. -- Associate; comrade; mate; compeer; partner; ally; confederate; coadjutor; accomplice.

COMPANION Com*pan"ion, v. t.

1. To be a companion to; to attend on; to accompany. [R.] Ruskin.

2. To qualify as a companion; to make equal. [Obs.] Companion me with my mistress. Shak.

COMPANIONABLE Com*pan"ion*a*ble, a.

Defn: Fitted to be a companion; fit for good fellowship; agreeable; sociable. "Each companionable guest." Mallett. "Companionable wit." Clarendon. -- Com*pan"ion*a*ble*ness, n. -- Com*pan"ion*a*bly, adv.

COMPANIONLESS Com*pan"ion*less, a.

Defn: Without a companion.

COMPANIONSHIP Com*pan"ion*ship, n.

Defn: Fellowship; association; the act or fact of keeping company with any one. Shak. He never seemed to avail himself of my sympathy other than by mere companionship. W. Irwing

COMPANY Com"pa*ny, n.; pl. Companies. Etym: [F. compagnie, fr. OF. compaing. See Companion.]

1. The state of being a companion or companions; the act of accompaying; fellowship; companionship; society; friendly intercourse. Shak. Evil company doth corrupt good manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33. (Rev. Ver. ). Brethren, farewell: your company along I will not wish. Milton.

2. A companion or companions. To thee and thy company I bid A hearty welcome. Shak.

3. An assemblage or association of persons, either permanent or transient. Thou shalt meet a company of prophets. 1 Sam. x. 5.

4. Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine.

5. Society, in general; people assembled for social intercourse. Nature has left every man a capacity of being agreeable, though not of shining in company. Swift.

6. An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company.

7. Partners in a firm whose names are not mentioned in its style or title; -- often abbreviated in writing; as, Hottinguer & Co.

8. (Mil.)

Defn: A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men.

9. (Naut.)

Defn: The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company.

10. The body of actors employed in a theater or in the production of a play. To keep company with. See under Keep, v. t.

Syn. -- Assemblage; assembly; society; group; assembly; society; group; circle; crowd; troop; crew; gang; corporation; association; fraternity; guild; partnership; copartnery; union; club; party; gathering.

COMPANY Com"pa*ny, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Companied; p. pr. & vb. n. Companying.]

Defn: To accompany or go with; to be companion to. [Obs.]

COMPANY Com"pa*ny, v. i.

1. To associate. Men which have companied with us all the time. Acts i. 21.

2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To have sexual commerce. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

COMPARABLE Com"pa*ra*ble, a. Etym: [L. comparabilis: cf. F. comparable.]

Defn: Capable of being compared; worthy of comparison. There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison. -- Com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Com"pa*ra*bly, adv.

COMPARATE Com"pa*rate, n. Etym: [L. comparatum, fr. comparatus, p. p. of comparare. See 1st Compare.] (Logic)

Defn: One of two things compared together.

COMPARATION Com`pa*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. comparatio. See Compare to get.]

Defn: A making ready; provision. [Obs.]

COMPARATIVE Com*par"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. comparativus: cf. F. comparatif.]

1. Of or pertaining to comparison. "The comparative faculty." Granvill.

2. Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as, the comparative anatomy.

3. Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state. The recurrence of comparative warmth and cold. Whewell. The bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top. Bentley.

4. (Gram.)

Defn: Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as, brighter, more bright, or less bright. Comparative sciences, those which are based on a comprehensive comparison of the range of objects or facts in any branch or department, and which aim to study out and treat of the fundamental laws or systems of relation pervading them; as, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative philology.

COMPARATIVE Com*par"a*tive, n. (Gram.)

Defn: The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as, stronger, wiser, weaker, wore stormy, less windy, are all comparatives. In comparatives is expressed a relation of two; as in superlatives there is a relation of many.

2. An equal; a rival; a compeer. [Obs.] Gerard ever was His full comparative. Beau. & Fl.

3. One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit. [Obs.] "Every beardless vain comparative." Shak.

COMPARATIVELY Com*par"a*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely. With but comparatively few exceptions. Prescott.

COMPARATOR Com"pa*ra`tor ( or ), n. Etym: [L., a comparater.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument or machine for comparing anything to be measured with a standard measure; -- applied especially to a machine for comparing standards of length.

COMPARE Com*pare", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compared; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparing.] Etym: [L.comparare, fr. compar like or equal to another; com- + par equal: cf. F. comparer. See Pair, Peer an equal, and cf. Compeer.]

1. To examine the character or qualities of, as of two or more persons or things, for the purpose of discovering their resemblances or differences; to bring into comparison; to regard with discriminating attention. Compare dead happiness with living woe. Shak. The place he found beyond expression bright, Compared with aught on earth. Milton. Compare our faces and be judge yourself. Shak. To compare great things with small. Milton.

2. To represent as similar, for the purpose of illustration; to liken. Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and counselors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet if the winds did not trouble it. Bacon.

3. (Gram.)

Defn: To inflect according to the degrees of comparison; to state positive, comparative, and superlative forms of; as, most adjectives of one syllable are compared by affixing "-er" and "-est" to the positive form; as, black, blacker, blackest; those of more than one syllable are usually compared by prefixing "more" and "most", or "less" and "least", to the positive; as, beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful.

Syn. -- To Compare, Compare with, Compare to. Things are compared with each other in order to learn their relative value or excellence. Thus we compare Cicero with Demosthenes, for the sake of deciding which was the greater orator. One thing is compared to another because of a real or fanciful likeness or similarity which exists between them. Thus it has been common to compare the eloquence of Demosthenes to a thunderbolt, on account of its force, and the eloquence of Cicero to a conflagration, on account of its splendor. Burke compares the parks of London to the lungs of the human body.

COMPARE Com*pare", v. i.

1. To be like or equal; to admit, or be worthy of, comparison; as, his later work does not compare with his earlier. I should compare with him in excellence. Shak.

2. To vie; to assume a likeness or equality. Shall pack horses . . . compare with Cæsars Shak.

COMPARE Com*pare", n.

1. Comparison. [Archaic] His mighty champion, strong beyond compare. Milton. Their small galleys may not hold compare With our tall ships. Waller.

2. Illustration by comprison; simile. [Obs.] Rhymes full of protest, of oath, and big compare. Shak. Beyond compare. See Beyond comparison, under Comparison.

COMPARE Com*pare", v. t. Etym: [L. comparare to prepare, procure; com- + parare. See Prepare, Parade.]

Defn: To get; to procure; to obtain; to acquire [Obs.] To fill his bags, and richesse to compare. Spenser.

COMPARER Com*par"er, n.

Defn: One who compares.

COMPARISON Com*par"i*son ( or ), n. Etym: [F. comparaison, L. comparatio. See 1st Compare.]

1. The act of comparing; an examination of two or more objects with the view of discovering the resemblances or differences; relative estimate. As sharp legal practitioners, no class of human beings can bear comparison with them. Macaulay. The miracles of our Lord and those of the Old Testament afford many interesting points of comparison. Trench.

2. The state of being compared; a relative estimate; also, a state, quality, or relation, admitting of being compared; as, to bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them.

3. That to which, or with which, a thing is compared, as being equal or like; illustration; similitude. Whereto shall we liken the kingdom of God Or with what comparison shall we compare it Mark iv. 30.

4. (Gram.)

Defn: The modification, by inflection or otherwise, which the adjective and adverb undergo to denote degrees of quality or quantity; as, little, less, least, are examples of comparison.

5. (Rhet.)

Defn: A figure by which one person or thing is compared to another, or the two are considered with regard to some property or quality, which is common to them both; e.g., the lake sparkled like a jewel.

6. (Phren.)

Defn: The faculty of the reflective group which is supposed to perceive resemblances and contrasts. Beyond comparison, so far superior as to have no likeness, or so as to make comparison needless. -- In comparison of, In comparison with, as compared with; in proportion to. [Archaic] "So miserably unpeopled in comparison of what it once was." Addison. -- Comparison of hands (Law), a mode of proving or disproving the genuineness of a signature or writing by comparing it with another proved or admitted to be genuine, in order to ascertain whether both were written by the same person. Bouvier. Burrill.

COMPARISON Com*par"i*son, v. t.

Defn: To compare. [Obs.] Wyclif.

COMPART Com*part", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Comparting.] Etym: [L. compartiri; com- + partiri, partire to share, pars, partis, part, share: cf. OF. compartir. See Part, v. t.]

Defn: To divide; to mark out into parts or subdivisions. [R.] The crystal surface is comparted all In niches verged with rubies. Glover.

COMPARTITION Com`par*ti"tion, n. Etym: [LL. compartitio.]

Defn: The act of dividing into parts or compartments; division; also, a division or compartment. [Obs.] Their temples . . . needed no compartitions. Sir H. Wotton.

COMPARTMENT Com*part"ment, n. Etym: [F. compartiment, OF. compartir to divide. See Compart.]

1. One of the parts into which an inclosed portion of space is divided, as by partitions, or lines; as, the compartments of a cabinet, a house, or a garden. In the midst was placed a large compartment composed of grotesque work. Carew.

2. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: One of the sections into which the hold of a ship is divided by water-tight bulkheads.

COMPARTNER Com*part"ner, n.

Defn: See Copartner. [Obs.]

COMPASS Com"pass, n. Etym: [F. compas, fr. LL. compassus circle, prop., a stepping together; com- + passus pace, step. See Pace, Pass.]

1. A passing round; circuit; circuitous course. They fetched a compass of seven day's journey. 2 Kings iii. 9. This day I breathed first; time is come round, And where I did begin, there shall I end; My life is run his compass. Shak.

2. An inclosing limit; boundary; circumference; as, within the compass of an encircling wall.

3. An inclosed space; an area; extent. Their wisdom . . . lies in a very narrow compass. Addison.

4. Extent; reach; sweep; capacity; sphere; as, the compass of his eye; the compass of imagination. The compass of his argument. Wodsworth.

5. Moderate bounds, limits of truth; moderation; due limits; -- used with within. In two hundred years before (I speak within compass), no such commission had been executed. Sir J. Davies.

6. (Mus.)

Defn: The range of notes, or tones, within the capacity of a voice or instument. You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass. Shak.

7. An instrument for determining directions upon the carth's surface by means of a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot and pinting in a northerly and southerly direction. He that firat discovered the use of the compass did more for the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those who built workhouses. Locke.

8. A pair of compasses. [R.] To fix one foot of their compass wherever they please. Swift.

9. A circle; a continent. [Obs.] The tryne compas [the threefold world containing earth, sea, and heaven. Skeat.] Chaucer. Azimuth compass. See under Azimuth. -- Beam compass. See under Beam. -- Compass card, the eircular card attached to the needles of a mariner's compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points or rhumbs. -- Compass dial, a small pocket compass fitted with a sundial to tell the hour of the day. -- Compass plane (Carp.), a plane, convex in the direction of its length on the under side, for smoothing the concave faces of curved woodwork. -- Compass plant, Compass flower (Bot.), a plant of the American prairies (Silphium laciniatum), not unlike a small sunflower; rosinweed. Its lower and root leaves are vertical, and on the prairies are disposed to present their edges north and south. Its leaves are turned to the north as true as the magnet: This is the compass flower. Longefellow. -- Compass saw, a saw with a narrow blade, which will cut in a curve; -- called also fret saw and keyhole saw. -- Compass timber (Shipbuilding), curved or crooked timber. -- Compass window (Arch.), a circular bay window or oriel window. It has two or more magnetic needles permanently attached to a card, which moves freely upon a pivot, and is read with reference to a mark on the box representing the ship's head. The card is divided into thirty-two points, called also rhumbs, and the glass-covered box or bowl containing it is suspended in gimbals within the binnacle, in order to preserve its horizontal position. -- Surveyor's compass, an instrument used in surveying for measuring horizontal angles. See Circumferentor. -- Variation compass, a compass of delicate construction, used in observations on the variations of the needle. -- To fetch a compass, to make a circuit.

COMPASS Com"pass, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassed; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassing.] Etym: [F. compasser, LL. compassare.]

1. To go about or entirely round; to make the circuit of. Ye shall compass the city seven times. Josh. vi. 4. We the globe can compass soon. Shak.

2. To inclose on all sides; to surround; to encircle; to envior; to invest; to besiege; -- used with about, round, around, and round about. With terrors and with clamors compassed round. Milton. Now all the blessings Of a glad cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round.uke xix. 43.

3. To reach round; to circumvent; to get within one's power; to obtain; to accomplish. If I can chek my erring love, I will: If not, to compass her I'll use my skill. Shak. How can you to compass your designs Denham.

4. To curve; to bend into a circular form. [Obs. except in carpentry and shipbuilding.] Shak.

5. (Law)

Defn: To purpose; to intend; to imagine; to plot. Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synonymous terms; compassing signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect. Blackstone.

COMPASSABLE Com"pass*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being compassed or accomplished. Burke.

COMPASSED Com"passed, a.

Defn: Rounded; arched. [Obs.] She came . . . into the compassed window. Shak.

COMPASSES Com"pass*es, n., pl.

Defn: An instrument for describing circles, measuring figures, etc., consisting of two, or (rarely) more, pointed branches, or legs, usually joined at the top by a rivet on which they move.

Note: The compasses for drawing circles have adjustable pen points, pencil points, etc.; those used for measuring without adjustable points are generally called dividers. See Dividers. Bow compasses. See Bow-compass. -- Caliber compasses, Caliper compasses. See Calipers. -- Proportional, Triangular, etc., compasses. See under Proportional, etc.

COMPASSING Com"pass*ing, a. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: Curved; bent; as, compassing timbers.

COMPASSION Com*pas"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion; com- + pati to bear, suffer. See Patient.]

Defn: Literally, suffering with another; a sensation of sorrow excited by the distress or misfortunes of another; pity; commiseration. Womanly igenuity set to work by womanly compassion. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Pity; sympathy; commiseration; fellow-feeling; mercy; condolence. See Pity.

COMPASSION Com*pas"sion, v. t.

Defn: To pity. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPASSIONABLE Com*pas"sion*a*ble, a.

Defn: Deserving compassion or pity; pitiable. [R.] Barrow.

COMPASSIONATE Com*pas"sion*ate, a.

1. Having a temper or disposition to pity; sympathetic; merciful. There never was any heart truly great and generous, that was not also tender and compassionate. South.

2. Complaining; inviting pity; pitiable. [R.] Shak.

Syn. -- Sympathizing; tender; merciful; pitiful.

COMPASSIONATE Com*pas"sion*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compassionated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compassionating.]

Defn: To have compassion for; to pity; to commiserate; to sympathize with. Compassionates my pains, and pities me. Addison.

COMPASSIONATELY Com*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv.

Defn: In a compassionate manner; mercifully. Clarendon.

COMPASSIONATENESS Com*pas"sion*ate*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being compassionate.

COMPASSLESS Com"pass*less, a.

Defn: Having no compass. Knowles.

COMPATERNITY Com`pa*ter"ni*ty, n. Etym: [LL. compaternitas, fr. compater godfather; com- + pater father.]

Defn: The relation of a godfather to a person. [Obs.] The relation of gossipred or compaternity by the cannon law is a spiritual affinity. Sir J. Da

COMPATIBILITY Com*pat`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compatibilit.]

Defn: The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as, a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties.

COMPATIBLE Com*pat"i*ble, a. Etym: [F., fr. LL.compatibilis, fr. L. compati. See Compassion.]

Defn: Capable of existing in harmony; congruous; suitable; not repugnant; -- usually followed by with. Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by nature the most compatible. Broome.

Syn. -- Consistent; suitable; agreeable; accordant.

COMPATIBLENESS Com*pat"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement.

COMPATIBLY Com*pat"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a compatible manner.

COMPATIENT Com*pa"tient, a. Etym: [L. compatients, p. pr. of compati. See Compassion.]

Defn: Suffering or enduring together. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

COMPATRIOT Com*pa"tri*ot, n. Etym: [F. compatriote, LL. compatriotus; com- + patriota a native. See Patriot, and cf. Copatriot.]

Defn: One of the same country, and having like interests and feeling. The distrust with which they felt themselves to be regarded by their compatriots in America. Palfrey.

COMPATRIOT Com*pa"tri*ot, a.

Defn: Of the same country; having a common sentiment of patriotism. She [Britain] rears to freedom an undaunted race, Compatriot, zealous, hospitable, kind. Thomson.

COMPATRIOTISM Com*pa"tri*ot*ism, n.

Defn: The condition of being compatriots.

COMPEAR Com*pear", v. i. Etym: [F. comparior, L. compar; com- + par to appear.]

1. To appear. [Obs.]

2. (Law)

Defn: To appear in court personally or by attorney. [Scot]

COMPEER Com*peer", Etym: [OE. comper, through French fr. L. compar; com- + par equal. See Peer an equal, and cf. 1st Compare.]

Defn: An equal, as in rank, age, prowess, etc.; a companion; a comrade; a mate. And him thus answer 'd soon his bold compeer. Milton.

COMPEER Com*peer", v. t.

Defn: To be equal with; to match. [R.] In my rights, By me invested, he compeers the best. Shak.

COMPEER; COMPEIR Com*peer", Com*peir", v. i.

Defn: See Conpear.

COMPEL Com*pel", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compelled; p. pr. & vb. n Compelling.] Etym: [L. compellere, compilstum, to drive together, to compel, urge; com- + pellere to drive: cf. OF. compellir. See Pulse.]

1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly; to force; to constrain; to oblige; to necessitate, either by physical or moral force. Wolsey . . . compelled the people to pay up the whole subsidy at once. Hallam. And they compel one Simon . . . to bear his cross. Mark xv. 21.

2. To take by force or violence; to seize; to exact; to extort. [R.] Commissions, which compel from each The sixth part of his substance. Shak.

3. To force to yield; to overpower; to subjugate. Easy sleep their weary limbs compelled. Dryden. I compel all creatures to my will. Tennyson.

4. To gather or unite in a crowd or company. [A Latinism] "In one troop compelled." Dryden.

5. To call forth; to summon. [Obs.] Chapman. She had this knight from far compelled. Spenser.

Syn. -- To force; constrain; oblige; necessitate; coerce. See Coerce.

COMPEL Com*pel", v. i.

Defn: To make one yield or submit. "If she can not entreat, I can not compel." Shak.

COMPELLABLE Com*pel"la*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being compelled or constrained. Blackstone.

COMPELLABLY Com*pel"la*bly, adv.

Defn: By compulsion.

COMPELLATION Com`pel*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. compellatio, fr. compellare to accost, fr. compellere. See Compel.]

Defn: Style of address or salutation; an appellation. "Metaphorical compellations." Milton. He useth this endearing compellation, "My little children." Bp. Beveridge. The peculiar compellation of the kings in France is by "Sire," which is nothing else but father. Sir W. Temple.

COMPELLATIVE Com*pel"la*tive, n. (Gram.)

Defn: The name by which a person is addressed; an appellative.

COMPELLATORY Com*pel"la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Serving to compel; compulsory. [R.]

COMPELLER Com*pel"ler, n.

Defn: One who compels or constrains.

COMPEND Com"pend, n.

Defn: A compendium; an epitome; a summary. A compend and recapitulation of the Mosaical law. Bp. Burnet.

COMPENDIARIOUS Com*pen`di*a"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. compendiarius.]

Defn: Short; compendious. [Obs.] Bailey.

COMPENDIATE Com*pen"di*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. compendiatus, p. p. of compendiare to shorten, fr. compendium.]

Defn: To sum or collect together. [Obs.] Bp. King.

COMPENDIOUS Com*pen"di*ous, a. Etym: [L. compendiosus.]

Defn: Containing the substance oe general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass; abridged; summarized. More compendious and exeditious ways. Woodward. Three things be required in the oration of a man having authority -- that it be compendious, sententious, and delectable. Sir T. Elyot.

Syn. -- Short; summary; abridged; condensed; comprehensive; succinct; brief; concise.

COMPENDIOUSLY Com*pen"di*ous*ly, dv.

Defn: In a compendious manner. Compendiously exressed by the word chaos. Bentley.

COMPENDIOUSNESS Com*pen"di*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being compendious.

COMPENDIUM Com*pen"di*um, n.; pl. E. Compendiums, L. Compendia. Etym: [L. compendium that which is wieghed, saved, or shortened, a short way, fr. compendere to weigh; com- + pendere to weigh. See Pension, and cf. Compend.]

Defn: A brief compilation or composition, containing the principal heads, or general principles, of a larger work or system; an abridgment; an epitome; a compend; a condensed summary. A short system or compendium of a sience. I. Watts.

Syn. -- See Abridgment.

COMPENSATE Com"pen*sate ( or ; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Compensating.] Etym: [L. compensatus, p. p. of compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, to balance with one another, verb intens. fr. compendere. See Compendum.]

1. To make equal return to; to remunerate; to recompence; to give an equivalent to; to requite suitably; as, to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses.

2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to counterbalance; to make up for; to make amends for. The length of the night and the dews thereof do compensate the heat of the day. Bacon. The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries. Prior.

Syn. -- To recompense; remunerate; indemnify; reward; requite; counterbalance.

COMPENSATE Com"pen*sate, v. i.

Defn: To make amends; to supply an equivalent; -- followed by for; as, nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation.

COMPENSATION Com`pen*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. compensatio a weighing, a balancing of accounts.]

1. The act or principle of compensating. Emerson.

2. That which constitutes, or is regarded as, an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense. The parliament which dissolved the monastic foundations . . . vouchsafed not a word toward securing the slightest compensation to the dispossessed owners. Hallam. No pecuniary compensation can possibly reward them. Burke.

3. (Law) (a) The extinction of debts of which two persons are reciprocally debtors by the credits of which they are reciprocally creditors; the payment of a debt by a credit of equal amount; a set-off. Bouvier. Wharton. (b) A recompense or reward for some loss or service. (c) An equivalent stipulated for in contracts for the sale of real eatate, in which it is customary to privide that errors in description, etc., shall not avoid, but shall be the subject of compensation. Compensation balance, or Compensated balance, a kind of balance wheel for a timepiece. The rim is usually made of two different expansibility under changes of temperature, so arranged as to counteract each other and preserve uniformity of movement. -- Compensation pendulum. See Pendulum.

Syn. -- Recompense; reward; indemnification; consideration; requital; satisfaction; set-off.

COMPENSATIVE Com*pen"sa*tive, a. Etym: [LL. compensativus.]

Defn: Affording compensation.

COMPENSATIVE Com*pen"sa*tive, n.

Defn: Compensation. [R.] Lamb.

COMPENSATOR Com"pen*sa`tor, n.

1. One who, or that which, compensates; -- a name applied to various mechanical devices.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: An iron plate or magnet placed near the compass on iron vessels to neutralize the effect of the ship's attraction on the needle.

COMPENSATORY Com*pen"sa*to*ry, a.

Defn: Serving for compensation; making amends. Jer. Taylor.

COMPENSE Com*pense", v. t. Etym: [F. compenser. See Compensate.]

Defn: To compensate. [Obs.] Bacon.

COMPERENDINATE Com`pe*ren"di*nate, v. t. Etym: [L. comperendinatus, p. p. of comperendinare to defer (the time of trial.)]

Defn: To delay. Bailey.

COMPESCE Com*pesce", v. t. Etym: [L. compescere.]

Defn: To hold in check; to restrain. [R.] Carlyle.

COMPETE Com*pete", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Competed; p. pr. & vb. n. Competing.] Etym: [L. completere, competitum; com- + petere to seek. See Petition.]

Defn: To contend emulously; to seek or strive for the same thing, position, or reward for which another is striving; to contend in rivalry, as for a prize or in business; as, tradesmen compete with one another. The rival statesmen, with eyes fixed on America, were all the while competing for European alliances. Bancroft.

COMPETENCE; COMPETENCY Com"pe*tence, Com"pe*ten*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compétence, from L. competentia agreement.]

1. The state of being competent; fitness; ability; adequacy; power. The loan demonstrates, in regard to instrumental resources, the competency of this kingdom to the assertion of the common cause. Burke. To make them act zealously is not in the competence of law. Burke.

2. Property or means sufficient for the necessaries and conveniences of life; sifficiency without excess. Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, Lie in three words -- health, peace, and competence. Pope. Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer. Shak.

3. (Law) (a) Legal capacity or qualifications; fitness; as, the competency of a witness or of a evidence. (b) Right or authority; legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as, the competence of a judge or court. Kent.

COMPETENT Com"pe*tent (; 94), a. Etym: [F. compétent, p. pr. of compéter to be in the competency of, LL. competere to strive after together, to agree with; hence, to be fit. See Compete.]

1. Answering to all requirements; adeqouate; sufficient; suitable; capable; legally qualified; fit. "A competent knowledge of the world." Arrerbury. "Competent age." Grafton. "Competent statesmen." Palfrey. /"A competent witness." Bouvier.

2. Rightfully or properly belonging; incident; -- followed by to. [Rare, except in legal usage.] That is the privillege of the infinite Author of things, . . . but is not competent to any finite being. Locke.

Syn. -- See Qualified.

COMPETENTLY Com"pe*tent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a competent manner; adequately; suitably.

COMPETIBLE Com*pet"i*ble, a.

Defn: Compatible; suitable; consistent. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

COMPETITION Com`pe*ti"tion, n. Etym: [L. competitio. See Conpete.]

Defn: The act of seeking, or endevearing to gain, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time; common strife for the same objects; strife for superiority; emulous contest; rivalry, as for approbation, for a prize, or as where two or more persons are engaged in the same business and each seeking patronage; -- followed by for before the object sought, and with before the person or thing competed with. Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be. Bacon. A portrait, with which one of Titian's could not come in competititon. Dryden. There is no competition but for the second place. Dryden. Where competition does not act at all there is complete monopoly. A. T. Hadley.

Syn. -- Emulation; rivalry; rivalship; contest; struggle; contention; opposition; jealousy. See Emulation.

COMPETITIVE Com*pet"i*tive, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; competitory; as, a competitive examination.

COMPETITOR Com*pet"i*tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. compétiteur.]

1. One who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes; a rival. And can not brook competitors in love. Shak.

2. An associate; a confederate. [Obs.] Every hour more competitors Flock to their aid, and still their power increaseth. Shak.

COMPETITORY Com*pet"i*to*ry, a.

Defn: Acting in competition; competing; rival.

COMPETITRESS Com*pet"i*tress, n.

Defn: A woman who competes.

COMPETITRIX Com*pet"i*trix, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A competitress.

COMPILATION Com"pi*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. compilatio: cf. F. compilation.]

1. The act or process of compiling or gathering together from various sources.

2. That which is compiled; especially, a book or document composed of materials gathering from other books or documents. His [Goldsmith's] compilations are widely distinguished from the compilations of ordinary bookmakers. Macaulay.

COMPILATOR Com"pi*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Compiler. [Obs.]

COMPILE Com*pile", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Compiling.] Etym: [F. compiler, fr.L. compilare to plunder, pillage; com- + pilare to plunder. See Pill, v. t., Pillage.]

1. To put together; to construct; to build. [Obs.] Before that Merlin died, he did intend A brazen wall in compass to compile. Spenser.

2. To contain or comprise. [Obs.] Which these six books compile. Spenser.

3. To put together in a new form out of materials already existing; esp., to put together or compose out of materials from other books or documents. He [Goldsmith] compiled for the use of schools a History of Rome. Macaulay.

4. To write; to compose. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

COMPILEMENT Com*pile"ment, n.

Defn: Compilation. [R.]

COMPILER Com*pil"er, n. Etym: [OE. compiluor; cf. OF. compileor, fr. L. compilator.]

Defn: One who compiles; esp., one who makes books by compilation.

COMPINGE Com*pinge", v. t. Etym: [L. compingere.]

Defn: To compress; to shut up. [Obs.] Burton.

COMPLACENCE; COMPLACENCY Com*pla"cence, Com*pla"cen*cy, n. Etym: [LL. complacentia: cf. F. complaisance. See Complacent, and cf. Complaisance.]

1. Calm contentment; satisfaction; gratification. The inward complacence we find in acting reasonably and virtuously. Atterbury. Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves. Addison.

2. The cause of pleasure or joy. "O thou, my sole complacence." Milton.

3. The manifestation of contentment or satisfaction; good nature; kindness; civility; affability. Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness, Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts. Addison. With mean complacence ne'er betray your trust. Pope.

COMPLACENT Com*pla"cent, a. Etym: [L. complacens very pleasing, p. pr. of complacere; com- + placere to please: cf. F. complaisant. See Please and cf. Complaisant.]

Defn: Self-satisfied; contented; kindly; as, a complacent temper; a complacent smile. They look up with a sort of complacent awe . . . to kings. Burke.

COMPLACENTIAL Com`pla*cen"tial, a.

Defn: Marked by, or causing, complacence. [Obs.] "Complacential love." Baxter.

COMPLACENTLY Com*pla"cent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a complacent manner.

COMPLAIN Com*plain", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complained; p. pr. & vb. n. Complaining.] Etym: [F. complaindre, LL. complangere; com- + L. plangere to strike, beat, to beat the breast or head as a sign of grief, to lament. See Plaint.]

1. To give utterance to expression of grief, pain, censure, regret. etc.; to lament; to murmur; to find fault; -- commonly used with of. Also, to creak or squeak, as a timber or wheel. O lose of sight, of three I most complain! Milton.

2. To make a formal accusation; to make a charge. Now, Master Shallow, you'll complain of me to the king Shak.

Syn. -- To repine; grumble; deplore; bewail; grieve; mourn; regret; murmur.

COMPLAIN Com*plain", v. t.

Defn: To lament; to bewail. [Obs.] They might the grievance inwardly complain. Daniel. By chaste Lucrece's soul that late complain'd Her wrongs to us. Shak.

COMPLAINABLE Com*plain"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be complained of. [R.] Feltham.

COMPLAINANT Com*plain"ant, n. Etym: [F. complaignant, p. pr. of complaindre.]

1. One who makes complaint. Eager complainants of the dispute. Collier.

2. (Law) (a) One who commences a legal process by a complaint. (b) The party suing in equity, answering to the plaintiff at common law. He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant. Statutes of Mass.

COMPLAINER Com*plain"er, n.

Defn: One who complains or laments; one who finds fault; a murmurer. Beattie. Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought. Shak.

COMPLAINT Com*plaint", n. Etym: [F. complainte. See Complain.]

1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or resentment; lamentation; murmuring; accusation; fault-finding. I poured out my complaint before him. Ps. cxlii. 2. Grievous complaints of you. Shak.

2. Cause or subject of complaint or murmuring. The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church. Swift.

3. An ailment or disease of the body. One in a complaint of his bowels. Arbuthnot.

4. (Law)

Defn: A formal allegation or charge against a party made or presented to the appropriate court or officer, as for a wrong done or a crime committed (in the latter case, generally under oath); an information; accusation; the initial bill in proceedings in equity.

Syn. -- Lamentation; murmuring; sorrow; grief; disease; illness; disorder; malady; ailment.

COMPLAINTFUL Com*plaint"ful, a.

Defn: Full of complaint. [Obs.]

COMPLAISANCE Com"plai*sance`, n. Etym: [F. complaisance. See Complaisant, and cf. Complacence.]

Defn: Disposition to please or oblige; obliging compliance with the wishes of others; a deportment indicative of a desire to please; courtesy; civility. These [ladies] . . . are by the just complaisance and gallantry of our nation the most powerful part of our people. Addison. They strive with their own hearts and keep them down, In complaisance to all the fools in town. Young.

Syn. -- Civility; courtesy; urbanity; suavity; affability; good breeding.

COMPLAISANT Com"plai*sant, a. Etym: [F. complaisant, p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. complacere. See Complacent.]

Defn: Desirous to please; courteous; obliging; compliant; as, a complaisant gentleman. There are to whom my satire seems too bold: Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough. Pope.

Syn. -- Obliging; courteous; affable; gracious; civil; polite; well-bred. See Obliging. -- Com"plai*sant`ly, adv. -- Com"plai*sant`ness, n.

COMPLANAR Com*pla"nar, a.

Defn: See Coplanar.

COMPLANATE Com"pla*nate ( or , a. Etym: [L. complanatus, p. p. of complanare to make plane. See Plane, v. t.]

Defn: Flattened to a level surface. [R.]

COMPLANATE Com"pla*nate, v. t.

Defn: To make level. [R.]

COMPLECTED Com*plect"ed, a.

Defn: Complexioned. [Low, New Eng.]

COMPLEMENT Com"ple*ment, n. Etym: [L. complementun: cf. F. complément. See Complete, v. t., and cf. Compliment.]

1. That which fills up or completes; the quantity or number required to fill a thing or make it complete.

2. That which is required to supply a deficiency, or to complete a symmetrical whole. History is the complement of poetry. Sir J. Stephen.

3. Full quantity, number, or amount; a complete set; completeness. To exceed his complement and number appointed him which was one hundred and twenty persons. Hakluyt.

4. (Math.)

Defn: A second quantity added to a given quantity to make equal to a third given quantity.

5. Something added for ornamentation; an accessory. [Obs.] Without vain art or curious complements. Spenser.

6. (Naut.)

Defn: The whole working force of a vessel.

7. (Mus.)

Defn: The interval wanting to complete the octave; -- the fourth is the complement of the fifth, the sixth of the third.

8. A compliment. [Obs.] Shak. Arithmetical compliment of a logarithm. See under Logarithm. -- Arithmetical complement of a number (Math.), the difference between that number and the next higher power of 10; as, 4 is the complement of 6, and 16 of 84. -- Complement of an arc or angle (Geom.), the difference between that arc or angle and 90º. -- Complement of a parallelogram. (Math.) See Gnomon. -- In her complement (Her.), said of the moon when represented as full.

COMPLEMENT Com"ple*ment, v. t.

1. To supply a lack; to supplement. [R.]

2. To compliment. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

COMPLEMENTAL Com`ple*men"tal, a.

1. Supplying, or tending to supply, a deficiency; fully completing. "Complemental ceremony." Prynne.

2. Complimentary; courteous. [Obs.] Shak. Complemental air (Physiol.), the air (averaging 100 cubic inches) which can be drawn into the lungs in addition to the tidal air, by the deepest possible inspiration. -- Complemental males (Zoöl.), peculiar small males living parasitically on the ordinary hermaphrodite individuals of certain barnacles.

COMPLEMENTARY Com`ple*men"ta"ry, a.

Defn: Serving to fill out or to complete; as, complementary numbers. Complementary colors. See under Color. -- Complementary angles (Math.), two angles whose sum is 90°.

COMPLEMENTARY Com`ple*men"ta*ry, n. Etym: [See Complimentary.]

Defn: One skilled in compliments. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

COMPLETE Com"plete", a. Etym: [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill. See Full, a., and cf. Comply, Compline.]

1. Filled up; with no part or element lacking; free from deficienty; entire; perfect; consummate. "Complete perfections." Milton. Ye are complete in him. Col. ii. 10. That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel Revesit'st thus the glimpses of the moon. Shak.

2. Finished; ended; concluded; completed; as, the edifice is complete. This course of vanity almost complete. Prior.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Having all the parts or organs which belong to it or to the typical form; having calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil.

Syn. -- See Whole.

COMPLETE Com*plete", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Completed; p. pr. & vb. n. Completing.]

Defn: To bring to a state in which there is no deficiency; to perfect; to consummate; to accomplish; to fulfill; to finish; as, to complete a task, or a poem; to complete a course of education. Bred only and completed to the taste Of lustful appetence. Milton. And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate. Pope.

Syn. -- To perform; execute; terminate; conclude; finish; end; fill up; achieve; realize; effect; consummate; accomplish; effectuate; fulfill; bring to pass.

COMPLETELY Com*plete"ly, adv.

Defn: In a complete manner; fully.

COMPLETEMENT Com*plete"ment, n.

Defn: Act of completing or perfecting; completion. [Obs.] Dryden.

COMPLETENESS Com*plete"ness, n.

Defn: The state of being complete.

COMPLETION Com*ple"tion, n. Etym: [L. completio a filling, a fulfillment.]

1. The act or process of making complete; the getting through to the end; as, the completion of an undertaking, an education, a service. The completion of some repairs. Prescott.

2. State of being complete; fulfillment; accomplishment; realization. Predictions receiving their completion in Christ. South.

COMPLETIVE Com*ple"tive, a. Etym: [L. completivus: cf. F. compl.]

Defn: Making complete. [R.] J. Harris.

COMPLETORY Com*ple"to*ry, a.

Defn: Serving to fulfill. Completory of ancient presignifications. Barrow.

COMPLETORY Com"ple*to"ry ( or ), n. Etym: [L. completorium.] (Eccl.)

Defn: Same as Compline.

COMPLEX Com"plex, a. Etym: [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.]

1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as, a complex being; a complex idea. Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude, a man, an army, the universe. Locke.

2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate. When the actual motions of the heavens are calculated in the best possible way, the process is difficult and complex. Whewell. Complex fraction. See Fraction. -- Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an expression of the form a + bsq. root-1, when a and b are ordinary integers.

Syn. -- See Intricate.

COMPLEX Com"plex, n. Etym: [L. complexus]

Defn: Assemblage of related things; colletion; complication. This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by the gospel. South. Complex of lines (Geom.), all the possible straight lines in space being considered, the entire system of lines which satisfy a single relation constitute a complex; as, all the lines which meet a given curve make up a complex. The lines which satisfy two relations constitute a congruency of lines; as, the entire system of lines, each one of which meets two given surfaces, is a congruency.

COMPLEXED Com*plexed", a.

Defn: Complex, complicated. [Obs.] "Complexed significations." Sir T. Browne.

COMPLEXEDNESS Com*plex"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being complex or involved; complication. The complexedness of these moral ideas. Locke.

COMPLEXION Com*plex"ion, n. Etym: [F. complexion, fr. L. complexio. See Complex, a.]

1. The state of being complex; complexity. [Obs.] Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet . . . it is proprly called a simple syllogism, since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistic form of it. I. Watts.

2. A combination; a complex. [Archaic] This paragraph is . . . a complexion of sophisms. Coleridge.

3. The bodily constitution; the temperament; habitude, or natural disposition; character; nature. [Obs.] If his complexion incline him to melancholy. Milton. It is the complexion of them all to leave the dam. Shak.

4. The color or hue of the skin, esp. of the face. Tall was her stature, her complexion dark. Wordswoorth. Between the pale complexion of true love, And the red glow of scron and proud disdain. Shak.

5. The general appearance or aspect; as, the complexion of the sky; the complexion of the news.

COMPLEXIONAL Com*plex"ion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to constitutional complexion. A moral rather than a complexional timidity. Burke.

COMPLEXIONALLY Com*plex"ion*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Constitutionally. [R.] Though corruptible, not complexionally vicious. Burke.

COMPLEXIONARY Com*plex"ion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the complexion, or to the care of it. Jer. Taylor.

COMPLEXIONED Com*plex"ioned, a.

Defn: Having (such) a complexion; -- used in composition; as, a dark- complexioned or a ruddy-complexioned person. A flower is the best-complexioned grass, as a pearl is the best- colored clay. Fuller.

COMPLEXITY Com*plex"i*ty, n.; pl. Complexities. Etym: [Cf. F. complexité.]

1. The state of being complex; intricacy; entanglement. The objects of society are of the greatest possible complexity. Burke.

2. That which is complex; intricacy; complication. Many-corridored complexities Of Arthur's palace. Tennyson.

COMPLEXLY Com"plex`ly, adv.

Defn: In a complex manner; not simply.

COMPLEXNESS Com"plex`ness, n.

Defn: The state of being complex; complexity. A. Smith.

COMPLEXUS Com*plex"us, n. Etym: [L., an embracing.]

Defn: A complex; an aggregate of parts; a complication.

COMPLIABLE Com*pli"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of bending or yielding; apt to yield; compliant. Another compliable mind. Milton. The Jews . . . had made their religion compliable, and accemodated to their passions. Jortin.

COMPLIANCE Com*pli"ance, n. Etym: [See Comply.]

1. The act of complying; a yielding; as to a desire, demand, or proposal; concession; submission. What compliances will remove dissension Swift. Ready compliance with the wishes of his people. Macaulay.

2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance. A man of few words and of great compliance. Clarendon.

Syn. -- Concession; submission; consent; obedience; performance; execution; acqquiescence; assent.

COMPLIANCY Com*pli"an*cy, n.

Defn: Compliance; disposition to yield to others. Goldsmith.

COMPLIANT Com*pli"ant, a.

Defn: Yielding; bending; pliant; submissive. "The compliant boughs." Milton.

COMPLIANTLY Com*pli"ant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a compliant manner.

COMPLICACY Com"pli*ca*cy, n.

Defn: A state of being complicate or intricate. Mitford.

COMPLICANT Com"pli*cant, a. Etym: [L. complicans, p. pr.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Overlapping, as the elytra of certain beetles.

COMPLICATE Com"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. complicatus, p. p. of complicare to fold together. See Complex.]

1. Composed of two or more parts united; complex; complicated; involved. How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, How complicate, how wonderful is man! Young.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Folded together, or upon itself, with the fold running lengthwise.

COMPLICATE Com"pli*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Complicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Complicating.]

Defn: To fold or twist together; to combine intricately; to make complex; to combine or associate so as to make intricate or difficult. Nor can his complicated sinews fail. Young. Avarice and luxury very often become one complicated principle of

## action. Addison.

When the disease is complicated with other diseases. Arbuthnot.

COMPLICATELY Com"pli*cate*ly, adv.

Defn: In a complex manner.

COMPLICATENESS Com"pli*cate*ness, n.

Defn: Complexity. Sir M. Hale.

COMPLICATION Com`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. compliasion: cf. F. complication.]

1. The act or process of complicating; the state of being complicated; intricate or confused relation of parts; entaglement; complexity. A complication of diseases. Macaulay. Through and beyond these dark complications of the present, the New England founders looked to the great necessities of future times. Palfrey.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A disease or diseases, or adventitious circumstances or conditions, coexistent with and modifying a primary disease, but not necessarily connected with it.

COMPLICE Com"plice, n.; pl. Complices. Etym: [F., fr. L. complex, -plicis, closely connected with one, confederate. See Complicate, and cf. Accomplice.]

Defn: An accomplice. [Obs.] To quell the rebels and their complices. Shak.

COMPLICITY Com*plic"i*ty, n.; pl. Complicities. Etym: [F. complicité.]

Defn: The state of being an accomplice; participation in guilt.

COMPLIER Com*pli"er, n.

Defn: One who complies, yields, or obeys; one of an easy, yieldy temper. Swift.

COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, n. Etym: [F. compliment. It complimento, fr. comlire to compliment, finish, suit, fr. L. complere to fill up. See Complete, and cf. Complement.]

Defn: An expression, by word or act, of approbation, regard, confidence, civility, or admiration; a flattering speech or attention; a ceremonious greeting; as, to send one's compliments to a friend. Tedious waste of time, to sit and hear So many hollow compliments and lies. Milton. Many a compliment politely penned. Cowper. To make one a compliment, to show one respect; to praise one in a flattering way.Locke. -- To make one's compliments to, to offer formal courtesias to. -- To stand on compliment, to treat with ceremony.

Syn. -- See Adulation.

COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, v. t.

Defn: To praise, flatter, or gratify, by expressions of approbation, respect, or congratulation; to make or pay a compliment to. Monarchs should their inward soul disguise; . . . Should compliment their foes and shun their friends. Prior.

Syn. -- To praise; flatter; adulate; commend.

COMPLIMENT Com"pli*ment, v. i.

Defn: To pass compliments; to use conventional expressions of respect. I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, compliment with one another. Boyle.

COMPLIMENTAL Com`pli*men"tal, a.

Defn: Complimentary. [Obs.] Languages . . . grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth. Sir H. Wotton. -- Com`pli*men"tal*ly, adv. [Obs.] Boyle. -- Com`pli*men"tal*ness, n. [Obs.] Hammond.

COMPLIMENTARY Com`pli*men"ta*ry, a.

Defn: Expressive of regard or praise; of the nature of, or containing, a compliment; as, a complimentary remark; a complimentary ticket. "Complimentary addresses." Prescott.

COMPLIMENTATIVE Com`pli*men"ta*tive, a.

Defn: Complimentary. [R.] Boswell.

COMPLIMENTER Com"pli*ment`er, n.

Defn: One who compliments; one given to complimenting; a flatterer.

COMPLINE; COMPLIN Com"pline, Com"plin, n. Etym: [From OE. complie, OF. complie, F. complies, pl., fr. LL. completa (prop. fem. of L. completus) the religious exercise which completes and closes the service of the day. See Complete.] (Eccl.)

Defn: The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western church; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. The custom of godly man been to shut up the evening with a compline of prayer at nine of the night. Hammond.

COMPLOT Com"plot, n. Etym: [F. complot, prob. for comploit, fr.L. complicitum, prop. p. p. of complicare, but equiv. to complicatio complication, entangling. See Complicate, and cf. Plot.]

Defn: A plotting together; a confederacy in some evil design; a conspiracy. I know their complot is to have my life. Shak.

COMPLOT Com*plot", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Complotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Complotting.] Etym: [Cf. F. comploter, fr. complot.]

Defn: To plot or plan together; to conspire; to join in a secret design. We find them complotting together, and contriving a new scence of miseries to the Trojans. Pope.

COMPLOTMENT Com*plot"ment, n.

Defn: A plotting together. [R.]

COMPLOTTER Com*plot"ter, n.

Defn: One joined in a plot. Dryden.

COMPLUTENSIAN Com`plu*ten"sian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Complutum (now Alcala de Henares) a city near Madrid; as, the Complutensian Bible.

COMPLUVIUM Com*plu"vi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Arch.)

Defn: A space left unroofed over the court of a Roman dwelling, through which the rain fell into the impluvium or cistern.

COMPLY Com*ply", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Complied; p. pr. & vb. n. Complying.] Etym: [Perh. formed fr. compliment, influenced by ply, pliant, which are of different origin: cf. It. complire to compliment, finish, suit. See Compliment, Complete.]

1. To yield assent; to accord; agree, or acquiesce; to adapt one's self; to consent or conform; -- usually followed by with. Yet this be sure, in nothing to comply, Scandalous or forbidden in our law. Milton. They did servilely comply with the people in worshiping God by sensible images. Tillotson. He that complies against his will Is of his own opinion still. Hudibras.

2. To be ceremoniously courteous; to make one's compliments. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPLY Com*ply", v. t. Etym: [See comply, v. i.]

1. To fulfill; to accomplish. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. Etym: [Cf. L. complicare to fold up. See Ply.]

Defn: To infold; to embrace. [Obs.] Seemed to comply, Cloudlike, the daintie deitie. Herrick.

COMPO Com"po, n.; pl. -pos (#).

Defn: Short for Composition; -- used, esp. in England, colloq. in various trade applications; as : (a) A mortar made of sand and cement. (b) A carver's mixture of resin, whiting, and glue, used instead of plaster of Paris for ornamenting walls and cornices. (c) A composition for billiard balls. (d) A preparation of which printer's rollers are made. (e) A preparation used in currying leather. (f) Composition paid by a debtor.

COMPONE Com*pone", v. t. Etym: [L. componere. See Compound.]

Defn: To compose; to settle; to arrange. [Obs.] A good pretense for componing peace. Strype.

COMPONE Com*po"ne, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: See Compony.

COMPONENT Com*po"nent, a. Etym: [L. componens, p. pr. of componere. See Compound, v. t.]

Defn: Serving, or helping, to form; composing; constituting; constituent. The component parts of natural bodies. Sir I. Newton.

COMPONENT Com*po"nent, n.

Defn: A constituent part; an ingredient. Component of force (Mech.), a force which, acting conjointly with one or more forces, produces the effect of a single force or resultant; one of a number of forces into which a single force may be resolved.

COMPONY; COMPONE Com*po"ny, Com*po"né, a. Etym: [F. componé.] (Her.)

Defn: Divided into squares of alternate tinctures in a single row; -- said of any bearing; or, in the case of a bearing having curved lines, divided into patches of alternate colors following the curve. If there are two rows it is called counter-compony.

COMPORT Com*port", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Comported; p. pr. & vb. n. Comporting.] Etym: [F. comporter, LL. comportare, fr.L. comportare to bring together; com- + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.]

1. To bear or endure; to put up (with); as, to comport with an injury. [Obs.] Barrow.

2. To agree; to accord; to suit; -- sometimes followed by with. How ill this dullness doth comport with greatness. Beau. & Fl. How their behavior herein comported with the institution. Locke.

COMPORT Com*port", v. t.

1. To bear; to endure; to brook; to put with. [Obs.] The malcontented sort That never can the present state comport. Daniel.

2. To carry; to conduct; -- with a reflexive pronoun. Observe how Lord Somers . . . comported himself. Burke.

COMPORT Com"port (, formerly , n. Etym: [Cf.OF. comport.]

Defn: Manner of acting; behavior; conduct; deportment. [Obs.] I knew them well, and marked their rude comport. Dryden.

COMPORTABLE Com*port"a*ble, a.

Defn: Suitable; consistent. [Obs.] "Some comportable method." Wotton.

COMPORTANCE Com*port"ance, n.

Defn: Behavior; comport. [Obs.] Goodly comportance each to other bear. Spenser.

COMPORTATION Com`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. comportatio.]

Defn: A bringing together. [Obs.] Bp. Richardson.

COMPORTMENT Com*port"ment, n. Etym: [F. comportement.]

Defn: Manner of acting; behavior; bearing. A graceful comportment of their bodies. Cowley. Her serious and devout comportment. Addison.

COMPOSE Com*pose", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Composed; p. pr. & vb. n. Composing.] Etym: [F. composer; com- + poser to place. The sense is that of L. componere, but the prigin is different. See Pose, v. t.]

1. To form by putting together two or more things or parts; to put together; to make up; to fashion. Zeal ought to be composed of the hidhest degrees of all pious affection. Bp. Sprat.

2. To form the substance of, or part of the substance of; to constitute. Their borrowed gold composed The calf in Oreb. Milton. A few useful things . . . compose their intellectual possessions. I. Watts.

3. To construct by mental labor; to design and execute, or put together, in a manner involving the adaptation of forms of expression to ideas, or to the laws of harmony or proportion; as, to compose a sentence, a sermon, a symphony, or a picture. Let me compose Something in verse as well as prose. Pope. The genius that composed such works as the "Standard" and "Last Supper". B. R. Haydon.

4. To dispose in proper form; to reduce to order; to put in proper state or condition; to adjust; to regulate. In a peaceful grave my corpse compose. Dryden. How in safety best we may Compose our present evils. Milton.

5. To free from agitation or disturbance; to tranquilize; to soothe; to calm; to quiet. Compose thy mind; Nor frauds are here contrived, nor force designed. Dryden.

6. (Print.)

Defn: To arrange (types) in a composing stick in order for printing; to set (type).

COMPOSE Com*pose", v. i.

Defn: To come to terms. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPOSED Com*posed", a.

Defn: Free from agitation; calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil; self- possessed. The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate, Composed his posture, and his look sedate. Pope. -- Com*pos"ed*ly (, adv. -- Com*pos"ed*ness, n.

COMPOSER Com*pos"er, n.

1. One who composes; an author. Specifically, an author of a piece of music. If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they at least . . . show an honest industry and a good intention in the composer. Addison. His [Mozart's] most brilliant and solid glory is founded upon his talents as a composer. Moore (Encyc. of Mus. ).

2. One who, or that which, quits or calms; one who adjust a difference. Sweet composes of the pensive sGay.

COMPOSING Com*pos"ing, a.

1. Tending to compose or soothe.

2. Pertaining to, or used in, composition. Composing frame (Print.), a stand for holding cases of type when in use. -- Composing rule (Print.), a thin slip of brass or steel, against which the type is arranged in a composing stick, or by the aid of which stickfuls or handfuls or type are lifted; -- called also setting rule. -- Composing stick (Print.), an instrument usually of metal, which the compositor holds in his left hand, and in which he arranges the type in words and lines. It has one open side, and one adjustable end by means of which the length of the lines, and consequently the width of the page or column, may be determined.

COMPOSITAE Com*pos"i*tæ, n. pl. Etym: [NL., from L. compositus made up of parts. See Composite.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large family of dicotyledonous plants, having their flowers arranged in dense heads of many small florets and their anthers united in a tube. The daisy, dandelion, and asters, are examples.

COMPOSITE Com*pos"ite, a. Etym: [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See Compound, v. t., and cf. Compost.]

1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as, a composite language. Happiness, like air and water . . . is composite. Landor.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the Roman or the Italic order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See Capital.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Belonging to the order Compositæ; bearing involucrate heads of many small florets, as the daisy, thistle, and dandelion. Composite carriage, a railroad car having compartments of different classes. [Eng.] -- Composite number (Math.), one which can be divided exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 3.prime number. -- Composite photograph or portrait, one made by a combination, or blending, of several distinct photographs. F. Galton. -- Composite sailing (Naut.), a combination of parallel and great circle sailing. -- Composite ship, one with a wooden casing and iron frame.

COMPOSITE Com*pos"ite, n.

Defn: That which is made up of parts or compounded of several elements; composition; combination; compound. [R.]

COMPOSITION Com`po*si"tion, n. Etym: [F. composition, fr. L. compositio. See Composite.]

1. The act or art of composing, or forming a whole or integral, by placing together and uniting different things, parts, or ingredients. In specific uses: (a) The invention or combination of the parts of any literary work or discourse, or of a work of art; as, the composition of a poem or a piece of music. "The constant habit of elaborate composition." Macaulay. (b) (Fine Arts) The art or practice of so combining the different parts of a work of art as to produce a harmonious whole; also, a work of art considered as such. See 4, below. (c) The act of writing for practice in a language, as English, Latin, German, etc. (d) (Print.) The setting up of type and arranging it for printing.

2. The state of being put together or composed; conjunction; combination; adjustment. View them in composition with other things. I. Watts. The elementary composition of bodies. Whewell.

3. A mass or body formed by combining two or more substances; as, a chemical composition. A omposition that looks . . . like marble. Addison.

4. A literary, musical, or artistic production, especially one showing study and care in arrangement; -- often used of an elementary essay or translation done as an educational exercise.

5. Consistency; accord; congruity. [Obs.] There is no composition in these news That gives them credit. Shak.

6. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy; also, the terms or conditions of settlement; agreement. Thus we are agreed: I crave our composition may be written. Shak.

7. (Law)

Defn: The adjustment of a debt, or avoidance of an obligation, by some form of compensation agreed on between the parties; also, the sum or amount of compensation agreed upon in the adjustment. Compositions for not taking the order of knighthood. Hallam. Cleared by composition with their creditors. Blackstone.

8. Synthesis as opposed to analysis. The investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. Sir I. Newton. Composition cloth, a kind of clotch covered with a preparation making it waterproof. -- Composition deed, an agreement for composition between a debtor and several creditors. -- Composition plane (Crystallog.), the plane by which the two individuals of a twin crystal are united in their reserved positions. -- Composition of forces (Mech.), the finding of a single force (called the resultant) which shall be equal in effect to two or more given forces (called the components) when acting in given directions. Herbert. -- Composition metal, an alloy resembling brass, which is sometimes used instead of copper for sheathing vessels; -- also called Muntz metal and yellow metal. -- Composition of proportion (Math.), an arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the arrangement of four proportionals so that the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth.COMPOSITIVE Com*pos"i*tive, a. Etym: [L. compositivus.]

Defn: Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.]

COMPOSITIVE Com*pos"i*tive, a. [L. compositivus.]

Defn: Having the quality of entering into composition; compounded. [R.]

COMPOSITOR Com*pos"i*tor, n. Etym: [L., an arranger.]

1. One who composes or sets in order.

2. (Print.)

Defn: One who sets type and arranges it for use.

COMPOSITOUS Com*pos"i*tous, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Belonging to the Compositæ; composite. [R.] Darwin.

COMPOS-MENTIS Com"pos-men"tis, n.

Defn: One who is compos mentis. [Colloq.]

COMPOSSIBLE Com*pos"si*ble, a. Etym: [Pref. com- + possible.]

Defn: Able to exist with another thing; consistent. [R.] Chillingworth.

COMPOST Com"post, n.Etym: [OF. compost, fr. L. compositus, p. p. See Composite.]

1. A mixture; a compound. [R.] A sad compost of more bitter than sweet. Hammond.

2. (Agric.)

Defn: A mixture for fertilizing land; esp., a composition of various substances (as muck, mold, lime, and stable manure) thoroughly mingled and decomposed, as in a compost heap. And do not spread the compost on the weeds To make them ranker. Shak.

COMPOST Com"post, v. t.

1. To manure with compost.

2. To mingle, as different fertilizing substances, in a mass where they will decompose and form into a compost.

COMPOSTURE Com*pos"ture, n. Etym: [L. compositura, -postura, a joining.]

Defn: Manure; compost. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPOSURE Com*po"sure, n. Etym: [From Compose.]

1. The act of composing, or that which is composed; a composition. [Obs.] Signor Pietro, who had an admirable way both of composure [in music] and teaching. Evelyn.

2. Orderly adjustment; disposition. [Obs.] Various composures and combinations of these corpuscles. Woodward.

3. Frame; make; temperament. [Obs.] His composure must be rare indeed Whom these things can not blemish. Shak.

4. A settled state; calmness; sedateness; tranquillity; repose. "We seek peace and composure." Milton. When the passions . . . are all silent, the mind enjoys its most perfect composure. I. Watts.

5. A combination; a union; a bond. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPOTATION Com`po*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. compotatio; com- + potare to drink.]

Defn: The act of drinking or tippling together. [R.] The fashion of compotation. Sir W. Scott.

COMPOTATOR Com"po*ta`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who drinks with another. [R.] Pope.

COMPOTE Com"pote, n. Etym: [F. See Compost.]

Defn: A preparation of fruit in sirup in such a manner as to preserve its form, either whole, halved, or quartered; as, a compote of pears. Littr

COMPOTIER Com`po`tier" (kôN`po`tya"), n.; pl. Compotiers (F. tya"). [F.]

Defn: A dish for holding compotes, fruit, etc.

COMPOUND Com"pound, n. Etym: [Malay kompund a village.]

Defn: In the East Indies, an inclosure containing a house, outbuildings, etc.

COMPOUND Com*pound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Compounding.] Etym: [OE. componen, compounen, L. componere, compositum; com-+ ponere to put set. The d is excrescent. See Position, and cf. Componé.]

1. To form or make by combining different elements, ingredients, or parts; as, to compound a medicine. Incapacitating him from successfully compounding a tale of this sort. Sir W. Scott.

2. To put together, as elements, ingredients, or parts, in order to form a whole; to combine, mix, or unite. We have the power of altering and compounding those images into all the varieties of picture. Addison.

3. To modify or change by combination with some other thing or part; to mingle with something else. Only compound me with forgotten dust. Shak.

4. To compose; to constitute. [Obs.] His pomp and all what state compounds. Shak.

5. To settle amicably; to adjust by agreement; to compromise; to discharge from obligation upon terms different from those which were stipulated; as, to compound a debt. I pray, my lords, let me compound this strife. Shak. To compound a felony, to accept of a consideration for forbearing to prosecute, such compounding being an indictable offense. See Theftbote.

COMPOUND Com*pound", v. i.

Defn: To effect a composition; to come to terms of agreement; to agree; to settle by a compromise; -- usually followed by with before the person participating, and for before the thing compounded or the consideration. Here's a fellow will help you to-morrow; . . . compound with him by the year. Shak. They were at last glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tower. Clarendon. Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas for thirty pounds. R. Carew. Compound for sins they are inclined to By damning those they have no mind to. Hudibras.

COMPOUND Com"pound, a. Etym: [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See Compound, v. t.]

Defn: Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts; produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or things; composite; as, a compound word. Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances. I. Watts. Compound addition, substraction, multiplication, division (Arith.), the addition, substraction, etc., of compound numbers. -- Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined according to regular laws of composition. -- Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which the steam that has been used in a high-pressure cylinder is made to do further service in a larger low-pressure cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders, successively. -- Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether. -- Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or dandelion. -- Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction. -- Compound fracture. See Fracture. -- Compound householder, a householder who compounds or arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be included in his rents. [Eng.] -- Compound interest. See Interest. -- Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny. -- Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk. -- Compound microscope. See Microscope. -- Compound motion. See Motion. -- Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a varying scale of denomination; as, 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.; -- called also denominate number. -- Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column. -- Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign + (plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are compound quantities. -- Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical. -- Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios; thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c and b:d. -- Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine lathe. -- Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two or more screws with different pitch (a differential screw), or running in different directions (a right and left screw). -- Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple measures are combined in one; as, 6-8 time is the joining of two measures of 3-8 time. -- Compound word, a word composed of two or more words; specifically, two or more words joined together by a hyphen.

COMPOUND Com"pound, n.

1. That which is compounded or formed by the union or mixture of elements ingredients, or parts; a combination of simples; a compound word; the result of composition. Shak. Rare compound of oddity, frolic, and fun. Goldsmith. When the word "bishopric" was first made, it was made as a compound. Earle.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A union of two or more ingredients in definite proportions by weight, so combined as to form a distinct substance; as, water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen.

Note: Every definite chemical compound always contains the same elements, united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same internal arrangement. Binary compound (Chem.). See under Binary. -- Carbon compounds (Chem.). See under Carbon.

COMPOUNDABLE Com*pound"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be compounded.

COMPOUND CONTROL Com"pound con*trol". (Aëronautics)

Defn: A system of control in which a separate manipulation, as of a rudder, may be effected by either of two movements, in different directions, of a single lever, etc.

COMPOUNDER Com*pound"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, compounds or mixes; as, a compounder of medicines.

2. One who attempts to bring persons or parties to terms of agreement, or to accomplish, ends by compromises. "Compounder in politics." Burke.

3. One who compounds a debt, obligation, or crime. Religious houses made compounders For the horrid actions of their founders. Hudibras.

4. One at a university who pays extraordinary fees for the degree he is to take. [Eng.] A. Wood.

5. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A Jacobite who favored the restoration of James II, on condition of a general amnesty and of guarantees for the security of the civil and ecclesiastical constitution of the realm.

COMPRADOR Com`pra*dor, n. Etym: [Pg., a buyer.]

Defn: A kind of steward or agent. [China] S. W. Williams

COMPRECATION Com`pre*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. comprecatio, fr. comprecari to pray to. See Precarious.]

Defn: A praying together. [Obs.] Bp. Wilkins.

COMPREHEND Com`pre*hend", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprehending.] Etym: [L. comprehendere, comprehensum; com- + prehendere to grasp, seize; prae before + hendere (used only in comp.). See Get, and cf. Comprise.]

1. To contain; to embrace; to include; as, the states comprehended in the Austrian Empire. Who hath . . . comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure. Is. xl. 12.

2. To take in or include by construction or implication; to comprise; to imply. Comprehended all in this one word, Discretion. Hobbes. And if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying. Rom. xiii. 9.

3. To take into the mind; to grasp with the understanding; to apprehend the meaning of; to understand. At a loss to comprehend the question. W. Irwing. Great things doeth he, which we can not comprehend. Job. xxxvii. 5.

Syn. -- To contain; include; embrace; comprise; inclose; grasp; embody; involve; imply; apprehend; imagine; conceive; understand. See Apprehend.

COMPREHENSIBILITY Com`pre*hen`si*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being comprehensible; capability of being understood.

COMPREHENSIBLE Com"pre*hen"si*ble, a. Etym: [L. comprehensibilis: cf. F. compreéhensible.]

1. Capable of being comprehended, included, or comprised. Lest this part of knowledge should seem to any not comprehensible by axiom, we will set down some heads of it. Bacon.

2. Capable of being understood; intelligible; conceivable by the mind. The horizon sets the bounds . . . between what is and what is not comprehensible by us. Locke.

COMPREHENSIBLENESS Com`pre*hen"si*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being comprehensible; comprehensibility.

COMPREHENSIBLY Com`pre*hen"si*bly, adv.

1. With great extent of signification; comprehensively. Tillotson.

2. Intelligibly; in a manner to be comprehended or understood.

COMPREHENSION Com`pre*hen"sion, n. Etym: [L. comprehensio: cf. F. compréhension.]

1. The act of comprehending, containing, or comprising; inclusion. In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the New; in the New, an open discovery of the Old. Hooker.

2. That which is comrehended or inclosed within narrow limits; a summary; an epitome. [Obs.] Though not a catalogue of fundamentals, yet . . . a comprehension of them. Chillingworth.

3. The capacity of the mind to perceive and understand; the power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect; perception; understanding; as, a comprehension of abstract principles.

4. (Logic)

Defn: The complement of attributes which make up the notion signified by a general term.

5. (Rhet.)

Defn: A figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite.

COMPREHENSIVE Com`pre*hen"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compréhensif.]

1. Including much; comprising many things; having a wide scope or a full view. A very comprehensive definition. Bentley. Large and comprehensive idea. Channing.

2. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things. "His comprehensive head." Pope.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Possessing peculiarities that are characteristic of several diverse groups.

Note: The term is applied chiefly to early fossil groups which have a combination of structures that appear in more fully developed or specialized forms in later groups. Synthetic, as used by Agssiz, is nearly synonymous.

Syn. -- Extensive; wide; large; full; compendious.

COMPREHENSIVELY Com`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a comprehensive manner; with great extent of scope.

COMPREHENSIVENESS Com`pre*hen"sive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being comprehensive; extensiveness of scope. Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins. Addison.

COMPREHENSOR Com`pre*hen"sor, n.

Defn: One who comprehends; one who has attained to a full knowledge. [Obs.] When I shall have dispatched this weary pilgrimage, and from a traveler shall come to be a comprehensor, farewell faith and welcome vision. Bp. Hall.

COMPRESS Com*press", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compressed; p. pr & vb. n. Compressing.] Etym: [L. compressus, p. p. of comprimere to compress: com- + premere to press. See Press.]

1. To press or squeeze together; to force into a narrower compass; to reduce the volume of by pressure; to compact; to condense; as, to compress air or water. Events of centuries . . . compressed within the compass of a single life. D. Webster. The same strength of expression, though more compressed, runs through his historical harangues. Melmoth.

2. To embrace sexually. [Obs.] Pope.

Syn. -- To crowd; squeeze; condense; reduce; abridge.

COMPRESS Com"press, n. Etym: [F. compresse.] (Surg.)

Defn: A folded piece of cloth, pledget of lint, etc., used to cover the dressing of wounds, and so placed as, by the aid of a bandage, to make due pressure on any part.

COMPRESSED Com*pressed", a.

1. Pressed together; compacted; reduced in volume by pressure.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Flattened lengthwise. Compessed air engine, an engine operated by the elastic force of compressed air.

COMPRESSED YEAST Com*pressed" yeast.

Defn: A cake yeast made by filtering the cells from the liquid in which they are grown, subjecting to heavy pressure, and mixing with starch or flour.

COMPRESSIBILITY Com*press`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. compressibilité.]

Defn: The quality of being compressible of being compressible; as, the compressibility of elastic fluids.

COMPRESSIBLE Com*press"i*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compressible.]

Defn: Capable of being pressed together or forced into a narrower compass, as an elastic or spongy substance.

COMPRESSIBLENESS Com*press"ible*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being compressible; compressibility.

COMPRESSION Com*pres"sion, n. Etym: [L. compressio: cf. F. compression.]

Defn: The act of compressing, or state of being compressed. "Compression of thought." Johnson.

COMPRESSION PROJECTILE Com*pres"sion pro*jec"tile.

Defn: A projectile constructed so as to take the grooves of a rifle by means of a soft copper band firmly attached near its base or, formerly, by means of an envelope of soft metal. In small arms the modern projectile, having a soft core and harder jacket, is subjected to compression throughout the entire cylindrical part.

COMPRESSIVE Com*press"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. compressif.]

Defn: Compressing, or having power or tendency to compress; as, a compressive force.

COMPRESSOR Com*press"or, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Anything which serves to compress; as: (a) (Anat.) A muscle that compresses certain parts. (b) (Surg.) An instrument for compressing an artery (esp., the femoral artery) or other part. (c) An apparatus for confining or flattening between glass plates an object to be examined with the microscope; -- called also compressorium. (d) (Mach.) A machine for compressing gases; especially, an air compressor.

COMPRESSURE Com*pres"sure, n.

Defn: Compression.

COMPRINT Com*print", v. t. & i.

1. To print together.

2. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: To print surreptitiously a work belonging to another. E. Phillips.

COMPRINT Com"print, n. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: The surreptitious printing of another's copy or book; a work thus printed.

COMPRISAL Com*pris"al, n.

Defn: The act of comprising or comprehending; a compendium or epitome. A comprisal . . . and sum of all wickedness. Barrow.

COMPRISE Com*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Comprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Comprising.] Etym: [From F. compris, comprise, p. p. of comprendre, L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.]

Defn: To comprehend; to include. Comprise much matter in few words. Hocker. Friendship does two souls in one comprise. Roscommon.

Syn. -- To embrace; include; comprehend; contain; encircle; inclose; involve; imply.

COMPROBATE Com"pro*bate, v. i. Etym: [L. comprobatus, p. p. of comprobare, to approve wholly.]

Defn: To agree; to concur. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

COMPROBATION Com`pro*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. comprobatio.]

1. Joint attestation; proof. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Approbation. [Obs.] Foxe.

COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, n. Etym: [F. compromis, fr. L. compromissum a mutual promise to abide by the decision of an arbiter, fr. compromittere to make such a promise; com- + promittere to promise. See Promise.]

1. A mutual agreement to refer matters in dispute to the decision of arbitrators. [Obs.] Burrill.

2. A settlement by arbitration or by mutual consent reached by concession on both sides; a reciprocal abatement of extreme demands or rights, resulting in an agreement. But basely yielded upon compromise That which his noble ancestors achieved with blows. Shak. All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter. Burke. An abhorrence of concession and compromise is a never failing characteristic of religious factions. Hallam.

3. A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as, a compromise of character or right. I was determined not to accept any fine speeches, to the compromise of that sex the belonging to which was, after all, my strongest claim and title to them. Lamb.

COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromised; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromising.] Etym: [From Compromise, n.; cf. Compromit.]

1. To bind by mutual agreement; to agree. [Obs.] Laban and himself were compromised That all the eanlings which were streaked and pied Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shak.

2. To adjust and settle by mutual concessions; to compound. The controversy may easily be compromised. Fuller.

3. To pledge by some act or declaration; to endanger the life, reputation, etc., of, by some act which can not be recalled; to expose to suspicion. To pardon all who had been compromised in the late disturbances. Motley.

COMPROMISE Com"pro*mise, v. i.

1. To agree; to accord. [Obs.]

2. To make concession for concilation and peace.

COMPROMISER Com"pro*mi`ser, n.

Defn: One who compromises.

COMPROMISSORIAL Com`pro*mis*so"ri*al, a.

Defn: Relating to compromise. [R.] Chalmers.

COMPROMIT Com"pro*mit`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Compromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Compromitting.] Etym: [L. compromittere. See Compromise, n.]

1. To pledge by some act or declaration; to promise. State Trials (1529).

2. To put to hazard, by some indiscretion; to endanger; to compromise; as, to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation.

COMPROVINCIAL Com`pro*vin"cial, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or associated in, the same province. [Obs.] -- n.

Defn: One who belongs to the same province. [Obs.] The six islands, comprovincial In ancient times unto Great Britain. Spenser.

COMPSOGNATHUS Comp*sog"na*thus ( , n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of Dinosauria found in the Jurassic formation, and remarkable for having several birdlike features.

COMPT Compt (kount, formerly kòmt; 215), n. Etym: [F. compte. See Count an account.]

Defn: Account; reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPT Compt, v. t. Etym: [F. compter. See Count, v. t.]

Defn: To compute; to count. [Obs.] See Count.

COMPT Compt, a. Etym: [L. comptus, p. p. of comere to care for, comb, arrange, adorn.]

Defn: Neat; spruce. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

COMPTER Compt"er, n.

Defn: A counter. [Obs.] Shak.

COMPTE RENDU Compte" ren`du. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A report of an officer or agent.

COMPTIBLE Compt"i*ble, a. Etym: [See Compt, v. t.]

Defn: Accountable; responsible; sensitive. [Obs.] I am very comptible even to the least sinister usage. Shak.

COMPTLY Compt"ly, adv.

Defn: Neatly. [Obs.] Sherwood.

COMPTOGRAPH Comp"to*graph, n. [F. compter to count + -graph.]

Defn: A machine for adding numbers and making a printed record of the sum.

COMPTOMETER Comp*tom"e*ter, n. [See Count; -meter.]

Defn: A calculating machine; an arithmometer.

COMPTROL Comp*trol", n. & v.

Defn: See Control.

COMPTROLER Comp*trol"er, n.

Defn: A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine certify accounts.

COMPULSATIVE Com*pul"sa*tive, a. Etym: [From L. compulsare, v. intens. of compellere. See Compel.]

Defn: Compulsatory. [R.] Shak.

COMPULSATIVELY Com*pul"sa*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: By compulsion. [R.]

COMPULSATORY Com*pul"sa*to*ry, a.

Defn: Operating with force; compelling; forcing; constraininig; resulting from, or enforced by, compulsion. [R.] To recover of us, by strong hand And terms compulsatory, those foresaid lands. Shak.

COMPULSION Com*pul"sion, n. Etym: [L. compulsio. See Compel.]

Defn: The act of compelling, or the state of being compelled; the act of driving or urging by force or by physical or moral constraint; subjection to force. If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion. Shak. With what complusion and laborious flight We sunk thus low. Milton.

Syn. -- See Constraint.

COMPULSIVE Com*pul"sive, a.

Defn: Having power to compel; exercising or applying compulsion. Religion is . . . inconsistent with all compulsive motives. Sharp.

COMPULSIVELY Com*pul"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: By compulsion; by force.

COMPULSORILY Com*pul"so*ri*ly, adv. In a compulsory manner

Defn: ; by force or constraint.

COMPULSORY Com*pul"so*ry, a. Etym: [LL. compulsorius.]

1. Having the power of compulsion; constraining.

2. Obligatory; enjoined by authority; necessary; due to complusion. This contribution therestening fall infinitely short of their hopes, they soon made it compulsory. Burke.

COMPUNCT Com*punct", a. Etym: [LL. compunctus, p. p.]

Defn: Affected with compunction; conscience-stricken. [Obs.]

COMPUNCTION Com*punc"tion, n. Etym: [OF. compunction, F. componction, L. compunctio, fr. compungere, compunctum, to prick; com- + pungere to prick, sting. See Pungent.]

1. A pricking; stimulation. [Obs.] That acid piecering spirit which, with such activity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils. Sir T. Browne.

2. A picking of heart; poignant grief proceeding from a sense of guilt or consciousness of causing pain; the sting of conscience. He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions of great compunction. Clarendon.

Syn. -- Compunction, Remorse, Contrition. Remorse is anguish of soul under a sense of guilt or consciousness of having offened God or brought evil upon one's self or others. Compunction is the pain occasioned by a wounded and awakened conscience. Neither of them implies true contrition, which denotes self-condemnation, humiliation, and repentance. We speak of the gnawings of remorse; of compunction for a specific act of transgression; of deep contrition in view of our past lives. See Regret.

COMPUNCTIONLESS Com*punc"tion*less, a.

Defn: Without compunction.

COMPUNCTIOUS Com*punc"tious, a.

Defn: Of the nature of compunction; caused by conscience; attended with, or causing, compunction. That no compunctious vistings of nature Shake my fell purpose. Shak.

COMPUNCTIOUSLY Com*punc"tious*ly, adv.

Defn: With compunction.

COMPUNCTIVE Com*punc"tive, a.

Defn: Sensitive in respect of wrongdoing; conscientious. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

COMPURGATION Com`pur*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. compurgatio, fr. compurgare to purify wholly; com- + purgare to make pure. See Purge, v. t.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The act or practice of justifying or confirming a man's veracity by the oath of others; -- called also wager of law. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager.

2. Exculpation by testimony to one's veracity or innocence. He was privileged from his childhood from suspicion of incontinency and needed no compurgation. Bp. Hacket.

COMPURGATOR Com"pur*ga`tor, n. Etym: [LL.]

Defn: One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. See Purgation; also Wager of law, under Wager. All they who know me . . . will say they have reason in this matter to be my compurgators. Chillingworth.

COMPURGATORIAL Com*pur`ga*to"ri*al, a.

Defn: Relating to a compurgator or to compurgation. "Their compurgatorial oath." Milman.

COMPUTABLE Com*put"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. computabilis.]

Defn: Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. Not easily computable by arithmetic. Sir M. Hale.

COMPUTATION Com`pu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. computatio: cf. F. computation.]

1. The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning. By just computation of the time. Shak. By a computation backward from ourselves. Bacon.

2. The result of computation; the amount computed.

Syn. -- Reckoning; calculation; estimate; account.

COMPUTE Com*pute", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] Etym: [L. computare. See Count, v. t.]

Defn: To determine calculation; to reckon; to count. Two days, as we compute the days of heaven. Milton. What's done we partly may compute, But know not what's resisted. Burns.

Syn. -- To calculate; number; count; recken; estimate; enumerate; rate. See Calculate.

COMPUTE Com*pute", n. Etym: [L. computus: cf. F. comput.]

Defn: Computation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

COMPUTER Com*put"er, n.

Defn: One who computes.

COMPUTIST Com"pu*tist, n.

Defn: A computer.

COMRADE Com"rade ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [Sp. camarada, fr. L. camara, a chamber; hence, a chamber-fellowship, and then a chamber-fellow: cf. F. camarade. Cf. Chamber.]

Defn: A mate, companion, or associate. And turned my flying comrades to the charge. J. Baillie. I abjure all roofs, and choose . . . To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. Shak.

COMRADERY Com"rade*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. camarederie.]

Defn: The spirit of comradeship; comradeship. [R.] "Certainly", said Dunham, with the comradery of the smoker. W. D. Howells.

COMRADESHIP Com"rade*ship, n.

Defn: The state of being a comrade; intimate fellowship.

COMROGUE Com"rogue`, n.

Defn: A fellow rogue. [Obs.]

COMTISM Com"tism ( or ), n. Etym: [Named after the French philosopher, Auguste Comte.]

Defn: Positivism; the positive philosophy. See Positivism.

COMTIST Com"tist, n.

Defn: A disciple of Comte; a positivist.

CON; CON- Con

Defn: - (cum, signifying with, together, etc. See Com-.

CON Con, adv. Etym: [Abbrev. from L. contra against.]

Defn: Against the affirmative side; in opposition; on the negative side; -- The antithesis of pro, and usually in connection with it. See Pro.

CON Con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conned; p. pr. & vb. n. Conning.] Etym: [AS. cunnan to know, be able, and (derived from this) cunnian to try, test. See Can, v. t. & i.]

1. To know; to understand; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Of muses, Hobbinol, I con no skill. Spenser. They say they con to heaven the highway. Spenser.

2. To study in order to know; to peruse; to learn; to commit to memory; to regard studiously. Fixedly did look Upon the muddy waters which he conned As if he had been reading in a book. Wodsworth. I did not come into Parliament to con my lesson. Burke. To con answer, to be able to answer. [Obs.] -- To con thanks, to thank; to acknowledge obligation. [Obs.] Shak.

CON Con, v. t. Etym: [See Cond.] (Naut.)

Defn: To conduct, or superintend the steering of (a vessel); to watch the course of (a vessel) and direct the helmsman how to steer.

CONACRE Con*a"cre, v. t.

Defn: To underlet a proportion of, for a single crop; -- said of a farm. [Ireland]

CONACRE Con*a"cre, n.

Defn: A system of letting a proportion of a farm for a single crop. [Ireland] Also used adjectively; as, the conacre system or principle. Mozley & W.

CONARIUM Co*na"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The pineal gland.

CONATION Co*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. conatio.] (Philos.)

Defn: The power or act which directs or impels to effort of any kind, whether muscular or psychical. Of conation, in other words, of desire and will. J. S. Mill.

CONATIVE Co"na*tive ( or ), a. Etym: [See Conatus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to conation. This division of mind into the three great classes of the cognitive faculties, the feelings, . . . and the exertive or conative powers, . . . was first promulgated by Kant. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONATUS Co*na"tus, n. Etym: [L., fr. conatus, p. p. of conari to attempt.]

Defn: A natural tendency inherent in a body to develop itself; an attempt; an effort. What conatus could give prickles to the porcupine or hedgehog, or to the sheep its fleece Paley.

CONCAMERATE Con*cam"er*ate, v. t. Etym: [L. concameratus, p. p. of concamerare to arch over. See Camber.]

1. To arch over; to vault. Of the upper beak an inch and a half consisteth of one concamerated bone. Grew.

2. To divide into chambers or cells. Woodward.

CONCAMERATION Con*cam`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. concameratio.]

1. An arch or vault.

2. A chamber of a multilocular shell. Glanvill.

CONCATENATE Con*cat"e*nate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concatenated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concatenating.] Etym: [L. concatenatus, p. p. of concatenare to concatenate. See Catenate.]

Defn: To link together; to unite in a series or chain, as things depending on one another. This all things friendly will concatenate. Dr. H. More

CONCATENATION Con*cat`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. concatenatio.]

Defn: A series of links united; a series or order of things depending on each other, as if linked together; a chain, a succession. The stoics affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to the illicit acts of man's will. South. A concatenation of explosions. W. Irving.

CONCAUSE Con*cause", n.

Defn: A joint cause. Fotherby.

CONCAVATION Con`ca*va"tion, n.

Defn: The act of making concave.

CONCAVE Con"cave ( or ; 277), a. Etym: [L. concavus; con- + cavus hollow: cf. F. concave. See Cave a hollow.]

1. Hollow and curved or rounded; vaulted; -- said of the interior of a curved surface or line, as of the curve of the of the inner surface of an eggshell, in opposition to convex; as, a concave mirror; the concave arch of the sky.

2. Hollow; void of contents. [R.] As concave . . . as a worm-eaten nut. Shak.

CONCAVE Con"cave, n. Etym: [L. concavum.]

1. A hollow; an arched vault; a cavity; a recess. Up to the fiery concave towering hight. Milton.

2. (Mech.)

Defn: A curved sheath or breasting for a revolving cylinder or roll.

CONCAVE Con"cave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. concaved (; p. pr.& vb. n. Concaving.]

Defn: To make hollow or concave.

CONCAVED Con"caved, a. (Her.)

Defn: Bowed in the form of an arch; -- called also arched.

CONCAVENESS Con"cave*ness, n.

Defn: Hollowness; concavity.

CONCAVITY Con*cav"i*ty, n.; pl. Concavities. Etym: [L. concavitas: cf. F. concavité. See Concave.]

Defn: A concave surface, or the space bounded by it; the state of being concave.

CONCAVO-CONCAVE Con*ca`vo-con"cave, a.

Defn: Concave or hollow on both sides; double concave.

CONCAVO-CONVEX Con*ca`vo-con"vex, a.

1. Concave on one side and convex on the other, as an eggshell or a crescent.

2. (Optics)

Defn: Specifically, having such a combination of concave and convex sides as makes the focal axis the shortest line between them. See Illust. under Lens.

CONCAVOUS Con*ca*"vous, a. Etym: [L. concavus.]

Defn: Concave. Abp. potter. -- Con*ca"vous*ly, adv.

CONCEAL Con*ceal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Concealing.] Etym: [OF. conceler, L. concelare; con- + celareto hide; akin to AS. helan, G. hehlen, E. hele (to cover), helmet. See Hell, Helmet.]

Defn: To hide or withdraw from observation; to cover; to cover or keep from sight; to prevent the discovery of; to withhold knowledge of. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing. Prov. xxv. 2. Declare ye among the nations, . . . publish and conceal not. Jer. 1. 2. He which finds him shall deserve our thanks, . . . He that conceals him, death. Shak.

Syn. -- To hide; secrete; screen; cover; disguise; dissemble; mask; veil; cloak; screen. -- To Conceal, Hide, Disguise, Dissemble, Secrete. To hide is the generic term, which embraces all the rest. To conceal is simply not make known what we wish to keep secret. In the Bible hide often has the specific meaning of conceal. See 1 Sam. iii. 17, 18. To disguise or dissemble is to conceal by assuming some false appearance. To secrete is to hide in some place of secrecy. A man may conceal facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble his feelings, secrete stolen goods. Bur double griefs afflict concealing hearts. Spenser. Both dissemble deeply their affections. Shak. We have in these words a primary sense, which reveals a future state, and a secondary sense, which hides and secretes it. Warburton.

CONCEALABLE Con*ceal"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being concealed.

CONCEALED Con*cealed", a.

Defn: Hidden; kept from sight; secreted. -- Con*ceal"ed*ly (, adv. -- Con*ceal"ed*ness, n. Concealed weapons (Law), dangerous weapons so carried on the person as to be knowingly or willfully concealed from sight, -- a practice forbidden by statute.

CONCEALER Con*ceal"er, n.

Defn: One who conceals.

CONCEALMENT Con*ceal"ment, n. Etym: [OF. concelement.]

1. The act of concealing; the state of being concealed. But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud, Feed on her damask cheek. Shak. Some dear cause Will in concealment wrap me up awhile. Shak.

2. A place of hiding; a secret place; a retreat frem observation. The cleft tree Offers its kind concealment to a few. Thomson.

3. A secret; out of the way knowledge. [Obs.] Well read in strange concealments. Shak.

4. (Law)

Defn: Suppression of such facts and circumstances as in justice ought to be made known. Wharton.

CONCEDE Con*cede", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceding.] Etym: [L. concedere, concessum; con- + cedere to go along, give way, yield: cf. F. concéder. See Cede.]

1. To yield or suffer; to surrender; to grant; as. to concede the point in question. Boyle.

2. To grant, as a right or privilege; to make concession of.

3. To admit to be true; to acknowledge. We concede that their citizens were those who lived under different forms. Burke.

Syn. -- To grant; allow; admit; yield; surrender.

CONCEDE Con*cede", v. i.

Defn: To yield or make concession. I wished you to concede to America, at a time when she prayed concession at our feet. Burke.

CONCEIT Con*ceit", n. Etym: [Through French, fr. L. conceptus a conceiving, conception, fr. concipere to conceive: cf. OF. p. p. nom. conciez conceived. See Conceive, and cf. Concept, Deceit.]

1. That which is conceived, imagined, or formed in the mind; idea; thought; image; conception. In laughing, there ever procedeth a conceit of somewhat ridiculous. Bacon. A man wise in his own conceit. Prov. xxvi. 12.

2. Faculty of conceiving ideas; mental faculty; apprehension; as, a man of quick conceit. [Obs.] How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me that they loved! and yet I, not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to understand them. Sir P. Sidney.

3. Quickness of apprehension; active imagination; lively fancy. His wit's as thick as Tewksbury mustard; there's more conceit in him than is in a mallet. Shak.

4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip. On his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to go off with a conceit. L'Estrange. Some to conceit alone their works confine, And glittering thoughts struck out at every line. Pope. Tasso is full of conceits . . . which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse but contrary to its nature. Dryden.

5. An overweening idea of one's self; vanity. Plumed with conceit he calls aloud. Cotton.

6. Design; pattern. [Obs.] Shak. In conceit with, in accord with; agreeing or conforming. -- Out of conceit with, not having a favorable opinion of; not pleased with; as, a man is out of conceit with his dress. -- To put [one] out conceit with, to make one indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it.

CONCEIT Con*ceit", v. t.

Defn: To conceive; to imagine. [Archaic] The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are therebly rendered as inactive . . . as if they really were so. South. One of two bad ways you must conceit me, Either a coward or a flatterer. Shak.

CONCEIT Con*ceit", v. i.

Defn: To form an idea; to think. [Obs.] Those whose . . . vulgar apprehensions conceit but low of matrimonial purposes. Milton.

CONCEITED Con*ceit"ed, a.

1. Endowed with fancy or imagination. [Obs.] He was . . . pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit. Knolles.

2. Entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; vain. If you think me too conceited Or to passion quickly heated. Swift. Conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness. Bentley.

3. Curiously contrived or designed; fanciful. [Obs.] A conceited chair to sleep in. Evelyn.

Syn. -- Vain; proud; opinionated; egotistical.

CONCEITEDLY Con*ceit"ed*ly, adv.

1. In an egotistical manner.

2. Fancifully; whimsically.

CONCEITEDNESS Con*ceit"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being conceited; conceit; vanity. Addison.

CONCEITLESS Con*ceit"less, a.

Defn: Without wit; stupid. [Obs.] Think'st thou I am so shallow, so conceitless. To be seduced by thy flattery Shak.

CONCEIVABLE Con*ceiv"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. concevable.]

Defn: Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. "Any conceivable weight." Bp. Wilkins. It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person whose shape and voice it assumed. Atterbury. -- Con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. -- Con*ceiv"a*bly, adv.

CONCEIVE Con*ceive", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conceived; p. pr. & vb. n. Conceiving.] Etym: [OF. conzoivre, concever, conceveir, F. concevoir, fr. L. oncipere to take, to conceive; con- + capere to seize or take. See Capable, and cf. Conception.]

1. To receive into the womb and begin to breed; to begin the formation of the embryo of. She hath also conceived a son in her old age. Luke i. 36.

2. To form in the mind; to plan; to devise; to generate; to originate; as, to conceive a purpose, plan, hope. It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life. Gibbon. Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of falsehood. Is. lix. 13.

3. To apprehend by reason or imagination; to take into the mind; to know; to imagine; to comprehend; to understand. "I conceive you." Hawthorne. O horror, horror, horror! Tongue nor heart Cannot conceive nor name thee! Shak. You will hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate. Swift.

Syn. -- To apprehend; imagine; suppose; understand; comprehend; believe; think.

CONCEIVE Con*ceive", v. i.

1. To have an embryo or fetus formed in the womb; to breed; to become pregnant. A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son. Isa. vii. 14.

2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion; think; -- with of. Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures. I. Watts.

CONCEIVER Con*ceiv"er, n.

Defn: One who conceives.

CONCELEBRATE Con*cel"e*brate, v. t. Etym: [L. concelebratus, p. p. of concelebrare to concelebrate.]

Defn: To celebrate together. [Obs.] Holland.

CONCENT Con*cent", n. Etym: [L. concentus, fr. concinere to sing together; con- + canere to sing.]

1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; harmony; as, a concent of notes. [Archaic.] Bacon. That undisturbed song of pure concent. Milton.

2. Consistency; accordance. [Obs.] In concent to his own principles. Atterbury.

CONCENTER; CONCENTRE Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concentered or Concentred (; p. pr & vb. n. Concentering or Concentring (.] Etym: [F. concentrer, fr. L. con- + centrum center. See Center, and cf. Concentrate]

Defn: To come to one point; to meet in, or converge toward, a common center; to have a common center. God, in whom all perfections concenter. Bp. Beveridge.

CONCENTER; CONCENTRE Con*cen"ter, Con*cen"tre, v. t.

Defn: To draw or direct to a common center; to bring together at a focus or point, as two or more lines; to concentrate. In thee concentering all their precious beams. Milton. All is concentered in a life intense. Byren.

CONCENTRATE Con*cen"trate ( or ), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concentrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Concentrating.] Etym: [Pref. con- + L. centrum center. Cf. Concenter.]

1. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force; to fix; as, to concentrate rays of light into a focus; to concentrate the attention. (He) concentrated whole force at his own camp. Motley.

2. To increase the strength and diminish the bulk of, as of a liquid or an ore; to intensify, by getting rid of useless material; to condense; as, to concentrate acid by evaporation; to concentrate by washing; -- opposed to Ant: dilute. Spirit of vinegar concentrated and reduced to its greatest strength. Arbuthnot.

Syn. -- To combine; to condense; to consolidate.

CONCENTRATE Con*cen"trate ( or ), v. i.

Defn: To approach or meet in a common center; to consolidate; as, population tends to concentrate in cities.

CONCENTRATION Con`cen*tra"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. concentration.]

1. The act or process of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration. Concentration of the lunar beams. Boyle. Intense concetration of thought. Sir J. Herschel.

2. The act or process of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation. The acid acquires a higher degree of concentration. Knight.

3. (Metal.)

Defn: The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water.

CONCENTRATIVE Con*cen"tra*tive, a.

Defn: Serving or tending to concentrate; characterized by concentration. A discrimination is only possible by a concentrative act, or act of attention. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONCENTRATIVENESS Con*cen"tra*tive*ness, n.

1. The quality of concentrating.

2. (Phren.)

Defn: The faculty or propensity which has to do with concentrating the intellectual the intellectual powers. Combe.

CONCENTRATOR Con"cen*tra`tor, n. (Mining)

Defn: An apparatus for the separation of dry comminuted ore, by exposing it to intermittent puffs of air. Knight.

CONCENTRIC; CONCENTRICAL Con*cen"tric, Con*cen"tric*al, a. Etym: [F. concentrique. See Concenter.]

Defn: Having a common center, as circles of different size, one within another. Concentric circles upon the surface of the water. Sir I. Newton. Concentrical rings like those of an onion. Arbuthnot.

CONCENTRIC Con*cen"tric, n.

Defn: That which has a common center with something else. Its pecular relations to its concentrics. Coleridge.

CONCENTRICALLY Con*cen"tric*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a concentric manner.

CONCENTRICITY Con`cen*tric"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being concentric.

CONCENTUAL Con*cen"tu*al, a. [From Concent.]

Defn: Possesing harmony; accordant. [R.] Warton.

CONCEPT Con"cept, n. Etym: [L. conceptus (cf. neut. conceptum fetus), p. p. of concipere to conceive: cf. F. concept. See Conceit.]

Defn: An abstract general conception; a notion; a universal. The words conception, concept, notion, should be limited to the thought of what can not be represented in the imagination; as, the thought suggested by a general term. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONCEPTACLE Con*cep"ta*cle, n. Etym: [L. conceptaculum, fr. concipere to receive. See Conceive.]

1. That in which anything is contained; a vessel; a receiver or receptacle. [Obs.] Woodward.

2. (Bot.) (a) A pericarp, opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it; a follicle; a double follicle or pair of follicles. (b) One of the cases containing the spores, etc., of flowerless plants, especially of algae.

CONCEPTIBILITY Con*cep`ti*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being conceivable; conceivableness. Cudworth.

CONCEPTIBLE Con*cep"ti*ble, a. Etym: [See Conceive.]

Defn: Capable of being conceived; conceivable. Sir M. Hale.

CONCEPTION Con*cep"tion, n. Etym: [F. conception, L. conceptio, fr. concipere to conceive. See Conceive.]

1. The act of conceiving in the womb; the initiation of an embryonic animal life. I will greaty multiply thy sorrow and thy conception. Gen. iii. 16.

2. The state of being conceived; beginning. Joy had the like conception in our eyes. Shak.

3. The power or faculty of apprehending of forming an idea in the mind; the power of recalling a past sensation or perception. Under the article of conception, I shall confine myself to that faculty whose province it is to enable us to form a notion of our past sensations, or of the objects of sense that we have formerly perceived. Stewart.

4. The formation in the mind of an image, idea, or notion, apprehension. Conception consists in a conscious act of the understanding, bringing any given object or impression into the same class with any number of other objects or impression, by means of some character or characters common to them all. Coleridge.

5. The image, idea, or notion of any action or thing which is formed in the mind; a concept; a notion; a universal; the product of a rational belief or judgment. See Concept. He [Herodotus] says that the sun draws or attracts the water; a metaphorical term obviously intended to denote some more general and abstract conception than that of the visible operation which the word primarily signifies. Whewell.

6. Idea; purpose; design. Note this dangerous conception. Shak.

7. Conceit; affected sentiment or thought. [Obs.] He . . . is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticism. Dryden.

Syn. -- Idea; notion; perception; apprehemsion; comprehension.

CONCEPTIONAL Con*cep"tion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to conception.

CONCEPTIONALIST Con*cep"tion*al*ist, n.

Defn: A conceptualist.

CONCEPTIOUS Con*cep"tious, a.

Defn: Apt to conceive; fruitful. [Obs.] Shak.

CONCEPTIVE Con*cep"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conceptif, L. conceptivus.]

Defn: Capable of conceiving. Sir T. Browne

CONCEPTUAL Con*cep"tu*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to conception.

CONCEPTUALISM Con*cep"tu*al*ism, n. (Metaph.)

Defn: A theory, intermediate between realism and nominalism, that the mind has the power of forming for itself general conceptions of individual or single objects. Stewart.

CONCEPTUALIST Con*cep"tu*al*ist, n. (Metaph.)

Defn: One who maintains the theory of conceptualism. Stewart.

CONCERN Con*cern", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerned; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerning.] Etym: [F. concerner, LL. concernere to regard, concern, fr. L. concernere to mix or mingle together, as in a sieve for separating; con- + cernere to separate, sift, distinguish by the senses, and especially by the eyes, to perceive, see. See Certain.]

1. To relate or belong to; to have reference to or connection with; to affect the interest of; to be of importance to. Preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ. Acts xxviii. 31. Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation. Addison. It much concerns a preacher first to learn The genius of his audience and their turn. Dodsley. Ignorant, so far as the usual instruction is concerned. J. F. Cooper.

2. To engage by feeling or sentiment; to interest; as, a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects. They think themselves out the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor. Rogers.

CONCERN Con*cern", v. i.

Defn: To be of importance. [Obs.] Which to deny concerns more than avails. Shak.

CONCERN Con*cern", n.

1. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair. The private concerns of fanilies. Addison.

2. That which affects the welfare or happiness; interest; moment. Mysterious secrets of a high concern. Roscommon.

3. Interest in, or care for, any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety. O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns And gentle wishes follow me to battle.--Addison.

4. (Com.)

Defn: Persons connected in business; a firm and its business; as, a banking concern. The whole concern, all connected with a particular affair or business.

Syn. -- Care; anxiety; solicitude; interest; regard; business; affair; matter; moment. See Care.

CONCERNED Con*cerned", a. Etym: [See Concern, v. t., 2.]

Defn: Disturbed; troubled; solicitous; as, to be much concerned for the safety of a friend.

CONCERNEDLY Con*cern"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a concerned manner; solicitously; sympathetically.

CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, prep.

Defn: Pertaining to; regarding; having relation to; respecting; as regards. I have accepted thee concerning this thing. Gen. xix. 21. The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel. Num. x. 29.

CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, a.

Defn: Important. [Archaic] So great and so concerning truth. South.

CONCERNING Con*cern"ing, n.

1. That in which one is concerned or interested; concern; affair; interest. "Our everlasting concernments." I. Watts. To mix with thy concernments I desist. Milton.

2. Importance; moment; consequence. Let every action of concernment to begun with prayer. Jer. Taylor.

3. Concern; participation; interposition. He married a daughter to the earl without any other approbation of her father or concernment in it, than suffering him and her come into his presence. Clarendon.

4. Emotion of mind; solicitude; anxiety. While they are so eager to destory the fame of others, their ambition is manifest in their concernment. Dryden.

CONCERT Con*cert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concerted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concerting.] Etym: [F. concerter, It. concertare, conertare, prob. from L. consertus, p. p. of conserere to join together; con- + serere to join together, influenced by concertare to contend; con- + centare to strive; properly, to try to decide; fr. cernere to distinguish. See Series, and cf. Concern.]

1. To plan together; to settle or adjust by conference, agreement, or consultation. It was concerted to begin the siege in March. Bp. Burnet.

2. To plan; to devise; to arrange. A commander had more trouble to concert his defense before the people than to plan . . . the compaign. Burke.

CONCERT Con*cert", v. i.

Defn: To act in harmony or conjunction; to form combined plans. The ministers of Denmark were appointed to concert with Talbot. Bp. Burnet

CONCERT Con"cert, n. Etym: [F. concert, It. concerto, conserto, fr. concertare. See Concert, v. t.]

1. Agreement in a design or plan; union formed by mutual communication of opions and viewa; accordance in a scheme; harmony; simultaneous action. All these discontens, how ruinous soever, have arisen from the want of a due communication and concert. Swift.

2. Musical accordance or harmony; concord. Let us in concert to the season sing. Cowper.

3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instruments take part. Visit by night your lady's chamber window With some sweet concert. Shak. And boding screech owls make the concert full. Shak. Concert pitch. See under Pitch.

CONCERTANTE Con`cer*tan"te (; It. ), n. Etym: [It., orig p. pr. of concertare to form or perform a concert. See Concert.] (Mus.)

Defn: A concert for two or more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment. Also adjectively; as, concertante parts.

CONCERTATION Con`cer*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. concertatio.]

Defn: Strife; contention. [Obs.] Bailey.

CONCERTATIVE Con*cer"ta*tive, a. Etym: [L. concertativus.]

Defn: Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Bailey.

CONCERTED Con*cert"ed, a.

Defn: Mutually contrived or planned; agreed on; as, concerted schemes, signals. Concerted piece (Mus.), a composition in parts for several voices or instrument, as a trio, a quartet, etc.

CONCERTINA Con`cer*ti"na, n. Etym: [From It. concerto a concert.]

Defn: A small musical imstrument on the principle of the accordion. It is a small elastic box, or bellows, having free reeds on the inside, and keys and handles on the outside of each of the two hexagonal heads.

CONCERTINO Con`cer*ti"no, n. Etym: [See Concertina.] (Mus.)

Defn: A piece for one or more solo instruments with orchestra; -- more concise than the concerto.

CONCERTION Con*cer"tion, n.

Defn: Act of concerting; adjustment. [R.] Young.

CONCERTMEISTER Con*cert`meis"ter, n. Etym: [G.] (Mus.)

Defn: The head violinist or leader of the strings in an orchestra; the sub-leader of the orchestra; concert master.

CONCERTO Con*cer"to (; It. ), n.; pl. Concertos. Etym: [It. See Concert, n.] (Mus.)

Defn: A composition (usually in symphonic form with three movements) in which one instrument (or two or three) stands out in bold relief against the orchestra, or accompaniment, so as to display its qualities or the performer's skill.

CONCERT OF EUROPE; EUROPEAN CONCERT Concert of Europe, or European concert.

Defn: An agreement or understanding between the chief European powers to take only joint action in the (European) Eastern Question.

CONCERT OF THE POWERS Concert of the powers.

Defn: An agreement or understanding between the chief European powers, the United States, and Japan in 1900 to take only joint

## action in the Chinese aspect of the Eastern Question.

CONCESSION Con*ces"sion, n. Etym: [L. concessio, fr. concedere: cf. F. concession. See Concede.]

1. The act of conceding or yielding; usually implying a demand, claim, or request, and thus distinguished from giving, which is voluntary or spontaneous. By mutual concession the business was adjusted. Hallam.

2. A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as, a concession to build a canal. This is therefore a concession , that he doth . . . believe the Scriptures to be sufficiently plain. Sharp. When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies content with small concessions. Swift.

CONCESSIONAIRE; CONCESSIONNAIRE Con*ces`sion*aire", Con`ces`sion`naire", n. [F. concessionnaire.]

Defn: The beneficiary of a concession or grant.

CONCESSIONARY Con*ces"sion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a concession. -- n.; pl. -ries.

Defn: A concessionaire.

CONCESSIONIST Con*ces"sion*ist, n.

Defn: One who favors concession.

CONCESSIVE Con*ces"sive, a. Etym: [L. concessivus.]

Defn: Implying concession; as, a concessive conjunction. Lowth.

CONCESSIVELY Con*ces"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: By way of concession.

CONCESSORY Con*ces"so*ry, a.

Defn: Conceding; permissive.

CONCETTISM Con*cet"tism, n.

Defn: The use of concetti or affected conceits. [R.] C. Kingsley.

CONCETTO Con*cet"to (; It. ), n.; pl. Concetti. Etym: [It., fr. L. conceptus. See Conceit.]

Defn: Affected wit; a conceit. Chesterfield.

CONCH Conch, n. Etym: [L. concha, Gr. Coach, n.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A name applied to various marine univalve shells; esp. to those of the genus Strombus, which are of large size. S. gigas is the large pink West Indian conch. The large king, queen, and cameo conchs are of the genus Cassis. See Cameo.

Note: The conch is sometimes used as a horn or trumpet, as in fogs at sea, or to call laborers from work.

2. In works of art, the shell used by Tritons as a trumpet.

3. One of the white natives of the Bahama Islands or one of their descendants in the Florida Keys; -- so called from the commonness of the conch there, or because they use it for food.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: See Concha, n.

5. The external ear. See Concha, n., 2.

CONCHA Con"cha, n. Etym: [LL. (in sense 1), fr. concha. See Conch.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: The plain semidome of an apse; sometimes used for the entire apse.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: The external ear; esp. the largest and deepest concavity of the external ear, surrounding the entrance to the auditory canal.

CONCHAL Con"chal, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the concha, or external ear; as, the conchal cartilage.

CONCHIFER Con"chi*fer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conchofère.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Conchifera.

CONCHIFERA Con*chif"e*ra, n, pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. concha + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: That class of Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells; the Lamellibranchiata. See Mollusca.

CONCHIFEROUS Con*chif"er*ous, a.

Defn: Producing or having shells.

CONCHIFORM Con"chi*form, a. Etym: [Conch + -form.]

Defn: Shaped like one half of a bivalve shell; shell-shaped.

CONCHININE Con"chi*nine ( or ), n. Etym: [Formed by transposition fr. cinchonine.]

Defn: See Quinidine.

CONCHITE Con"chite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conchite. See Conch.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil or petrified conch or shell.

CONCHITIC Con*chit"ic, a.

Defn: Composed of shells; containing many shells.

CONCHOID Con"choid, n. Etym: [Gr. conchoïde.] (Geom.)

Defn: A curve, of the fourth degree, first made use of by the Greek geometer, Nicomedes, who invented it for the purpose of trisecting an angle and duplicating the cube.

CONCHOIDAL Con*choid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conchoïdal.] (Min.)

Defn: Having elevations or depressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell; -- applied principally to a surface produced by fracture.

CONCHOLOGICAL Con`cho*log"ic*al, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or connected with, conchology.

CONCHOLOGIST Con*chol"o*gist, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One who studies, or is versed in, conchology.

CONCHOLOGY Con*chol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Conch + -logy.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The science of Mollusca, and of the shells which they form; malacology.

CONCHOMETER Con*chom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Conch + -meter.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An instrument for measuring shells, or the angle of their spire.

CONCHOMETRY Con*chom"e*try, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The art of measuring shells or their curves; conchyliometry.

CONCHO-SPIRAL Con`cho-spi"ral, n.

Defn: A kind of spiral curve found in certain univalve shells. Agassiz.

CONCHYLACEOUS; CONCHYLIACEOUS Con`chy*la"ceous, Con*chyl`i*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. conchylium shell, Gr. Conch.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to shells; resembling a shell; as, conchyliaceous impressions. Kirwan.

CONCHYLIOLOGIST; CONCHYLIOLOGY Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gist, n., Con*chyl`i*ol"o*gy, n.

Defn: See Conchologist, and Conchology.

CONCHYLIOMETRY Con*chyl`i*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.]

Defn: Same as Conchometry.

CONCHYLIOUS Con*chyl"i*ous, a.

Defn: Conchylaceous.

CONCIATOR Con"ci*a`tor, n. Etym: [It. conciatore, fr. conciare to adjust, dress, fr. L. comtus, p. p. See Compt, a.] (Glass Works)

Defn: The person who weighs and proportions the materials to be made into glass, and who works and tempers them.

CONCIERGE Con`cierge", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: One who keeps the entrance to an edifice, public or private; a doorkeeper; a janitor, male or female.

CONCIERGERIE Con`cier`ge*rie", n. [F.]

1. The office or lodge of a concierge or janitor.

2. A celebrated prison, attached to the Palais de Justice in Paris.

CONCILIABLE Con*cil"i*a*ble, n. Etym: [L. conciliabulum, fr. concitium assembly: cf. F. conciliabule. See Council.]

Defn: A small or private assembly, especially of an ecclesiastical nature. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONCILIABLE Con*cil"i*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conciliable.]

Defn: Capable of being conciliated or reconciled. Milton.

CONCILIABULE Con*cil"i*a*bule, n. Etym: [See Conciliable, n.]

Defn: An obscure ecclesiastical council; a conciliable. Milman.

CONCILIAR; CONCILIARY Con*cil"i*ar, Con*cil"i*a*ry a. Etym: [Cf. F. conciliare.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or issued by, a council. Jer. Taylor.

CONCILIATE Con*cil"i*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conciliated; p. pr & vb. n. Conciliating.] Etym: [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw or bring together, unite, from concilium council. See Council.]

Defn: To win ower; to gain from a state of hostility; to gain the good will or favor of; to make friendly; to mollify; to propitiate; to appease. The rapacity of his father's administration had excited such universal discontent, that it was found expedient to conciliate the nation. Hallam.

Syn. -- To reconcile; propitiate; appease; pacify.

CONCILIATION Con*cil`i*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. conciliatio.]

Defn: The act or process of conciliating; the state of being conciliated. The house has gone further; it has declared conciliation admissible previous to any submission on the part of America. Burke.

CONCILIATIVE Con*cil"i*a*tive, a.

Defn: Conciliatory. Coleridge.

CONCILIATOR Con*cil"i*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who conciliates.

CONCILIATORY Con*cil"i*a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Tending to conciliate; pacific; mollifying; propitiating. The only alternative, therefore, was to have recourse to the conciliatory policy. Prescott.

CONCINNATE Con*cin"nate, v. t. Etym: [L. concinnatus, p. p. of concinnare to concinnate. See Concinnity.]

Defn: To place fitly together; to adapt; to clear. [Obs.] Holland.

CONCINNITY Con*cin"ni*ty, n. Etym: [L. concinnitas, fr. concinnus skillfully put together, beautiful. Of uncertain origin.]

Defn: Internal harmony or fitness; mutual adaptation of parts; elegance; -- used chiefly of style of discourse. [R.] An exact concinnity and eveness of fancy. Howell.

CONCINNOUS Con*cin"nous, a. Etym: [L. concinnus.]

Defn: Characterized by concinnity; neat; elegant. [R.] The most concinnous and most rotund of proffessors, M. Heyne. De Quiency.

CONCIONATE Con"cio*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. concionatus, p. p. of concionari to adress.]

Defn: To preach. [Obs.] Lithgow.

CONCIONATOR Con"cio*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

1. An haranguer of the people; a preacher.

2. (Old Law)

Defn: A common councilman. [Obs.]

CONCIONATORY Con"cio*na`to*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to preaching or public addresses. [Obs.] Howell.

CONCISE Con*cise", a. Etym: [L. concisus cut off, short, p. p. of concidere to cut to pieces; con- + caedere to cut; perh. akin to scindere to cleave, and to E. shed, v.t.; cf. F. concis.]

Defn: Expressing much in a few words; condensed; brief and compacted; -- used of style in writing or speaking. The concise style, which expresseth not enough, but leaves somewhat to be understood. B. Jonson. Where the author is . . . too brief and concise, amplify a little. I. Watts.

Syn. -- Laconic; terse; brief; short; compendious; summary; succinct. See Laconic, and Terse.

CONCISELY Con*cise"ly, adv.

Defn: In a concise manner; briefly.

CONCISENESS Con*cise"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being concise.

CONCISION Con*ci"sion, n. Etym: [L. concisio: cf. F. concision. See Concise.]

Defn: A cutting off; a division; a schism; a faction. South.

CONCITATION Con`ci*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. concitatio. See Concite.]

Defn: The act of stirring up, exciting, or agitating. [Obs.] "The concitation of humors." Sir T. Browne.

CONCITE Con*cite", v. t. Etym: [L. concitare; con- + citare. See Cite.]

Defn: To excite or stir up. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

CONCLAMATION Con`cla*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. conclamatio.]

Defn: An outcry or shout of many together. [R.] Before his funeral conclamation. May (Lucan).

CONCLAVE Con"clave ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may locked up; con- + clavis key. See Clavicle.]

1. The set of apartments within which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church are continuously secluded while engaged in choosing a pope.

2. The body of cardinals shut up in the conclave for the election of a pope; hence, the body of cardinals. It was said a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likelihood to step into St. Peter's chair, that in two conclaves he went in pope and came out again cardinal. South.

3. A private meeting; a close or secret assembly. The verdicts pronounced by this conclave (Johnson's Club) on new books, were speedily known over all London. Macaulay. To be in conclave, to be engaged in a secret meeting; -- said of several, or a considerable number of, persons.

CONCLAVIST Con"cla`vist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conclaviste, It. conclavista.]

Defn: One of the two ecclesiastics allowed to attend a cardinal in the conclave.

CONCLUDE Con*clude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Concluding.] Etym: [L. concludere, conclusum; con- + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.]

1. To shut up; to inclose. [Obs.] The very person of Christ [was] concluded within the grave. Hooker.

2. To include; to comprehend; to shut up together; to embrace. [Obs.] For God hath concluded all in unbelief. Rom. xi. 32. The Scripture hath concluded all under sin. Gal. iii. 22.

3. To reach as an end of reasoning; to infer, as from premises; to close, as an argument, by inferring; -- sometimes followed by a dependent clause. No man can conclude God's love or hatred to any person by anything that befalls him. Tillotson. Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith. Rom. iii. 28.

4. To make a final determination or judgment concerning; to judge; to decide. But no frail man, however great or high, Can be concluded blest before he die. Addison. Is it concluded he shall be protector Shak.

5. To bring to an end; to close; to finish. I will conclude this part with the speech of a counselor of state. Bacon.

6. To bring about as a result; to effect; to make; as, to conclude a bargain. "If we conclude a peace." Shak.

7. To shut off; to restrain; to limit; to estop; to bar; -- generally in the passive; as, the defendant is concluded by his own plea; a judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence argument. If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation they must be concluded by it. Sir M. Hale.

Syn. -- To infer; decide; determine; settle; close; finish; terminate; end.

CONCLUDE Con*clude", v. i.

1. To come to a termination; to make an end; to close; to end; to terminate. A train of lies, That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries. Dryden. And, to conclude, The victory fell on us. Shak.

2. To form a final judgment; to reach a decision. Can we conclude upon Luther's instability Bp. Atterbury. Conclude and be agreed. Shak.

CONCLUDENCY Con*clud"en*cy, n.

Defn: Deduction from premises; inference; conclusion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

CONCLUDENT Con*clud"ent, a. Etym: [L. concludens, p. pr.]

Defn: Bringing to a close; decisive; conclusive. [Obs.] Arguments highly consequential and concludent to my purpose. Sir M. Hale.

CONCLUDER Con*clud"er, n.

Defn: One who concludes.

CONCLUDINGLY Con*clud"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: Conclusively. [R.] Digby.

CONCLUSIBLE Con*clu"si*ble, a.

Defn: Demonstrable; determinable. [Obs.] Hammond.

CONCLUSION Con*clu"sion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conclusio. See Conclude.]

1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end. A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of the contest. Prescott.

2. Final decision; determination; result. And the conclusion is, she shall be thine. Shak.

3. Any inference or result of reasoning.

4. (Logic)

Defn: The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two related propositions called premises. See Syllogism. He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion. Addison.

5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic] Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes And still conclusion. Shak.

6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn. [Obs.] We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and inoculating. Bacon.

7. (Law) (a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal ending of an indictment, "against the peace," etc. (b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a particular position. Wharton. Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a pleading by which a party "puts himself upon the country," i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury. Mozley & W. -- In conclusion. (a) Finally. (b) In short. -- To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment. Like the famous ape, To try conclusions, in the basket creep. Shak.

Syn. -- Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end; decision. See Inference.

CONCLUSIVE Con*clu"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conclusif.]

Defn: Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision. Secret reasons . . . equally conclusive for us as they were for them. Rogers. Conclusive evidence (Law), that of which, from its nature, the law allows no contradiction or explanation. -- Conclusive presumption (Law), an inference which the law makes so peremptorily that it will not allow it to be overthrown by any contrary proof, however strong.

Syn. -- Final; ultimate; unanswerable. See Final.

CONCLUSIVELY Con*clu"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: In the way of conclusion; decisively; positively. Burke.

CONCLUSIVENESS Con*clu"sive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being conclusive; decisiveness.

CONCLUSORY Con*clu"so*ry, a.

Defn: Conclusive. [R.]

CONCOCT Con*coct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concocted; p. pr. & vb. n. Concocting.] Etym: [L. concoctus, p. p. of concoquere to cook together, to digest, mature; con- + coquere to cook. See Cook.]

1. To digest; to convert into nourishment by the organs of nutrition. [Obs.] Food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circulates. Cheyne.

2. To purify or refine chemically. [Obs.] Thomson.

3. To prepare from crude materials, as food; to invent or prepare by combining different ingredients; as, to concoct a new dish or beverage.

4. To digest in the mind; to devise; to make up; to contrive; to plan; to plot. He was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to concoct any great fortune. Hayward.

5. To mature or perfect; to ripen. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONCOCTER Con*coct"er, n.

Defn: One who concocts.

CONCOCTION Con*coc"tion, n. Etym: [L. concoctio.]

1. A change in food produced by the organs of nutrition; digestion. [Obs.]

2. The act of concocting or preparing by combining different ingredients; also, the food or compound thus prepared.

3. The act of digesting in the mind; planning or devising; rumination. Donne.

4. (Med.)

Defn: Abatement of a morbid process, as a fever and return to a normal condition. [Obs.]

5. The act of perfecting or maturing. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONCOCTIVE Con*coct"ive, a.

Defn: Having the power of digesting or ripening; digestive. Hence the concoctive powers, with various art, Subdue the cruder aliments to chyle. J. Armstrong.

CONCOLOR Con"col`or, a. Etym: [L. concolor; con- + color color.]

Defn: Of the same color; of uniform color. [R.] "Concolor animals." Sir T. Browne.

CONCOLOROUS Con"col`or*ous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of the same color throughout.

CONCOMITANCE; CONCOMITANCY Con*com"i*tance, Con*com"i*tan*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. concomitance, fr. LL. concomitantia.]

1. The state of accompanying; accompaniment. The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomitancy with the other. Sir T. Browne.

2. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: The doctrine of the existence of the entire body of Christ in the eucharist, under each element, so that the body and blood are both received by comunication in one kind only.

CONCOMITANT Con*com"i*tant, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. con- + comitari to accompany, comes companion. See Count a nobleman.]

Defn: Accompanying; conjoined; attending. It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects, as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure. Locke.

CONCOMITANT Con*com"i*tant, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, accompanies, or is collaterally connected with another; a companion; an associate; an accompaniment. Reproach is a concomitant to greatness. Addison. The other concomitant of ingratitude is hardheartedness. South.

CONCOMITANTLY Con*com"i*tant*ly, adv.

Defn: In company with others; unitedly; concurrently. Bp. pearson.

CONCORD Con"cord, n. Etym: [F. concorde, L. concordia, fr. concors of the same mind, agreeing; con- + cor, cordis, heart. See Heart, and cf. Accord.]

1. A state of agreement; harmony; union. Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end. Milton.

2. Agreement by stipulation; compact; covenant; treaty or league. [Obs.] The concord made between Henry and Roderick. Davies.

3. (Gram.)

Defn: Agreement of words with one another, in gender, number, person, or case.

4. (Old Law)

Defn: An agreement between the parties to a fine of land in reference to the manner in which it should pass, being an acknowledgment that the land in question belonged to the complainant. See Fine. Burril.

5. Etym: [Prob. influenced by chord.] (Mus.)

Defn: An agreeable combination of tones simultaneously heard; a consonant chord; consonance; harmony.

CONCORD Con"cord, n.

Defn: A variety of American grape, with large dark blue (almost black) grapes in compact clusters.

CONCORD Con*cord", v. i. Etym: [F. concorder, L. concordare.]

Defn: To agree; to act together. [Obs.] Clarendon.

CONCORDABLE Con*cord"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. concordabilis.]

Defn: Capable of according; agreeing; harmonious.

CONCORDANCE Con*cord"ance, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. concordantia.]

1. Agreement; accordance. Contrasts, and yet concordances. Carlyle.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: Concord; agreement. [Obs.] Aschlam.

3. An alphabetical verbal index showing the places in the text of a book where each principal word may be found, with its immediate context in each place. His knowledge of the Bible was such, that he might have been called a living concordance. Macaulay.

4. A topical index or orderly analysis of the contents of a book.

CONCORDANCY Con*cord"an*cy, n.

Defn: Agreement. W. Montagu.

CONCORDANT Con*cord"ant, a. Etym: [L. concordans, p. pr. of concordare: cf. F. concordant. See Concord.]

Defn: Agreeing; correspondent; harmonious; consonant. Were every one employed in points concordant to their natures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of themselves. Sir T. Browne

CONCORDANTLY Con*cord"ant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a concordant manner.

CONCORDAT Con*cor"dat, n. Etym: [F. concordat, L. concordato, prop. p. p. of concordare. See Concord.]

1. A compact, covenant, or agreement concerning anything.

2. An agreement made between the pope and a sovereign or government for the regulation of ecclesiastical matters with which both are concerned; as, the concordat between Pope Pius VIL and Bonaparte in 1801. Hook.

CONCORD BUGGY Con"cord bug"gy (kon"kerd). [From Concord, New Hampshire, where first made.]

Defn: A kind of buggy having a body with low sides, and side springs.

CONCORDIST Con*cord"ist, n.

Defn: The compiler of a concordance.

CONCORPORATE Con*cor"po*rate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. concorporatus, p. p. of concorporare.]

Defn: To unite in one mass or body; to incorporate. [Archaic.] Jer. Taylor.

CONCORPORATE Con*cor"po*rate, a.

Defn: United in one body; incorporated. [Archaic] B. Jonson.

CONCORPORATION Con*cor`po*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. concorporatio.]

Defn: Union of things in one mass or body. [R.] Dr. H. More.

CONCOURSE Con"course, n. Etym: [F. concours, L. concursus, fr. concurrere to run together. See Concur.]

1. A moving, flowing, or running together; confluence. The good frame of the universe was not the product of chance or fortuitous concourse of particles of matter. Sir M. Hale.

2. An assembly; a gathering formed by a voluntary or spontaneous moving and meeting in one place. Amidst the concourse were to be seen the noble ladies of Milan, in gay, fantastic cars, shining in silk brocade. Prescott.

3. The place or point of meeting or junction of two bodies. [Obs.] The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of the glasses. Sir I. Newton.

4. An open space where several roads or paths meet; esp. an open space in a park where several roads meet.

5. Concurrence; coöperation. [Obs.] The divine providence is wont to afford its concourse to such proceeding. Barrow.

CONCREATE Con`cre*ate" ( or ), v. t.

Defn: To create at the same time. If God did concreate grace with Adam. Jer. Taylor.

CONCREMATION Con`cre*ma"tion ( or ), n. Etym: [L. concrematio, fr. concremare. See Cremate.]

Defn: The act of burning different things together. [Obs.]

CONCREMENT Con"cre*ment, n. Etym: [L. concrementum, fr. concrescere. See Concrete.]

Defn: A growing together; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. [Obs.] The concrement of a pebble or flint. Sir M. Hale

CONCRESCENCE Con*cres"cence, n. Etym: [L. concrescentia.]

Defn: Coalescence of particles; growth; increase by the addition of

## particles. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

CONCRESCIBLE Con*cres"ci*ble, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Capable of being changed from a liquid to a solid state. [Obs.] They formed a . . . fixed concrescible oil. Fourcroy (Trans. ).

CONCRESCIVE Con*cres"cive, a.

Defn: Growing together, or into union; uniting. [R.] Eclec. Rev.

CONCRETE Con"crete ( or ), a. Etym: [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together; con- + crescere to grow; cf. F. concret. See Crescent.]

1. United in growth; hence, formed by coalition of separate particles into one mass; united in a solid form. The first concrete state, or consistent surface, of the chaos must be of the same figure as the last liquid state. Bp. Burnet.

2. (Logic) (a) Standing for an object as it exists in nature, invested with all its qualities, as distingushed from standing for an attribute of an object; -- opposed to abstract. Hence: (b) Applied to a specific object; special; particular; -- opposed to general. See Abstract, 3. Concrete is opposed to a abstract. The names of individuals are concrete, those of classes abstract. J. S. Mill. Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or refer to, some subject to which it belongs. I. Watts. Concrete number, a number associated with, or applied to, a

## particular object, as three men, five days, etc., as distinguished

from an abstract number, or one used without reference to a

## particular object.

-- Concrete quantity, a physical object or a collection of such objects. Davies & Peck. -- Concrete science, a physical science, one having as its subject of knowledge concrete things instead of abstract laws. -- Concrete sound or movement of the voice, one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush.

CONCRETE Con"crete, n.

1. A compound or mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body. To divide all concretes, minerals and others, into the same number of distinct substances. Boyle.

2. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with cement or with tar, etc., used for sidewalks, roadways, foundations, etc., and esp. for submarine structures.

3. (Logic)

Defn: A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term. The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety". J. S. Mill.

4. (Sugar Making)

Defn: Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.

CONCRETE Con*crete", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concreted; p. pr & vb. n. Concreting.]

Defn: To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body.

Note: Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate; as, metallic matter concretes into a hard body; applied to others, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the concretion of blood. "The blood of some who died of the plague could not be made to concrete." Arbuthnot.

CONCRETE Con*crete", v. t.

1. To form into a mass, as by the cohesion or coalescence of separate

## particles.

There are in our inferior world divers bodies that are concreted out of others. Sir M. Hale.

2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, as a pavement.

CONCRETELY Con*crete"ly, adv.

Defn: In a concrete manner.

CONCRETENESS Con*crete"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being concrete.

CONCRETION Con*cre"tion, n. Etym: [L. concretio.]

1. The process of concreting; the process of uniting or of becoming united, as particles of matter into a mass; solidification.

2. A mass or nodule of solid matter formed by growing together, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, induration, etc.; a clot; a lump; a calculus. Accidental ossifications or deposits of phosphates of lime in certain organs . . . are called osseous concretions. Dunglison.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: A rounded mass or nodule produced by an aggregation of the material around a center; as, the calcareous concretions common in beds of clay.

CONCRETIONAL Con*cre"tion*al, a.

Defn: Concretionary.

CONCRETIONARY Con*cre"tion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or formed by, concretion or aggregation; producing or containing concretions.

CONCRETIVE Con*cre"tive, a.

Defn: Promoting concretion. Sir T. Browne.

CONCRETIVELY Con*cre"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a concrete manner.

CONCRETURE Con*cre"ture, n.

Defn: A mass formed by concretion. [Obs.] Johnson.

CONCREW Con*crew", v. i. Etym: [See Concrete, a., and Accrue.]

Defn: To grow together. [Obs.] Spenser.

CONCRIMINATION Con*crim`i*na"tion, n.

Defn: A joint accusation.

CONCUBINACY Con*cu"bi*na*cy, n.

Defn: The practice of concubinage. [Obs.] Strype.

CONCUBINAGE Con*cu"bi*nage, n.

1. The cohabiting of a man and a woman who are not legally married; the state of being a concubine.

Note: In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Under Roman law, it was the living of a man and woman in sexual relations without marriage, but in conformity with local law.

2. (Law)

Defn: A plea, in which it is alleged that the woman suing for dower was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine.

CONCUBINAL Con*cu"bi*nal, a. Etym: [L. concubinalis.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to concubinage.

CONCUBINARIAN Con*cu`bi*na"ri*an, a. & n.

Defn: Concubinary. The married and concubinarian, as well as looser clergy. Milman.

CONCUBINARY Con*cu"bi*na*ry, a. Etym: [LL. concubinarius.]

Defn: Relating to concubinage; living in concubinage.

CONCUBINARY Con*cu"bi*na*ry, n.; pl. Concubinaries.

Defn: One who lives in concubinage. Jer. Taylor.

CONCUBINATE Con*cu"bi*nate, n. Etym: [L. concubinatus.]

Defn: Concubinage. [Obs.] Johnson.

CONCUBINE Con"cu*bine, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. concubina; con- + cubare to lie down, concumbere to lie together, akin to E. cubit.]

1. A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife; a paramour.

Note: Concubine has been sometimes, but rarely, used of a male paramour as well as of a female. Trench.

2. A wife of inferior condition; a lawful wife, but not united to the man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Keturah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concubines were allowed by the Roman laws. Their children were not heirs of their father.

CONCULCATE Con*cul"cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Concultated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conculcating.] Etym: [L. conculcatus, p. p. of conculcare to conculcate fr. calx heel.]

Defn: To tread or trample under foot. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu -- Con`cul*ca"tion (, n. [Obs.]

CONCUPISCENCE Con*cu"pis*cence, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. concupiscentia.]

Defn: Sexual lust; morbid carnal passion. Concupiscence like a pestilence walketh in darkness. Horne.

CONCUPISCENT Con*cu"pis*cent, a. Etym: [L. concupiscens, p. pr. of concupiscere, v. incho. of concupere to long for; con- + cupere. See Covet.]

Defn: Having sexual lust; libidinous; lustful; lecherous; salacious. Johnson.

CONCUPISCENTIAL Con*cu`pis*cen"tial, a.

Defn: Relating to concupiscence. [Obs.] Johnson.

CONCUPISCENTIOUS Con*cu`pis*cen"tious, a.

Defn: Concupiscent. [Obs.]

CONCUPISCIBLE Con*cu`pis*ci*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. concupiscible.]

1. Exciting to, or liable to be affected by, concupiscence; provoking lustful desires. Shak.

2. Exciting desire, good or evil. The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the concupiscible and irascible appetite. South.

CONCUPISCIBLENESS Con*cu"pis*ci*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being concupiscible. [Obs.]

CONCUPY Con"cu*py, n.

Defn: Concupiscence.

Note: [Used only in "Troilus and Cressida"] Shak.

CONCUR Con*cur", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Concurred (; p. pr. & vb. n. Concurring.] Etym: [L. concurrere to run together, agree; con- + currere to run. See Current.]

1. To run together; to meet. [Obs.] Anon they fierce encountering both concurred With grisly looks and faces like their fates. J. Hughes.

2. To meet in the same point; to combine or conjoin; to contribute or help toward a common object or effect. When outward causes concur. Jer. Colier.

3. To unite or agree (in action or opinion); to join; to act jointly; to agree; to coincide; to correspond. Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion. Fox. Tories and Whigs had concurred in paying honor to Walker. Makaulay. This concurs directly with the letter. Shak.

4. To assent; to consent. [Obs.] Milton.

Syn. -- To agree; unite; combine; conspire; coincide; approve; acquiesce; assent.

CONCURRENCE Con*cur"rence, n. Etym: [F., competition, equality of rights, fr. LL. concurrentia competition.]

1. The act of concurring; a meeting or coming together; union; conjunction; combination. We have no other measure but our own ideas, with the concurence of other probable reasons, to persuade us. Locke.

2. A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion; union in design or act; -- implying joint approbation. Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people. Swift.

3. Agreement or consent, implying aid or contribution of power or influence; coöperation. We collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it. Rogers. An instinct that works us to its own purposes without our concurrence. Burke.

4. A common right; coincidence of equal powers; as, a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts.

CONCURRENCY Con*cur"ren*cy, n.

Defn: Concurrence.

CONCURRENT Con*cur"rent, a. Etym: [F. concurrent, L. concurrens, p. pr. of concurrere.]

1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act or opinion; contibuting to the same event of effect; coöperating. I join with these laws the personal presence of the kings' son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation. Sir J. Davies. The concurrent testimony of antiquity. Bp. Warburton.

2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant; existing or happening at the same time. There is no difference the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of the return. Bacon. Changes . . . concurrent with the visual changes in the eye. Tyndall.

3. Joint and equal in authority; taking cognizance of similar questions; operating on the same objects; as, the concurrent jurisdiction of courts.

4. (Geom.)

Defn: Meeting in one point.

Syn. -- Meeting; uniting; accompanying; conjoined; associated; coincident; united.

CONCURRENT Con*cur"rent, n.

1. One who, or that which, concurs; a joint or contributory cause. To all affairs of importance there are three necessary concurrents . . . time, industry, and faculties. Dr. H. More.

2. One pursuing the same course, or seeking the same objects; hence, a rival; an opponent. Menander . . . had no concurrent in his time that came near unto him. Holland.

3. (Chron.)

Defn: One of the supernumerary days of the year over fifty-two complete weeks; -- so called because they concur with the solar cycle, the course of which they follow.

CONCURRENTLY Con*cur"rent*ly, adv.

Defn: With concurrence; unitedly.

CONCURRENTNESS Con*cur"rent*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being concurrent; concurrence.

CONCURRING Con*cur"ring, a.

Defn: Agreeing. Concurring figure (Geom.), one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which correspondends with another in all its parts.

CONCUSS Con*cuss", v. t. Etym: [L. concussus, p. p. of concutere. See Concussion.]

1. To shake or agitate. "Concussed with uncertainty." Daniel.

2. (Law)

Defn: To force (a person) to do something, or give up something, by intimidation; to coerce. Wharton.

CONCUSSATION Con`cus*sa"tion, n.

Defn: A violent shock or agitation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CONCUSSION Con*cus"sion, n. Etym: [L. concussio, fr. concutere, concussum, to shake violenty; con- + quatere to shake. See Cashier, Quash.]

1. A shaking or agitation; a shock; caused by the collision of two bodies. It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion of the air. Bacon.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as, a concussion of the brain.

3. (Civil Law)

Defn: The unlawful forcing of another by threats of violence to yield up something of value. Then concussion, rapine, pilleries, Their catalogue of accusations fill. Daniel. Concussion fuse (Mil.), one that is ignited by the concussion of the shell when it strikes.

Syn. -- See Shock.

CONCUSSIVE Con*cus"sive, a.

Defn: Having the power or quality of shaking or agitating. Johnson.

COND Cond, v. t. Etym: [OE. conduen, condien, F. conduire to conduct, fr. L. conducere. See Conduct, and cf. Con (Naut.), Conn. Cun.] (Naut.)

Defn: To con, as a ship.

CONDEMN Con*demn", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condemned; p. pr. & vb. n. Condemning ( or ]. Etym: [L. condemnare; con- + damnare to condemn: cf. F. condamner. See Damn.]

1. To pronounce to be wrong; to disapprove of; to censure. Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it! Why, every fault's condemned ere it be done. Shak. Wilt thou condemn him that is most just Job xxxiv. 17.

2. To declare the guilt of; to make manifest the faults or unworthiness of; to convict of guilt. The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it. Matt. xii. 42.

3. To pronounce a judicial sentence against; to sentence to punishment, suffering, or loss; to doom; -- with to before the penalty. Driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe. Milton. To each his sufferings; all are men, Condemned alike to groan. Gray. And they shall condemn him to death. Matt. xx. 18. The thief condemned, in law already dead. Pope. No flocks that range the valley free, To slaughter I condemn. Goldsmith.

4. To amerce or fine; -- with in before the penalty. The king of Egypt . . . condemned the land in a hundred talents of silver. 2 Cron. xxxvi. 3.

5. To adjudge or pronounce to be unfit for use or service; to adjudge or pronounce to be forfeited; as, the ship and her cargo were condemned.

6. (Law)

Defn: To doom to be taken for public use, under the right of eminent domain.

Syn. -- To blame; censure; reprove; reproach; upbraid; reprobate; convict; doom; sentence; adjudge.

CONDEMNABLE Con"dem*na"ble, a. Etym: [L. condemnabilis.]

Defn: Worthy of condemnation; blamable; culpable.

CONDEMNATION Con"dem*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. condemnatio.]

1. The act of condemning or pronouncing to be wrong; censure; blame; disapprobation. In every other sense of condemnation, as blame, censure, reproof, private judgment, and the like. Paley.

2. The act of judicially condemning, or adjudging guilty, unfit for use, or forfeited; the act of dooming to punishment or forfeiture. A legal and judicial condemnation. Paley. Whose condemnation is pronounced. Shak.

3. The state of being condemned. His pathetic appeal to posterity in the hopeless hour of condemnation. W. Irving.

4. The ground or reason of condemning. This is the condemnation, that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather light, because their deeds were evil. John iii. 19.

CONDEMNATORY Con*dem"na*to*ry, a.

Defn: Condemning; containing or imposing condemnation or censure; as, a condemnatory sentence or decree.

CONDEMNED Con*demned", a.

1. Pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or forfeited; adjudged or sentenced to punishment, destruction, or confiscation.

2. Used for condemned persons. Richard Savage . . . had lain with fifty pounds weight of irons on his legs in the condemned ward of Newgate. Macaulay.

CONDEMNER Con*dem"ner ( or ), n.

Defn: One who condemns or censures.

CONDENSABILITY Con*den`sa*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: Capability of being condensed.

CONDENSABLE Con*den"sa*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. condensable.]

Defn: Capable of being condensed; as, vapor is condensable.

CONDENSATE Con*den"sate, a. Etym: [L. condensatus, p. p. of condensare. See Condense, v. t.]

Defn: Made dense; condensed. Water . . . thickened or condensate. Peacham.

CONDENSATE Con*den"sate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensated; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensating.]

Defn: To condense. [R.] Hammond.

CONDENSATION Con`den*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. condensatio: cf. F. condensation.]

1. The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed. He [Goldsmith] was a great and perhaps an unequaled master of the arts of selection and condensation. Macaulay.

2. (Physics)

Defn: The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene. Condensation product (Chem.), a substance obtained by the polymerization of one substance, or by the union of two or more, with or without separation of some unimportant side products. -- Surface condensation, the system of condensing steam by contact with cold metallic surfaces, in distinction from condensation by the injection of cold water.

CONDENSATIVE Con*den"sa*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. condensatif.]

Defn: Having the property of condensing.

CONDENSE Con*dense", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condensed; p. pr. & vb. n. Condensing.] Etym: [L. condensare; con- + densare to make thick or dense, densus thick, dense: cf. F. condenser. See Dense, and cf. Condensate.]

1. To make more close, compact, or dense; to compress or concentrate into a smaller compass; to consolidate; to abridge; to epitomize. In what shape they choose, Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure. Milton. The secret course pursued at Brussels and at Madrid may be condensed into the usual formula, dissimulation, procrastination, and again dissimulation. Motley.

2. (Chem. & Physics)

Defn: To reduce into another and denser form, as by cold or pressure; as, to condense gas into a liquid form, or steam into water. Condensed milk, milk reduced to the consistence of very thick cream by evaporation (usually with addition of sugar) for preservation and transportation. -- Condensing engine, a steam engine in which the steam is condensed after having exerted its force on the piston.

Syn. -- To compress; contract; crowd; thicken; concentrate; abridge; epitomize; reduce.

CONDENSE Con*dense", v. i.

1. To become more compact; to be reduced into a denser form. Nitrous acid is gaseous at ordinary temperatures, but condenses into a very volatile liquid at the zero of Fahrenheit. H. Spencer.

2. (Chem.) (a) To combine or unite (as two chemical substances) with or without separation of some unimportant side products. (b) To undergo polymerization.

CONDENSE Con*dense", a. Etym: [L. condensus.]

Defn: Condensed; compact; dense. [R.] The huge condense bodies of planets. Bentley.

CONDENSER Con*dens"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, condenses.

2. (Physic) (a) An instrument for condensing air or other elastic fluids, consisting of a cylinder having a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, and a valve to prevent its escape. (b) An instrument for concentrating electricity by the effect of induction between conducting plates separated by a nonconducting plate. (c) A lens or mirror, usually of short focal distance, used to concentrate light upon an object.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: An apparatus for receiving and condensing the volatile products of distillation to a liquid or solid form, by cooling.

4. (Steam Engine)

Defn: An apparatus, separate from the cylinder, in which the exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water or air. See Illust. of Steam engine. Achromatic condenser (Optics), an achromatic lens used as a condenser. -- Bull's-eye condenser, or Bull's-eye (Optics), a lens of short focal distance used for concentrating rays of light. -- Injection condenser, a vessel in which steam is condensed by the direct contact of water. -- Surface condenser, an apparatus for condensing steam, especially the exhaust of a steam engine, by bringing it into contact with metallic surface cooled by water or air.

CONDENSIBLE Con*den"si*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being condensed; as, a gas condensible to a liquid by cold.

CONDER Cond"er, n. Etym: [From Cond.]

Defn: One who watches shoals of fish; a balker. See Balker.

CONDESCEND Con`de*scend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condescended; p. pr. & vb. n. Condescending.] Etym: [F. condescendre, LL. condescendere, fr. L. con- + descendere. See Descend.]

1. To stoop or descend; to let one's self down; to submit; to waive the privilege of rank or dignity; to accommodate one's self to an inferior. "Condescend to men of low estate." Rom. xii. 16. Can they think me so broken, so debased With corporal servitude, that my mind ever Will condescend to such absurd commands Milton. Spain's mighty monarch, In gracious clemency, does condescend, On these conditions, to become your friend. Dryden.

Note: Often used ironically, implying an assumption of superiority. Those who thought they were honoring me by condescending to address a few words to me. F. W. Robinson.

2. To consent. [Obs.] All parties willingly condescended heruento. R. Carew.

Syn. -- To yield; stoop; descend; deign; vouchsafe.

CONDESCENDENCE; CONDESCENDENCY Con`de*scend"ence, Con`de*scend"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condescendance.]

Defn: Condescension. [Obs.]

CONDESCENDINGLY Con`de*scend"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a condescending manner. Atterbury.

CONDESCENSION Con`de*scen"sion, n. Etym: [L. condescensio.]

Defn: The act of condescending; voluntary descent from one's rank or dignity in intercourse with an inferior; courtesy toward inferiors. It forbids pride . . . and commands humility, modesty, and condescension to others. Tillotson. Such a dignity and condescension . . . as are suitable to a superior nature. Addison.

Syn. -- Complaisance; courtesy; affability.

CONDESCENT Con`de*scent", n. Etym: [Cf. Condescend, Descent.]

Defn: An act of condescension. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CONDIGN Con*dign", a. Etym: [F. condigne, L. condignus very worthy; con- + dignus worthy. See Deign, and cf. Digne.]

1. Worthy; suitable; deserving; fit. [Obs.] Condign and worthy praise. Udall. Herself of all that rule she deemend most condign. Spenser.

2. Deserved; adequate; suitable to the fault or crime. "Condign censure." Milman. Unless it were a bloody murderer . . . I never gave them condign punishment. Shak.

CONDIGNITY Con*dig"ni*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condignité.] (Scholastic Theol.)

Defn: Merit, acguired by works, which can claim reward on the score of general benevolence. Such a worthiness of condignity, and proper merit of the heavenly glory, cannot be found in any the best, most perfect, and excellent of created beings. Bp. Bull.

CONDIGNLY Con*dign"ly, adv.

Defn: According to merit.

CONDIGNNESS Con*dign"ness, n.

Defn: Agreeableness to deserts; suitableness.

CONDIMENT Con"di*ment, n. Etym: [L. condimentum, fr. condire. See Condite.]

Defn: Something used to give relish to food, and to gratify the taste; a pungment and appetizing substance, as pepper or mustard; seasoning. As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not for nourishment. Bacon.

CONDISCIPLE Con`dis*ci"ple, n. Etym: [L. condiscipulus. See Disciple.]

Defn: A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.]

CONDITE Con"dite, a. Etym: [L. conditus, p. p. of condire to preserve, pickle, season. See Recondite.]

Defn: Preserved; pickled. [Obs.] Burton.

CONDITE Con*dite", v. t.

Defn: To pickle; to preserve; as, to condite pears, quinces, etc. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

CONDITION Con*di"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. conditio (better condicio) agreement, compact, condition; con- + a root signifying to show, point out, akin to dicere to say, dicare to proclaim, dedicate. See Teach, Token.]

1. Mode or state of being; state or situation with regard to external circumstances or influences, or to physical or mental integrity, health, strength, etc.; predicament; rank; position, estate. I am in my condition A prince, Miranda; I do think, a king. Shak. And O, what man's condition can be worse Than his whom plenty starves and blessings curse Cowley. The new conditions of life. Darwin.

2. Essential quality; property; attribute. It seemed to us a condition and property of divine powers and beings to be hidden and unseen to others. Bacon.

3. Temperament; disposition; character. [Obs.] The condition of a saint and the complexion of a devil. Shak.

4. That which must exist as the occasion or concomitant of something else; that which is requisite in order that something else should take effect; an essential qualification; stipulation; terms specified. I had as lief take her dowry with this condition, to be whipped at the high cross every morning. Shak. Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe it without the condition of repentance. Jer. Taylor.

5. (Law)

Defn: A clause in a contract, or agreement, which has for its object to suspend, to defeat, or in some way to modify, the principal obligation; or, in case of a will, to suspend, revoke, or modify a devise or bequest. It is also the case of a future uncertain event, which may or may not happen, and on the occurrence or non-occurrence of which, the accomplishment, recission, or modification of an obligation or testamentary disposition is made to depend. Blount. Tomlins. Bouvier. Wharton. Equation of condition. (Math.) See under Equation. -- On or Upon condition (that), used for if in introducing conditional sentences. "Upon condition thou wilt swear to pay him tribute . . . thou shalt be placed as viceroy under him." Shak. -- Conditions of sale, the terms on which it is proposed to sell property by auction; also, the instrument containing or expressing these terms.

Syn. -- State; situation; circumstances; station; case; mode; plight; predicament; stipulation; qualification; requisite; article; provision; arrangement. See State.

CONDITION Con*di"tion, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conditioned; p. pr. & vb. n. Conditioning.]

1. To make terms; to stipulate. Pay me back my credit, And I'll condition with ye. Beau. & Fl.

2. (Metaph.)

Defn: To impose upon an object those relations or conditions without which knowledge and thought are alleged to be impossible. To think of a thing is to condition. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONDITION Con*di"tion, v. t. Etym: [Cf. LL. conditionare. See Condition, n.]

1. To invest with, or limit by, conditions; to burden or qualify by a condition; to impose or be imposed as the condition of. Seas, that daily gain upon the shore, Have ebb and flow conditioning their march. Tennyson.

2. To contract; to stipulate; to agree. It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children. Sir W. Raleigh.

3. (U. S. Colleges)

Defn: To put under conditions; to require to pass a new examination or to make up a specified study, as a condition of remaining in one's class or in college; as, to condition a student who has failed in some branch of study.

4. To test or assay, as silk (to ascertain the proportion of moisture it contains). McElrath.

Defn: train; acclimate.

CONDITIONAL Con*di"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. conditionalis.]

1. Containing, implying, or depending on, a condition or conditions; not absolute; made or granted on certain terms; as, a conditional promise. Every covenant of God with man . . . may justly be made (as in fact it is made) with this conditional punishment annexed and declared. Bp. Warburton.

2. (Gram. & Logic)

Defn: Expressing a condition or supposition; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense. A conditional proposition is one which asserts the dependence of one categorical proposition on another. Whately. The words hypothetical and conditional may be . . . used synonymously. J. S. Mill.

CONDITIONAL Con*di"tion*al, n.

1. A limitation. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A conditional word, mode, or proposition. Disjunctives may be turned into conditionals. L. H. Atwater.

CONDITIONALITY Con*di`tion*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being conditional, or limited; limitation by certain terms.

CONDITIONALLY Con*di"tion*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conditional manner; subject to a condition or conditions; not absolutely or positively. Shak.

CONDITIONATE Con*di"tion*ate, a. Etym: [LL. conditionatus, p. p. See Condition, v. t.]

Defn: Conditional. [Obs.] Barak's answer is faithful, though conditionate. Bp. Hall.

CONDITIONATE Con*di"tion*ate, v. t.

1. To qualify by conditions; to regulate. [Obs.]

2. To put under conditions; to render conditional.

CONDITIONED Con*di"tioned, a.

1. Surrounded; circumstanced; in a certain state or condition, as of property or health; as, a well conditioned man. The best conditioned and unwearied spirit. Shak.

2. Having, or known under or by, conditions or relations; not independent; not absolute. Under these, thought is possible only in the conditioned interval. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONDITIONLY Con*di"tion*ly, adv.

Defn: Conditionally. [Obs.]

CONDITORY Con"di*to*ry, n.; pl. Conditories. Etym: [L. conditorium, fr. condere to hide. See Recondite.]

Defn: A repository for holding things; a hinding place.

CONDOG Con*dog", v. i. Etym: [A punning corruption of concur.]

Defn: To concur; to agree. [Burlesque]

Note: This word appears in early dictionaries as a synonym for the word agree; thus. "Agree; concurre, cohere, condog, condescend." Cockeram.

CONDOLATORY Con*do"la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Expressing condolence. Smart.

CONDOLE Con*dole", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Condoled; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoling.] Etym: [L. condolere; con- + dolere to feel pain, grieve. See Doleful.]

Defn: To express sympathetic sorrow; to grieve in sympathy; -- followed by with. Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you. Sir W. Temple.

CONDOLE Con*dole", v. t.

Defn: To lament or grieve over. [R.] I come not, Samson, to condole thy chance. Milton.

CONDOLEMENT Con*dole"ment, n.

1. Condolence. "A pitiful condolement." Milton.

2. Sorrow; mourning; lamentation. Shak.

CONDOLENCE Con*do"lence, n. Etym: [Cf. F. condoléance.]

Defn: Expression of sympathy with another in sorrow or grief. Their congratulations and their condolences. Steele. A special mission of condolence. Macaulay.

CONDOLER Con*dol"er, n.

Defn: One who condoles.

CONDONATION Con`do*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. condonatio a giving away.]

1. The act of condoning or pardoning.

2. (Law)

Defn: Forgiveness, either express or implied, by a husband of his wife or by a wife of her husband, for a breach of marital duty, as adultery, with an implied condition that the offense shall not be repeated. Bouvier. Wharton.

CONDONE Con*done", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Condoned; p. pr. & vb. n. Condoning.] Etym: [L. condonare, -donatum, to give up, remit, forgive; con- + donare to give. See Donate.]

1. To pardon; to forgive. A fraud which he had either concocted or condoned. W. Black. It would have been magnanimous in the men then in power to have overlooked all these things, and, condoning the politics, to have rewarded the poetry of Burns. J. C. Shairp.

2. (Law)

Defn: To pardon; to overlook the offense of; esp., to forgive for a violation of the marriage law; -- said of either the husband or the wife.

CONDOR Con"dor, n. Etym: [Sp. condor, fr. Peruvian cuntur.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large bird of the Vulture family (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), found in the most elevated parts of the Andes.

CONDOTTIERE Con`dot*tie"re, n.; pl. Condottieri. Etym: [It., captain.]

Defn: A military adventurer of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who sold his services, and those of his followers, to any party in any contest.

CONDUCE Con*duce", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conduced; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducing.] Etym: [L. conducere to bring together, conduce, hire; con- + ducere to lead. See Duke and cf. Conduct, n., Cond.]

Defn: To lead or tend, esp. with reference to a favorable or desirable result; to contribute; -- usually followed by to or toward. He was sensible how much such a union would conduce to the happiness of both. Macaulay. The reasons you allege do more conduce To the hot passion of distemper'd blood. Shak.

Syn. -- To contribute; aid; assist; tend; subserve.

CONDUCE Con*duce", v. t.

Defn: To conduct; to lead; to guide. [Obs.] He was sent to conduce hither the princess. Sir H. Wotton.

CONDUCENT Con*du"cent, a. Etym: [L. conducens, p. pr.]

Defn: Conducive; tending. Conducent to the good success of this business. Abp. Laud.

CONDUCIBILITY Con*du"ci*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being conducible; conducibleness. Bp. Wilkins.

CONDUCIBLE Con*du"ci*ble, a. Etym: [L. conducibilis.]

Defn: Conducive; tending; contributing. Bacon. All his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them. Bentley.

CONDUCIBLENESS Con*du"ci*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being conducible.

CONDUCIBLY Con*du"ci*bly, adv.

Defn: In a manner to promote. [R.]

CONDUCIVE Con*du"cive, a.

Defn: Loading or tending; helpful; contributive; tending to promote. However conducive to the good or our country. Addison.

CONDUCIVENESS Con*du"cive*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of conducing.

CONDUCT Con"duct, n. Etym: [LL. conductus defense, escort, fr. L. conductus, p. p. of conducere. See Conduce, and cf. Conduit.]

1. The act or method of conducting; guidance; management. Christianity has humanized the conduct of war. Paley. The conduct of the state, the administration of its affairs. Ld. Brougham.

2. Skillful guidance or management; generalship. Conduct of armies is a prince's art. Waller. Attacked the Spaniards . . . with great impetuosity, but with so little conduct, that his forces were totally routed. Robertson.

3. Convoy; escort; guard; guide. [Archaic] I will be your conduct. B. Jonson. In my conduct shall your ladies come. Shak.

4. That which carries or conveys anything; a channel; a conduit; an instrument. [Obs.] Although thou been conduct of my chame. Shak.

5. The manner of guiding or carrying one's self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior. All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury. Macaulay. What in the conduct of our life appears So well designed, so luckily begun, But when we have our wish, we wish undone Dryden.

6. Plot; action; construction; manner of development. The book of Job, in conduct and diction. Macaulay. Conduct money (Naut.), a portion of a seaman's wages retained till the end of his engagement, and paid over only if his conduct has been satisfactory.

Syn. -- Behavior; deportment; demeanor; bearing; management; guidance. See Behavior.

CONDUCT Con*duct", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conducting.] Etym: [See Conduct, n.]

1. To lead, or guide; to escort; to attend. I can conduct you, lady, to a low But loyal cottage, where you may be safe. Milton.

2. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to manage; to carry on; as, to conduct the affairs of a kingdom. Little skilled in the art of conducting a siege. Prescott.

3. To behave; -- with the reflexive; as, he conducted himself well.

4. (Physics)

Defn: To serve as a medium for conveying; to transmit, as heat, light, electricity, etc.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: To direct, as the leader in the performance of a musical composition.

CONDUCT Con*duct", v. i.

1. To act as a conductor (as of heat, electricity, etc.); to carry.

2. To conduct one's self; to behave. [U. S.]

CONDUCTANCE Con*duct"ance (kon*duk"tans), n. [Conduct, v. + -ance.] (Elec.)

Defn: Conducting power; -- the reciprocal of resistance. A suggested unit is the mho, the reciprocal of the ohm.

Conductance is an attribute of any specified conductor, and refers to its shape, length, and other factors. Conductivity is an attribute of any specified material without direct reference to its shape or other factors. Sloane's Elec. Dict.

CONDUCTIBILITY Con*duct`i*bil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conductibilité.]

1. Capability of being conducted; as, the conductibility of heat or electricity.

2. Conductivity; capacity for receiving and transmitting.

CONDUCTIBLE Con*duct"i*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being conducted.

CONDUCTION Con*duc"tion, n. Etym: [L. conductio a bringing together: cf. F. conduction.]

1. The act of leading or guiding. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. The act of training up. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

3. (Physics)

Defn: Transmission through, or by means of, a conductor; also, conductivity. [The] communication [of heat] from one body to another when they are in contact, or through a homogenous body from particle to particle, constitutes conduction. Amer. Cyc.

CONDUCTIVE Con*duct"ive, a.

Defn: Having the quality or power of conducting; as, the conductive tissue of a pistil. The ovarian walls . . . are seen to be distinctly conductive. Goodale (Gray's Bot. ).

CONDUCTIVITY Con`duc*tiv"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or power of conducting, or of receiving and transmitting, as, the conductivity of a nerve. Thermal conductivity (Physics), the quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree. J. D. Everett. -- Thermometic conductivity (Physics), the thermal conductivity when the unit of heat employed is the heat required to raise unit volume of the substance one degree.

CONDUCTOR Con*duct"or, n. Etym: [LL., a carrier, transporter, L., a lessee.]

1. One who, or that which, conducts; a leader; a commander; a guide; a manager; a director. Zeal, the blind conductor of the will. Dryden.

2. One in charge of a public conveyance, as of a railroad train or a street car. [U. S.]

3. (Mus.)

Defn: The leader or director of an orchestra or chorus.

4. (Physics)

Defn: A substance or body capable of being a medium for the transmission of certain forces, esp. heat or electricity; specifically, a lightning rod.

5. (Surg.)

Defn: A grooved sound or staff used for directing instruments, as lithontriptic forceps, etc.; a director.

6. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Leader. Prime conductor (Elec.), the largest conductor of an electrical machine, serving to collect, accumulate, or retain the electricity.

CONDUCTORY Con*duct"o*ry, a. Etym: [LL. conductorius.]

Defn: Having the property of conducting. [R.]

CONDUCTRESS Con*duct"ress, n.

Defn: A woman who leads or directs; a directress.

CONDUIT Con"duit ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, conduit. See Conduct.]

1. A pipe, canal, channel, or passage for conveying water or fluid. All the conduits of my blood froze up. Shak. This is the fountain of all those bitter waters, of which, through a hundred different conduits, we have drunk. Burke.

2. (Arch.) (a) A structure forming a reservoir for water. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A narrow passage for private communication.

CONDUIT SYSTEM; CONDUIT RAILWAY Con"duit sys"tem. (Elec.)

Defn: A system of electric traction, esp. for light railways, in which the actuating current passes along a wire or rail laid in an underground conduit, from which the current is "picked up" by a plow or other device fixed to the car or electric locomotive. Hence Conduit railway.

CONDUPLICATE Con*du"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. conduplicatus, p. p. of conduplicare. See Duplicate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper face being within; -- said of leaves or petals in vernation or æstivation.

CONDUPLICATION Con*du`pli*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. conduplicatio.]

Defn: A doubling together or folding; a duplication. [R.]

CONDURANGO Con`du*ran"go, n. (Med.)

Defn: See Cundurango.

CONDURRITE Con*dur"rite, n. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of the mineral domeykite, or copper arsenide, from the Condurra mine in Cornwall, England.

CONDYLAR Con"dy*lar, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a condyle. Condylar foramen (Anat.), a formen in front of each condyle of the occipital bone; -- sometimes called the anterior condylar foramen when a second, or posterior, foramen is present behind the condyle, as often happens in man.

CONDYLE Con"dyle ( or ), n. Etym: [L. condylus knuckle, joint, Gr. condyle.] (Anat.)

Defn: A bony prominence; particularly, an eminence at the end of a bone bearing a rounded articular surface; -- sometimes applied also to a concave articular surface.

CONDYLOID Con"dy*loid, a. Etym: [Condyle + -oid: cf. F. condyloïde.] (Anat.)

Defn: Shaped like or pertaining to a condyle.

CONDYLOMA; CONDYLOME Con`dy*lo"ma, Con"dy*lome, n.; pl. Condylomata or, E. Condylomes. Etym: [NL. condyloma, fr. Gr. -oma.] (Med.)

Defn: A wartlike new growth on the outer skin or adjoining mucous membrance.

Note: There are two kinds of condylomata, the pointed and the broad, the latter being of syphilitic origin.

CONDYLOPOD Con*dyl"o*pod, n. Etym: [Gr. -pod.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An arthropod.

CONE Cone, n. Etym: [L. conus cone (in sense 1), Gr. çana whetstone, L. cuneus wedge, and prob. to E. hone. See Hone, n.]

1. (Geom.)

Defn: A solid of the form described by the revolution of a right- angled triangle about one of the sides adjacent to the right angle; - - called also a right cone. More generally, any solid having a vertical point and bounded by a surface which is described by a straight line always passing through that vertical point; a solid having a circle for its base and tapering to a point or vertex.

2. Anything shaped more or less like a mathematical cone; as, a volcanic cone, a collection of scoriæ around the crater of a volcano, usually heaped up in a conical form. Now had Night measured with her shadowy cone Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault. Milton.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: The fruit or strobile of the Coniferæ, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, each one of which has one or two seeds at its base.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A shell of the genus Conus, having a conical form. Cone of rays (Opt.), the pencil of rays of light which proceed from a radiant point to a given surface, as that of a lens, or conversely. -- Cone pulley. See in the Vocabulary. -- Oblique or Scalene cone, a cone of which the axis is inclined to the plane of its base. -- Eight cone. See Cone, 1.

CONE Cone, v. t.

Defn: To render coneshaped; to bevel like the circular segment of a cone; as, to cone the tires of car wheels.

CONE CLUTCH Cone clutch. (Mach.)

Defn: A friction clutch with conical bearing surfaces.

CONEFLOWER Cone"flow`er, n.

Defn: Any plant of the genus Rudbeckia; -- so called from the cone- shaped disk of the flower head. Also, any plant of the related genera Ratibida and Brauneria, the latter usually known as purple coneflower.

CONE-IN-CONE Cone"-in-cone", a. (Geol.)

Defn: Consisting of a series of parallel cones, each made up of many concentric cones closely packed together; -- said of a kind of structure sometimes observed in sedimentary rocks.

CONEINE Co*ne"ine ( or ; 104), n. (Chem.)

Defn: See Conine.

CONE-NOSE Cone"-nose`, n.

Defn: A large hemipterous insect of the family Reduviidæ, often found in houses, esp. in the southern and western United States. It bites severely, and is one of the species called kissing bugs. It is also called big bedbug.

CONEPATE; CONEPATL Co"ne*pate, Co"ne*patl, n. Etym: [Mexican conepatl and epatl.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The skunk.

CONE PULLEY Cone" pul"ley.

Defn: A pulley for driving machines, etc., having two or more parts or steps of different diameters; a pulley having a conical shape.

CONESTOGA WAGON; CONESTOGA WAIN Con`es*to"ga wag`on, Con`es*to"ga wain. [From Conestoga, Pennsylvania.]

Defn: A kind of large broad-wheeled wagon, usually covered, for traveling in soft soil and on prairies.

CONEY Co"ney ( or ), n.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rabbit. See Cony.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish. See Cony.

CONFAB Con"fab, n. Etym: [Contr. from confabulation.]

Defn: Familiar talk or conversation. [Colloq.]

CONFABULATE Con*fab"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Confabulated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confabulating.] Etym: [L. confabulatus, p. p. of confabulary, to converse together; con- + fabulary to speak, fr. fabula. See Fable.]

Defn: To talk familiarly together; to chat; to prattle. I shall not ask Jean Jaques Rousseau If birds confabulate or no. Cowper.

CONFABULATION Con*fab`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. confabulatio.]

Defn: Familiar talk; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter. Burton.

CONFABULATORY Con*fab"u*la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Of the nature of familiar talk; in the form of a dialogue. Weever.

CONFALON Con"fa*lon, n. Etym: [F. See Confalon.] (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: One of a fraternity of seculars, also called Penitents.

CONFARREATION Con*far`re*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. confarreatio, fr. confarreare to marry; con- + farreum (sc. libum cake) a spelt cake, fr. farreus made of spelt, fr. far a sort of grain.] (Antiq.)

Defn: A form of marriage among the Romans, in which an offering of bread was made, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses.

CONFATED Con*fat"ed, p.a.

Defn: Fated or decreed with something else. [R.] A. Tucker.

CONFECT Con*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confected; p. pr. & vb. n. Confecting.] Etym: [L. confectus, p. p. of conficere to prepare. See Comfit.]

1. To prepare, as sweetmeats; to make a confection of. [Obs.] Saffron confected in Cilicia. W. Browne.

2. To construct; to form; to mingle or mix. [Obs.] Of this were confected the famous everlasting lamps and tapers. Sir T. Herbert. [My joys] are still confected with some fears. Stirling.

CONFECT Con"fect, n.

Defn: A comfit; a confection. [Obs.] At supper eat a pippin roasted and sweetened with sugar of roses and caraway confects. Harvey.

CONFECTION Con*fec"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. confectio.]

1. A composition of different materials. [Obs.] A new confection of mold. Bacon.

2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar; a sweetmeat. Certain confections . . . are like to candied conserves, and are made of sugar and lemons. Bacon.

3. A composition of drugs. Shak.

4. (Med.)

Defn: A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey.

Note: The pharmacopoeias formerly made a distinction between conserves (made of fresh vegetable substances and sugar) and electuaries (medicinal substances combined with sirup or honey), but the distinction is now abandoned and all are called confections.

CONFECTIONARY Con*fec"tion*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. confectionaris a pharmacist.]

Defn: A confectioner. [Obs.] He will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks. 1 Sam. viii. 13.

CONFECTIONARY Con*fec"tion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Prepared as a confection. The biscuit or confectionary plum. Cowper.

CONFECTIONER Con*fec"tion*er, n.

1. A compounder. [Obs.] Canidia Neapolitana was confectioner of unguents. Haywood.

2. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc.

CONFECTIONERS' SUGAR Con*fec"tion*ers' sug`ar.

Defn: A highly refined sugar in impalpable powder, esp. suited to confectioners' uses.

CONFECTIONERY Con*fec"tion*er*y, n.

1. Sweetmeats, in general; things prepared and sold by a confectioner; confections; candies.

2. A place where candies, sweetmeats, and similar things are made or sold.

CONFECTORY Con*fec"to*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. [Obs.] Beaumont.

CONFECTURE Con*fec"ture, n.

Defn: Same as Confiture. [Obs.]

CONFEDER Con*fed"er, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. conf. See Confederate.]

Defn: To confederate. [Obs.] Sir T. North.

CONFEDERACY Con*fed"er*a*cy, n.; pl. Confederacies. Etym: [From Confederate, a.]

1. A league or compact between two or more persons, bodies of men, or states, for mutual support or common action; alliance. The friendships of the world are oft Confederacies in vice or leagues of pleasure. Addison. He hath heard of our confederacy. Shak. Virginia promoted a confederacy. Bancroft.

2. The persons, bodies, states, or nations united by a league; a confederation. The Grecian common wealth, . . . the most heroic confederacy that ever existed. Harris. Virgil has a whole confederacy against him. Dryden.

3. (Law)

Defn: A combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means. See Conspiracy.

Syn. -- League; compact; alliance; association; union; combination; confederation.

CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. confoederatus, p. p. of confoederare to join by a league; con- + foederare to establish by treaty or league, fr. foedus league, compact. See Federal.]

1. United in a league; allied by treaty; engaged in a confederacy; banded together; allied. All the swords In Italy, and her confederate arms, Could not have made this peace. Shak.

2. (Amer. Hist.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the government of the eleven Southern States of the United States which (1860-1865) attempted to establish an independent nation styled the Confederate States of America; as, the Confederate congress; Confederate money.

CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, n.

1. One who is united with others in a league; a person or a nation engaged in a confederacy; an ally; also, an accomplice in a bad sense. He found some of his confederates in gaol. Macaulay.

2. (Amer. Hist.)

Defn: A name designating an adherent to the cause of the States which attempted to withdraw from the Union (1860-1865).

CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confederated; p. pr. & vb. n. Confederating.]

Defn: To unite in a legue or confederacy; to ally. With these the Piercies them confederate. Daniel.

CONFEDERATE Con*fed"er*ate, v. i.

Defn: To unite in a league; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; to band together. By words men . . . covenant and confederate. South.

CONFEDERATER Con*fed"er*a`ter, n.

Defn: A confederate.

CONFEDERATION Con*fed`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. confoederatio: cf. F. confédération.]

1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual support; alliance, particulary of princes, nations, or states. The three princes enter into some strict league and confederation among themselves. Bacon. This was no less than a political confederation of the colonies of New England. Palfrey.

2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a confederacy. Articles of confederation. See under Article.

CONFEDERATIVE Con*fed"er*a*tive ( or ), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a confederation.

CONFEDERATOR Con*fed"er*a`tor, n.

Defn: A confederate. Grafton.

CONFER Con*fer", v.t. [imp. & p. p. Conferred; p. pr. & vb. n. Conferring.] Etym: [L. conferre to bring together, contribute, consult; con- + ferre to bear: cf. F. conférer. See 1st Bear.]

1. To bring together for comparison; to compare. [Obs.] If we confer these observations with others of the like nature, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion. Boyle.

2. To grant as a possession; to bestow. The public marks of honor and reward Conferred upon me. Milton.

3. To contribute; to conduce. [Obs.] The closeness and compactness of the parts resting together doth much confer to the strength of the union. Glanvill.

CONFER Con*fer", v. i.

Defn: To have discourse; to consult; to compare views; to deliberate. Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered. Acts xxv. 12. You shall hear us confer of this. Shak.

Syn. -- To counsel; advise; discourse; converse.

CONFEREE Con`fer*ee", n. Etym: [Cf. Referee.]

1. One who is conferred with, or who takes part in a conference; as, the conferees on the part of the Senate.

2. One upon whom something is conferred.

CONFERENCE Con"fer*ence, n. Etym: [F. conférence. See Confer.]

1. The act of comparing two or more things together; comparison. [Obs.] Helps and furtherances which . . . the mutual conference of all men's collections and observations may afford. Hocker.

2. The act of consulting together formally; serious conversation or discussion; interchange of views. Nor with such free and friendly conference As he hath used of old. Shak.

3. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or an interchange of opinions.

4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committees, to adjust between them.

5. (Methodist Church)

Defn: A stated meeting of preachers and others, invested with authority to take cognizance of ecclesiastical matters.

6. A voluntary association of Congregational churches of a district; the district in which such churches are. Conference meeting, a meeting for conference. Specifically, a meeting conducted (usually) by laymen, for conference and prayer. [U. S.] -- Conference room, a room for conference and prayer, and for the pastor's less formal addresses. [U. S.]

CONFERENTIAL Con`fer*en"tial, a.

Defn: Relating to conference. [R.] Clarke.

CONFERRABLE Con*fer"ra*ble a.

Defn: Capable of being conferred.

CONFERREE Con`fer*ree", n.

Defn: Same as Conferee.

CONFERRER Con*fer"rer, n.

1. One who confers; one who converses. Johnson.

2. One who bestows; a giver.

CONFERRUMINATE; CONFERRUMINATED Con`fer*ru"mi*nate, Con`fer*ru"mi*na`ted, a. Etym: [L. conferruminare to cement. See Ferruminate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Closely united by the coalescence, or sticking together, of contiguous faces, as in the case of the cotyledons of the live-oak acorn.

CONFERVA Con*fer"va, n.; pl. Confervæ. Etym: [L., a kind of water plant. See Comfrey.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any unbranched, slender, green plant of the fresh-water algae. The word is frequently used in a wider sense.

CONFERVACEOUS Con`fer*va"ceous, a.

Defn: Belonging to the confervae.

CONFERVOID Con*fer"void, a. Etym: [Conferva + -oid.]

Defn: Like, or related to, the confervae. Loudon.

CONFERVOUS Con*fer"vous, a.

Defn: Pertaining to confervae; consisting of, or resembling, the confervae. Yon exiguous pool's confervous scum. O. W. Holmes.

CONFESS Con*fess", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confessed; p.pr. & vb.n. Confessing.] Etym: [F. confesser, fr. L. confessus, p.p. of confiteri to confess; con- + fateri to confess; akin to fari to speak. See 2d Ban, Fame.]

1. To make acknowledgment or avowal in a matter pertaining to one's self; to acknowledge, own, or admit, as a crime, a fault, a debt. And there confess Humbly our faults, and pardon beg. Milton. I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect that none of them have mentioned. Addison.

2. To acknowledge faith in; to profess belief in. Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before men, him will I confess, also, before my Father which is in heaven. Matt. x. 32. For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess both. Acts xxiii. 8.

3. To admit as true; to assent to; to acknowledge, as after a previous doubt, denial, or concealment. I never gave it him. Send for him hither, And let him confess a truth. Shak. As I confess it needs must be. Tennyson. As an actor confessed without rival to shine. Goldsmith.

4. (Eccl.) (a) To make known or acknowledge, as one's sins to a priest, in order to receive absolution; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. Our beautiful votary took an opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father. Addison.

(b) To hear or receive such confession; -- said of a priest. He . . . heard mass, and the prince, his son, with him, and the most part of his company were confessed. Ld. Berners.

5. To disclose or reveal, as an effect discloses its cause; to prove; to attest. Tall thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold. Pope.

Syn. -- Admit; grant; concede; avow; own; assent; recognize; prove; exhibit; attest. -- To Confess, Acknowledge, Avow. Acknowledge is opposed to conceal. We acknowledge what we feel must or ought to be made known. (See Acknowledge.) Avow is opposed to withhold. We avow when we make an open and public declaration, as against obloquy or opposition; as, to avow one's principles; to avow one's participation in some act. Confess is opposed to deny. We confess (in the ordinary sense of the word) what we feel to have been wrong; as, to confess one's errors or faults. We sometimes use confess and acknowledge when there is no admission of our being in the wrong; as, this, I confess, is my opinion; I acknowledge I have always thought so; but in these cases we mean simply to imply that others may perhaps think us in the wrong, and hence we use the words by way of deference to their opinions. It was in this way that the early Christians were led to use the Latin confiteor and confessio fidei to denote the public declaration of their faith in Christianity; and hence the corresponding use in English of the verb confess and the noun confession.

CONFESS Con*fess", v. i.

1. To make confession; to disclose sins or faults, or the state of the conscience. Every tongue shall confess to God. Rom. xiv. 11.

2. To acknowledge; to admit; to concede. But since (And I confess with right) you think me bound. Tennyson.

CONFESSANT Con*fess"ant, n. Etym: [F. confessant.]

Defn: One who confesses to a priest. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONFESSARY Con*fess"a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. confessarius.]

Defn: One who makes a confession. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CONFESSEDLY Con*fess"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: By confession; without denial. [Written also confessly.]

CONFESSER Con*fess"er, n.

Defn: One who makes a confession.

CONFESSION Con*fes"sion, n. Etym: [F. confession, L. confessio.]

1. Acknowledgment; avowal, especially in a matter pertaining to one's self; the admission of a debt, obligation, or crime. With a crafty madness keeps aloof, When we would bring him on to some confession Of his true state. Shak.

2. Acknowledgment of belief; profession of one's faith. With the mouth confession is made unto salvation. Rom. x. 10.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest in order to obtain sacramental absolution. Auricular confession . . . or the private and special confession of sins to a priest for the purpose of obtaining his absolution. Hallam.

4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admission to membership of a church; a confession of faith.

5. (Law)

Defn: An admission by a party to whom an act is imputed, in relation to such act. A judicial confession settles the issue to which it applies; an extrajudical confession may be explained or rebutted. Wharton. Confession and avoidance (Law), a mode of pleading in which the party confesses the facts as stated by his adversary, but alleges some new matter by way of avoiding the legal effect claimed for them. Mozley & W. Confession of faith, a formulary containing the articles of faith; a creed. -- General confession, the confession of sins made by a number of persons in common, as in public prayer. -- Westminster Confession. See Westminster Assembly, under Assembly.

CONFESSIONAL Con*fes"sion*al, n. Etym: [F. confessional.]

Defn: The recess, seat, or inclosed place, where a priest sits to hear confessions; often a small structure furnished with a seat for the priest and with a window or aperture so that the penitent who is outside may whisper into the priest's ear without being seen by him or heard by others.

CONFESSIONAL Con*fes"sion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a confession of faith. Confessional equality, equality before the law of persons confessing different creeds.

CONFESSIONALISM Con*fes"sion*al*ism, n. (Eccl.)

Defn: An exaggerated estimate of the importance of giving full assent to any particular formula of the Christian faith. Shaff.

CONFESSIONALIST Con*fes"sion*al*ist, n.

Defn: A priest hearing, or sitting to hear, confession. [R.] Boucher

CONFESSIONARY Con*fes"sion*a*ry, n. Etym: [LL. confessionarium.]

Defn: A confessional. [Obs.] Johnson.

CONFESSIONARY Con*fes"sion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to auricular confession; as, a confessionary litany.

CONFESSIONIST Con*fes"sion*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. confessioniste.]

Defn: One professing a certain faith. Bp. Montagu.

CONFESSOR Con*fess"or, n. Etym: [OF. confessor, F. confesseur, fr. L. & LL. confessor.]

1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges a fault, or the truth of a charge, at the risk of suffering; specifically, one who confesses himself a follower of Christ and endures persecution for his faith. He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is a confessor. Latham. Our religion which hath been sealed with the blood of so many martyrs and confessors. Bacon.

2. A priest who hears the confessions of others and is authorized to grant them absolution.

CONFESSORSHIP Con*fess"or*ship, n.

Defn: The act or state of suffering persecution for religious faith. Our duty to contend even to confessorship. J. H. Newman.

CONFESTLY Con*fest"ly, adv.

Defn: See Cofessedly.

CONFETTI Con*fet"ti, n. pl.; sing. -fetto. [It. Cf. Comfit.]

Defn: Bonbons; sweetmeats; confections; also, plaster or paper imitations of, or substitutes for, bonbons, often used by carnival revelers, at weddings, etc.

CONFIDANT; CONFIDANTE Con`fi*dant"; 277), n. masc., Con`fi*dante", n. fem.Etym: [F. confident, confidente, formerly also spelt confidant, confidante. See Confide, and cf. Confident.]

Defn: One to whom secrets, especially those relating to affairs of love, are confided or intrusted; a confidential or bosom friend. You love me for no other end Than to become my confidant and friend; As such I keep no secret from your sight. Dryden.

CONFIDE Con*fide", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Confided; p.pr. & vb.n. Confiding.] Etym: [L. confidere; con- + fidere to trust. See Faith, and cf. Affiance.]

Defn: To put faith (in); to repose confidence; to trust; -- usually followed by in; as, the prince confides in his ministers. By thy command I rise or fall, In thy protection I confide. Byron. Judge before friendships, then confide till death. Young.

CONFIDE Con*fide", v. t.

Defn: To intrust; to give in charge; to commit to one's keeping; -- followed by to. Congress may . . . confide to the Circuit jurisdiction of all offenses against the United States. Story.

CONFIDENCE Con"fi*dence, n. Etym: [L. confidentia firm trust in, self- confidence: cf. F. confidence.]

1. The act of confiding, trusting, or putting faith in; trust; reliance; belief; -- formerly followed by of, now commonly by in. Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one another's integrity. South. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God. Macaulay.

2. That in which faith is put or reliance had. The Lord shall be thy confidence. Prov. iii. 26.

3. The state of mind characterized by one's reliance on himself, or his circumstamces; a feeling of self-sufficiency; such assurance as leads to a feeling of security; self-reliance; -- often with self prefixed. Your wisdom is consumed in confidence; Do not go forth to-day. Shak. But confidence then bore thee on secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial. Milton.

4. Private conversation; (pl.) secrets shared; as, there were confidences between them. Sir, I desire some confidence with you. Shak. Confidence game, any swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence reposed by the victim in the swindler. -- Confidence man, a swindler. -- To take into one's confidence, to admit to a knowledge of one's feelings, purposes, or affairs.

Syn. -- Trust; assurance; expectation; hope. I am confident that very much be done. Boyle.

2. Trustful; without fear or suspicion; frank; unreserved. Be confident to speak, Northumberland; We three are but thyself. Shak.

3. Having self-reliance; bold; undaunted. As confident as is the falcon's flight Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight. Shak.

4. Having an excess of assurance; bold to a fault; dogmatical; impudent; presumptuous. The fool rageth and is confident. Prov. xiv. 16.

5. Giving occasion for confidence. [R.] The cause was more confident than the event was prosperious. Jer. Taylor.

CONFIDENT Con"fi*dent, n.

Defn: See Confidant. South. Dryden.

CONFIDENTIAL Con`fi*den"tial, a. Etym: [Cf. F. confidentiel.]

1. Enjoying, or treated with, confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; as, a confidential servant or clerk.

2. Communicated in confidence; secret. "Confidential messages." Burke. Confidential communication (Law) See Privileged communication, under Privileged. -- Confidential creditors, those whose claims are of such a character that they are entitled to be paid before other creditors. -- Confidential debts, debts incurred for borrowed money, and regarded as having a claim to be paid before other debts. McElrath.

CONFIDENTIALLY Con`fi*den"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In confidence; in reliance on secrecy.

CONFIDENTLY Con"fi*dent*ly, adv.

Defn: With confidence; with strong assurance; positively.

CONFIDENTNESS Con"fi*dent*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being confident.

CONFIDER Con*fid"er, n.

Defn: One who confides.

CONFIDING Con*fid"ing, a.

Defn: That confides; trustful; unsuspicious. -- Con*fid"ing*ly, adv. -- Con*fid"ing*ness, n.

CONFIGURATE Con*fig"ur*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. configuratus, p.p. of configurare to form or after; con- + figurare to form, figura form. See Figure.]

Defn: To take form or position, as the parts of a complex structure; to agree with a pattern. Known by the name of uniformity; Where pyramids to pyramids relate And the whole fabric doth configurate. Jordan.

CONFIGURATION Con*fig`u*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. configuratio.]

1. Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing' shape; figure. It is the variety of configurations [of the mouth] . . . which gives birth and origin to the several vowels. Harris.

2. (Astrol.)

Defn: Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. They [astrologers] undertook . . . to determine the course of a man's character and life from the configuration of the stars at the moment of his birth. Whewell.

CONFIGURE Con*fig"ure, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Configured; p.pr. & vb.n. Configuring.] Etym: [L. configurare: cf. F. configurer. See Configurate.]

Defn: To arrange or dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley.

CONFINABLE Con*fin"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being confined, restricted, or limited. Not confinable to any limits. Bp. Hall.

CONFINE Con*fine", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confined; p.pr. & vb.n. Confining.] Etym: [F. confiner to border upon, LL. confinare to set bounds to; con- + finis boundary, end. See Final, Finish.]

Defn: To restrain within limits; to restrict; to limit; to bound; to shut up; to inclose; to keep close. Now let not nature's hand Keep the wild flood confined! let order die! Shak. He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers and the slavery of rhyme. Dryden. To be confined, to be in childbed.

Syn. -- To bound; limit; restrain; imprison; immure; inclose; circumscribe; restrict.

CONFINE Con"fine or

Defn: (v. i. To have a common boundary; to border; to lie contiguous; to touch; -- followed by on or with. [Obs.] Where your g;oomy bounds Confine with heaven. Milton. Beywixt hezven and earth and skies there stands a place. Confuining on all three. Dryden.

CONFINE Con"fine, n.

1. Common boundary; border; limit; -- used chiefly in the plural. Events that came to pass within the confines of Judea. Locke. And now in little space The confines met of emryrean heaven, And of this world. Milton. On the confines of the city and the Temple. Macaulay.

2. Apartment; place of restraint; prison. [Obs.] Confines, wards, and dungeons. Shak. The extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine. Shak.

CONFINELESS Con"fine`less ( or ), a.

Defn: Without limitation or end; boundless. Shak.

CONFINEMENT Con*fine"ment, n.

1. Restraint within limits; imprisonment; any restraint of liberty; seclusion. The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under confinement when the sight is pent up. Addison.

2. Restraint within doors by sickness, esp. that caused by childbirth; lying-in.

CONFINER Con*fin"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, limits or restrains.

CONFINER Con"fi`ner ( or , n.

Defn: One who lives on confines, or near the border of a country; a borderer; a near neighbor. [Obs.] Bacon. Happy confiners you of other lands, That shift your soil, and oft 'scape tyrants' hands. Daniel.

CONFINITY Con*fin"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. confinité.]

Defn: Community of limits; contiguity. [R.] Bailey.

CONFIRM Con*firm", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Confrmed; p.pr. & vb.n. Confirming.] Etym: [OE. confermen, confirmen, OF. confermer, F. confirmer, fr. L. confirmare; con- + firmare to make firm, fr. firmus firm. See Firm.]

1. To make firm or firmer; to add strength to; to establish; as, health is confirmed by exercise. Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. Shak. Annd confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law. Ps. cv. 10.

2. To strengthen in judgment or purpose. Confirmed, then, I resolve Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe. Milton.

3. To give new assurance of the truth of; to render certain; to verify; to corroborate; as, to confirm a rumor. Your eyes shall witness and confirm my tale. Pope. These likelihoods confirm her flight. Shak.

4. To render valid by formal assent; to complete by a necessary sanction; to ratify; as, to confirm the appoinment of an official; the Senate confirms a treaty. That treaty so prejudicial ought to have been remitted rather than confimed. Swift.

5. (Eccl.)

Defn: To administer the rite of confirmation to. See Confirmation, 3. Those which are thus confirmed are thereby supposed to be fit for admission to the sacrament. Hammond.

Syn. -- To strengthen; corroborate; substantiate; establish; fix; ratify; settle; verify; assure.

CONFIRMABLE Con*firm"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be confirmed.

CONFIRMANCE Con*firm"ance, n.

Defn: Confirmation. [Obs.]

CONFIRMATION Con`fir*ma"tion, n. Etym: [F. confirmation, L. confirmatio.]

1. The act of confirming or strengthening; the act of establishing, ratifying, or sanctioning; as, the confirmation of an appointment. Their blood is shed In confirmation of the noblest claim. Cowper.

2. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance; as to a statement or belief; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony. Trifles light as air Are to the jealous confirmations strong As proofs of holy writ. Shak.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: A rite supplemental to baptism, by which a person is admitted, through the laying on of the hands of a bishop, to the full privileges of the church, as in the Roman Catholic, the Episcopal Church, etc. This ordinance is called confirmation, because they who duly receive it are confirmed or strengthened for the fulfillment of their Christian duties, by the grace therein bestowed upon them. Hook.

4. (Law)

Defn: A conveyance by which a voidable estate is made sure and not voliable, or by which a particular estate is increased; a contract, express or implied, by which a person makes that firm and binding which was before voidable.

CONFIRMATIVE Con*firm"a*tive, a. Etym: [L. confirmativus: cf. F. confirmatif.]

Defn: Tending confirm or establish. Sherwood. -- Con*firm"a*tive*ly, adv.

CONFIRMATOR Con"fir*ma`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who, or that which, confirms; a confirmer. Sir T. Browne.

CONFIRMATORY Con*firm"a*to*ry, a. .

Defn: Serving to confirm; corroborative. A fact confirmatory of the conclusion. I. Taylor.

2. Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. Compton.

CONFIRMEDLY Con*firm"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: With confirmation.

CONFIRMEDNESS Con*firm"ed*ness, n.

Defn: A fixed state.

CONFIRMEE Con`fir*mee", n. Etym: [F. confirm, p.p. of confirmer.] (Law)

Defn: One to whom anuthing is confirmed.

CONFIRMER Con*firm"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one who corroborates. Shak.

CONFIRMINGLY Con*firm"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a confirming manner.

CONFISCABLE Con*fis"ca*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. confiscable.]

Defn: Capable of being confiscated; liable to forfeiture.

CONFISCATE Con"fis*cate ( or , a. Etym: [L. confiscatus, p.p. of confiscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest; con- + fiscus basket, purse, treasury. See Fiscal.]

Defn: Seized and appropriated by the government to the public use; forfeited. Lest that your goods too soon be confiscate. Shak.

CONFISCATE Con"fis*cate ( or , v. t. [imp & p. p. Confiscated; p.pr & vb. n. Confiscating.]

Defn: To seize as forfeited to the public treasury; to appropriate to the public use. It was judged that he should be banished and his whole estate confiscated and seized. Bacon.

CONFISCATION Con`fis*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. confiscatio.]

Defn: The act or process of taking property or condemning it to be taken, as forfeited to the public use. The confiscations following a subdued rebellion. Hallam.

CONFISCATOR Con"fis*ca`tor, n. Etym: [L., a treasurer.]

Defn: One who confiscates. Burke.

CONFISCATORY Con*fis"ca*to*ry, a.

Defn: Effecting confiscation; characterized by confiscations. "Confiscatory and exterminatory periods." Burke.

CONFIT Con"fit, n.

Defn: Same as Comfit. [Obs.]

CONFITENT Con"fi*tent, n. Etym: [L. confitens, p.pr.]

Defn: One who confesses his sins and faults. [Obs.]

CONFITEOR Con*fit"e*or, n. Etym: [L., I confess. See Confess.] (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A form of prayer in which public confession of sins is made.

CONFITURE Con"fi*ture ( or , n.

Defn: The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds. If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed. Motley.

CONFIX Con*fix", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confixed; p. pr. & vb. n. Confixing.] [L. confixus, p. p. of configere to fasten together.]

Defn: To fix; to fasten. [Obs.] Shak.

CONFIXURE Con*fix"ure (; 135), n.

Defn: Act of fastening. [Obs.]

CONFLAGRANT Con*fla"grant, a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare; con- + flagrare to blaze. See Flagrant.]

Defn: Burning together in a common flame. [R.] "The conflagrant mass." Milton.

CONFLAGRATION Con`fla*gra"tion, n. [L. conflagratio: cf. F. conflagration.]

Defn: A fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning.

Till one wide conflagration swallows all. Pope.

CONFLATE Con*flate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflating.] [L. conflatus, p. p. of conflare to blow together; con- + flare to blow.]

Defn: To blow together; to bring together; to collect; to fuse together; to join or weld; to consolidate.

The State-General, created and conflated by the passionate effort of the whole nation. Carlyle.

CONFLATION Con*fla"tion, n. [L. conflatio.]

Defn: A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in a foundry. [R.] Bacon.

CONFLICT Con"flict, n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr. confligere, - flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F. conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.]

1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as, a conflict of elements or waves.

2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle; struggle; fighting.

As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he became eager for

## action and conflict.

Macaulay.

An irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces. W. H. Seward.

Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; -- often used as synonymous with Private international law.

Syn. -- Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife; contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest.

CONFLICT Con*flict", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Conflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Conflicting.] [L. conflictus, p. p. of confligere to conflict (cf. conflictare); con- + fligere to strike; cf. Gr. fli`bein, qli`bein, to press, L. flagrum whip.]

1. To strike or dash together; to meet in violent collision; to collide. Shak.

Fire and water conflicting together. Bacon.

2. To maintain a conflict; to contend; to engage in strife or opposition; to struggle.

A man would be content to . . . conflict with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward. Abp. Tillotson.

3. To be in opposition; to be contradictory.

The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in some cases, conflict with each other. Wheaton.

Syn. -- To fight; contend; contest; resist; struggle; combat; strive; battle.

CONFLICTING Con*flict"ing, a.

Defn: Being in conflict or collision, or in opposition; contending; contradictory; incompatible; contrary; opposing.

Torn with sundry conflicting passions. Bp. Hurd.

CONFLICTIVE Con*flict"ive, a.

Defn: Tending to conflict; conflicting. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONFLUENCE Con"flu*ence, n. [L. confluentia.]

1. The act of flowing together; the meeting or junction of two or more streams; the place of meeting.

New York stood at the confluence of two rivers. Bancroft.

2. Any running together of separate streams or currents; the act of meeting and crowding in a place; hence, a crowd; a concourse; an assemblage.

You see this confluence, this great flood of vistors. Shak.

The confluence . . . of all true joys. Boyle.

CONFLUENT Con"flu*ent, a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of confluere, -fluxum; con- + fluere to flow. See Fluent.]

1. Flowing together; meeting in their course; running one into another.

These confluent steams make some great river's head. Blackmore.

2. (Bot.) Blended into one; growing together, so as to obliterate all distinction.

3. (Med.) (a) Running together or uniting, as pimples or pustules. (b) Characterized by having the pustules, etc., run together or unite, so as to cover the surface; as, confluent smallpox. Dunglison.

CONFLUENT Con"flu*ent, n.

1. A small steam which flows into a large one.

2. The place of meeting of steams, currents, etc. [Obs.] Holland.

CONFLUX Con"flux, n. [From L. confluxus, p. p. See Confluent.]

1. A flowing together; a meeting of currents. "The conflux of meeting sap." Shak.

The general conflux and concourse of the whole people. Clarendon.

2. A large assemblage; a passing multitude.

To the gates cast round thine eye, and see What conflux issuing forth, or entering in. Milton.

CONFLUXIBILITY Con*flux`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The tendency of fluids to run together. [R.] Boyle.

CONFLUXIBLE Con*flux"i*ble, a.

Defn: Inclined to flow or run together. --Con*flux"i*ble*ness, n.

CONFOCAL Con*fo"cal, a. (Math.)

Defn: Having the same foci; as, confocal quadrics.

CONFORM Con*form", a. [L. conformis; con- + forma form: cf. F. conforme.]

Defn: Of the same form; similar in import; conformable. Bacon.

Care must be taken that the interpretation be every way conform to the analogy of faith. Bp.Hall.

CONFORM Con*form", v. i.

1. To be in accord or harmony; to comply; to be obedient; to submit; -- with to or with.

A rule to which experience must conform. Whewell.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) To comply with the usages of the Established Church; to be a conformist.

About two thousand ministers whose consciences did not suffer them to conform were driven from their benefices in a day. Macaulay.

CONFORM Con*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conformed; p. pr. & vb. n. Conforming.] [F. conformer, L. conformare, -formatum; con- + formare to form, forma form. See Form.]

Defn: To shape in accordance with; to make like; to bring into harmony or agreement with; -- usually with to or unto.

Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves unto the order of the church. Hooker.

CONFORMABILITY Con*form`a*bil"i*ty, n.

1. The state of being conformable.

2. (Geol.) The parallelism of two sets of strata which are in contact.

CONFORMABLE Con*form"a*ble, a.

1. Corresponding in form, character, opinions, etc.; similar; like; consistent; proper or suitable; --usually followed by to.

The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing perfectly conformable with that character. Addison.

Conformable to Scripture as well as to philosophy. Whewell.

To make matters somewhat conformable for the old knight. Sir W. Scott.

2. Disposed to compliance or obedience; ready to follow directions; submissive; compliant.

I have been to you a true and humble wife, At all times to your will conformable. Shak.

3. (Geol.) Parallel, or nearly so; -- said of strata in contact.

CONFORMABLENESS Con*form"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being conformable; conformability.

CONFORMABLY Con*form"a*bly, adv.

Defn: With conformity or in conformity; suitably; agreeably.

Conformably to the law and nature of God. Bp. Beveridge.

CONFORMANCE Con*form"ance, n.

Defn: Conformity. [R.] Marston.

CONFORMATE Con*form"ate, a. [L. conformatus, p. p. See Conform.]

Defn: Having the same form. [R.]

CONFORMATION Con`for*ma"tion, n. [L. conformatio: cf. F. conformation.]

1. The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity.

The conformation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and morality. I. Watts.

2. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement.

In Hebrew poetry, there may be observed a certain conformation of the sentences. Lowth.

A structure and conformation of the earth. Woodward.

CONFORMATOR Con"for*ma`tor, n. [L., a framer.]

Defn: An apparatus for taking the conformation of anything, as of the head for fitting a hat, or, in craniometry, finding the largest horizontal area of the head.

CONFORMER Con*form"er, n.

Defn: One who conforms; one who complies with established forms or doctrines.

CONFORMIST Con*form"ist, n.

Defn: One who conforms or complies; esp., one who conforms to the Church of England, or to the Established Church, as distinguished from a dissenter or nonconformist.

A cheeful conformist to your judgment. Jer.Taylor.

CONFORMITY Con*form"i*ty, n.; pl. Conformities (#). [Cf. F. conformité.]

1. Correspondence in form, manner, or character; resemblance; agreement; congruity; -- followed by to, with, or between.

By our conformity to God. Tillotson.

The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with God. Dr. H.More.

A conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive taste. Addison.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) Compliance with the usages of the Established Church.

The king [James I.] soon afterward put forth a proclamation requiring all ecclesiastical and civil officers to do their duty by enforcing conformity. Hallam.

CONFORTATION Con`for*ta"tion, n. [Cf. F. confortation, LL. confortatio. Cf. Comfort.]

Defn: The act of strengthening. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONFOUND Con*found" (kon*found"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Confounding.] [F. confondre, fr. L. confundere, -fusum, to pour together; con- + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt, and cf. Confuse.]

1. To mingle and blend, so that different elements can not be distinguished; to confuse.

They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them, but confound them with words, must have endless dispute. Locke.

Let us go down, and there confound their language. Gen. xi. 7.

2. To mistake for another; to identify falsely.

They [the tinkers] were generally vagrants and pilferers, and were often confounded with the gypsies. Macaulay.

3. To throw into confusion or disorder; to perplex; to strike with amazement; to dismay.

The gods confound... The Athenians both within and out that wall. Shak.

They trusted in thee and were not confounded. Ps. xxii. 5.

So spake the Son of God, and Satan stood A while as mute, confounded what to say. Milton.

4. To destroy; to ruin; to waste. [Obs.]

One man's lust these many lives confounds. Shak.

How couldst thou in a mile confound an hour Shak.

Syn. -- To abash; confuse; baffle; dismay; astonish; defeat; terrify; mix; blend; intermingle. See Abash.

CONFOUNDED Con*found"ed, a.

1. Confused; perplexed.

A cloudy and confounded philosopher. Cudworth.

2. Excessive; extreme; abominable. [Colloq.]

He was a most confounded tory. Swift.

The tongue of that confounded woman. Sir. W. Scott.

CONFOUNDEDLY Con*found"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Extremely; odiously; detestably. [Colloq.] "Confoundedly sick." Goldsmith.

CONFOUNDEDNESS Con*found"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being confounded.

Their witty descant of my confoundedness. Milton.

CONFOUNDER Con*found"er, n.

Defn: One who confounds.

CONFRACT Con"fract`, a. [L. confractus, p. p. of confringere.]

Defn: Broken in pieces; severed. [Obs.]

CONFRAGOSE Con`fra*gose", a. [L. confragosus; con- + fragosus, fr. frangere. See Fragile.]

Defn: Broken; uneven. [Obs.] "Confragose cataracts." Evelyn.

CONFRATERNITY Con`fra*ter"ni*ty, n.; pl. Confraternities (#). [LL. confraternitas: cf. F. confraternité. See Fraternity.]

Defn: A society or body of men united for some purpose, or in some profession; a brotherhood.

These live in one society and confraternity. Stow.

CONFRERE Con`frere", n. [F.]

Defn: Fellow member of a fraternity; intimate associate.

CONFRICATION Con`fri*ca"tion, n. [L. confricatio, fr. confricare to rub vigorously.]

Defn: A rubbing together; friction. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONFRIER Con*fri"er, n. [Cf. F. confrère. See Friar.]

Defn: A confrère. [Obs.] Weever.

CONFRONT Con*front", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confronting.] [F. confronter; L. con- + frons the forehead or front. See Front.]

1. To stand facing or in front of; to face; esp. to face hostilely; to oppose with firmness.

We four, indeed, confronted were with four In Russian habit. Shak.

He spoke and then confronts the bull. Dryden.

Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with almost a fierce expression. Hawthorne.

It was impossible at once to confront the might of France and to trample on the liberties of England. Macaulay.

2. To put face to face; to cause to face or to meet; as, to confront one with the proofs of his wrong doing.

3. To set in opposition for examination; to put in contrast; to compare.

When I confront a medal with a verse, I only show you the same design executed by different hands. Addison.

CONFRONTATION Con`fron*ta"tion, n. [LL. confrontatio.]

Defn: Act of confronting. H. Swinburne.

CONFRONTE Con`fron`té", a. [F., p. p. confronter.] (Her.)

Defn: Same as Affronté.

CONFRONTER Con*front"er, n.

Defn: One who confronts.

A confronter in authority. Speed.

CONFRONTING confronting n.

Defn: dealing with (a person or problem) directly; taking the bull by the horns. Syn. -- braving, coping with, grappling, tackling. [WordNet 1.5 +PJC]

CONFRONTMENT Con*front"ment, n.

Defn: The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

CONFRONTMENT Con*front"ment, n.

Defn: The act of confronting; the state of being face to face.

CONFUCIAN Con*fu"cian, a.

Defn: Of, or relating to, Confucius, the great Chinese philosopher and teacher. -- n.

Defn: A Confucianist.

CONFUCIANISM Con*fu"cian*ism, n.

Defn: The political morality taught by Confucius and his disciples, which forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any god. S. W. Williams.

CONFUCIANIST Con*fu"cian*ist, n.

Defn: A follower of Confucius; a Confucian. S. W. Williams.

CONFUS Con*fus, a. [F. See Confuse, a.]

Defn: Confused, disturbed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CONFUSABILITY Con*fus`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: Capability of being confused.

CONFUSABLE Con*fus"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being confused.

CONFUSE Con*fuse", a. [F. confus, L. confusus, p. p. of confundere. See Confound.]

Defn: Mixed; confounded. [Obs.] Baret.

CONFUSE Con*fuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confused; p. pr. & vb. n. Confusing.]

1. To mix or blend so that things can not be distinguished; to jumble together; to confound; to render indistinct or obscure; as, to confuse accounts; to confuse one's vision.

A universal hubbub wild Of stunning sounds and voices all confused. Milton.

2. To perplex; to disconcert; to abash; to cause to lose self- possession.

Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse A life that leads melodious days. Tennyson.

Confused and sadly she at length replied. Pope.

Syn. -- To abash; disorder; disarrange; disconcert; confound; obscure; distract. See Abash.

CONFUSEDLY Con*fus"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a confused manner.

CONFUSEDNESS Con*fus"ed*ness, n.

Defn: A state of confusion. Norris.

CONFUSELY Con*fuse"ly, adv.

Defn: Confusedly; obscurely. [Obs.]

CONFUSION Con*fu"sion, n. [F. confusion, L. confusio.]

1. The state of being mixed or blended so as to produce indistinctness or error; indistinct combination; disorder; tumult.

The confusion of thought to which the Aristotelians were liable. Whewell.

Moody beggars starving for a time Of pellmell havoc and confusion. Shak.

2. The state of being abashed or disconcerted; loss self-possession; perturbation; shame.

Confusion dwelt in every face And fear in every heart. Spectator.

3. Overthrow; defeat; ruin.

Ruin seize thee, ruthless king, Confusion on thy banners wait. Gray.

4. One who confuses; a confounder. [Obs.] Chapmen.

Confusion of goods (Law), the intermixture of the goods of two or more persons, so that their respective portions can no longer be distinguished. Blackstone. Bouvier.

CONFUSIVE Con*fu"sive, a.

Defn: Confusing; having a tendency to confusion. Bp. Hall.

CONFUTABLE Con*fut"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be confuted.

A conceit . . . confutable by daily experience. Sir T.Browne.

CONFUTANT Con*fut"ant, n. [L. confutans, p. pr. of confutare.]

Defn: One who undertakes to confute. Milton.

CONFUTATION Con`fu*ta"tion, n. [L. confutatio: cf. F. confutation.]

Defn: The act or process of confuting; refutation. "For the edification of some and the confutation of others." Bp. Horne.

CONFUTATIVE Con*fut"a*tive, a.

Defn: Adapted or designed to confute. Bp. Warburton

CONFUTE Con*fute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Confuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Confuting.] [L. confutare to chek (a boiling liquid), to repress, confute; con- + a root seen in futis a water vessel), prob. akin to fundere to pour: cf. F. confuter. See Fuse to melt.]

Defn: To overwhelm by argument; to refute conclusively; to prove or show to be false or defective; to overcome; to silence.

Satan stood . . . confuted and convinced Of his weak arguing fallacious drift. Milton.

No man's error can be confuted who doth not . . . grant some true principle that contradicts his error. Chillingworth.

I confute a good profession with a bad conversation. Fuller.

Syn. -- To disprove; overthrow; sed aside; refute; oppugn. -- To Confute, Refute. Refute is literally to and decisive evidence; as, to refute a calumny, charge, etc. Confute is literally to check boiling, as when cold water is poured into hot, thus serving to allay, bring down, or neutralize completely. Hence, as applied to arguments (and the word is never applied, like refute, to charges), it denotes, to overwhelm by evidence which puts an end to the case and leaves an opponent nothing to say; to silence; as, "the atheist is confuted by the whole structure of things around him."

CONFUTEMENT Con*fute"ment, n.

Defn: Confutation. [Obs.] Milton.

CONFUTER Con*fut"er, n.

Defn: One who confutes or disproves.

CONG Cong, n. (Med.)

Defn: An abbreviation of Congius.

CONGE Con"ge, v. i. [Imp. & p. p. Congeed; p. pr. & vb. n. Congeing.] [OF. congier, congeer, F. congédier, fr. congé. See Congé, n.]

Defn: To take leave with the customary civilities; to bow or courtesy.

I have congeed with the duke, done my adieu with his nearest. Shak.

CONGE Con`gé" (kôN`zhay"; E. kon"je; 277), n. [F., leave, permission, fr. L. commeatus a going back and forth, a leave of absence, furlough, fr. commeare, -meatum, to go and come; com- + meare to go. Cf. Permeate.] [Formerly written congie.]

1. The act of taking leave; parting ceremony; farewell; also, dismissal.

Should she pay off old Briggs and give her her congé Thackeray.

2. The customary act of civility on any occasion; a bow or a courtesy.

The captain salutes you with congé profound. Swift.

3. (Arch.) An apophyge. Gwilt.

Congé d'élire [F., leave to choose] (Eccl.), the sovereign's license or permission to a dean and chapter to choose as bishop the person nominated in the missive.

CONGEABLE Con"ge*a*ble, a. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Permissible; done lawfully; as, entry congeable.

CONGEAL Con*geal", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congealed; p. pr. & vb. n. Congealing.] [F. congeler, L. congelare, -gelatumn; con- + gelare to freeze, gelu frost. See Gelid.]

1. To change from a fluid to a solid state by cold; to freeze.

A vapory deluge lies to snow congealed. Thomson.

2. To affect as if by freezing; to check the flow of, or cause to run cold; to chill.

As if with horror to congeal his blood. Stirling.

CONGEAL Con*geal", v. i.

Defn: To grow hard, stiff, or thick, from cold or other causes; to become solid; to freeze; to cease to flow; to run cold; to be chilled.

Lest zeal, now melted . . . Cool and congeal again to what it was. Shak.

CONGEALABLE Con*geal"a*ble, a. [Cf. F. congelable.]

Defn: Capable of being congealed. --Con*geal"a*ble*ness, n.

CONGEALEDNESS Con*geal"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being congealed. Dr. H.More.

CONGEALMENT Con*geal"ment, n.

1. The act or the process of congealing; congeliation.

2. That which is formed by congelation; a clot. [Obs.]

Wash the congealment from your wounds. Shak.

CONGEE Con"gee, n. & v.

Defn: See Congé, Conge. [Obs.]

And unto her his congee came to take. Spenser.

CONGEE Con*gee", n.

1. [Tamil kashi boilings.]

Defn: Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India]

2. A jail; a lockup. [India]

Congee discharges, rice water discharges. Dunglison. -- Congee water, water in which rice has been boiled.

CONGELATION Con`ge*la"tion, n. [F. congélation, L. congelatio.]

1. The act or process of passing, or causing to pass, from a fluid to a solid state, as by the abstraction of heat; the act or process of freezing.

The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward compression or congelation of the fluid. Arbuthnot.

2. The state of being congealed.

3. That which is congealed.

Sugar plums . . . with a multitude of congelations in jellies of various colors. Taller.

CONGENER Con"ge*ner (; 277), n. [From L. congener. See Congenerous.]

Defn: A thing of the same genus, species, or kind; a thing allied in nature, character, or action.

The cherry tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to which it is a congener. P. Miller.

Our elk is more polygamous in his habits than any other deer except his congener, the red deer of Europe. Caton.

CONGENERACY Con*gen"er*a*cy, n.

Defn: Similarity of origin; affinity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CONGENERIC; CONGENERICAL Con`ge*ner"ic, Con`ge*ner"ic*al, a.

Defn: Belonging to the same genus; allied in origin, nature, or

## action. R. Owen.

CONGENEROUS Con*gen"er*ous, a. [L. congener; con- + genus, generis, birth, kind, race. See Genus, and cf. Congener.]

Defn: Allied in origin or cause; congeneric; as, congenerous diseases. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

-- Con*gen"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Hallywell.

CONGENIAL Con*gen"ial (; 106), a. [Pref. con- + genial.]

1. Partaking of the same nature; allied by natural characteristics; kindred; sympathetic.

Congenial souls! whose life one avarice joins. Pope.

2. Naturally adapted; suited to the disposition. "Congenial clime." C. J. Fox.

To defame the excellence with which it has no sympathy . . . is its congenial work. I. Taylor.

CONGENIALITY Con*ge`ni*al"i*ty ( or ; 106), n.

Defn: The state or quality of being congenial; natural affinity; adaptation; suitableness. Sir J. Reynolds.

If congeniality of tastes could have made a marriage happy, that union should have been thrice blessed. Motley.

CONGENIALIZE Con*gen"ial*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make congenial. [R.]

CONGENIALLY Con*gen"ial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a congenial manner; as, congenially married or employed.

CONGENIALNESS Con*gen"ial*ness, n.

Defn: Congeniality.

CONGENIOUS Con*gen"ious, a.

Defn: Congeneric. [Obs.]

CONGENITAL Con*gen"i*tal, a. Etym: [From Congenite.]

Defn: Existing at, or dating from, birth; pertaining to one from birth; born with one; connate; constitutinal; natural; as, a congenital deformity. See Connate.

CONGENITALLY Con*gen"i*tal*ly, dv.

Defn: In a congenital manner.

CONGENITE Con*gen"ite, a. Etym: [L. congenitus; con- + genitus, p.p. of gignere to beget. See Generate.]

Defn: Congenital; connate; inborn. See Congenital. [Obs.] Many conclusions, of moral and intellectual truths, seem . . . to be congenite with us. Sir M. Hale.

CONGER Con"ger, n. Etym: [L. conger, congrus, akin to Gr. congre.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The conger eel; -- called also congeree. Conger sea (Zoöl.), the sea eel; a large species of eel (Conger vulgaris), which sometimes grows to the length of ten feet.

CONGERIES Con*ge"ri*es, n. sing & pl. Etym: [L., fr. congerere. See Congest.]

Defn: A collection of particles or bodies into one mass; a heap; an aggregation.

CONGEST Con*gest", v. t. Etym: [L. congestus, p. p. of congere to bring together; con- + gerere. See Gerund.]

1. To collect or gather into a mass or aggregate; to bring together; to accumulate. To what will thy congested guilt amount Blackmore.

2. (Med.)

Defn: To cause an overfullness of the blood vessels (esp. the capillaries) of an organ or part.

CONGESTED Con*gest"ed, a.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Crowded together. Gray.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Containing an unnatural accumulation of blood; hyperæmic; -- said of any part of the body.

CONGESTION Con*ges"tion, n. Etym: [L. congestio: cf. F. congestion.]

1. The act of gathering into a heap or mass; accumulation. [Obs.] The congestion of dead bodies one upon another. Evelyn.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Overfullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperas, arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs.

CONGESTIVE Con*gest"ive, a. (Med.)

Defn: Pertaining to, indicating, or attended with, congestion in some part of the body; as, a congestive fever.

CONGIARY Con"gi*a*ry, n.; pl. Congiaries. Etym: [L. congiarium, fr. congius a liquid measure.]

Defn: A present, as of corn, wine, or oil, made by a Roman emperor to the soldiers or the people; -- so called because measured to each in a congius. Addison.

Note: In later years, when gifts of money were distributed, the name congius was retained.

CONGIUS Con"gi*us, n. Etym: [L.]

1. (Roman Antiq.)

Defn: A liquid measure containing about three quarts.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A gallon, or four quarts. [Often abbreviated to cong.]

CONGLACIATE Con*gla"ci*ate (; 221), v. t. & i. Etym: [L. conglaciatus, p.p. of conglaciare. See Glaciate.]

Defn: To turn to ice; to freeze. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CONGLACIATION Con*gla`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conglaciation.]

Defn: The act or process of changing into ice, or the state of being converted to ice; a freezing; congelation; also, a frost. Bacon.

CONGLOBATE Con*glo"bate, a. Etym: [L. conglobatus, p.p. of conglobare to conglobate. See Globate.]

Defn: Collected into, or forming, a rounded mass or ball; as, the conglobate [lymphatic] glands; conglobate flowers.

CONGLOBATE Con*glo"bate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglobated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglobating.] Etym: [Cf. Conglore.]

Defn: To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass; to gather or mass together. Conglobated bubbles undissolved. Wordsworth.

CONGLOBATION Con`glo*ba"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglobatio: cf. F. conglobation.]

1. The act or process of forming into a ball. Sir T. Browne.

2. A round body.

CONGLOBE Con*globe", v. t. [imp & p. p. Conglobed; p. pr. & vb. n. Conglobing.] Etym: [L. conglobare: cf. F. conglober. Cf. Conglobate.]

Defn: To gather into a ball; to collect into a round mass. Then founded, then conglobed Like things to like. Milton.

CONGLOBE Con*globe", v. i.

Defn: To collect, unite, or coalesce in a round mass. Milton.

CONGLOBULATE Con*glob"u*late, v. i. Etym: [Pref. con- + globule.]

Defn: To gather into a small round mass.

CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. conglomeratus, p.p. of conglomerare to roll together; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball. See Glomerate.]

1. Gathered into a ball or a mass; collected together; concentrated; as, conglomerate rays of light. Beams of light when they are multiplied and conglomerate. Bacon. Fluids are separated in the liver and the other conglobate and conglomerate glands. Cheyne.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Closely crowded together; densly clustered; as, conglomerate flowers. Gray.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: Composed of stones, pebbles, or fragments of rocks, cemented together.

CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, n.

1. That which is heaped together in a mass or conpacted from various sources; a mass formed of fragments; collection; accumulation. A conglomerate of marvelous anecdotes, marvelously heaped together. Trench.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: A rock, composed or rounded fragments of stone cemented together by another mineral substance, either calcareous, siliceous, or argillaceous; pudding stone; -- opposed to agglomerate. See Breccia. A conglomerate, therefore, is simply gravel bound together by a cement. Lyell.

CONGLOMERATE Con*glom"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglomerated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglomerating.]

Defn: To gather into a ball or round body; to collect into a mass.

CONGLOMERATION Con*glom`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglomeratio: cf. F. conglomeration.]

Defn: The act or process of gathering into a mass; the state of being thus collected; collection; accumulation; that which is conglomerated; a mixed mass. Bacon.

CONGLUTIN Con*glu"tin, n. Etym: [From Conglutinate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A variety of vegetable casein, resembling legumin, and found in almonds, rye, wheat, etc.

CONGLUTINANT Con*glu"ti*nant, a. Etym: [L., conglutinans, p.pr.]

Defn: Cementing together; uniting closely; causing to adhere; promoting healing, as of a wound or a broken bone, by adhesion of the parts.

CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, a. Etym: [L. conglutinatus, p.p. of conglutinare to glue; con- + glutinare to glue, gluten glue.]

Defn: Glued together; united, as by some adhesive substance.

CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conglutinated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conglutinating.]

Defn: To glue together; to unite by some glutinous or tenacious substance; to cause to adhere or to grow together. Bones . . . have had their broken parts conglutinated within three or four days. Boyle.

CONGLUTINATE Con*glu"ti*nate, v. i.

Defn: To unite by the intervention of some glutinous substance; to coalesce.

CONGLUTINATION Con*glu`ti*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. conglutinatio: cf. F. conglutination.]

Defn: A gluing together; a joining by means of some tenacious substance; junction; union. Conglutination of parts separated by a wound. Arbuthnot.

CONGLUTINATIVE Con*glu"ti*na"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conglutinatif.]

Defn: Conglutinant.

CONGO; CONGOU Con"go, Con"gou, n. Etym: [Chin. kung-foo labor.]

Defn: Black tea, of higher grade (finer leaf and less dusty) than the present bohea. See Tea. Of black teas, the great mass is called Congou, or the "well worked", a name which took the place of the Bohea of 150 years ago, and is now itself giving way to the term "English breakfast tea." S. W. Williams.

CONGO GROUP Con"go group. [From Congo red.]

Defn: A group of artificial dyes with an affinity for vegetable fibers, so that no mordant is required. Most of them are azo compounds derived from benzidine or tolidine. Called also benzidine dyes.

CONGO RED Congo red. (Chem.)

Defn: An artificial red dye from which the Congo group received its name. It is also widely used either in aqueous solution or as test paper (Congo paper) for the detection of free acid, which turns it blue.

CONGO SNAKE Con"go snake". (Zoöl.)

Defn: An amphibian (Amphiuma means) of the order Urodela, found in the southern United States. See Amphiuma.

CONGRATULANT Con*grat"u*lant, a. Etym: [L. congratulans, p. pr.]

Defn: Rejoicing together; congratulatory. With like joy Congratulant approached him. Milton.

CONGRATULATE Con*grat"u*late, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Congratulated; p.pr. & vb.n. Congratulating.] Etym: [L. congratulatus, p.p. of congratulari to wish joy abundantly; con- + gratulari to wish joy, from gratus pleasing. See Grateful.]

Defn: To address with expressions of sympathetic pleasure on account of some happy event affecting the person addressed; to wish joy to. It is the king's most sweet pleasure and affection to congratulate the princess at her pavilion. Shak. To congratulate one's self, to rejoice; to feel satisfaction; to consider one's self happy or fortunate.

Syn. -- To Congratulate, Felicitate. To felicitate is simply to wish a person joy. To congratulate has the additional signification of uniting in the joy of him whom we congratulate. Hence they are by no means synonymous. One who has lost the object of his affections by her marriage to a rival, might perhaps felicitate that rival on his success, but could never be expected to congratulate him on such an event. Felicitations are little better than compliments; congratulations are the expression of a genuine sympathy and joy. Trench.

CONGRATULATE Con*grat"u*late, v. i.

Defn: To express of feel sympathetic joy; as, to congratulate with one's country. [R.] Swift. The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves. Dryden.

CONGRATULATION Con*grat`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. congratulatio: cf. F. congratulation.]

Defn: The act of congratulating; an expression of sympathetic pleasure. With infinite congratulations for our safe arrival. Dr. J. Scott.

CONGRATULATOR Con*grat"u*la`tor, n.

Defn: One who offers congratulation. Milton.

CONGRATULATORY Con*grat"u*la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Expressive of sympathetic joy; as, a congratulatory letter.

CONGREE Con*gree", v. i. Etym: [Pref.on-+ L. gratus pleasing. Cf. Agree.]

Defn: To agree. [bs.] Shak.

CONGREET Con*greet", v. t.

Defn: To salute mutually. [Obs.]

CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, a. Etym: [L. congregatus, p.p. of congregare to congregate; on- + gregare to collect into a flock, fr. grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.]

Defn: Collected; compact; close. [R.] Bacon.

CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Congregated; p.pr. & vb.n. Congregating]

Defn: To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact. Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church. Hooker. Cold congregates all bodies. Coleridge. The great receptacle Of congregated waters he called Seas. Milton.

CONGREGATE Con"gre*gate, v. i.

Defn: To come together; to assemble; to meet. Even there where merchants most do congregate. Shak.

CONGREGATION Con`gre*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. congregatio: cf. F. congrégation.]

1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass. The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts. Bacon.

2. A collection or mass of separate things. A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. Shak.

3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet. He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations. Macaulay.

4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.)

Defn: The whole body of the Jewish people; -- called also Congregation of the Lord. It is a sin offering for the congregation. Lev. iv. 21.

5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some departament of the church business; as, the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order.

6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.]

7. (Scotch Church Hist.)

Defn: the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

CONGREGATIONAL Con`gre*ga"tion*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing.

2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as, a Congregational church.

CONGREGATIONALISM Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ism, n.

1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church.

2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively.

Note: In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint

## action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations,

conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation "Congregationalists" is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

CONGREGATIONALIST Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

CONGRESS Con"gress, n.; pl. Congresses. Etym: [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p.p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congr. See Grade.]

1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.] Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden.

2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; -- said of things. [Obs.] From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne.

3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant.

4. A gathering or assembly; a conference.

5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest. The European powers strove to . . . accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna. Alison.

6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation.

Note: In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session.

7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years. The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. -- The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. -- Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] -- Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York.

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature.

CONGRESSION Con*gres"sion ( or , n. Etym: [L. congressio.]

Defn: A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

CONGRESSIONAL Con*gres"sion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as, congressional debates. Congressional and official labor. E. Everett. Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States.

CONGRESSIVE Con*gres"sive, a.

Defn: Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne.

CONGRESSMAN Con"gress*man, n.; pl. Congressmen (.

Defn: A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives.

CONGREVE ROCKET Con"greve rock"et.

Defn: See under Rocket.

CONGRUE Con"grue", v. i. Etym: [L. congruere. See Congruous.]

Defn: To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak.

CONGRUENCE Con"gru*ence, n. Etym: [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.]

Defn: Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland.

CONGRUENCY Con"gru*en*cy ( or ), n.

Defn: Congruence. Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n.

CONGRUENT Con"gru*ent, a. Etym: [L. congruens, p.pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.]

Defn: Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding. The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence. B. Jonson. Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures.

CONGRUISM Con"gru*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.)

Defn: See Congruity.

CONGRUITY Con*gru"i*ty ( or , n.; pl. Congruities. Etym: [Cf. F. congruit.]

1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency. With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ Hooker. A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle. Sir P. Sidney.

2. (Geom.)

Defn: Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another.

3. (Scholastic Theol.)

Defn: That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace.

CONGRUOUS Con"gru*ous, a. Etym: [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.]

Defn: Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent. Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry. Blair. It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth. Atterbury.

CONGRUOUSLY Con"gru*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a congruous manner.

CONHYDRINE Con*hy"drine ( or , n. Etym: [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C8H17NO, easily convertible into conine.

CONIA Co*ni"a ( or , n. Etym: [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Conine.

CONIC; CONICAL Con"ic, Con"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. conique. See Cone.]

1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as, a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel.

2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as, conic sections. Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. -- Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. -- Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. -- Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; -- much used by makers of maps in Europe. -- Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve.

CONIC Con"ic, n. (Math.)

Defn: A conic section.

CONICALITY Con`i*cal"i*ty, n.

Defn: Conicalness.

CONICALLY Con"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In the form of a cone.

CONICALNESS Con"ic*al*ness, n.

Defn: State or quality of being conical.

CONICO- Con"i*co- (, a. Etym: [See Conic.]

Defn: A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as, conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico- hemispherical; conico-subulate.

CONICOID Con"i*coid, a. Etym: [Conic + -oid.] (Math.)

Defn: Same as Conoidal.

CONICS Con"ics, n.

1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections.

2. Conic sections.

CONIDIUM Co*nid"i*um, n.; pl. Conida. Etym: [NL.] (Bot.)

Defn: A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zoöspores.

CONIFER Co"ni*fer, n. Etym: [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifère.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew.

CONIFERIN Co*nif"er*in, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance.

CONIFEROUS Co*nif"er*ous, a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type.

CONIFORM Co"ni*form, a. Etym: [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.]

Defn: Cone-shaped; conical.

CONIINE Co*ni"ine ( or , n.

Defn: See Conine.

CONIMENE Co"ni*mene, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Olibene.

CONINE Co"nine ( or , n. Etym: [From Conium.] (Chem.)

Defn: A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C8H17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

CONIROSTER Co`ni*ros"ter, n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Conirostres.

CONIROSTRAL Co`ni*ros"tral, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Conirostres.

CONIROSTRES Co`ni*ros"tres, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

CONISOR Con`i*sor", n. Etym: [Obs.]

Defn: See Cognizor.

CONISTRA Co*nis"tra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Greek Antiq.)

Defn: Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

CONITE Co"nite, n. Etym: [Gr. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.)

Defn: A magnesian variety of dolomite.

CONIUM Co*ni"um ( or , n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit ("seeds") and decompound leaves.

2. (Med.)

Defn: The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

CONJECT Con*ject", v. t. Etym: [L. conjectus, p.p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.]

Defn: To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

CONJECT Con*ject", v. t.

Defn: To conjecture; also, to plan. [Obs.]

CONJECTOR Con*ject"or, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.] A great conjector at other men by their writings. Milton.

CONJECTURABLE Con*jec"tur*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

CONJECTURAL Con*jec"tur*al, a. Etym: [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.]

Defn: Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful. And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shak. A slight expense of conjectural analogy. Hugh Miller. Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural. Carlyle.

CONJECTURALIST Con*jec"tur*al*ist, n.

Defn: A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.

CONJECTURALLY Con*jec`tur*al"ly, n.

Defn: That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

CONJECTURALLY Con*jec`tur*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.

CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, n. Etym: [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.]

Defn: An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion. He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature. Whewell. Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm. Milton.

CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjectured; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjecturing.] Etym: [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.]

Defn: To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning. Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be. South.

CONJECTURE Con*jec"ture, v. i.

Defn: To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

CONJECTURER Con*jec"tur*er, n.

Defn: One who conjectures. Hobbes.

CONJOIN Con*join, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjoined; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjoining.] Etym: [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.]

Defn: To join together; to unite. The English army, that divided was Into two parties, is now conjoined in one. Shak. If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined. Shak. Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already. Locke.

CONJOIN Con*join", v. i.

Defn: To unite; to join; to league. Shak.

CONJOINED Con*joined", a. (Her.)

Defn: Joined together or touching.

CONJOINT Con*joint", a. Etym: [F. conjoint, p.p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.]

Defn: United; connected; associated. "Influence conjoint." Glover. Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; -- also written conjunct.

CONJOINTLY Con*joint"ly, adv.

Defn: In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.

CONJOINTNESS Con*joint"ness, n.

Defn: The qquality of being conjoint.

CONJUBILANT Con*ju"bi*lant, a.

Defn: Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.

CONJUGAL Con"ju*gal, a. Etym: [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.]

Defn: Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. "Conjugal affection." Milton.

CONJUGALITY Con`ju*gal"i*ty, n.

Defn: The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton.

CONJUGALLY Con"ju*gal*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, a. Etym: [L. conjugatus, p.p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.]

1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: In single pairs; coupled.

3. (Chem.)

Defn: Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.]

4. (Gram.)

Defn: Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; -- said of words.

5. (Math.)

Defn: Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; -- frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc. Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. -- Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

CONJUGATE Con`ju*gate, n. Etym: [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.]

1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification. We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Abp. Bramhall.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjugated; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjugating.]

1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumed in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

CONJUGATE Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.)

Defn: To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

CONJUGATION Con`ju*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).]

1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.] Mixtures and conjugations of atoms. Bentley.

2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.] The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves. Sir T. Browne.

3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner.

4. (Biol.)

Defn: A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

CONJUGATIONAL Con`ju*ga"tion*al, a.

Defn: relating to conjugation. Ellis.

CONJUGIAL Con*ju"gi*al, a. Etym: [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.]

Defn: Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.

CONJUGIUM Con*ju"gi*um, n. Etym: [L.] (Rom. Law)

Defn: The marriage tie.

CONJUNCT Con*junct", a. Etym: [L. conjunctus, p.p. See Conjoin.]

1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic]

2. (Her.)

Defn: Same as Conjoined.

CONJUNCTION Con*junc"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.]

1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league. He will unite the white rose and the red: Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction. Shak. Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.

Note: Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth.

3. (Gram.)

Defn: A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if. Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive. Harris.

CONJUNCTIONAL Con*junc"tion*al, a.

Defn: Relating to a conjunction.

CONJUNCTIVA Con`junc*ti"va, n. Etym: [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.)

Defn: The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrance.

CONJUNCTIVAL Con`junc*ti"val, a.

1. Joining; connecting.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

CONJUNCTIVE Con*junc"tive, a. Etym: [L. conjunctivus.]

1. Serving to unite; connecting together.

2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak. Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

CONJUNCTIVELY Con*junc"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.

CONJUNCTIVENESS Con*junc"tive*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson.

CONJUNCTIVITIS Con*junc`ti*vi"tis ( or , n. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

CONJUNCTLY Con*junct"ly, adv.

Defn: In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONJUNCTURE Con*junc"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.]

1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination. The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity. Hobbes. A fit conjuncture or circumstances. Addison.

2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions. He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity. Macaulay.

CONJURATION Con`ju*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.]

1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration. We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; . . . Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shak.

2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment. Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event. Hallam.

3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot.

CONJURATOR Con"ju*ra`tor, n. Etym: [LL.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.

CONJURE Con*jure", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conjured; p.pr. & vb.n. Conjuring.] Etym: [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.]

Defn: To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure. I conjure you, let him know, Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it. Addison.

CONJURE Con*jure", v. i.

Defn: To combine together by an eath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism] Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons Conjured against the Highest. Milton.

CONJURE Con"jure, v. t.

Defn: To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers. The habitation which your prophet . . . conjured the devil into. Shak. To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

CONJURE Con"jure, v. i.

Defn: To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm. She conjures; away with her. Shak.

CONJUREMENT Con*jure"ment, n.

Defn: Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.

CONJURER Con*jur"er, n.

Defn: One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

CONJURER Con"jur*er, n.

1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also, one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand. Dealing with witches and with conjurers. Shak. From the account the loser brings, The conjurer knows who stole the things. Prior.

2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.

CONJUROR Con*ju"ror, n. (Law)

Defn: One bound by a common cath with others. [Obs.]

CONJURY Con"ju*ry, n.

Defn: The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.

CONN Conn, v. t.

Defn: See Con, to direct a ship.

CONNASCENCE; CONNASCENCY Con*nas"cence, Con*nas"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p.pr. of nasci to be born.]

1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson.

2. That which is born or produced with another.

3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.

CONNASCENT Con*nas"cent, a.

Defn: Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.

CONNATE Con"nate, a. Etym: [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p.p. of nasci. See Cognate.]

1. Born with another; being of the same birth.

2. Congenital; existing from birth. "Connate notions." South. A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate. Dunglison.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as, connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

CONNATE-PERFOLIATE Con"nate-per*fo"li*ate, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; -- applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

CONNATION Con*na"tion, n.

Defn: Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CONNATURAL Con*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Pref. con- + natural.]

1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural. These affections are connatural to us. L'Estrange.

2. Partaking of the same nature. And mix with our connatural dust. Milton.

CONNATURALITY Con*nat`u*ral"i*ty, n.

Defn: Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.] A congruity and connaturality between them. Sir M. Hale.

CONNATURALIZE Con*nat"u*ral*ize, v. t.

Defn: To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

CONNATURALLY Con*nat"u*ral*ly, adv.

Defn: By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.

CONNATURALNESS Con*nat"u*ral*ness, n.

Defn: Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.

CONNATURE Con*na"ture, n.

Defn: Participation in a common nature or character. [R.] Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness. H. Spencer.

CONNECT Con*nect", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Connected; p.pr. & vb.n. Connecting.] Etym: [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.]

1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between. He fills, he bounds, connect and equals all. Pope. A man must the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism. Locke.

2. To associate (a person or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, business, or affair. Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

CONNECT Con*nect", v. i.

Defn: To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connect with another.

CONNECTEDLY Con*nect"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a connected manner.

CONNECTION Con*nec"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. Connexion.]

1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship. He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect. Whewell. The eternal and inserable connection between virtue and hapiness. Atterbury.

2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie. Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things. I. Taylor.

3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; -- used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense.

4. The persons or things that are connected; as, a business connection; the Methodist connection. Men elevated by powerful connection. Motley. At the head of a strong parliamentary connection. Macaulay. Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him. Macaulay. In this connection, in connection with this subject.

Note: [A phrase objected to by some writers.]

Note: This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc.

Syn. -- Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship.

CONNECTIVE Con*nect"ive, a.

Defn: Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection. Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive.

CONNECTIVE Con*nect"ive, n.

Defn: That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecæ, lobes, or cells.

CONNECTIVELY Con*nect"ive*ly, adv.

Defn: In connjunction; jointly.

CONNECTOR Con*nect"or, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact.

CONNER Con"ner, n. Etym: [Cf. Cunner.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also, the related American cunner. See Cunner.

CONNEX Con*nex", v. t. Etym: [L. connexus, p.p. See Connect.]

Defn: To connect. Sir M. Hale.

CONNEXION Con*nex"ion, n. Etym: [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.]

Defn: Connection. See Connection.

CONNEXIVE Con*nex"ive, a.

Defn: See Connective.

CONNING TOWER Con"ning tow"er, n.

Defn: The shotproof pilot house of a war vessel.

CONNIVANCE Con*niv"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.]

1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or co

2. (Law)

Defn: Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual

## participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose

it.

Syn. -- See Collusion.

CONNIVE Con*nive", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Connived; p.pr. & vb.n. Conniving.] Etym: [L. connivere to shut the eues, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.]

1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.] The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye. Spectator.

2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; -- usually followed by at. To connive at what it does not approve. Jer. Taylor. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving. Burke. The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule. Macaulay.

CONNIVE Con*nive", v. t.

Defn: To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] "Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed." Milton.

CONNIVENCY Con*niv"en*cy, n.

Defn: Connivance. [Obs.]

CONNIVENT Con*niv"ent, a. Etym: [L. connivens, p. pr.]

1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as, connivent justice. [R.] Milton.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as, the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc.

CONNIVER Con*niv"er, n.

Defn: One who connives.

CONNOISSEUR Con`nois*seur", n. Etym: [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaître to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.]

Defn: One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts. The connoisseur is "one who knows," as opposed to the dilettant, who only "thinks he knows." Fairholt.

CONNOISSEURSHIP Con`nois*seur"ship, n.

Defn: State of being a connoisseur.

CONNOTATE Con"no*tate, v. t. Etym: [L. con- + notatus, p.p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.]

Defn: To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond.

CONNOTATION Con`no*ta"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. connotation.]

Defn: The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted.

CONNOTATIVE Con*no"ta*tive ( or ), a.

1. Implying something additional; illative.

2. (Log.)

Defn: Implying an attribute. See Connote. Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill.

CONNOTATIVELY Con*no"ta*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a connotative manner; expressing connotation.

CONNOTE Con*note", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Connoted; p.pr. & vb.n. Connoting.] Etym: [See Connotate, and Note.]

1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply. Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing. South.

2. (Logic)

Defn: To imply as an attribute. The word "white" denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute "whiteness." J. S. Mill.

CONNUBIAL Con*nu"bi*al, a. Etym: [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial. Nor Eve the rites Mysterious of connubial love refused. Milton. Kind, connubial tenderness. Goldsmith.

CONNUBIALITY Con*nu`bi*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness. Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B. Dickens.

CONNUMERATION Con*nu`mer*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.]

Defn: A reckoning together. [R.] Porson.

CONNUSANCE Con"nu*sance, n. (Law)

Defn: See Cognizance. [Obs.]

CONNUSANT Con"nu*sant, a. (Law)

Defn: See Cognizant. [Obs.]

CONNUSOR Con`nu*sor", n. (Law)

Defn: See Cognizor. [Obs.]

CONNUTRITIOUS Con`nu*tri"tious, a.

Defn: Nutritious by force of habit; -- said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb.

CONNY Con"ny, a. [Canny, Gunning.]

Defn: Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

CONODONT Co"no*dont, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

CONOID Co"noid, n. Etym: [Gr. conoïde.]

1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone.

2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as, a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; -- more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.

CONOID Co"noid

Defn: , Resembling a cone; conoidal.

CONOIDAL Co*noid"al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conoïdal.]

Defn: Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley.

CONOIDIC; CONOIDICAL Co*noid"ic, Co*noid"ic*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

CONOMINEE Co*nom`i*nee", n.

Defn: One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.

CONQUADRATE Con*quad"rate, v. t. Etym: [L. conquadratus, p.p. of conquadrare.]

Defn: To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.

CONQUASSATE Con*quas"sate, v. t. Etym: [L. conquassatus, p.p. of conquassare.]

Defn: To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Con`quas*sa"tion, n. [Obs.]

CONQUER Con"quer, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conquered; p.pr. & vb.n. Conquering.] Etym: [OF. conquerre, F. conquérir, fr. L. conquirere, -quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.]

1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. "If thou conquer Rome." Shak. If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us. Shak. We conquered France, but felt our captive's charms. Pope.

2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as, to conquer difficulties, temptatin, etc. By winning words to conquer hearts, And make persuasion do the work of fear. Milton.

3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as, to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace.

Syn. -- To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. -- To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, -- that of bringing under one's power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as, his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

CONQUER Con"quer, v. i.

Defn: To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail. He went forth conquering and to conquer. Rev. vi. 2. The champions resolved to conquer or to die. Waller.

CONQUERABLE Con*quer*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being conquered or subdued. South. -- Con"quer*a*ble*ness, n.

CONQUERESS Con"quer*ess, n.

Defn: A woman who conquers. Fairfax.

CONQUEROR Con"quer*or, n. Etym: [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,]

Defn: One who conquers. The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

CONQUEST Con"quest, n. Etym: [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquête, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p.p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.]

1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory. In joys of conquest he resigns his breath. Addison. Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country. Prescott.

2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral. Wherefore rejoice What conquest brings he home Shak.

3. (Feudal Law)

Defn: The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone.

4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful strugle; as, the conquest of liberty or peace. The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066.

Syn. -- Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

CONQUIAN Con"qui*an, n. (Card Playing)

Defn: A game for two, played with 40 cards, in which each player tries to form three or four of a kind or sequences.

CONSANGUINEAL Con`san*guin"e*al, a.

Defn: Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.

CONSANGUINED Con*san"guined, a.

Defn: Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.

CONSANGUINEOUS Con`san*guin"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.]

Defn: Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.

CONSANGUINITY Con`san*guin"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintit.]

Defn: The relation of person by blood, is distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as, lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity. Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity. Prescott.

CONSARCINATION Con*sar`ci*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.]

Defn: A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.

CONSCIENCE Con"science, n. Etym: [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p.pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.]

1. Knowledge of one's own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.] The sweetest cordial we receive, at last, Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.

2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one's self; the moral sense. My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain. Shak. As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self- knowledge . . . But the English word implies a moral standard of

## action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions. . .

. Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation. Whewell.

3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty. Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions. Adam Smith.

4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer. Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, -- as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. -- Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. -- Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. -- In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. "This is enough in conscience." Howell. "Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require." Swift. -- To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates.

CONSCIENCED Con"scienced, a.

Defn: Having a conscience. [R.] "Soft-conscienced men." Shak.

CONSCIENCELESS Con"science*less, a.

Defn: Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous. Conscienceless and wicked patrons. Hookre.

CONSCIENT Con"scient, a. Etym: [L. consciens, -entis, p.pr.]

Defn: Conscious. [R.] Bacon.

CONSCIENTIOUS Con`sci*en"tious, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.]

1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; -- said of a person. The advice of wise and conscientious men. Prescott.

2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; -- said of actions. A holy and conscientious course. Abp. Tillotson.

Syn. -- Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright.

CONSCIENTIOUSLY Con`sci*en"tious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Con`sci*en"tious*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience.

CONSCIONABLE Con"scion*a*ble, a. Etym: [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.]

Defn: Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just. Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction. Sir H. Wotton.

CONSCIONABLENESS Con"scion*a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson.

CONSCIONABLY Con"scion*a*bly, adv.

Defn: Reasonably; justly.

CONSCIOUS Con"scious, a. Etym: [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.]

1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one's own thoughts or mental operations. Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought. I. Watts.

2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible. Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt. Hawthorne. The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing. De Quincey.

3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one's self; as, conscious guilt. With conscious terrors vex me round. Milton.

Syn. -- Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known.

CONSCIOUSLY Con"scious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one's own mental operations or actions.

CONSCIOUSNESS Con"scious*ness, n.

1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one's own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc. Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or "ego" of its acts and affections; -- in other words, the self- affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention. Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation. Sir W. Hamilton. And, when the steam Which overflowed the soul had passed away, A consciousness remained that it had left. . . . images and precious thoughts That shall not die, and can not be destroyed. Wordsworth. The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness. Froude.

3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.] An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness. Pope.

CONSCRIBE Con*scribe", v. t. Etym: [L. conscribere. See Conscript.]

Defn: To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall.

CONSCRIPT Con"script, a. Etym: [L. conscriptus, p.p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.]

Defn: Enrolled; written; registered. Conscript fathers (Rom. Antiq.), the senators of ancient Rome. When certain new senators were first enrolled with the "fathers" the body was called Patres et Conscripti; afterward all were called Patres conscripti.

CONSCRIPT Con"script, n.

Defn: One taken by lot, or compulsorily enrolled, to serve as a soldier or sailor.

CONSCRIPT Con*script", v. t.

Defn: To enroll, by compulsion, for military service.

CONSCRIPTION Con*scrip"tion, n. Etym: [L. conscriptio: cf. F. conscription.]

1. An enrolling or registering. The conscription of men of war. Bp. Burnet.

2. A compulsory enrollment of men for military or naval service; a draft.

CONSCRIPTION Con*scrip"tion, a.

Defn: Belonging to, or of the nature of, a conspiration.

CONSECRATE Con"se*crate, a. Etym: [L. consceratus, p.p. of conscerare to conscerate; con- + sacrare to consecrate, sacer sacred. See Sacred.]

Defn: Consecrated; devoted; dedicated; sacred. They were assembled in that consecrate place. Bacon.

CONSECRATE Con"se*crate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consecrated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consecrating.]

1. To make, or declare to be, sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses; to set apart, dedicate, or devote, to the service or worship of God; as, to consecrate a church; to give (one's self) unreservedly, as to the service of God. One day in the week is . . . consecrated to a holy rest. Sharp.

2. To set apart to a sacred office; as, to consecrate a bishop. Thou shalt consecrate Aaron and his sons. Ex. xxix. 9.

3. To canonize; to exalt to the rank of a saint; to enroll among the gods, as a Roman emperor.

4. To render venerable or revered; to hallow; to dignify; as, rules or principles consecrated by time. Burke.

Syn. -- See Addict.

CONSECRATER Con"se*cra`ter, n.

Defn: Consecrator.

CONSECRATION Con`se*cra"tion, n. Etym: [L. consecratio: cf. F. consécration.]

Defn: The act or ceremony of consecrating; the state of being consecrated; dedication. Until the days of your consecration be at an end. Lev. viii. 33. Consecration makes not a place sacred, but only solemny declares it so. South.

CONSECRATOR Con"se*cra`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who consecrates; one who performs the rites by which a person or thing is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. [Written also consecrater.]

CONSECRATORY Con"se*cra*to*ry ( or ), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the act of consecration; dedicatory. The consecratory prayer. Bp. Burnet.

CONSECTANEOUS Con`sec*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. consectaneus.]

Defn: Following as a matter of course. Blount.

CONSECTARY Con"sec*ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. consectarius, fr. consectari to follow after eagerly; con- + sectari to follow eagerly, fr. sequi to follow.]

Defn: Following by consequence; consequent; deducible. [R.] "Consectary impieties." Sir T. Browne.

CONSECTARY Con"sec*ta*ry, n.

Defn: That which follows by consequence or is logically deducible; deduction from premises; corollary. [R.] Milton.

CONSECUTE Con"se*cute, v. t.

Defn: To follow closely; to endeavor to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

CONSECUTION Con`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [L. consecutio. See Consequent.]

1. A following, or sequel; actual or logical dependence. Sir M. Hale.

2. A succession or series of any kind. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton. Month of consecution (Astron.), a month as reckoned from one conjunction of the moon with the sun to another.

CONSECUTIVE Con*sec"u*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consécutif. See Consequent.]

1. Following in a train; suceeding one another in a regular order; successive; uninterrupted in course or succession; with no interval or break; as, fifty consecutive years.

2. Following as a consequence or result; actually or logically dependent; consequential; succeeding. The actions of a man consecutive to volition. Locke.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: Having similarity of sequence; -- said of certain parallel progressions of two parts in a piece of harmony; as, consecutive fifths, or consecutive octaves, which are forbidden. Consecutive chords (Mus.), chords of the same kind suceeding one another without interruption.

CONSECUTIVELY Con*sec"u*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consecutive manner; by way of sequence; successively.

CONSECUTIVENESS Con*sec"u*tive*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being consecutive.

CONSENSION Con*sen"sion, n. Etym: [L. consensio.]

Defn: Agreement; accord. Bentley.

CONSENSUAL Con*sen"su*al, a. Etym: [See Consent, v. i., and cf. Sensual.]

1. (Law)

Defn: Existing, or made, by the mutual consent of two or more

## parties.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: Excited or caused by sensation, sympathy, or reflex action, and not by conscious volition; as, consensual motions. Consensual contract (Law), a contract formed merely by consent, as a marriage contract.

CONSENSUS Con*sen"sus, n. Etym: [L. See Consent.]

Defn: Agreement; accord; consent. That traditional consensus of society which we call public opinion. Tylor.

CONSENT Con*sent", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consented; p.pr. & vb.n Consenting.] Etym: [F. consentir, fr. L. consentire, -sensum, to feel together, agree; con- + sentire to feel. See Sense.]

1. To agree in opinion or sentiment; to be of the same mind; to accord; to concur. And Saul was consenting unto his death. Acts. viii. 1. Flourishing many years before Wyclif, and much consenting with him in jugdment. Fuller.

2. To indicate or express a willingness; to yield to guidance, persuasion, or necessity; to give assent or approval; to comply. My poverty, but not my will, consents. Shak. And whispering "I will ne'er consent," -- consented. Byron.

Syn. -- To accede; yield; assent; comply; agree; allow; concede; permit; admit; concur; acquiesce.

CONSENT Con*sent", v. t.

Defn: To grant; to allow; to assent to; to admit. [Obs.] Interpreters . . . will not consent it to be a true story. Milton.

CONSENT Con*sent", n. Etym: [Cf. OF. consent.]

1. Agreement in opinion or sentiment; the being of one mind; accord. All with one consent began to make exuse. Luke xiv. 18. They feil together all, as by consent. Shak.

2. Correspondence in parts, qualities, or operations; agreement; harmony; coherence. The melodious consent of the birds. Holland. Such is the world's great harmony that springs From union, order, full consent of things. Pope.

3. Voluntary accordance with, or concurrence in, what is done or proposed by another; acquiescence; compliance; approval; permission. Thou wert possessed of David's throne By free consent of all. Milton.

4. (Law)

Defn: Capable, deliberate, and voluntary assent or agreement to, or concurrence in, some act or purpose, implying physical and mental power and free action.

5. (Physiol.)

Defn: Sympathy. See Sympathy, 4.

Syn. -- Assent; acquiescence; concurrence; agreement; approval; permission. See Assent. Age of consent (Law), an age, fixed by statute and varying in different jurisdictions, at which one is competent to give consent. Sexual intercourse with a female child under the age of consent is punishable as rape.

CONSENTANEITY Con*sen`ta*ne"i*ty, n.

Defn: Mutual agreement. [R.]

CONSENTANEOUS Con`sen*ta"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. consentaneus.]

Defn: Consistent; agreeable; suitable; accordant to; harmonious; concurrent. A good law and consentaneous to reason. Howell. -- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`sen*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

CONSENTANT Con*sent"ant, a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of consentir.]

Defn: Consenting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CONSENTER Con*sent"er, a.

Defn: One who consents.

CONSENTIENT Con*sen"tient, a. Etym: [L. consentients, p. pr. See Consent.]

Defn: Agreeing in mind; accordant. The consentient judgment of the church. Bp. Pearson.

CONSENTINGLY Con*sent"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With consent; in a compliant manner. Jer. Taylor.

CONSEQUENCE Con"se*quence, n. Etym: [L., consequentia: cf. F. conséquence. See Consequent.]

1. That which follows something on which it depends; that which is produced by a cause; a result. Shun to taste, And shun the bitter consequence. Milton.

2. (Logic)

Defn: A proposition collected from the agreement of other previous propositions; any conclusion which results from reason or argument; inference.

3. Chain of causes and effects; consecution. Such fatal consequence unites us three. Milton. Link follows link by necessary consequence. Coleridge.

4. Importance with respect to what comes after; power to influence or produce an effect; value; moment; rank; distinction. It is a matter of small consequence. Shak. A sense of your own worth and consequence. Cowper. In consequence, hence; for this cause. -- In consequence of, by reason of; as the effect of.

Syn. -- Effect; result; end. See Effect.

CONSEQUENCING Con"se*quen`cing, n.

Defn: Drawing inference. [R.] Milton.

CONSEQUENT Con"se*quent, a. Etym: [L. consequens, -entis, p. pr. of consequi to follow; con- + sequi to follow: cf. F. conséquent. See Second, and cf. Consecution.]

1. Following as a result, inference, or natural effect. The right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly personal. Locke.

2. (Logic)

Defn: Following by necessary inference or rational deduction; as, a proposition consequent to other propositions. Consequent points, Consequent poles (Magnetism), a number of poles distributed under certain conditions, along the axis of a magnetized steel bar, which regularly has but the two poles at the extremities.

CONSEQUENT Con"se*quent, n.

1. That which follows, or results from, a cause; a result or natural effect. They were ill-governed, which is always a consequent of ill payment. Sir J. Davies.

2. (Logic)

Defn: That which follows from propositions by rational deduction; that which is deduced from reasoning or argumentation; a conclusion, or inference.

3. (Math.)

Defn: The second term of a ratio, as the term b in the ratio a:b, the first a, being the antecedent.

CONSEQUENTIAL Con`se*quen"tial, a.

1. Following as a consequence, result, or logical inference; consequenment. All that is revealed in Scripture has a consequential necessity of being believed . . . because it is of divine authority. Locke. These kind of arguments . . . are highly consequential and concludent to my purpose. Sir M. Hale.

2. Assuming or exhibiting an air of consequence; pretending to importance; pompous; self-important; as, a consequential man. See Consequence, n., 4. His stately and consequential pace. Sir W. Scott. Consequential damage (Law) (a) Damage so remote as not to be

## actionable (b) Damage which although remote is actionable. (c)

## Actionable damage, but not following as an immediate result of an

act.

CONSEQUENTIALLY Con`se*quen"tial*ly, adv.

1. With just deduction of consequence; with right connection of ideas; logically. The faculty of writing consequentially. Addison.

2. By remote consequence; not immediately; eventually; as, to do a thing consequentially. South.

3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and effect; with logical concatenation; consecutively; continuously.

4. With assumed importance; pompously.

CONSEQUENTIALNESS Con`se*quen"tial*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being consequential.

CONSEQUENTLY Con"se*quent*ly, adv.

Defn: By consequence; by natural or logical sequence or connection.

Syn. -- See Accordingly.

CONSERTION Con*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. consertio, fr. conserere, -sertum to connect; con- + serere to join.]

Defn: Junction; adaptation [R.] Consertion of design, how exquisite. Young.

CONSERVABLE Con*serv"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. conservabilitis.]

Defn: Capable of being preserved from decay or injury.

CONSERVANCY Con*serv"an*cy, n.

Defn: Conservation, as from injury, defilement, or irregular use. [An act was] passed in 1866, for vesting in the Conservators of the River Thames the conservancy of the Thames and Isis. Mozley & W.

CONSERVANT Con*serv"ant, a. Etym: [L. conservans, p.pr.]

Defn: Having the power or quality of conservation.

CONSERVATION Con`ser*va"tion, n. Etym: [L. conservatio: cf. F. conservation.]

Defn: The act of preserving, guarding, or protecting; the keeping (of a thing) in a safe or entire state; preservation. A step necessary for the conservation of Protestantism. Hallam. A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation. Burke. Conservation of areas (Astron.), the principle that the radius vector drawn from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal times. -- Conservation of energy, or Conservation of force (Mech.), the principle that the total energy of any material system is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any action between the parts of the system, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Clerk Maxwell.

CONSERVATIONAL Con`ser*va"tion*al, a.

Defn: Tending to conserve; preservative.

CONSERVATISM Con*serv"a*tism, n. Etym: [For conservatism.]

Defn: The disposition and tendency to preserve what is established; opposition to change; the habit of mind; or conduct, of a conservative.

CONSERVATIVE Con*serv"a*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatif.]

1. Having power to preserve in a safe of entire state, or from loss, waste, or injury; preservative.

2. Tending or disposed to maintain existing institutions; opposed to change or innovation.

3. Of or pertaining to a political party which favors the conservation of existing institutions and forms of government as the Conservative party in england; -- contradistinguished from Liberal and Radical. We have always been conscientuously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propierty be called the Conservative, party. Quart. Rev. (1830). Conservative system (Mech.), a material sustem of such a nature that after the system has undergone any series of changes, and been brought back in any manner to its original state, the whole work done by external agents on the system is equal to the whole work done by the system overcoming external forces. Clerk Maxwell.

CONSERVATIVE Con*serv"a*tive, n.

1. One who, or that which, preserves from ruin, injury, innovation, or radical change; a preserver; a conserver. The Holy Spirit is the great conservative of the new life. Jer. Taylor.

2. One who desires to maintain existing institutions and customs; also, one who holds moderate opinions in politics; -- opposed to revolutionary or radical.

3. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A member of the Conservative party.

CONSERVATIVENESS Con*serv"a*tive*ness, a.

Defn: The quality of being conservative.

CONSERVATOIRE Con`ser"va*toire`, n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A public place of instruction in any special branch, esp. music and the arts. [See Conservatory, 3].

CONSERVATOR Con"ser*va`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. conservateur.]

1. One who preserves from injury or violation; a protector; a preserver. The great Creator and Conservator of the world. Derham.

2. (Law) (a) An officer who has charge of preserving the public peace, as a justice or sheriff. (b) One who has an official charge of preserving the rights and privileges of a city, corporation, community, or estate. The lords of the secret council were likewise made conservators of the peace of the two kingdoms. Clarendon. The conservator of the estate of an idiot. Bouvier. Conservators of the River Thames, a board of comissioners instituted by Parliament to have the conservancy of the Thames.

CONSERVATORY Con*serv"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorius.]

Defn: Having the quality of preserving from loss, decay, or injury.

CONSERVATORY Con*serv"a*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. F. conservatoire, LL. conservatorium.]

1. That which preserves from injury. [Obs.] "A conservatory of life." Jer. Taylor.

2. A place for preserving anything from loss, decay, waste, or injury; particulary, a greenhouse for preserving exotic or tender plants.

3. A public place of instruction, designed to preserve and perfect the knowledge of some branch of science or art, esp. music.

CONSERVATRIX Con`ser*va"trix, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A woman who preserves from loss, injury, etc.

CONSERVE Con*serve", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conserved; p.pr. & vb.n. Conserving.] Etym: [F. conserver, L. conservare; con- + servare to keep, guard. See Serve.]

1. To keep in a safe or sound state; to save; to preserve; to protect. The amity which . . . they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor. Strype.

2. To prepare with sugar, etc., for the purpose of preservation, as fruits, etc.; to make a conserve of.

CONSERVE Con"serve, n. Etym: [F. conserve, fr. conserver.]

1. Anything which is conserved; especially, a sweetmeat prepared with sugar; a confection. I shall . . . study broths, plasters, and conserves, till from a fine lady I become a notable woman. Tatler.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar. See Confection.

3. A conservatory. [Obs.] Evelyn.

CONSERVER Con*serv"er, n.

Defn: One who conserves.

CONSIDER Con*sid"er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Considered; p.pr. & vb.n. Considering.] Etym: [F. considérer, L. considerare, -sideratum, to consider, view attentively, prob. fr. con- + sidus, sideris, star, constellation; orig., therefore, to look at the stars. See Sidereal, and cf. Desire.]

1. To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful examination; to thank on with care; to ponder; to study; to meditate on. I will consider thy testimonies. Ps. cxix. 95. Thenceforth to speculations high or deep I turned my thoughts, and with capacious mind Considered all things visible. Milton.

2. To look at attentively; to observe; to examine. She considereth a field, and buyeth it. Prov. xxxi. 16.

3. To have regard to; to take into view or account; to pay due attention to; to respect. Consider, sir, the chance of war: the day Was yours by accident. Shak. England could grow into a posture of being more united at home, and more considered abroad. Sir W. Temple.

4. To estamate; to think; to regard; to view. Considered as plays, his works are absurd. Macaulay.

Note: The proper sense of consider is often blended with an idea of the result of considering; as, "Blessed is he that considereth the poor." Ps. xli. 1. ; i.e., considers with sympathy and pity. "Which [services] if I have not enough considered." Shak. ; i.e., requited as the sufficient considering of them would suggest. "Consider him liberally." J. Hooker.

Syn. -- To ponder; weigh; revolve; study; reflect or meditate on; contemplate; examine. See Ponder.

CONSIDER Con*sid"er, v. i.

1. To think seriously; to make examination; to reflect; to deliberate. We will consider of your suit. Shak. 'T were to consider too curiously, to consider so. Shak. She wished she had taken a moment to consider, before rushing down stairs. W. Black

2. To hesitate. [Poetic & R.] Dryden.

CONSIDERABLE Con*sid"er*a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. considérable.]

1. Worthy of consideration, borne in mind, or attended to. It is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them expressing that the lamps were burning. Bp. Wilkins. Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration. Tillotson.

2. Of some distinction; noteworthy; influential; respectable; -- said of persons. You are, indeed, a very considerable man. Junius.

3. Of importance or value. In painting, not every action, nor every person, is considerable enough to enter into the cloth. Dryden. A considerable sum of money. Prescott.

CONSIDERABLENESS Con*sid"er*a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Worthiness of consideration; dignity; value; size; amount.

CONSIDERABLY Con*sid"er*a*bly, adv.

Defn: In a manner or to a degree not trifling or unimportant; greatly; much. The breeds . . . differ considerably from each other. Darwin.

CONSIDERANCE Con*sid"er*ance, n. Etym: [L. considerantia.]

Defn: Act of considering; consideration. [Obs.] Shak.

CONSIDERATE Con*sid"er*ate, a. Etym: [L. consideratus, p.p.]

1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection; regardful of consequences or circumstances; circumspect; careful; esp. careful of the rights, claims, and feelings of other. Of dauntless courage and considerate pride. Milton. considerate, and careful of his people. Dryden. The wisest and most considerate men in the world. Sharp.

2. Having respect to; regardful. [R.] They may be . . . more considerate of praise. Dr. H. More.

Syn. -- Thoughtful; reflective; careful; discreet; prudent; deliberate; serious. See Thoughtful. -- Con*sid"er*ate*ly, adv. -- Con*sid"er*ate*ness, n.

CONSIDERATION Con*sid`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. consideratio: cf. F. consid.]

1. The act or process of considering; continuous careful thought; examination; contemplation; deliberation; attention. Let us think with consideration. Sir P. Sidney. Consideration, like an angel, came. Shak.

2. Attentive respect; appreciative regard; -- used especially in diplomatic or stately correspondence. The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. Hulseman the assurance of his high consideration. D. Webster. The consideration with which he was treated. Whewell.

3. Thoughtful or sympathetic regard or notice. Consideration for the poor is a doctrine of the church. Newman.

4. Claim to notice or regard; some degree of importance or consequence. Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin poets who was not explained for . . . the Dauphin. Addison.

5. The result of delibration, or of attention and examonation; matured opinion; a reflection; as, considerations on the choice of a profession.

6. That which is, or should be, taken into account as a ground of opinion or action; motive; reason. He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum. Dryden. Some considerations which are necessary to the forming of a correct judgment. Macaulay.

7. (Law)

Defn: The cause which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement; the material cause of a contract; the price of a stripulation; compensation; equivalent. Bouvier.

Note: Consideration is what is done, or promised to be done, in exchange for a promise, and "as a mere advantage to the promisor without detriment to the promisee would not avail, the proper test is detriment to the promisee." Wharton.

CONSIDERATIVE Con*sid"er*a*tive, a.

Defn: Considerate; careful; thoughtful. [Archaic] I love to be considerative. B. Jonson.

CONSIDERATOR Con*sid"er*a`tor, n.

Defn: One who considers. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CONSIDERER Con*sid"er*er, n.

Defn: One who considers; a man of reflection; a thinker. Milton.

CONSIDERINGLY Con*sid"er*ing*ly, adv.

Defn: With consideration or deliberation.

CONSIGN Con*sign", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consigned 3; p.pr. & vb.n. Consigning.] Etym: [F. consigner, L. consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, fr. signum mark. See Sign.]

1. To give, transfer, or deliver, in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession; as, to consign the body to the grave. At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state. Atterbury.

2. To give in charge; to commit; to intrust. Atrides, parting for the Trojan war, Consigned the youthful consort to his care. Pope. The four evangelists consigned to writing that history. Addison.

3. (Com.)

Defn: To send or address (by bill of lading or otherwise) to an agent or correspondent in another place, to be cared for or sold, or for the use of such correspondent; as, to cosign a cargo or a ship; to set apart.

4. To assign; to devote; to set apart. The French commander consigned it to the use for which it was intended by the donor. Dryden.

5. To stamp or impress; to affect. [Obs.] Consign my spirit with great fear. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To commit; deliver; intrust; resign. See Commit.

CONSIGN Con*sign", v. i.

1. To submit; to surrender or yield one's self. [Obs.] All lovers young, all lovers must Consign to thee, and come to dust. Shak.

2. To yield consent; to agree; to acquiesce. [Obs.] Augment or alter . . . And we'll consign thereto. Shak.

CONSIGNATARY Con*sig"na*ta*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Consignitary.]

Defn: A consignee. [Obs.] Jenkins.

CONSIGNATION Con`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consignatio written proof, document: cf. F. consignation comsignation.]

1. The act of consigning; the act of delivering or committing to another person, place, or state. [Obs.] So is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin. Jer. Taylor.

2. The act of ratifying or establishing, as if signing; confirmation; ratuficator. A direct consignation of pardon. Jer. Taylor.

3. A stamp; an indication; a sign. [Obs.] The most certain consignations of an excellent virtue. Jer. Taylor.

CONSIGNATORY Con*sig"na*to*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Consignitary.]

Defn: One of several that jointly sign a written instrument, as a treaty. Fallows.

CONSIGNATURE Con*sig"na*ture; 135), n.

Defn: Joint signature. [R.] Colgrave.

CONSIGNE Con"signe, n. Etym: [F.] (Mil.) (a) A countersign; a watchword. (b) One who is orders to keep within certain limits.

CONSIGNEE Con`sign*ee", n. Etym: [F. consign, p.p. of consigner.]

Defn: The person to whom goods or other things are consigned; a factor; -- correlative to consignor. Consigner and consignee are used by merchants to express generally the shipper of merchandise, and the person to whom it is addressed, by bill of lading or otherwise. De Colange.

CONSIGNER Con*sign"er, n.

Defn: One who consigns. See Consignor.

CONSIGNIFICANT Con`sig*nif"i*cant, a.

Defn: Having joint or equal signification; synonymous. [R.] Spelman.

CONSIGNIFICATION Con*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion, n.

Defn: Joint signification. [R.]

CONSIGNIFICATIVE Con`sig*nif"i*ca*tive, a.

Defn: Consignificant; jointly significate. [R.]

CONSIGNIFY Con*sig"ni*fy, v. t. Etym: [Pref. con- + sognify.]

Defn: To signify or denote in combination with something else. The cipher . . . only serves to connote and consignify, and to change the value or the figures. Horne Tooke.

CONSIGNMENT Con*sign"ment, n.

1. The act of consigning; consignation.

2. (Com.)

Defn: The act of consigning or sending property to an agent or correspondent in another place, as for care, sale, etc.

3. (Com.)

Defn: That which is consigned; the goods or commodities sent or addressed to a consignee at one time or by one conveyance. To increase your consignments of this valuable branch of national commerce. Burke.

4. The writing by which anything is consigned.

CONSIGNOR Con*sign"or ( or , n.

Defn: One who consigns something to another; -- opposed to consignee. [Written also consigner.]

CONSILIENCE Con*sil"i*ence, n. Etym: [con- + salire to leap.]

Defn: Act of concurring; coincidence; concurrence. The consilience of inductions takes place when one class of facts coincides with an induction obtained from another different class. Whewell.

CONSIMILITUDE; CONSIMILITY Con`si*mil"i*tude, Con`si*mil"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consimilitude. See Similitude.]

Defn: Common resemblance. [Obs.] Aubrey.

CONSIST Con*sist", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consisted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consisting.] Etym: [L. consistere to stand still or firm; con- + sistere to stand, cause to stand, stare to stand: cf. F. consister. See Stand.]

1. To stand firm; to be in a fixed or permanent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection; to hold together; to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained. He is before all things, and by him all things consist. Col. i. 17.

2. To be composed or made up; -- followed by of. The land would consist of plains and valleys. T. Burnet.

3. To have as its substance or character, or as its foundation; to be; -- followed by in. If their purgation did consist in words. Shak. A man's life consisteth not in the abudance of the things which he possesseth. Luke xii. 15.

4. To be cosistent or harmonious; to be in accordance; -- formerly used absolutely, now followed by with. This was a consisting story. Bp. Burnet. Health consists with temperance alone. Pope. For orders and degrees Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milton.

5. To insist; -- followed by on. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- To Consist, Consist of, Consist in. The verb consist is employed chiefly for two purposes, which are marked and distinguished by the prepositions used. When we wish to indicate the parts which unite to compose a thing, we use of; as when we say, "Macaulay's Miscellanies consist chiefly of articles which were first published in the Edinburgh Review." When we wish to indicate the true nature of a thing, or that on which it depends, we use in; as, "There are some artists whose skill consists in a certain manner which they have affected." "Our safety consists in a strict adherence to duty."

CONSISTENCE; CONSISTENCY Con*sist"ence, Con*sist"en*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consistance.]

1. The condition of standing or adhering together, or being fixed in union, as the parts of a body; existence; firmness; coherence; solidity. Water, being divided, maketh many circles, till it restore itself to the natural consistence. Bacon. We are as water, weak, and of no consistence. Jer. Taylor. The same form, substance, and consistency. T. Burned.

2. A degree of firmness, density, or spissitude. Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a sirup. Arbuthnot.

3. That which stands together as a united whole; a combination. The church of God, as meaning whole consistence of orders and members. Milton.

4. Firmness of constitution or character; substantiality; durability; persistency. His friendship is of a noble make and a lasting consistency. South.

5. Agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; the harmony of conduct with profession; congruity; correspondence; as, the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions; consistency of opinions; consistency of conduct or of character. That consistency of behavior whereby he inflexibly pursues those measures which appear the most just. Addison. Consistency, thou art a jewel. Popular Saying.

CONSISTENT Con*sist"ent, a. Etym: [L. consistens, p.pr.: cf. F. consistant.]

1. Possessing firmness or fixedness; firm; hard; solid. The humoral and consistent parts of the body. Harvey.

2. Having agreement with itself or with something else; having harmony among its parts; possesing unity; accordant; harmonious; congruous; compatible; uniform; not contradictory. Show me one that has it in his power To act consistent with himself an hour. Pope. With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free are terms not consistent only, but equivalent. South.

3. Living or acting in conformity with one's belief or professions. It was utterly to be at once a consistent Quaker and a conspirator. Macaulay.

CONSISTENTLY Con*sist"ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consistent manner.

CONSISTORIAL Con`sis*to"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consistorial.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a consistory. "Consistorial laws." Hooker. "Consistorial courts." Bp. Hoadley.

CONSISTORIAN Con`sis*to"rian, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a Presbyterian consistory; -- a contemptuous term of 17th century controversy. You fall next on the consistorian schismatics; for so you call Presbyterians. Milton.

CONSISTORY Con*sis"to*ry ( or ; 277) n.; pl. Consistories. Etym: [L. consistorium a place of assembly, the place where the emperor's council met, fr. consistere: cf. F. consistoire, It. consistorio. See Consist.]

1. Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council. To council summons all his mighty peers, Within thick clouds and dark tenfold involved, A gloomy consistory. Milton.

2. (Eng. Ch.)

Defn: The spiritual court of a diocesan bishop held before his chancellor or commissioner in his cathedral church or elsewhere. Hook.

3. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: An assembly of prelates; a session of the college of cardinals at Rome. Pius was then hearing of causes in consistory. Bacon.

4. A church tribunal or governing body.

Note: In some churches, as the Dutch Reformed in America, a consistory is composed of the minister and elders of an individual church, corresponding to a Presbyterian church session, and in others, as the Reformed church in France, it is composed of ministers and elders, corresponding to a presbytery. In some Lutheran countries it is a body of clerical and lay officers appointed by the sovereign to superintend ecclesiastical affairs.

5. A civil court of justice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CONSISTORY Con*sis"to*ry, a.

Defn: Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a consistory. "To hold consistory session." Strype.

CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, n. Etym: [L. nsociatus, p.p. of consociare to associate, unite; con- + sociare to join, unite. See Social.]

Defn: An associate; an accomplice. [Archaic] "Wicked consociates." Bp. Hall.

CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consociated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consociating.]

1. To bring into alliance, confederacy, or relationship; to bring together; to join; to unite. [R.] Join pole to pole, consociate severed worlds. Mallet.

2. To unite in an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

CONSOCIATE Con*so"ci*ate, v. i.

1. To be allied, confederated, or associated; to coalescence. [R.] Bentley.

2. To form an ecclesiastical consociation. [U.S.]

CONSOCIATION Con*so`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. consociatio.]

1. Intimate union; fellowship; alliance; companionship; confederation; association; intimacy. A friendly consociation with your kindred elements. Warburton.

2. A voluntary and permanent council or union of neighboring Congregational churches, for mutual advice and co

Note: In Connecticut some of the Congregational churhes are associated in consociations and the others in conferences.

CONSOCIATIONAL Con*so`ci*a"tion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a consociation. [U.S.]

CONSOL Con*sol", n.

Defn: A consolidated annuity (see Consols); -- chiefly in combination or attributively.

CONSOLABLE Con*sol"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. consolabilis: cf. F. consolable.]

Defn: Capable of receiving consolation.

CONSOLATE Con"so*late, v. t. Etym: [L. consolatus, p.p. See Console, v. t.]

Defn: To console; to comfort. [Obs.] Shak.

CONSOLATION Con`so*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. consolatio: cf. F. consolation.]

Defn: The act of consoling; the state of being consoled; allevation of misery or distress of mind; refreshment of spirit; comfort; that which consoles or comforts the spirit. Against such cruelties With inward consolations recompensed. Milton. Are the consolations of God small with thee Job xv. 11.

Syn. -- Comfort; solace; allevation. See Comfort.

CONSOLATION GAME; CONSOLATION MATCH; CONSOLATION POT; CONSOLATION RACE Con`so*la"tion game, match, pot, race, etc.

Defn: A game, match, etc., open only to losers in early stages of contests.

CONSOLATO DEL MARE Con`so*la"to del ma"re. Etym: [It., the consulate of the sea.]

Defn: A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent collections of maritime laws. Kent. Bouvier.

CONSOLATOR Con"so*la`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who consoles or comforts. Johnson.

CONSOLATORY Con*sol"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [L. consolatorius.]

Defn: Of a consoling or comforting nature. The punishment of tyrants is a noble and awful act of justice; and it has with truth been said to be consolatory to the human mind. Burke.

CONSOLATORY Con*sol"a*to*ry, n.

Defn: That which consoles; a speech or writing intended for consolation. [R.] Milton.

CONSOLE Con*sole", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consoled; p.pr. & vb.n. Consoling.] Etym: [L. consolari,. p.p. consolatus; con- + solari to console, comfort: cf. F. consoler. See Solace.]

Defn: To cheer in distress or depression; to alleviate the grief and raise the spirits of; to relieve; to comfort; to soothe. And empty heads console with empty sound. Pope. I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, and its triumph has been complete. P. Henry.

Syn. -- To comfort; solace; soothe; cheer; sustain; encourage; support. See Comfort.

CONSOLE Con"sole, n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.) (a) A bracket whose projection is not more than half its height. (b) Any small bracket; also, a console table. Console table, a table whose top is supported by two or more consoles instead of legs.

CONSOLER Con*sol"er, n.

Defn: One who gives consolation.

CONSOLIDANT Con*sol"i*dant, a. Etym: [L. consolidans, p.pr. of consolidare: cf. F. consolidant.]

Defn: Serving to unite or consolidate; having the quality of consolidating or making firm.

CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, a. Etym: [L. consolidatus, p.pr. of consolidare to make firm; con- + solidare to make firm; solidus solid. See Solid, and cf. Consound.]

Defn: Formed into a solid mass; made firm; consolidated. [R.] A gentleman [should learn to ride] while he is tender and the brawns and sinews of his thighs not fully consolidate. Elyot.

CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consolidated; p.pr. & vb.n. Consolidating.]

1. To make solid; to unite or press together into a compact mass; to harden or make dense and firm. He fixed and consolidated the earth. T. Burnet.

2. To unite, as various particulars, into one mass or body; to bring together in close union; to combine; as, to consolidate the armies of the republic. Consolidating numbers into unity. Wordsworth.

3. (Surg.)

Defn: To unite by means of applications, as the parts of a broken bone, or the lips of a wound. [R.]

Syn. -- To unite; combine; harden; compact; condense; compress.

CONSOLIDATE Con*sol"i*date, v. i.

Defn: To grow firm and hard; to unite and become solid; as, moist clay consolidates by drying. In hurts and ulcers of the head, dryness maketh them more apt to consolidate. Bacon.

CONSOLIDATED Con*sol"i*da`ted, p.p. & a.

1. Made solid, hard, or compact; united; joined; solidified. The Aggregate Fund . . . consisted of a great variety of taxes and surpluses of taxes and duties which were [in 1715] consolidated. Rees. A mass of partially consolidated mud. Tyndall.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having a small surface in proportion to bulk, as in the cactus. Consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed for very dry regions; in such only they are found. Gray. The Consolidated Fund, a British fund formed by consolidating (in 1787) three public funds (the Aggregate Fund, the General Fund, and the South Sea Fund). In 1816, the larger part of the revenues of Great Britian and Ireland was assigned to what has been known as the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom, out of which are paid the interest of the national debt, the salaries of the civil list, etc.

CONSOLIDATION Con*sol`i*da"tion, n. Etym: [L. consolidatio a confirming: cf. F. consolidation.]

1. The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination. The consolidation of the marble and of the stone did not fall out at random. Woodward. The consolidation of the great European monarchies. Hallam.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: To organic cohesion of different circled in a flower; adnation.

3. (Law)

Defn: The combination of several actions into one.

CONSOLIDATIVE Con*sol"i*da*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consolidatif.]

Defn: Tending or having power to consolidate; healing.

CONSOLING Con*sol"ing, a.

Defn: Adapted to console or comfort; cheering; as, this is consoling news.

CONSOLS Con"sols ( or , n. pl. Etym: [A contraction of consolidated (annuities).]

Defn: The leading British funded government security.

Note: A considerable part of the public debt of Great Britian, which had been contracted in the form of annuities yielding various rates of interest, was, in 1757, consolidated into one fund at 3 per cent interest, the account of which is kept at the Bank of England. This debt has been diminished and increased at different times, and now constitutes somewhat more than half of the entire national debt. The stocks are transferable, and Their value in the market constantly fluctuates; the price at any time being regarded as a gauge of the national prosperity and public confidence.

CONSOMME Con`som`me, n. Etym: [F., lit. p.p. of consommer to finish.] (Cookery)

Defn: A clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich.

CONSONANCE; CONSONANCY Con"so*nance, Con"so*nan*cy, n. Etym: [L. consonantia: cf. F. consonnance.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: Accord or agreement of sounds produced simultaneously, as a note with its third, fifth, and eighth.

2. Agreement or congruity; harmony; accord; consistency; suitableness. The perfect consonancy of our persecuted church to the doctrines of Scripture and antiquity. Hammond. The optic nerve responds to the waves with which it is in consonance. Tyndall.

3. Friendship; concord. [Obs.] By the consonancy of our youth. Shak.

Syn. -- Agreement; accord; consistency; unison; harmony; congruity; suitableness; agreeableness.

CONSONANT Con"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. consonans, -antis; p.pr. of consonare to sound at the same time, agree; con- + sonare to sound: cf. F. consonnant. See Sound to make a noise.]

1. Having agreement; congruous; consistent; according; -- usually followed by with or to. Each one pretends that his opinion . . . is consonant to the words there used. Bp. Beveridge. That where much is given shall be much required is a thing consonant with natural equity. Dr. H. More.

2. Having like sounds. Consonant words and syllables. Howell.

3. (Mus.)

Defn: harmonizing together; accordant; as, consonant tones, consonant chords.

4. Of or pertaining to consonants; made up of, or containing many, consonants. No Russian whose dissonant consonant name Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame. T. Moore.

CONSONANT Con"so*nant, n. Etym: [L. consonans, -antis.]

Defn: An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound.

Note: Consonants are divided into various classes, as mutes, spirants, sibilants, nasals, semivowels, etc. All of them are sounds uttered through a closer position of the organs than that of a vowel proper, although the most open of them, as the semivowels and nasals, are capable of being used as if vowels, and forming syllables with other closer consonants, as in the English feeble (taken (

Note: "A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing, or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throath.) The main distinction between vowels and consonants is, that while in the former the mouth configuration merely modifies the vocalized breath, which is therefore an essential element of the vowels, in consonants the narrowing or stopping of the oral passage is the foundation of the sound, and the state of the glottis is something secondary." H. Sweet.

CONSONANTAL Con`so*nan"tal

Defn: ,

CONSONANTIZE Con"so*nant*ize, v. t.

Defn: To change into, or use as, a consonant. "The vowel is consonantized, that is, made closer in position." Peile.

CONSONANTLY Con"so*nant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consonant, consistent, or congruous manner; agreeably.

CONSONANTNESS Con"so*nant*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or condition of being consonant, agreeable, or consistent.

CONSONOUS Con"so*nous, a. Etym: [L. consonus. See Consonant.]

Defn: Agreeing in sound; symphonious.

CONSOPIATION Con*so`pi*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of sleeping, or of lulling, to sleep. [Obs.] Pope.

CONSOPITE Con"so*pite, a. Etym: [L. consopitus, p.p. of consopire.]

Defn: Lulled to sleep. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CONSOPITE Con"so*pite, v. t.

Defn: To lull to sleep; to quiet; to compose. [Obs.] The operation of the masculine faculties of the soul were, for a while, well slacked and consopited. Dr. H. More.

CONSORT Con"sort, n. Etym: [L. consore, -sortis; con- + sors lot, fate, share. See Sort.]

1. One who shares the lot of another; a companion; a partner; especially, a wife or husband. Milton. He single chose to live, and shunned to wed, Well pleased to want a consort of his bed. Dryden. The consort of the queen has passed from this troubled sphere. Thakeray. The snow-white gander, invariably accompanied by his darker consort. Darwin.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A ship keeping company with another.

3. Concurrence; conjunction; combination; association; union. "By Heaven's consort." Fuller. "Working in consort." Hare. Take it singly, and is carries an air of levity; but, in consort with the rest, has a meaning quite different. Atterbury.

4. Etym: [LL. consortium.]

Defn: An assembly or association of persons; a company; a group; a combination. [Obs.] In one consort there sat Cruel revenge and rancorious despite, Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate. Spenser. Lord, place me in thy consort. Herbert.

5. Etym: [Perh. confused with concert.]

Defn: Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments. [Obs.] Milton. To make a sad consort`; Come, let us join our mournful song with theirs. Spenser.

Prince consort, the husband of a queen regnant. -- Queen consort, the wife of a king, as distinguished from a queen regnant, who rules alone, and a queen dowager, the window of a king.

CONSORT Con*sort", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consorted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consorting.]

Defn: To unite or to keep company; to associate; -- used with with. Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee Dryden.

CONSORT Con*sort", v. t.

1. To unite or join, as in affection, harmony, company, marriage, etc.; to associate. He with his consorted Eve. Milton. For all that pleasing is to living ears Was there consorted in one harmony. Spenser. He begins to consort himself with men. Locke.

2. To attend; to accompany. [Obs.] Thou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here, Shalt with him hence. Shak.

CONSORTABLE Con*sort"a*ble, a.

Defn: Suitable for association or companionship. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

CONSORTION Con*sor"tion, n. Etym: [L. consortio.]

Defn: Fellowship; association; companionship. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CONSORTSHIP Con"sort*ship, n.

Defn: The condition of a consort; fellowship; partnership. Hammond.

CONSOUND Con"sound, n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. consoude, fr L. consolida comfrey (so called because supposed to have healing power); con- + solidus solid, consolidare to make solid. Cf. Comfrey, Consolidate.] (Bot.)

Defn: A name applied loosely to several plants of different genera, esp. the comfrey.

CONSPECIFIC Con`spe*cif"ic, a.

Defn: Of the same species.

CONSPECTUITY Con`spec*tu"i*ty, n.; pl. Conspectuities.

Defn: The faculty of seeing; sight; eye.

Note: [A word of Menenius's making. Coriolanus ii. 1] Shak.

CONSPECTUS Con*spec"tus, n.

Defn: A general sketch or outline of a subject; a synopsis; an epitome.

CONSPERSION Con*sper"sion, n. Etym: [L. conspersio, fr. conspergere to sprinkle.]

Defn: The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] The conspersion washing the doorposts. Jer. Taylor.

CONSPICUITY Con`spi*cu"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being clear or bright; brightness; conspicuosness. [R.] Chapman.

CONSPICUOUS Con*spic"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. conspicuus, fr. conspicere to get sight of, to perceive; con- + spicere, specere, to look. See Spy]

1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to be seen; plainly visible; manifest; attracting the eye. It was a rock Of alabaster, piled up to the clouds, Conspicious far. Milton. Conspicious by her veil and hood, Signing the cross, the abbess stood. Sir W. Scott.

2. Obvious to the mental eye; easily recognized; clearly defined; notable; prominent; eminent; distinguished; as, a conspicuous exellence, or fault. A man who holds a conspicuous place in the political, eccesiastical, and literary history of England. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Distinguished; eminent; famous; illustrious; prominent; celebrated. See Distinguished. -- Con*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*spic"u*ous*ness, n.

CONSPIRACY Con*spir"a*cy, n.; pl. Conspiracies. Etym: [See Conspiration.]

1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; as agreement, between two or more persons, to commit a crime in concert, as treason; a plot. When shapen was all his conspiracy From point to point. Chaucer. They made a conspiracy against [Amaziah]. 2 Kings xiv. 19. I had forgot that foul conspiracy Of the beast Caliban and his confederates. Shak.

2. A concurence or general tendency, as of circumstances, to one event, as if by agreement. A conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things. Sir P. Sidney.

3. (Law)

Defn: An agreement, manifesting itself in words or deeds, by which two or more persons confederate to do an unlawful act, or to use unlawful to do an act which is lawful; confederacy.

Syn. -- Combination; plot; cabal.

CONSPIRANT Con*spir"ant, a. Etym: [L. conspirans, p.pr. of conspirare: cf. F. conspirant.]

Defn: Engaging in a plot to commit a crime; conspiring. [Obs.] Shak.

CONSPIRATION Con`spi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [F. conspiration, L. conspiratio.]

Defn: Agreement or concurrence for some end or purpose; conspiracy. [R.] As soon as it was day, certain Jews made a conspiration. Udall. In our natural body every part has a nacassary sympathy with every other, and all together form, by their harmonious onspiration, a healthy whole. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONSPIRATOR Con*spir"a*tor, n.

Defn: One who engages in a conspiracy; a plotter. 2 Sam. xv. 31.

CONSPIRE Con*spire", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Conspired; p.pr. & vb.n. Conspiring.] Etym: [F. conspirer, L. onspirare to blow together, harmonize, agree, plot; con- + spirare to breathe, blow. See Spirit.]

1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret agreement, to do some act, as to commit treason or a crime, or to do some unlawful deed; to plot together. They conspired against [Joseph] to slay him. Gen. xxxvii. 18. You have conspired against our royal person, Joined with an enemy proclaimed. Shak.

2. To concur to one end; to agree. The press, the pulpit, and the stage Conspire to censure and expose our age. Roscommon.

Syn. -- To unite; concur; complot; confederate; league.

CONSPIRE Con*spire", v. t.

Defn: To plot; to plan; to combine for. Angry clouds conspire your overthrow. Bp. Hall.

CONSPIRER Con*spir"er, n.

Defn: One who conspires; a conspirator.

CONSPIRINGLY Con*spir"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a conspirator; by conspiracy. Milton.

CONSPISSATION Con`spis*sa"tion, n. Etym: [L. conspissatio, fr. onspissare to make thick.]

Defn: A making thick or viscous; thickness; inspissation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

CONSPURCATE Con*spur"cate, v. t. Etym: [L. conspurcatus, p.p. of conspurcare.]

Defn: To pollute; to defile. [Obs.] Cockeram.

CONSPURCATION Con`spur*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. conspurcare, -spuratum, to defile.]

Defn: This act of defiling; defilement; pollution. Bp. Hall.

CONSTABLE Con"sta*ble, n. Etym: [OE. conestable, constable, a constable (in sense 1), OF. conestable, F. conn, LL. conestabulus, constabularius, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, master of the horse, equerry; comes ount (L. ompanion) + L. stabulum stable. See Count a nobleman, and Stable.]

1. A high officer in the monarhical establishments of the Middle Ages.

Note: The constable of France was the first officer of the crown, and had the chief ommand of the army. It was also his duty to regulate all matters of chivalry. The office was suppressed in 1627. The constable, or lord high constable, of England, was one of the highest officers of the crown, commander in chief of the forces, and keeper of the peace of the nation. He also judicial cognizance of many important matters. The office was as early as the Conquest, but has been disused (except on great and solemn occasions), since the attainder of Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII.

2. (Law)

Defn: An officer of the peace having power as a conservator of the public peace, and bound to exeute the warrants of judicial offiers. Bouvier.

Note: In England, at the present time, the constable is a conservator of the peace within his district, and is also charged by various statutes with other duties, such as serving summons, precepts, warrants, etc. In the United States, constables are town or its officers of the peace, with powers similar to those of the constables of England. In addition to their duties as conservators of the peace, they are invested with others by statute, such as to execute civil as well as criminal process in certain cases, to attend courts, keep juries, etc. In some cities, there are officers called high constables, who act as shiefs of the constabulary or police force. In other cities the title of constable, as well as the office, is merged in that of the polie officer. High constable, a constable having certain duties and powers within a hundred. [Eng.] -- Petty constable, a conservator of the peace within a parish or tithing; a tithingman. [Eng.] -- Special constable, a person appointed to act as constable of special occasions. -- To overrun, or outrun, the constable, the spend more than one's income; to get into debt. [Colloq.] Smollett.

CONSTABLERY Con"sta*bler*y ( or , n. Etym: [OF. conestablerie. Cf. Constabulary.]

1. The constabulary. [Obs.]

2. The distrit or jurisdiction of a constable. [Obs.]

CONSTABLESHIP Con"sta*bleship, n.

Defn: The office or functions of a constable.

CONSTABLESS Con"sta*bless, n.

Defn: The wife of a constable. [Obs.]

CONSTABLEWICK Con"sta*ble*wick`, n. Etym: [Constable + wick a village]

Defn: The district to which a constable's power is limited. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

CONSTABULARY Con*stab"u*la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. constabularius an equerry. See Constable.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to constables; consisting of constables.

CONSTABULARY Con*stab"u*la*ry, n.

Defn: The collective body of constables in any town, district, or country.

CONSTABULATORY Con*stab"u*la*to*ry, n.

Defn: A constabulary. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

CONSTANCY Con"stan*cy, n. Etym: [L. constantia: cf. F. constance. See Constant.]

1. The state or quality of being constant or steadfast; freedom from hange; stability; fixedness; immutabilitu; asm the constancy of God in his nature and attributes.

2. Fixedness or firmness of mind; persevering resolution; especially, firmness of mind under sufferings, steadiness in attashments, or perseverance in enterprise; stability; fidelity. A fellow of plain unoined constancy. Shak. Constancy and contempt of danger. Prescott.

Syn. -- Fixedness; stability; firmness; steadiness; permanence; steadfastness; resolution. See Firmness.

CONSTANT Con"stant, a. Etym: [L. onstans, -antis, p.pr. of constare to stand firm, to be consistent; con- + stare to stand: cf.F. constant. See Stand and f. Cost, v. t.]

1. Firm; solid; fixed; immovable; -- opposed to fluid. [Obs.] If . . . you mix them, you may turn these two fluid liquors into a constant body. Boyle.

2. Not liable, or given, to change; permanent; regular; continuous; continually recurring; steadfast; faithful; not fickle. Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant friends. Sir P. Sidney. I am constant to my purposes. Shak. His gifts, his constant ourtship, nothing gained. Dryden. Onward the constant current sweeps. Longfellow.

3. (Math. & Physics)

Defn: Remaining unchanged or invariable, as a quantity, forc, law, etc.

4. Consistent; logical. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Fixed; steadfast; unchanging; permanent; unalterable; immutable; perpetual; continual; resolute; firm; unshaken; determined. -- Constant, Continual, Perpetual. These words are sometimes used in an absolute and sometimes in a qualified sense. Constant denotes, in its absolute sense, unchangeably fixed; as, a constant mind or purpose. In its qualified sense, it marks something as a "standing" fact or occurence; as, liable to constant interruptions; constantly called for. Continual, in its absolute sense, coincides with continuous. See Continuous. In its qualified sense, it describes, a thing as occuring in steady and rapid succession; as, a round of continual calls; continually changing. Perpetual denotes, in its absolute sense, what literally never ceases or comes to an end; as, perpetual motion. In its qualified sense, it is used hyperbolically, and denotes that which rarely ceases; as, perpetual disturbance; perpetual noise; perpetual intermeddling.

CONSTANT Con"stant, n.

1. That which is not subject to change; that which is invariable.

2. (Math.)

Defn: A quantity that does not change its value; -- used in countradistinction variable. Absolute costant (Math.), one whose value is absolutely the same under all cirumstanes, as the number 10, or any numeral. -- Arbitrary constant, an undetermined constant in a differential equation having the same value during all changes in the values of the variables.

CONSTANTIA Con*stan"ti*a ( or , n.

Defn: A superior wine, white and red, from Constantia, in Cape Colony.

CONSTANTLY Con"stant*ly, adv.

Defn: With constancy; steadily; continually; perseveringly; without cessation; uniformly. But she constantly affirmed that it was even so. Acts. xii. 15.

CONSTAT Con"stat, n. Etym: [L., it is evident.] (Law)

Defn: A certificate showing what appears upon record touching a matter in question.

CONSTATE Con*state", v. t. Etym: [F. constater; L. con- + stare to stand.]

Defn: To ascertain; to verify; to establish; to prove. F. P. Cobbe.

CONSTELLATE Con"stel*late ( or , v. i. Etym: [Pref. con- + L. stellatus, p.p. of stellare to cover with stars, stella star. See Stellate.]

Defn: To join luster; to shine with united radiance, or one general light. [R.] The several things which engage our affections . . . shine forth and constellate in God. Boule.

CONSTELLATE Con"stel*late, v. t.

1. To unite in one luster or radiane, as stars. [R.] Whe know how to constellate these lights. Boyle.

2. To set or adorn with stars or constellations; as, constellated heavens. J. Barlow.

CONSTELLATION Con`stel*la"tion, n. Etym: [F. constellation, L. constellatio.]

1. A cluster or group of fixed stars, or dvision of the heavens, designated in most cases by the name of some animal, or of some mythologial personage, within whose imaginary outline, as traced upon the heavens, the group is included. The constellations seem to have been almost purposely named and delineated to cause as much confusion and inconvenience as possible. Sir J. Herschel.

Note: In each of the constellations now recognized by astronomers (about 90 in number) the brightest stars, both named and unnamed are designated nearly in the order of brilliancy by the letters of the Greek alphabet; as,

2. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. The constellations of genius had already begun to show itself . . . which was to shed a glory over the meridian and close of Philip's reign. Prescott.

3. Fortune; fate; destiny. [Obs.] It is constellation, which causeth all that a man doeth. Gower.

CONSTERNATION Con`ster*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. consternatio, fr. consternare to overome, perplex, an accessory form of consternere to trow down, prostrate; con + sternere to spread out, throw down: cf. F. consternation. See Straum.]

Defn: Amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates for refletion; terror, combined with amaxement; dismay. The chiefs around, In silence wrapped, in onsternation downed. Attend the stern reply. Pope.

Syn. -- Alarm; fright; amazement; astonishment; surprise; panic; returbation. See Alarm.

CONSTIPATE Con"sti*pate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constipated; p.pr. & vb.n. Constipating.] Etym: [L. constipatus, p.p. of constipare; con- + stipare to crowd together. See Costive.]

1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to press together or condense. [Obs.] Of cold the property is to condense and constipate. Bacon.

2. To stop (a channel) by filling it, and preventing passage through it; as, to constipate the capillary vessels.

3. (Med.)

Defn: To render costive; to cause constipation in.

CONSTIPATION Con`sti*pa"tion, n. Etym: [L. constipatio a crowding together: cf.F. constipation.]

1. Act of crowding anything into a less compass, or the state of being crowded or pressed together; condensation. [Obs.] Fullness of matter, or a pretty close constipation . . . of its

## particles. Boyle.

2. A state of the bowels in which the evacuations are infrequent and difficult, or the intestines become filled with hardened faces; costiveness.

CONSTITUENCY Con*stit"u*en*cy, n.; pl. Constituencies (.

Defn: A body of constituents, as the body of citizens or voters in a representative district.

CONSTITUENT Con*stit"u*ent, a. Etym: [L. constituens, -entis, p.pr. See Constitute.]

1. Serving to form, compose, or make up; elemental; component. Body, soul, and reason are the three parts necessarily constituent of a man. Dryden.

2. Having the power of electing or appointing. A question of right arises between the constituent and representative body. Junius.

CONSTITUENT Con*stit"u*ent, n.

1. The person or thing which constitutes, determines, or constructs. Their first composure and origination require a higher and nobler constituent than chance. Sir M. Hale

2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part; a component; an element. We know how to bring these constituents together, and to cause them to form water. Tyndall.

3. One for whom another acts; especially, one who is represented by another in a legislative assembly; -- correlative to representative. The electors in the district of a representative in Congress, or in the legislature of a State, are termed his constituents. Abbot. To appeal from the representatives to the constituents. Macaulay.

4. (Law)

Defn: A person who appoints another to act for him as attorney in fact. Burrill.

CONSTITUTE Con"sti*tute, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constituted; p.pr. & vb.n. Constituting.] Etym: [L. constitutus, p.p. of constiture to constitute; con- + statuere to place, set, fr. status station, fr. stare to stand. See Stand.]

1. To cause to stand; to establish; to enact. Laws appointed and constituted by lawful authority. Jer. Taylor.

2. To make up; to compose; to form. Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defies destruction. Johnson.

3. To appoint, depute, or elect to an offie; to make and empower. Me didst Thou constitute a priest of thine. Wordsworth. Constituted authorities, the officers of government, collectively, as of a nation, city, town, etc. Bartlett.

CONSTITUTE Con"sti*tute, n.

Defn: An established law. [Obs.] T. Preston.

CONSTITUTER Con"sti*tu`ter, n.

Defn: One who constitutes or appoints.

CONSTITUTION Con`sti*tu"tion, n. Etym: [F. constitution, L. constitute.]

1. The act or process of constituting; the action of enacting, establishing, or appointing; enactment; establishment; formation.

2. The state of being; that form of being, or structure and connection of parts, which constitutes and characterizes a system or body; natural condition; structure; texture; conformation. The physical constitution of the sun. Sir J. Herschel.

3. The agregate of all one's inherited physical qualities; the aggregate of the vital powers of an individual, with refernce to ability to endure hardship, resist disease, etc.; as, a robust constitution. Our constitutions have never been enfeebled by the vices or luxuries of the oid world. Story.

4. The aggregate of mental qualities; temperament. He defended himself with . . . less passion than was expected from his constitution. Clarendon.

5. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of men, embodied in written documents, or implied in the institutions and usages of the country or society; also, a written instrument embodying such organic law, and laying down fundamental rules and principles for the conduct of affairs. Our constitution had begun to exist in times when statesmen were not much accustomed to frame exact definitions. Macaulay.

Note: In England the constitution is unwritten, and may be modified from time to time by act of Parliament. In the United States a constitution cannot ordinarily be modified, exept through such processes as the constitution itself ordains.

6. An authoritative ordinance, regulation or enactment; especially, one made by a Roman emperor, or one affecting ecclesiastical doctrine or disipline; as, the constitutions of Justinian. The positive constutions of our own churches. Hooker. A constitution of Valentinian addressed to Olybrius, then prefect of Rome, for the regulation of the conduct of advocates. George Long. Apostolic constitutions. See under Apostolic.

CONSTITUTIONAL Con`sti*tu"tion*al, a. Etym: [f. F. constitutionnel.]

1. Belonging to, or inherent in, the constitution, or in the structure of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity; constitutional ardor or dullness.

2. In accordance with, or authorized by, the constitution of a state or a society; as, constitutional reforms.

3. Regulated by, dependent on, or secured by, a constitution; as, constitutional government; constitutional rights. Hallam.

4. Relating to a constitution, or establishment form of government; as, a constitutional risis. The anient constitutional traditions of the state. Macaulay.

5. For the benefit or one's constitution or health; as, a constitutional walk. [Colloq.] Constitutional law, law that relates to the constitution, as a permanent system of political and juridical government, as distinguished from statutory and common law, which relate to matters subordinate to such constitution.

CONSTITUTIONAL Con`sti*tu"tion*al, n.

Defn: A walk or other exercise taken for one's health or constitution. [Colloq.] Thackeray. The men trudged diurnal constitutionals along the different roads. Compton Reade.

CONSTITUTIONALISM Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ism, n.

Defn: The theory, principles, or authority of constitutional government; attachment or adherene to a constitution or constitutional government. Carlyle.

CONSTITUTIONALIST Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ist, n.

Defn: One who advocates a constitutional form of government; a constitutionalist.

CONSTITUTIONALITY Con`sti*tu`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [f. F. constitutionalité.]

1. The quality or state of being constitutional, or inherent in the natural frame.

2. The state of being consistent with the constitution or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. Burke. Constitutionalities, bottomless cavilings and questionings about written laws. Carlyle.

CONSTITUTIONALLY Con`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.

1. In accordance with the constitution or natural disposition of the mind or body; naturally; as, he was constitutionally timid. The English were constitutionally humane. Hallam.

2. In accordance with the constitution or fundamental law; legally; as, he was not constitutionally appointed. Nothing would indue them to acknowledge that [such] an assembly . . . was constitutionally a Parliament. Macaulay.

CONSTITUTIONIST Con`sti*tu"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke.

CONSTITUTIVE Con"sti*tu`tive, a.

1. Tending or assisting to constitute or compose; elemental; essential. An ingredient and constitutive part of every virtue. Barrow.

2. Having power to enact, establish, or create; instituting; determining. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONSTITUTIVELY Con"sti*tu`tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a constitutive manner.

CONSTRAIN Con*strain", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constrained; p.pr. & vb.n. Constraining.] Etym: [OF. constraindre, F. contrainde, L. constringere; con- + stringere to draw tight. See Strain, and. cf. Constrict, Conbstringere.]

1. To secure by bonds; to chain; to bond or con He binds in hains The droway prophet, and his limbs constrains. Dryden. When winter frosts constrain the fields with old. Dryden.

2. To bring into a narrow compass; to compress. How the strait stays the slender waist constrain. Gay.

3. To hold back by force; to restrain; to repress. My sire in caves constrains the winds. Dryden.

4. To compel; to force; to necessiate; to oblige. The love of Christ constraineth us. 2. Cor. v. 14. I was constrained to appeal unto CActs xxviii. 19.

5. To violate; to ravish. [Obs.] Shak.

6. To produce in such a manner as to give an unnatural effet; as, a constrained voice.

Syn. -- To compel; force; drive; impel; urge; press.

CONSTRAINABLE Con*strain"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. constraignable, F. contraignable.]

Defn: Capable of being constrained; liable to constraint, or to restraint. Hooker.

CONSTRAINED Con*strained", a.

Defn: Marked by constraint; not free; not voluntary; embarrassed; as, a constrained manner; a constrained tone.

CONSTRAINEDLY Con*strain"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: By constraint or compulsion; in a constrained manner. Hooker.

CONSTRAINER Con*strain"er, n.

Defn: One who constrains.

CONSTRAINT Con*straint", n. Etym: [OF. constrainte, F. constrainte.]

Defn: The act of constraining, or the state of being constrained; that which compels to, or restrains from, action; compulsion; restraint; necessity. Long imprisonment and hard constraint. Spenser. Not by constraint, but bDryden.

Syn. -- Compulsion; violence; necessity; urgency. -- Constraint, Compulsion. Constraint implies strong binding force; as, the constraint of necessity; the constraint of fear. Compulsion implies the exertion of some urgent impelling force; as, driven by compulsion. The former prevents us from acting agreeably to our wishes; the latter forces us to act contrary to our will. Compulsion is always produced by some active agent; a constraint may be laid upon us by the forms of civil society, or by other outward circumstances. Crabb.

CONSTRAINTIVE Con*straint"ive, a.

Defn: Constraining; compulsory. [R.] "Any constraintive vow." R. Carew.

CONSTRICT Con*strict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constricted; p.pr. & vb.n. Constricting.] Etym: [L. constrictus, p.p. of constringere. See Constrain.]

Defn: To draw together; to render narrower or smaller; to bind; to cramp; to contract or ause to shrink. Such things as constrict the fibers. Arbuthnot. Membranous organs inclosing a cavity which their contraction constrict. Todd & Bowman.

CONSTRICTED Con*strict"ed, a.

1. Drawn together; bound; contracted; cramped.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Contracted or compressed so as to be smaller in certain places or parts than in others.

CONSTRICTION Con*stric"tion, n. Etym: [L. constrictio: cf. F. constriction.]

1. The act of constricting by means of some inherent power or by movement or change in the thing itself, as distinguished from compression.

2. The state of being constricted; the point where a thing is constricted; a narrowing or binding. A constriction of the parts inservient to speech. Grew.

CONSTRICTIVE Con*strict"ive, a.

Defn: Serving or tending to bind or constrict.

CONSTRICTOR Con*strict"or, n.

1. That which constricts, draws together, or contracts.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A muscle which contracts or closes an orifice, or which compresses an organ; a sphincter.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A serpent that kills its prey by inclosing and crushing it with its folds; as, the boa constrictor.

CONSTRINGE Con*stringe", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constringed; p.pr. & vb.n. Constringing.] Etym: [L. constringere. See onstrain.]

Defn: To dawn together; to contract; to force to contract itself; to constrict; to cause to shrink. [R.] Strong liquors . . . intoxicate, constringe, harden the fibers, and coagulate the fluids. Arbuthnot.

CONSTRINGENT Con*strin"gent, a. Etym: [L. constringens, p.pr.]

Defn: Having the quality of contracting, binding, or compressing. Thomson.

CONSTRUCT Con*struct", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Constructed; p.pr. & vb.n. Constructing.] Etym: [L. constructus, p.p. of construere to bring together, to construct; con- + struere to pile up, set in order. See Structure, and cf. Construe.]

1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) in their proper place and order; to build; to form; to make; as, to construct an edlifice.

2. To devise; to invent; to set in order; to arrange; as, to construct a theory of ethics.

Syn. -- To build; erect; form; compile; make; fabricate; originate; invent.

CONSTRUCT Con"struct, a.

Defn: Formed by, or relating to, construction, interpretation, or inference. Construct form or state (Heb. Gram.), that of a noun used before another which has the genitive relation to it.

CONSTRUCTER Con*struct"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, constructs or frames.

CONSTRUCTION Con*struc"tion, n. Etym: [L. constructio: cf. F. construction.]

1. The process or art of constructing; the act of building; erection; the act of devising and forming; fabrication; composition.

2. The form or manner of building or putting together the parts of anything; structure; arrangement. An astrolabe of peculiar construction. Whewell.

3. (Gram.)

Defn: The arrangement and connection of words in a sentence; syntactical arrangement. Some particles . . . in certain constructions have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them. Locke.

4. The method of construing, interpreting, or explaining a declaration or fact; an attributed sense or meaning; understanding; explanation; interpretation; sense. Any person . . . might, by the sort of construction that would be put on this act, become liable to the penalties of treason. Hallam. Strictly, the term [construction] signifies determining the meaning and proper effect of language by a consideration of the subject matter and attendant circumstances in connection with the words employed. Abbott. Interpretation properly precedes construction, but it does not go beyond the written text. Parsons. Construction of an equation (Math.), the drawing of such lines and figures as will represent geometrically the quantities in the equation, and their relations to each other. -- Construction train (Railroad), a train for transporting men and materials for construction or repairs.

CONSTRUCTIONAL Con*struc"tion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or deduced from, construction or interpretation.

CONSTRUCTIONIST Con*struc"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who puts a certain construction upon some writing or instrument, as the Constitutions of the United States; as, a strict constructionist; a broad constructionist.

CONSTRUCTIVE Con*struct"ive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. constructif.]

1. Having ability to construct or form; employed in construction; as, to exhibit constructive power. The constructive fingers of Watts. Emerson.

2. Derived from, or depending on, construction or interpretation; not directly expressed, but inferred. Constructive crimes (Law), acts having effects analogous to those of some statutory or common law crimes; as, constructive treason. Constructive crimes are no longer recognized by the courts. -- Constructive notice, notice imputed by construction of law. -- Constructive trust, a trust which may be assumed to exist, though no actual mention of it be made.

CONSTRUCTIVELY Con*struct"ive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a constructive manner; by construction or inference. A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, or constructively by notice to his government. Kent.

CONSTRUCTIVENESS Con*struct"ive*ness, n.

1. Tendency or ability to form or construct.

2. (Phren.)

Defn: The faculty which enables one to construct, as in mechanical, artistic, or literary matters.

CONSTRUCTOR Con*struct"or, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. constructor.]

Defn: A constructer.

CONSTRUCTURE Con*struc"ture, n.

Defn: That which is constructed or formed; an edifice; a fabric. [Obs.]

CONSTRUE Con*strue (; Archaic ), v. t. [imp & p. p. Construed; p. pr & vb. n. Construing.] Etym: [L. construere: cf. F. construire. See Construct.]

1. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure, arrangement, or connection of, or to discover the sense; to explain the construction of; to interpret; to translate.

2. To put a construction upon; to explain the sense or intention of; to interpret; to understand. Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our enemies. Bp. Stilingfleet. And to be dull was construed to be good. Pope.

CONSTUPRATE Con"stu*prate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Construprated; p.p. & vb.n. Constuprating.] Etym: [L. constupratus, p.p. of constuprare to ravish; con- + stuprare to ravish, stuprum rape.]

Defn: To ravish; to debauch. Burton.

CONSTUPRATION Con`stu*pra"tion, n.

Defn: The act of ravishing; violation; defilement. Bp. Hall.

CONSUBSTANTIAL Con`sub*stan"tial, a. Etym: [L. consubstantialis; con- + substantialis: cf. F. consubstantiel. See Substantial.]

Defn: Of the same kind or nature; having the same substance or essence; coessential. Christ Jesus . . . coeternal and consubstantial with the Father and with the Holy Ghost. Foxe.

CONSUBSTANTIALISM Con`sub*stan"tial*ism, n.

Defn: The doctrine of consubstantiation.

CONSUBSTANTIALIST Con`sub*stan"tial*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow.

CONSUBSTANTIALITY Con`sub*stan"ti*al"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. consubstantialité.]

Defn: Participation of the same nature; coexistence in the same substance. "His [the Son's] . . . consubstantiality with the Father." Hammend.

CONSUBSTANTIALLY Con`sub*stan"tial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consubstantial manner; with identity of substance or nature.

CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Consubstantiated; p.pr & vb. n. Consubstantiating.]

Defn: To cause to unite, or to regard as united, in one common substance or nature. [R.] His soul must be consubstantiated with reason. Jer. Taylor.

CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, v. i.

Defn: To profess or belive the doctrine of consubstantion. The consubstantiating church and priest. Dryden.

CONSUBSTANTIATE Con`sub*stan"ti*ate, a.

Defn: Partaking of the same substance; united; consubstantial. We must love her [the wife] that is thus consubstantiate with us. Feltham.

CONSUBSTANTIATION Con`sub*stan`ti*a"tion, n.

1. An identity or union of substance.

2. (Theol.)

Defn: The actual, substantial presence of the body of Christ with the bread and wine of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; impanation; -- opposed to transubstantiation.

Note: This view, held by Luther himself, was called consubstantiation by non Lutheran writers in contradistinction to transsubstantiation, the Catholic view.

CONSUETUDE Con"sue*tude (; 144), n. Etym: [L. consuetudo. See Custom.]

Defn: Custom, habit; usage. [R.] To observe this consuetude or law. Barnes .

CONSUETUDINAL Con`sue*tu"di*nal, a. Etym: [LL. consuetudinalis.]

Defn: According to custom; customary; usual. [R.]

CONSUETUDINARY Con`sue*tu"di*na"ry, a. Etym: [LL. consuetudinarius.]

Defn: Customary.

CONSUETUDINARY Con`sue*tu"di*na*ry, n.; pl. Consuetudinaries (.

Defn: A manual or ritual of customary devotional exercises.

CONSUL Con"sul, n. Etym: [L., prob. fr. consulere to deliberate. See Consult.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: One of the two chief magistrates of the republic.

Note: They were chosen annually, originally from the patricians only, but later from the plebeians also.

2. A senator; a counselor. [Obs.] Many of the consuls, raised and met, Are at the duke's already. Shak. With kings and consuls of the earth. Job. iii. 14 (Douay Ver. )

3. (Fr. Hist.)

Defn: One of the three chief magistrates of France from 1799 to 1804, who were called, respectively, first, second, and third consul.

4. An official comissioned to reside in some foreign country, to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen. Consul general, a consul of the first rank, stationed in an important place, or having jurisdiction in several places or over several consula. -- Vice consul, a consular officer holding the place of a consul during the consul's absence or after he has been relieved.

CONSULAGE Con"sul*age, n. (Com.)

Defn: A duty or tax paid by merchants for the protection of their connerce by means of a consul in a foreign place.

CONSULAR Con"su*lar, a. Etym: [L. consularis; cf. F. consulaire.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a consul; performing the duties of a consul; as, consular power; consular dignity; consular officers.

CONSULARY Con"su*la"ry, a.

Defn: Consular. [Obs.] Holland.

CONSULATE Con"su*late, n. Etym: [L. consulatus: cf. F. consulat.]

1. The office of a consul. Addison.

2. The jurisdiction or residence of a consul. Kent.

3. Consular government; term of office of a consul.

CONSULSHIP Con"sul*ship, n.

1. The office of a consul; consulate.

2. The term of office of a consul.

CONSULT Con*sult", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Consulted; p.pr. & vb.n. Consulting.] Etym: [L. consultare, fr. consulere to consult: cf. f. consulter. Cf. Counsel.]

Defn: To seek the opinion or advice of another; to take consel; to deliberate together; to confer. Let us consult upon to-morrow's business. Shak. All the laws of England have been made by the kings England, consulting with the nobility and commons. Hobbes.

CONSULT Con*sult", v. t.

1. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of; to apply to for information or instruction; to refer to; as, to consult a physician; to consult a dictionary. Men fergot, or feared, to consult . . . ; they were content to consult liberaries. Whewell.

2. To have reference to, in judging or acting; to have regard to; to consider; as, to consult one's wishes. We are . . . to consult the necessities of life, rather than matters of ornament and delight. L'Estrange.

3. To deliberate upon; to take for. [Obs.] Manythings were there consulted for the future, yet nothing was positively resolved. Clarendon.

4. To bring about by counsel or contrivance; to devise; to contrive. [Obs.] Thou hast consulted shame to thy Hab. ii. 10.

CONSULT Con*sult" ( or ), n.

1. The act of consulting or deliberating; consultation; also, the result of consulation; determination; decision. [Obs.] The council broke; And all grave consults dissolved in smoke. Dryden.

2. A council; a meeting for consultation. [Obs.] "A consult of coquettes." Swift.

3. Agreement; concert [Obs.] Dryden.

CONSULTARY Con*sult"a*ry, a.

Defn: Formed by consultation; resulting from conference. Consultary response (Law), the opinion of a court on a special case. Wharton.

CONSULTATION Con`sul*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. consultatio: cf. F. consultation.]

1. The act of consulting or conferring; deliberation of two or more persons on some matter, with a view to a decision. Thus they doubtful consultations dark Ended. Milton.

2. A council or conference, as of physicians, held to consider a special case, or of lawyers restained in a cause. Writ of consultation (Law), a writ by which a cause, improperly removed by prohibition from one court to another, is returned to the court from which it came; -- so called because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill-founded.

CONSULTATIVE Con*sult"a*tive, a.

Defn: Pertaining to consultation; having the privilege or right of conference. "A consultative . . . power." Abp. Bramhall.

CONSULTATORY Con*sult"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Formed by, or resulting from, consultation; advisory. Bancroft.

CONSULTER Con*sult"er, n.

Defn: One who consults, or asks counsel or information.

CONSULTING Con*sult"ing, a.

Defn: That consults. Consulting physician (Med.), a physician who consults with the attending practitioner regarding any case of disease.

CONSULTIVE Con*sult"ive, a.

Defn: Determined by, or pertaining to, consultation; deliberate; consultative. He that remains in the grace of God sins not by any deliberative, consultive, knowing act. Jer. Taylor.

CONSUMABLE Con*sum"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being consumed; that may be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent. "Consumable commodities." Locke.

CONSUME Con*sume", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Consumed; p.pr. & vb.n. Consuming.] Etym: [L. consumere to take wholly or complectely, to consume; con- + sumere to take; sub + emere to buv. See Redeem.]

Defn: To destroy, as by decomposition, dissipation, waste, or fire; to use up; to expend; to waste; to burn up; to eat up; to devour. If he were putting to my house the brand That shall consume it. Shak. Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth consume. Matt. vi. 20 (Rev. Ver. ). Let me alone . . . that I may consume them. Ex. xxxii. 10.

Syn. -- To destroy; swallow up; ingulf; absorb; waste; exhaust; spend; expend; squander; lavish; dissipate.

CONSUME Con*sume", v. i.

Defn: To waste away slowly. Therefore, let Renedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs. Shak.

CONSUMEDLY Con*sum"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Excessively. [Low] He's so consumedly pround of it. Thackeray.

CONSUMER Con*sum"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, consumes; as, the consumer of food.

CONSUMER'S GOODS Con*sum"er's goods. (Polit. Econ.)

Defn: Economic goods that directly satisfy human wants or desires, such as food, clothes, pictures, etc.; -- called also consumption goods, or goods of the first order, and opposed to producer's goods.

CONSUMER'S SURPLUS Consumer's surplus. (Polit. econ.)

Defn: The excess that a purchaser would be willing to pay for a commodity over that he does pay, rather than go without the commodity; -- called also consumer's rent.

The price which a person pays for a thing can never exceed, and seldom comes up to, that which he would be willing to pay rather than go without it. . . . The excess of the price which he would be willing to pay rather than go without it, over that which he actually does pay, is the economic measure of this surplus satisfaction. It has some analogies to a rent; but is perhaps best called simply consumer's surplus. Alfred Marshall.

CONSUMINGLY Con*sum"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consuming manner.

CONSUMMATE Con*sum"mate, a. Etym: [L. consummatus, p.p. or consummare to accomplish, sum up; con- + summa sum. See Sum.]

Defn: Carried to the utmost extent or degree; of the highest quality; complete; perfect. "A man of perfect and consummate virtue." Addison. The little band held the post with consummate tenacity. Motley

CONSUMMATE Con"sum*mate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Consummated; p. pr & vb. n. Consummating.]

Defn: To bring to completion; to raise to the highest point or degree; to complete; to finish; to perfect; to achieve. To consummate this business happily. Shak.

CONSUMMATELY Con*sum"mate*ly, adv.

Defn: In a consummate manner; completely. T. Warton.

CONSUMMATION Con`sum*ma"tion, n. Etym: [L. consummatio.]

Defn: The act of consummating, or the state of being consummated; completed; completion; perfection; termination; end (as of the world or of life). "Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. Shak. From its original to its consummation. Addison. Quiet consummation have, And renownShak. Consummation of marrige, completion of the connubial relation by actual cohabition.

CONSUMMATIVE Con*sum"ma*tive, a.

Defn: Serving to consummate; completing. "The final, the consummative procedure of philosophy." Sir W. Hamilton.

CONSUMPTION Con*sump"tion, n.. Etym: [L. consumptio: cf. F. consomption.]

1. The act or process of consuming by use, waste, etc.; decay; destruction. Every new advance of the price to the consumer is a new incentive to him to retrench the quality of his consumption. Burke.

2. The state or process of being consumed, wasted, or diminished; waste; diminution; loss; decay.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; -- called also pulmonary consumption. Consumption of the bowels (Med.), inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease.

Syn. -- Decline; waste; decay. See Decline.

CONSUMPTIVE Con*sump"tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. consomptif.]

1. Of or pertaining to consumption; having the quality of consuming, or dissipating; destructive; wasting. It [prayer] is not consumptive or our time. Sharp. A long consumptive war. Addison.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Affected with, or inclined to, consumption. The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decayed. Dryden.

CONSUMPTIVE Con*sump"tive, n.

Defn: One affected with consumption; as, a resort for consumptives.

CONSUMPTIVELY Con*sump"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a way tending to or indication consumption. Beddoes.

CONSUMPTIVENESS Con*sump"tive*ness, n.

Defn: A state of being consumptive, or a tendency to a consumption.

CONTABESCENT Con`ta*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. contabescenc, p.pr. of contabescere.]

Defn: Wasting away gradually. Darwin. - Con*ta*bes"cence, n.

CONTACT Con"tact, n. Etym: [L. contactus, fr. contingere, -tactum, to touch on all sides. See Contingent.]

1. A close union or junction of bodies; a touching or meeting.

2. (Geom.)

Defn: The property of two curves, or surfaces, which meet, and at the point of meeting have a common direction.

3. (Mining)

Defn: The plane between two adjacent bodies of dissimilar rock. Raymond. Contact level, a delicate level so pivoted as to tilt when two parts of a measuring apparatus come into contact with each other; -- used in precise determinations of lengths and in the accurate graduation of instruments.

CONTACTION Con*tac"tion, n.

Defn: Act of touching. [Obs.]

CONTAGION Con*ta"gion, n. Etym: [L. contagio: cf. F. contagion. See Contact.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: The transmission of a disease from one person to another, by direct or indirect contact.

Note: The term has been applied by some to the action of miasmata arising from dead animal or vegetable matter, bogs, fens, etc., but in this sense it is now abandoned. Dunglison. And will he steal out of his wholesome bed To dare the vile contagion of the night Shak.

2. That which serves as a medium or agency to transmit disease; a virus produced by, or exhalation proceeding from, a diseased person, and capable of reproducing the disease.

3. The act or means of communicating any influence to the mind or heart; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. "The contagion of example." Eikon Basilike. When lust . . . Lets in defilement to the inward parts, The soul grows clotted by contagion. Milton.

4. Venom; poison. [Obs.] "I'll touch my point with this contagion." Shak.

Syn. -- See Infection.

CONTAGIONED Con*ta"gioned, a.

Defn: Affected by contagion.

CONTAGIONIST Con*ta"gion*ist, n.

Defn: One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as of yellow fever.

CONTAGIOUS Con*ta"gious, a. Etym: [L. contagiosus: cf. F. contagieux.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: Communicable by contact, by a virus, or by a bodily exhalation; catching; as, a contagious disease.

2. Conveying or generating disease; pestilential; poisonous; as, contagious air.

3. Spreading or communicable from one to another; exciting similar emotions or conduct in others. His genius rendered his courage more contagious. Wirt. The spirit of imitation is contagious. Ames.

Syn. -- Contagious, Infectious. These words have been used in very diverse senses; but, in general, a contagious disease has considered as one which is caught from another by contact, by the breath, by bodily effluvia, etc.; while an infectious disease supposes some entirely different cause acting by a hidden influence, like the miasma of prison ships, of marshes, etc., infecting the system with disease. "This distinction, though not universally admitted by medical men, as to the literal meaning, of the words, certainly applies to them in their figurative use. Thus we speak of the contagious influence of evil associates; their contagion of bad example, the contagion of fear, etc., when we refer to transmission by proximity or contact. On the other hand, we speak of infection by bad principles, etc., when we consider anything as diffused by some hidden influence.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASE Con*ta"gious dis*ease". (Med.)

Defn: A disease communicable by contact with a patient suffering from it, or with some secretion of, or object touched by, such a patient. Most such diseases have already been proved to be germ diseases, and their communicability depends on the transmission of the living germs. Many germ diseases are not contagious, some special method of transmission or inoculation of the germs being required.

CONTAGIOUSLY Con*ta"gious*ly, adv.

Defn: In a contagious manner.

CONTAGIOUSNESS Con*ta"gious*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being contagious.

CONTAGIUM Con*ta"gi*um, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Contagion; contagious matter. "Contagium of measles." Tyndall.

CONTAIN Con*tain", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contained; p.pr. & vb.n. Containing.] Etym: [OE. contenen, conteinen, F. contenir, fr. L. continere, - tentum; con- + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Countenance.]

1. To hold within fixed limits; to comprise; to include; to inclose; to hold. Behold, heaven and the heaven of heavens can not contain thee; how much less this house! 2 Chron. vi. 18. When that this body did contain a spirit. Shak. What thy stores contain bring forth. Milton.

2. To have capacity for; to be able to hold; to hold; to be equivalent to; as, a bushel contains four pecks.

3. To put constraint upon; to restrain; to confine; to keep within bounds. [Obs., exept as used reflexively.] The king's person contains the unruly people from evil occasions. Spenser. Fear not, my lord: we can contain ourselves. Shak.

CONTAIN Con*tain", v. i.

Defn: To restrain desire; to live in continence or chastity. But if they can not contain, let them marry. 1 Cor. vii. 9.

CONTAINABLE Con*tain"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being contained or comprised. Boyle.

CONTAINANT Con*tain"ant, n.

Defn: A container.

CONTAINER Con*tain"er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, contains.

CONTAINMENT Con*tain"ment, n.

Defn: That which is contained; the extent; the substance. [Obs.] The containment of a rich man's estate. Fuller.

CONTAMINABLE Con*tam"i*na*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being contaminated.

CONTAMINATE Con*tam"i*nate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contaminated; p.pr. & vb.n. Contaminating.] Etym: [L. contaminatus, p.p. of contaminare to bring into contact, to contaminate, fr. contamen contagion, for contagmen; con- + root of tangere to touch. See Contact.]

Defn: To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; to tarnish; to sully; to taint; to pollute; to defile. Shall we now Contaminate our figures with base bribes Shak. I would neither have simplicity imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated. Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To pollute; defile; sully; taint; tarnish; soil; stain; corrupt.

CONTAMINATE Con*tam"i*nate, a.

Defn: Contaminated; defiled; polluted; tainted. "Contaminate drink." Daniel.

CONTAMINATION Con*tam`i*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. contaminatio.]

Defn: The act or process of contaminating; pollution; defilement; taint; also, that which contaminates.

CONTAMITIVE Con*tam"i*tive, a.

Defn: Tending or liable to contaminate.

CONTANGO Con*tan"go, n.; pl. Contangoes. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of contingent.]

1. (Stock Exchange)

Defn: The premium or interest paid by the buyer to the seller, to be allowed to defer paying for the stock purchased until the next fortnightly settlement day. [Eng.]

2. (Law)

Defn: The postponement of payment by the buyer of stock on the payment of a premium to the seller. See Backwardation. N. Biddle.

CONTE Conte, n.; pl. Contes (#). [F.]

Defn: A short narrative or tale, esp. one dealing with surprising or marvelous events.

The conte (sic) is a tale something more than a sketch, it may be, and something less than a short story. . . . The "Canterbury Tales" are contes, most of them, if not all, and so are some of the "Tales of a Wayside Inn." Brander Matthews.

CONTECTION Con*tec"tion, n. Etym: [L. contegere, -tectum, to cover up.]

Defn: A covering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CONTEK Con"tek, n. Etym: [OE. conteck, conteke, contake, perh. a corruption either of contact or contest.]

1. Quarrel; contention; contest. [Obs.] Contek with bloody knife. Chaucer.

2 2

Defn: Contumely; reproach. [Obs.] Wyclif.

CONTEMN Con*temn", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contemned; p.pr. & vb.n. Contemning ( or ).] Etym: [L. contemnere, -temptum; con- + temnere to slight, despise: cf. OF. contemner.]

Defn: To view or treat with contempt, as mean and despicable; to reject with disdain; to despise; to scorn. Thy pompous delicacies I contemn. Milton. One who contemned divine and human laws. Dryden.

Syn. -- To despise; scorn; disdain; spurn; slight; neglect; underrate; overlook. -- To Contemn, Despise, Scorn, Disdain. Contemn is the generic term, and is applied especially to objects, qualities, etc., which are deemed contemptible, and but rarely to individuals; to despise is to regard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or worthless; to scorn is stronger, expressing a quick, indignant contempt; disdain is still stronger, denoting either unwarrantable pride and haughtiness or an abhorrence of what is base.

CONTEMNER Con*tem"ner ( or ), n.

Defn: One who contemns; a despiser; a scorner. "Contemners of the gods." South.

CONTEMNINGLY Con*tem"ning*ly, adv.

Defn: Contemptuously. [R.]

CONTEMPER Con*tem"per, v. t. Etym: [L. contemperare, -temperatum; con- + temperare to temper. Cf. Contemperate.]

Defn: To modify or temper; to allay; to qualify; to moderate; to soften. [Obs.] The antidotes . . . have allayed its bitterness and contempered its malignancy. Johnson.

CONTEMPERATE Con*tem"per*ate, v. t. Etym: [See Contemper.]

Defn: To temper; to moderate. [Obs.] Moisten and contemperate the air. Sir T. Browne.

CONTEMPERATION Con*tem`per*a"tion, n.

1. The act of tempering or moderating. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Proportionate mixture or combination. "Contemperation of light and shade." Boyle.

CONTEMPERATURE Con*tem"per*a*ture, n.

Defn: The condition of being tempered; proportionate mixture; temperature. [Obs.] The different contemperature of the elements. SDouth.

CONTEMPLANCE Con*tem"plance, n.

Defn: Contemplation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CONTEMPLANT Con*tem"plant, a. Etym: [L. contemplans, p.pr.]

Defn: Given to contemplation; meditative. [R.] Coleridge.

CONTEMPLATE Con"tem*plate, v. t. [imp & p. p. Contemplated (# or #); p.pr & vb. n. Contemplating.] Etym: [L. contemplatus, p.p. of contemplari to contemplate; con- + templum a space for observation marked out by the augur. See Temple.]

1. To look at on all sides or in all its bearings; to view or consider with continued attention; to regard with deliberate care; to meditate on; to study. To love, at least contemplate and admire, What I see excellent. Milton. We thus dilate Our spirits to the size of that they contemplate. Byron.

2. To consider or have in view, as contingent or probable; to look forward to; to purpose; to intend. There remain some particulars to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions. A. Hamilton. If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war. Kent.

Syn. -- To view; behold; study; ponder; muse; meditate on; reflect on; consider; intend; design; plan; propose; purpose. See Meditate.

CONTEMPLATE Con"tem*plate, v. i.

Defn: To consider or think studiously; to ponder; to reflect; to muse; to meditate. So many hours must I contemplate. Shak.

CONTEMPLATION Con`tem*pla"tion, n. Etym: [F. contemplation, L. contemplatio.]

1. The act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a particular subject; meditation; musing; study. In contemplation of created things, By steps we may ascend to God. Milton. Contemplation is keeping the idea which is brought into the mind for some time actually in view. Locke.

2. Holy meditation. [Obs.] To live in prayer and contemplation. Shak.

3. The act of looking forward to an event as about to happen; expectation; the act of intending or purposing. In contemplation of returning at an early date, he left. Reid. To have in contemplation, to inted or purpose, or to have under consideration.

CONTEMPLATIST Con*tem"pla*tist, n.

Defn: A contemplator. [R.] I. Taylor.

CONTEMPLATIVE Con*tem"pla*tive, a. Etym: [F. contemplatif, L. contemplativus.]

1. Pertaining to contemplation; addicted to, or employed in, contemplation; meditative. Fixed and contemplative their looks. Denham.

2. Having the power of contemplation; as, contemplative faculties. Ray.

CONTEMPLATIVE Con*tem"pla*tive, n. (R. C. Ch.)

Defn: A religious or either sex devoted to prayer and meditation, rather than to active works of charity.

CONTEMPLATIVELY Con*tem"pla*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: With contemplation; in a contemplative manner.

CONTEMPLATIVENESS Con*tem"pla*tive*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being contemplative; thoughtfulness.

CONTEMPLATOR Con"tem*pla`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who contemplates. Sir T. Browne.

CONTEMPORANEITY Con*tem`po*ra*ne"i*ty, n.

Defn: The state of being contemporaneous. The lines of contemporaneity in the oölitic system. J. Philips.

CONTEMPORANEOUS Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. contemporaneus; con- + tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.]

Defn: Living, existing, or occurring at the same time; contemporary. The great age of Jewish philosophy, that of Aben Esra, Maimonides, and Kimchi, had been contemporaneous with the later Spanish school of Arabic philosophy. Milman - Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n.

CONTEMPORANEOUSLY Con*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: At the same time with some other event.

CONTEMPORARINESS Con*tem"po*ra*ri*ness, n.

Defn: Existence at the same time; contemporaneousness. Howell.

CONTEMPORARY Con*tem"po*ra*ry, a. Etym: [Pref. con- + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See Temporal, and cf. Contemporaneous.]

1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous. This king [Henry VIII.] was contemporary with the greatest monarchs of Europe. Strype.

2. Of the same age; coeval. A grove born with himself he sees, And loves his old contemporary trees. Cowley.

CONTEMPORARY Con*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Contemporaries.

Defn: One who lives at the same time with another; as, Petrarch and Chaucer were contemporaries.

CONTEMPT Con*tempt", n. Etym: [L. contemptus, fr. contemnere: cf. OF. contempt. See Contemn.]

1. The act of contemning or despising; the feeling with which one regards that which is esteement mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn. Criminal contempt of public feeling. Macaulay. Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great. Addison.

2. The state of being despised; disgrace; shame. Contempt and begarry hangs upon thy back. Shaks.

3. An act or expression denoting contempt. Little insults and contempts. Spectator. The contempt and anger of his lip. Shak.

4. (Law)

Defn: Disobedience of the rules, orders, or process of a court of justice, or of rules or orders of a legislative body; disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent language or behavior in presence of a court, tending to disturb its proceedings, or impair the respect due to its authority.

Note: Contempt is in some jurisdictions extended so as to include publications reflecting injuriously on a court of justice, or commenting unfairly on pending proceedings; in other jurisdictions the courts are prohibited by statute or by the constitution from thus exercising this process.

Syn. -- Disdain; scorn; derision; mockery; contumely; neglect; disregard; slight.

CONTEMPTIBILITY Con*tempt`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being contemptible; contemptibleness. Speed.

CONTEMPTIBLE Con*tempt"i*ble, a.

1. Worthy of contempt; deserving of scorn or disdain; mean; vile; despicable. Milton. The arguments of tyranny are ascontemptible as its force is dreadful. Burke.

2. Despised; scorned; neglected; abject. Locke.

3. Insolent; scornful; contemptuous. [Obs.] If she should make tender of her love, 't is very possible he 'll scorn it; for the man . . . hath a contemptible spirit. Shak.

Syn. -- Despicable; abject; vile; mean; base; paltry; worthless; sorry; pitiful; scurrile. See Contemptuous. -- Contemptible, Despicable, Pitiful, Paltry. Despicable is stronger than contemptible, as despise is stronger than contemn. It implies keen disapprobation, with a mixture of anger. A man is despicable chiefly for low actions which mark his life, such as servility, baseness, or mean adulation. A man is contemptible for mean qualities which distinguish his character, especially those which show him to be weak, foolish, or worthless. Treachery is despicable, egotism is contemptible. Pitiful and paltry are applied to cases which are beneath anger, and are simply contemptible in a high degree.

CONTEMPTIBLENESS Con*tempt"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being contemptible, or of being despised.

CONTEMPTIBLY Con*tempt"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a contemptible manner.

CONTEMPTUOUS Con*temp"tu*ous, a.

Defn: Manifecting or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful; haughty; insolent; disdainful. A proud, contemptious behavior. Hammond. Savage invectiveand contemptuous sarcasm. Macaulay. Rome . . . entertained the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews. Atterbury.

Syn. -- Scornful; insolent; haughty; disdainful; supercilious; insulting; contumelious. -- Contemptuous, Contemptible. These words, from their similarity of sound, are sometimes erroneously interchanged, as when a person speaks of having "a very contemptible opinion of another." Contemptible is applied to that which is the object of contempt; as, contemptible conduct; acontemptible fellow. Contemptuous is applied to that which indicates contempts; as, a contemptuous look; a contemptuous remark; contemptuous treatment. A person, or whatever is personal, as an action, an expression, a feeling, an opinion, may be either contemptuous or contemptible; a thing may be contemptible, but can not be contemptuous.

CONTEMPTUOUSLY Con*temp"tu*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a contemptuous manner; with scorn or disdain; despitefully. The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and used contemptuously. Jer. Taylor.

CONTEMPTUOUSNESS Con*temp"tu*ous*ness, n.

Defn: Disposition to or manifestion of contempt; insolence; haughtiness.

CONTEND Con*tend", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Contended; p.pr. & vb.n. Contending.] Etym: [OF. contendre, L. contendere, -tentum; con- + tendere to strech. See Tend.]

1. To strive in opposition; to contest; to dispute; to vie; to quarrel; to fight. For never two such kingdoms did content Without much fall of blood. Shak. The Lord said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle. Deut. ii. 9. In ambitious strength I did Contend against thy valor. Shak.

2. To struggle or exert one's self to obtain or retain possession of, or to defend. You sit above, and see vain men below Contend for what you only can bestow. Dryden.

3. To strive in debate; to engage in discussion; to dispute; to argue. The question which our author would contend for. Locke. Many things he fiercely contended about were trivial. Dr. H. More.

Syn. -- To struggle; fight; combat; vie; strive; oppose; emulate; contest; litigate; dispute; debate.

CONTEND Con*tend", v. t.

Defn: To struggle for; to contest. [R.] Carthage shall contend the world with Rome.Dryden.

CONTENDENT Con*tend"ent, n. Etym: [L. contendens, p.pr.]

Defn: n antagonist; a contestant. [Obs.] In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have been still made a prey to the third party. L'Estrange.

CONTENDER Con*tend"er, n.

Defn: One who contends; a contestant.

CONTENDRESS Con*tend"ress, n.

Defn: A female contestant. [R.]

CONTENEMENT Con*ten"e*ment, n. Etym: [Pref. con- + tenemnt.] (Law)

Defn: That which is held together with another thing; that which is connected with a tenetment, or thing holden, as a certin quantity of land a Burrill.

CONTENT Con*tent, a. Etym: [F. content, fr. L. contentus, p.p. of contenire to hold together, restrain. See Contain.]

Defn: Contained within limits; hence, having the desires limited by that which one has; not disposed to repine or grumble; satisfied; contented; at rest. Having food rainment, let us be therewith content. 1 Tim. vi. 8.

CONTENT Con"tent ( or ; 277), n.; usually in pl., Contents.

1. That which is contained; the thing or things held by a receptacle or included within specified limits; as, the contents of a cask or bale or of a room; the contents of a book. I shall prove these writings . . . authentic, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original. Grew.

2. Power of containing; capacity; extent; size. [Obs.] Strong ship's, of great content. Bacon.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: Area or quantity of space or matter contained within certain limits; as, solid contents; superficial contents. The geometrical content, figure, and situation of all the lands of a kingdom. Graunt. Table of contents, or Contents, a table or list of topics in a book, showing their order and the place where they may be found: a summary.

CONTENT Con*tent", v. t. Etym: [F. contenter, LL. contentare, fr. L. contentus, p.p. See Content, a.]

1. To satisfy the desires of; to make easy in any situation; to appease or quiet; to gratify; to please. Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas, where clearer are to be attained. I. Watts. Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas unto them. Mark xv. 15.

2. To satisfy the expectations of; to pay; to requite. Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you. Shak.

Syn. -- To satisfy; appease; plese. See Satiate.

CONTENT Con*tent", n.

1. Rest or quietness of the mind in one's present condition; freedom from discontent; satisfaction; contentment; moderate happiness. Such is the fullness of my heart's content. Shak.

2. Acquiescence without examination. [Obs.] The sense they humbly take upon content. Pope.

3. That which contents or satisfies; that which if attained would make one happy. So will I in England work your grace's full content. Shak.

4. (Eng. House of Lords)

Defn: An expression of assent to a bill or motion; an affirmate vote; also, a member who votes "Content.". Supposing the number of "Contents" and "Not contents" strictly equal in number and consequence.Burke.

CONTENTATION Con`ten*ta"tion, n. Etym: [LL. contentatio.]

Defn: Content; satisfaction. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONTENTED Con*tent"ed, a.

Defn: Content; easy in mind; satisfied; quiet; willing. -- Con*tent"ed*ly, adv. -- Con*tent"ed*ness, n.

CONTENTFUL Con*tent"ful, a.

Defn: Full of content. [Obs.] Barrow.

CONTENTION Con*ten"tion, n. Etym: [F. contention, L. contentio. See Contend.]

1. A violent effort or struggle to obtain, or to resist, something; contest; strife. I would my arcontenion. Shak.

2. Strife in words; controversy; altercation quarrel; dispute; as, a bone of contention. Contentions and strivings about the law. Titus iii. 9.

3. Vehemence of endeavor; eagerness; ardor; zeal. An end . . . worthy our utmost contenion to obtain. Rogers.

4. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion of strife; a position taken or contended for. All men seem agreed what is to be done; the contention is how the subject is to be divided and defined. Bagehot. This was my original contention, and I still maintain that you should abide by your former decision. Jowett.

Syn. -- Struggle; strife; contest; quarrel; combat; conflict; feud; litigation; controversy; dissension; variance; disagreement; debate; competition; emulation. -- Contention, Strife. A struggle between two parties is the idea common to these two words. Strife is a struggle for mastery; contention is a struggle for the possession of some desired object, or the accomplishment of some favorite end. Neither of the words is necessairly used in a bad sense, since there may be a generous strife or contention between two friends as to which shall incur danger or submit to sacrifices. Ordinarily, however, these words denote a struggle arising from bad passions. In that case, strife usually springs from a quarrelsome temper, and contention from, a selfish spirit which seeks its own aggrandizement, or is fearful lest others should obtain too such. Strife has more reference to the manner than to the object of a struggle, while contention takes more account of the end to be gained.

CONTENTIOUS Con*ten"tious, a. Etym: [L. contentiosus: cf. F. contentieux.]

1. Fond of contention; given to angry debate; provoking dispute or contention; quarrelsome. Despotic and contentious temper. Macaulay.

2. Relating to contention or strife; involving or characterized by contention. Spenser. More cheerfull; though not less contentious, regions. Brougham.

3. (Law)

Defn: Contested; litigated; litigious; having power to decide controversy. Contentious jurisdiction (Eng. Eccl. Law), jurisdiction over matters in controversy between parties, in contradistinction to voluntary jurisdiction, or that exercised upon matters not opposed or controverted.

Syn. -- Quarrelsome; pugnacious; dissentious; wrangling; litigious; perverse; peevish. - Con*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Con*ten"tious*ness, n.

CONTENTLESS Con*tent"less, a. Etym: [Content + -less.]

Defn: Discontented; dissatisfied. [R.] Shak.

CONTENTLY Con*tent"ly, adv.

Defn: In a contented manner. [Obs.]

CONTENTMENT Con*tent"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contentement. See Content, v. t.]

1. The state of being contented or satisfied; content. Contentment without external honor is humility. Grew. Godliness with contentment is great gain. 1 Tim. vi. 6.

2. The act or process of contenting or satisfying; as, the contentment of avarice is impossible.

3. Gratification; pleasure; satisfaction. [Obs.] At Paris the prince spent one whole day to give his mind some contentment in viewing of a famous city. Sir H. Wotton.

CONTENTS Con*tents ( or ; 277), n. pl.

Defn: See Content, n.

CONTERMINABLE Con*ter"mi*na*ble, a.

Defn: Having the same bounds; terminating at the same time or place; conterminous. Love and life not conterminable. Sir H. Wotton.

CONTERMINAL Con*ter"mi*nal, a. Etym: [LL. conterminalis.]

Defn: Conterminous.

CONTERMINANT Con*ter"mi*nant, a.

Defn: Having the same limits; ending at the same time; conterminous. Lamb.

CONTERMINATE Con*ter"mi*nate, a. Etym: [L. conterminare to border upon, fr. conterminus conterminous; con- + terminus border.]

Defn: Having the same bounds; conterminous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

CONTERMINOUS Con*ter"mi*nous, a. Etym: [L. conterminus. Cf. Conterminous.]

Defn: Having the same bounds, or limits; bordering upon; contiguous. This conformed so many of them as were conterminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws. Sir M. Hale.

CONTERRANEAN; CONTERRANEOUS Con`ter*ra"ne*an, Con`ter*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. conterraneus; con- + terra country.]

Defn: Of or belonging to the same country. Howell.

CONTESSERATION Con*tes`ser*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. contesseratio, from contesserare to contract friendship by means of the tesserae (friendship tokens).]

Defn: An assemblage; a collection; harmonious union. [Obs.] That person of his [George Herbert], which afforded so unusual a contesseration of elegancies. Oley.

CONTEST Con*test", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contested; p.pr. & vb.n. Contesting.] Etym: [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses, to bring an

## action; con- + testari to be a witness, testic witness. See Testify.]

1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to controvert; to oppose; to dispute. The people . . . contested not what was done. Locke. Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty repeated, few more contested than this. J. D. Morell.

2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend; as, the troops contested every inch of ground.

3. (Law)

Defn: To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law; to controvert. To contest an election. (Polit.) (a) To strive to be elected. (b) To dispute the declared result of an election.

Syn. -- To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue; contend.

CONTEST Con*test", v. i.

Defn: To engage in contention, or emulation; to contend; to strive; to vie; to emulate; -- followed usually by with. The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with in, when there are hopes of victory. Bp. Burnet. Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest Pope.

CONTEST Con"test, n.

1. Earnest dispute; strife in argument; controversy; debate; altercation. Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamors and brawling language. I. Watts.

2. Earnest struggle for superiority, victory, defense, etc.; competition; emulation; strife in arms; conflict; combat; encounter. The late battle had, in effect, been a contest between one usurper and another. Hallam. It was fully expected that the contest there would be long and fierce. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Conflict; combat; battle; encounter; shock; struggle; dispute; altercation; debate; controvesy; difference; disagreement; strife. -- Contest, Conflict, Combat, Encounter. Contest is the broadest term, and had originally no reference to actual fighting. It was, on the contrary, a legal term signifying to call witnesses, and hence came to denote first a struggle in argument, and then a struggle for some common object between opposing parties, usually one of considerable duration, and implying successive stages or acts. Conflict denotes literally a close personal engagement, in which sense it is applied to actual fighting. It is, however, more commonly used in a figurative sense to denote strenuous or direct opposition; as, a mental conflict; conflicting interests or passions; a conflict of laws. An encounter is a direct meeting face to face. Usually it is a hostile meeting, and is then very nearly coincident with conflict; as, an encounter of opposing hosts. Sometimes it is used in a looser sense; as, "this keen encounter of our wits." Shak. Combat is commonly applied to actual fighting, but may be used figuratively in reference to a strife or words or a struggle of feeling.

CONTESTABLE Con*test"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. contestable.]

Defn: Capable of being contested; debatable.

CONTESTANT Con*test"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contestant.]

Defn: One who contests; an opponent; a litigant; a disputant; one who claims that which has been awarded to another.

CONTESTATION Con`tes*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. contestatio testimony: cf. F. contestation a contesting.]

1. The act of contesting; emulation; rivalry; strife; dispute. "Loverlike contestation." Milton. After years spent in domestic, unsociable contestations, she found means to withdraw. Clarendon.

2. Proof by witness; attestation; testimony. [Obs.] A solemn contestation ratified on the part of God. Barrow.

CONTESTINGLY Con*test"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a contending manner.

CONTEX Con*tex, v. t.

Defn: To context. [Obs.] Boyle.

CONTEXT Con*text", a. Etym: [L. contextus, p.p. of contexere to weave, to unite; con- + texere to weave. See Text.]

Defn: Knit or woven together; close; firm. [Obs.] The coats, without, are context and callous. Derham.

CONTEXT Con"text, n. Etym: [L. contextus; cf. F. contexte .]

Defn: The part or parts of something written or printed, as of Scripture, which precede or follow a text or quoted sentence, or are so intimately associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning. According to all the light that the contexts afford. Sharp.

CONTEXT Con*text", v. t.

Defn: To knit or bind together; to unite closely. [Obs.] Feltham. The whole world's frame, which is contexted only by commerce and contracts. R. Junius.

CONTEXTURAL Con*tex"tur*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to contexture or arrangement of parts; producing contexture; interwoven. Dr. John Smith (1666).

CONTEXTURE Con*tex"ture, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contexture.]

Defn: The arrangement and union of the constituent parts of a thing; a weaving together of parts; structural character of a thing; system; constitution; texture. That wonderful contexture of all created beings. Dryden. He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty. Sir H. Wotton.

CONTEXTURED Con*tex"tured, a.

Defn: Formed into texture; woven together; arranged; composed. [R.] Carlyle.

CONTICENT Con"ti*cent, a. Etym: [L. conticens, p.pr. of conticere; con- + tacere to be silent.]

Defn: Silent. [R.] "The guests sit conticent." Thackeray.

CONTIGNATION Con`tig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. contignatio, fr. contignare to join with beams; con- + tignum beam.]

1. The act or process of framing together, or uniting, as beams in a fabric. Burke.

2. A framework or fabric, as of beams. Sir H. Wotton.

CONTIGUATE Con*tig"u*ate, a. Etym: [LL. contiguatus.]

Defn: Contiguous; touching. [Obs.] Holland.

CONTIGUITY Con`ti*gu"i*ty, n. Etym: [Cf. F. contiguit, LL. contiguitas.]

Defn: The state of being contiguous; intimate association; nearness; proximity. The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes. T. Warton.

CONTIGUOUS Con*tig"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. contiguus; akin to contigere to touch on all sides. See Contingent.]

Defn: In actual contact; touching; also, adjacent; near; neighboring; adjoining. The two halves of the paper did not appear fully divided . . . but seemed contiguous at one of their angles. Sir I. Newton. Sees no contiguous palace rear its head. Goldsmith. Contiguous angles. See Adjacent angles, under Angle.

Syn. -- Adjoining; adjacent. See Adjacent. - Con*tig"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Con*tig"u*ous*ness, n.

CONTINENCE; CONTINENCY Con"ti*nence, Con"ti*nen*cy, n. Etym: [F. continence, L. continentia. See Continent, and cf. Countenance.]

1. Self-restraint; self-command. He knew what to say; he knew also, when to leave off, -- a continence which is practiced by few writers. Dryden.

2. The restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; the act or power of refraining from indulgence of the sexual appetite, esp. from unlawful indulgence; sometimes, moderation in sexual indulgence. If they [the unmarried and widows] have not continency, let them marry. 1 Cor. vii. 9 (Rev. Ver. ). Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons. Jer. Taylor.

3. Uninterrupted course; continuity. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

CONTINENT Con"ti*nent, a. Etym: [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress: cf. F. continent. See Contain.]

1. Serving to restrain or limit; restraining; opposing. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Exercising restraint as to the indulgence of desires or passions; temperate; moderate. Have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower. Shak.

3. Abstaining from sexual intercourse; exercising restraint upon the sexual appetite; esp., abstaining from illicit sexual intercourse; chaste. My past life Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true, As I am now unhappy. Shak.

4. Not interrupted; connected; continuous; as, a continent fever. [Obs.] The northeast part of Asia is, if not continent with the west side of America, yet certainly it is the least disoined by sea of all that coast. Berrewood.

CONTINENT Con"ti*nent, n. Etym: [L. continens, prop., a holding together: cf. F. continent. See Continent, a.]

1. That which contains anything; a receptacle. [Obs.] The smaller continent which we call a pipkin. Bp. Kennet.

2. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe; the main land; specifically (Phys. Geog.), a large body of land differing from an island, not merely in its size, but in its structure, which is that of a large basin bordered by mountain chains; as, the continent of North America.

Note: The continents are now usually regarded as six in number: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. But other large bodies of land are also reffered to as continents; as, the Antarctic continent; the continent of Greenland. Europe, Asia, and Africa are often grouped together as the Eastern Continent, and North and South America as the Western Continent. The Continent, the main land of Europe, as distinguished from the islands, especially from England.

CONTINENTAL Con`ti*nen"tal, a.

1. Of or pertaining to a continent.

2. Of or pertaining to the main land of Europe, in distinction from the adjacent islands, especially England; as, a continental tour; a continental coalition. Macaulay. No former king had involved himself so frequently in the labyrinth of continental alliances. Hallam.

3. (Amer. Hist.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the confederated colonies collectively, in the time of the Revolutionary War; as, Continental money. The army before Boston was designated as the Continental army, in contradistinction to that under General Gage, which was called the "Ministerial army." W. Irving. Continental Congress. See under Congress. -- Continental system (Hist.), the blockade of Great Britain ordered by Napoleon by the decree of Berlin, Nov. 21, 1806; the object being to strike a blow at the maritime and commercial supremacy of Great Britain, by cutting her off from all intercourse with the continent of Europe.

CONTINENTAL Con`ti*nen"tal, n. (Amer. Hist.)

Defn: A soldier in the Continental army, or a piece of the Continental currency. See Continental, a., 3.

CONTINENTAL DRIVE Con`ti*nen"tal drive. (Automobiles)

Defn: A transmission arrangement in which the longitudinal crank shaft drives the rear wheels through a clutch, change-speed gear, countershaft, and two parallel side chains, in order.

CONTINENTAL GLACIER Continental glacier.

Defn: A broad ice sheet resting on a plain or plateau and spreading outward from a central névé, or region of accumulation.

CONTINENTAL PRONUNCIATION Continental pronunciation (of Latin and Greek.)

Defn: A method of pronouncing Latin and Greek in which the vowels have their more familiar Continental values, as in German and Italian, the consonants being pronounced mostly as in English. The stricter form of this method of pronouncing Latin approaches the Roman, the modified form the English, pronunciation. The Continental method of Greek pronunciation is often called Erasmian.

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Continental system. (Hist.)

Defn: The system of commercial blockade aiming to exclude England from commerce with the Continent instituted by the Berlin decree, which Napoleon I. issued from Berlin Nov. 21, 1806, declaring the British Isles to be in a state of blockade, and British subjects, property, and merchandise subject to capture, and excluding British ships from all parts of Europe under French dominion. The retaliatory measures of England were followed by the Milan decree, issued by Napoleon from Milan Dec. 17, 1807, imposing further restrictions, and declaring every ship going to or from a port of England or her colonies to be lawful prize.

CONTINENTLY Con"ti*nent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a continent manner; chastely; moderately; temperately.

CONTINGENCE Con*tin"gence, n.

Defn: See Contingency.

CONTINGENCY Con*tin"gen*cy, n,; pl. Contingencies. Etym: [Cf. F. contingence.]

1. Union or connection; the state of touching or contact. "Point of contingency." J. Gregory.

2. The quality or state of being contingent or casual; the possibility of coming to pass. Aristotle says we are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions. South.

3. An event which may or may not occur; that which is possible or probable; a fortuitous event; a chance. The remarkable position of the queen rendering her death a most important contingency. Hallam.

4. An adjunct or accessory. Wordsworth.

5. (Law)

Defn: A certain possible event that may or may not happen, by which, when happening, some particular title may be affected.

Syn. -- Casualty; accident; chance.

CONTINGENT Con*tin"gent, a. Etym: [L. contingens, -entis, p.pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, to happen; con- + tangere to touch: cf. F. contingent. See Tangent, Tact.]

1. Possible, or liable, but not certain, to occur; incidental; casual. Weighing so much actual crime against so much contingent advantage. Burke.

2. Dependent on that which is undetermined or unknown; as, the success of his undertaking is contingent upon events which he can not control. "Uncertain and contingent causes." Tillotson.

3. (Law)

Defn: Dependent for effect on something that may or may not occur; as, a contingent estate. If a contingent legacy be left to any one when he attains, or if he attains, the age of twenty-one. Blackstone.

CONTINGENT Con*tin"gent, n.

1. An event which may or may not happen; that which is unforeseen, undetermined, or dependent on something future; a contingency. His understanding could almost pierce into future contingets. South.

2. That which falls to one in a division or apportionment among a number; a suitable share; proportion; esp., a quota of troops. From the Alps to the border of Flanders, contingents were required . . . 200,000 men were in arms. Milman.

CONTINGENTLY Con*tin"gent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a contingent manner; without design or foresight; accidentally.

CONTINGENTNESS Con*tin"gent*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being contingent; fortuitousness.

CONTINUABLE Con*tin"u*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being continued [R.]

CONTINUAL Con*tin"u*al, a. Etym: [OE. continuel, F. continuel. See Continue.]

1. Proceeding without interruption or cesstaion; continuous; unceasing; lasting; abiding. He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast. Prov. xv. 15.

2. Occuring in steady and rapid succession; very frequent; often repeated. The eye is deligh by a continental succession of small landscapes. W. Irwing. Continual proportionals (Math.), quantities in continued proportion. Brande & C.

Syn. -- Constant; prepetual; incessant; unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; continuous. See Constant, and Continuous.

CONTINUALLY Con*tin"u*al*ly, adv.

1. Without cessation; unceasingly; continuously; as, the current flows continually. Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness Bentley.

2. In regular or repeated succession; very often. Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually. 2 Sam. ix. 7.

CONTINUANCE Con*tin"u*ance, n. Etym: [OF. continuance.]

1. A holding on, or remaining in a particular state; permanence, as of condition, habits, abode, etc.; perseverance; constancy; duration; stay. Great plagues, and of long continuence. Deut. xxviii. 59. Patient continuance i well-doing. Rom. ii. 7.

2. Uninterrupted succession; continuation; constant renewell; perpetuation; propagation. The brute immedistely regards his own preservation or the continuance of his species. Addison.

3. A holding together; continuity. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. (Law) (a) The adjournment of the proceedings in a cause from one day, or from one stated term of a court, to another. (b) The entry of such adjuornment and the grounds thereof on the record.

CONTINUANT Con*tin"u*ant, a.

Defn: Continuing; prolonged; sustained; as, a continuant sound. -- n.

Defn: A continuant sound; a letter whose sound may be prolonged.

CONTINUATE Con*tin"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. continuatus, p.p. See Continue.]

1. Immediately united together; intimately connocted. [R.] We are of Him and in Him, even as though our very flesh and bones should be made continuate with his. Hooker.

2. Uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; continued. An untirable and continuate goodness. Shak.

CONTINUATION Con*tin`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. continuatio: cf. F. connuation.]

1. That act or state of continuing; the state of being continued; uninterrupted extension or succession; prolongation; propagation. Preventing the continuation of the royal line. Macaulay.

2. That which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on; as, the continuation of a story. My continuation of the version of Statius. Pope.

CONTINUATIVE Con*tin"u*a*tive, n. Etym: [Cf. F. continuatif.]

1. (Logic)

Defn: A term or expression denoting continuance. [R.] To these may be added continuatives; as, Rome remains to this day; which includes, at least, two propositions, viz., Rome was, and Rome is. I. Watts.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: A word that continues the connection of sentences or subjects; a connective; a conjunction. Continuatives . . . consolidate sentences into one continuous whole. Harris.

CONTINUATOR Con*tin"u*a`tor, n. Etym: [Cf. F. continuateur.]

Defn: One who, or that which, continues; esp., one who continues a series or a work; a continuer. Sir T. Browne.

CONTINUE Con*tin"ue, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Continued; p.pr. & vb.n. Continuing.] Etym: [F. continuer, L. continuare, -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. continuus. See Continuous, and cf. Continuate.]

1. To remain ina given place or condition; to remain in connection with; to abide; to stay. Here to continue, and build up here A growing empire. Milton. They continue with me now three days, and have nothing to eat. Matt. xv. 32.

2. To be permanent or durable; to endure; to last. But now thy kingdom shall not continue. 1 Sam. xiii. 14.

3. To be steadfast or constant in any course; to persevere; to abide; to endure; to persist; to keep up or maintain a particular condition, course, or series of actions; as, the army continued to advance. If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed. John viii. 31.

Syn. -- To persevere; persist. See Persevere.

CONTINUE Con*tin"ue, v. t.

1. To unite; to connect. [Obs.] the use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mother. Sir T. browne.

2. To protract or extend in duration; to preserve or persist in; to cease not. O continue thy loving kindness unto them that know thee. Ps. xxxvi. 10. You know how to make yourself happy by only continuing such a life as you have been long acustomed to lead. Pope.

3. To carry onward or extend; to prolong or produce; to add to or draw out in length. A bridge of wond'rous length, From hell continued, reaching th' utmost orb of this frall world. Milton.

4. To retain; to suffer or cause to remain; as, the trustees were continued; also, to suffer to live. And how shall we continue Claudio. Shak.

CONTINUED Con*tin"ued, p.p. & a.

Defn: Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of energy, etc.; extended; protacted; uninterrupted; also, resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of issues, session, etc.; as, a continued story. "Continued woe." Jenyns. "Continued succession." Locke. Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.] -- Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no interruption in its course. -- Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction, and so on. -- Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the folowing one; as, 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32.

CONTINUEDLY Con*tin"u*ed*ly ( or , adv.

Defn: Continuously.

CONTINUER Con*tin"u*er, n.

Defn: One who continues; one who has the power of perseverance or persistence. "Indulgent continuers in sin." Hammond. I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so good a continuer. Shak.

CONTINUITY Con`ti*nu"i*ty, n.; pl. Continuities. Etym: [L. continuitas: cf. F. continuit. See Continuous.]

Defn: the state of being continuous; uninterupted connection or succession; close union of parts; cohesion; as, the continuity of fibers. Grew. The sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects. Dryden. Law of continuity (Math. & Physics), the principle that nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all the intermediate states. -- Solution of continuity. (Math.) See under Solution.

CONTINUO Con*ti"nu*o ( or , n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: Basso continuo, or continued bass.

CONTINUOUS Con*tin"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. continuus, fr. continere to hold together. See Continent.]

1. Without break, cessation, or interruption; without intervening space or time; uninterrupted; unbroken; continual; unceasing; constant; continued; protracted; extended; as, a continuous line of railroad; a continuous current of electricity. he can hear its continuous murmur. Longfellow.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Not deviating or varying from uninformity; not interrupted; not joined or articulated. Continuous brake (Railroad), a brake which is attached to each car a train, and can be caused to operate in all the cars simultaneously from a point on any car or on the engine. -- Continuous impost. See Impost.

Syn. -- Continuous, Continual. Continuous is the stronger word, and denotes that the continuity or union of parts is absolute and uninterrupted; as, a continuous sheet of ice; a continuous flow of water or of argument. So Daniel Webster speaks of "a continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." Continual, in most cases, marks a close and unbroken succession of things, rather than absolute continuity. Thus we speak of continual showers, implying a repetition with occasional interruptions; we speak of a person as liable to continual calls, or as subject to continual applications for aid, etc. See Constant.

CONTINUOUSLY Con*tin"u*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a continuous maner; without interruption. -- Con*tin"u*ous*ness, n.

CONTLINE Cont"line`, n.

1. (Ropemaking)

Defn: The space between the strands on the outside of a rope. Knight.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: The space between the bilges of two casks stowed side by side.

CONTORNIATE; CONTORNIATE Con*tor"ni*ate, Con*tor"ni*a`te, n., Etym: [It. contorniato, p.pr. of contorniare to make a circuit or outline, fr. contorno circuit, outline. See Contour.] (Numis.)

Defn: A species of medal or medallion of bronze, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge; -- supposed to have been struck in the days of Constantine and his successors. R. S. Poole.

CONTORSION Con*tor"sion, n.

Defn: See Contortion.

CONTORT Con*tort", v. t. Etym: [L. contortus, p.p. of contorquere to twist; con- + torquere to twist. See Torture.]

Defn: To twist, or twist together; to turn awry; to bend; to distort; to wrest. The vertebral arteries are variously contorted. Ray. Kant contorted the term category from the proper meaning of attributed. Sir W. Hamilton.

CONTORTED Con*tort"ed, a.

1. Twisted, or twisted together. "A contorted chain of icicles." Massinger.

2. (Bot.) (a) Twisted back upon itself, as some parts of plants. (b) Arranged so as to overlap each other; as, petals in contorted or convolute æstivation.

CONTORTION Con*tor"tion, n. Etym: [L. contortio: cf. F. contorsion. See Contort, and cf. Torsion.]

Defn: A twisting; a writhing; wry motion; a twist; as, the contortion of the muscles of the face. Swift. All the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration. Burke.

CONTORTIONIST Con*tor"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who makes or practices contortions.

CONTORTIVE Con*tor"tive, a.

Defn: Expressing contortion.

CONTORTUPLICATE Con`tor*tu"pli*cate, a. Etym: [L. contortuplicatus; contortus contorted + plicare to fold.] (Bot.)

Defn: Plaited lengthwise and twisted in addition, as the bud of the morning-glory. Gray.

CONTOUR Con*tour", n. Etym: [F. contour, fr. contourner to mark the outlines; con- + tourner to turn. See Turn.]

1. The outline of a figure or body, or the line or lines representing such an outline; the line that bounds; periphery. Titian's coloring and contours. A. Drummond.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: The outline of a horizontal section of the ground, or of works of fortification. Contour feathers (Zoöl.), those feathers that form the general covering of a bird. -- Contour of ground (Surv.), the outline of the surface of ground with respect to its undulation, etc. -- Contour line (Topographical Suv.), the line in which a horizontal plane intersects a portion of ground, or the corresponding line in a map or chart.

CONTOURNE Con`tour`ne, a. Etym: [F., p.p. of contourner to twist.] (Her.)

Defn: Turned in a direction which is not the usual one; -- said of an animal turned to the sinister which is usually turned to the dexter, or the like.

CONTOURNIATED Con*tour"ni*a`ted, a. Etym: [Cf. Contorniate.] (Numis.)

Defn: Having furrowed edges, as if turned in a lathe.

CONTRA Con"tra.

Defn: A Latin adverb and preposition, signifying against, contrary, in opposition, etc., entering as a prefix into the composition of many English words. Cf. Counter, adv. & pref.

CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, n. Etym: [It. contrabando; contra + bando ban, proclamation: cf. F. contrebande. See Ban an edict.]

1. Illegal or prohobited traffic. Persons the most bound in duty to prevent contraband, and the most interested in the seizures. Burke.

2. Goods or merchandise the importation or exportation of which is forbidden.

3. A negro slave, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines. Such slave was considered contraband of war. [U.S.] Contraband of war, that which, according to international law, cannot be supplied to a hostile belligerent except at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the aggrieved belligerent. Wharton.

CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, a.

Defn: Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden; as, contraband goods, or trade. The contraband will always keep pace, in some measure, with the fair trade. Burke.

CONTRABAND Con"tra*band, v. t.

1. To import illegaly, as prohibited goods; to smuggle. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. To declare prohibited; to forbid. [Obs.] The law severly contrabands Our taking business of men's hands. Hudibras.

CONTRABANDISM Con"tra*band*ism, n.

Defn: Traffic in contraband gods; smuggling.

CONTRABANDIST Con"tra*band`ist, n.

Defn: One who traffic illegaly; a smuggler.

CONTRABASS Con`tra*bass"

Defn: , n. (Mus.) Double bass; -- applied to any instrument of the same deep range as the stringed double bass; as, the contrabass ophicleide; the cotrabass tuba or bombardon.

CONTRABASSO Con`tra*bas"so, n. Etym: [It. contrabasso.] (Mus.)

Defn: The largest kind of bass viol. See Violone.

CONTRACT Con*tract", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contracted; p.pr. & vb.n. Contracting.] Etym: [L. contractus, p.p. of contrahere to contract; con- + trahere to draw: cf. F. contracter. See Trace, and cf. Contract, n.]

1. To draw together or nearer; to reduce to a less compass; to shorten, narrow, or lesen; as, to contract one's shpere of action. In all things desuetude doth contract and narrow our faculties. Dr. H. More.

2. To draw together so as to wrinkle; to knit. Thou didst contract and purse thy brow. Shak.

3. To bring on; to incur; to acquire; as, to contract a habit; to contract a debt; to contract a disease. Each from each contract new strength and light. Pope. Such behavior we contract by having much conversed with persons of high statiSwift.

4. To enter into, with mutual obligations; to make a bargain or covenant for. We have contracted an inviolable amity, peace, and lague with the aforesaid queen. Hakluyt. Many persons . . . had contracted marriage within the degrees of consanguinity . . . prohibited by law. Strype.

5. To betroth; to affiance. The truth is, she and I, long since contracted, Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us. Shak.

6. (Gram.)

Defn: To shorten by omitting a letter or letters or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one.

Syn. -- To shorten; abridge; epitomize; narrow; lessen; condense; reduce; confine; incur; assume.

CONTRACT Con*tract", v. i.

1. To be drawn together so as to be diminished in size or extent; to shrink; to be reduced in compass or in duration; as, iron contracts in cooling; a rope contracts when wet. Years contracting to a moment. Wordsworth.

2. To make an agreement; to covenant; to agree; to bargain; as, to contract for carrying the mail.

CONTRACT Con"tract, a.

Defn: Contracted: as, a contract verb. Goodwin.

CONTRACT Con*tract", a. Etym: [L. contractus, p.p.]

Defn: Contracted; affianced; betrothed. [Obs.] Shak.

CONTRACT Con"tract, n. Etym: [L. contractus, fr. contrahere: cf. F. contrat, formerly also contract.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The agreement of two or more persons, upon a sufficient consideration or cause, to do, or to abstain from doing, some act; an agreement in which a party undertakes to do, or not to do, a

## particular thing; a formal bargain; a compact; an interchange of

legal rights. Wharton.

2. A formal writing which contains the agreement of parties, with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation.

3. The act of formally betrothing a man and woman. This is the the night of the contract. Longwellow.

Syn. -- Covenant; agreement; compact; stipulation; bargain; arrangement; obligation. See Covenant.

CONTRACTED Con*tract"ed, a.

1. Drawn together; shrunken; wrinkled; narrow; as, a contracted brow; a contracted noun.

2. Narrow; illiberal; selfish; as, a contracted mind; contracted views.

3. Bargained for; betrothed; as, a contracted peace. Inquire me out contracted bachelors. Shak.

CONTRACTEDNESS Con*tract"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being contracted; narrowness; meannes; selfishness.

CONTRACTIBILITY Con*tract`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: Capability of being contracted; quality of being contractible; as, the contractibiliy and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot.

CONTRACTIBLE Con*tract"i*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of contraction. Small air bladders distable and contractible. Arbuthnot.

CONTRACTIBLENESS Con*tract"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Contractibility.

CONTRACTILE Con*tract"ile, a. Etym: [Cf. F. contractile.]

Defn: tending to contract; having the power or property of contracting, or of shrinking into shorter or smaller dimensions; as, the contractile tissues. The heart's contractile force. H. Brooke. Each cilium seems to be composed of contractile substance. Hixley. Contractile vacuole (Zoöl.), a pulsating cavity in the interior of a protozoan, supposed to be excretory in function. There may be one, two, or more.

CONTRACTILITY Con`trac*til"i*ty, n.

1. The quality or property by which bodies shrink or contract.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: The power possessed by the fibers of living muscle of contracting or shortening.

Note: When subject to the will, as in the muscles of locomotion, such power is called voluntary contractility; when not controlled by the will, as in the muscles of the heart, it is involuntary contractility.

CONTRACTION Con*trac"tion, n. Etym: [L. contractio: cf. F. contraction.]

1. The act or process of contracting, shortening, or shrinking; the state of being contracted; as, contraction of the heart, of the pupil of the eye, or of a tendion; the contraction produced by cold.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The process of shortening an operation.

3. The act of incurring or becoming subject to, as liabilities, obligation, debts, etc.; the process of becoming subject to; as, the contraction of a disease.

4. Something contracted or abbreviated, as a word or phrase; -- as, plenipo for plenipotentiary; crim. con. for criminal conversation, etc.

5. (Gram.)

Defn: The shortening of a word, or of two words, by the omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more vowels or syllables to one; as, ne'er for never; can't for can not; don't for do not; it's for it is.

6. A marriage contract. [Obs.] Shak.

CONTRACTIVE Con*tract"ive, a.

Defn: Tending to contract; having the property or power or power of contracting.

CONTRACTOR Con*tract"or, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who contracts; one of the parties to a bargain; one who covenants to do anything for another; specifically, one who contracts to perform work on a rather large scale, at a certain price or rate, as in building houses or making a railroad.

CONTRACT SYSTEM Con"tract sys"tem.

1. The sweating system.

2. The system of employing convicts by selling their labor (to be performed inside the prison) at a fixed price per day to contractors who are allowed to have agents in the prison to superintend the work.

CONTRACT TABLET Con"tract tablet. (Babylonian & Assyrian Antiq.)

Defn: A clay tablet on which was inscribed a contract, for safe keeping. Such tablets were inclosed in an outer case (often called the envelope), on which was inscribed a duplicate of the inscription on the inclosed tablet.

CONTRACTURE Con*trac"ture, n. Etym: [L. contractura a drawing together.] (Med.)

Defn: A state of permanent rigidity or contraction of the muscles, generally of the flexor muscles.

CONTRADANCE Con"tra*dance`, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + dance: cf. F. contrdance. Cf. Country-dance.]

Defn: A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines.

CONTRADICT Con`tra*dict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contradicted; p.pr. & vb.n Contradicting.] Etym: [L. contradictus, p.p. of contradicere to speak against; contra + dicere to speak. See Diction.]

1. To assert the contrary of; to oppose in words; to take issue with; to gainsay; to deny the truth of, as of a statement or a speaker; to impugn. Dear Duff, I prithee, contradict thyself, And say it is not so. Shak. The future can not contradict the past. Wordsworth.

2. To be contrary to; to oppose; to resist. [Obs.] No truth can contradict another truth. Hooker. A greater power than we can contradict Hath thwarted our intents. Shak.

CONTRADICT Con`tra*dict, v. i.

Defn: To oppose in words; to gainsay; to deny, or assert the contrary of, something. They . . . spake against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming. Acts xiii. 45.

CONTRADICTABLE Con`tra*dict"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being contradicting.

CONTRADICTER Con`tra*dict"er, n.

Defn: one who contradicts. Swift.

CONTRADICTION Con`tra*dic"tion, n. Etym: [L. contradictio answer, objection: cf. F. contradiction.]

1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion; contrary declaration; gainsaying. His fair demands Shall be accomplished without contradiction. Shak.

2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency; incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is inconsistent. can be make deathless death That were to make Strange contradiction. Milton. We state our experience and then we come to a manly resolution of

## acting in contradiction to it. Burke.

Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be true. Hobbes. Of contradictions infinite the slave. Wordsworth. Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and denied of the same subject. It develops itself in three specific forms which have been called the "Three Logical Axioms." First. "A is A." Second, "A is not Not-A" Third, "Everything is either A or Not-A."

CONTRADICTIONAL Con`tra*dic"tion*al, a.

Defn: Contradictory; inconsistent; opposing. [R.] Milton.

CONTRADICTIOUS Con`tra*dic"tious, a.

1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent. [Obs.]

2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp. -- Con`tra*dic"tious*ness, n. Norris.

CONTRADICTIVE Con`tra*dict"ive, a.

Defn: Contradictory; inconsistent. -- Con`tra*dict"ive*ly, adv..

CONTRADICTOR Con`tra*dict"or, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A contradicter.

CONTRADICTORILY Con`tra*dict"o*ri*ly, adv.

Defn: In a contradictory manner. Sharp.

CONTRADICTORINESS Con"tra*dict`o*ri*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker.

CONTRADICTORY Con`tra*dict"o*ry, a. Etym: [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.]

1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also, mutually contradicting; inconsistent. "Contradictory assertions." South.

2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant. Schemes . . . contradictory to common sense. Addisn.

CONTRADICTORY Con`tra*dict"o*ry, n.; pl. Contradictories (.

1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety. It is common with princes to will contradictories. Bacon.

2. pl. (Logic)

Defn: propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.

CONTRADISTINCT Con`tra*dis*tinct", a.

Defn: Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin.

CONTRADISTINCTION Con`tra*dis*tinc"tion, n.

Defn: Distinction by contrast. That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned. South.

CONTRADISTINCTIVE Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, a.

Defn: having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. -- Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, n.

CONTRADISTINGUISH Con`tra*dis*tin"guish (; 144), v. t. [imp & p. p. Contradistinguished; p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.]

Defn: To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished. Locke.

CONTRAFAGETTO Con`tra*fa*get"to, n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon.

CONTRAFISSURE Con`tra*fis"sure, n. (Med.)

Defn: A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe.

CONTRAHENT Con"tra*hent, a. Etym: [L. contrahens, p.pr. See Contract.]

Defn: Entering into covenant; contracting; as, contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede.

CONTRAINDICANT Con"tra*in"di*cant, n. (Med.)

Defn: Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke.

CONTRAINDICATE Con"tra*in*"di*cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contraindicated; p.pr. & vb.n. Contraindicating.] (Med.)

Defn: To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require. Contraindicating symptoms must be observed. Harvey.

CONTRAINDICATION Con"tra*in`di*ca"tion, n. (med.)

Defn: An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases.

CONTRALTO Con*tral"to ( or , n. Etym: [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as, her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto.

Note: The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves.

CONTRALTO Con*tral"to ( or , a. (Mus.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as, a contralto voice.

CONTRAMURE Con"tra*mure, n. Etym: [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.)

Defn: An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers.

CONTRANATURAL Con"tra*nat"u*ral, a. Etym: [Cf. Counternatural.]

Defn: Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust.

CONTRAPLEX Con"tra*plex, a. [Contra- + -plex as in duplex.] (Teleg.)

Defn: Pertaining to the sending of two messages in opposite directions at the same time.

CONTRAPOSITION Con"tra*po*si"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.]

1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter.

2. (Logic)

Defn: A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S.

CONTRAPTION Con*trap"tion, n.

Defn: A contrivance; a new-fangled device; -- used scornfully. [Colloq. or Dial.] -- Con*trap"tious (#), a.

We all remember some of the extraordinary contraptions which have been thus evolved and put upon the market. F. M. Ware.

CONTRAPUNTAL Con`tra*pun"tal, a. Etym: [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint.

CONTRAPUNTIST Con`tra*pun"tist, n. Etym: [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.)

Defn: One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason.

CONTRAREMONSTRANT Con"tra*re*mon"strant, n.

Defn: One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstraint. [R.] They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants. Hales.

CONTRARIANT Con*tra"ri*ant, a. Etym: [LL. contrarians, p.pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p.pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.]

Defn: Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] The struggles of contrariant factions. Coleridge.

CONTRARIANTLY Con*tra"ri*ant*ly, adv.

Defn: Contrarily. [Obs.]

CONTRARIES Con"tra*ries ( or , n. pl. Etym: [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic)

Defn: Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other. If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as, every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false. I. Watts.

CONTRARIETY Con`tra*ri"e*ty n.; pl. Contrarieties. Etym: [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariété.]

1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism. There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses. South.

2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency. How can these contrarieties agree Shak.

Syn. -- Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance.

CONTRARILY Con"tra*ri*ly or

Defn: (adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways.

CONTRARINESS Con"tra*ri*ness, n.

Defn: state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinancy.

CONTRARIOUS Con*tra"ri*ous, a. Etym: [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.]

Defn: Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton. She flew contrarious in the face of God. Mrs. Browning.

CONTRARIOUSLY Con*tra"ri*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: Contrarily; oppositely. Shak.

CONTRARIWISE Con"tra*ri*wise ( or , adv.

1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand. Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing. 1 Pet. iii. 9.

2. In a contrary order; conversely. Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise. Arbuthnot.

CONTRAROTATION Con`tra*ro*ta"tion, n.

Defn: Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.

CONTRARY Con"tra*ry ( or ; 48), a. Etym: [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.]

1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as, contrary winds. And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me. Lev. xxvi. 21. We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way. Shak.

2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent. Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed, And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds. Milton. The doctrine of the earth's motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture. Whewell.

3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as, a contrary disposition; a contrary child.

4. (Logic)

Defn: Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as, contrary propositions. Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending.

Syn. -- Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent.

CONTRARY Con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Contraries (.

1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities. No contraries hold more antipathy Than I and such a knave. Shak.

2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as, slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke.

4. (Logic)

Defn: See Contraries. On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. -- To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. "They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary." Bp. Stillingfleet.

CONTRARY Con"tra*ry, v. t. Etym: [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.]

Defn: To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.] I was advised not to contrary the king. Bp. Latimer.

CONTRAST Con*trast", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Contrasted; p.pr. & vb.n. Contrasting.] Etym: [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.]

Defn: To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities. The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars. Lyell.

CONTRAST Con*trast", v. t.

1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as, to contrast the present with the past.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object. the figures of the groups must not be all on side . . . but must contrast each other by their several position. Dryden.

CONTRAST Con"trast, n. Etym: [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.]

1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities. place the prospect of the soul In sober contrast with reality. Wordsworth.

2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison. The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons. Whewell.

3. (Fine Arts)

Defn: The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other's pecularities. Fairholt.

CONTRASTIMULANT Con`tra*stim"u*lant, a.

Defn: Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. -- n. (Med.)

Defn: An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant.

CONTRATE Con"trate, a. Etym: [See Contra-.]

Defn: Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.] Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel.

CONTRATENOR Con"tra*ten`or, n. Etym: [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.)

Defn: Counter tenor; contralto.

CONTRAVALLATION Con`tra*val*la"tion, n. Etym: [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.)

Defn: A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged.

CONTRAVENE Con`tra*vene", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contravened; p.pr. & vb.n. Contravening.] Etym: [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.]

1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat. So plain a proposition . . . was not likely to be contravened. Southey.

2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as, to contravene a law. Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority. Johnson.

Syn. -- To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart.

CONTRAVENER Con`tra*ven"er, n.

Defn: One who contravenes.

CONTRAVENTION Con`tra*ven"tion, n. Etym: [Cf.F. contravention.]

Defn: The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation. Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament. Macaulay. In contravention of all his marriage stipulations. Motley.

CONTRAVERSION Con`tra*ver"sion, n.

Defn: A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve.

CONTRAYERVA Con`tra*yer"va, n. Etym: [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

CONTRECOUP Con`tre*coup", n. Etym: [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.)

Defn: A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.

CONTREDANSE Con"tre*danse`, n. [Cf. F. contredanse (fr. E. Country-dance). ]

1. (a) A dance in which the partners are arranged face to face, or in opposite lines. (b) The quadrille. [Obs.]

2. (Music) A piece of music in the rhythm of such a dance.

CONTRETEMPS Con`tre*temps", n. Etym: [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.]

Defn: An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarassing; a hitch. In this unhappy contretemps. De Quincey.

CONTRIBUTABLE Con*trib"u*ta*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being contributed.

CONTRIBUTARY Con*trib"u*ta*ry, a.

1. Contributory. [R.]

2. Tributary; contributing. [R.] It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream. D'Anville (Trans. ).

CONTRIBUTE Con*trib"ute, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contributed; p.pr. & vb.n. Contributing.] Etym: [L. contributus, p.p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.]

Defn: To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as, to contribute food or fuel for the poor. England contributes much more than any other of the allies. Addison.

CONTRIBUTE Con*trib"ute, v. i.

1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect. We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute. Burke.

2. To give or use one's power or influence for any object; to assist. These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom. Goldsmith.

CONTRIBUTION Con`tri*bu"tion, n. Etym: [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.]

1. The act of contributing.

2. That which is contributed; -- either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals. A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem. Rom. xv. 26. Aristotle's actual contributions to the physical sciences. Whewell.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country. These sums, . . . and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together. Motley.

4. (Law)

Defn: Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

CONTRIBUTIONAL Con`tri*bu"tion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

CONTRIBUTION PLAN Con`tri*bu"tion plan. (Life Insurance)

Defn: A plan of distributing surplus by giving to each policy the excess of premiums and interest earned thereon over the expenses of management, cost of insurance, and the policy value at the date of computation. This excess is called the contribution of the policy.

CONTRIBUTIVE Con*trib"u*tive, a.

Defn: Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.

CONTRIBUTOR Con*trib"u*tor, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

CONTRIBUTORY Con*trib"u*to*ry, a.

Defn: Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton. Bonfires of contributory wood. Chapman. Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.

CONTRIBUTORY Con*trib"u*to*ry, n.; pl. Contributories (.

Defn: One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.

CONTRIST Con*trist", v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.]

Defn: To make sad. [Obs.] To deject and contrist myself. Sterne.

CONTRISTATE Con*tris"tate, v. t. & i. Etym: [L. contristatus, p.p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.]

Defn: To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.

CONTRITE Con"trite, a. Etym: [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.]

1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.]

2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent. A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. Ps. li. 17. Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite. Milton.

Syn. -- Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

CONTRITE Con"trite, n.

Defn: A contrite person. Hooker.

CONTRITE Con"trite, v.

Defn: In a contrite manner.

CONTRITENESS Con"trite`ness, n.

Defn: Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

CONTRITION Con*tri"tion, n. Etym: [F. contrition, L. contritio.]

1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.] The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition. Sir I. Newton.

2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance. My future days shall be one whole contrition. Dryden.

Syn. -- repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. -- Contrition, Attrition, repentance. -- Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction.

CONTRITURATE Con*trit"u*rate, v. t.

Defn: To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

CONTRIVABLE Con*triv"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised. A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. Bp. Wilkins.

CONTRIVANCE Con*triv"ance, n.

1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning. The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver. Paley.

2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; atrifice; arrangement. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke.

Syn. -- Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

CONTRIVE Con*trive", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contrived; p.pr. & vb.n. Contriving.] Etym: [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.]

Defn: To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan. What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson. neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life. Hawthorne.

Syn. -- To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

CONTRIVE Con*trive", v. i.

Defn: To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot. The Fates with traitors do contrive. Shak. Thou hast contrived against th very life Of the defendant. Shak.

CONTRIVEMENT Con*trive"ment, n.

Defn: Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.] Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric. Glanvill.

## Active to meet their contrivements. Sir G. Buck.

CONTRIVER Con*triv"er, n.

Defn: One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift.

CONTROL Con*trol", n. Etym: [F. contrôle a counter register, contr. fr. contr-rôle; contre (L. contra) + rôle roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.]

1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. "Speak without control." Dryden.

3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as, children should be under parental control. The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration. Macaulay. Board of control. See under Board.

CONTROL Con*trol", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Controlled; p.pr. & vb.n. Controlling.] Etym: [F. contrôler, fr. contrôle.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.]

1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.] This report was controlled to be false. Fuller.

2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower. Give me a staff of honor for mine age, But not a scepter to control the world. Shak. I feel my virtue struggling in my soul: But stronger passion does its power control. Dryden.

Syn. -- To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue.

CONTROLLABILITY Con*trol`la*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: Capability of being controlled; controllableness.

CONTROLLABLE Con*trol"la*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command. Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, . . . not always controllable by reason. South.

CONTROLLABLENESS Con*trol"la*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Capability of being controlled.

CONTROLLER Con*trol"ler, n. Etym: [From control, v.t.: cf. F. contrôleur.]

1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs. The great controller of our fate Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate. Dryden.

2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.]

3. (Naut.)

Defn: An iron block, usually bolted to a ship's deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged.

CONTROLLERSHIP Con*trol"ler*ship, n.

Defn: The office of a controller.

CONTROLMENT Con*trol"ment, n.

1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being rstrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence. You may do it without controlment. Shak.

2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.] Here have we war for war, and blood for blood, Controlment for controlment. Shak.

CONTROVERSAL Con`tro*ver"sal, a.

1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.] The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces. Milton.

2. Controversal. [Obs.] Boyle.

CONTROVERSARY Con`tro*ver"sa*ry, a.

Defn: Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CONTROVERSE Con"tro*verse, n. Etym: [Cf. F. controverse.]

Defn: Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser.

CONTROVERSE Con"tro*verse, v. t. Etym: [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.]

Defn: To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] "Controversed causes." Hooker.

CONTROVERSER Con"tro*ver`ser, n.

Defn: A disputant. [Obs.]

CONTROVERSIAL Con`tro*ver"sial, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. controversialis.]

Defn: Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as, controversial divinity. Whole libraries of controversial books. Macaulay.

CONTROVERSIALIST Con`tro*ver"sial*ist, n.

Defn: One who carries on a controversy; a disputant. He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made. Macaulay.

CONTROVERSIALLY Con`tro*ver"sial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a controversial manner.

CONTROVERSION Con`tro*ver"sion, n.

Defn: Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker.

CONTROVERSOR Con"tro*ver`sor, n.

Defn: A controverser. [Obs.]

CONTROVERSY Con"tro*ver`sy, n.; pl. Controversies. Etym: [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p.p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.]

1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions. This left no room for controversy about the title. Locke. A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing. Johnson.

2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference. The Lord hath a controversy with the nations. Jer. xxv. 31.

3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.] When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment. 2 Sam. xv. 2.

Syn. -- Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel.

CONTROVERT Con"tro*vert, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Controverted; p.pr. & vb.n. Controverting.] Etym: [See Controversy.]

Defn: To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate. Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists. Macaulay.

CONTROVERTER Con"tro*ver`ter, n.

Defn: One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist. Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern. B. Jonson.

CONTROVERTIBLE Con`tro*ver"ti*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. -- Con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv.

CONTROVERTIST Con"tro*ver`tist, n.

Defn: One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist. How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic! Campbell.

CONTUBERNAL; CONTUBERNIAL Con*tu"ber*nal, Con`tu*ber"ni*al, a. Etym: [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.]

Defn: Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship. Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King. Chaucer.

CONTUMACIOUS Con`tu*ma"cious, a. Etym: [L. contumax, -acis. See Contumacy.]

1. Exhibiting contumacy; contemning authority; obstinate; perverse; stubborn; disobedient. There is another very, efficacious method for subding the most obstinate, contumacious sinner. Hammond.

2. (Law)

Defn: Willfully disobedient to the summous or prders of a court. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Stubborn; obstinate; obdurate; disobedient; perverse; unyielding; headstrong. -- Con`tu*ma"cious*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*ma"cious*ness, n.

CONTUMACY Con"tu*ma*cy, n.; pl. Contumacies. Etym: [L. contumacia, fr. contumax, -acis, insolent; prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. F. contumace. Cf. Contemn.]

1. Stubborn perverseness; pertinacious resistance to authority. The bishop commanded him . . . to be thrust into the stocks for his manifest and manifold contumacy. Strype.

2. (Law)

Defn: A willful contempt of, and disobedience to, any lawful summons, or to the rules and orders of court, as a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned.

Syn. -- Stubbornness; perverseness; obstinacy.

CONTUMELIOUS Con`tu*me"li*ous (or ; 106), a. Etym: [L. contumeliosus.]

1. Exhibiting contumely; rudely contemptuous; insolent; disdainful. Scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts. Shak. Curving a contumelious lip. Tennyson.

2. Shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. -- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ly, adv. -- Con`tu*me"li*ous*ness, n.

CONTUMELY Con"tu*me*ly, n. Etym: [L. contumelia, prob. akin to contemnere to despise: cf. OF. contumelie. Cf. Contumacy.]

Defn: Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; despiteful treatment; disdain; contemptuousness in act or speech; disgrace. The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely. Shak. Nothing aggravates tyranny so much as contumely. Burke.

CONTUSE Con*tuse", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Contused; p.pr. & vb.n. Contusing.] Etym: [L. contusus, p.p. of contundere to beat, crush; con- + tundere to beat, akin to Skr. tud (for stud) to strike, Goth. stautan. See Stutter.]

1. To beat, pound, or together. Roots, barks, and seeds contused together. Bacon.

2. To bruise; to injure or disorganize a part without breaking the skin. Contused wound, a wound attended with bruising.

CONTUSION Con*tu"sion, n. Etym: [L. contusio: cf. F. contusion.]

1. The act or process of beating, bruising, or pounding; the state of being beaten or bruised.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A bruise; an injury attended with more or less disorganization of the subcutaneous tissue and effusion of blood beneath the skin, but without apparent wound.

CONUNDRUM Co*nun"drum, n. Etym: [Origin unknown.]

1. A kind of riddle based upon some fanciful or fantastic resemblance between things quite unlike; a puzzling question, of which the answer is or involves a pun. Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint. J. Philips.

2. A question to which only a conjectural answer can be made. Do you think life is long enough to let me speculate on conundrums like that W. Black.

CONURE Co*nure", n. Etym: [NL. conurus, fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American parrakeet of the genus Conurus. Many species are known. See Parrakeet.

CONUS Co"nus, n. Etym: [L., a cone.]

1. A cone.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A Linnean genus of mollusks having a conical shell. See Cone, n., 4.

CONUSABLE Con"u*sa*ble, a.

Defn: Cognizable; liable to be tried or judged. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

CONUSANT Con"u*sant, a. (Law)

Defn: See Cognizant.

CONUSOR Con`u*sor", n. (Law)

Defn: See Cognizor.

CONVALESCE Con`va*lesce", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Convalesced; p.pr. & vb.n. Convalescing.] Etym: [L. convalscere; con- + valescere to grow strong, v. incho. of valere to be strong. See Vallant.]

Defn: To recover health and strength gradually, after sickness or weakness; as, a patient begins to convalesce.

CONVALESCED Con`va*lesced", a.

Defn: Convalescent. [R.] He found the queen somewhat convalesced. J. Knox.

CONVALESCENCE; CONVALESCENCY Con`va*les"cence, Con`va*les"cen*cy, n. Etym: [L. convalescentia: cf. F. convalescence.]

Defn: The recovery of heath and strength after disease; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness; the time between the subsidence of a disease and complete restoration to health.

CONVALESCENT Con`va*les"cent, a. Etym: [L. convalescens, -entis, p.pr.: cf. F. convalescent.]

1. Recovering from siclness or debility; partially restored to health or strength.

2. Of or pertaining to convalescence.

CONVALESCENT Con`va*les"cent, n.

Defn: One recovering from sickness.

CONVALESCENTLY Con`va*les"cent*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a convalescent; with increasing strength or vigor.

CONVALLAMARIN Con*val"la*ma`rin, n. Etym: [Convalaria + L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, poisonous substance, regarded as a glucoside, extracted from the lily of the valley (Convallaria Majalis). Its taste is first bitter, then sweet.

CONVALLARIA Con`val*la"ri*a, n. Etym: [NL., from L. convallis a valley; con- + vallis valley.] (Bot. & Med.)

Defn: The lily of the valley.

CONVALLARIN Con`val*la"rin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline glucoside, of an irritating taste, extracted from the convallaria or lily of the valley.

CONVECTION Con*vec"tion, n. Etym: [L. convectio, fr. convehere to bring together; con- + vehere to carry.]

1. The act or process of conveying or transmitting.

2. (Physics)

Defn: A process of transfer or transmission, as of heat or electricity, by means of currents in liquids or gases, resulting from changes of temperature and other causes. Liquids are generally heated by convection -- when heat is applied from bellow. Nichol.

CONVECTIVE Con*vec"tive, a.

Defn: Caused or accomplished by convection; as, a convective discharge of electricity. Faraday.

CONVECTIVELY Con*vec"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a convective manner. Hare.

CONVELLENT Con*vel"lent, a. Etym: [L. convellens, p.pr. of convellere. See Convulse.]

Defn: Tending to tear or pull up. [Obs.] The ends of the fragment . . . will not yield to the convellent force. Todd & Bowman.

CONVENABLE Con*ven"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being convened or assembled.

CONVENABLE Con"ve*na*ble, a. Etym: [F. convenable, fr. convenir. See Convene.]

Defn: Consistent; accordant; suitable; proper; as, convenable remedies. [Obs.] With his wod his work is convenable. Spenser.

CONVENANCE Con"ve*nance, n. Etym: [F., fitness, suitableness.]

Defn: That which is suitable, agreeable, or convenient. And they missed Their wonted convenance, cheerly hid the loss. Emerson.

CONVENE Con*vene", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Convened; p.pr. & vb.n. Convenong.] Etym: [L. convenire; con- + venire to come: cf. F. convenir to agree, to be fitting, OF. also, to assemble. See Come, and cf. Covenant.]

1. To come together; to meet; to unite. [R.] In shortsighted men . . . the rays converge and convene in the eyes before they come at the bottom. Sir I. Newton.

2. To come together, as in one body or for a public purpose; to meet; to assemble. Locke. The Parliament of Scotland now convened. Sir R. Baker. Faint, underneath, the household fowls convene. Thomson.

Syn. -- To meet; to assemble; to congregate; to collect; to unite.

CONVENE Con*vene", v. t.

1. To cause to assemble; to call together; to convoke. And now the almighty father of the gods Convenes a council in the blest abodes. Pope.

2. To summon judicially to meet or appear. By the papal canon law, clerks . . . can not be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge. Ayliffe.

CONVENER Con*ven"er, n.

1. One who convenes or meets with others. [Obs.]

2. One who calls an assembly together or convenes a meeting; hence, the chairman of a committee or other organized body. [Scot.]

CONVENIENCE; CONVENIENCY Con*ven"ience, Con*ven"ien*cy, n. Etym: [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See Convenient.]

1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety. Let's futher think of this; Weigh what convenience both of time and means May fit us to our shape. Shak. With all brief and plain conveniency, Let me have judgment. Shak.

2. Freedom from discomfort, difficulty, or trouble; commodiousness; ease; accommodation. Thus necessity invented stools, Convenience next suggested elbow chairs. Cowper. We are rather intent upon the end of God's glory than our own conveniency. Jer. Taylor.

3. That which is convenient; that which promotes comfort or advantage; that which is suited to one's wants; an accommodation. A pair of spectacles and several other little conveniences. Swift.

4. A convenient or fit time; opportunity; as, to do something at one's convenience.

CONVENIENT Con*ven"ient, a. Etym: [L. conveniens, -entis, suitable, p.pr. of convenire to be suitable, to come. See Convene, v. i.]

1. Fit or adapted; suitable; proper; becoming; appropriate. [Archaic] Feed me with food convenient for me. Prov. xxx. 8. Neither filthiness, nor foolish talking, nor jesting, which are not convenient. Eph. v. 4.

2. Affording accommodation or advantage; well adapted to use; handly; as, a convenient house; convenient implements or tools.

3. Seasonable; timely; opportune; as, a convenient occasion; a convenient season. Acts xxiv. 25.

4. Near at hand; easy of access. [Colloq.] Hereties used to be brought thither, convenient for burning. Thackeray.

Syn. -- Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; fitted; suited; handly; commodious.

CONVENIENTLY Con*ven"ient*ly, adv.

Defn: In a convenient manner, form, or situation; without difficulty.

CONVENT Con"vent, n. Etym: [L. conventus a meeting, LL. also, a convent. See Convene, v. i.]

1. A coming together; a meeting. [Obs.] A usual ceremony at their [the witches] convents or meetings. B. Jonson.

2. An association or community of recluses devoted to a religious life; a body of monks or nuns. One of our convent, and his [the duke's] confessor. Shak.

3. A house occupied by a community of religious recluses; a monastery or nunnery. One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable than ordinary that is not covered with a convent. Addison.

Syn. -- Nunnery; monastery; abbey. See Cloister.

CONVENT Con*vent", v. i. Etym: [L. conventus, p.p. of convenire. See Convene, v. i.]

1. To meet together; to concur. [obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. To be convenient; to serve. [Obs.] When that is known and golden time convents. Shak.

CONVENT Con*vent", v. t.

Defn: To call before a judge or judicature; to summon; to convene. [Obs.] Shak.

CONVENTICAL Con*vent"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or from, or pertaining to, a convent. "Conventical wages." Sterne. Conventical prior. See Prior.

CONVENTICLE Con*ven"ti*cle, n. Etym: [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventus: cf. F. conventicule. See Convent, n.]

1. A small assembly or gathering; esp., a secret assembly. They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men whatsoever. Ayliffe.

2. An assembly for religious worship; esp., such an assembly held privately, as in times of persecution, by Nonconformists or Dissenters in England, or by Covenanters in Scotland; -- often used opprobriously, as if those assembled were heretics or schismatics. The first Christians could never have had recourse to nocturnal or clandestine conventicles till driven to them by the violence of persecution. Hammond. A sort of men who . . . attend its [the curch of England's] service in the morning, and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon. Swift.

CONVENTICLER Con*ven"ti*cler, n.

Defn: One who supports or frequents conventicles. Dryden.

CONVENTICLING Con*ven"ti*cling, a.

Defn: Belonging or going to, or resembling, a conventicle. [Obs.] Conventicling schools . . . set up and taught secretly by fanatics. South.

CONVENTION Con*ven"tion, n. Etym: [L. conventio: cf. F. convention. See Convene, v. i.]

1. The act of coming together; the state of being together; union; coalition. The conventions or associations of several particles of matter into bodies of any certain denomination. Boyle.

2. General agreement or concurrence; arbitrary custom; usage; conventionality. There are thousands now Such women, but convention beats them down. Tennyson.

3. A meeting or an assembly of persons, esp. of delegates or representatives, to accomplish some specific object, -- civil, social, political, or ecclesiastical. He set himself to the making of good laws in a grand convention of his nobles. Sir R. Baker. A convention of delegates from all the States, to meet in Philadelphia, for the sole and express purpose of reserving the federal system, and correcting its defects. W. Irving.

4. (Eng. Hist)

Defn: An extraordinary assembly of the parkiament or estates of the realm, held without the king's writ, -- as the assembly which restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdicated by James II. Our gratitude is due . . . to the Long Parliament, to the Convention, and to William of Orange. Macaulay.

5. An agreement or contract less formal than, or preliminary to, a traety; an informal compact, as between commanders of armies in respect to suspension of hostilities, or between states; also, a formal agreement between governments or sovereign powers; as, a postal convetion between two governments. This convention, I think from my soul, is nothing but a stipulation for national ignominy; a truce without a suspension of hostilities. Ld. Chatham. The convention with the State of georgia has been ratified by their Legislature. T. Jefferson.

CONVENTIONAL Con*ven"tion*al, a. Etym: [L. conventionalis: cf. F. conventionnel.]

1. Formed by agreement or compact; stipulated. Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made out of the crown or knights' service. Sir M. Hale.

2. Growing out of, or depending on, custom or tacit agreement; sanctioned by general concurrence or usage; formal. "Conventional decorum." Whewell. The conventional language appropriated to monarchs. Motley. The ordinary salutations, and other points of social behavior, are conventional. Latham.

3. (Fine Arts) (a) Based upon tradition, whether religious and historical or of artistic rules. (b) Abstracted; removed from close representation of nature by the deliberate selection of what is to be represented and what is to be rejected; as, a conventional flower; a conventional shell. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t.

CONVENTIONALISM Con*ven"tion*al*ism, n.

1. That which is received or established by convention or arbitrary agreement; that which is in accordance with the fashion, tradition, or usage. All the artifice and conventionalism of life. Hawthorne. They gaze on all with dead, dim eyes, -- wrapped in conventionalisms, . . . simulating feelings according to a received standart. F. W. Robertson.

2. (Fine Arts)

Defn: The principles or practice of conventionalizing. See Conventionalize, v. t.

CONVENTIONALIST Con*ven"tion*al*ist, n.

1. One who adheres to a convention or treaty.

2. One who is governed by conventionalism.

CONVENTIONALITY Con*ven`tion*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Conventionalities (.

Defn: The state of being conventional; adherence to social formalities or usages; that which is established by conventional use; one of the customary usages of social life.

CONVENTIONALIZATION Con*ven`tion*al*i*za"tion, n. (Fine Arts) (a) The act of making conventional. (b) The state of being conventional.

CONVENTIONALIZE Con*ven"tion*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conventionalized; p.pr. & vb.n. Conventionalizing.]

1. To make conventional; to bring under the influence of, or cause to conform to, conventional rules; to establish by usage.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) To represent by selecting the important features and those which are expressible in the medium employed, and omitting the others. (b) To represent according to an established principle, whether religious or traditional, or based upon certain artistic rules of supposed importance.

CONVENTIONALIZE Con*ven"tion*al*ize, v. i. (Fine Arts)

Defn: To make designs in art, according to conventional principles. Cf. Conventionalize, v. t., 2.

CONVENTIONALLY Con*ven"tion*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a conventional manner.

CONVENTIONARY Con*ven"tion*a*ry, a.

Defn: Acting under contract; settled by express agreement; as, conventionary tenants. [Obs.] R. Carew.

CONVENTIONER Con*ven"tion*er, n.

Defn: One who belongs to a convention or assembly.

CONVENTIONIST Con*ven"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who enters into a convention, covenant, or contract.

CONVENTUAL Con*ven"tu*al, a. Etym: [LL. conventualis: cf. F. conventuel.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a convent; monastic. "A conventual garb." Macaulay. Conventual church, a church attached or belonging to a convent or monastery. Wordsworth.

CONVENTUAL Con*ven"tu*al, n.

Defn: One who lives in a convent; a monk or num; a recluse. Addison.

CONVERGE Con*verge", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Converged; p.pr. & vb.n. Converging.] Etym: [Pref. con- + L. vergere to turn, incline; cf. F. converger. See Verge, v. i.]

Defn: To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together; as, lines converge. The mountains converge into a single ridge. Jefferson.

CONVERGE Con*verge", v. t.

Defn: To cause to tend to one point; to cause to incline and approach nearer together. I converge its rays to a focus of dazzling brilliancy. Tyndall.

CONVERGENCE; CONVERGENCY Con*ver"gence, Con*ver"gen*cy, n. Etym: [Cf. F. convergence.]

Defn: The condition or quality of converging; tendency to one point. The convergence or divergence of the rays falling on the pupil. Berkeley.

CONVERGENT Con*ver"gent, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convergent.]

Defn: tending to one point of focus; tending to approach each other; converging. As many rays of light, as conveniently can be let in, and made convergent. Boyle. The vast dome of its cathedral . . . directing its convergent curves to heaven. Hallam.

CONVERGING Con*ver"ging, a.

Defn: Tending to one point; approaching each other; convergent; as, converging lines. Whewell. Converging rays(Opt.), rays of light, which, proceeding from different points of an object, tend toward a single point. -- Converging series (Math.), a series in which if an indefinitely great number of terms be taken, their sum will become indefinitely near in value to a fixed quantity, which is called the sum of the series; -- opposed to a diverging series.

CONVERSABLE Con*vers"a*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. conversable.]

Defn: Qualified for conversation; disposed to converse; sociable; free in discourse. While young, humane, conversable, and kind. Cowper.

CONVERSABLENESS Con*vers"a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being conversable; disposition to converse; sociability.

CONVERSABLY Con*vers"a*bly, adv.

Defn: In a conversable manner.

CONVERSANCE Con"ver*sance, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being conversant; habit of familiarity; familiar acquaintance; intimacy. [R.]

CONVERSANCY Con"ver*san*cy, n.

Defn: Conversance [R.]

CONVERSANT Con"ver*sant, a. Etym: [L. conversans, p.pr. of conversari: cf. F. conversant.]

1. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted. I have been conversant with the first persons of the age. Dryden.

2. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; -- generally used with with, sometimes with in. Deeply conversant in the Platonic philosophy. Dryden. he uses the different dialects as one who had been conversant with them all. Pope. Conversant only with the ways of men. Cowper.

3. Concerned; occupied. Education . . . is conversant about children. W. Wotton.

CONVERSANT Con*vers"ant, n.

Defn: One who converses with another; a convenser. [R.]

CONVERSANTLY Con"ver*sant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a familiar manner.

CONVERSATION Con`ver*sa"tion, n. Etym: [OE. conversacio (in senses 1 & 2), OF. conversacion, F. conversation, fr. L. conversatio frequent abode in a place, intercourse, LL. also, manner of life.]

1. General course of conduct; behavior. [Archaic] Let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel. Philip. i. 27.

2. Familiar intercourse; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance. "Conversation with the best company." Dryden. I set down, out of long experience in business and much conversation in books, what I thought pertinent to this business. Bacon.

3. Commerce; intercourse; traffic. [Obs.] All traffic and mutual conversation. Hakluyt.

4. Colloqual discourse; oral interchange of sentiments and observations; informal dialogue. The influence exercised by his [Johnson's] conversation was altogether without a parallel. Macaulay.

5. Sexual intercourse; as, criminal conversation.

Syn. -- Intercourse; communion; commerce; familiarity; discourse; dialogue; colloque; talk; chat. -- Conversation, Talk. There is a looser sense of these words, in which they are synonymous; there is a stricter sense, in which they differ. Talk is usually broken, familiar, and versatile. Conversation is more continuous and sustained, and turns ordinarily upon topics or higher interest. Children talk to their parents or to their companions; men converse together in mixed assemblies. Dr. Johnson once remarked, of an evening spent in society, that there had been a great deal of talk, but no conversation.

CONVERSATIONAL Con`ver*sa"tion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to conversation; in the manner of one conversing; as, a conversational style. Thackeray.

CONVERSATIONALIST Con`ver*sa"tion*al*ist, n.

Defn: A conversationist.

CONVERSATIONED Conver*sa"tioned, a.

Defn: Acquainted with manners and deportment; behaved. [Obs.] Till she be better conversationed, . . . I'll keep As far from her as the gallows. Beau. & Fl.

CONVERSATIONISM Con`ver*sa"tion*ism, n.

Defn: A word or phrase used in conversation; a colloqualism.

CONVERSATIONIST Con`ver*sa"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who converses much, or who excels in conversation. Byron.

CONVERSATIVE Con*ver"sa*tive, a.

Defn: Relating to intercourse with men; social; -- opposed to contemplative. She chose . . . to endue him with the conversative qualities of youth. Sir H. Wotton.

CONVERSAZIONE Con`ver*sa`zio"ne (or ), n.; pl. Conversazioni. Etym: [It. See Conversation.]

Defn: A meeting or assembly for conversation, particularly on literary or scientific subjects. Gray. These conversazioni [at Florence] resemble our card assemblies. A. Drummond.

CONVERSE Con*verse", v. i. [imp. & p.p. Conversed; p.pr. & vb.n. Conversing.] Etym: [F. converser, L. conversari to associate with; con- + versari to be turned, to live, remain, fr. versare to turn often, v. intens. of vertere to turn See Convert.]

1. To keep company; to hold intimate intercourse; to commune; -- followed by with. To seek the distant hills, and there converse With nature. Thomson. Conversing with the world, we use the world's fashions. Sir W. Scott. But to converse with heaven -This is not easy. Wordsworth.

2. To engage, in familiar colloqui; to interchange thoughts and opinions in a free, informal manner; to chat; -- followed by with before a person; by on, about, concerning, etc., before a thing. Companions That do converse and waste the time together. Shak. We had conversed so often on that subject. Dryden.

3. To have knowledge of, from long intercourse or study; -- said of things. According as the objects they converse with afford greater or less variety. Locke.

Syn. -- To associate; commune; discourse; talk; chat.

CONVERSE Con"verse, n.

1. Frequent intercourse; familiar communion; intimate association. Glanvill. "T is but to hold Converse with Nature's charms, and view her stores unrolled. Byron.

2. Familiar discourse; free interchange of thoughts or views; conversation; chat. Formed by thy converse happily to steer From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope.

CONVERSE Con"verse

Defn: , a. Etym: [L. conversus, p.p. of convertere. See Convert.] Turned about; reversed in order or relation; reciprocal; as, a converse proposition.

CONVERSE Con"verse, n.

1. (Logic)

Defn: A proposition which arises from interchanging the terms of another, as by putting the predicate for the subject, and the subject for the predicate; as, no virtue is vice, no vice is virtue.

Note: It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a proposition, which is formed by introducing the negative not or no.

2. (Math.)

Defn: A proposition in which, after a conclusion from something supposed has been drawn, the order is inverted, making the conclusion the supposition or premises, what was first supposed becoming now the conclusion or inference. Thus, if two sides of a sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite the sides are equal; and the converse is true, i.e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal.

CONVERSELY Con"verse*ly ( or , adv.

Defn: In a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally. J. S. Mill.

CONVERSER Con*vers"er, n.

Defn: One who engages in conversation.

CONVERSIBLE Con*ver"si*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being converted or reversed. Hammond.

CONVERSION Con*ver"sion, n. Etym: [L. conversio: cf. F. conversion. See Convert.]

1. The act of turning or changing from one state or condition to another, or the state of being changed; transmutation; change. Artificial conversion of water into ice. Bacon. The conversion of the aliment into fat. Arbuthnot.

2. The act of changing one's views or course, as in passing from one side, party, or from of religion to another; also, the state of being so changed. "Conversion to Christianity." Prescott.

3. (Law)

Defn: An appropriation of, and dealing with the property of another as if it were one's own, without right; as, the conversion of a horse. Or bring my action of conversion And trover for my goods. Hudibras.

4. (Logic)

Defn: The act of interchanging the terms of a proposition, as by putting the subject in the place of the predicate, or the contrary.

5. (Math.)

Defn: A change or reduction of the form or value of a proposition; as, the conversion of equations; the conversion of proportions.

6. (Mil.) (a) A change of front, as a body of troops attacked in the flank. (b) A change of character or use, as of smoothbore guns into rifles.

7. (Theol.)

Defn: A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief with conviction; a change of heart; a change from the service of the world to the service of God; a change of the ruling disposition of the soul, involving a transformation of the outward life. He oft Frequented their assemblies, . . . and to them preached Conversion and repentance, as to souls In prison under judgments imminent. Milton.

CONVERSIVE Con*ver"sive, a.

1. Capable of being converted or changed.

2. Ready to converse; social. [Archaic] Feltham.

CONVERT Con*vert", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Converted; p.pr. & vb.n. Converting.] Etym: [L. convertere, -versum; con- + vertere to turn: cf. F. convertir. See Verse.]

1. To cause to turn; to turn. [Obs.] O, which way shall I first convert myself B. Jonson.

2. To change or turn from one state or condition to another; to alter in form, substance, or quality; to transform; to transmute; as, to convert water into ice. If the whole atmosphere were converted into water. T. Burnet. That still lessens The sorrow, and converts it nigh to joy. Milton.

3. To change or turn from one belief or course to another, as from one religion to another or from one party or sect to another. No attempt was made to convert the Moslems. Prescott.

4. To produce the spiritual change called conversion in (any one); to turn from a bad life to a good one; to change the heart and moral character of (any one) from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness. He which converteth the sinner from the error of his way shall save a soul from death. Lames v. 20.

5. To apply to any use by a diversion from the proper or intended use; to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. When a bystander took a coin to get it changed, and converted it, [it was] held no larceny. Cooley.

6. To exchange for some specified equivalent; as, to convert goods into money.

7. (Logic)

Defn: To change (one proposition) into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.

8. To turn into another language; to translate. [Obs.] Which story . . . Catullus more elegantly converted. B. Jonson. Converted guns, cast-iron guns lined with wrought-iron or steel tubes. Farrow. -- Converting furnace (Steel Manuf.), a furnace in which wrought iron is converted into steel by cementation.

Syn. -- To change; turn; transmute; appropriate.

CONVERT Con*vert", v. i.

Defn: To be turned or changed in character or direction; to undergo a change, physically or morally. If Nebo had had the preaching that thou hast, they [the Neboites] would have converted. Latimer. A red dust which converth into worms. Sandys. The public hope And eye to thee converting. Thomson.

CONVERT Con"vert, n.

1. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who is won over to, or heartily embraces, a creed, religious system, or party, in which he has not previously believed; especially, one who turns from the controlling power of sin to that of holiness, or from unbelief to Christianity. The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use of images. Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. A lay friar or brother, permitted to enter a monastery for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir.

Syn. -- Proselyte; neophyte. -- Convert, Proselyte, Pervert. A convert is one who turns from what he believes to have been a decided error of faith or practice. Such a change may relate to religion, politics, or other subjects. properly considered, it is not confined to speculation alone, but affects the whole current of one's feelings and the tenor of his actions. As such a change carries with it the appearance of sincerity, the term convert is usually taken in a good sense. Proselyte is a term of more ambiguous use and application. It was first applied to an adherent of one religious system who had transferred himself externally to some other religious system; and is also applied to one who makes a similar transfer in respect to systems of philosophy or speculation. The term has little or no reference to the state of the heart. Pervert is a term of recent origin, designed to express the contrary of convert, and to stigmatize a person as drawn off perverted from the true faith. It has been more particulary applied by members of the Church of England to those who have joined the Roman Catholic Church.

CONVERTEND Con`ver*tend", n. Etym: [L. convertenus to be converted.] (Logic)

Defn: Any proposition which is subject to the process of conversion; -- so called in its relation to itself as converted, after which process it is termed the conversae. See Converse, n. (Logic).

CONVERTER Con*vert"er, n.

1. One who converts; one who makes converts.

2. (Steel Manuf.)

Defn: A retort, used in the Bessemer process, in which molten cast iron is decarburized and converted into steel by a blast of air forced through the liquid metal.

CONVERTIBILITY Con*vert`i*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The condition or quality of being convertible; capability of being exchanged; convertibleness. The mutual convertibility of land into money, and of money into land. Burke.

CONVERTIBLE Con*vert"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.]

1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable. Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus. Harvey.

2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable. So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms. Trench.

CONVERTIBLENESS Con*vert"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being convertible; convertibility.

CONVERTIBLY Con*vert"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a convertible manner.

CONVERTITE Con"vert*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. It. convertito, p.p. of convertire to convert.]

Defn: A convert. [Obs.] Shak.

CONVEX Con"vex, a. Etym: [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together: cf. F. convexe. See Vehicle.]

Defn: Rising or swelling into a spherical or rounded form; regularly protuberant or bulging; -- said of a spherical surface or curved line when viewed from without, in opposition to concave. Drops of water naturally form themselves into figures with a convex surface. Whewell. Double convex, convex on both sides; convexo-convex.

CONVEX Con"vex, n.

Defn: A convex body or surface. Half heaven's convex glitters with the flame. Tickell.

Note: This word was often pronounced con-vex' by early writers, as by Milton, and occasionallyby later poets.

CONVEXED Con"vexed ( or ), a.

Defn: Made convex; protuberant in a spherical form. Sir T. Browne.

CONVEXEDLY Con*vex"ed*ly, dv.

Defn: In a convex form; convexly. Sir T. Browne.

CONVEXEDNESS Con*vex"ed*ness, n.

Defn: Convexity.

CONVEXITY Con*vex"i*ty, n.; pl. Convexities. Etym: [L. convexitas: cf. F. convexité.]

Defn: The state of being convex; the exterior surface of a convex body; roundness. A smooth, uniform convexity and rotundity of a globe. Bentley.

CONVEXLY Con"vex*ly, adv.

Defn: In a convex form; as, a body convexly shaped.

CONVEXNESS Con"vex*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being convex; convexity.

CONVEXO-CONCAVE Con*vex"o-con"cave (or ), a.

Defn: Convex on one side, and concave on the other. The curves of the convex and concave sides may be alike or may be different. See Meniscus.

CONVEXO-CONVEX Con*vex"o-con"vex, a.

Defn: Convex on botConvex, a.

CONVEXO-PLANE Con*vex"o-plane`, a.

Defn: Convex on one side, and flat on the other; plano-convex.

CONVEY Con*vey", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Conveyed; p.pr. & vb.n. Conveying.] Etym: [OF. conveir, convoier, to escort, convoy, F. convoyer, LL. conviare, fr. L. con- + via way. See Viaduct, Voyage, and cf. Convoy.]

1. To carry from one place to another; to bear or transport. I will convey them by sea in fleats. 1 Kings v. 9. Convey me to my bed, then to my grave. Shak.

2. To cause to pass from one place or person to another; to serve as a medium in carrying (anything) from one place or person to another; to transmit; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas.

3. To transfer or deliver to another; to make over, as property; more strictly (Law), to transfer (real estate) or pass (a title to real estate) by a sealed writing. The Earl of Desmond . . . secretly conveyed all his lands to feoffees in trust. Spenser.

4. To impart or communicate; as, to convey an impression; to convey information. Men fill one another's heads with noise and sound, but convey not thereby their thoughts. Locke.

5. To manage with privacy; to carry out. [Obs.] I . . . will convey the business as I shall find means. Shak.

6. To carry or take away secretly; to steal; to thieve. [Obs.]

7. To accompany; to convoy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- To carry; transport; bear; transmit; trnsfer.

CONVEY Con*vey", v. i.

Defn: To play the thief; to steal. [Cant] But as I am Crack, I will convey, crossbite, and cheat upon Simplicius. Marston.

CONVEYABLE Con*vey"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being conveyed or transferred. Burke.

CONVEYANCE Con*vey"ance, n.

1. The act of conveying, carrying, or transporting; carriage. The long joirney was to be performed on horseback, -- the only sure mode of conveyamce. Prescott. Following th river downward, there is conveyance into the countries named in the text. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. The instrument or means of carrying or transporting anything from place to place; the vehicle in which, or means by which, anything is carried from one place to another; as, stagecoaches, omnibuses, etc., are conveyances; a canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water. There pipes and these conveyances of our blood. Shak.

3. The act or process of transferring, transmitting, handing down, or communicating; transmission. Tradition is no infallible way of conveyance. Stillingfleet.

4. (Law)

Defn: The act by which the title to property, esp. real estate, is transferred; transfer of ownership; an instrument in writing (as a deed or mortgage), by which the title to property is conveyed from one person to another. [He] found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice he must decree the land to the earl. Clarendon.

5. Dishonest management, or artifice. [Obs.] the very jesuits themselves . . . can not possibly devise any juggling conveyance how to shift it off. Hakewill.

CONVEYANCER Con*vey"an*cer, n. (Law)

Defn: One whose business is to draw up conveyances of property, as deeds, mortgages, leases, etc. Burrill.

CONVEYANCING Con*vey"an*cing, n. (Law)

Defn: The business of a conveyancer; the act or business of drawing deeds, leases, or other writings, for transferring the title to property from one person to another.

CONVEYER Con*vey"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, conveys or carries, transmits or transfers.

2. One given to artifices or secret practices; a juggler; a cheat; a thief. [Obs.] Shak.

CONVEYOR Con*vey"or, n. (Mach.)

Defn: A contrivance for carrying objects from place to place; esp., one for conveying grain, coal, etc., -- as a spiral or screw turning in a pipe or trough, an endless belt with buckets, or a truck running along a rope.

CONVICIATE Con*vi"ci*ate, v. i. Etym: [L. conviciatus, p.p. of conviciari to revile, fr. convicium loud reproach.]

Defn: To utter reproaches; to raise a clamor; to rail. [Obs.] To conviciate instead of accusing. Laud.

CONVICINITY Con`vi*cin"i*ty, n.; pl. Convicinities (.

Defn: Immediate vicinity; neighborhood. The convicinity and contiguity of the two parishes. T. Warton.

CONVICIOUS Con*vi"cious, a.

Defn: Expressing reproach; abusive; railing; taunting. [Obs.] "Convicious words." Queen Elizabeth (1559).

CONVICT Con*vict", p.a. Etym: [L. convictus, p.p. of convincere to convict, prove. See Convice.]

Defn: Proved or found guilty; convicted. [Obs.] Shak. Convict by flight, and rebel to all law. Milton.

CONVICT Con"vict, n.

1. A person proved guilty of a crime alleged against him; one legally convicted or sentenced to punishment for some crime.

2. A criminal sentenced to penal servitude.

Syn. -- Malefactor; culprit; felon; criminal.

CONVICT Con*vict", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convicted; p.pr. & vb.n. Convicting.]

1. To prove or find guilty of an offense or crime charged; to pronounce guilty, as by legal decision, or by one's conscience. He [Baxter] . . . had been convicted by a jury. Macaulay. They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one. John viii. 9.

2. To prove or show to be false; to confute; to refute. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

3. To demonstrate by proof or evidence; to prove. Imagining that these proofs will convict a testament, to have that in it which other men can nowhere by reading find. Hooker.

4. To defeat; to doom to destruction. [Obs.] A whole armado of convicted sail. Shak.

Syn. -- To confute; defect; convince; confound.

CONVICTIBLE Con*victi*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being convicted. [R.] Ash.

CONVICTION Con*vic"tion, n. Etym: [L. convictio proof: cf. F. conviction conviction (in sense 3 & 4). See Convict, Convince.]

1. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. The greater certainty of conviction and the greater certainty of punishment. Hallam.

2. (Law)

Defn: A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal. Conviction may accrue two ways. Blackstone.

3. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation. For all his tedious talk is but vain boast, Or subtle shifts conviction to evade. Milton.

4. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one's conscience. To call good evil, and evil good, against the conviction of their own consciences. Swift. And did you presently fall under the power of this conviction Bunyan.

Syn. -- Conviction; persuasion. -- Conviction respects soley matters of belief or faith; persuasion respects matters of belief or practice. Conviction respects our most important duties; persuasion is frequently applied to matters of indifference. Crabb. -- Conviction is the result of the [operation of the] understanding; persuasion, of the will. Conviction is a necessity of the mind, persuasion an acquiescence of the inclination. C. J. Smith. -- Persuasion often induces men to act in opposition to their conviction of duty.

CONVICTISM Con"vict*ism, n.

Defn: The policy or practice of transporting convicts to penal settlements. "The evils of convictism." W. Howitt.

CONVICTIVE Con*vict"ive, a.

Defn: Convincing. [R.] The best and most convictive argument. Glanwill. -- Con*vict"ive*ly, adv. -- Con*vict"ive*ness, n.

CONVINCE Con*vince", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convinced; p.pr. & vb.n. Convincing.] Etym: [L. convincere, -victum, to refute, prove; con- + vincere to conquer. See Victor, and cf. Convict.]

1. To overpower; to overcome; to subdue or master. [Obs.] His two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince That memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume. Shak.

2. To overcome by argument; to force to yield assent to truth; to satisfy by proof. Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others. Atterbury.

3. To confute; to prove the fallacy of. [Obs.] God never wrought miracle to convince atheism, because his ordinary works convince it. Bacon.

4. To prove guilty; to convinct. [Obs.] Which of you convinceth me of sin John viii. 46. Seek not to convince me of a crime Which I can ne'er repent, nor you can pardon. Dryden.

Syn. -- To persuade; satisfy; convict. -- To Convince, persuade. To convince is an act of the understanding; to persuade, of the will or feelings. The one is effected by argument, the other by motives. There are cases, however, in which persuade may seem to be used in reference only to the assent of the understanding; as when we say, I am persuaded it is so; I can not persuade myself of the fact. But in such instances there is usually or always a degree of awakened feeling which has had its share in producing the assent of the understanding.

CONVINCEMENT Con*vince"ment, n.

Defn: Act of convincing, or state of being convinced; conviction. [R.] The fear of a convincement. Milton.

CONVINCER Con*vin"cer, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, convinces; one who wins over by proof.

CONVINCIBLE Con*vin"ci*ble, a.

1. Capable of being convinced or won over.

2. Capable of being confuted and disproved by argument; refutable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CONVINCINGLY Con*vin"cing*ly, adv.

Defn: in a convincing manner; in a manner to compel assent.

CONVINCINGNESS Con*vin"cing*ness, n.

Defn: The power of convincing, or the quality of being convincing.

CONVIVAL Con*viv"al, a. Etym: [L. convivalis. See Convive.]

Defn: pertaining to a feast or to festivity; convivial. [Obs.] "A convival dish." Sir T. Browne.

CONVIVE Con*vive", v. i. Etym: [L. convivari; akin to convivium a feast, convivere to live or feast together; con- + vivere to live.]

Defn: To feast together; to be convivial. [Obs.] "There, in the full, convive we." Shak.

CONVIVE Con"vive, n. Etym: [L. conviva: cf. F. convive.]

Defn: A quest at a banquet. [R.] Beaumont.

CONVIVIAL Con*viv"i*al, a. Etym: [From L. convivium a feast; con- + vivere to live. See Victuals, and cf. Convive.]

Defn: Of or relating to a feast or entertainment, or to eating and drinking, with accompanying festivity; festive; social; gay; jovial. Which feasts convivial meetings we did name. Denham.

CONVIVIALIST Con*viv"i*al*ist, n.

Defn: A person of convivial habits.

CONVIVIALITY Con*viv`i*al"i*ty, n.; pl. Convivialities (.

Defn: The good humor or mirth indulged in upon festive occasions; a convivial spirit or humor; festivity.

CONVIVIALLY Con*viv"i*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a convivial manner.

CONVOCATE Con"vo*cate, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convocated; p.pr. & vb.n. Convocating.] Etym: [L. convocatus, p.p. of convocare to convocate; con- + vocare to call. See Vocal, and cf. Convoce.]

Defn: To convoke; to call together. [Obs.] May (Lucan).

CONVOCATION Con`vo*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. convocatio: cf. F. convocation. See Convoke.]

1. The act of calling or assembling by summons.

2. An assembly or meeting. In the first day there shall be a holy convocation. Ex. xii. 16.

3. (Ch. of Eng.)

Defn: An assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesiastical affairs.

Note: In England, the provinces of Canterbury and York have each their convocation, but no session for business were allowed from 1717 to 1861. The Convocation of Canterbury consists of two houses. In the Convocation of York the business has been generally conducted in one assembly.

4. (Oxf. University)

Defn: An academical assembly, in which the business of the university is transacted.

Syn. -- meeting; assembly; congregation; congress; diet; convention; synod; council.

CONVOCATIONAL Con`vo*ca"tion*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a convocation.

CONVOCATIONIST Con`vo*ca"tion*ist, n.

Defn: An advocate or defender of convocation.

CONVOKE Con*voke", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convoked; p.pr. & vb.n. Convoking.] Etym: [L. convocare: cf. F. convoquer. See Convocate.]

Defn: To call together; to summon to meet; to assemble by summons. There remained no resource but the dreadful one of convoking a parliament. palfrey.

Syn. -- To summon; assemble; convene. See Call.

CONVOLUTE Con"vo*lute, a. Etym: [L. convolutus, p.p. of convolvere. See Convolve.] (Bot.)

Defn: Rolled or wound together, one part upon another; -- said of the leaves of plants in æstivation.

CONVOLUTED Con"vo*lu`ted, a.

1. Having convolutions. beaks recurved and convoluted like a ram's horn. Pennant.

2. Folded in tortuous windings. A highly convoluted brain. North Amer. Rev.

CONVOLUTION Con`vo*lu"tion, n.

1. The act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another; a winding motion. O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift, The feathered eddy floats. Thomson.

2. The state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. Blackmore.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: An irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part; as, the convolutions of the intestines; the cerebral convolutions. See Brain.

CONVOLVE Con*volve", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convolved; p.pr. & vb.n. Convolving.] Etym: [L. convolvere, -volutum; con- + volvere to roll. See Voluble.]

Defn: To roll or wind together; to roll or twist one part on another. Then Satan first knew pain, And writhed him to and fro convolved. Milton.

CONVOLVULACEOUS Con*vol`vu*la"ceous, a. Etym: [From Convolvus.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the bindweed and the morning-glory are common examples.

CONVOLVULIN Con*vol"vu*lin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside occurring in jalap (the root of a convolvulaceous plant), and extracted as a colorless, tasteless, gummy mass of powerful purgative properties.

CONVOLVULUS Con*vol"vu*lus, n.; pl. L.Convolvuli, E. Convoluluses. Etym: [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around. So named from its twining stems.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large genus of plants having monopetalous flowers, including the common bindweed (C. arwensis), and formerly the morning-glory, but this is now transferred to the genus Ipomæa. The luster of the long convolvuluses That coiled around the stately stems. Tennyson.

CONVOY Con*voy", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convoyed; p.pr. & vb.n. Convoying.] Etym: [F. convoyer, OF. conveier, convoier. See Convey.]

Defn: To accompany for protection, either by sea or land; to attend for protection; to escort; as, a frigate convoys a merchantman. I know ye skillful to convoy The total freight of hope and joy. Emerson.

CONVOY Con"voy, n. Etym: [F. convoi.]

1. The act of attending for defense; the state of being so attended; protection; escort. To obtain the convoy of a man-of-war. Macaulay.

2. A vessel or fleet, or a train or trains of wagons, employed in the transportation of munitions of war, money, subsistence, clothing, etc., and having an armed escort.

3. A protection force accompanying ships, etc., on their way from place to place, by sea or land; an escort, for protection or guidance. When every morn my bosom glowed To watch the convoy on the road. Emerson.

4. Conveyance; means of transportation. [Obs.] Shak.

5. A drag or brake applied to the wheels of a carriage, to check their velocity in going down a hill. Knight.

CONVOY PENNANT Con"voy pen"nant. A white pennant with red border, carried : (a) Forward on all vessels on convoy duty. (b) Alone by a senior officer present during evolutions or drills, when it commands "Silence." (c) Over a signal number, when it refers to the signal number of an officer in the Annual Navy Register.

CONVULSE Con*vulse", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Convulsed; p.pr. & vb.n. Convulsing.] Etym: [L. convulsus, p.p. of convellere to tear up, to shake; con- + vellere to pluck, pull.]

1. To contract violently and irregulary, as the muscular parts of an animal body; to shake with irregular spasms, as in excessive laughter, or in agony from grief or pain. With emotions which checked his voice and convulsed his powerful frame. Macaulay.

2. To agitate greatly; to shake violently. The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations. Macaulay.

Syn. -- To agitate; disturb; shake; tear; rend.

CONVULSION Con*vul"sion, n. Etym: [L. convulsio: cf. F. convulsion.]

1. (Med.)

Defn: An unnatural, violent, and unvoluntary contraction of the muscular parts of an animal body.

2. Any violent and irregular motion or agitation; a violent shaking; a tumult; a commotion. Those two massy pillars, With horrible convulsion, to and fro He tugged, he shook, till down they came. Milton. Times of violence and convulsion. Ames.

Syn. -- Agitation; commotion; tumult; disturbance.

CONVULSIONAL Con*vul"sion*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or having, convulsions; convulsionary. [R.] Lamb.

CONVULSIONARY Con*vul"sion*a*ry (, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convulsionnaire.]

Defn: Pertaining to convulsion; convulsive. "Convulsionary struggles." Sir W. Scott.

CONVULSIONARY Con*vul"sion*a*ry, n.

Defn: A convulsionist.

CONVULSIONIST Con*vul"sion*ist, n.

Defn: One who has convulsions; esp., one of a body of fanatics in France, early in the eighteenth century, who went into convulsions under the influence of religious emotion; as, the Convulsionists of St. Médard.

CONVULSIVE Con*vul"sive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. convulsif.]

Defn: Producing, or attended with, convulsions or spasms; characterized by convulsions; convulsionary. An irregular, convulsive movement may be necessary to throw off an irregular, convulsive disease. Burke.

CONVULSIVELY Con*vul"sive*ly, adv.

Defn: in a convulsive manner.

CONY Co"ny ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [OE. coning, conig, coni, OF. connin, conin, connil, fr. L. cuniculus a rabbit, cony, prob. an Hispanic word.] [Written also coney.]

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A rabbit, esp., the European rabbit (Lepus cuniculus). (b) The chief hare.

Note: The cony of Scripture is thought to be Hyrax Syriacus, called also daman, and cherogril. See Daman.

2. A simpleton. [Obs.] It is a most simple animal; whence are derived our usual phrases of cony and cony catcher. Diet's Dry Dinner (1599).

3. (Zoöl.) (a) An important edible West Indian fish (Epinephelus apua); the hind of Bermuda. (b) A local name of the burbot. [Eng.]

CONY-CATCH Co"ny-catch, v. t.

Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to trick. [Obs.] Take heed, Signor Baptista, lest you be cony-catched in the this business. Shak.

CONY-CATCHER Co"ny-catch`er, n.

Defn: A cheat; a sharper; a deceiver. [Obs.] Minsheu.

CONYLENE Con"y*lene, n. Etym: [Conine + acetylene.]

Defn: An oily substance, C8H14, obtained from several derivatives of conine.

CONYRINE Con"y*rine, n. Etym: [From Conine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A blue, fluorescent, oily base (regarded as a derivative of pyridine), obtained from conine.

COO Coo, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Cooed; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooing.]

1. To make a low repeated cry or sound, like the characteristic note of pigeons or doves. The stockdove only through the forest cooes, Mournfully hoarse. Thomson.

2. To show affection; to act in a loving way. See under Bill, v. i. "Billing or cooing." Byron.

COOEY; COOEE Coo"ey, Coo"ee, n. Etym: [Of imitative origin.]

Defn: A peculiar whistling sound made by the Australian aborigenes as a call or signal. [Written also cooie.]

COOK Cook, v. i. Etym: [Of imitative origin.]

Defn: To make the noise of the cuckoo. [Obs. or R.] Constant cuckoos cook on every side. The Silkworms (1599).

COOK Cook, v. t. Etym: [Etymol. unknown.]

Defn: To throw. [Prov.Eng.] "Cook me that ball." Grose.

COOK Cook, n. Etym: [AS. coc, fr. l. cocus, coquus, coquus, fr. coquere to cook; akin to Gr. pac, and to E. apricot, biscuit, concoct, dyspepsia, precocious. Cf. Pumpkin.]

1. One whose occupation is to prepare food for the table; one who dresses or cooks meat or vegetables for eating.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish, the European striped wrasse.

COOK Cook, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooked; p.pr & vb.n. Cooking.]

1. To prepare, as food, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; to make suitable for eating, by the agency of fire or heat.

2. To concoct or prepare; hence, to tamper with or alter; to garble; -- often with up; as, to cook up a story; to cook an account. [Colloq.] They all of them receive the same advices from abroad, and very often in the same words; but their way of cooking it is so different. Addison.

COOK Cook, v. i.

Defn: To prepare food for the table.

COOKBOOK Cook"book`, n.

Defn: A book of directions and receipts for cooking; a cookery book. [U.S.] "Just How": a key to the cookbooks. Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.

COOKEE Cook*ee", n.

Defn: A female cook. [R.]

COOKERY Cook"er*y, n.

1. The art or process of preparing food for the table, by dressing, compounding, and the application of heat.

2. A delicacy; a dainty. [Obs.] R. North.

COOKEY; COOKIE Cook"ey, Cook"ie, n.

Defn: See Cooky.

COOKMAID Cook"maid`, n.

Defn: A female servant or maid who dresses provisions and assists the cook.

COOKROOM Cook"room`, n.

Defn: A room for cookery; a kitchen; the galley or caboose of a ship. Sir W. Raleigh.

COOKSHOP Cook`shop, n.

Defn: An eating house. "A subterranean cookshop." Macaulay.

COOKY Cook"y, n.; pl. Cookies. Etym: [Cf. D. koek cake, dim. koekje; akin to G. kuchen, E. cake; or cf. OE. coket, prob., a sort of cake, and prob. of French origin.]

Defn: A small, flat, sweetened cake of various kinds.

COOL Cool, a. [Compar. Cooler; superl. Coolest.] Etym: [AS. col; akin to D. koel, G. kühl, OHG. chouli, Dan. kölig, Sw. kylig, also to AS. calan to be cold, Icel. kala. See Cold, and cf. Chill.]

1. Moderately cold; between warm and cold; lacking in warmth; producing or promoting coolness. Fanned with cool winds. Milton.

2. Not ardent, warm, fond, or passionate; not hasty; deliberate; exercising self-control; self-possessed; dispassionate; indifferent; as, a cool lover; a cool debater. For a patriot, too cool. Goldsmith.

3. Not retaining heat; light; as, a cool dress.

4. Manifesting coldness or dislike; chilling; apathetic; as, a cool manner.

5. Quietly impudent; negligent of propriety in matters of minor importance, either ignorantly or willfully; presuming and selfish; audacious; as, cool behavior. Its cool stare of familiarity was intolerable. Hawthorne.

6. Applied facetiously, in a vague sense, to a sum of money, commonly as if to give emphasis to the largeness of the amount. He had lost a cool hundred. Fielding. Leaving a cool thousand to Mr.Matthew Pocket. Dickens.

Syn. -- Calm; dispassionate; self-possessed; composed; repulsive; frigid; alienated; impudent.

COOL Cool, n.

Defn: A moderate state of cold; coolness; -- said of the temperature of the air between hot and cold; as, the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening.

COOL Cool, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooled; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooling.]

1. To make cool or cold; to reduce the temperature of; as, ice cools water. Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue. Luke xvi. 24.

2. To moderate the heat or excitement of; to allay, as passion of any kind; to calm; to moderate. We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts. Shak. To cool the heels, to dance attendance; to wait, as for admission to a patron's house. [Colloq.] Dryden.

COOL Cool, v. i.

1. To become less hot; to lose heat. I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus, the whilst his iron did on the anvil cool. Shak.

2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become more moderate. I will not give myself liberty to think, lest I should cool. Congreve.

COOLER Cool"er, n.

Defn: That which cools, or abates heat or excitement. if acid things were used only as coolers, they would not be so proper in this case. Arbuthnot.

2. Anything in or by which liquids or other things are cooled, as an ice chest, a vessel for ice water, etc.

COOL-HEADED Cool"-head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a temper not easily excited; free from passion. -- Cool"-head`ed*ness, n.

COOLIE Coo"lie, n.

Defn: Same as Cooly.

COOLING Cool"ing, p.a.

Defn: Adapted to cool and refresh; allaying heat. "The cooling brook." Goldsmith. Cooling card, something that dashes hopes. [Obs.] -- Cooling time (Law), such a lapse of time as ought, taking all the circumstances of the case in view, to produce a subsiding of passion previously provoked. Wharton.

COOLISH Cool"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat cool. The nights began to grow a little coolish. Goldsmith.

COOLLY Cool"ly, a.

Defn: Coolish; cool. [Obs.] Spenser.

COOLLY Cool"ly, adv.

Defn: In a cool manner; without heat or excessive cold; without passion or ardor; calmly; deliberately; with indifference; impudently.

COOLNESS Cool"ness, n.

1. The state of being cool; a moderate degree of cold; a moderate degree, or a want, of passion; want of ardor, zeal, or affection; calmness.

2. Calm impudence; self-possession. [Colloq.]

COOLUNG Coo"lung, n. Etym: [From the native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The great gray crane of India (Grus cinerea). [Also written coolen and cullum.]

COOLY; COOLIE Coo"ly, Coo"lie, n.; pl. Coolies. Etym: [Hind. k a laborer, porter: cf. Turk. k, ky, slave.]

Defn: An East Indian porter or carrier; a laborer transported from the East Indies, China, or Japan, for service in some other country.

COOM Coom, n. Etym: [Cf. G. kahm mold gathered on liquids, D. kam, Sw. kimrök pine soot, smoke black, Icel. kam grime, film of dirt.]

Defn: Soot; coal dust; refuse matter, as the dirty grease which comes from axle boxes, or the refuse at the mouth of an oven. Phillips. Bailey.

COOMB Coomb, n. Etym: [AS. cumb a liquid measure, perh. from LL. cumba boat, tomb of stone, fr. Gr. kumpf bowl.]

Defn: A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. [Written also comb.]

COOMB; COOMBE Coomb, Coombe, n. Etym: [See Comb, Combe, in this sense.]

Defn: A hollow in a hillside. [Prov. Eng.] See Comb, Combe.

COON Coon, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A raccoon. See Raccoon.

COONCAN Coon"can, n. [Corrupt of conquian.]

Defn: A game of cards derived from conquian, played by two or more players with one or two full packs of cards.

COONTIE Coon"tie, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A cycadaceous plant of Florida and the West Indies, the Zamia integrifolia, from the stems of which a kind of sago is prepared.

COOP Coop, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cypa a measure, D. kuip tub, Icel. kupa bowl, G. kufe coop tub; all fr. L. cupa vat, tub, LL. cupa, copa, cup. See Cup, and cf. Keeve.]

1. A barrel or cask for liquor. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. An inclosure for keeping small animals; a pen; especially, a grated box for confining poultry.

3. A cart made close with boarde; a tumbrel. [Scotch]

COOP Coop, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cooped; p.pr. & vb.n. Cooping.]

Defn: To confine in a coop; hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass; to cramp; -- usually followed by up, sometimes by in. The Trojans coopet within their walls so long. Dryden. The contempt of all other knowledge . . . coops the understanding up within narrow bounds. Locke.

2. To work upon in the manner of a cooper. [Obs.] "Shaken tubs . . . be new cooped." Holland.

Syn. -- To crowd; confine; imprison.

COOPEE Coo*pee", n.

Defn: See Coupe. [Obs.] Johnson.

COOPER Coop"er, n. Etym: [From Coop.]

Defn: One who makes barrels, hogsheads, casks, etc.

COOPER Coop"er, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coopered; p.pr. & vb.n. Coopering.]

Defn: To do the work of a cooper upon; as, to cooper a cask or barrel.

COOPERAGE Coop"er*age, n.

1. Work done by a cooper.

2. The price paid for coopers; work.

3. A place where coopers' work is done.

COOPERANT Co*öp"er*ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. coopérant.]

Defn: Operating together; as, coöperant forces.

COOPERATE Co*öp"er*ate, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Coöperated; p.pr. & vb.n. Coöperating.] Etym: [L. coöperatus, p.p. of coöperari to coöperate; co + operari to work, opus work. See Operate.]

Defn: To act or operate jointly with another or others; to concur in

## action, effort, or effect.

Whate'er coöperates to the common mirth. Crashaw.

COOPERATION Co*öp`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. coöperatio: cf. F. coopération.]

1. The act of coöperating, or of operating together to one end; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. Not holpen by the coöperation of angels. Bacon.

2. (Polit. Econ.)

Defn: The association of a number of persons for their benefit.

COOPERATIVE Co*öp"er*a*tive, a.

Defn: Operating jointly to the same end. Coöperative society, a society established on the principle of a joint-stock association, for the production of commodities, or their purchase and distribution for consumption, or for the borrowing and lending of capital among its members. -- Coöperative store, a store established by a coöperative society, where the members make their purchases and share in the profits or losses.

COOPERATOR Co*öp"er*a`tor, n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. coopérateur.]

Defn: One who labors jointly with others to promote the same end. "Coöperators with the truth." Boyle.

COOPERING Coop"er*ing, n.

Defn: Work done by a cooper in making or repairing barrels, casks, etc.; the business of a cooper.

COOPERY Coop"er*y, a.

Defn: Relating to a cooper; coopered. [Obs.] Coopery vessels made of wood. Holland.

COOPERY Coop"er*y, n.

Defn: The occupation of a cooper. Crabb.

COOPT Co*öpt", v. t. Etym: [See Coöptate. Cf. F. coopter.]

Defn: To choose or elect in concert with another. [R.] Each of the hundred was to coöpt three others. Jowett (Thysyd. ).

COOPTATE Co*öp"tate, v. t. Etym: [L. coöptatus, p.p. of coötare to elect to something; co- + optare to choose.]

Defn: To choose; to elect; to coöpt. [Obs.] Cockeram.

COOPTATION Co`öp*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. coöptatio.]

Defn: The act of choosing; selection; choice. [Obs.] The first election and coöptation of a friend. Howell.

COORDAIN Co`ör*dain, v. t.

Defn: To ordain or appoint for some purpose along with another.

COORDINANCE Co*ör"di*nance, n.

Defn: Joint ordinance.

COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate, a. Etym: [Pref. co- + L. ordinatus, p.p. of ordinare to regulate. See Ordain.]

Defn: Equal in rank or order; not subordinate. Whether there was one Supreme Governor of the world, or many coördinate powers presiding over each country. Law. Conjunctions joint sentences and coördinate terms. Rev. R. Morris. Coördinate adjectives, adjectives disconnected as regards ane another, but referring equally to the same subject. -- Coördinate conjunctions, conjunctions joining independent propositions. Rev. R. Morris.

COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate , v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coördinated; p.pr. & vb.n. Coördinating.]

1. To make coördinate; to put in the same order or rank; as, to coördinate ideas in classification.

2. To give a common action, movement, or condition to; to regulate and combine so as to produce harmonious action; to adjust; to harmonize; as, to coördinate muscular movements.

COORDINATE Co*ör"di*nate, n.

1. A thing of the same rank with another thing; one two or more persons or things of equal rank, authority, or importance. It has neither coördinate nor analogon; it is absolutely one. Coleridge.

2. pl. (Math.)

Defn: Lines, or other elements of reference, by means of which the position of any point, as of a curve, is defined with respect to certain fixed lines, or planes, called coördinate axes and coördinate planes. See Abscissa.

Note: Coördinates are of several kinds, consisting in some of the different cases, of the following elements, namely: (a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the coördinate axes AY and AX. (b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P. (c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to three coördinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured from the corresponding coördinate fixed planes, YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose position is thereby determined with respect to these planes and axes. (d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which means any point in space at the free extremity of the radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole of the radius vector. Cartesian coördinates. See under Cartesian. -- Geographical coördinates, the latitude and longitude of a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a third coördinate. -- Polar coördinates, coördinates made up of a radius vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a line and plane; as those defined in (b) and (d) above. -- Rectangular coördinates, coördinates the axes of which intersect at right angles. -- Rectilinear coördinates, coördinates made up of right lines. Those defined in (a) and (c) above are called also Cartesian coördinates. -- Trigonometrical or Spherical coördinates, elements of reference, by means of which the position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to two great circles of the sphere. -- Trilinear coördinates, coördinates of a point in a plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to another.

COORDINATELY Co*ör"di*nate*ly, adv.

Defn: In a coördinate manner.

COORDINATENESS Co*ör"di*nate*ness, n.

Defn: The state of being coördinate; equality of rank or authority.

COORDINATION Co*ör`di*na"tion, n.

1. The act of coördinating; the act of putting in the same order, class, rank, dignity, etc.; as, the coördination of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial authority in forming a government; the act of regulating and combining so as to produce harmonious results; harmonious adjustment; as, a coördination of functions. "Coördination of muscular movement by the cerebellum." Carpenter.

2. The state of being coördinate, or of equal rank, dignity, power, etc. In this high court of parliament, there is a rare coördination of power. Howell.

COORDINATIVE Co*ör"di*na*tive, a. (Gram.)

Defn: Expressing coördination. J. W. Gibbs.

COOT Coot, n. Etym: [Cf. D. koet, W. cwtair; cwta short, bodtailed + iar hen; cf. cwtau ro dock. Cf. Cut.]

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A wading bird with lobate toes, of the genus Fulica. The common European or bald coot is F. atra (see under bald); the American is F. Americana. (b) The surf duck or scoter. In the United States all the species of (Edemia are called coots. See Scoter. "As simple as a coot." Halliwell.

2. A stupid fellow; a simpleton; as, a silly coot. [Colloq.]

COOTER Coot"er, n. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water tortoise (Pseudemus concinna) of Florida. (b) The box tortoise.

COOTFOOT Coot`foot, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pharalope; -- so called because its toes are like the coot's.

COOTHAY Coo*thay", n.

Defn: A striped satin made in India. McElrath.

COP Cop, n. Etym: [AS. cop; cf. G. kopf head. Cf. Cup, Cob.]

1. The top of a thing; the head; a crest. [Obs.] Cop they used to call The tops of many hills. Dra

2. A conical or conical-ended mass of coiled thread, yarn, or roving, wound upon a spindle, etc.

3. A tube or quill upon which silk is wound.

4. (Mil. Arch.)

Defn: same as Merlon.

5. A policeman. [Slang] Cop waste, a kind of cotton waste, composed chiefly

COPAIBA; COPAIVA Co*pai"ba, Co*pai"va, n. Etym: [Sp. & Pg., fr. Brazil. cupaúba.] (Med.)

Defn: A more or less viscid, vellowish liquid, the bitter oleoresin of several species of Copaifera, a genus of trees growing in South America and the West Indies. It is stimulant and diuretic, and is much used in affections of the mucous membranes; -- called also balsam of copaiba. [Written also capivi.]

COPAL Co"pal, Etym: [Sp., fr. Mexican copalli, Clavigero.]

Defn: A resinous substance flowing spontaneously from trees of Zanzibar, Madagascar, and South America (Trachylobium Hornemannianum, T. verrocosum, and Hymenæa Courbaril), and dug from earth where forests have stood in Africa; -- used chiefly in making varnishes. Ur

COPALM Co"palm`, n.

Defn: The yellowish, fragrant balsam yielded by the sweet gum; also, the tree itself.

COPARCENARY Co*par"ce*na*ry, n.; pl. Coparcenaries. Etym: [Pref. co- + parcenary] (Law)

Defn: Partnership in inheritance; joint heirship; joint right of sucession to an inheritance.

COPARCENER Co*par"ce*ner, n. Etym: [Pref. co- + parcener.] (Law)

Defn: One who has an equal portion with others of an inheritance. All the coparceners together make but one heir, and have but one estate among them. blackstone.

COPARCENY Co*par"ce*ny, n. Etym: [Abbrev. of Coparcenary.] (Law)

Defn: An equal share of an inheritance.

COPART Co*part, v. t. Etym: [Cf. Compart]

Defn: To share. [Obs.] For, of all miserias, I hold that chief Wretched to be, when none coparts our grief. Webster (1661).

COPARTMENT Co*part"ment, n.

Defn: A compartment. [Obs.] T. Warton.

COPARTNER Co*part"ner, n.

Defn: One who is jointly concerned with one or more persons in business, etc.; a partner; an associate; a partaker; a sharer. the associates and copartners of our loss. Milton.

COPARTNERSHIP Co*part"ner*ship, n.

1. The state of being a copartner or of having a joint interest in any matter.

2. A partnership or firm; as, A. and B. have this day formed a copartnership.

COPARTNERY Co*part"ner*y, n.; pl. Copartneries (.

Defn: the state of being copartners in any undertaking. [R.]

COPATAIN Cop"a*tain, a. Etym: [Formed fr. cop, in imitation of captain. See Cop, Captain.]

Defn: Having a high crown, or a point or peak at top. [Obs.] A copatain hat made on a Flemish block. Gascoigne.

COPATRIOT Co*pa"tri*ot, n.

Defn: A joint patriot.

COPE Cope, n. Etym: [A doublet of cape. See Cape, Cap.]

1. A covering for the head. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Anything regarded as extended over the head, as the arch or concave of the sky, the roof of a house, the arch over a door. "The starry cope of heaven." Milton.

3. An ecclesiastical vestment or cloak, semicircular in form, reaching from the shoulders nearly to the feet, and open in front except at the top, whereit is united by a band or clasp. It is worn in processions and on some other occasions. Piers plowman. A hundred and sixty priests all in their copes. Bp. Burnet.

4. An ancient tribute due to the lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in derbyshire, England.

5. (Founding)

Defn: The top part of a flask or mold; the outer part of a loam mold. Knight. De Colange.

COPE Cope, v. i.

Defn: To form a cope or arch; to bend or arch; to bow. [Obs.] Some bending down and coping to ward the earth. Holland.

COPE Cope, v. t. (Falconry)

Defn: To pare the beak or talons of (a hawk). J. H. Walsh.

COPE Cope, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Coped; p.pr. & vb.n. Coping.] Etym: [OE. copen, coupen, to buy, bargain, prob. from D. koopen to buy, orig., to bargain. See Chear.]

1. To exchange or barter. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To encounter; to meet; to have to do with. Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man As e'er my conversation coped withal. Shak.

3. To enter into or maintain a hostile contest; to struggle; to combat; especially, to strive or contend on equal terms or with success; to match; to equal; -- usually followed by with. Host coped with host, dire was the din of war. Philips. Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens. Addison.

COPE Cope, v. t.

1. To bargain for; to buy. [Obs.]

2. To make return for; to requite; to repay. [Obs.] three thousand ducats due unto the Jew, We freely cope your courteous pains withal. Shak.

3. To match one's self against; to meet; to encounter. I love to cope him in these sullen fits. Shak. They say he yesterday coped Hector in the battle, and struck him down. Shak.

COPE-CHISEL Cope"-chis`el, n.

Defn: A narrow chisel adapted for cutting a groove. Knight.

COPECK Co"peck, n. Etym: [Russ. kopeika]

Defn: A Russian copper coin. See Kopeck.

COPED Coped, a.

Defn: Clad in a cope.

COPELATA Cop`e*la"ta, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Larvalla.

COPEMAN Cope"man, n. Etym: [D. koopman, fr. koopen to buy. See Cope, v. i. Chapman.]

Defn: A chapman; a dealer; a merchant. [Obs.] He would have sold his part of paradise For ready money, had he met a copeman. B. Jonson.

COPENHAGEN Co`pen*ha"gen, n. [From Copenhagen, Denmark.]

1.

Defn: A sweetened hot drink of spirit and beaten eggs.

2. A children's game in which one player is inclosed by a circle of others holding a rope.

COPEPOD Cop"e*pod, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Copepoda. -- n.

Defn: One of the Copepoda.

COPEPODA Co*pep"o*da, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of Entomastraca, including many minute Crustacea, both freshwater and marine.

Note: They have a distinct carapace. The eggs are carried in a pair of external pouches. Some are parasites of fishes.

COPERNICAN Co*per"ni*can, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Copernicus, a Prussian by birth (b. 1473, d. 1543), who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system.

COPESMATE Copes"mate`, n.

Defn: An associate or companion; a friend; a partner. [Obs.] Misshapen time, copesmate of ugly Night. Shak.

COPESTONE Cope"stone`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A stone for coping. See Coping.

COPIER Cop"i*er, n. Etym: [From. Copy.]

1. One who copies; one who writes or transcribes from an original; a transcriber.

2. An imitator; one who imitates an example; hence, a plagiarist.

COPING Cop"ing, n. Etym: [See Cope, n.] (Arch.)

Defn: The highest or covering course of masonry in a wall, often with sloping edges to carry off water; -- sometimes called capping. Gwill.

COPIOUS Co"pi*ous, a. Etym: [L. copiosus, fr. copia abundance: cf. F. copieux. See Copy, Opulent.]

Defn: Large in quantity or amount; plentiful; abundant; fruitful. Kindly pours its copious treasures forth. Thomson. Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name Shall be the copious matter of my song. Milton.

Syn. -- Ample; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; rich; full; exuberant; overflowing; full. See Ample.

COPIOUSLY Co"pi*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a copious manner.

COPIOUSNESS Co"pi*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being copious; abudance; plenty; also, diffuseness in style. To imitatethe copiousness of Homer. Dryden.

Syn. -- Abudance; plenty; richness; exuberance.

COPIST Cop"ist, n. Etym: [F. copiste. See Copy.]

Defn: A copier. [Obs.] "A copist after nature." Shaftesbury.

COPLANAR Co*plan"ar, a. Etym: [Pref. co- + plane.] (Math.)

Defn: Situated in one plane.

COPLAND Cop"land`, n. Etym: [Cop + land.]

Defn: A piece of ground terminating in a point or acute angle. [Obs.]

COPORTION Co*por"tion, n.

Defn: Equal share. [Obs.] Myself will bear . . . coportion of your pack. Spenser.

COPPED Copped, a. Etym: [From Cop.]

Defn: Rising to a point or head; conical; pointed; crested. Wiseman.

COPPEL Cop"pel, n. & v.

Defn: See Cupel.

COPPER Cop"per, n. Etym: [OE. coper (cf. D. koper, Sw. koppar, Dan. kobber, G. kupfer), LL. cuper, fr. L. cuprum for earlier Cyprium, Cyprium aes, i.e., Cyprian brass, fr. Gr. Cypreous.]

1. A common metal of a reddish color, both ductile and malleable, and very tenacious. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.3. It is one of the most useful metals in itself, and also in its alloys, brass and bronze.

Note: Copper is the only metal which occurs native abundantly in large masses; it is found also in various ores, of which the most important are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, and malachite. Copper mixed with tin forms bell metal; with a smaller proportion, bronze; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, and other alloys.

2. A coin made of copper; a penny, cent, or other minor coin of copper. [Colloq.] My friends filled my pockets with coppers. Franklin.

3. A vessel, especially a large boiler, made of copper.

4. pl. Specifically (Naut.),

Defn: the boilers in the galley for cooking; as, a ship's coppers.

Note: Copper is often used adjectively, commonly in the sense of made or consisting of copper, or resembling copper; as, a copper boiler, tube, etc. All in a hot and copper sky. Coleridge.

Note: It is sometimes written in combination; as, copperplate, coppersmith, copper-colored. Copper finch. (Zoöl.) See Chaffinch. -- Copper glance, or Vitreous copper. (Min.) See Chalcocite. -- Indigo copper. (Min.) See Covelline.

COPPER Cop"per, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coppered; p.pr. & vb.n. Coppering.]

Defn: To cover or coat with copper; to sheathe with sheets of copper; as, to copper a ship.

COPPERAS Cop"per*as, n. Etym: [OE. coperose, F. couperose, fr. (assumed) L. cuprirosa, equiv. to G. cha`lkanqos, i. e. copper flower, vitriol. See Copper and Rose.]

Defn: Green vitriol, or sulphate of iron; a green crystalline substance, of an astringent taste, used in making ink, in dyeing black, as a tonic in medicine, etc. It is made on a large scale by the oxidation of iron pyrites. Called also ferrous sulphate.

Note: The term copperas was formerly synonymous with vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc.

COPPER-BOTTOMED Cop"per-bot`tomed, a.

Defn: Having a bottom made of copper, as a tin boiler or other vessel, or sheathed with copper, as a ship.

COPPER-FACED Cop"per-faced`, a.

Defn: Faced or covered with copper; as, copper-faced type.

COPPER-FASTENED Cop"per-fas`tened, a.

Defn: Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks of ships, etc.; as, a copper-fastened ship.

COPPERHEAD Cop"per*head`, n. Etym: [From its color.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A poisonous American serpent (Ancistrodon conotortrix), closely allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles; -- called also copper-belly, and red viper.

2. A nickname applied to a person in the Northern States who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. [U.S.]

COPPERING Cop"per*ing, n.

1. The act of covering with copper.

2. An envelope or covering of copper.

COPPERISH Cop"per*ish, a.

Defn: Containing, or partaking of the nature of, copper; like copper; as, a copperish taste.

COPPER-NICKEL Cop"per-nick`el, n. (Min.)

Defn: Nicolite.

COPPER-NOSE Cop"per-nose, n.

Defn: A red nose. Shak.

COPPERPLATE Cop"per*plate, n. (a) A plate of polished copper on which a design or writing is engraved. (b) An impression on paper taken from such a plate.

Note: In printing from a copper- or steel plate the lines are filled with ink, the surface of the plate is wiped clean, the paper laid upon it, and the impression taken by pressing it under the roller of a plate press. Copperplate press. See Plate press, under Plate.

COPPERSMITH Cop"per*smith, n.

Defn: One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils; a worker in copper.

COPPER WORKS Cop"per works.

Defn: A place where copper is wrought or manufactured. Woodward.

COPPERWORM Cop"per*worm, n. (Zoöl.) (a) The teredo; -- so called because it injures the bottoms of vessels, where not protected by copper. (b) The ringworm.

COPPERY Cop"per*y, a.

Defn: Mixed with copper; containing copper, or made of copper; like copper.

COPPICE Cop"pice, n. Etym: [OF. copeiz, fr. coper, couper, to cut, F. couper, fr. cop, coup, colp, a blow, F. coup, L. colaphus, fr. G. Copse, and cf. Coup, Coupee.]

Defn: A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. See Copse. The rate of coppice lands will fall, upon the discovery of coal mines. Locke.

COPPIN Cop"pin, n.Etym: [See Cop.]

Defn: A cop of thread.

COPPLE Cop"ple, n. Etym: [A dim. of Cop.]

Defn: Something rising in a conical shape; specifically, a hill rising to a point. A low cape, and upon it a copple not very high. Hakluyt.

COPPLE-CROWN Cop"ple-crown, n.

Defn: A created or high-topped crown or head. "Like the copple-crown the lapwing has." T. Randolph. -- Cop"ple-crowned`, a.

COPPLED Cop"pled, a. Etym: [From Copple.]

Defn: Rising to a point; conical; copped. [Obs.] Woodward.

COPPLE DUST Cop"ple dust`.

Defn: Cupel dust. [Obs.] Powder of steel, or copple dust. Bacon.

COPPLESTONE Cop"ple*stone`, n.

Defn: A cobblestone. [Obs.]

COPPS Copps, n.

Defn: See Copse. [Obs.]

COPRA Co"pra, n. Etym: [Malayálam koppara or Hind. khopra.] (Com.)

Defn: The dried meat of the cocoanut, from which cocoanut oil is expressed. [Written also cobra, copperah, coppra.]

COPROLITE Cop"ro*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. ko`pros dung + -lite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A piece of petrified dung; a fossil excrement.

COPROLITIC Cop`ro*lit"ic, a.

Defn: Containing, pertaining to, or of the nature of, coprolites.

COPROPHAGAN Co*proph"a*gan, n. Etym: [See Coprophagous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of beetle which feeds upon dung.

COPROPHAGOUS Co*proph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feeding upon dung, as certain insects.

COP-ROSE Cop-rose`, n. Etym: [F. coprose, of uncertain origin; cf. D. klaproos, klapperroos.]

Defn: The red, or corn, poppy. [Written also cup-rose.]

COPS Cops, n. Etym: [AS. cops, cosp, fetter.]

Defn: The connecting crook of a harrow. [Prov. Eng.]

COPSE Copse, n. Etym: [Contr. from coppice.]

Defn: A wood of small growth; a thicket of brushwood. See Coppice. Near yonder copse where once the garden smiled. Goldsmith.

COPSE Copse, v. t.

1. To trim or cut; -- said of small trees, brushwood, tufts of grass, etc. Halliwell.

2. To plant and preserve, as a copse. Swift.

COPSEWOOD Copse"wood, n.

Defn: Brushwood; coppice. Macaulay.

COPSY Cops"y, a.

Defn: Characterized by copses. "Copsy villages." "Copsy banks." J. Dyer.

COPTIC Cop"tic, a. Etym: [Abbrev. from L. Aegyptius an Egyprian, Gr. kibti, pl. kibt.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Copts. -- n.

Defn: The language of the Copts.

COPTIC CHURCH Coptic Church.

Defn: The native church of Egypt or church of Alexandria, which in general organization and doctrines resembles the Roman Catholic Church, except that it holds to the Monophysitic doctrine which was condemned (a. d. 451) by the council of Chalcedon, and allows its priests to marry. The "pope and patriarch" has jurisdiction over the Abyssinian Church. Since the 7th century the Coptic Church has been so isolated from modifying influences that in many respects it is the most ancient monument of primitive Christian rites and ceremonies. But centuries of subjection to Moslem rule have weakened and degraded it.

COPTS Copts, n. pl.; sing. Copt. Etym: [See Coptic.] (Etnol.)

1. An Egyptian race thought to be descendants of the ancient Egyptians.

2. The principal sect of Christians in Egypt and the valley of the Nile.

Note: they belong to the Jacobite sect of Monophysite Christians, and for eleven centuries have had possession of the patriarchal chair of Alexandria.

COPULA Cop"u*la, n. Etym: [L., bond, band. See Couple.]

1. (Logic & Gram.)

Defn: The word which unites the subject and predicate.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The stop which connects the manuals, or the manuals with the pedals; -- called also coupler.

COPULATE Cop"u*late, a. Etym: [L. copulatus, p.p. of copulare to couple, fr. copula. See Copula.]

1. Joined; associated; coupled. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: Joining subject and predicate; copulative. F. A. March.

COPULATE Cop"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p.p. Copulated; p.pr. & vb.n. Copulating.]

Defn: To unite in sexual intercourse; to come together in the act of generation.

COPULATION Cop`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. copulatio: cf. F. copulation.]

1. The act of coupling or joining; union; conjunction. Wit, you know, is the unexpected copulation of ideas. Johnson.

2. The coming together of male and female in the act of generation; sexual union; coition.

COPULATIVE Cop"u*la"tive, a. Etym: [L. copulativus: cf. F. copulatif.]

Defn: Serving to couple, unite, or connect; as, a copulative conjunction like "and".

COPULATIVE Cop"u*la*tive, n.

1. Connection. [Obs.] Rycaut.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: A copulative conjunction.

COPULATIVELY Cop"u*la"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a copulative manner.

COPULATORY Cop"u*la*tory, a.

1. Pertaining to copulation; tending or serving to unite; copulative.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Used in sexual union; as, the copulatory organs of insects.

COPY Cop"y, n.; pl. Copies. Etym: [F. copie, fr. L. copia abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript; co- + the root of opes riches. See Opulent, and cf. Copious.]

1. An abundance or plenty of anything. [Obs.] She was blessed with no more copy of wit, but to serve his humor thus. B. Jonson.

2. An imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an original work; as, a copy of a letter, an engraving, a painting, or a statue. I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the original. Denham.

3. An individual book, or a single set of books containing the works of an author; as, a copy of the Bible; a copy of the works of Addison.

4. That which is to be imitated, transcribed, or reproduced; a pattern, model, or example; as, his virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters. Holder.

5. (print.)

Defn: Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type; as, the printers are calling for more copy.

6. A writing paper Bastard. See under Paper.

7. Copyhold; tenure; lease. [Obs.] Shak. Copy book, a book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. -- Examined copies (Law), those which have been compared with the originals. -- Exemplified copies, those which are attested under seal of a court. -- Certified or Office copies, those which are made or attested by officers having charge of the originals, and authorized to give copies officially. Abbot.

Syn. -- Imitation; transcript; duplicate; counterfeit.

COPY Cop"y, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Copied; p.pr. & vb.n. Copying.] Etym: [Cf. F. copir, fr. LL. copiare. See Copy, n.]

1. To make a copy or copies of; to write; print, engrave, or paint after an original; to duplicate; to reproduce; to transcribe; as, to copy a manuscript, inscription, design, painting, etc.; -- often with out, sometimes with off. I like the work well; ere it be demanded (As like enough it will), I'd have it copied. Shak. Let this be copied out, And keep it safe for our remembrance. Shak.

2. To imitate; to attempt to resemble, as in manners or course of life. We copy instinctively the voices of our companions, their accents, and their modes of pronunciation. Stewart.

COPY Cop"y, v. i.

1. To make a copy or copies; to imitate.

2. To yield a duplicate or transcript; as, the letter did not copy well. Some . . . never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good things. Dryden.

COPYER Cop"y*er, n.

Defn: See Copier.

COPYGRAPH Cop"y*graph, n.

Defn: A contrivance for producing manifold copies of a writing or drawing.

Note: The writing or drawing is made with aniline ink on paper, and a reverse copy transferred by pressure to a slab of gelatin softened with glycerin. A large number of transcripts can be taken while the ink is fresh. Various names have been given to the process [the gelatin copying process], some of them acceptable and others absurd; hectograph, polygraph, copygraph, lithogram, etc. Knight.

COPYHOLD Cop"y*hold`, n. (Eng. Law) (a) A tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord's court. Blackstone. (b) Land held in copyhold. Milton.

Note: Copyholds do not exist in the United States.

COPYHOLDER Cop"y*hold`er, n.

1. (Eng. Law)

Defn: One possessed of land in copyhold.

2. (print.) (a) A device for holding copy for a compositor. (b) One who reads copy to a proof reader.

COPYING Cop"y*ing, a. & n.

Defn: From Copy, v. Copying ink. See under Ink. -- Copying paper, thin unsized paper used for taking copies of letters, etc., in a copying press. -- Copying press, a machine for taking by pressure, an exact copy of letters, etc., written in copying ink.

COPYIST Cop"y*ist, n.

Defn: A copier; a transcriber; an imitator; a plagiarist.

COPYRIGHT Cop"y*right, n.

Defn: The right of an author or his assignee, under statute, to print and publish his literary or artistic work, exclusively of all other persons. This right may be had in maps, charts, engravings, plays, and musical compositions, as well as in books.

Note: In the United States a copyright runs for the term of twenty- eight years, with right of renewal for fourteen years on certain conditions. International copyright, an author's right in his productions as secured by treaty between nations.

COPYRIGHT Cop"y*right`, v. t.

Defn: To secure a copyright on.

COQUE Coque, n. [F., prop., a shell.]

Defn: A small loop or bow of ribbon used in making hats, boas, etc.

COQUELICOT Coque"li*cot`, n. Etym: [F.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The wild poppy, or red corn rose.

2. The color of the wild poppy; a color nearly red, like orange mixed with scarlet.

COQUET Co*quet", v. t. [imp. & p.p. Coquetted; p.pr. & vb.n. Coquetting.]

Defn: To attempt to attract the notice, admiration, or love of; to treat with a show of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint. You are coquetting a maid of honor. Swift.

COQUET Co*quet", v. i.

Defn: To trifle in love; to stimulate affection or interest; to play the coquette; to deal playfully instead of seriously; to play (with); as, we have coquetted with political crime.

COQUETRY Co*quet"ry, n.; pl. Coquetries. Etym: [F. coquetterie.]

Defn: Attempts to attract admoration, notice, or love, for the mere gratification of vanity; trifling in love. "Little affectations of coquetry." Addison.

COQUETTE Co*quette", n. Etym: [F., fr. coquet, coquette, coquettish, orig., cocklike, strutting like a cock, fr. coq a cock. Cf. Cock, Cocket, Cocky, Cockade.]

1. A vain, trifling woman, who endeavors to attract admiration from a desire to grafity vanity; a flirt; -- formerly sometimes applied also to men.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A tropical humming bird of the genus Lophornis, with very elegant neck plumes. Several species are known. See Illustration under Spangle, v. t.

COQUETTISH Co*quet"tish, a.

Defn: Practicing or exhibiting coquetry; alluring; enticing. A pretty, coquettish housemaid. W. Irving.

COQUETTISHLY Co*quet"tish*ly, adv.

Defn: In a coquettish manner.

COQUILLA NUT Co*quil"la nut. Etym: [Pg. coquilho, Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco a cocoanut.] (Bot.)

Defn: The fruit of a Brazilian tree (Attalea funifera of Martius.).

Note: Its shell is hazel-brown in color, very hard and close in texture, and much used by turners in forming ornamental articles, such as knobs for umbrella handles.

COQUILLE Co*quille" (ko*kel"; F. ko`ke"y'), n. [F.] Lit., a shell; hence: (a) A shell or shell-like dish or mold in which viands are served. (b) The expansion of the guard of a sword, dagger, etc. (c) A form of ruching used as a dress trimming or for neckwear, and named from the manner in which it is gathered or fulled. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

COQUIMBITE Co*quim"bite, n.

Defn: A mineral consisting principally of sulphate of iron; white copperas; -- so called because found in the province of Coquimbo, Chili.

COQUINA Co*qui"na, n. Etym: [Sp., shellfish, cockle.]

Defn: A soft, whitish, coral-like stone, formed of broken shells and corals, found in the southern United States, and used for roadbeds and for building material, as in the fort at St. Augustine, Florida.

COR- Cor-.

Defn: A prefix signifying with, together, etc. See Com-.

COR Cor, n. Etym: [Heb. k.]

Defn: A Hebrew measure of capacity; a homer. [Written also core.]

CORA Co"ra, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Arabian gazelle (Gazella Arabica), found from persia to North Africa.

CORACLE Cor"a*cle, n. Etym: [W. corwgl, cwrwgl, fr. corwg, cwrwg, any round body or vessel, the trunk of the body, carcass.]

Defn: A boat made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oilcloth. It was used by the ancient Britons, and is still used by fisherman in Wales and some parts of Ireland. Also, a similar boat used in Thibet and in Egypt.

CORACOID Cor"a*coid, a.Etym: [Gr. ko`rax crow + e'i^dos form.]

1. Shaped like a crow's beak.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to a bone of the shoulder girdle in most birds, reptiles, and amphibians, which is reduced to a process of the scapula in most mammals.

CORACOID Cor"a*coid, n.

Defn: The coracoid bone or process.

CORAGE Cor"age (; OF. , n.

Defn: See Courage [Obs.] To Canterbury with full devout corage. Chaucer.

CORAH Co"rah, n. [Hind. kora virgin, plain.]

Defn: Plain; undyed; -- applied to Indian silk. -- n.

Defn: Corah silk.

CORAL Cor"al, n. Etym: [Of. coral, F, corail, L. corallum, coralium, fr. Gr. kora`llion.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hard parts or skeleton of various Anthozoa, and of a few Hydrozoa. Similar structures are also formed by some Bryozoa.

Note: The large stony corals forming coral reefs belong to various genera of Madreporaria, and to the hydroid genus, Millepora. The red coral, used in jewelry, is the stony axis of the stem of a gorgonian (Corallium rubrum) found chiefly in the Mediterranean. The fan corals, plume corals, and sea feathers are species of Gorgoniacea, in which the axis is horny. Organ-pipe coral is formed by the genus Tubipora, an Alcyonarian, and black coral is in part the axis of species of the genus Antipathes. See Anthozoa, Madrepora.

2. The ovaries of a cooked lobster; -- so called from their color.

3. A piece of coral, usually fitted with small bells and other appurtenances, used by children as a plaything. Brain coral, or Brain stone coral. See under Brain. -- Chain coral. See under Chain. -- Coral animal (Zoöl.), one of the polyps by which corals are formed. They are often very erroneously called coral insects. -- Coral fish. See in the Vocabulary. -- Coral reefs (Phys. Geog.), reefs, often of great extent, made up chiefly of fragments of corals, coral sands, and the solid limestone resulting from their consolidation. They are classed as fringing reefs, when they border the land; barrier reefs, when separated from the shore by a broad belt of water; atolls, when they constitute separate islands, usually inclosing a lagoon. See Atoll. -- Coral root (Bot.), a genus (Corallorhiza) of orchideous plants, of a yellowish or brownish red color, parasitic on roots of other plants, and having curious jointed or knotted roots not unlike some kinds of coral. See Illust. under Coralloid. -- Coral snake. (Zo) (a) A small, venomous, Brazilian snake (Elaps corallinus), coral-red, with black bands. (b) A small, harmless, South American snake (Tortrix scytale). -- Coral tree (Bot.), a tropical, leguminous plant, of several species, with showy, scarlet blossoms and coral-red seeds. The best known is Erythrina Corallodendron. -- Coral wood, a hard, red cabinet wood. McElrath.

CORALED Cor"aled, a.

Defn: Having coral; covered with coral.

CORAL FISH Cor"al fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any bright-colored fish of the genera Chætodon, Pomacentrus, Apogon, and related genera, which live among reef corals.

CORALLACEOUS Cor`al*la"ceous, a.

Defn: Like coral, or partaking of its qualities.

CORALLIAN Co*ral"li*an, n. (Geol.)

Defn: A deposit of coralliferous limestone forming a portion of the middle division of the oölite; -- called also coral-rag.

CORALLIFEROUS Cor`al*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -ferous.]

Defn: Containing or producing coral.

CORALLIFORM Cor"al*li*form, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -form.]

Defn: resembling coral in form.

CORALLIGENA Cor`al*lig"e*na, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. corallum coral + root of gignere to produce.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Anthozoa.

CORALLIGENOUS Cor`al*lig"e*nous, a.

Defn: producing coral; coraligerous; coralliferous. Humble.

CORALLIGEROUS Cor`al*lig"er*ous, a Etym: [L. corallum coral + -gerous.]

Defn: Producing coral; coraliferous.

CORALLIN Cor"al*lin, n. Etym: [So named in allusion to the color of red corallin, fr. L. corallum coral.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow coal-tar dyestuff which probably consists chiefly of rosolic acid. See Aurin, and Rosolic acid under Rosolic. Red corallin, a red dyestuff which is obtained by treating aurin or rosolic acid with ammonia; -- called also pæonin. -- Yellow corallin. See Aurin.

CORALLINE Cor"al*line ( or ), a. Etym: [Cf. L. corallinus coralred.]

Defn: Composed of corallines; as, coralline limestone.

CORALLINE Cor"al*line, n. Etym: [Cf. F. coralline.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Formerly any slender coral-like animal; -- sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals.

CORALLINITE Cor"al*lin*ite, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil coralline.

CORALLITE Cor"al*lite, n. Etym: [L. corallum coral.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral substance or petrifaction, in the form of coral.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the individual members of a compound coral; or that part formed by a single coral animal. [Written also corallet.]

CORALLOID Cor"al*loid, a. Etym: [L. corallum coral + -oid: cf. F. coralloïde.]

Defn: Having the form of coral; branching like coral.

CORALLOIDAL Cor`al*loid"al, a.

Defn: resembling coral; coralloid. Sir T. browne.

CORALLUM Co*ral"lum, n. Etym: [L.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The coral or skeleton of a zoöphyte, whether calcareous of horny, simple or compound. See Coral.

CORAL-RAG Cor"al-rag`, n. (geol.)

Defn: Same as Corallian.

CORALWORT Cor"al*wort`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A cruciferous herb of certain species of Dentaria; -- called also toothwort, tooth violet, or pepper root.

CORANACH Cor"a*nach, n. Etym: [Gael. coranach, or corranach, a crying, the Irish funeral cry (the keen), a dirge; comh with + ranaich a roaring, ran to roar, shriek.]

Defn: A lamentation for the dead; a dirge. [Written also coranich, corrinoch, coronach, cronach, etc.] [Scot.]

CORANT; CORANTO Co*rant, Co*ran"to, n. Etym: [See Courant.]

Defn: A sprightly but somewhat stately dance, now out of fashion. It is harder to dance a corant well, than a jig. Sir W. temple. Dancing a coranto with him upon the heath. Macaulay.

CORB Corb, n. Etym: [L. corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil, Corp.]

1. A basket used in coal mines, etc. see Corf.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament in a building; a corbel.

CORBAN Cor"ban, n. Etym: [Heb. qorban, akin to Ar. qurban.]

1. (Jewish Antiq.) An offering of any kind, devoted to God and therefore not be appropriated to any other use; esp., an offering in fulfillment of a vow.

Note: In the old Testament the hebrew word is usually translated "oblation" as in Numb. xviii. 9, xxxi. 50.

Note: The traditionists laid down that a man might interdict himself by vow, not only from using for himself, but from giving to another, or receiving from him, some particular object, whether of food or any other kind. A person might thus exempt himself from assisting parents in distress, under plea of corban. Dr. W. Smith.

2. An alms basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited.

CORBE Corbe, a. Etym: [OF. corbe, fr. L. curvus. See Cuve.]

Defn: Crooked. [Obs.] "Corbe shoulder." Spenser.

CORBEIL Cor"beil, n. Etym: [F. corbeile, fr. L. corbicula a little basket, dim. of corbis basket. Cf. Corbel, Corb, Corvette.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A sculptured basket of flowers; a corbel. [Obs.]

2. pl. (Fort.)

Defn: Small gabions. Brande & C.

CORBEL Cor"bel, n. Etym: [F. corbeau, for older corbel, dim. of L. corbis basket. (Corbels were often in the form of a basket.) See Corbeil.] (Arch.)

Defn: A bracket supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. Corbels were employed largely in Gothic architecture.

Note: A common form of corbel consists of courses of stones or bricks, each projecting slightly beyond the next below it.

CORBEL Cor"bel, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with a corbel or corbels; to support by a corbel; to make in the form of a corbel. To corbel out, to furnish with a corbel of courses, each projecting beyond the one next below it.

CORBELING; CORBELLING Cor"bel*ing, Cor"bel*ling, n.

Defn: Corbel work or the construction of corbels; a series of corbels or piece of continuous corbeled masonry, sometimes of decorative purpose, as in the stalactite ornament of the Moslems.

CORBEL-TABLE Cor"bel-ta`ble, n. (Arch.)

Defn: A horizontal row of corbels, with the panels or filling between them; also, less properly used to include the stringcourse on them.

CORBIE; CORBY Cor"bie or Cor"by, n.; pl. Corbies. Etym: [F. corbeau, OF. corbel, dim. fr. L. corvus raven.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The raven. [Scot.]

2. (her.)

Defn: A raven, crow, or chough, used as a charge. Corbie crow, the carrion crow. [Scot.]

CORBIESTEP Cor"bie*step`, n. (Arch.)

Defn: One of the steps in which a gable wall is often finished in place of a continuous slope; -- also called crowstep.

CORCHORUS Cor"cho*rus, n. Etym: [Nl., fr. L. corchorus a poor kind of pulse, Gr. ko`rchoros a wild plant of bitter taste.] (Bot.)

Defn: The common name of the kerria Japonica or Japan globeflower, a yellow-flowered, perennial, rosaceous plant, seen in old-fashioned gardens.

CORCLE; CORCULE Cor"cle, Cor"cule, n. Etym: [L. corculum a little heart, dim. of cor heart.] (Bot.)

Defn: The heart of the seed; the embryo or germ. [Obs.]

CORD Cord, n. Etym: [F. corde, L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, fr. Gr. haruspex soothsayer (inspector of entrails), Icel. görn, pl. garnir gut, and E. yarn. Cf. Chord, Yarn.]

1. A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together.

2. A solid measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet; a pile of wood, or other coarse material, eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad; -- originally measured with a cord or line.

3. Fig.: Any moral influence by which persons are caught, held, or drawn, as if by a cord; an enticement; as, the cords of the wicked; the cords of sin; the cords of vanity. The knots that tangle human creeds, The wounding cords that bind and strain The heart until it bleeds. Tennyson.

4. (Anat.)

Defn: Any structure having the appearance of a cord, esp. a tendon or a nerve. See under Spermatic, Spinal, Umbilical, Vocal.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: See Chord. [Obs.] Cord wood, wood for fuel cut to the length of four feet (when of full measure).

CORD Cord (krd), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Corded; p. pr. & vb. n. Cording.]

1. To bind with a cord; to fasten with cords; to connect with cords; to ornament or finish with a cord or cords, as a garment.

2. To arrange (wood, etc.) in a pile for measurement by the cord.

CORDAGE Cord"age (krd"j), n. Etym: [F. cordage. See Cord.]

Defn: Ropes or cords, collectively; hence, anything made of rope or cord, as those parts of the rigging of a ship which consist of ropes.

CORDAL Cord"al (krd"al), n.

Defn: Same as Cordelle.

CORDATE Cordate (kr"dt), a. Etym: [L. cor, cordis, heart.] (Bot.)

Defn: Heart-shaped; as, a cordate leaf.

CORDATELY Cor"date*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cordate form.

CORDED Cord"ed (krd"d), a.

1. Bound or fastened with cords.

2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord.

3. Made of cords. [Obs.] "A corded ladder." Shak.

4. Striped or ribbed with cords; as, cloth with a corded surface.

5. (Her.)

Defn: Bound about, or wound, with cords.

CORDELIER Cor`de*lier" (kr`dlr"), n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. cordel, F. cordeau, dim. fr. corde string, rope. See Cord.]

1. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: A Franciscan; -- so called in France from the girdle of knotted cord worn by all Franciscans.

2. (Fr. Hist.)

Defn: A member of a French political club of the time of the first Revolution, of which Danton and Marat were members, and which met in an old Cordelier convent in Paris.

CORDELING Cor"del*ing (kr"dlng), a. Etym: [F. cordeler to twist, fr. OF. cordel. See Cordelier.]

Defn: Twisting.

CORDELLE Cor*delle" (kr-dl"), n. Etym: [F., dim. of corde cord.]

Defn: A twisted cord; a tassel. Halliwell.

CORDIAL Cor"dial (kr"jal, formally krd"yal; 106, 277), a. Etym: [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart: cf. F. cordial. See Heart.]

1. Proceeding from the heart. [Obs.] A rib with cordial spirits warm. Milton.

2. Hearty; sincere; warm; affectionate. He . . . with looks of cordial love Hung over her enamored. Milton.

3. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate; giving strength or spirits. Behold this cordial julep here That flames and dances in his crystal bounds. Milton.

Syn. -- Hearty; sincere; heartfelt; warm; affectionate; cheering; invigorating. See Hearty.

CORDIAL Cor"dial, n.

1. Anything that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind. Dryden.

2. (Med)

Defn: Any invigorating and stimulating preparation; as, a peppermint cordial.

3. (Com.)

Defn: Aromatized and sweetened spirit, used as a beverage; a liqueur.

CORDIALITY Cor*dial"i*ty (k, n.; pl. Cordialities (-t. Etym: [LL. cordialitas, fr. cordialis sincere: cf. F. cordialité.]

1. Relation to the heart. [Obs.] That the ancients had any respect of cordiality or reference unto the heart, will much be doubted. Sir T. Browne.

2. Sincere affection and kindness; warmth of regard; heartiness. Motley.

CORDIALIZE Cor"dial*ize (kr"jal-z or krd"yal-z; 106), v. t.

1. To make into a cordial.

2. To render cordial; to reconcile.

CORDIALIZE Cor"dial*ize, v. i.

Defn: To grow cordial; to feel or express cordiality. [R.]

CORDIALLY Cor"dial*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cordial manner. Dr. H. More.

CORDIALNESS Cor"dial*ness, n.

Defn: Cordiality. Cotgrave.

CORDIERITE Cor"di*er*ite (k, n. Etym: [Named after the geologist Cordier.] (Min.)

Defn: See Iolite.

CORDIFORM Cor"di*form (kr"d-frm), a. Etym: [L. cor, cordis, heart + -form, cf. F. cordiforme.]

Defn: Heart-shaped. Gray.

CORDILLERA Cor*dil"ler*a (kr-dl"lr-; Sp. kr`d-ly"r), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. OSp. cordilla, cordiella, dim. of cuerda a rope, string. See Cord.] (Geol.)

Defn: A mountain ridge or chain.

Note: Cordillera is sometimes applied, in geology, to the system of mountain chains near the border of a continent; thus, the western cordillera of North America in the United States includes the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Coast and Cascade ranges.

CORDINER Cor"di*ner (kr"d-nr), n.

Defn: A cordwainer. [Obs.]

CORDITE Cord"ite, n. [From Cord, n.] (Mil.)

Defn: A smokeless powder composed of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and mineral jelly, and used by the British army and in other services. In making it the ingredients are mixed into a paste with the addition of acetone and pressed out into cords (of various diameters) resembling brown twine, which are dried and cut to length. A variety containing less nitroglycerin than the original is known as cordite M. D.

CORDON Cor"don (kr"dn; F. kr"dn"), n. Etym: [F., fr. corde. See Cord.]

1. A cord or ribbon bestowed or borne as a badge of honor; a broad ribbon, usually worn after the manner of a baldric, constituting a mark of a very high grade in an honorary order. Cf. Grand cordon.

2. The cord worn by a Franciscan friar. Sir E. Sandys.

3. (Fort.)

Defn: The coping of the scarp wall, which projects beyong the face of the wall a few inches.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: A line or series of sentinels, or of military posts, inclosing or guarding any place or thing.

5. A rich and ornamental lace or string, used to secure a mantle in some costumes of state. Cordon bleu (kd" bl Etym: [F., blue cordon], a first-rate cook, or one worthy to be the cook of the cordons bleus, or Knights of the Holy Ghost, famous for their good dinners. -- Cordon sanitaire (kd" s Etym: [F., sanitary cordon], a line of troops or military posts around a district infected with disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading.

CORDONNET Cor`don`net" (kr`dn`n"), n. Etym: [F., dim. of cordon. See Cardon.]

Defn: Doubled and twisted thread, made of coarse silk, and used for tassels, fringes, etc. McElrath.

CORDOVAN Cor"do*van (kr"d-vn), n. Etym: [Sp. cordoban, fr. Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. Cf. Cordwain.]

Defn: Same as Cordwain. in England the name is applied to leather made from horsehide.

CORDUROY Cor"du*roy` (kr"d-roi` or kr"d-roi"), n. Etym: [Prob. for F. corde du roi king's cord.]

1. A sort of cotton velveteen, having the surface raised in ridges.

2. pl.

Defn: Trousers or breeches of corduroy. Corduroy road, a roadway formed of logs laid side by side across it, as in marshy places; -- so called from its rough or ribbed surface, resembling corduroy. [U.S.]

CORDUROY Cor"du*roy`, v. t.

Defn: To form of logs laid side by side. "Roads were corduroyed." Gemn. W.T. Sherman.

CORDWAIN Cord"wain (krd"wn), n. Etym: [OE. cordewan, cordian, OF. cordoan, cordouan, fr. Sp. cordoban. See Cordovan.]

Defn: A term used in the Middle Ages for Spanish leather (goatskin tanned and dressed), and hence, any leather handsomely finished, colored, gilded, or the like. Buskins he wore of costliest cordwain. Spenser.

CORDWAINER Cord"wain*er (-r), n. Etym: [OE. cordwaner, cordiner, fr. OF. cordoanier, cordouanier, F. cordonnier.]

Defn: A worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather; a shoemaker. [Archaic.]

CORDY Cord"y (kôr"dy), a. [Compar. Cordier; superl. Cordiest.]

Defn: Of, or like, cord; having cords or cordlike parts.

CORE Core (kr), n. Etym: [F. corps. See Corps.]

Defn: A body of individuals; an assemblage. [Obs.] He was in a core of people. Bacon.

CORE Core, n. Etym: [Cf. Chore.] (Mining.)

Defn: A miner's underground working time or shift. Raymond.

Note: The twenty-four hours are divided into three or four cores.

CORE Core, n. Etym: [Heb. k: cf. Gr.

Defn: A Hebrew dry measure; a cor or homer. Num. xi. 32 (Douay version).

CORE Core, n. Etym: [OF. cor, coer, cuer, F. c, fr. L. cor heart. See Heart.]

1. The heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince. A fever at the core, Fatal to him who bears, to all who ever bore. Byron.

2. The center or inner part, as of an open space; as, the core of a ssquare. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

3. The most important part of a thing; the essence; as, the core of a subject.

4. (Founding)

Defn: The prtion of a mold which shapes the interior of a cylinder, tube, or other hollow casting, or which makes a hole in or through a casting; a part of the mold, made separate from and inserted in it, for shaping some part of the casting, the form of which is not determined by that of the pattern.

5. A disorder of sheep occasioned by worms in the liver. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

6. (Anat.)

Defn: The bony process which forms the central axis of the horns in many animals. Core box (Founding), a box or mold, usually divisible, in which cores are molded. -- Core print (Founding), a projecting piece on a pattern which forms, in the mold, an impression for holding in place or steadying a core.

CORE Core, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cord (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coring.]

1. To take out the core or inward parts of; as, to core an apple. He's likee a corn upon my great toe . . . he must be cored out. Marston.

2. To form by means of a core, as a hole in a casting.

CO-REGENT Co-re"gent (k-r"jent), n.

Defn: A joint regent or ruler.

CO-RELATION Co`-re*la"tion (k`r-l"shn), n.

Defn: Corresponding relation.

CO-RELIGIONIST Co`-re*li"gion*ist (-lj"n-st), n.

Defn: One of the same religion with another.

CORE LOSS Core loss. (Elec.)

Defn: Energy wasted by hysteresis or eddy currents in the core of an armature, transformer, etc.

COREOPSIS Co`re*op"sis (k`r-p"ss), n. Etym: [NL., fr. GR. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of herbaceous composite plants, having the achenes two- horned and remotely resembling some insect; tickseed. C. tinctoria, of the Western plains, the commonest plant of the genus, has been used in dyeing.

COREPLASTY Cor"e*plas`ty (kor"e*plas`ty), n. [Gr. ko`rh pupil + -plasty.] (Med.)

Defn: A plastic operation on the pupil, as for forming an artificial pupil. -- Cor`e*plas"tic (-plas"tik), a.

CORER Cor"er (krr"rr), n.

Defn: That which cores; an instrument for coring fruit; as, an apple corer.

CO-RESPONDENT Co`-re*spond"ent (k`rr-spnd"ent), n. (Law)

Defn: One who is called upon to answer a summons or other proceeding jointly with another.

CORF Corf (krrf), n.; pl. Corves (k. Etym: [Cf.LG. & D. korf basket, G. korb, fr. L. corbis.]

1. A basket.

2. (Mining) (a) A large basket used in carrying or hoisting coal or ore. (b) A wooden frame, sled, or low-wheeled wagon, to convey coal or ore in the mines.

CORFIOTE; CORFUTE Cor"fi*ote (kr"f-t), Cor"fute (kr"ft), n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Corfu, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

CORIACEOUS Co`ri*a"ceous (k`r-"shs), a. Etym: [L. coriaceous, fr. corium leather. See Cuirass.]

1. Consisting of or resembling, leather; leatherlike; tough.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Stiff, like leather or parchment.

CORIANDER Co`ri*an"der (k`r-n"dr), n Etym: [L. coriandrum, fr. Gr. coriandre.] (Bot.)

Defn: An umbelliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, the fruit or seeds of which have a strong smell and a spicy taste, and in medicine are considered as stomachic and carminative.

CORIDINE Co"ri*dine (k"r-dn; 104), n. Etym: [From L. cortium leather.]

Defn: A colorless or yellowish oil, C10H15N, of a leathery odor, occuring in coal tar, Dippel's oil, tobacco smoke, etc., regarded as an organic base, homologous with pyridine. Also, one of a series of metameric compounds of which coridine is a type. [Written also corindine.]

CORINDON Co*rin"don (k-rn"dn), n. (Min.)

Defn: See Corrundum.

CORINNE Co`rinne" (k`rn"), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The common gazelle (Gazella dorcas). See Gazelle. [Written also korin.]

CORINTH Cor"inth (kr"nth), n. Etym: [L. Corinthus, Gr. Currant.]

1. A city of Greece, famed for its luxury and extravagance.

2. A small fruit; a currant. [Obs.] Broome.

CORINTHIAC Co*rin"thi*ac (k-rn"th-k), a. Etym: [L. Corinthiacus.]

Defn: Pertaining to Corinth.

CORINTHIAN Co*rin"thi*an (-an), a.

1. Of or relating to Corinth.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Corinthian order of architecture, invented by the Greeks, but more commonly used by the Romans. This is the lightest and most ornamental of the three orders used by the Greeks. Parker.

3. Debauched in character or practice; impure. Milton.

4. Of or pertaining to an amateur sailor or yachtsman; as, a corinthian race (one in which the contesting yachts must be manned by amateurs.)

CORINTHIAN Co*rin"thi*an, n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Corinth.

2. A gay, licentious person. [Obs.]

CORIUM Co"ri*um (k"r-m), n. Etym: [L. corium leather.]

1. Armor made of leather, particularly that used by the Romans; used also by Enlish soldiers till the reign of Edward I. Fosbroke.

2. (Anat.) (a) Same as Dermis. (b) The deep layer of mucous membranes beneath the epithelium.

CORIVAL Co*ri"val (k-r"val), n.

Defn: A rival; a corrival.

CORIVAL Co*ri"val, v. t.

Defn: To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak.

CORIVALRY; CORIVALSHIP Co*ri"val*ry, Co*ri"val*ship, n.

Defn: Joint rivalry.

CORK Cork (krk), n. Etym: [Cf. G., Dan., & Sw. kork, D. kurk; all fr. Sp. corcho, fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark, rind. Cf. Cortex.]

1. The outer layer of the bark of the cork tree (Quercus Suber), of which stoppers for bottles and casks are made. See Cutose.

2. A stopper for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork.

3. A mass of tabular cells formed in any kind of bark, in greater or less abundance.

Note: Cork is sometimes used wrongly for calk, calker; calkin, a sharp piece of iron on the shoe of a horse or ox. Cork jackets, a jacket having thin pieces of cork inclosed within canvas, and used to aid in swimming. -- Cork tree (Bot.), the species of oak (Quercus Suber of Southern Europe) whose bark furnishes the cork of commerce.

CORK Cork, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Corking.]

1. To stop with a cork, as a bottle.

2. To furnish or fit with cork; to raise on cork. Tread on corked stilts a prisoner's pace. Bp. Hall.

Note: To cork is sometimes used erroneously for to calk, to furnish the shoe of a horse or ox with sharp points, and also in the meaning of cutting with a calk.

CORKAGE Cork"age (-j), n.

Defn: The charge made by innkeepers for drawing the cork and taking care of bottles of wine bought elsewhere by a guest.

CORKED Corked (krkt), a.

Defn: having acquired an unpleasant taste from the cork; as, a bottle of wine is corked.

CORK FOSSIL Cork" fos`sil (krk" fs`sl). (Min.)

Defn: A variety of amianthus which is very light, like cork.

CORKINESS Cork"i*ness (--ns), n.

Defn: The quality of being corky.

CORKING PIN Cork"ing pin` (krk"ng pn`).

Defn: A pin of a large size, formerly used attaching a woman's headdress to a cork mold. [Obs.] Swift.

CORKSCREW Cork"screw` (-skr"), n.

Defn: An instrument with a screw or a steel spiral for drawing corks from bottles. Corkscrew starts, a spiral staircase around a solid newel.

CORKSCREW Cork"screw`, v. t.

Defn: To press forward in a winding way; as, to corksrew one's way through a crowd. [Colloq.] Dickens.

CORKWING Cork"wing` (-wng`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish; the goldsinny.

CORKWOOD Cork"wood` (kôrk"wood`), n.

1. The wood of the cork oak. [Obs.]

2. Any one of several trees or shrubs having light or corky wood; esp.: (a) In the United States, the tree Leitneria floridana. (b) In the West Indies: (1) Either of the cotton trees Ochroma lagopus and Pariti tiliaceum. (2)

Defn: The tree producing the aligator apple. (3)

Defn: The blolly.

CORKY Cork"y (-), a.

1. Consisting of, or like, cork; dry shriveled up. Bind fast hiss corky arms. Shak.

2. Tasting of cork.

CORM Corm (krm), n. Etym: [See Cormus.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A solid bulb-shaped root, as of the crocus. See Bulb.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Same as Cormus, 2.

CORMOGENY Cor*mog"e*ny (kr-mj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The embryological history of groups or families of individuals.

CORMOPHYLOGENY Cor`mo*phy*log"e*ny (kr`m-f-lj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr. phylogeny.] (Biol.)

Defn: The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals. Haeckel.

CORMOPHYTES; CORMOPHYTA Cor"mo*phytes (kr"m-fts), Cor*moph"y*ta (kr-mf"-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL. cormophyta, fr. Gr. trunk of a tree + (Bot.)

Defn: A term proposed by Endlicher to include all plants with an axis containing vascular tissue and with foliage.

CORMORANT Cor`mo*rant (kr"m-rant), n. Etym: [F. cormoran, fr. Armor. m a sea raven; m sea + bran raven, with cor, equiv. to L. corvus raven, pleonastically prefixed; or perh. fr. L. corvus marinus sea raven.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of Phalacrocorax, a genus of sea birds having a sac under the beak; the shag. Cormorants devour fish voraciously, and have become the emblem of gluttony. They are generally black, and hence are called sea ravens, and coalgeese. [Written also corvorant.]

2. A voracious eater; a glutton, or gluttonous servant. B. Jonson.

CORMORAUT Cor"mo*raut, a.

Defn: Ravenous; voracious. Cormorant, devouring time. Shak.

CORMUS Cor"mus (kr"ms), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: See Corm.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: A vegetable or animal made up of a number of individuals, such as, for example, would be formed by a process of budding from a parent stalk wherre the buds remain attached.

CORN Corn (krn), n. Etym: [L. cornu horn: cf. F. corne horn, hornlike excrescence. See Horn.]

Defn: A thickening of the epidermis at some point, esp. on the toees, by friction or pressure. It is usually painful and troublesome. Welkome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes Unplagued with corns, will have a bout with you. Shak.

Note: The substance of a corn usually resembles horn, but where moisture is present, as between the toes, it is white and sodden, and is called a soft corn.

CORN Corn, n. Etym: [AS. corn; akin to OS. korn, D. koren, G., Dan., Sw., & Icel. korn, Goth. ka, L. granum, Russ. zerno. Cf. Grain, Kernel.]

1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize; a grain.

2. The various farinaceous grains of the cereal grasses used for food, as wheat, rye, barley, maize, oats.

Note: In Scotland, corn is generally restricted to oats, in the United States, to maize, or Indian corn, of which there are several kinds; as, yellow corn, which grows chiefly in the Northern States, and is yellow when ripe; white or southern corn, which grows to a great height, and has long white kernels; sweet corn, comprising a number of sweet and tender varieties, grown chiefly at the North, some of which have kernels that wrinkle when ripe and dry; pop corn, any small variety, used for popping.

3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. In one night, ere glimpse of morn, His shadowy flail had thrashed the corn. Milton.

4. A small, hard particle; a grain. "Corn of sand." Bp. Hall. "A corn of powder." Beau & Fl. Corn ball, a ball of popped corn stuck together with soft candy from molasses or sugar. -- Corn bread, bread made of Indian meal. -- Corn cake, a kind of corn bread; johnny cake; hoecake. -- Corn cockle (Bot.), a weed (Agrostemma or Lychnis Githago), having bright flowers, common in grain fields. -- Corn flag (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gladiolus; -- called also sword lily. -- Corn fly. (Zoöl.) (a) A small fly which, in the larval state, is injurious to grain, living in the stalk, and causing the disease called "gout," on account of the swelled joints. The common European species is Chlorops tæniopus. (b) A small fly (Anthomyia ze) whose larva or maggot destroys seed corn after it has been planted. -- Corn fritter, a fritter having green Indian corn mixed through its batter. [U. S.] -- Corn laws, laws regulating trade in corn, especially those in force in Great Britain till 1846, prohibiting the importation of foreign grain for home consumption, except when the price rose above a certain rate. -- Corn marigold. (Bot.) See under Marigold. -- Corn oyster, a fritter containing grated green Indian corn and butter, the combined taste resembling that of oysters. [U.S.] -- Corn parsley (Bot.), a plant of the parsley genus (Petroselinum ssegetum), a weed in parts of Europe and Asia. -- Corn popper, a utensil used in popping corn. -- Corn poppy (Bot.), the red poppy (Papaver Rhoeas), common in European cornfields; -- also called corn rose. -- Corn rent, rent paid in corn. -- Corn rose. See Corn poppy. -- Corn salad (Bot.), a name given to several species of Valerianella, annual herbs sometimes used for salad. V. olitoria is also called lamb's lettuce. -- Corn stone, red limestone. [Prov. Eng.] -- Corn violet (Bot.), a species of Campanula. -- Corn weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) A small weevil which causes great injury to grain. (b) In America, a weevil (Sphenophorus zeæ) which attacks the stalk of maize near the root, often doing great damage. See Grain weevil, under Weevil.

CORN Corn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Corning.]

1. To preserve and season with salt in grains; to sprinkle with salt; to cure by salting; now, specifically, to salt slightly in brine or otherwise; as, to corn beef; to corn a tongue.

2. To form into small grains; to granulate; as, to corn gunpowder.

3. To feed with corn or (in Sctland) oats; as, to corn horses. Jamieson.

4. To render intoxicated; as, ale strong enough to corn one. [Colloq.] Corning house, a house or place where powder is corned or granulated.

CORNAGE Cor"nage (kr"nj), n. Etym: [OF.,, horn-blowing, tax on horned cattle, fr. F. corne a horn, L. cornu.] (Law)

Defn: Anancient tenure of land, which obliged the tenant to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn.

CORNAMUTE Cor"na*mute (kr"n-mt), n.

Defn: A cornemuse. [Obs.]

CORNBIND Corn"bind` (krn"bnd`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A weed that binds stalks of corn, as Convolvulus arvensis, Polygonum Convolvulus. [Prov. Eng.]

CORNCOB Corn"cob` (krn"kb`), n.

Defn: The cob or axis on which the kernels of Indian corn grow. [U.S.]

CORNCRAKE Corn"crake` (-krk`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird (Crex crex or C. pratensis) which frequents grain fields; the European crake or land rail; -- called also corn bird.

CORNCRIB Corn"crib` (krn"krb`), n.

Defn: A crib for storing corn.

CORNCUTTER Corn"cut`ter (-kt`tr), n.

1. A machine for cutting up stalks of corn for food of cattle.

2. An implement consisting of a long blade, attached to a handle at nearly a right angle, used for cutting down the stalks of Indian corn.

CORNDODGER Corn"dodg`er (-dj`r), n.

Defn: A cake made of the meal of Indian corn, wrapped in a covering of husks or paper, and baked under the embers. [U.S.] Bartlett.

CORNEA Cor"ne*a (kr"n-), n.; pl. Corneas (-. Etym: [Fem. sing., fr. L. corneus horny, fr. cornu a horn. See Horn.] (Anat.)

Defn: The transparent part of the coat of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil and admits light to the interior. See Eye.

CORNEAL Cor"ne*al (-al), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the cornea.

CORNEL Cor"nel (-nl), n. Etym: [OF. cornille, cornoille, F. cornouille, cornel berry, LL. cornolium cornel tree, fr. L. cornus, fr. cornu horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. See Horn.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The cornelian cherry (Cornus Mas), a European shrub with clusters of small, greenish flowers, followed by very acid but edible drupes resembling cherries.

2. Any species of the genus Cornus, as C. florida, the flowering cornel; C. stolonifera, the osier cornel; C. Canadensis, the dwarf cornel, or bunchberry.

CORNELIAN Cor*nel"ian (kr-nlyan), n. Etym: [F. cornaline, OF. corneline, fr. L. cornu horn. So called from its horny appearance when broken. See Horn, and cf. Carnelian.] (Min.)

Defn: Same as Carnelian.

CORNEMUSE Corne"muse (krn"mz), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A wind instrument nearly identical with the bagpipe. Drayton.

CORNEOCALCAREOUS Cor"ne*o*cal*ca"re*ous (krn--kl-k"r-s), a.

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous materials, as some shells and corals.

2. Horny on one side and calcareous on the other.

CORNEOUS Cor"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. corneus, fr. cornu horn.]

Defn: Of a texture resembling horn; horny; hard. Sir T. Browne.

CORNER Cor"ner (kr"nr), n. Etym: [OF. corniere, cornier, LL. cornerium, corneria, fr. L. cornu horn, end, point. See Horn.]

1. The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal.

2. The space in the angle between converging lines or walls which meet in a point; as, the chimney corner.

3. An edge or extremity; the part farthest from the center; hence, any quarter or part. From the four corners of the earth they come. Shak.

4. A secret or secluded place; a remote or out of the way place; a nook. This thing was not done in a corner. Acts xxvi. 26.

5. Direction; quarter. Sits the wind in that corner! Shak.

6. The state of things produced by a combination of persons, who buy up the whole or the available part of any stock or species of property, which compels those who need such stock or property to buy of them at their own price; as, a corner in a railway stock. [Broker's Cant] Corner stone, the stone which lies at the corner of two walls, and unites them; the principal stone; especially, the stone which forms the corner of the foundation of an edifice; hence, that which is fundamental importance or indispensable. "A prince who regarded uniformity of faith as the corner stone of his government." Prescott. -- Corner tooth, one of the four teeth which come in a horse's mouth at the age of four years and a half, one on each side of the upper and of the lower jaw, between the middle teeth and the tushes.

CORNER Cor"ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cornered (-nrd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cornering.]

1. To drive into a corner.

2. To drive into a position of great difficaulty or hopeless embarrassment; as, to corner a person in argument.

3. To get command of (a stock, commodity, etc.), so as to be able to put one's own price on it; as, to corner the shares of a railroad stock; to corner petroleum.

CORNERCAP Cor"ner*cap` (-kp`), n.

Defn: The chief ornament. [Obs.] Thou makest the triumviry the cornercap of society. Shak.

CORNERED Cor"nered (-nrd), p. a.

Defn: 1 Having corners or angles.

2. In a possition of great difficulty; brought to bay.

CORNERWISE Cor"ner*wise` (-wz`), adv.

Defn: With the corner in front; diagonally; not square.

CORNET Cor"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [F. cornet, m. (for senses 1 & 2), cornette, f. & m. (for senses 3 & 4), dim. of corne horn, L. cornu. See Horn.]

1. (Mus.) (a) An obsolete rude reed instrument (Ger. Zinken), of the oboe family. (b) A brass instrument, with cupped mouthpiece, and furnished with valves or pistons, now used in bands, and, in place of the trumpet, in orchestras. See Cornet-à-piston. (c) A certain organ stop or register.

2. A cap of paper twisted at the end, used by retailers to inclose small wares. Cotgrave.

3. (Mil.) (a) A troop of cavalry; -- so called from its being accompanied by a cornet player. [Obs.] "A body of five cornets of horse." Clarendon. (b) The standard of such a troop. [Obs.] (c) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, who carried the standard. The office was abolished in 1871.

4. A headdress: (a) A square cap anciently worn as a mark of certain professions. (b) A part of a woman's headdress, in the 16th century.

5. Etym: [Cf. Coronet.] (Far.)

Defn: See Coronet, 2.

CORNET-A-PISTON Cor"net-à-pis`ton (kr"nt--ps"tn; F. kr`n`ps`tn"), n.; pl. Cornets-à- piston. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: A brass wind instrument, like the trumpet, furnished with valves moved by small pistons or sliding rods; a cornopean; a cornet.

CORNETCY Cor"net*cy (kr"nt-s), n.

Defn: The commission or rank of a cornet.

CORNETER Cor"net*er (kr"nt-r), n.

Defn: One who blows a cornet.

CORNEULE Cor"neule (kr"nl), n. Etym: [F., dim. of corn the cornea.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the corneas of a compound eye in the invertebrates. Carpenter.

CORNFIELD Corn"field` (krn"fld`), n.

Defn: A field where corn is or has been growing; -- in England, a field of wheat, rye, barley, or oats; in America, a field of Indian corn.

CORNFLOOR Corn"floor` (-flr`), n.

Defn: A thrashing floor. Hos. ix. 1.

CORNFLOWER Corn"flow`er (-flou`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A conspicuous wild flower (Centaurea Cyanus), growing in grainfields.

CORNIC Cor"nic (kr"nk), a.

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, the dogwood (Cornus florida).

CORNICE Cor"nice (kr"ns), n. Etym: [F. corniche, It. cornice, LL. coronix, cornix, fr. L. coronis a curved line, a flourish with the pen at the end of a book or chapter, Gr. corona crown. sEE Crown, and cf. Coronis.] (Arch.)

Defn: Any horizontal, molded or otherwise decorated projection which crowns or finishes the part to which it is affixed; as, the cornice of an order, pedestal, door, window, or house. Gwilt. Cornice ring, the ring on a cannon next behind the muzzle ring.

CORNICED Cor"niced (kr"nst), a.

Defn: Having a cornice.

CORNICLE Cor"ni*cle (kr"n-k'l), n. Etym: [L. corniculum, dim. of cornu horn.]

Defn: A little horn. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CORNICULAR Cor*nic"u*lar (-lr), n. Etym: [L. cornicularius.]

Defn: A secretary or clerk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CORNICULATE Cor/nic"u*late (kr-nk"-lt), a. Etym: [L. corniculatus.]

1. Horned; having horns. Dr. H. More.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having processes resembling small horns.

CORNICULUM Cor*nic"u*lum (kr-nk"-lm), n.; pl. Cornicula (-l. Etym: [L. corniculum little horn.] (Anat.)

Defn: A small hornlike part or process.

CORNIFEROUS Cor*nif"er*ous (kr-nf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -ferous.] (Geol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the lowest period of the Devonian age.(See the Diagram, under Geology.) The Corniferous period has been so called from the numerous seams of hornstone which characterize the later part of the period, as developed in the State of New York.

CORNIFIC Cor*nif"ic (kr-nf"k), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + facere to make.]

Defn: Producing horns; forming horn.

CORNIFICATION Cor`ni*fi*ca"tion (kr`n-f-k"shn), n.

Defn: Conversion into, or formation of, horn; a becoming like horn.

CORNIFIED Cor"ni*fied (kr"n-fd), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -fy.] (Anat.)

Defn: Converted into horn; horny.

CORNIFORM Cor"ni*form (-frm), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn + -form.]

Defn: Having the shape of a horn; horn-shaped.

CORNIGEROUS Cor*nig"er*ous (kr-nj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. corniger; cornu horn + gerere to bear.]

Defn: Horned; having horns; as, cornigerous animals. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

CORNIN Cor"nin (kr"nn), n. (Chem.) (a) A bitter principle obtained from dogwood (Cornus florida), as a white crystalline substance; -- called also cornic acid. (b) An extract from dogwood used as a febrifuge.

CORNIPLUME Cor"ni*plume (kr"n-plm), n. Etym: [L. cornu horn + pluma feather.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A hornlike tuft of feathers on the head of some birds.

CORNISH Cor"nish (kr"nsh), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cornwall, in England. Cornish chough. See Chough. -- Cornish engine, a single-acting pumping engine, used in mines, in Cornwall and elsewhere, and for water works. A heavy pump rod or plunger, raised by the steam, forces up the water by its weight, in descending.

CORNISH Cor"nish, n.

Defn: The dialect, or the people, of Cornwall.

CORNIST Cor"nist, n.

Defn: A performer on the cornet or horn.

CORNLOFT Corn"loft` (krn"lft`), n.

Defn: A loft for corn; a granary.

CORNMUSE Corn"muse (-mz), n.

Defn: A cornemuse.

CORNO DI BASSETTO Cor"no di bas*set"to (kr"n d bs-st"t or bs-st"t); pl. Corni (-n di basseto. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A tenor clarinet; -- called also basset horn, and sometimes confounded with the English horn, which is a tenor oboe.

CORNO INGLESE Cor"no In*gle"se (n-gl"z); pl. Corni Inglesi (-z. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A reed instrument, related to the oboe, but deeper in pitch; the English horn.

CORNOPEAN Cor*no"pe*an (kr-n"p-an), n. (Mus.)

Defn: An obsolete name for the cornet-à-piston.

CORNSHELLER Corn"shell`er (krn"shl`r), n.

Defn: A machine that separates the kernels of corn from the cob.

CORNSHUCK Corn"shuck` (-shk`), n.

Defn: The husk covering an ear of Indian corn. [Colloq. U.S.]

CORNSTALK Corn"stalk` (-stk`), n.

Defn: A stalk of Indian corn.

CORNSTARCH Corn"starch` (-strch`), n.

Defn: Starch made from Indian corn, esp. a fine white flour used for puddings, etc.

CORNU Cor"nu (kr"n), n; pl. Cornua (-n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A horn, or anything shaped like or resembling a horn.

CORNU AMMONIS Cor"nu Am*mo"nis (m-m"ns); pl. Cornua Ammonis. Etym: [L., horn of Ammon. See Ammonite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil shell, curved like a ram's horn; an obsolete name for an ammonite.

CORNUCOPIA Cor`nu*co"pi*a (kr`n-k"p-), n.; pl. Cornucopias (-. Etym: [L. cornu copiae horn of plenty. See Horn, and Copious.]

1. The horn of plenty, from which fruits and flowers are represented as issuing. It is an emblem of abundance.

2. pl. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of grasses bearing spikes of flowers resembling the cornucopia in form.

Note: Some writers maintain that this word should be written, in the singular, cornu copiæ, and in the plural, cornua copiæ.

CORNUTE; CORNUTED Cor"nute (kr"nt or kr-nt"), Cor*nut"ed (kr-n"td), a. Etym: [L. cornutus horned, from cornu horn.]

1. Bearing horns; horned; horn-shaped.

2. Cuckolded. [R.] "My being cornuted." LEstrange.

CORNUTE Cor*nute" (kr-nt"), v. t.

Defn: To bestow horns upon; to make a cuckold of; to cuckold. [Obs.] Burton.

CORNUTO Cor*nu"to (kr-n"t), n. Etym: [It., fr. L. cornutus horned.]

Defn: A man that wears the horns; a cuckold. [R.] Shak.

CORNUTOR Cor*nu"tor (-tr), n.

Defn: A cuckold maker. [R.] Jordan.

CORNY Cor"ny (kr"n), a. Etym: [L. cornu horn.]

Defn: Strong, stiff, or hard, like a horn; resembling horn. Up stood the cornu reed. Milton.

CORNY Corn"y, a.

1. Producing corn or grain; furnished with grains of corn. [R.] "The corny ear." Prior.

2. Containing corn; tasting well of malt. [R.] A draught of moist and corny ale. Chaucer.

3. Tipsy. [Vulgar, Eng.] Forby.

COROCORE Cor"o*core (kr"-kr), n.

Defn: A kind of boat of various forms, used in the Indian Archipelago.

CORODY Cor"o*dy (kr"-d), n. Etym: [LL. corrodium, corredium, conredium, furniture, provision: cf. OF. conroi. See Curry.] (Old Law)

Defn: An allowance of meat, drink, or clothing due from an abbey or other religious house for the sustenance of such of the king's servants as he may designate to receive it. [Written also corrody.]

COROL Cor"ol (kr"l), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A corolla.

COROLLA Co*rol"la (k-rl"l), n. Etym: [L. corolla a little crown or garland, dim. of corona. See Crown.] (Bot.)

Defn: The inner envelope of a flower; the part which surrounds the organs of fructification, consisting of one or more leaves, called petals. It is usually distinguished from the calyx by the fineness of its texture and the gayness of its colors. See the Note under Blossom.

COROLLACEOUS Cor`ol*la"ceous (kr`l-l"shs), a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a corolla; having the form or texture of a corolla.

COROLLARY Cor"ol*la*ry (kr"l-l-r; 277), n.; pl. Corollaries (-r. Etym: [L. corollarium gift, corollary, fr. corolla. See Corolla.]

1. That which is given beyond what is actually due, as a garland of flowers in addition to wages; surplus; something added or superfluous. [Obs.] Now come, my Ariel; bring a corollary, Rather than want a spirit. Shak.

2. Something which follows from the demonstration of a proposition; an additional inference or deduction from a demonstrated proposition; a consequence.

COROLLATE; COROLLATED Cor"ol*late (kr"l-lt), Cor"ol*la`ted (-l`td), a.

Defn: Having a corolla or corollas; like a corolla.

COROLLET Cor"ol*let (kr"l-lt), n. Etym: [Dim. fr. corolla.] (Bot.)

Defn: A floret in an aggregate flower. [Obs.] Martyn.

COROLLIFLORAL; COROLLIFLOROUS Co*rol`li*flo"ral (k-rl`l-fl"ral), Co*rol`li*flo"rous (-fl"rs), a. Etym: [Corolla + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the stamens borne on the petals, and the latter free from the calyx. Compare Calycifloral and Thalamifloral.

COROLLINE Cor"ol*line (-ln), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a corolla.

COROMANDEL Cor`o*man"del (kr`-mn"del), n. (Geol.)

Defn: The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal. Coromandel gooseberry. See Carambola. -- Coromandel wood, Calamander wood.

CORONA Co*ro"na (k-r"n), n.; pl. L. Coronæ (-nCoronas (-n. Etym: [L. corona crown. See Crown.]

1. A crown or garland bestowed among the Romans as a reward for distinguished services.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: The projecting part of a Classic cornice, the under side of which is cut with a recess or channel so as to form a drip. See Illust. of Column.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: The upper surface of some part, as of a tooth or the skull; a crown.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The shelly skeleton of a sea urchin.

5. (Astrol.)

Defn: A peculiar luminous apearance, or aureola, which surrounds the sun, and which is seen only when the sun is totally eclipsed by the moon.

6. (Bot.) (a) An inner appendage to a petal or a corolla, often forming a special cup, as in the daffodil and jonquil. (b) Any crownlike appendage at the top of an organ.

7. (Meteorol.) (a) A circle, usually colored, seen in peculiar states of the atmosphere around and close to a luminous body, as the sun or moon. (b) A peculiar phase of the aurora borealis, formed by the concentration or convergence of luminous beams around the point in the heavens indicated by the direction of the dipping needle.

8. A crown or circlet suspended from the roof or vaulting of churches, to hold tapers lighted on solemn occasions. It is sometimes formed of double or triple circlets, arranged pyramidically. Called also corona lucis. Fairholt.

9. (Mus.)

Defn: A character [] called the pause or hold.

CORONACH Cor"o*nach (kr"-nk), n.

Defn: See Coranach.

CORONAL Cor"o*nal (kr"-nal or, esp. in science, k-r"nal; 277), a. Etym: [L. coronalis: cf. F. coronal.]

1. Of or pertaining to a corona (in any of the senses). The coronal light during the eclipse is faint. Abney.

2. Of or pertaining to a king's crown, or coronation. The law and his coronal oath require his undeniable assent to what laws the Parliament agree upon. Milton.

3. Of or pertaining to the top of the head or skull.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the shell of a sea urchin. Coronal suture (Anat.), a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones; the frontoparietal suture.

CORONAL Cor"o*nal, n.

1. A crown; wreath; garland. Spenser.

2. The frontal bone, over which the ancients wore their coronæ or garlands. Hooper.

CORONAMEN Cor`o*na"men (kr`-n"mn), n. Etym: [L., a crowning.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The upper margin of a hoof; a coronet.

CORONARY Cor"o*na*ry (kr"-n-r), a. Etym: [L. coronarius: cf. F. coronaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to a crown; ferming, or adapted to form, a crown or garland. "Coronary thorns." Bp. Pearson. The catalogue of coronary plants is not large in Theophrastus. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Resembling, or situated like, a crown or circlet; as, the coronary arteries and veins of the heart.

CORONARY Cor"o*na*ry, n.

Defn: A small bone in the foot of a horse.

CORONARY BONE Cor"o*na*ry bone.

Defn: The small pastern bone of the horse and allied animals.

CORONARY CUSHION Coronary cushion.

Defn: A cushionlike band of vascular tissue at the upper border of the wall of the hoof of the horse and allied animals. It takes an important part in the secretion of the horny walls.

CORONATE; CORONATED Cor"o*nate (kr"-nt), Cor"o*na`ted (-n`ted), a. Etym: [L. coronatus, p. p. of coronare to crown, fr. corona. See Crown.]

1. Having or wearing a crown.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished; -- said of birds. (b) Girt about the spire with a row of tubercles or spines; -- said of spiral shells.

3. (Biol.)

Defn: Having a crest or a crownlike appendage.

CORONATION Cor`o*na"tion (kr`-n"shn), n. Etym: [See Coronate.]

1. The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty.

2. The pomp or assembly at a coronation. Pope.

CORONEL Coro"nel (kr"nel), n. Etym: [See Colonel.]

Defn: A colonel. [Obs.] Spenser.

CORONEL Cor"o*nel (kr"-nl or kr"nl), n. Etym: [Cf. Cronel, Crown.] (Anc. Armor)

Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear, divided into two, three, or four blunt points. [Written also cronel.] Grose.

CORONER Cor"o*ner (kr"-nr), n. Etym: [From OE. coronen to crown, OF. coroner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona crown. Formed as a translation of LL. coronator coroner, fr. L. corona crown, the coroner having been originally a prosecuting officer of the crown. See Crown.]

Defn: An officer of the peace whose principal duty is to inquire, with the help of a jury, into the cause of any violent, sudden or mysterious death, or death in prison, usually on sight of the body and at the place where the death occurred. [In England formerly also written and pronounced crowner.]

Note: In some of the United States the office of coroner is abolished, that of medical examiner taking its place. Coroner's inquest. See under Inquest.

CORONET Cor"o*net (kr"-nt), n. Etym: [Dim. of OE. corone crown; cf. OF. coronete. See Crown, and cf. Crownet, Cronet.]

1. An ornamental or honorary headdress, having the shape and character of a crown; particularly, a crown worn as the mark of high rank lower than sovereignty. The word is used by Shakespeare to denote also a kingly crown. Without a star, a coronet, or garter. Goldsmith.

Note: The coronet of the Prince of Wales consist of a circlet of gold with four crosses pattée around the edge between as many fleurs-de- lis. The center crosses are connected by an arch which is surmounted by a globe or cross. The coronet of a British duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only; that of a baron has only four pearls.

2. (Far.)

Defn: The upper part of a horse's hoof, where the horn terminates in skin. James White.

3. (Anc. Armor)

Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear; a coronel. Crose.

CORONETED Cor"o*net*ed (-nt-d), a.

Defn: Wearing, or entitled to wear, a coronet; of noble birth or rank.

CORONIFORM Co*ron"i*form (k-rn"-frm or k-r"n-), a. Etym: [L. corona crown + - form.]

Defn: Having the form of a crown or coronet; resembling a crown.

CORONILLA Cor`o*nil"la (kr`-nl"l), n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. corona crown: cf. F. coronille.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants related to the clover, having their flowers arranged in little heads or tufts resembling coronets.

CORONIS Co*ro"nis (k-r"ns), n. Etym: [Gr. Cornice.]

1. In Greek grammar, a sign ['] sometimes placed over a contracted syllable. W. W. Goodwin.

2. The curved line or flourish at the end of a book or chapter; hence, the end. [R.] Bp. Hacket.

CORONIUM Co*ro"ni*um, n. [NL. See Corona.] (Chem. & Astron.)

Defn: The principal gaseous substance forming the solar corona, characterized by a green line in the coronal spectrum.

CORONOID Cor"o*noid (kr"-noid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid: cf. F. corono.] (Anat.)

Defn: Resembling the beak of a crow; as, the coronoid process of the jaw, or of the ulna.

CORONULE Cor"o*nule (kr"-nl), n. Etym: [L. coronula, dim. of corona crown.] (Bot.)

Defn: A coronet or little crown of a seed; the downy tuft on seeds. See Pappus. Martyn.

COROUN Co*roun" (k-roun"), v. & n.

Defn: Crown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COROZO; COROSSO Co*ro"zo Co*ros"so (k-r"th or -s), n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. cerozo a kind of palm tree.]

Defn: The name in Central America for the seed of a true palm; also, a commercial name for the true ivory nut. See Ivory nut.

CORPORACE Cor"po*race (kr"p-rs), n.

Defn: See Corporas.

CORPORAL Cor"po*ral (kr"p-ral), n. Etym: [Corrupted fr. F. caporal, It. caporale, fr. capo head, chief, L. caput. See Chief, and cf. Caporal.] (Mil.)

Defn: A noncommissioned officer, next below a sergeant. In the United States army he is the lowest noncomissioned officer in a company of infantry. He places and relieves sentinels. Corporal's guard, a detachment such as would be in charge of a corporal for guard duty, etc.; hence, derisively, a very small number of persons. -- Lance corporal, an assistant corporal on private's pay. Farrow. -- Ship's corporal (Naut.), a petty officer who assists the master at arms in his various duties.

CORPORAL Cor"po*ral, a. Etym: [L. corporalis, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.]

1. Belonging or relating to the body; bodily. "Past corporal toil." Shak. Pillories and other corporal infections. Milton. Corporal punishment (law), punishment applied to the body of the offender, including the death penalty, whipping, and imprisonment.

2. Having a body or substance; not spiritual; material. In this sense now usually written corporeal. Milton. A corporal heaven . . . .where the stare are. Latimer. What seemed corporal melted As breath into the wind. Shak.

Syn. -- Corporal, Bodily, Corporeal. Bodily is opposed to mental; as, bodily affections. Corporeal refers to the whole physical structure or nature, of the body; as, corporeal substance or frame. Corporal, as now used, refers more to punishment or some infliction; as, corporal punishment. To speak of corporeal punishment is an error. Bodily austerities; the corporeal mold.

CORPORAL; CORPORALE Cor"po*ral (kr"p-ral), Cor`po*ra"le (-r"l), n. Etym: [LL. corporale: cf.F. corporal. See Corporal,a.]

Defn: A fine linen cloth, on which the sacred elements are consecrated in the eucharist, or with which they are covered; a communion cloth. Corporal oath, a solemn oath; -- so called from the fact that it was the ancient usage for the party taking it to touch the corporal, or cloth that covered the consecrated elements.

CORPORALITY Cor`po*ral"i*ty (kr`p-rl"l-t), n.: pl. Corporalities (-t. Etym: [L. corporalitas: cf. F.corporalit.]

1. The state of being or having a body; bodily existence; corporeality; -- opposed to spirituality. Dr. H. More.

2. A confraternity; a guild. [Obs.] Milton.

CORPORALLY Cor"po*ral*ly (kr"p-ral-ly), adv.

Defn: In or with the body; bodily; as, to be corporally present. Sharp.

CORPORALSHIP Cor"po*ral*ship, n. (Mil.)

Defn: A corporal's office.

CORPORAS Cor"po*ras (kr"p-rs), n. Etym: [Prop. pl. of corporal.]

Defn: The corporal, or communion cloth. [Obs.] Fuller.

CORPORATE Cor"po*rate (kr"p-rt), a. Etym: [L. corporatus, p. p. of corporare to shape into a body, fr. corpus body. See Corpse.]

1. Formed into a body by legal enactment; united in an association, and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual; incorporated; as, a corporate town.

2. Belonging to a corporation or incorporated body. "Corporate property." Hallam.

3. United; general; collectively one. They answer in a joint and corporate voice. Shak. Corporate member, an actual or voting member of a corporation, as distinguished from an associate or an honorary member; as, a corporate member of the American Board.

CORPORATE Cor"po*rate (-rt), v. t.

Defn: To incorporate. [Obs.] Stow.

CORPORATE Cor"po*rate, v. i.

Defn: To become incorporated. [Obs.]

CORPORATELY Cor"po*rate*ly (-rt-l), adv.

1. In a corporate capacity; acting as a coprporate body.

2. In, or as regarda, the body. Fabyan.

CORPORATION Cor`po*ra"tion (kr`p-r"shn), n. Etym: [L. corporatio incarnation: cf. F. corporation corporation.]

Defn: A body politic or corporate, formed and authorized by law to act as a single person, and endowed by law with the capacity of succession; a society having the capacity of transacting business as an individual.

Note: Corporations are aggregate or sole. Corporations aggregate consist of two or more persons united in a society, which is preserved by a succession of members, either forever or till the corporation is dissolved by the power that formed it, by the death of all its members, by surrender of its charter or franchises, or by forfeiture. Such corporations are the mayor and aldermen of cities, the head and fellows of a college, the dean and chapter of a cathedral church, the stockholders of a bank or insurance company, etc. A corporation sole consists of a single person, who is made a body corporate and politic, in order to give him some legal capacities, and especially that of succession, which as a natural person he can not have. Kings, bishops, deans, parsons, and vicars, are in England sole corporations. A fee will not pass to a corporation sole without the word "successors" in the grant. There are instances in the United States of a minister of a parish seized of parsonage lands in the right of his parish, being a corporation sole, as in Massachusetts. Corporations are sometimes classified as public and private; public being convertible with municipal, and private corporations being all corporations not municipal. Close corporation. See under Close.

CORPORATOR Cor"po*ra`tor (kr"p-r`tr), n.

Defn: A member of a corporation, esp. one of the original members.

CORPORATURE Cor"po*ra*ture (kr"p-r-tr), n.

Defn: The state of being embodied; bodily existence. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CORPOREAL Cor*po"re*al (kr-p"r-al), a. Etym: [L. corporeus, fr. corpus body.]

Defn: Having a body; consisting of, or pertaining to, a material body or substance; material; -- opposed to spiritual or immaterial. His omnipotence That to corporeal substance could add Speed almost spiritual. Milton. Corporeal property, such as may be seen and handled (as opposed to incorporeal, which can not be seen or handled, and exists only in contemplation). Mozley & W.

Syn. -- Corporal; bodily. See Corporal.

CORPOREALISM Cor*po"re*al*ism (-z'm), n.

Defn: Materialism. Cudworth.

CORPOREALIST Cor*po"re*al*ist (kr-p"r-al-st), n.

Defn: One who denies the reality of spiritual existences; a materialist. Some corporealists pretended . . . to make a world without a God. Bp. Berkeley.

CORPOREALITY Cor*po`re*al"i*ty (-l"-t), n.: pl. Corporealities (-t.

Defn: The state of being corporeal; corporeal existence.

CORPOREALLY Cor*po"re*al*ly (kr-p"r-al-l), adv.

Defn: In the body; in a bodily form or manner.

CORPOREALNESS Cor*po"re*al*ness (-ns), n.

Defn: Corporeality; corporeity.

CORPOREITY Cor`po*re"i*ty (kr`p-r"-t), n. Etym: [LL. corporeitas: cf. F. corpor.]

Defn: The state of having a body; the state of being corporeal; materiality. The one attributed corporeity to God. Bp. Stillingfleet. Those who deny light to be matter, do not therefore deny its corporeity. Coleridge.

CORPORIFY Cor*por"i*fy (kr-pr"-f), v. t. Etym: [L. corpus body + -fy: cf. F. corporifier.]

Defn: To embody; to form into a body. [Obs.] Boyle.

CORPOSANT Cor"po*sant (kr"p-znt), n. Etym: [It. corpo santo holy body.]

Defn: St. Elmo's fire. See under Saint.

CORPS Corps (kr, pl. krz), n. sing. & pl. Etym: [F., fr. L. corpus body. See Corpse.]

1. The human body, whether living or dead. [Obs.] See Corpse, 1. By what craft in my corps, it cometh [commences] and where. Piers Plowman.

2. A body of men; esp., an organized division of the military establishment; as, the marine corps; the corps of topographical engineers; specifically, an army corps. A corps operating with an army should consist of three divisions of the line, a brigade of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry. Gen. Upton (U. S. Tactics. )

3. A body or code of laws. [Obs.] The whole corps of the law. Bacon.

4. (Eccl.)

Defn: The land with which a prebend or other ecclesiastical office is endowed. [Obs.] The prebendaries over and above their reserved rents have a corps. Bacon. Army corps, or (French) Corps d'armée (k, a body containing two or more divisions of a large army, organized as a complete army in itself. -- Corps de logis (ke l Etym: [F., body of the house], the principal mass of a building, considered apart from its wings. -- Corps diplomatique (k Etym: [F., diplomatic body], the body of ministers or envoys accredited to a government.

CORPSE Corpse (krps), n. Etym: [OF. cors (sometimes written corps), F. corps, L. corpus; akin to AS. hrif womb. See Midriff, and cf. Corse, Corselet, Corps, Cuerpo.]

1. A human body in general, whether living or dead; -- sometimes contemptuosly. [Obs.]

Note: Formerly written (after the French form) corps. See Corps, n., 1.

2. The dead body of a human being; -- used also Fig. He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster. Corpse candle. (a) A thick candle formerly used at a lich wake, or the customary watching with a corpse on the night before its interment. (b) A luminous appearance, resembling the flame of a candle, sometimes seen in churchyards and other damp places, superstitiously regarded as portending death. -- Corpse gate, the gate of a burial place through which the dead are carried, often having a covered porch; -- called also lich gate.

CORPULENCE; CORPULENCY Cor"pu*lence (kr"p-lens), Cor"pu*len*cy (kr"p-len-s), n. Etym: [L. corpulentia: cf. F. corpulence.]

1. Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity.

2. Thickness; density; compactness. [Obs.] The heaviness and corpulency of water requiring a great force to divide it. Ray.

CORPULENT Cor"pu*lent (-p-lent), a. Etym: [L. corpulentus, fr. corpus: cf. F. corpulent. See Corpse.]

1. Very fat; obese.

2. Solid; gross; opaque. [Obs.] Holland.

Syn. -- Stout; fleshy; bulky; obese. See Stout.

CORPULENTLY Cor"pu*lent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a corpulent manner.

CORPUS Cor"pus (-ps), n.; pl. Corpora (-p. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A body, living or dead; the corporeal substance of a thing. Corpus callosum (k; pl. Corpora callosa (-s Etym: [NL., callous body] (Anat.), the great band of commissural fibers uniting the cerebral hemispheries. See Brain. -- Corpus Christi (kr Etym: [L., body of Christ] (R. C. Ch.), a festival in honor of the eucharist, observed on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. -- Corpus Christi cloth. Same as Pyx cloth, under Pyx. -- Corpus delicti (d Etym: [L., the body of the crime] (Law), the substantial and fundamental fact of the comission of a crime; the proofs essential to establish a crime. -- Corpus luteum (l; pl. Corpora lutea (-. Etym: [NL., luteous body] (Anat.), the reddish yellow mass which fills a ruptured Grafian follicle in the mammalian ovary. -- Corpus striatum (str; pl. Corpora striata (-t. Etym: [NL., striate body] (Anat.), a ridge in the wall of each lateral ventricle of the brain.

CORPUSCLE Cor"pus*cle (-ps-s'l), n. Etym: [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.]

1. A minute particle; an atom; a molecule.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A protoplasmic animal cell; esp., such as float free, like blood, lymph, and pus corpuscles; or such as are imbedded in an intercellular matrix, like connective tissue and cartilage corpuscles. See Blood. Virchow showed that the corpuscles of bone are homologous with those of connective tissue. Quain's Anat. Red blood corpuscles (Physiol.), in man, yellowish, biconcave, circular discs varying from 1/3500 to 1/3200 of an inch in diameter and about 1/12400 of an inch thick. They are composed of a colorless stroma filled in with semifluid hæmoglobin and other matters. In most mammals the red corpuscles are circular, but in the camels, birds, reptiles, and the lower vertebrates generally, they are oval, and sometimes more or less spherical in form. In Amphioxus, and most invertebrates, the blood corpuscles are all white or colorless. -- White blood corpuscles (Physiol.), rounded, slightly flattened, nucleated cells, mainly protoplasmic in composition, and possessed of contractile power. In man, the average size is about 1/2500 of an inch, and they are present in blood in much smaller numbers than the red corpuscles.

CORPUSCULAR Cor*pus"cu*lar (kr-ps"k-lr), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corpusculaire.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small particles. Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest, position, etc., of the minute particles of matter. -- Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the undulatory theory.

CORPUSCULARIAN Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an (-l"r-an), a.

Defn: Corpuscular. [Obs.]

CORPUSCULARIAN Cor*pus`cu*la"ri*an, n.

Defn: An adherent of the corpuscular philosophy. Bentley.

CORPUSCULE Cor*pus"cule (kr-ps"kl), n.

Defn: A corpuscle. [Obs.]

CORPUSCULOUS Cor*pus"cu*lous (-k-ls), a.

Defn: Corpuscular. Tyndall.

CORRADE Cor*rade" (kr-rd"), v. t. Etym: [L. corradere, -rasum; cor- + radere to rub.]

1. To gnaw into; to wear away; to fret; to consume. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: To erode, as the bed of a stream. See Corrosion.

CORRADIAL Cor*ra"di*al (kr-r"d-al), a.

Defn: Radiating to or from the same point. [R.] Coleridge.

CORRADIATE Cor*ra"di*ate (kr-r"d-t), v. t.

Defn: To converge to one point or focus, as light or rays.

CORRADIATION Cor*ra`di*a"tion (kr-r`d-"shn), n.

Defn: A conjunction or concentration of rays in one point. Bacom

CORRAL Cor*ral" (kr-rl"; Sp. kr-rl"), n. Etym: [Sp., a yard, a yard for cattle, fr. corro a circle or ring, fr. L. currere to run. Cf. Kraal.]

Defn: A pen for animals; esp., an inclosure made with wagons, by emigrants in the vicinity of hostile Indians, as a place of security for horses, cattle, etc.

CORRAL Cor*ral", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corraled (-rld" or -rld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Corralling.]

Defn: To surround and inclose; to coop up; to put into an inclosed space; -- primarily used with reference to securing horses and cattle in an inclosure of wagons while traversing the plains, but in the Southwestern United States now colloquially applied to the capturing, securing, or penning of anything. Bartlett.

CORRASION Cor*ra"sion (kr-r"zhn), n. Etym: [See Corrade.] (Geol.)

Defn: The erosion of the bed of a stream by running water, principally by attrition of the detritus carried along by the stream, but also by the solvent action of the water.

CORRASIVE Cor*ra"sive (-sv), a.

Defn: Corrosive. [Obs.] Corrasive sores which eat into the flesh. Holland.

CORRECT Cor*rect" (kr-rkt"), a. Etym: [L. correctus, p. p. of corrigere to make straight, to correct; cor- + regere to lead straight: cf. F. correct. See Regular, Right, and cf. Escort.]

Defn: Set right, or made straight; hence, conformable to truth, rectitude, or propriety, or to a just standard; nnot faulty or imperfect; free from error; as, correct behavior; correct views. Always use the most correct editions. Felton.

Syn. -- Accurate; right, exact; precise; regular; faultless. See Accurate.

CORRECT Cor*rect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrected; p. pr. & vb. n. Correcting.]

1. To make right; to bring to the standard of truth, justice, or propriety; to rectify; as, to correct manners or principles. This is a defect in the first make of same men's minds which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards. T. Burnet.

2. To remove or retrench the faults or errors of; to amend; to set right; as, to correct the proof (that is, to mark upon the margin the changes to be made, or to make in the type the changes so marked).

3. To bring back, or attempt to bring back, to propriety in morals; to reprove or punish for faults or deviations from moral rectitude; to chastise; to discipline; as, a child should be corrected for lying. My accuser is my 'prentice; and when I did correct him for his fault the other day, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with me. Shak.

4. To counteract the qualities of one thing by those of another; -- said of whatever is wrong or injurious; as, to correct the acidity of the stomach by alkaline preparations.

Syn. -- To amend; rectify; emend; reform; improve; chastise; punish; discipline; chasten. See Amend.

CORRECTIBLE; CORRECTABLE Cor*rect"i*ble (-rk"t-b'l), Cor*rect"a*ble (-rk"t-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being corrected.

CORRECTIFY Cor*rect"i*fy (kr-rk"t-f), v. t.

Defn: To correct. [Obs.] When your worship's plassed to correctify a lady. Beau & Fl.

CORRECTION Cor*rec"tion (kr-rk"shn), n. Etym: [L. correctio: cf. F. correction.]

1. The act of correcting, or making that right which was wrong; change for the better; amendment; rectification, as of an erroneous statement. The due correction of swearing, rioting, neglect of God's word, and other scandalouss vices. Strype.

2. The act of reproving or punishing, or that which is intended to rectify or to cure faults; punishment; discipline; chastisement. Correction and instruction must both work Ere this rude beast will profit. Shak.

3. That which is substituted in the place of what is wrong; an emendation; as, the corrections on a proof sheet should be set in the margin.

4. Abatement of noxious qualities; the counteraction of what is inconvenient or hurtful in its effects; as, the correction of acidity in the stomach.

5. An allowance made for inaccuracy in an instrument; as, chronometer correction; compass correction. Correction line (Surv.), a parallel used as a new base line in laying out township in the government lands of the United States. The adoption at certain intervals of a correction line is necessitated by the convergence of of meridians, and the statute requirement that the townships must be squares. -- House of correction, a house where disorderly persons are confined; a bridewell. -- Under correction, subject to correction; admitting the possibility of error.

CORRECTIONAL Cor*rec"tion*al (kr-rk"shn-al), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correctionnel.]

Defn: Tending to, or intended for, correction; used for correction; as, a correctional institution.

CORRECTIONER Cor*rec"tion*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who is, or who has been, in the house of correction. [Obs.] Shak.

CORRECTIVE Cor*rect"ive (krr-rk"tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correctif.]

1. Having the power to correct; tending to rectify; as, corrective penalties. Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of billious alkali. Arbuthnot.

2. Qualifying; limiting. "The Psalmist interposeth . . . this corrective particle." Holdsworth.

CORRECTIVE Cor*rect"ive, n.

1. That which has the power of correcting, altering, or counteracting what is wrong or injurious; as, alkalies are correctives of acids; penalties are correctives of immoral conduct. Burke.

2. Limitation; restriction. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

CORRECTLY Cor*rect"ly (kr-rkt"l), adv.

Defn: In a correct manner; exactly; acurately; without fault or error.

CORRECTNESS Cor*rect"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being correct; as, the correctness of opinions or of manners; correctness of taste; correctness in writing or speaking; the correctness of a text or copy.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; precision; propriety.

CORRECTOR Cor*rect"or (kr-rkt"r), n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who, or that which, corrects; as, a corrector of abuses; a corrector of the press; an alkali is a corrector of acids.

CORRECTORY Cor*rect"o*ry (--r), a.

Defn: Containing or making correction; corrective.

CORRECTRESS Cor*rect"ress (-rs), n.

Defn: A woman who corrects.

CORREGIDOR Cor*reg"i*dor (kr-rj"-dr; Sp. kr-r`h-dr"), n. Etym: [Sp., orig., a corrector.]

Defn: The chief magistrate of a Spanish town.

CORREI Cor"rei (kr"r), n. Etym: [Scot., perh. fr. Celt. cor a corner.]

Defn: A hollow in the side of a hill, where game usually lies. "Fleet foot on the correi." Sir W. Scott.

CORRELATABLE Cor`re*lat"a*ble (k3r`r-lt"-b'l), a.

Defn: Such as can be correlated; as, correlatable phenomena.

CORRELATE Cor`re*late" (kr`r-lt" or kr"r-lt`), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Correlated; p. pr. & vb. n. Correlating.] Etym: [Pref. cor- + relate.]

Defn: To have reciprocal or mutual relations; to be mutually related. Doctrine and worship correlate as theory and practice. Tylor.

CORRELATE Cor`re*late", v. t.

Defn: To put in relation with each other; to connect together by the disclosure of a mutual relation; as, to correlate natural phenomens. Darwin.

CORRELATE Cor"re*late (kr"r-lt), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation to something else, as father to son; a correlative. South.

CORRELATION Cor`re*la"tion (-l"shn), n. Etym: [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. corrélation. Cf. Correlation.]

Defn: Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as, the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases. Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; -- usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation. -- Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert.

CORRELATIVE Cor*rel"a*tive (kr-rl"-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corrélatif.]

Defn: Having or indicating a reciprocal relation. Father and son, prince and subject, stranger and citizen, are correlative terms. Hume.

CORRELATIVE Cor*rel"a*tive, n.

1. One who, or that which, stands in a reciprocal relation, or is correlated, to some other person or thing. Locke. Spiritual things and spiritual men are correlatives. Spelman.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: The antecedent of a pronoun.

CORRELATIVELY Cor*rel"a*tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a correlative relation.

CORRELATIVENESS Cor*rel"a*tive*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being correlative.

CORRELIGIONIST Cor`re*li"gion*ist (kr`r-lj"n-st), n.

Defn: A co-religion

CORREPTION Cor*rep"tion (kr-rp"shn), n. Etym: [L. correptio, fr. corripere to seize.]

Defn: Chiding; reproof; reproach. [Obs.] Angry, passionate correption being rather apt to provoke, than to amend. Hammond.

CORRESPOND Cor`re*spond" (kr`r-spnd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Corresponded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corresponding.] Etym: [Pref. cor- + respond: cf. f. correspondre.]

1. To be like something else in the dimensions and arrangement of its parts; -- followed by with or to; as, concurring figures correspond with each other throughout. None of them [the forms of Sidney's sonnets] correspond to the Shakespearean type. J. A. Symonds.

2. To be adapted; to be congruous; to suit; to agree; to fit; to answer; -- followed by to. Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are signs of our ideas, we can not but assent to them as they correspond to those ideas we have, but no farther. Locke.

3. To have intercourse or communion; especially, to hold intercourse or to communicate by sending and receiving letters; -- followed by with. After having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he [Atterbury] began to correspond directly with the Pretender. Macualay.

Syn. -- To agree; fit; answer; suit; write; address.

CORRESPONDENCE Cor`re*spond"ence (-spnd"ens), n. Etym: [Cf. F. correspondance.]

1. Friendly intercourse; reciprocal exchange of civilities; especially, intercourse between persons by means of letters. Holding also good correspondence with the other great men in the state. Bacon. To facilitate correspondence between one part of London and another, was not originally one of the objects of the post office. Macualay.

2. The letters which pass between correspondents.

3. Mutual adaptation, relation, or agreement, of one thing to another; agreement; congruity; fitness; relation.

CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Cor`res*pond"ence school.

Defn: A school that teaches by correspondence, the instruction being based on printed instruction sheets and the recitation papers written by the student in answer to the questions or requirements of these sheets. In the broadest sense of the term correspondence school may be used to include any educational institution or department for instruction by correspondence, as in a university or other educational bodies, but the term is commonly applied to various educational institutions organized on a commercial basis, some of which offer a large variety of courses in general and technical subjects, conducted by specialists.

CORRESPONDENCY Cor`re*spond"en*cy (k$r`r--spnd"en-s), n.; pl. Correspondencies (-s.

Defn: Same as Correspondence, 3. The correspondencies of types and antitypes . . . may be very reasonable confirmations. S. Clarke.

CORRESPONDENT Cor`re*spond"ent (-ent), a. Etym: [Cf. F. correspondant.]

Defn: Suitable; adapted; fit; corresponding; congruous; conformable; in accord or agreement; obedient; willing.

## Action correspondent or repugnant unto the law. Hooker.

As fast the correspondent passions rise. Thomson. I will be correspondent to command. Shak.

CORRESPONDENT Cor`re*spond"ent, n.

1. One with whom intercourse is carried on by letter. Macualay.

2. One who communicates information, etc., by letter or telegram to a newspaper or periodical.

3. (Com.)

Defn: One who carries on commercial intercourse by letter or telegram with a person or firm at a distance.

CORRESPONDENTLY Cor`re*spond"ent*ly, adv.

Defn: In a a corresponding manner; conformably; suitably.

CORRESPONDING Cor`re*spond"ing, a.

1. Answering; conformable; agreeing; suiting; as, corresponding numbers.

2. Carrying on intercourse by letters. Corresponding member of a society, one residing at a distance, who has been invited to correspond with the society, and aid in carrying out its designs without taking part in its management.

CORRESPONDINGLY Cor`re*spond"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a corresponding manner; conformably.

CORRESPONSIVE Cor`re*spon"sive (-r-spn"sv), a.

Defn: Corresponding; conformable; adapted. Shak. -- Cor`re*spon"sive*ly, adv.

CORRIDOR Cor"ri*dor (kr"r-dr or -dr), n. Etym: [F., fr. Itt. corridpore, or Sp. corredor; prop., a runner, hence, a running or long line, a gallery, fr. L. currere to run. See Course.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A gallery or passageway leading to several apartments of a house.

2. (Fort.)

Defn: The covered way lying round the whole compass of the fortifications of a place. [R.]

CORRIDOR TRAIN Cor"ri*dor train.

Defn: A train whose coaches are connected so as to have through its entire length a continuous corridor, into which the compartments open. [Eng.]

CORRIE Cor"rie (kr"r), n.

Defn: Same as Correi. [Scot.] Geikie.

CORRIGENDUM Cor`ri*gen"dum (kr`r-jn"dm), n.; pl. Corrigenda (-d. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A fault or error to be corrected.

CORRIGENT Cor"ri*gent (kr"r--jent), n. Etym: [L. corrigens, p. pr. of corrigere to correct.] (Med.)

Defn: A substance added to a medicine to mollify or modify its

## action. Dunglison.

CORRIGIBILITY Cor`ri*gi*bil"i*ty (-j-bl"-t), n.

Defn: Quality of being corrigible; capability of being corrected; corrigibleness.

CORRIGIBLE Cor"ri*gi*ble (kr"r-j-b'l), a. Etym: [LL. corribilis, fr. L. corrigere to correct: cf. F. corrigible. See Correrct.]

1. Capable of being set right, amended, or reformed; as, a corrigible fault.

2. Submissive to correction; docile. "Bending down his corrigible neck." Shak.

3. Deserving chastisement; punishable. [Obs.] He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language. Howell.

4. Having power to correct; corrective. [Obs.] The . . . .corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. Shak.

CORRIGIBLENESS Cor"ri*gi*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being corrigible; corrigibility.

CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val (kr-r"val), n.

Defn: A fellow rival; a competitor; a rival; also, a companion. [R.] Shak.

CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val, a.

Defn: Having rivaling claims; emulous; in rivalry. [R.] Bp. Fleetwood.

CORRIVAL Cor*ri"val, v. i. & t.

Defn: To compete with; to rival. [R.]

CORRIVALRY Cor*ri"val*ry (kr-r"val-r), n.

Defn: Corivalry. [R.]

CORRIVALSHIP Cor*ri"val*ship, n.

Defn: Corivalry. [R.] By the corrivalship of Shager his false friend. Sir T. Herbert.

CORRIVATE Cor"ri*vate (kr"r-vt), v. t. Etym: [L. corrivatus, p. p. of corrivare to corrivate.]

Defn: To cause to flow together, as water drawn from several streams. [Obs.] Burton.

CORRIVATION Cor`ri*va"tion (-v"shn), n. Etym: [L. corrivatio.]

Defn: The flowing of different streams into one. [Obs.] Burton.

CORROBORANT Cor*rob"o*rant (kr-rb"-rant), a. Etym: [L. corroborans, p. pr. See Corroborate.]

Defn: Strengthening; supporting; corroborating. Bacon. -- n.

Defn: Anything which gives strength or support; a tonic. The brain, with its proper corroborants, especially with sweet odors and with music. Southey.

CORROBORATE Cor*rob"o*rate (kr-rb"-rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroborated (-r`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Corroborating (-r`tng). ] Etym: [L. corroboratus, p. p. of corroborare to corroborate; cor- + roborare to strengthen, robur strength. See Robust.]

1. To make strong, or to give additional strength to; to strengthen. [Obs.] As any limb well and duly exercised, grows stronger, the nerves of the body are corroborated thereby. I. Watts.

2. To make more certain; to confirm; to establish. The concurrence of all corroborates the same truth. I. Taylor.

CORROBORATE Cor*rob"o*rate (-rt), a.

Defn: Corroborated. [Obs.] Bacon.

CORROBORATION Cor*rob`o*ra"tion (kr-rb`-r"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. corroboration.]

1. The act of corroborating, strengthening, or confirming; addition of strength; confirmation; as, the corroboration of an argument, or of information.

2. That which corroborates.

CORROBORATIVE Cor*rob"o*ra*tive (kr-rb"-r-tv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corroboratif.]

Defn: Tending to strengthen of confirm.

CORROBORATIVE Cor*rob"o*ra*tive, n.

Defn: A medicine that strengthens; a corroborant. Wiseman.

CORROBORATORY Cor*rob"o*ra*to*ry (-t-r), a.

Defn: Tending to strengthen; corroborative; as, corroboratory facts.

CORROBOREE Cor*rob"o*ree`, n. [Also corrobboree, corrobori, etc.] [Native name.]

1. A nocturnal festivity with which the Australian aborigines celebrate tribal events of importance. Symbolic dances are given by the young men of the tribe, while the women act as musicians.

2. A song or chant made for such a festivity.

3. A festivity or social gathering, esp. one of a noisy or uproarious character; hence, tumult; uproar. [Australia]

CORROBORY Cor*rob"o*ry, n. & v.

Defn: See Corroboree.

CORRODE Cor*rode" (kr-rd") v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corroded; p. pr. & vb. n. Corroding.] Etym: [L. corrodere, -rosum; cor + rodere to gnaw: cf. F. corroder. See Rodent.]

1. To eat away by degrees; to wear away or diminish by gradually separating or destroying small particles of, as by action of a strong acid or a caustic alkali. Aqua fortis corroding copper . . . is wont to reduce it to a green- blue solution. Boyle.

2. To consume; to wear away; to prey upon; to impair.

CORRODE Cor*rode", v. i.

Defn: To have corrosive action; to be subject to corrosion. Corroding lead, lead sufficiently pure to be used in making white lead by a process of corroding.

Syn. -- To canker; gnaw; rust; waste; wear away.

CORRODENT Cor*rod"ent (kr-r"dent), a. Etym: [L. corrodens, p. pr. of corrodere.]

Defn: Corrosive. [R.] Bp. King.

CORRODENT Cor*rod"ent, n.

Defn: Anything that corrodes. Bp. King.

CORRODIATE Cor*ro"di*ate (kr-r"d-t), v. t. Etym: [See Corrode.]

Defn: To eat away by degrees; to corrode. [Obs.] Sandys.

CORRODIBILITY Cor*ro`di*bil"i*ty (kr-r`d-bl"-t), n.

Defn: The qualityof being corrodible. [R.] Johnson.

CORRODIBLE Cor*rod"i*ble (kr-r"d-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being corroded; corrosible. Sir T. Browne.

CORROSIBILITY Cor*ro`si*bil"i*ty (kr-r`s-bl"-t), n.

Defn: Corrodibility. "Corrosibility . . . answers corrosiveness." Boyle.

CORROSIBLE Cor*ro"si*ble (kr-r"s-b'l), a.

Defn: Corrodible. Bailey.

CORROSIBLENESS Cor*ro"si*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being corrosible. Bailey.

CORROSION Cor*ro"sion (kr-r"zhn), n. Etym: [LL. corrosio: cf. F. corrosion. See Corrode.]

Defn: The action or effect of corrosive agents, or the process of corrosive change; as, the rusting of iron is a variety of corrosion. Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies, either by an acid or a saline menstruum. John Quincy.

CORROSIVE Cor*ro"sive (kr-r"sv), a. Etym: [Cf. F. corrosif.]

1. Eating away; having the power of gradually wearing, changing, or destroying the texture or substance of a body; as, the corrosive

## action of an acid. "Corrosive liquors." Grew. "Corrosive

famine."Thomson.

2. Having the quality of fretting or vexing. Care is no cure, but corrosive. Shak. Corrosive sublimate (Chem.), mercuric chloride, HgCl2; so called because obtained by sublimation, and because of its harsh irritating

## action on the body tissue. Usually it is in the form of a heavy,

transparent, crystalline substance, easily soluble, and of an acrid, burning taste. It is a virulent poison, a powerful antiseptic, and an exellent antisyphilitic; called also mercuric bichloride. It is to be carefully distinguished from calomel, the mild chloride of mercury.

CORROSIVE Cor*ro"sive, n.

1. That which has the quality of eating or wearing away gradually. [Corrosives] act either directly, by chemically destroying the part, or indirectly by causing inflammation and gangrene. Dunglison.

2. That which has the power of fretting or irritating. Such speeches . . . are grievous corrosives. Hooker. -- Cor*ro"sive*ly, adv. -- Cor*ro"sive*ness, n.

CORROVAL Cor*ro"val (kr-r"val), n.

Defn: A dark brown substance of vegetable origin, allied to curare, and used by the natives of New Granada as an arrow poison.

CORROVALINE Cor*ro"va*line (-v-ln or -ln), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A poisonous alkaloid extracted from corroval, and characterized by its immediate action in paralyzing the heart.

CORRUGANT Cor"ru*gant (kr"r-gant), a. Etym: [L. corrugans, p. pr. See Corrugate.]

Defn: Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. Johnson.

CORRUGATE Cor"ru*gate (kr"r-gt), a. Etym: [L. corrugatus, p. p. of corrugare; cor-+ rugare to wrinkle, ruga wrinkle; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: Wrinkled; crumpled; furrowed; contracted into ridges and furrows.

CORRUGATE Cor"ru*gate (-gt), v. t. [imp. & p.p. Corrugated (-g`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Corrugating (-g`tng).]

Defn: To form or shape into wrinkles or folds, or alternate ridges and grooves, as by drawing, contraction, pressure, bending, or otherwise; to wrinkle; to purse up; as, to corrugate plates of iron; to corrugate the forehead. Corrugated iron, sheet iron bent into a series of alternate ridges and grooves in parallel lines, giving it greater stiffness. -- Corrugated paper, a thick, coarse paper corrugated in order to give it elasticity. It is used as a wrapping material for fragile articles, as bottles.

CORRUGATION Cor`ru*ga"tion (kr`r-g"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. corrugation.]

Defn: The act corrugating; contraction into wrinkles or alternate ridges and grooves.

CORRUGATOR Cor"ru*ga`tor (kr"r-g`tr), n. Etym: [NL.; cf. F. corrugateur.] (Anat.)

Defn: A muscle which contracts the skin of the forehead into wrinkles.

CORRUGENT Cor*ru"gent (kr-r"jent), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Drawing together; contracting; -- said of the corrugator. [Obs.]

CORRUMP Cor*rump" (kr-rmp"), v. t. Etym: [L. corrumpere.]

Defn: To corrupt. See Corrupt. [Obs.] Chauser.

CORRUMPABLE Cor*rump"a*ble (--b'l), a.

Defn: Corruptible. [Obs.]

CORRUPT Cor*rupt` (kr-rpt"), a. Etym: [L. corruptus, p. p. of corrumpere to corrupt; cor- + rumpere to break. See Rupture.]

1. Changed from a sound to a putrid state; spoiled; tainted; vitiated; unsound. Who with such corrupt and pestilent bread would feed them. Knolles.

2. Changed from a state of uprightness, correctness, truth, etc., to a worse state; vitiated; depraved; debased; perverted; as, corrupt language; corrupt judges. At what ease Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt To swear against you. Shak.

3. Abounding in errors; not genuine or correct; as, the text of the manuscript is corrupt.

CORRUPT Cor*rupt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corrupting.]

1. To change from a sound to a putrid or putrescent state; to make putrid; to putrefy.

2. To change from good to bad; to vitiate; to deprave; to pervert; to debase; to defile. Evil communications corrupt good manners. 1. Cor. xv. 33.

3. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty; as, to corrupt a judge by a bribe. Heaven is above all yet; there sits a Judge That no king can corrupt. Shak.

4. To debase or render impure by alterations or innovations; to falsify; as, to corrupt language; to corrupt the sacred text. He that makes an ill use of it [language], though he does not corrupt the fountains of knowledge, . . . yet he stops the pines. Locke.

5. To waste, spoil, or consume; to make worthless. Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt. Matt. vi. 19.

CORRUPT Cor*rupt" (kr-rpt"), v. i.

1. To become putrid or tainted; to putrefy; to rot. Bacon.

2. To become vitiated; to lose putity or goodness.

CORRUPTER Cor*rupt"er (kr-rp"tr), n.

Defn: One who corrupts; one who vitiates or taints; as, a corrupter of morals.

CORRUPTFUL Cor*rupt"ful (-fl), a.

Defn: Tending to corrupt; full of corruption. [Obs.] "Corruptful bribes." Spenser.

CORRUPTIBILITY Cor*rupt`i*bil"i*ty (kr-rp`t-bl"-t), n. Etym: [L. corruptibilitas: cf. F. corruptibilité.]

Defn: The quality of being corruptible; the possibility or liability of being corrupted; corruptibleness. Burke.

CORRUPTIBLE Cor*rupt"i*ble (kr-rp"t-b'l), a. Etym: [L. corruptibilis: cf. F. corruptible.]

1. Capable of being made corrupt; subject to decay. "Our corruptible bodies." Hooker. Ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold. 1 Pet. i. 18.

2. Capable of being corrupted, or morally vitiated; susceptible of depravation. They systematically corrupt very corruptible race. Burke. -- Cor*rupt"i*ble*ness, n. -- Cor*rupt"i*bly, adv.

CORRUPTIBLE Cor*rupt"i*ble, n.

Defn: That which may decay and perish; the human body. [Archaic] 1 Cor. xv. 53.

CORRUPTINGLY Cor*rupt"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner that corrupts.

CORRUPTION Cor*rup"tion (kr-rp"shn), n. Etym: [F. corruption, L. corruptio.]

1. The act of corrupting or making putrid, or state of being corrupt or putrid; decomposition or disorganization, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. The inducing and accelerating of putrefaction is a subject of very universal inquiry; for corruption is a reciprocal to "generation". Bacon.

2. The product of corruption; putrid matter.

3. The act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle; the state of being corrupted or debased; loss of purity or integrity; depravity; wickedness; impurity; bribery. It was necessary, by exposing the gross corruptions of monasteries, . . . to exite popular indignation against them. Hallam. They abstained from some of the worst methods of corruption usual to their party in its earlier days. Bancroft.

Note: Corruption, when applied to officers, trustees, etc., signifies the inducing a violation of duty by means of pecuniary considerations. Abbott.

4. The act of changing, or of being changed, for the worse; departure from what is pure, simple, or correct; as, a corruption of style; corruption in language. Corruption of blood (Law), taint or impurity of blood, in consequence of an act of attainder of treason or felony, by which a person is disabled from inheriting any estate or from transmitting it to others. Corruption of blood can be removed only by act of Parliament. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Putrescence; putrefaction; defilement; contamination; deprivation; debasement; adulteration; depravity; taint. See Depravity.

CORRUPTIONIST Cor*rup"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who corrupts, or who upholds corruption. Sydney Smith.

CORRUPTIVE Cor*rupt"ive (kr-rp"tv), a. Etym: [L. corruptivus: cf. F. corruptif.]

Defn: Having the quality of taining or vitiating; tending to produce corruption. It should be endued with some corruptive quality for so speedy a dissolution of the meat. Ray.

CORRUPTLESS Cor*rupt"less (kr-rpt"ls), a.

Defn: Not susceptible of corruption or decay; incorruptible. Dryden.

CORRUPTLY Cor*rupt"ly, adv.

Defn: In a corrupt manner; by means of corruption or corrupting influences; wronfully.

CORRUPTNESS Cor*rupt"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being corrupt.

CORRUPTRESS Cor*rupt"ress (-rs), n.

Defn: A woman who corrupts. Thou studied old corruptress. Beau & Fl.

CORSAC Cor"sac (kr"sk), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The corsak.

CORSAGE Cor"sage (kr"sj), n. Etym: [F. See Corset.]

Defn: The waist or bodice of a lady's dress; as. a low corsage.

CORSAIR Cor"sair (kr"sr), n. Etym: [F. corsaire (cf. It. corsare, corsale, Pr. corsari), LL. corsarius, fr. L. cursus a running, course, whence Sp. corso cruise, corsa cruise, coasting voyage, corsear to cruise against the enemy, to pirate, corsario cruising, a privateer authorized to cruise against the enemy. See Course.]

1. A pirate; one who cruises about without authorization from any government, to seize booty on sea or land.

2. A piratical vessel. Barbary corsairs . . . infested the coast of the Mediterranean. Prescott.

CORSAK Cor"sak (kr"sk), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small foxlike mammal (Cynalopex corsac), found in Central Asia. [Written also corsac.]

CORSE Corse (krs or krs; 277), n. Etym: [OF. cors, F. corps. See Corpse.]

1. A living body or its bulk. [Obs.] For he was strong, and of so mighty corse As ever wielded spear in warlike hand. Spenser.

2. A corpse; the dead body of a human being. [Archaic or Poetic] Set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul, I'll make a corse of him that disobeys. Shak.

CORSELET Corse"let (krs"lt), n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. cors. F. corps, body. See Corse.]

1. Armor for the body, as, the body breastplate and backpiece taken together; -- also, used for the entire suit of the day, including breastplate and backpiece, tasset and headpiece.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The thorax of an insect.

CORSEPRESENT Corse"pres`ent (krs"prz`ent or krs"-), n. (Engl.Law)

Defn: An offering made to the church at the interment of a dead body. Blackstone.

CORSET Cor"set (kr"st), n. Etym: [F., dim. of OF. cors, F. corps, body. See Corse.]

1. In the Middle Ages, a gown or basque of which the body was close fitting, worn by both men and women.

2. An article of dress inclosing the chest and waist worn (chiefly by women) to support the body or to modify its shape; stays.

CORSET Cor"set (kr"st), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Corseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Corseting.]

Defn: To inclose in corsets.

CORSLET Cors"let (krs"lt), n.

Defn: A corselet. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

CORSNED Cors"ned (krs"nd), n. Etym: [AS. corsn.] (AS. Laws)

Defn: The morsel of execration; a species of ordeal consisting in the eating of a piece of bread consecrated by imprecation. If the suspected person ate it freely, he was pronounced innocent; but if it stuck in his throat, it was considered as a proof of his guilt. Burril.

CORTEGE Cor`tége" (kr`tzh"), n. Etym: [F., fr. It. corteggio train, fr. corte court. See Court.]

Defn: A train of attendants; a procession.

CORTES Cor"tes (kr"ts), n. pl. Etym: [Sp. & Pg., fr. corte court.]

Defn: The legislative assembly, composed of nobility, clergy, and representatives of cities, which in Spain and in Portugal answers, in some measure, to the Parliament of Great Britain.

CORTES GERAES Cor"tes Ge*ra"es. [Pg.]

Defn: See Legislature, Portugal.

CORTEX Cor"tex (kr"tks), n.; pl. Cortices (-t. Etym: [L., bark. Cf. Cork.]

1. Bark, as of a tree; hence, an outer covering.

2. (Med.)

Defn: Bark; rind; specifically, cinchona bark.

3. (Anat.)

Defn: The outer or superficial part of an organ; as, the cortex or gray exterior substance of the brain.

CORTICAL Cor"ti*cal (kr"t-kal), a. Etym: [L. cortex bark: cf. F. cortical.]

Defn: Belonging to, or consisting of, bark or rind; resembling bark or rind; external; outer; superficial; as, the cortical substance of the kidney.

CORTICATE; CORTICATED Cor"ti*cate (kr"t-kt), Cor"ti*ca`ted (-k`td), a. Etym: [L. corticatus.]

Defn: Having a special outer covering of a nature unlike the interior part.

CORTICIFER Cor*tic"i*fer (kr-ts"-fr), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Gorgoniacea; -- so called because the fleshy part surrounds a solid axis, like a bark.

CORTICIFEROUS Cor`ti*cif"er*ous (kr`t-sf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. cortex, corticis, bark -- -ferous: cf. F. corticif.]

1. Producing bark or something that resembling that resembles bark.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a barklike c

CORTICIFORM Cor*tic"i*form (kr-ts"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cortex, corticis, bark + - form: cf. F. corticiforme.]

Defn: Resembling, or having the form of, bark or rind.

CORTICINE Cor"ti*cine (kr"t-sn), n. Etym: [F., fr. L. cortex, corticis, bark.]

Defn: A material for carpeting or floor covering, made of ground cork and caoutchouc or India rubber.

CORTICOSE Cor"ti*cose` (-ks`), a. Etym: [L. corticosus.]

Defn: Abounding in bark; resembling bark; barky.

CORTICOUS Cor"ti*cous (-ks), a.

Defn: Relating to, or resembling, bark; corticose.

CORTILE Cor"tile (kr"tl; It. kr-t"l), n. Etym: [It., fr. corte court.]

Defn: An open internal courtyard inclosed by the walls of a large dwelling house or other large and stately building.

CORUNDUM Co*run"dum (k-rn"dm), n.; pl. Corundums (-d. [Also corindon.] Etym: [From Hind. kurand corundum stone.] (Min.)

Defn: The earth alumina, as found native in a crystalline state, including sapphire, which is the fine blue variety; the oriental ruby, or red sapphire; the oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire; and adamantine spar, the hair-brown variety. It is the hardest substance found native, next to the diamond.

Note: The name corundum is sometimes restricted to the non- transparent or coarser kinds. Emery is a dark-colored granular variety, usually admixed with magnetic iron ore.

CORUSCANT Co*rus"cant (k-rs"kant), a. Etym: [L. coruscans, p. pr. See Coruscate.]

Defn: Glittering in flashes; flashing. Howell.

CORUSCATE Cor"us*cate (kr"s-kt or k-rs"kr), v. i. Etym: [L. coruscare to flash, vibrate.]

Defn: To glitter in flashes; to flash.

Syn. -- To glisten; gleam; sparkle; radiate.

CORUSCATION Cor`us*ca"tion (kr`s-k"shn), n. Etym: [L. coruscatio: cf. F. coruscattion.]

1. A sudden flash or play of light. A very vivid but exceeding short-lived splender, not to call coruscation. Boyle.

2. A flash of intellectual brilliancy. He might have illuminated his times with the incessant cor of his genius. I. Taylor.

Syn. -- Flash; glitter; blaze; gleam; sparkle.

CORVE Corve (krv), n.

Defn: See Corf.

CORVEE Cor`vee" (kr`v" or -v"), n. Etym: [F. corvée, fr. LL. corvada, corrogata, fr. L. corrogare to entreat togetther; cor- + rogare to ask.] (Feudal Law)

Defn: An obligation to perform certain services, as the repair of roads, for the lord or sovereign.

CORVEN Cor"ven (kr"ven), obs.

Defn: p. p. of Carve. Chaucer.

CORVET; CORVETTE Cor"vet (kr"vt), Cor*vette" (kr-vr"), n. Etym: [F. corvette, fr. Pg. corveta or Sp. corbeta, fr. L. corbita a slow-sailing ship of burden, fr, corbis basket. Cf. Corbeil.] (Naut.)

Defn: A war vessel, ranking next below a frigate, and having usually only one tier of guns; -- called in the United States navy a sloop of war.

CORVETTO Cor*vet"to (-vt"t), n. (Min.)

Defn: A curvet. Peacham.

CORVINE Cor"vine (kr"vn), a. Etym: [L. corvinus, fr. corvus crow.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the crow; crowlike.

CORVORANT Cor"vo*rant (kr"v-rant), n.

Defn: See Cormorant.

CORYBANT Cor"y*bant (kr"-bnt), n.; pl. E. Corybants (-bCorybantes (-b. Etym: [L. Corybas, Gr.

Defn: One of the priests of Cybele in Phrygia. The rites of the Corybants were accompanied by wild music, dancing, etc.

CORYBANTIASM Cor`y*ban"ti*asm (-bn"t-z'm), n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A kind of frenzy in which the patient is tormented by fantastic visions and want of sleep. Dunglison.

CORYBANTIC Cor`y*ban"tic (kr`-bn"tk), a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the Corybantes or their rites; frantic; frenzied; as, a corybantic dance.

CORYMB Cor"ymb (kr"mb or -m; 220), n. Etym: [L. corymbus cluster of flowers, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A flat-topped or convex cluster of flowers, each on its own footstalk, and arising from different points of a common axis, the outermost blossoms expanding first, as in the hawthorn. (b) Any flattish flower cluster, whatever be the order of blooming, or a similar shaped cluster of fruit.

CORYMBED Cor"ymbed (kr"mbd), a. (Bot.)

Defn: Corymbose.

CORYMBIFEROUS Cor`ym*bif"er*ous (kr`m-bf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. corymbifer; corymbus a cluster of flowers + ferre to bearcorimbif.] (Bot.)

Defn: Bearing corymbs of flowers or fruit.

CORYMBOSE Co*rym"bose (k-rm"bs or kr"m-bs`), a. (Bot.)

Defn: Consisting of corymbs, or resembling them in form. [Written also corymbous.]

CORYMBOSELY Co*rym"bose*ly, adv.

Defn: In corymbs.

CORYPHAENOID Cor`y*phæ"noid (kr`-f"noid), a. Etym: [NL. coruphaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to, or like, the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin.

CORYPHEE Co`ry`phee (k`r`f"), n. Etym: [F.] (Drama)

Defn: A ballet dancer.

CORYPHENE Cor"y*phene` (kr"-fn`), n. Etym: [NL. coryphena, fr. Gr. coryph.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of the genus Coryphæna. See Dolphin. (2)

CORYPHEUS Cor`y*phe"us (kr`-f"s), n.; pl. E. Corypheuses (-Coryphei (-f. Etym: [L. coryphaeus, fr. Gr. (Gr. Antiq.)

Defn: The conductor, chief, or leader of the dramatic chorus; hence, the chief or leader of a party or interest. That noted corypheus [Dr. John Owen] of the Independent faction. South.

CORYPHODON Co*ryph"o*don (k-rf"-dn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Palen.)

Defn: A genus of extinct mammals from the eocene tertiary of Europe and America. Its species varied in size between the tapir and rhinoceros, and were allied to those animals, but had short, plantigrade, five-toed feet, like the elephant.

CORYPHODONT Co*ryph"o*dont (-dnt), a. (Paleon.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, the genus Coryphodon.

CORYZA Co*ry"za (k-r"z), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Nasal catarrh.

COSCINOMANCY Cos*cin"o*man`cy (ks-sn"-mn`s or ks"s-n-), n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of a suspended sieve.

COSCOROBA Cos`co*ro"ba (ks`k-r"b), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, white, South American duck, of the genus Cascoroba, resembling a swan.

COSECANT Co*se"cant (k-s"knt), n. Etym: [For co. secans, an abbrev. of L. complementi secans.] (Trig.)

Defn: The secant of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

COSEN Cos"en (kz"'n), v. t.

Defn: See Cozen.

COSENAGE Cos"en*age (kz"'n-j), n.

Defn: See Cozenage.

COSENING Cos"en*ing, n. (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: Anything done deceitfully, and which could not be properly designated by any special name, whether belonging to contracts or not. Burrill.

COSENTIENT Co*sen"tient (k-sn"shent), a.

Defn: Perceiving together.

COSEY Co"sey (k"z), a.

Defn: See Cozy. Dickens.

COSHER Cosh"er (ksh"r), v. t. Etym: [Ir. cosair a feast, a banquet or cf. F. coucher to lie. Cf. Couch, Coshering.]

1. (Old Law)

Defn: To levy certain exactions or tribute upon; to lodge and eat at the expense of. See Coshering.

2. To treat with hospitality; to pet. [Ireland]

COSHERER Cosh"er*er (ksh"r-r), n.

Defn: One who coshers.

COSHERING Cosh"er*ing, n. (Old Law)

Defn: A feudal prerogative of the lord of the soil entitling him to lodging and food at his tenant's house. Burrill. Sometimes he contrived, in deflance of the law, to live by coshering, that is to say, by quartering himself on the old tentants of his family, who, wretched as was their own condition, could not refuse a portion of their pittance to one whom they still regarded as their rightful lord. Macaulay.

COSIER Co"sier (k"zhr), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. coussier maker of mattresses; or couseor tailor, fr. OF. & F. coudre, p. p. cousu to sew, fr. L. consuere to sew together; con- + seure to sew. See Sew to stitch.]

Defn: A tailor who botches his work. [Obs.] Shak.

COSIGNIFICATIVE Co`sig*nif"i*ca*tive (k`s"), a.

Defn: Having the same signification. Cockerham.

COSIGNITARY Co*sig"ni*ta*ry (k-sg"n-t-r), a. Etym: [Pref. co- + sign. Cf. Signatory.]

Defn: Signing some important public document with another or with others; as, a treaty violated by one of the cosignitary powers.

COSIGNITARY Co*sig"ni*ta*ry, n.; pl. Cosignitaries (-r.

Defn: One who signs a treaty or public document along with others or another; as, the cosignitaries of the treaty of Berlin.

COSILY Co"si*ly (k"z-l), adv.

Defn: See Cozily.

COSINAGE Cos"in*age (ks"'n-j), n. Etym: [See Cousinage.] (Law) (a) Collateral relationship or kindred by blood; consanguinity. Burrill. (b) A writ to recover possession of an estate in lands, when a stranger has entered, after the death of the grandfather's grandfather, or other distant collateral relation. Blackstone.

COSINE Co"sine (k"sn), n. Etym: [For co. sinus, an abbrev. of L. complementi sinus.] (Trig.)

Defn: The sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

COSMETIC; COSMETICAL Cos*met"ic (kz-mt"k), Cos*met"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Gr. kosmitiko`s skilled in decorating, fr. ko`smos order, ornament: cf. F. cosmétique. See Cosmos.]

Defn: Imparting or improving beauty, particularly the beauty of the complexion; as, a cosmetical preparation. First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores, With head uncovered, the cosmetic powers. Pope.

COSMETIC Cos*met"ic, n.

Defn: Any external application intended to beautify and improve the complexion.

COSMIC; COSMICAL Cos"mic (kz"mk), Cos"mic*al (-m-kal), a. Etym: [Gr. kosmiko`s of the world, fr. ko`smos: cf. F. cosmique. See Cosmos.]

1. Pertaining to the universe, and having special reference to universal law or order, or to the one grand harmonious system of things; hence; harmonious; orderly.

2. Pertaining to the solar system as a whole, and not to the earth alone.

3. Characteristic of the cosmos or universe; inconceivably great; vast; as, cosmic speed. "Cosmic ranges of time." Tyndall.

4. (Astron.)

Defn: Rising or setting with the sun; -- the opposite of acronycal.

COSMICALLY Cos"mic*al*ly, adv.

1. With the sun at rising or setting; as, a star is said to rise or set cosmically when it rises or sets with the sun.

2. Universally. [R.] Emerson.

COSMOGONAL; COSMOGONIC; COSMOGONICAL Cos*mog"o*nal (kz-mg"-nal), Cos`mo*gon"ic (kz`m-gn"k), Cos`mo*gon"ic*al (-gn"-kal), a.

Defn: Belonging to cosmogony. B. Powell. Gladstone.

COSMOGONIST Cos*mog"o*nist (kz-mg"-nst), n.

Defn: One who treats of the origin of the universe; one versed in cosmogony.

COSMOGONY Cos*mog"o*ny (-n), n.; pl. Cosmogonies (-n. Etym: [Gr. kosmogoni`a; ko`smos the world + root of gi`gnesthai to be born: cf. F. cosmogonie.]

Defn: The creation of the world or universe; a theory or account of such creation; as, the poetical cosmogony of Hesoid; the cosmogonies of Thales, Anaxagoras, and Plato. The cosmogony or creation of the world has puzzled philosophers of all ages. Goldsmith.

COSMOGRAPHER Cos*mog"ra*pher (-r-fr), n.

Defn: One who describes the world or universe, including the heavens and the earth. The name of this island is nowhere found among the old and ancient cosmographers. Robynson (More's Utopia).

COSMOGRAPHIC; COSMOGRAPHICAL Cos`mo*graph"ic (kz`m-grf"k), Cos`mo*graph"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cosmographique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to cosmography.

COSMOGRAPHICALLY Cos`mo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cosmographic manner; in accordance with cosmography.

COSMOGRAPHY Cos*mog"ra*phy (kz-mg"r-f), n.; pl. Cosmographies (-f. Etym: [Gr. cosmographie.]

Defn: A description of the world or of the universe; or the science which teaches the constitution of the whole system of worlds, or the figure, disposition, and relation of all its parts.

COSMOLABE Cos"mo*labe (kz"m-lb), n. Etym: [Gr. cosmolade.]

Defn: An instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies; -- called also pantacosm.

COSMOLATRY Cos*mol"a*try (kz-ml"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Worship paid to the world. Cudworth.

COSMOLINE Cos"mo*line (kz"m-ln), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. cosmetic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance obtained from the residues of the distillation of petroleum, essentially the same as vaseline, but of somewhat stiffer consistency, and consisting of a mixture of the higher paraffines; a kind of petroleum jelly.

COSMOLOGICAL Cos`mo*log"ic*al (kz`m-lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to cosmology.

COSMOLOGIST Cos*mol"o*gist (kz-ml"-jst), n.

Defn: One who describes the universe; one skilled in cosmology.

COSMOLOGY Cos*mol"o*gy (kz-ml"-j), n. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + -logy: cf. F. cosmologie.]

Defn: The science of the world or universe; or a treatise relating to the structure and parts of the system of creation, the elements of bodies, the modifications of material things, the laws of motion, and the order and course of nature.

COSMOMETRY Cos*mom"e*try (kz-mm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + -metry.]

Defn: The art of measuring the world or the universe. Blount.

COSMOPLASTIC Cos`mo*plas"tic (kz`m-pls"tk), a. Etym: [Gr. ko`smos the world + pla`ssein to form.]

Defn: Pertaining to a plastic force as operative in the formation of the world independently of God; world-forming. "Cosmoplastic and hylozoic atheisms." Gudworth.

COSMOPOLITAN; COSMOPOLITE Cos`mo*pol"i*tan (-pl"-tan), Cos*mop"o*lite (kz-mp"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. cosmopolitain, cosmopolite.]

Defn: One who has no fixed residence, or who is at home in every place; a citizen of the world.

COSMOPOLITAN; COSMOPOLITE Cos`mo*pol"i*tan, Cos*mop"o*lite, a.

1. Having no fixed residence; at home in any place; free from local attachments or prejudices; not provincial; liberal. In other countries taste is perphaps too exclusively national, in Germany it is certainly too cosmopolite. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Common everywhere; widely spread; found in all parts of the world. The Cheiroptera are cosmopolitan. R. Owen.

COSMOPOLITANISM Cos`mo*pol"i*tan*ism (kz`m-pl"-tan-z'm), n.

Defn: The quality of being cosmopolitan; cosmopolitism.

COSMOPOLITE Cos*mop"o*lite (-mp"-lt), a. & n.

Defn: See Cosmopolitan.

COSMOPOLITICAL Cos`mo*po*lit"ic*al (kz`m-p-lt"-kal), a.

Defn: Having the character of a cosmopolite. [R.] Hackluyt.

COSMOPOLITISM Cos*mop"o*li*tism (kz-mp"-l-tz'm), n.

Defn: The condition or character of a cosmopolite; disregard of national or local peculiarities and prejudices.

COSMORAMA Cos`mo*ra"ma (kz`m-r"m or -r"m), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: An exhibition in which a series of views in various parts of the world is seen reflected by mirrors through a series of lenses, with such illumination, etc., as will make the views most closely represent reality.

COSMORAMIC Cos`mo*ram"ic (kz`m-rm"k), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cosmorama.

COSMOS Cos"mos (kz"ms), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. ko`smos order, harmony, the world (from its perfect order and arrangement); akin to Skr. to distinguish one's self.]

1. The universe or universality of created things; -- so called from the order and harmony displayed in it.

2. The theory or description of the universe, as a system displaying order and harmony. Humboldt.

COSMOSPHERE Cos"mo*sphere (kz"m-sfr), n. Etym: [Gr. sphere.]

Defn: An apparattus for showing the position of the earth, at any given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe.

COSMOTHEISM Cos"mo*the`ism (kz"m-th`z'm), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Same as Pantheism. [R.]

COSMOTHETIC Cos`mo*thet"ic (kz`m-tht"k), a. Etym: [Gr. (Metaph.)

Defn: Assuming or positing the actual existence or reality of the physical or external world. Cosmothetic idealists (Metaph.), those who assume, without attempting to prove, the reality of external objects as corresponding to, and being the ground of, the ideas of which only the mind has direct cognizance. The cosmothetic idealists . . . deny that mind is immediately conscious of matter. Sir W. Hamilton.

COSOVEREIGN Co*sov"er*eign (k-sv"r-n or k-sv"-), n.

Defn: A joint sovereign.

COSS Coss (ks), n. Etym: [Cf. Pers. k a road measure of about two miles; or Skr. kr.]

Defn: A Hindoo measure of distance, varying from one and a half to two English miles. Whitworth.

COSS Coss, n. Etym: [It. cosa.]

Defn: A thing (only in phrase below). Rule of Coss, an old name for Algebra. Etym: [It. regola di cosa rule of thing, the unknown quantity being called the cosa, or the thing.]

COSSACK Cos"sack (ks"sk), n. Etym: [Russ. kozak', kazak': cf. Turk. kaz.]

Defn: One of a warlike, pastoral people, skillful as horsemen, inhabiting different parts of the Russian empire and furnishing valuable contingents of irregular cavalry to its armies, those of Little Russia and those of the Don forming the principal divisions.

COSSACK POST Cos"sack post. (Mil.)

Defn: An outpost consisting of four men, forming one of a single line of posts substituted for the more formal line of sentinels and line of pickets.

COSSAS Cos"sas (ks"ss), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Plain India muslin, of various qualities and widths.

COSSET Cos"set (ks"st), n. Etym: [Cf. AS. cotsetla cottager, G. kossat, kothsasse, fr. kot, koth E. (cot) hut, and cf. also E. cade, a., cot a cade lamb.]

Defn: A lamb reared without the aid of the dam. Hence: A pet, in general.

COSSET Cos"set, v. t.

Defn: To treat as a pet; to fondle. She was cosseted and posseted and prayed over and made much of. O. W. Holmes.

COSSETTE Cos*sette", n. [F.]

Defn: One of the small chips or slices into which beets are cut in sugar making.

COSSIC; COSSICAL Cos"sic (ks"sk), Cos"sic*al (-s-kal), a. Etym: [It. cossico. See 2d Coss.]

Defn: Of or relating to algebra; as, cossic numbers, or the cossic art. [Obs.] "Art of numbers cossical." Digges (1579).

COST Cost (kst; 115), n. Etym: [L. costa rib. See Coast.]

1. A rib; a side; a region or coast. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Betwixt the costs of a ship. B. Jonson.

2. (Her.)

Defn: See Cottise.

COST Cost (kst; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cost; p. pr. & vb. n. Costing.] Etym: [OF. coster, couster, F. co, fr. L. constare to stand at, to cost; con- + stare to stand. See Stand, and cf. Constant.]

1. To require to be given, expended, or laid out therefor, as in barter, purchase, acquisition, etc.; to cause the cost, expenditure, relinquishment, or loss of; as, the ticket cost a dollar; the effort cost his life. A d'amond gone, cost me two thousand ducats. Shak. Though it cost me ten nights' watchings. Shak.

2. To require to be borne or suffered; to cause. To do him wanton rites, whichcost them woe. Milton. To cost dear, to require or occasion a large outlay of money, or much labor, self-denial, suffering, etc.

COST Cost, n. Etym: [OF. cost, F. co. See Cost, v. t. ]

1. The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for anything bought or taken in barter; charge; expense; hence, whatever, as labor, self-denial, suffering, etc., is requisite to secure benefitt. One day shall crown the alliance on 't so please you, Here at my house, and at my proper cost. Shak. At less cost of life than is often expended in a skirmish, [Charles V.] saved Europe from invasion. Prescott.

2. Loss of any kind; detriment; pain; suffering. I know thy trains, Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils. Milton.

3. pl. (Law)

Defn: Expenses incurred in litigation.

Note: Costs in actions or suits are either between attorney and client, being what are payable in every case to the attorney or counsel by his client whether he ultimately succeed or not, or between party and party, being those which the law gives, or the court in its discretion decrees, to the prevailing, against the losing, party. Bill of costs. See under Bill. -- Cost free, without outlay or expense. "Her duties being to talk French, and her privileges to live cost free and to gather scraps of knowledge." Thackeray.

COSTA Cos"ta (ks"t), n. Etym: [L., rib. See Coast.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A rib of an animal or a human being.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A rib or vein of a leaf, especially the midrib.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The anterior rib in the wing of an insect. (b) One of the riblike longitudinal ridges on the exterior of many corals.

COSTAGE Cost"age (kst"j; 115), n. Etym: [OF. coustage.]

Defn: Expense; cost. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COSTAL Cos"tal (ks"tal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. costal. See Costa.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the ribs or the sides of the body; as, costal nerves.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Relating to a costa, or rib. Costal cartilage. See Cartilage, and Illust. of Thorax.

COSTAL-NERVED Cos"tal-nerved` (ks"tal-nrvd`), a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the nerves spring from the midrib.

COSTARD Cos"tard (ks"trd), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. OF. coste rib, side, F. côte, and meaning orig., a ribbed apple, from the ribs or angles on its sides. See Coast.]

1. An apple, large and round like the head. Some [apples] consist more of air than water . . . ; others more of water than wind, as your costards and pomewaters. Muffett.

2. The head; -- used contemptuously. Try whether your costard or my bat be the harder. Shak.

COSTARDMONGER Cos"tard*mon`ger (-mn`gr), n.

Defn: A costermonger.

COSTATE; COSTATED Cos"tate (ks"tt), Cos"ta*ted (-t-td), a. Etym: [L. costatus, fr. costa rib.]

Defn: Having ribs, or the appearance of ribs; (Bot.) having one or more longitudinal ribs.

COSTEAN Cos"tean` (ks"tn`), v. i. Etym: [Cornish cothas dropped + stean tin.]

Defn: To search after lodes. See Costeaning.

COSTEANING Cos"tean`ing, n.

Defn: The process by which miners seek to discover metallic lodes. It consist in sinking small pits through the superficial deposits to the solid rock, and then driving from one pit to another across the direction of the vein, in such manner as to cross all the veins between the two pits.

COSTELLATE Cos*tel"late (ks-tl"lt), a. Etym: [L. costa rib.]

Defn: Finely ribbed or costated.

COSTER Cos"ter (ks"tr), n.Etym: [Abbrev. of costermonger.]

Defn: One who hawks about fruit, green vegetables, fish, etc.

COSTERMONGER Cos"ter*mon`ger (ks"tr-mn`gr), n. Etym: [See Costard.]

Defn: An apple seller; a hawker of, or dealer in, any kind of fruit or vegetables; a fruiterer. [Written also costardmonger.]

COSTIFEROUS Cos*tif"er*ous (ks-tf"r-s), a. Etym: [Costa + -ferous.] (Anat.)

Defn: Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.

COSTIVE Cos"tive (ks"tv), a. Etym: [OF. costev, p. p. of costever, F. constiper, L. constipare to press closely together, to cram; con- + stipare to press together, cram. See Stipulate, Stiff, and cf. Constipate.]

1. Retaining fecal matter in the bowels; having too slow a motion of the bowels; constipated.

2. Reserved; formal; close; cold. [Obs.] "A costive brain." Prior. "Costive of laughter." B. Jonson. You must be frank, but without indiscretion; and close, but without being costive. Lord Chesterfield.

3. Dry and hard; impermeable; unyielding. [Obs.] Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and wind. Mortimer.

COSTIVELY Cos"tive*ly, adv.

Defn: In a costive manner.

COSTIVENESS Cos"tive*ness, n.

1. An unnatural retention of the fecal matter of the bowels; constipation.

2. Inability to express one's self; stiffness. [Obs.] A reverend disputant of the same costiveness in public elocution with myself. Wakefield.

COSTLESS Cost"less (kst"ls; 115), a.

Defn: Costing nothing.

COSTLEWE Cost"lewe (-l), a.

Defn: Costly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COSTLINESS Cost"li*ness (-l-ns), n.

Defn: The quality of being costy; expensiveness; sumptuousness.

COSTLY Cost"ly (kst"l; 115), a. Etym: [From Cost expense.]

1. Of great cost; expensive; dear. He had fitted up his palace in the most costly and sumptuous style, for the accomodation of the princess. Prescott.

2. Gorgeous; sumptuous. [Poetic.] To show how costly summer was at hand. Shak.

COSTMARY Cost"ma*ry (kst"m-r), n. Etym: [L. costum an Oriental aromatic plant (Gr. kost, kust) + Maria Mary. Cf.Alecost.] (Bot.)

Defn: A garden plant (Chrysanthemum Balsamita) having a strong balsamic smell, and nearly allied to tansy. It is used as a pot herb and salad plant and in flavoring ale and beer. Called also alecost.

COSTON LIGHTS Cos"ton lights.

Defn: Signals made by burning lights of different colors and used by vessels at sea, and in the life-saving service; -- named after their inventor.

COSTOTOME Cos"to*tome (ks"t-tm), n. Etym: [Costa + Gr.

Defn: An instrument (chisel or shears) to cut the ribs and open the thoracic cavity, in post-mortem examinations and dissections. Knight.

COSTREL Cos"trel (ks"trl), n. Etym: [CF.W. costrel, OF. costrel, LL. costrellum, a liquid measure, costrellus a wine cup.]

Defn: A bottle of leather, earthenware, or wood, having ears by which it was suspended at the side. [Archaic] A youth, that, following with a costrel, bore The means of goodly welcome, flesh and wine. Tennyson.

COSTUME Cos"tume` (ks"tm` or ks-tm"), n. Etym: [F. costume, It. costume custom, dress, fr. L. consuetumen (not found), for consuetudo custom. See Custom, and cf. Consuetude.]

1. Dress in general; esp., the distinctive style of dress of a people, class, or period.

2. Such an arrangement of accessories, as in a picture, statue, poem, or play, as is appropriate to the time, place, or other circumstances represented or described. I began last night to read Walter Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel . . . .I was extremely delighted with the poetical beauty of some parts . . . .The costume, too, is admirable. Sir J. Mackintosh.

3. A character dress, used at fancy balls or for dramatic purposes.

COSTUMER Cos"tum`er (-tm`r), n.

Defn: One who makes or deals in costumes, as for theaters, fancy balls, etc.

CO-SUFFERER Co-suf"fer*er (k-sf"fr-r), n.

Defn: One who suffers with another. Wycherley.

COSUPREME Co`su*preme" (k`s-prm"), n.

Defn: A partaker of supremacy; one jointly supreme. Shak.

COSURETY Co*sure"ty (k-shr"t; 136), n.; pl. Cosureties (-t.

Defn: One who is surety with another.

COSY Co"sy (k"z), a.

Defn: See Cozy.

COT Cot (kt), n. Etym: [OE. cot, cote, AS. cot, cote, cottage; akin to D. & Icel. kot, G. koth, kot, kothe. Cf. Coat.]

1. A small house; a cottage or hut. The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm. Goldsmith.

2. A pen, coop, or like shelter for small domestic animals, as for sheep or pigeons; a cote.

3. A cover or sheath; as, a roller cot (the clothing of a drawing roller in a spinning frame); a cot for a sore finger.

4. Etym: [Cf. Ir. cot.]

Defn: A small, rudely-formed boat. Bell cot. (Arch.) See under Bell.

COT Cot (kt), n. Etym: [AS. cot cottage, bedchamber; or cf. OF. coite, F. couette (E. quilt), LL. cottum, cottus, mattress. See Cot a cottage.]

Defn: A sleeping place of limited size; a little bed; a cradle; a piece of canvas extended by a frame, used as a bed. [Written also cott.]

COTANGENT Co*tan"gent (k-tn"jent), n. Etym: [For co. tangens, an abbrev. of L. complementi tangens. See Tangent.] (Trig.)

Defn: The tangent of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

COTARNINE Co*tar"nine (k-tr"nn or -nn), n. Etym: [F., fr. narcotine, by transposition of letters.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline substance, C12H13NO3, obtained as a product of the decomposition of narcotine. It has weak basic properties, and is usually regarded as an alkaloid.

COTE Cote (kt), n. Etym: [See 1st Cot.]

1. A cottage or hut. [Obs.]

2. A shed, shelter, or inclosure for small domestic animals, as for sheep or doves. Watching where shepherds pen their flocks, at eve, In hurdled cotes. Milton.

COTE Cote, v. t. Etym: [Prob. from F. c sode, OF. costet, LL. costatus, costatum, fr. L. costu rib, side: cf. F. c to go or keep at the side of. See Coast.]

Defn: To go side by side with; hence, to pass by; to outrun and get before; as, a dog cotes a hare. [Obs.] Drayton. We coted them on the way, and hither are they coming. Shak.

COTE Cote, v. t. Etym: [See Quote.]

Defn: To quote. [Obs.] Udall.

COTEAU Co`teau", n.; pl. Coteaux (#). [F., a hill.] [Canada & U. S.]

1. A hilly upland including the divide between two valleys; a divide.

2. The side of a valley.

COTEMPORANEOUS Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous (k-tm`p-r"n-s), a. Etym: [See Contemporaneous.]

Defn: Living or being at the same time; contemporaneous. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- Co*tem`po*ra"ne*ous*ness, n.

COTEMPORARY Co*tem"po*ra*ry (k-tm"p-r-r), a.

Defn: Living or being at the same time; contemporary.

COTEMPORARY Co*tem"po*ra*ry, n.; pl. Cotemporaries (-r.

Defn: One who lives at the same time with another; a contemporary.

COTENANT Co*ten"ant (k-tn"ant), n.

Defn: A tenant in common, or a joint tenant.

COTERIE Co`te*rie" (k`Te-r"; 277), n. Etym: [F., prob. from OF. coterie servile tenure, fr. colier cotter; of German origin. See 1st Cot.]

Defn: A set or circle of persons who meet familiarly, as for social, literary, or other purposes; a clique. "The queen of your coterie." Thackeray.

COTERMINOUS Co*ter"mi*nous (k-tr"m-ns), a. Etym: [Cf. Conterminous.]

Defn: Bordering; conterminous; -- followed by with.

COTGARE Cot"gare` (kt"gr`), n.

Defn: Refuse wool. [Obs. or Prov.]

COTHURN Co"thurn (k"thrn), n. Etym: [L. cothurnus, Gr. Cothurnus.]

Defn: A buskin anciently used by tragic actors on the stage; hence, tragedy in general. The moment had arrived when it was thought that the mask and the cothurn might be assumed with effect. Motley.

COTHURNATE; COTHURNATED Co*thur"nate (k-thr"nt), Co*thur"na*ted (-n-td), a.

1. Wearing a cothurn.

2. Relating to tragedy; solemn; grave.

COTHURNUS Co*thur"nus (-ns), n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: Same as Cothurn.

COTICULAR Co*tic"u*lar (k-tk"-lr), a. Etym: [L. coticula a small touchstone, dim. cos, cotis, whetstone.]

Defn: Pertaining to whetstones; like or suitable for whetstones.

COTIDAL Co*tid"al (k-td"al), a.

Defn: Marking an equality in the tides; having high tide at the same time. Cotidal lines (Phys. Geog.), lines on a map passing through places that have high tide at the same time.

COTILLON; COTILLION Co`til`lon" (k`t`yn" or k`tl`-;277), Co*til"lion (k-tl"yn), n. Etym: [F. cotillon, fr. OF. cote coat, LL. cotta tunic. See Coat.]

1. A brisk dance, performed by eight persons; a quadrille.

2. A tune which regulates the dance.

3. A kind of woolen material for women's skrits.

COTINGA Co*tin"ga (k-tn"g), n. Etym: [Native South American name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the family Cotingidæ, including numerous bright- colored South American species; -- called also chatterers.

COTISE Cot"ise (kt"s), n. (Her.)

Defn: See Cottise.

COTISED Cot"ised (-st), a. (Her.)

Defn: See Cottised.

COTLAND Cot"land (kt"lnd), n.

Defn: Land appendant to a cot or cottage, or held by a cottager or cotter.

COTQUEAN Cot"quean` (kt"kwn`), n. Etym: [Cot a cottage + quean.]

1. A man who busies himself with affairs which properly belong to women. Addison.

2. A she-cuckold; a cucquean; a henhussy. [Obs.] What, shall a husband be afraid of his wife's face We are a king, cotquean, and we will reign in our pleasures. B. Jonson.

COTQUEANITY Cot*quean"i*ty (kt-kwn"-t), n.

Defn: The condition, character, or conduct of a cotquean. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

COTRUSTEE Co`trus*tee" (k`trs-t"), n.

Defn: A joint trustee.

COTSWOLD Cots"wold` (kts"wld`), n. Etym: [Cot a cottage or hut + wold an open country.]

Defn: An open country abounding in sheepcotes, as in the Cotswold hills, in Gloucestershire, England. Cotswold sheep, a long-wooled breed of sheep, formerly common in the counties of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, Eng.; -- so called from the Cotswold Hills. The breed is now chiefly amalgamated with others.

COTTA Cot"ta, n. [LL. See Coat.]

1. (Eccl.)

Defn: A surplice, in England and America usually one shorter and less full than the ordinary surplice and with short sleeves, or sometimes none.

2. A kind of very coarse woolen blanket.

COTTAGE Cot"tage (kt"tj; 48), n. Etym: [From Cot a cotttage.]

Defn: A small house; a cot; a hut.

Note: The term was formerly limited to a habitation for the poor, but is now applied to any small tasteful dwelling; and at places of summer resort, to any residence or lodging house of rustic architecture, irrespective of size. Cottage allotment. See under Alloment. [Eng.] -- Cottage cheese, the thick part of clabbered milk strained, salted, and pressed into a ball.

COTTAGED Cot"taged (-tjd), a.

Defn: Set or covered with cottages. Even humble Harting's cottaged vale. Collins.

COTTAGELY Cot"tage*ly (-tj-l), a.

Defn: Cottagelike; suitable for a cottage; rustic. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

COTTAGER Cot"ta*ger (kt"t-jr), n.

1. One who lives in a cottage.

2. (Law)

Defn: One who lives on the common, without paying any rent, or having land of his own.

COTTER; COTTAR Cot"ter, Cot"tar (kt"tr), n. Etym: [LL. cotarius, cottarius, coterius. See Cot.]

Defn: A cottager; a cottier. Burns. Through Sandwich Notch the West Wind sang Good morrow to the cotter. Whittier.

COTTER Cot"ter (kt"tr), n.

1. A piece of wood or metal, commonly wedge-shaped, used for fastening together parts of a machine or structure. It is driven into an opening through one or all of the parts.

Note: [See Illust.] In the United States a cotter is commonly called a key.

2. A toggle.

COTTER Cot"ter, v. t.

Defn: To fasten with a cotter.

COTTIER Cot"ti*er (-t-r), n. Etym: [OF. cotier. See Coterie, and cf. Cotter.]

Defn: In Great Britain and Ireland, a person who hires a small cottage, with or without a plot of land. Cottiers commonly aid in the work of the landlord's farm. [Written also cottar and cotter.]

COTTISE Cot"tise (kt"ts), n. Etym: [Cf. F. c side, L. costa rib.] (Her.)

Defn: A diminutive of the bendlet, containing one half its area or one quarter the area of the bend. When a single cottise is used alone it is often called a cost. See also Couple-close.

COTTISED Cot"tised (-tst), a. (Her.)

Defn: Set between two cottises, -- said of a bend; or between two barrulets, -- said of a bar or fess.

COTTOID Cot"toid (kt"toid), a. Etym: [NL. cottus sculpin + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like a fish of the genus Cottus. -- n.

Defn: A fish belonging to, or resembling, the genus Cottus. See Sculpin.

COTTOLENE Cot"to*lene`, n.

Defn: A product from cottonseed, used as lard.

COTTON Cot"ton (kt"t'n), n. Etym: [F. coton, Sp. algodon the cotton plant and its wool, coton printed cotton, cloth, fr. Ar. qutun, alqutun, cotton wool. Cf. Acton, Hacqueton.]

1. A soft, downy substance, resembling fine wool, consisting of the unicellular twisted hairs which grow on the seeds of the cotton plant. Long-staple cotton has a fiber sometimes almost two inches long; short-staple, from two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half.

2. The cotton plant. See Cotten plant, below.

3. Cloth made of cotton.

Note: Cotton is used as an adjective before many nouns in a sense which commonly needs no explanation; as, cottton bagging; cotton clotch; cotton goods; cotton industry; cotton mill; cotton spinning; cotton tick. Cotton cambric. See Cambric, n., 2. -- Cotton flannel, the manufactures' name for a heavy cotton fabric, twilled, and with a long plush nap. In England it is called swan's- down cotton, or Canton flannel. -- Cotton gin, a machine to separate the seeds from cotton, invented by Eli Whitney. -- Cotton grass (Bot.), a genus of plants (Eriphorum) of the Sedge family, having delicate capillary bristles surrounding the fruit (seedlike achenia), which elongate at maturity and resemble tufts of cotton. -- Cotton mouse (Zool.), a field mouse (Hesperomys gossypinus), injurious to cotton crops. -- Cotton plant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gossypium, of several species, all growing in warm climates, and bearing the cotton of commerce. The common species, originally Asiatic, is G. herbaceum. -- Cotton press, a building and machinery in which cotton bales are compressed into smaller bulk for shipment; a press for baling cotton. -- Cotton rose (Bot.), a genus of composite herbs (Filago), covered with a white substance resembling cotton. -- Cotton scale (Zoöl.), a species of bark louse (Pulvinaria innumerabilis), which does great damage to the cotton plant. -- Cotton shrub. Same as Cotton plant. -- Cotton stainer (Zoöl.), a species of hemipterous insect (Dysdercus suturellus), which seriously damages growing cotton by staining it; -- called also redbug. -- Cotton thistle (Bot.), the Scotch thistle. See under Thistle. -- Cotton velvet, velvet in which the warp and woof are both of cotton, and the pile is of silk; also, velvet made wholly of cotton. -- Cotton waste, the refuse of cotton mills. -- Cotton wool, cotton in its raw or woolly state. -- Cotton worm (Zool.), a lepidopterous insect (Aletia argillacea), which in the larval state does great damage to the cotton plant by eating the leaves. It also feeds on corn, etc., and hence is often called corn worm, and Southern army worm.

COTTON Cot"ton, v. i.

1. To rise with a regular nap, as cloth does. [Obs.] It cottons well; it can not choose but bear A pretty nap. Family of Love.

2. To go on prosperously; to succeed. [Obs.] New, Hephestion, does not this matter cotton as I would Lyly.

3. To unite; to agree; to make friends; -- usually followed by with. [Colloq.] A quarrel will end in one of you being turned off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another. Swift. Didst see, Frank, how the old goldsmith cottoned in with his beggarly companion Sir W. Scott.

4. To take a liking to; to stick to one as cotton; -- used with to. [Slang]

COTTONADE Cot"ton*ade` (kt"t'n-d`), n. Etym: [F. cottonade.]

Defn: A somewhat stoun and thick fabric of cotton.

COTTONARY Cot"ton*a*ry (--r), a.

Defn: Relating to, or composed of, cotton; cottony. [Obs.] Cottomary and woolly pillows. Sir T. Browne.

COTTON BATTING Cot"ton bat"ting.

Defn: Cotton prepared in sheets or rolls for quilting, upholstering, and similar purposes.

COTTONOUS Cot"ton*ous (-s), a.

Defn: Resembling cotton. [R.] Evelyn.

COTTON SEED; COTTONSEED Cotton seed, or, usually collectively, Cot"ton*seed`, n.

Defn: The seed of the cotton plant.

COTTONSEED MEAL Cottonseed meal.

Defn: A meal made from hulled cotton seeds after the oil has been expressed.

COTTONSEED OIL Cottonseed oil.

Defn: A fixed, semidrying oil extracted from cottonseed. It is pale yellow when pure (sp. gr., .92-.93). and is extensively used in soap making, in cookery, and as an adulterant of other oils.

COTTON STATE Cotton State.

Defn: Alabama; -- a nickname.

COTTONTAIL Cot"ton*tail` (kt"t'n-tl`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American wood rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus); -- also called Molly cottontail.

COTTONWEED Cot"ton*weed` (-wd`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cudweed.

COTTONWOOD Cot"ton*wood` (-wd`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: An American tree of the genus Populus or polar, having the seeds covered with abundant cottonlike hairs; esp., the P. monilifera and P. angustifolia of the Western United States.

COTTONY Cot"ton*y (-), a.

1. Covered with hairs or pubescence, like cotton; downy; nappy; woolly.

2. Of or pertaining to cotton; resembling cotton in appearance or character; soft, like cotton.

COTTREL Cot"trel (kt"trl), n.

Defn: A trammel, or hook to support a pot over a fire. Knight.

COTYLA; COTYLE Cot"y*la (kt"-l), Cot"y*le (kt"-l), n. Etym: [Gr. cotyla a measure.] (Anat.)

Defn: A cuplike cavity or organ. Same as Acetabulum.

COTYLEDON Cot`y*le"don (kt`-l"dn), n. Etym: [Gr.Cotyle.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: One of the patches of villi found in some forms of placenta.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A leaf borne by the caulicle or radicle of an embryo; a seed leaf.

Note: Many plants, as the bean and the maple, have two cotyledons, the grasses only one, and pines have several. In one African plant (Welwitschia) the cotyledons are permanent and grow to immense proportions.

COTYLEDONAL Cot`y*led"on*al (kt`-ld"n-al), a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a cotyledon.

COTYLEDONARY Cot`y*led"on*a*ry (--r), a.

Defn: Having a cotyledon; tufted; as, the cotyledonary placenta of the cow.

COTYLEDONOUS Cot`y*led"on*ous (-s; 277), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a cotyledon or cotyledons; having a seed lobe.

COTYLIFORM Co*tyl"i*form (k-tl"-frm), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Shaped like a cotyle or a cup.

COTYLIGEROUS Cot`y*lig"er*ous (kt`-lj"r-s), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -gerous.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having cotyles.

COTYLOID Cot"y*loid (kt"-loid), a. Etym: [Cotyle + -oid] (Anat.) (a) Shaped like a cup; as, the cotyloid cavity, which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) Pertaining to a cotyloid cavity; as, the cotyloid ligament, or notch.

COUCAL Cou"cal (k"kl), n. Etym: [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large, Old World, ground cuckoo of the genus Centropus, of several species.

COUCH Couch (kouch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Couched (koucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Couching.] Etym: [F. coucher to lay down, lie down, OF. colchier, fr. L. collocare to lay, put, place; col- + locare to place, fr. locus place. See Locus.]

1. To lay upon a bed or other resting place. Where unbruised youth, with unstuffed brain, Does couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shak.

2. To arrauge or dispose as in a bed; -- sometimes followed by the reflexive pronoun. The waters couch themselves as may be to the center of this globe, in a spherical convexity. T. Burnet.

3. To lay or deposit in a bed or layer; to bed. It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels of earth, in their walls. Bacon.

4. (Paper Making)

Defn: To transfer (as sheets of partly dried pulp) from the wire clotch mold to a felt blanket, for further drying.

5. To conceal; to include or involve darkly. There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under this allegory. L'Estrange.

6. To arrange; to place; to inlay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

7. To put into some form of language; to express; to phrase; -- used with in and under. A well-couched invective. Milton. I had received a letter from Flora couched in rather cool terms. Blackw. Mag.

8. (Med.)

Defn: To treat by pushing down or displacing the opaque lens with a needle; as, to couch a cataract. To couch a spear or lance, to lower to the position of attack; to place in rest. He stooped his head, and couched his spear, And spurred his steed to full career. Sir W. Scott. To couch malt, to spread malt on a floor. Mortimer.

COUCH Couch, v. i.

1. To lie down or recline, as on a bed or other place of rest; to repose; to lie. Where souls do couch on flowers, we 'll hand in hand. Shak. If I court moe women, you 'll couch with moe men. Shak.

2. To lie down for concealment; to hide; to be concealed; to be included or involved darkly. We 'll couch in the castle ditch, till we see the light of our fairies. Shak. The half-hidden, hallf-revealed wonders, that yet couch beneath the words of the Scripture. I. Taylor.

3. To bend the body, as in reverence, pain, labor, etc.; to stoop; to crouch. [Obs.] An aged squire That seemed to couch under his shield three-square. Spenser.

COUCH Couch, n. Etym: [F. couche, OF. colche, culche, fr. colchier. See Couch, v. t. ]

1. A bed or place for repose or sleep; particularly, in the United States, a lounge. Gentle sleep . . . why liest thou with the vile In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch Shak. Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant.

2. Any place for repose, as the lair of a beast, etc.

3. A mass of steeped barley spread upon a floor to germinate, in malting; or the floor occupied by the barley; as, couch of malt.

4. (Painting & Gilding)

Defn: A preliminary layer, as of color, size, etc.

COUCHANCY Couch"an*cy (kouch"an-s), n.

Defn: State of lying down for repose. [R.]

COUCHANT Couch"ant (kouch"ant), a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of coucher. See Couch, v. t.]

1. Lying down with head erect; squatting.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Lying down with the head raised, which distinguishes the posture of couchant from that of dormant, or sleeping; -- said of a lion or other beast. Couchant and levant (Law), rising up and lying down; -- said of beasts, and indicating that they have been long enough on land, not belonging to their owner, to lie down and rise up to feed, -- such time being held to include a day and night at the least. Blackstone.

COUCHE Cou`ché" (k`sh"), a. Etym: [F., p. p. of coucher. See Couch, v. t. ] (Her.) (a) Not erect; inclined; -- said of anything that is usually erect, as an escutcheon. (b) Lying on its side; thus, a chevron couché is one which emerges from one side of the escutcheon and has its apex on the opposite side, or at the fess point.

COUCHED Couched (koucht), a. (Her.)

Defn: Same as Couch.

COUCHEE Cou"chee (k"sh; F. k"sh"), n. Etym: [F. couch a sleeping place from coucher. See Couch, v. t. ]

Defn: A reception held at the time of going to bed, as by a sovereign or great prince. [Obs.] Dryden. The duke's levees and couchees were so crowded that the antechambers were full. Bp. Burnet.

COUCHER Couch"er (kouch"r), n.

1. One who couches.

2. (Paper Manuf.)

Defn: One who couches paper.

3. Etym: [Cf. L. collectarius.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) A factor or agent resident in a country for traffic. Blount. (b) The book in which a corporation or other body registers its

## particular acts. [Obs.] Cowell.

COUCH GRASS Couch" grass` (grs`). (Bot.)

Defn: See Quitch grass.

COUCHING Couch"ing, n.

1. (Med.)

Defn: The operation of putting down or displacing the opaque lens in cataract.

2. Embroidering by laying the materials upon the surface of the foundation, instead of drawing them through.

COUCHLESS Couch"less (kouch"ls), a.

Defn: Having no couch or bed.

COUDEE Cou"dee (k"d; F. k`d"), n. Etym: [F. coud, from coude elbow.]

Defn: A measure of length; the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; a cubit.

COUGAR Cou"gar (k"gr), n. Etym: [F. couguar, from the native name in the South American dialects, cuguacuara, cuguacuarana.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American feline quadruped (Felis concolor), resembling the African panther in size and habits. Its color is tawny, without spots; hence writers often called it the American lion. Called also puma, panther, mountain lion, and catamount. See Puma.

COUGH Cough (kf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Coughed (kft); p. pr. & vb. n. Coughing.] Etym: [Cf. D. kuchen, MHG. k to breathe, G. keuchen to pant, and E. chincough, the first part of which is prob. akin to cough; cf. also E. choke.]

Defn: To expel air, or obstructing or irritating matter, from the lungs or air passages, in a noisy and violent manner.

COUGH Cough, v. t.

1. To expel from the lungs or air passages by coughing; -- followed by up; as, to cough up phlegm.

2. To bring to a specified state by coughing; as, he coughed himself hoarse. To cough down, to silence or put down (an objectionable speaker) by simulated coughing.

COUGH Cough, n. Etym: [Cg. D. kuch. See Cough, v. i. ]

1. A sudden, noisy, and violent expulsion of air from the chest, caused by irritation in the air passages, or by the reflex action of nervous or gastric disorder, etc.

2. The more or less frequent repetition of coughing, constituting a symptom of disease. Stomach cough, Ear cough, cough due to irritation in the stomach or ear.

COUGHER Cough"er (kf"r), n.

Defn: One who coughs.

COUHAGE Cou"hage (kou"j), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cowhage.

COULD Could (kd), imp. of Can. Etym: [OF. coude. The l was inserted by mistake, under the influence of should and would.]

Defn: Was, should be, or would be, able, capable, or susceptible. Used as an auxiliary, in the past tense or in the conditional present.

COULEE Cou`lee" (k`l"), n. Etym: [F. coulée, fr. couler to run or flow.]

Defn: A stream; (Geol.)

Defn: a stream of lava. Also, in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a cañon, which has precipitous sides.

COULEUR Cou`leur", n. [F.]

1. Color; -- chiefly used in a few French phrases, as couler de rose, color of rose; and hence, adjectively, rose-colored; roseate.

2. A suit of cards, as hearts or clubs; --used in some French games.

COULISSE Cou*lisse" (k-ls"; F. k`ls"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couler to flow, glide.]

1. A piece of timber having a groove in which something glides.

2. One of the side scenes of the stage in a theater, or the space included between the side scenes.

COULOIR Cou`loir" (k`lwr"), n. Etym: [F., a strainer.]

1. A deep gorge; a gully.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.)

Defn: A dredging machine for excavating canals, etc.

COULOMB Cou`lomb" (k`ln"), n. Etym: [From Coulomb, a French physicist and electrican.] (Physics)

Defn: The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantitty transferred by one ampère in one second. Formerly called weber.

COULOMB METER Cou`lomb" me"ter. (Elec.)

Defn: Any instrument by which electricity can be measured in coulombs.

COULOMB'S LAW Cou`lomb's" law. (Physics)

Defn: The law that the force exerted between two electric or magnetic charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely to the square of the distance between them.

COULTER Coul"ter (kl"tr), n.

Defn: Same as Colter.

COULTERNEB Coul"ter*neb` (-nb`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The puffin.

COULURE Cou*lure", n. [F., prop., a dropping.] (Hort.)

Defn: A disease affecting grapes, esp. in California, manifested by the premature dropping of the fruit.

COUMARIC Cou*mar"ic (k-mr"k), a.

Defn: Relating to, derived from, or like, the Dipterix odorata, a tree of Guiana. Coumaric acid (Chem.), one of a series of aromatic acids, related to cinnamic acid, the most important of which is a white crystalline substance, HO.C6H4.C2H2.CO2H, obtained from the tonka bean, sweet clover, etc., and also produced artifically.

COUMARIN Cou"ma*rin (k"m-rn), n. Etym: [F., fr. coumarou, a tree of Guiana.] (Chem.)

Defn: The concrete essence of the tonka bean, the fruit of Dipterix (formerly Coumarouna) odorata and consisting essentially of coumarin proper, which is a white crystalline substance, C9H6O2, of vanilla- like odor, regarded as an anhydride of coumaric acid, and used in flavoring. Coumarin in also made artificially.

COUMAROU Cou"ma*rou, n. [See Coumarin.] (Bot.)

Defn: The tree (Dipteryx odorata) which bears the tonka bean; also, the bean itself.

COUNCIL Coun"cil (koun"sl), n. Etym: [F. concile, fr. L. concilium; con- + calare to call, akin to Gr. hale, v., haul. Cf. Conciliate. This word is often confounded with counsel, with which it has no connection.]

1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice; as, a council of physicians for consultation in a critical case.

2. A body of man elected or appointed to constitute an advisory or a legislative assembly; as, a governor's council; a city council. An old lord of the council rated me the other day. Shak.

3. Act of deliberating; deliberation; consultation. Satan . . . void of rest, His potentates to council called by night. Milton. O great in action and in council wise. Pope. Aulic council. See under Aulic. -- Cabinet council. See under Cabinet. -- City council, the legislative branch of a city government, usually consisting of a board of aldermen and common council, but sometimes otherwise constituted. -- Common council. See under Common. -- Council board, Council table, the table round which a council holds consultation; also, the council itself in deliberation. -- Council chamber, the room or apartment in which a council meets. -- Council fire, the ceremonial fire kept burning while the Indians hold their councils. [U.S.] Barilett. -- Council of war, an assembly of officers of high rank, called to consult with the commander in chief in regard to measures or importance or nesessity. -- Ecumenical council (Eccl.), an assembly of prelates or divines convened from the whole body of the church to regulate matters of doctrine or discipline. -- Executive council, a body of men elected as advisers of the chief magistrate, whether of a State or the nation. [U.S.] -- Legislative council, the upper house of a legislature, usually called the senate. -- Privy council. See under Privy. [Eng.]

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; congress; diet; parliament; convention; convocation; synod.

COUNCILIST Coun"cil*ist (koun"sl-st), n.

Defn: One who belong to a council; one who gives an opinion. [Obs.] I will in three months be an expert counsilist. Milton.

COUNCILMAN Coun"cil*man (koun`sl-man), n.; pl. Councilmen (-men).

Defn: A member of a council, especially of the common council of a city; a councilor.

COUNCILOR Coun"cil*or (koun"sl-r), n.

Defn: A member of a council. [Written also councillor.]

Note: The distinction between councilor, a member of a council, and counselor, one who gives councel, was not formerly made, but is now very generally recognized and observed.

CO-UNE Co`-une" (k`n"), v. t. Etym: [L. co- + unus one.]

Defn: To combine or unite. [Obs.] "Co-uned together." Feltham.

CO-UNITE Co`-u*nite" (k`-nt"), v. t.

Defn: To unite. [Obs.]

CO-UNITE Co`-u*nite", a.

Defn: United closely with another. [Obs.]

COUNSEL Coun"sel (koun"sl), n. Etym: [OE. conc, F. conseil, fr. L. consilium, fr. the root of consulere to consult, of uncertain origin. Cf. Consult, Consul.]

1. Interchange of opinions; mutual advising; consultation. All the chief priest and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus, to put him to death. Matt. xxvii. 1.

2. Examination of consequences; exercise of deliberate judgment; prudence. They all confess, therefore, in the working of that first cause, that counsel is used. Hooker.

3. Result of consultation; advice; instruction. I like thy counsel; well hast thou advised. Shak. It was ill counsel had misled the girl. Tennyson.

4. Deliberate purpose; design; intent; scheme; plan. The counsel of the Lord standeth forever. Ps. xxxiii. 11. The counsels of the wicked are deceit. Prov. xii. 5.

5. A secret opinion or purpose; a private matter. Thilke lord . . . to whom no counsel may be hid. Gower.

6. One who gives advice, especially in legal matters; one professionally engaged in the trial or management of a cause in court; also, collectively, the legal advocates united in the management of a case; as, the defendant has able counsel. The King found his counsel as refractory as his judges. Macaulay.

Note: The some courts a distinction is observed between the attorney and the counsel in a cause, the former being employed in the management iof the more mechanical parts of the suit, the latter in attending to the pleadings, managing the cause at the trial, and in applying the law to the exigencies of the case during the whole progress of the suit. In other courts the same person can exercise the powers of each. See Attorney. Kent. In counsel, in secret. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To keep counsel, or To keep one's own counsel, to keep one's thoughts, purposes, etc., undisclosed. The players can not keep counsel: they 'll tell all. Shak.

Syn. -- Advice; consideration; consultation; purpose; scheme; opinion.

COUNSEL Coun"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counseled (-sld) or Counselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Counseling or Counselling.] Etym: [OE. conseilen, counseilen, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliari, fr. consilium counsel.]

1. To give advice to; to advice, admonish, or instruct, as a person. Good sir, I do in friendship counsel you To leave this place. Shak.

2. To advise or recommend, as an act or course. They who counsel war. Milton. Thus Belial, with words clothed in reson's garb, Counseled ignoble ease and peaceful sloth. Milton.

COUNSELABLE Coun"sel*a*ble (--b'l), a. Etym: [Written also counsellable.]

1. Willing to receive counsel or follow advice. [R.] Few men of so great parts were upon all occasions more counselable than he. Clarendon.

2. Suitable to be advised; advisable, wise. [Obs.] He did not believe it counselable. Clarendon.

COUNSELOR Coun"sel*or (koun"sl-r), n. [Written also counsellor.] Etym: [OE. conseiler, F. conseiller, fr. L. consiliarius, fr. consilium counsel.]

1. One who counsels; an adviser. Can he that speaks with the tongue of an enemy be a good counselor, or no Shak.

2. A member of council; one appointed to advise a sovereign or chief magistrate.

Note: [See under Consilor.]

3. One whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients in court; a barrister. Good counselors lack no clients. Shak.

COUNSELORSHIP Coun"sel*or*ship (koun"sl-r-shp), n.

Defn: The function and rank or office of a counselor. Bacon.

COUNT Count (kount), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counting.] Etym: [OF. conter, and later (etymological spelling) compter, in modern French thus distinguished; conter to relate (cf. Recount, Account), compter to count; fr. L. computuare to reckon, compute; com- + putare to reckon, settle, order, prune, orig., to clean. See Pure, and cf. Compute.]

1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, for the purpose of ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection; to number; to enumerate; to compute; to reckon. Who can count the dust of Jacob Num. xxiii. 10. In a journey of forty miles, Avaux counted only three miserable cabins. Macaulay.

2. To place to an account; to ascribe or impute; to consider or esteem as belonging. Abracham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. Rom. iv. 3.

3. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider. I count myself in nothing else so happy As in a soul remembering my good friends. Shak. To count out. (a) To exclude (one) will not particapate or cannot be depended upon. (b) (House of Commons) To declare adjourned, as a sitting of the House, when it is ascertained that a quorum is not present. (c) To prevent the accession of (a person) to office, by a fraudulent return or count of the votes cast; -- said of a candidate really elected. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- To calculate; number; reckon; compute; enumerate. See Calculate.

COUNT Count, v. i.

1. To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as, every vote counts; accidents count for nothing. This excellent man . . . counted among the best and wisest of English statesmen. J. A. Symonds.

2. To reckon; to rely; to depend; -- with on or upon. He was brewer to the palace; and it was apprehended that the government counted on his voice. Macaulay. I think it a great error to count upon the genius of a nation as a standing argument in all ages. Swift.

3. To take account or note; -- with of. [Obs.] "No man counts of her beauty." Shak.

4. (Eng. Law)

Defn: To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count. Burrill.

COUNT Count, n. Etym: [F. conte and compte, with different meanings, fr. L. computus a computation, fr. computare. See Count, v. t.]

1. The act of numbering; reckoning; also, the number ascertained by counting. Of blessed saints for to increase the count. Spenser. By this count, I shall be much in years. Shak.

2. An object of interest or account; value; estimation. [Obs.] "All his care and count." Spenser.

3. (Law)

Defn: A formal statement of the plaintiff's case in court; in a more technical and correct sense, a particular allegation or charge in a declaration or indictment, separately setting forth the cause of

## action or prosecution. Wharton.

Note: In the old law books, count was used synonymously with declaration. When the plaintiff has but a single cause of action, and makes but one statement of it, that statement is called indifferently count or declaration, most generally, however, the latter. But where the suit embraces several causes, or the plaintiff makes several different statements of the same cause of action, each statement is called a count, and all of them combined, a declaration. Bouvier. Wharton.

COUNT Count, n. Etym: [F. conte, fr. L. comes, comitis, associate, companion, one of the imperial court or train, properly, one who goes with another; com- + ire to go, akin to Skr. i to go.]

Defn: A nobleman on the continent of Europe, equal in rank to an English earl.

Note: Though the tittle Count has never been introduced into Britain, the wives of Earls have, from the earliest period of its history, been designated as Countesses. Brande & C. Count palatine. (a) Formerly, the proprietor of a county who possessed royal prerogatives within his county, as did the Earl of Chester, the Bishop of Durham, and the Duke of Lancaster. [Eng.] See County palatine, under County. (b) Originally, a high judicial officer of the German emperors; afterward, the holder of a fief, to whom was granted the right to exercise certain imperial powers within his own domains. [Germany]

COUNTABLE Count"a*ble (--b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being numbered.

COUNTENANCE Coun"te*nance (koun"t-nans), n. Etym: [OE. contenance, countenaunce, demeanor, composure, F. contenance demeanor, fr. L. continentia continence, LL. also, demeanor, fr. L. continere to hold together, repress, contain. See Contain, and cf. Continence.]

1. Appearance or expression of the face; look; aspect; mien. So spake the Son, and into terror changed His countenance. Milton.

2. The face; the features. In countenance somewhat doth resemble you. Shak.

3. Approving or encouraging aspect of face; hence, favor, good will, support; aid; encouragement. Thou hast made him . . . glad with thy countenance. Ps. xxi. 6. This is the magistrate's peculiar province, to give countenance to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice. Atterbury.

4. Superficial appearance; show; pretense. [Obs.] The election being done, he made countenance of great discontent thereat. Ascham. In countenance, in an assured condition or aspect; free from shame or dismay. "It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place among the fashionable part of mankind." Addison. -- Out of countenance, not bold or assured; confounded; abashed. "Their best friends were out of countenance, because they found that the imputations . . . were well grounded." Clarendon. -- To keep the countenance, to preserve a composed or natural look, undisturbed by passion or emotion. Swift.

COUNTENANCE Coun"te*nance (koun"t-nans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countenanced (- nanst); p. pr. & vb. n. Countenancing.]

1. To encourage; to favor; to approve; to aid; to abet. This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not made out either by experience or reason. Sir T. Browne. Error supports custom, custom countenances error. Milton.

2. To make a show of; to pretend. [Obs.] Which to these ladies love did countenance. Spenser.

COUNTENANCER Coun"te*nan*cer (-nan-sr), n.

Defn: One who countenances, favors, or supports.

COUNTER Coun"ter (koun"tr-).

Note: [See Counter, adv. ]

Defn: A prefix meaning contrary, opposite, in opposition; as, counteract, counterbalance, countercheck. See Counter, adv. & a.

COUNTER Count"er (koun"tr), n. Etym: [OE. countere, countour, a counter (in sense 1), OF. contere, conteor, fr. conter to count. See Count, v. t. ]

1. One who counts, or reckons up; a calculator; a reckoner.

2. A piece of metal, ivory, wood, or bone, used in reckoning, in keeping account of games, etc. The old gods of our own race whose names . . . serve as counters reckon the days of the week. E. B. Tylor. What comes the wool to . . . I can not do it witthout counters. Shak.

3. Money; coin; -- used in contempt. [Obs.] To lock such rascal counters from his friends. Shak.

4. A prison; either of two prisons formerly in London. Anne Aysavugh . . . imprisoned in the Counter. Fuller.

5. A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations. Knight.

COUNTER Coun"ter, n. Etym: [OE. countour, OF. contouer, comptouer, F. comptoir, LL. computatorium, prop., a computing place, place of accounts, fr. L. computare. See Count, v. t.]

Defn: A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted; a long, narrow table or bench, on which goods are laid for examination by purchasers, or on which they are weighed or measured.

COUNTER Coun"ter, adv. Etym: [F. contre, fr. L. contra against. Cf. Contra-.]

1. Contrary; in opposition; in an opposite direction; contrariwise; - - used chiefly with run or go. Running counter to all the rules of virtue. Locks.

2. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course; as, a hound that runs counter. This is counter, you false Danish dogs! Shak.

3. At or against the front or face. [R.] Which [darts] they never throw counter, but at the back of the flier. Sandys.

COUNTER Coun"ter, a.

Defn: Contrary; opposite; contrasted; opposed; adverse; antagonistic; as, a counter current; a counter revolution; a counter poison; a counter agent; counter fugue. "Innumerable facts attesting the counter principle." I. Taylor. Counter approach (Fort.), a trench or work pushed forward from defensive works to meet the approaches of besiegers. See Approach. -- Counter bond (Law), in old practice, a bond to secure one who has given bond for another. -- Counter brace. See Counter brace, in Vocabulary. -- Counter deed (Law), a secret writing which destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public deed. -- Counter distinction, contradistinction. [Obs.] -- Counter drain, a drain at the foot of the embankment of a canal or watercourse, for carrying off the water that may soak through. -- Counter extension (Surg.), the fixation of the upper part of a limb, while extension is practiced on the lower part, as in cases of luxation or fracture. -- Counter fissure (Surg.) Same as Contrafissure. -- Counter indication. (Med.) Same as Contraindication. -- Counter irritant (Med.), an irritant to produce a blister, a pustular eruption, or other irritation in some part of the body, in order to relieve an existing irritation in some other part. "Counter irritants are of as great use in moral as in physical diseases." Macaulay. -- Counter irritation (Med.), the act or the result of applying a counter irritant. -- Counter opening, an aperture or vent on the opposite side, or in a different place. -Counter parole (Mil.), a word in addition to the password, given in time of alarm as a signal. -- Counter plea (Law), a replication to a plea. Cowell. -- Counter pressure, force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction to some other opposing pressure. -- Counter project, a project, scheme, or proposal brought forward in opposition to another, as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. -- Counter proof, in engraving, a print taken off from another just printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives a copy in reverse, and of course in the same position as that of plate from which the first was printed, the object being to enable the engraver to inspect the state of the plate. -- Counter revolution, a revolution opposed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. -- Counter revolutionist, one engaged in, or befriending, a counter revolution. -- Counter round (Mil.), a body of officers whose duty it is to visit and inspect the rounds and sentinels. -- Counter sea (Naut.), a sea running in an opposite direction from the wind. -- Counter sense, opposite meaning. -- Counter signal, a signal to answer or correspond to another. -- Counter signature, the name of a secretary or other officer countersigned to a writing. . Tooke. -- Counter slope, an overhanging slope; as, a wall with a counter slope. Mahan. -- Counter statement, a statement made in opposition to, or denial of, another statement. -- Counter surety, a counter bond, or a surety to secure one who has given security. -- Counter tally, a tally corresponding to another. -- Counter tide, contrary tide.

COUNTER Coun"ter, n. Etym: [See Counter, adv., Contra.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The after part of a vessel's body, from the water line to the stern, -- below and somewhat forward of the stern proper.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: Same as Contra. Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to counter tenor.

3. (Far.)

Defn: The breast, or thet part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck.

4. The back leather or heel part of a boot.

COUNTER Coun"ter (koun"tr), n.

Defn: An encounter. [Obs.] With kindly counter under mimic shade. Spenser.

COUNTER Coun"ter, v. i. (Boxing)

Defn: To return a blow while receiving one, as in boxing. His left hand countered provokingly. C. Kingsley.

COUNTERACT Coun`ter*act" (koun`tr-kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counteracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Counteracting.]

Defn: To act in opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by contrary agency or influence; as, to counteract the effect of medicines; to counteract good advice.

COUNTERACTION Coun`ter*ac"tion (koun`tr-k"shn), n.

Defn: Action in opposition; hindrance resistance. [They] do not . . . overcome the counteraction of a false principle or of stubborn partiality. Johnson.

COUNTERACTIVE Coun`ter*act"ive (-kt"v), a.

Defn: Tending to counteract.

COUNTERACTIVE Coun`ter*act"ive, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, counteracts.

COUNTERACTIVELY Coun`ter*act"ive*ly, adv.

Defn: By counteraction.

COUNTERBALANCE Coun`ter*bal"ance (-bl"ans), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterbalanced (- anst); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterbalancing.]

Defn: To oppose with an equal weight or power; to counteract the power or effect of; to countervail; to equiponderate; to balance. The remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial cylinder. Boyle. The cstudy of mind is necessary to counterbalance and correct the influence of the study of nature. Sir W. Hamilton.

COUNTERBALANCE Coun"ter*bal`ance (koun"tr-bl`ans), n.

Defn: A weight, power, or agency, acting against or balancing another; as: (a) A mass of metal in one side of a driving wheel or fly wheel, to balance the weight of a crank pin, etc., on the opposite side of the wheel. (b) A counterpoise to balance the weight of anything, as of a drawbridge or a scale beam. Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchasable by it. Locke.

COUNTERBORE Coun"ter*bore` (-br`), n.

1. A flat-bottomed cylindrical enlargement of the mouth of a hole, usually of slight depth, as for receiving a cylindrical screw head.

2. A kind of pin drill with the cutting edge or edges normal to the axis; -- used for enlarging a hole, or for forming a flat-bottomed recess at its mouth.

COUNTERBORE Coun`ter*bore" (koun`tr-br"), v. t.

Defn: To form a counterbore in, by boring, turning, or drilling; to enlarge, as a hole, by means of a counterbore.

COUNTER BRACE Coun"ter brace` (brs`).

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The brace of the fore-topsail on the leeward side of a vessel.

2. (Engin.)

Defn: A brace, in a framed structure, which resists a strain of a character opposite to that which a main brace is designed to receive.

Note: In a quadrilateral system of bracing, the main brace is usually in the direction of one diagonal, and the counter brace in the direction of the other. Strains in counter braces are occasioned by the live load only, as, in a roof, by the wind, or, in a bridge, by a moving train.

COUNTERBRACE Coun"ter*brace`, v. t.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: To brace in opposite directions; as, to counterbrace the yards, i. e., to brace the head yards one way and the after yards another.

2. (Engin.)

Defn: To brace in such a way that opposite strains are resisted; to apply counter braces to.

COUNTERBUFF Coun`ter*buff" (koun`tr-bf"), v. t.

Defn: To strike or drive back or in an opposite direction; to stop by a blow or impulse in front. Dryden.

COUNTERBUFF Coun"ter*buff` (koun"tr-bf`), n.

Defn: A blow in an opposite direction; a stroke that stops motion or cause a recoil.

COUNTERCAST Coun"ter*cast` (koun"tr-kst`), n.

Defn: A trick; a delusive contrivance. [Obs.] Spenser.

COUNTERCASTER Coun"ter*cast`er (-r), n.

Defn: A caster of accounts; a reckoner; a bookkeeper; -- used conteptuously.

COUNTERCHANGE Coun`ter*change" (koun`tr-chnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchanged (-chnjd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchanging.]

1. To give and receive; to cause to change places; to exchange.

2. To checker; to diversify, as in heraldic counterchanging. See Counterchaged, a., 2. With-elms, that counterchange the floor Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright. Tennyson.

COUNTERCHANGE Coun"ter*change` (koun"tr-chnj`), n.

Defn: Exchange; reciprocation.

COUNTERCHANGED Coun`ter*changed" (-chnjd"), a.

1. Exchanged.

2. (Her.)

Defn: Having the tinctures exchanged mutually; thus, if the field is divided palewise, or and azure, and cross is borne counterchanged, that part of the cross which comes on the azure side will be or, and that on the or side will be azure.

COUNTERCHARGE Coun"ter*charge` (koun"tr-chrj`), n.

Defn: An opposing charge.

COUNTERCHARM Coun`ter*charm" (koun`tr-chrm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countercharmed (-chrmd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countercharming.]

Defn: To destroy the effect of a charm upon.

COUNTERCHARM Coun"ter*charm` (koun"tr-chrm`), n.

Defn: That which has the power of destroying the effect of a charm.

COUNTERCHECK Coun`ter*check" (koun`tr-chk"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterchecked (- chckt"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterchecking.]

Defn: To oppose or check by some obstacle; to check by a return check.

COUNTERCHECK Coun"ter*check` (koun"tr-chk`), n.

1. A check; a stop; a rebuke, or censure to check a reprover.

2. Any force or device designed to restrain another restraining force; a check upon a check. The system of checks and counterchecks. J. H. Newton.

COUNTERCLAIM Coun"ter*claim` (-klm`), n. (Law)

Defn: A claim made by a person as an offset to a claim made on him.

COUNTER-COMPONY Coun"ter-com*po`ny (-km-p`n), a. (Her.)

Defn: See Compony.

COUNTER-COUCHANT Coun"ter-couch`ant (koun"tr-kouch"ant), a. (Her.)

Defn: Lying down, with their heads in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coat of arms.

COUNTER-COURANT Coun"ter-cou*rant" (-k-rnt"), a. (Her.)

Defn: Running in opposite directions; -- said of animals borne in a coast of arms.

COUNTERCURRENT Coun"ter*cur`rent (koun"tr-kr`-rent), a.

Defn: Running in an opposite direction.

COUNTERCURRENT Coun"ter*cur`rent, n.

Defn: A current running in an opposite direction to the main current.

COUNTERDRAW Coun`ter*draw" (koun`tr-dr"), v. t. [imp. Counterdrew (-dr"); p. p. Counterdrawn (-drn"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterdrawing.]

Defn: To copy, as a design or painting, by tracing with a pencil on oiled paper, or other transparent substance.

COUNTERFAISANCE Coun"ter*fai"sance (koun"tr-f"zans), n.

Defn: See Counterfesance. [Obs.]

COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit (koun"tr-ft), a. Etym: [F. contrefait, p. p. of contrefaire to counterfeit; contre (L. contra) + faire to make, fr. L. facere. See Counter, adv., and Fact.]

1. Representing by imitation or likeness; having a resemblance to something else; portrayed. Look here upon this picture, and on this-The counterfeit presentment of two brothers. Shak.

2. Fabricated in imitation of something else, with a view to defraud by passing the false copy for genuine or original; as, counterfeit antiques; counterfeit coin. "No counterfeit gem." Robinson (More's Utopia).

3. Assuming the appearance of something; false; spurious; deceitful; hypocritical; as, a counterfeit philanthropist. "An arrant counterfeit rascal." Shak.

Syn. -- Forged; fictitious; spurious; false.

COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, n.

1. That which resembles or is like another thing; a likeness; a portrait; a counterpart. Thou drawest a counterfeit Best in all Athens. Shak. Even Nature's self envied the same, And grudged to see the counterfeit should shame The thing itself. Spenser.

2. That which is made in imitation of something, with a view to deceive by passing the false for the true; as, the bank note was a counterfeit. Never call a true piece of gold a counterfeit. Shak. Some of these counterfeits are fabricated with such exquisite taste and skill, that it is the achievement of criticism to distinguish them from originals. Macaulay.

3. One who pretends to be what he is not; one who personates another; an impostor; a cheat. I fear thou art another counterfeit; And yet, in faith, thou bears'st thee like a king. Shak.

COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Counterfeiting.]

1. To imitate, or put on a semblance of; to mimic; as, to counterfeit the voice of another person. Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee At all his jokes, for many a joke had he. Goldsmith.

2. To imitate with a view to deceiving, by passing the copy for that which is original or genuine; to forge; as, to counterfeit the signature of another, coins, notes, etc.

COUNTERFEIT Coun"ter*feit, v. i.

1. To carry on a deception; to dissemble; to feign; to pretend. The knave counterfeits well; a good knave. Shak.

2. To make counterfeits.

COUNTERFEITER Coun"ter*feit`er (-ft`r), n.

1. One who counterfeits; one who copies or imitates; especially, one who copies or forges bank notes or coin; a forger. The coin which was corrupted by counterfeiters. Camden.

2. One who assumes a false appearance or semblance; one who makes false pretenses. Counterfeiters of devotion. Sherwood.

COUNTERFEITLY Coun"ter*feit`ly, adv.

Defn: By forgery; falsely.

COUNTERFESANCE Coun"ter*fe`sance (-f"zans), n. Etym: [OF. contrefaisance, fr. contrefaire. See Counterfeit, a.]

Defn: The act of forging; forgery. [Obs.] [Written also counterfaisance.]

COUNTERFLEURY Coun"ter*fleu`ry (koun"tr-fl`r), a. Etym: [F. contrefleuri.] (Her.)

Defn: Counterflory.

COUNTERFLORY Coun"ter*flo`ry (-fl`r), a. Etym: [See Counterfleury.] (Her.)

Defn: Adorned with flowers (usually fleurs-de-lis) so divided that the tops appear on one side and the bottoms on the others; -- said of any ordinary.

COUNTERFOIL Coun"ter*foil` (-foil), n. Etym: [Counter- + foil a leaf.]

1. That part of a tally, formerly in the exchequer, which was kept by an officer in that court, the other, called the stock, being delivered to the person who had lent the king money on the account; - - called also counterstock. [Eng.]

2. The part of a writing (as the stub of a bank check) in which are noted the main particulars contained in the corresponding part, which has been issued.

COUNTERFORCE Coun"ter*force` (-frs`), n.

Defn: An opposing force.

COUNTERFORT Coun"ter*fort` (-frt`), n.

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A kind of buttress of masonry to strengthen a revetment wall.

2. A spur or projection of a mountain. Imp. Dict.

COUNTERGAGE Coun"ter*gage` (-gj`), n. (Carp.)

Defn: An adjustable gage, with double points for transferring measurements from one timber to another, as the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be made. Knight.

COUNTERGLOW Coun"ter*glow`, n. (Astron.)

Defn: An exceedingly faint roundish or somewhat oblong nebulous light near the ecliptic and opposite the sun, best seen during September and October, when in the constellations Sagittarius and Pisces. Its cause is not yet understood. Called also Gegenschein.

COUNTERGUARD Coun"ter*guard` (koun"tr-grd`), n. (Fort.)

Defn: A low outwork before a bastion or ravelin, consisting of two lines of rampart parallel to the faces of the bastion, and protecting them from a breaching fire.

COUNTERIRRITANT; COUNTERIRRITATION Coun"ter*ir`ri*tant (-r"r-tant), n., Coun"ter*ir`ri*ta"tion, n.

Defn: See Counter irritant, etc., under Counter, a.

COUNTERIRRITATE Coun"ter*ir"ri*tate (koun"tr-r"r-tt), v. t. (Med.)

Defn: To produce counter irritation in; to treat with one morbid process for the purpose of curing another.

COUNTERJUMPER Coun"ter*jump`er (koun"tr-jmp`r), n.

Defn: A salesman in a shop; a shopman; -- used contemtuously. [Slang]

COUNTERLATH Coun"ter*lath`, n. (Building) (a) A batten laid lengthwise between two rafters to afford a bearing for laths laid crosswise. (b) Any lath laid without actual measurement between two gauged laths. (c) Any of a series of laths nailed to the timbers to raise the sheet lathing above their surface to afford a key for plastering. (d) One of many laths used in preparing one side of a partition or framed wall, when the other side has been covered in and finished.

COUNTERMAN Coun"ter*man (koun"tr-man), n.; pl. Countermen (-men).

Defn: A man who attends at the counter of a shop to sell goods. [Eng.]

COUNTERMAND Coun`ter*mand" (koun`tr-mnd"), v. t. [imp & p. p. Countermanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermanding.] Etym: [F. contremander; contre (L. contra) + mander to command, fr. L. mandare. Cf. Mandate.]

1. To revoke (a former command); to cancel or rescind by giving an order contrary to one previously given; as, to countermand an order for goods.

2. To prohibit; to forbid. [Obs.] Avicen countermands letting blood in choleric bodles. Harvey.

3. To oppose; to revoke the command of. For us to alter anuthing, is to lift ourselves against God; and, as it were, to countermand him. Hooker.

COUNTERMAND Coun"ter*mand (koun"tr-mnd), n.

Defn: A contrary order; revocation of a former order or command. Have you no countermand for Claudio yet, But he must die to-morrow Shak.

COUNTERMANDABLE Coun`ter*mand"a*ble (-mnd"-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being countermanded; revocable. Bacon.

COUNTERMARCH Coun`ter*march" (koun`tr-mrch"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Countermarched (-mrcht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermarching.] (Mil.)

Defn: To march back, or to march in reversed order. The two armies marched and countermarched, drew near and receded. Macaulay.

COUNTERMARCH Coun"ter*march` (koun"tr-mrch`), n.

1. A marching back; retrocession.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: An evolution by which a body of troops change front or reverse the direction of march while retaining the same men in the front rank; also, a movement by which the rear rank becomes the front one, either with or without changing the right to the left.

3. A change of measures; alteration of conduct. Such countermarches and retractions as we do not willingly impute to wisdom. T. Burnet.

COUNTERMARK Coun"ter*mark` (-mrk`), n.

1. A mark or token added to those already existing, in order to afford security or proof; as, an additional or special mark put upon a package of goods belonging to several persons, that it may not be opened except in the presence of all; a mark added to that of an artificer of gold or silver work by the Goldsmiths' Company of London, to attest the standard quality of the gold or silver; a mark added to an ancient coin or medal, to show either its change of value or that it was taken from an enemy.

2. (Far.)

Defn: An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses that have outgrown their natural mark, to disguise their age.

COUNTERMARK Coun`ter*mark" (koun`tr-mrk"), v. t.

Defn: To apply a countenmark to; as, to countermark silverware; to countermark a horse's teeth.

COUNTERMINE Coun"ter*mine` (koun"tr-mn`), n. Etym: [Counter- + mine underground gallery: cf. F. contermine.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: An underground gallery excavated to intercept and destroy the mining of an enemy.

2. A stratagem or plot by which another sratagem or project is defeated. Thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine against contempt but terror. Sir P. Sidney.

COUNTERMINE Coun`ter*mine" (koun`tr-mn"), v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. contreminer.] [imp. & p. p. Countermined; p. pr. & vb. n. Countermining.]

1. (Mil.)

Defn: To oppose by means or a countermine; to intercept with a countermine.

2. To frustrate or counteract by secret measures.

COUNTERMINE Coun`ter*mine", v. i.

Defn: To make a countermine or counterplot; to plot secretly. 'Tis hard for man to countermine with God. Chapman.

COUNTERMOVE Coun`ter*move" (koun`tr-mv"), v. t. & i.

Defn: To move in a contrary direction to.

COUNTERMOVE; COUNTERMOVEMENT Coun"ter*move` (-mv`), n. Coun"ter*move`ment (-ment).

Defn: A movement in opposition to another.

COUNTERMURE Coun"ter*mure` (-mr`), n. Etym: [Counter- + mure: cf. F. contremur.] (Fort.)

Defn: A wall raised behind another, to supply its place when breached or destroyed. [R.] Cf. Contramure. Knolles.

COUNTERMURE Coun`ter*mure" (koun`tr-mr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countermured (- mrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countermuring.] Etym: [Cf. F. contremurer.]

Defn: To fortify with a wall behind another wall. [R.] Kyd.

COUNTERNATURAL Coun"ter*nat`u*ral (koun"tr-nt`-ral; 135), a.

Defn: Contrary to nature. [R.] Harvey.

COUNTER-PALY Coun"ter-pa`ly (-p`l), a. Etym: [F. contre-palé.] (Her.)

Defn: Paly, and then divided fesswise, so that each vertical piece is cut into two, having the colors used alternately or counterchanged. Thus the escutcheon in the illustration may also be blazoned paly of six per fess counterchanged argent and azure.

COUNTERPANE Coun"ter*pane` (koun"tr-pn`), n. Etym: [See Counterpoint, corrupted into counterpane, from the employment of pane-shaped figures in these coverlets. ]

Defn: A coverlet for a bed, -- originally stitched or woven in squares or figures. On which a tissue counterpane was cast. Drayton.

COUNTERPANE Coun"ter*pane`, n. Etym: [OF. contrepan a pledge, security; contre + pan a skirt, also, a pawn or gage, F. pan a skirt. See Pane, and cf. Pawn.] (O. Law)

Defn: A duplicate part or copy of an indenture, deed, etc., corresponding with the original; -- now called counterpart. Read, scribe; give me the counterpane. B. Jonson.

COUNTERPART Coun"ter*part` (koun"tr-prt`), n.

1. A part corresponding to another part; anything which answers, or corresponds, to another; a copy; a duplicate; a facsimile. In same things the laws of Normandy agreed with the laws of England, so that they seem to be, as it were, copies or counterparts one of another. Sir M. Hale.

2. (Law)

Defn: One of two corresponding copies of an instrument; a duplicate.

3. A person who closely resembles another.

4. A thing may be applied to another thing so as to fit perfectly, as a seal to its impression; hence, a thing which is adapted to another thing, or which suplements it; that which serves to complete or complement anything; hence, a person or thing having qualities lacking in another; an opposite. O counterpart Of our soft sex, well are you made our lords. Dryden.

COUNTERPASSANT Coun"ter*pas`sant (-ps"sant), a. Etym: [Counter- + passant:cf. F. contrepassant.] (Her.)

Defn: Passant in opposite directions; -- said of two animals.

COUNTERPLEAD Coun`ter*plead" (koun`tr-pld"), v. t.

Defn: To plead the contrary of; to plead against; to deny.

COUNTERPLOT Coun`ter*plot" (koun`tr-plt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterplotted;p. pr. & vb. n. Counterplotting.]

Defn: To oppose, as another plot, by plotting; to attempt to frustrate, as a stratagem, by stratagem. Every wile had proved abortive, every plot had been counterplotted. De Quinsey.

COUNTERPLOT Coun"ter*plot` (koun"tr-plt`), n.

Defn: A plot or artifice opposed to another. L'Estrange.

COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point` (koun"tr-point`), n. Etym: [Counter- + point.]

Defn: An opposite point [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point`, n. Etym: [F. contrepoint; cf. It. contrappunto. Cf. Contrapuntal.] (Mus.) (a) The setting of note against note in harmony; the adding of one or more parts to a given canto fermo or melody. (b) The art of polyphony, or composite melody, i. e., melody not single, but moving attended by one or more related melodies. (c) Music in parts; part writing; harmony; polyphonic music. See Polyphony. Counterpoint, an invention equivalent to a new creation of music. Whewell.

COUNTERPOINT Coun"ter*point`, n. Etym: [OF. contrepoincte, corruption of earlier counstepointe, countepointe, F. courtepointe, fr. L. culcita cushion, mattress (see Quilt, and cf. Cushion) + puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick (see Point). The word properly meant a stitched quilt, with the colors broken one into another.]

Defn: A coverlet; a cover for a bed, often stitched or broken into squares; a counterpane. See 1st Counterpane. Embroidered coverlets or counterpoints of purple silk. Sir T. North.

COUNTERPOISE Coun"ter*poise` (koun"tr-poiz`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterpoised (-poizd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterpoising.] Etym: [OE. countrepesen, counterpeisen, F. contrepeser. See Counter, adv., and Poise, v. t. ]

1. To act against with equal weight; to equal in weght; to balance the weight of; to counterbalance. Weigts, counterpoising one another. Sir K. Digby.

2. To act against with equal power; to balance. So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and counterpoise the rest. Spenser.

COUNTERPOISE Coun"ter*poise` (koun"tr-poiz`), n. Etym: [OE. countrepese, OF. contrepois, F. contrepods. See Counter, adv., and Poise, n.]

1. A weight sufficient to balance another, as in the opposite scale of a balance; an equal weight. Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline counterpoise into the opposite scale. Boyle.

2. An equal power or force acting in opposition; a force sufficient to balance another force. The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility, that they grow not too potent. Bacon.

3. The relation of two weights or forces which balance each other; equilibrum; equiponderance. The pendulous round eart, with balanced air, In counterpoise. Milton.

COUNTERPOLE Coun"ter*pole` (-pl`), n.

Defn: The exact opposite. The German prose offers the counterpole to the French style. De Quincey.

COUNTERPONDERATE Coun`ter*pon"der*ate (-pn"dr-t), v. t.

Defn: TO equal in weight; to counterpoise; to equiponderate.

COUNTERPROVE Coun`ter*prove" (koun`tr-prv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Counterproved (- prvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Counterproving.]

Defn: To take a counter proof of, or a copy in reverse, by taking an impression directly from the face of an original. See Counter proof, under Counter.

COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY; COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY counterrevolutionary counter-revolutionary adj.

Defn: marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; as, ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies. Opposite of revolutionary. [WordNet 1.5]

COUNTER-ROLL Coun"ter-roll` (-rl`), n. Etym: [Cf. Control.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: A duplicate roll (record or account) kept by an officer as a check upon another officer's roll. Burrill.

Note: As a verb this word is contracted into control. See Control.

COUNTERROLMENT Coun`ter*rol"ment (koun`tr-rl"ment), n.

Defn: A counter account. See Control. [Obs.] Bacon.

COUNTER-SALIENT Coun`ter-sa"li*ent (-s"l-ent or -sl"yent; 106), a. (Her.)

Defn: Leaping from each other; -- said of two figures on a coast of arms.

COUNTERSCALE Coun"ter*scale` (koun"tr-skl`), n.

Defn: Counterbalance; balance, as of one scale against another. [Obs.] Howell.

COUNTERSCARF Coun"ter*scarf` (-skrf`), n. Etym: [Counter- + scarp: cf. F. contrescarpe.] (Fort.)

Defn: The exterior slope or wall of the ditch; -- sometimes, the whole covered way, beyond the ditch, with its parapet and glacis; as, the enemy have lodged themselves on the counterscarp.

COUNTERSEAL Coun`ter*seal" (koun`tr-sl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersealed (- sld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersealing.]

Defn: To seal or ratify with another or others. Shak.

COUNTERSECURE Coun`ter*se*cure" (-s-kr"), v. t.

Defn: To give additional security to or for. Burke.

COUNTERSHAFT Coun"ter*shaft` (koun"tr-shft`), n. (Mach.)

Defn: An intermediate shaft; esp., one which receives motion from a line shaft in a factory and transmits it to a machine.

COUNTERSIGN Coun`ter*sign" (-sn`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersigned (- snd`); p. pr. & vb. n. Countersigning.] Etym: [Counter- + sign: cf. F. contresigner.]

Defn: To sign on the opposite side of (an instrument or writing); hence, to sign in addition to the signature of a principal or superior, in order to attest the authenticity of a writing.

COUNTERSIGN Coun"ter*sign`, a.

1. The signature of a secretary or other officer to a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest its authenticity.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A private signal, word, or phrase, which must be given in order to pass a sentry; a watchword.

COUNTERSINK Coun"ter*sink` (koun"tr-sk`; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countersunk (- s; p. pr. & vb. n. Countersinking.]

1. To chamfer or form a depression around the top of (a hole in wood, metal, etc.) for the reception of the head of a screw or bolt below the surface, either wholly or in part; as, to countersink a hole for a screw.

2. To cause to sink even with or below the surface; as, to countersink a screw or bolt into woodwork.

COUNTERSINK Coun"ter*sink`, n.

1. An enlargement of the upper part of a hole, forming a cavity or depression for receiving the head of a screw or bolt.

Note: In the United States a flaring cavity formed by chamfering the edges of a round hole is called a countersink, while a cylindrical flat-bottomed enlargement of the mouth of the hole is usually called a conterbore.

2. A drill or cutting tool for countersinking holes.

COUNTERSTAND Coun"ter*stand` (-st, n.

Defn: Resistance; opposition; a stand against. Making counterstand to Robert Guiscard. Longfellow.

COUNTERSTEP Coun"ter*step` (koun"tr-stp`), n.

Defn: A contrary method of procedure; opposite course of action.

COUNTERSTOCK Coun"ter*stock` (-stk`), n.

Defn: See Counterfoil.

COUNTERSTROKE Coun"ter*stroke` (-strk`), n.

Defn: A stroke or blow in return. Spenser.

COUNTERSUNK Coun"ter*sunk` (-snk`), p. p. & a. from Countersink.

1. Chamfered at the top; -- said of a hole.

2. Sunk into a chamfer; as, a countersunk bolt.

3. Beveled on the lower side, so as to fit a chamfered countersink; as, a countersunk nailhead.

COUNTERSWAY Coun"ter*sway` (-sw`), n.

Defn: A swaying in a contrary direction; an opposing influence. [Obs.] A countersway of restraint, curbing their wild exorbitance. Milton.

COUNTER TENOR Coun"ter ten`or (tn`r). Etym: [OF. contreteneur. Cf. Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.)

Defn: One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the third line; -- also called alto clef.

COUNTERTERM Coun"ter*term` (-trm`), n.

Defn: A term or word which is the opposite of, or antithesis to, another; an antonym; -- the opposite of synonym; as, "foe" is the counterterm of "friend". C. J. Smith.

COUNTERTIME Coun"ter*time` (-tm`), n.

1. (Man.)

Defn: The resistance of a horse, that interrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse.

2. Resistance; opposition. [Obs.] Give not shus the countertime to fate. Dryden.

COUNTERTRIPPANT Coun"ter*trip`pant (-trp`pant), a. (Her.)

Defn: Trippant in opposite directions. See Trippant.

COUNTERTRIPPING Coun"ter*trip`ping (-trp`png), a. (Her.)

Defn: Same as Countertrippant.

COUNTERTURN Coun"ter*turn` (-t, n.

Defn: The critical moment in a play, when, contrary to expectation, the action is embroiled in new difficulties. Dryden.

COUNTERVAIL Coun`ter*vail" (koun`tr-vl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Countervailed (- vld); p. pr. & vb. n. Countervailing.] Etym: [OF. contrevaloir; contre (L. contra) + valoir to avail, fr. L. valere to be strong, avail. See Vallant.]

Defn: To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate. Upon balancing the account, the profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniences that go allong with it. L'Estrange.

COUNTERVAIL Coun"ter*vail` (koun"tr-vl`), n.

Defn: Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital. [Obs.] Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness of the review. South.

COUNTERVALLATION Coun`ter*val*la"tion (-vl-l"sn), n. (Fort.)

Defn: See Contravallation.

COUNTERVIEW Coun"ter*view` (koun"tr-v`), n.

1. An opposite or opposing view; opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other. Within the gates of hell sat Death and Sin, In counterview. Milton M. Peisse has ably advocated the counterview in his preface and appendixx. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition; contrast. I have drawn some lines of Linger's character, on purpose to place it in counterview, or contrast with that of the other company. Swift.

COUNTERVOTE Coun`ter*vote" (koun`tr-vt"), v. t.

Defn: To vote in opposition ti; to balance or overcome by viting; to outvote. Dr. J. Scott.

COUNTERWAIT Coun`ter*wait", v. t.

Defn: To wait or watch for; to be on guard against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COUNTERWEIGH Coun`ter*weigh" (-w"), v. t.

Defn: To weigh against; to counterbalance.

COUNTER WEIGHT Coun"ter *weight` (-wt`), n.

Defn: A counterpoise.

COUNTERWHEEL Coun`ter*wheel" (-hwl"), v. t. (Mil.)

Defn: To cause to wheel or turn in an opposite direction.

COUNTERWORK Coun`ter*work" (-wrk"), v. t.

Defn: To work in oppositeion to; to counteract. That counterworksh folly and caprice. Pope.

COUNTESS Count"ess (kount"s), n.; pl. Countesses (-. Etym: [F. comtesse. See Count a nobleman.]

Defn: The wife of an earl in the British peerage, or of a count in the Continental nobility; also, a lady possessed of the same dignity in her own right. See the Note under Count.

COUNTINGHOUSE; COUNTINGROOM Count"ing*house` (kount"ng-hous`), Count"ing*room` (kount"ng-rm`), n. Etym: [See Count, v. ]

Defn: The house or room in which a merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business.

COUNTLESS Count"less (-ls), a.

Defn: Incapable of being counted; not ascertainable; innumerable.

COUNTOR Count"or (kount"r), n. Etym: [From Count, v. t. (in sense 4).] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: An advocate or professional pleader; one who counted for his client, that is, orally pleaded his cause. [Obs.] Burrill.

COUNTOUR; COUNTOURHOUSE Coun*tour" (kn-tr"), Coun*tour"house` (-hous`), n. Etym: [See 2d Counter.]

Defn: A merchant's office; a countinghouse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COUNTRE- Coun"tre- (koun"ter-).

Defn: Same as prefix Counter-. [Obs.]

COUNTREPLETE Coun`tre*plete" (-plt"), v. t. Etym: [Countre- + plete to plead.]

Defn: To counterplead. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COUNTRETAILLE Coun"tre*taille` (koun"tr-tl`), n. Etym: [F. contretaille; contre (L. contra) + taille cut. See Tally.]

Defn: A counter tally; correspondence (in sound). [Obs.] At the countretaille, in return. Chaucer.

COUNTRIFIED Coun"tri*fied (kn"tr-fld), p. a.

Defn: Having the appearance and manners of a rustic; rude. As being one who took no pride, And was a deal too countrified. Lloyd.

COUNTRIFY Coun"tri*fy (kn"tr-f), v. t.

Defn: To give a rural appearance to; to cause to appear rustic. Lamb.

COUNTRY Coun"try (kn"tr), n.; pl. Countries (-tr. Etym: [F. contr, LL. contrata, fr. L. contra over against, on the opposite side. Cf. Counter, adv., Contra.]

1. A tract of land; a region; the territory of an independent nation; (as distinguished from any other region, and with a personal pronoun) the region of one's birth, permanent residence, or citizenship. Return unto thy country, and to thy kindred. Gen. xxxxii. 9. I might have learned this by my last exile, that change of countries cannot change my state. Stirling. Many a famous realm And country, whereof here needs no account Milton.

2. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. As they walked, on their way into the country. Mark xvi. 12 (Rev. Ver. ). God made the covatry, and man made the town. Cowper. Only very great men were in the habit of dividing the year between town and country. Macualay.

3. The inhabitants or people of a state or a region; the populace; the public. Hence: (a) One's constituents. (b) The whole body of the electors of state; as, to dissolve Parliament and appeal to the country. All the country in a general voice Cried hate upon him. Shak.

4. (Law) (a) A jury, as representing the citizens of a country. (b) The inhabitants of the district from which a jury is drawn.

5. (Mining.)

Defn: The rock through which a vein runs. Conclusion to the country. See under Conclusion. -- To put, or throw, one's self upon the country, to appeal to one's constituents; to stand trial before a jury.

COUNTRY Coun"try, a.

1. Pertaining to the regions remote from a city; rural; rustic; as, a country life; a country town; the country party, as opposed to city.

2. Destitute of refinement; rude; unpolished; rustic; not urbane; as, country manners.

3. Pertaining, or peculiar, to one's own country. She, bowing herself towards him, laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country language. 2 Macc. vii. 27.

COUNTRY BANK Coun"try bank. (Banking)

Defn: A national bank not in a reserve city. [Colloq., U. S.]

COUNTRY-BASE Coun"try-base` (-bs`), n.

Defn: Same as Prison base.

COUNTRY CLUB Coun"try club.

Defn: A club usually located in the suburbs or vicinity of a city or town and devoted mainly to outdoor sports.

COUNTRY COUSIN Coun"try cousin.

Defn: A relative from the country visiting the city and unfamiliar with city manners and sights.

COUNTRY-DANCE Coun"try-dance` (-dns`), n. Etym: [Prob. an adaptation of contradance.]

Defn: See Contradance. He had introduced the English country-dance to the knowledge of the Dutch ladies. Macualay.

COUNTRYMAN Coun"try*man (kn"tr-man), n.; pl. Countrymen (-men).

1. An inhabitant or native of a region. Shak.

2. One born in the same country with another; a compatriot; -- used with a possessive pronoun. In perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen. 2 Cor. xi. 26.

3. One who dwells in the country, as distinguished from a townsman or an inhabitant of a city; a rustic; a husbandman or farmer. A simple countryman that brought her figs. Shak.

COUNTRY SEAT Coun"try seat` (kn"tr st`).

Defn: A dwelling in the country, used as a place of retirement from the city.

COUNTRYSIDE Coun"try*side` (-sd`), n.

Defn: A particular rural district; a country neighborhood. [Eng.] W. Black. Blackmore.

COUNTRYWOMAN Coun"try*wom`an (-wm`an), n.; pl. Countrywomen (-w.

Defn: A woman born, or dwelling, in the country, as opposed to the city; a woman born or dwelling in the same country with another native or inhabitant. Shak.

COUNT-WHEEL Count"-wheel` (kount"hwl`), n.

Defn: The wheel in a clock which regulates the number of strokes.

COUNTY Coun"ty (koun"t), n.; pl. Counties (-t. Etym: [F. comt, fr. LL. comitatus. See Count.]

1. An earldom; the domain of a count or earl. [Obs.]

2. A circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the administration of justice and public affairs; -- called also a shire. See Shire. Every county, every town, every family, was in agitation. Macaulay.

3. A count; an earl or lord. [Obs.] Shak. County commissioners. See Commissioner. -- County corporate, a city or town having the privilege to be a county by itself, and to be governed by its own sheriffs and other magistrates, irrespective of the officers of the county in which it is situated; as London, York, Bristol, etc. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- County court, a court whose jurisdiction is limited to county. -- County palatine, a county distingushed by particular privileges; -- so called a palatio (from the palace), because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace; but these powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. -- County rates, rates levied upon the county, and collected by the boards of guardians, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which counties are liable, such as repairing bridges, jails, etc. [Eng.] -- County seat, a county town. [U.S.] -- County sessions, the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, held four times a year. [Eng.] -- County town, the town of a county, where the county business is transacted; a shire town.

COUP Coup (k), n. Etym: [F., fr.L. colaphus a cuff, Gr.

Defn: A sudden stroke; an unexpected device or stratagem; -- a term used in various ways to convey the idea of promptness and force. Coup de grace (ke gr Etym: [F.], the stroke of mercy with which an executioner ends by death the sufferings of the condemned; hence, a decisive, finishing stroke. -- Coup de main (ke m Etym: [F.] (Mil.), a sudden and unexpected movement or attack. -- Coup de soleil (k Etym: [F.] (Med.), a sunstroke. See Sunstroke. -- Coup d'état (k Etym: [F.] (Politics), a sudden, decisive exercise of power whereby the existing government is subverted without the consent of the people; an unexpected measure of state, more or less violent; a stroke of policy. -- Coup d'oeil (k. Etym: [F.] (a) A single view; a rapid glance of the eye; a comprehensive view of a scene; as much as can be seen at one view. (b) The general effect of a picture. (c) (Mil.) The faculty or the act of comprehending at a glance the weakness or strength of a military position, of a certain arrangement of troops, the most advantageous position for a battlefield, etc.

COUPABLE Cou (k"p-b'l), a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Culpable. [Obs.]

COUPE Cou`pé" (k`p"), n. Etym: [F., fr. coupé, p. p. of couper to cut. See Coppice.]

1. The front compartment of a French diligence; also, the front compartment (usually for three persons) of a car or carriage on British railways.

2. A four-wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver; -- so called because giving the appearance of a larger carriage cut off.

COUPED Couped (kpt), a. Etym: [F. couper to cut.] (Her.)

Defn: Cut off smoothly, as distinguished from erased; -- used especially for the head or limb of an animal. See Erased.

COUPEE Cou*pee" (k-p"; F. k`p), n. Etym: [F. coupé, n., properly p. p. of couper to cut. Cf. Coupé, Coopee.]

Defn: A motion in dancing, when one leg is a little bent, and raised from the floor, and with the other a forward motion is made. Chambers.

COUPE-GORGE Coupe`-gorge" (kp`grzh"), n. Etym: [F., cut throat.] (Mil.)

Defn: Any position giving the enemy such advantage that the troops occupying it must either surrender or be cut to pieces. Farrow.

COUPLE Cou"ple (kp"'l), n. Etym: [F. couple, fr. L. copula a bond, band; co- + apere, aptum, ti join. See Art, a., and cf.Copula.]

1. That which joins or links two things together; a bond or tie; a coupler. [Obs.] It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size and humor. L'Estrange. I'll go in couples with her. Shak.

2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; a pair; a brace. "A couple of shepherds." Sir P. Sidney. "A couple of drops" Adduson. "A couple of miles." Dickens. "A couple of weeks." Carlyle. Adding one to one we have the complex idea of a couple. Locke. [Ziba] met him with a couple of asses saddled. 2 Sam. xvi. 1.

3. A male and female associated together; esp., a man and woman who are married or betrothed. Such were our couple, man and wife. Lloyd. Fair couple linked in happy, nuptial league. Milton.

4. (Arch.)

Defn: See Couple-close.

5. (Elec.)

Defn: One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery; -- called a voltaic couple or galvanic couple.

6. (Mech.)

Defn: Two rotations, movements, etc., which are equal in amount but opposite in direction, and acting along parallel lines or around parallel axes.

Note: The effect of a couple of forces is to produce a rotation. A couple of rotations is equivalent to a motion of translation.

COUPLE Cou"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coupled (kp"'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Coupling (-lng).] Etym: [F. coupler, fr. L. copulare. See Couple, n., and cf. Copulate, Cobble, v. ]

1. To link or tie, as one thing to another; to connect or fasten together; to join. Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds, . . . And couple Clowder with the deep-mouthed brach. Shak.

2. To join in wedlock; to marry. [Colloq.] A parson who couples all our beggars. Swift.

COUPLE Cou"ple, v. i.

Defn: To come together as male and female; to copulate. [Obs.] Milton. Bacon.

COUPLE-BEGGAR Cou"ple-beg`gar (-bg`gr), n.

Defn: One who makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Swift.

COUPLE-CLOSE Cou"ple-close` (kp"-kls`), n.; pl. Couple-closes (-kl

1. (Her.)

Defn: A diminutive of the chevron, containing one fourth of its surface. Couple-closes are generally borne one on each side of a chevron, and the blazoning may then be either a chevron between two couple-closes or chevron cottised.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: A pair of rafters framed together with a tie fixed at their feet, or with a collar beam. [Engl.]

COUPLEMENT Cou"ple*ment (kp"'l-ment), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. couplement.]

Defn: Union; combination; a coupling; a pair. [Obs.] Shak. And forth together rode, a goodly couplement. Spenser.

COUPLER Coup"ler (kp"lr), n.

Defn: One who couples; that which couples, as a link, ring, or shackle, to connect cars. Coupler of an organ, a contrivance by which any two or more of the ranks of keys, or keys and pedals, are connected so as to act together when the organ is played.

COUPLET Coup"let (-lt), n. Etym: [F. couplet, dim. of couple. See Couple, n. ]

Defn: Two taken together; a pair or couple; especially two lines of verse that rhyme with each other. A sudden couplet rushes on your mind. Crabbe.

COUPLING Coup"ling (-lng), n.

1. The act of bringing or coming together; connection; sexual union.

2. (Mach.)

Defn: A device or contrivance which serves to couple or connect adjacent parts or objects; as, a belt coupling, which connects the ends of a belt; a car coupling, which connects the cars in a train; a shaft coupling, which connects the ends of shafts. Box coupling, Chain coupling. See under Box, Chain. -- Coupling box, a coupling shaped like a journal box, for clamping together the ends of two shafts, so that they may revolve together. -- Coupling pin, a pin or bolt used in coupling or joining together railroad cars, etc.

COUPON Cou"pon (k"pn; F. k`pn"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couper to cut, cut off. See Coppice.]

1. (Com.)

Defn: A certificate of interest due, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds (state, railroad, etc.), given for a term of years, designed to be cut off and presented for payment when the interest is due; an interest warrant.

2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to some specified accomodation or service, as to a passage over a designated line of travel, a particular seat in a theater, or the like.

COUPSTICK Coup"stick` (koo"stik`), n. [Coup + stick.]

Defn: A stick or switch used among some American Indians in making or counting a coup.

COUPURE Cou*pure" (k-pr"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couper to cut.] (Fort.)

Defn: A passage cut through the glacis to facilitate sallies by the besieged. Wilhelm.

COURAGE Cour"age (kr"j;48), n. Etym: [OE. corage heart, mind, will, courage, OF. corage, F. courage, fr. a LL. derivative of L. cor heart. See Heart.]

1. The heart; spirit; temper; disposition. [Obs.] So priketh hem nature in here corages. Chaucer. My lord, cheer up your spirits; our foes are nigh, and this soft courage makes your followers faint. Shak.

2. Heart; inclination; desire; will. [Obs.] Chaucer. I'd such a courage to do him good. Shak.

3. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter danger and difficulties with firmness, or without fear, or fainting of heart; valor; boldness; resolution. The king-becoming graces . . . Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude, I have no relish of them. Shak. Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when he has occasion for it. Addison.

Syn. -- Heroism; bravery; intrepidity; valor; gallantry; daring; firmness; hardihood; boldness; dauntlessness; resolution. See Heroism. -- Courage, Bravery, Fortitude, Intrepidity, Gallantry, Valor. Courage is that firmness of spirit and swell of soul which meets danger without fear. Bravery is daring and impetuous courage, like that of one who has the reward continually in view, and displays his courage in daring acts. Fortitude has often been styled "passive courage," and consist in the habit of encountering danger and enduring pain with a steadfast and unbroken spirit. Valor is courage exhibited in war, and can not be applied to single combats; it is never used figuratively. Intrepidity is firm, unshaken courage. Gallantry is adventurous courage, which courts danger with a high and cheerful spirit. A man may show courage, fortitude, or intrepidity in the common pursuits of life, as well as in war. Valor, bravery, and gallantry are displayed in the contest of arms. Valor belongs only to battle; bravery may be shown in single combat; gallantry may be manifested either in attack or defense; but in the latter ease, the defense is usually turned into an attack.

COURAGE Cour"age, v. t.

Defn: To inspire with courage. [Obs.] Paul writeth unto Timothy . . . to courage him. Tyndale.

COURAGEOUS Cour*a"geous (kr-"js), a. Etym: [F. courageux.]

Defn: Possessing, or characterized by, courage; brave; bold. With this victory, the women became most courageous and proud, and the men waxed . . . fearful and desperate. Stow.

Syn. -- Gallant; brave; bold; daring; valiant; valorous; heroic; intrepid; fearless; hardy; stout; adventurous; enterprising. See Gallant.

COURAGEOUSLY Cour*a"geous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a courageous manner.

COURAGEOUSNESS Cour*a"geous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being courageous; courage.

COURANT Cou*rant" (k-rnt"), a. Etym: [F., p. pr. of courir to run, L. currere. Cf. Current.] (Her.)

Defn: Represented as running; -- said of a beast borne in a coat of arms.

COURANT Cou*rant" (k-rnt"), n. Etym: [F. courante, fr. courant, p. pr.]

1. A piece of music in triple time; also, a lively dance; a coranto.

2. A circulating gazette of news; a newspaper.

COURANTO Cou*ran"to (-rn"t), n.

Defn: A sprightly dance; a coranto; a courant.

COURAP Cou*rap" (k-rp), n. (Med.)

Defn: A skin disease, common in India, in which there is perpetual itching and eruption, esp. of the groin, breast, armpits, and face.

COURB Courb (krb), a. Etym: [F. courbe, fr. L. curvus. See Curve, a.]

Defn: Curved; rounded. [Obs.] Her neck is short, her shoulders courb. Gower.

COURB Courb (krb), v. i. Etym: [F. courber. See Curs.]

Defn: To bend; to stop; to bow. [Obs.] Then I courbed on my knees. Piers Plowman.

COURBARIL Cour"ba*ril (kr"b-rl), n. Etym: [F. courbaril, from a South American word.]

Defn: See Animé, n.

COURCHE Courche (krsh), n. Etym: [Cf. Kerchief.]

Defn: A square piece of linen used formerly by women instead of a cap; a kerchief. [Scot.] [Written also curch.] Jamieson.

COURIER Cou"ri*er (k"r-r), n. Etym: [F. courrier, fr. courre, courir, to run, L. currere. See Course, Current.]

1. A messenger sent with haste to convey letters or dispatches, usually on public busuness. The wary Bassa . . . by speedy couriers, advertised Solyman of the enemy's purpose. Knolles.

2. An attendant on travelers, whose business it is to make arrangements for their convenience at hotels and on the way.

COURLAN Cour"lan (kr"ln), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American bird, of the genus Aramus, allied to the rails.

COURSE Course (krs), n. Etym: [F. cours, course, L. cursus, fr. currere to run. See Current.]

1. The act of moving from one point to another; progress; passage. And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais. Acts xxi. 7.

2. THe ground or path traversed; track; way. The same horse also run the round course at Newmarket. Pennant.

3. Motion, considered as to its general or resultant direction or to its goal; line progress or advance. A light by which the Argive squadron steers Their silent course to Ilium's well known shore. Dennham. Westward the course of empire takes its way. Berkeley.

4. Progress from point to point without change of direction; any part of a progress from one place to another, which is in a straight line, or on one direction; as, a ship in a long voyage makes many courses; a course measured by a surveyor between two stations; also, a progress without interruption or rest; a heat; as, one course of a race.

5. Motion considered with reference to manner; or derly progress; procedure in a certain line of thought or action; as, the course of an argument. The course of true love never did run smooth. Shak.

6. Customary or established sequence of evants; re currence of events according to natural laws. By course of nature and of law. Davies. Day and night, Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost, Shall hold their course. Milton.

7. Method of procedure; manner or way of conducting; conduct; behavior. My lord of York commends the plot and the general course of the

## action. Shak.

By perseverance in the course prescribed. Wodsworth. You hold your course without remorse. Tennyson.

8. A series of motions or acts arranged in order; a succession of acts or practices connectedly followed; as, a course of medicine; a course of lectures on chemistry.

9. The succession of one to another in office or duty; order; turn. He appointed . . . the courses of the priests 2 Chron. viii. 14.

10. That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. He [Goldsmith] wore fine clothes, gave dinners of several courses, paid court to venal beauties. Macualay.

11. (Arch.)

Defn: A continuous level range of brick or stones of the same height throughout the face or faces of a building. Gwilt.

12. (Naut.)

Defn: The lowest sail on any mast of a square-rigged vessel; as, the fore course, main course, etc.

13. pl. (Physiol.)

Defn: The menses. In course, in regular succession. -- Of course, by consequence; as a matter of course; in regular or natural order. -- In the course of, at same time or times during. "In the course of human events." T. Jefferson.

Syn. -- Way; road; route; passage; race; series; succession; manner; method; mode; career; progress.

COURSE Course, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coursed (krst)); p. pr. & vb. n. Coursing.]

1. To run, hunt, or chase after; to follow hard upon; to pursue. We coursed him at the heels. Shak.

2. To cause to chase after or pursue game; as, to course greyhounds after deer.

3. To run through or over. The bounding steed courses the dusty plain. Pope.

COURSE Course, v. i.

1. To run as in a race, or in hunting; to pursue the sport of coursing; as, the sportsmen coursed over the flats of Lancashire.

2. To move with speed; to race; as, the blood courses through the veins. Shak.

COURSED Coursed (krst), a.

1. Hunted; as, a coursed hare.

2. Arranged in courses; as, coursed masonry.

COURSER Cours"er (krs"r), n. Etym: [F. coursier.]

1. One who courses or hunts. leash is a leathern thong by which . . . a courser leads his greyhound. Hanmer.

2. A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse; a charger. [Poetic.] Pope.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A grallatorial bird of Europe (Cursorius cursor), remarkable for its speed in running. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to running birds of the Ostrich family.

COURSEY Cour"sey (kr"s), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. corsie, coursie, passage way to the stern. See Course, n. ] (Naut.)

Defn: A space in the galley; a part of the hatches. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

COURSING Cours"ing (krs"ng), n.

Defn: The pursuit or running game with dogs that follow by sight instead of by scent. In coursing of a deer, or hart, with greyhounds. Bacon

COURT Court (krt), n. Etym: [OF. court, curt, cort, F. co, LL. cortis, fr. L. cohors, cors, chors, gen. cohortis, cortis, chortis, an inclosure, court, thing inclosed, crowd, throng; co- + a root akin to Gr. garden, yard, orchard. See Yard, and cf. Cohort, Curtain.]

1. An inclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different building; also, a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley. The courts the house of our God. Ps. cxxxv. 2. And round the cool green courts there ran a row Cf cloisters. Tennyson. Goldsmith took a garret in a miserable court. Macualay.

2. The residence of a sovereign, prince, nobleman, or ether dignitary; a palace. Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak. This our court, infected with their manners, Shows like a riotous inn. Shak.

3. The collective body of persons composing the retinue of a sovereign or person high in aithority; all the surroundings of a sovereign in his regal state. My lord, there is a nobleman of the court at door would speak with you. Shak. Love rules the court, the camp, the grove. Sir. W. Scott.

4. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign; as, to hold a court. The princesses held their court within the fortres. Macualay.

5. Attention directed to a person in power; conduct or address designed to gain favor; courtliness of manners; civility; compliment; flattery. No solace could her paramour intreat Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance. Spenser. I went to make my court to the Dike and Duches of Newcastle. Evelyn.

6. (Law) (a) The hall, chamber, or place, where justice is administered. (b) The persons officially assembled under authority of law, at the appropriate time and place, for the administration of justice; an official assembly, legally met together for the transaction of judicial business; a judge or judges sitting for the hearing or trial of causes. (c) A tribunal established for the administration of justice. (d) The judge or judges; as distinguished from the counsel or jury, or both. Most heartily I do beseech the court To give the judgment. Shak.

7. The session of a judicial assembly.

8. Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or ecclesiastical.

9. A place arranged for playing the game of tennis; also, one of the divisions of a tennis court. Christian court, the English ecclesiastical courts in the aggregate, or any one of them. -- Court breeding, education acquired at court. -- Court card. Same as Coat card. -- Court circular, one or more paragraphs of news respecting the sovereign and the royal family, together with the proceedings or movements of the court generally, supplied to the newspapers by an officer specially charged with such duty. [Eng.] Edwards. -- Court day, a day on which a court sits to administer justice. -- Court dress, the dress prescribed for appearance at the court of a sovereign. -- Court fool, a buffoon or jester, formerly kept by princes and nobles for their amusement. -- Court guide, a directory of the names and adresses of the nobility and gentry in a town. -- Court hand, the hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial proceedings. Shak. -- Court lands (Eng. Law), lands kept in demesne, -- that is, for the use of the lord and his family. -- Court marshal, one who acts as marshal for a court. -- Court party, a party attached to the court. -- Court rolls, the records of a court. SeeRoll. -- Court in banc, or Court in bank, The full court sitting at its regular terms for the hearing of arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at nisi prius. -- Court of Arches, audience, etc. See under Arches, Audience, etc. -- Court of Chancery. See Chancery, n. -- Court of Common pleas. (Law) See Common pleas, under Common. -- Court of Equity. See under Equity, and Chancery. -- Court of Inquiry (Mil.) , a court appointed to inquire into and report on some military matter, as the conduct of an officer. -- Court of St. James, the usual designation of the British Court; - - so called from the old palace of St. James, which is used for the royal receptions, levees, and drawing-rooms. -- The court of the Lord, the temple at Jerusalem; hence, a church, or Christian house of worship. -- General Court, the legislature of a State; -- so called from having had, in the colonial days, judical power; as, the General Court of Massachusetts. [U.S.] -- To pay one's court, to seek to gain favor by attentions. "Alcibiades was assiduous in paying his court to Tissaphernes." Jowett. -- To put out of court, to refuse further judicial hearing.

COURT Court, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Courted; p. pr. & vb. n. Courting.]

1. To endeavor to gain the favor of by attention or flattery; to try to ingratiate one's self with. By one person, hovever, Portland was still assiduously courted. Macualay.

2. To endeavor to gain the affections of; to seek in marriage; to woo. If either of you both love Katharina . . . leave shall you have to court her at your pleasure. Shak.

3. To attempt to gain; to solicit; to seek. They might almost seem to have courted the crown of martyrdem. Prescott. Guilt and misery . . . court privacy and silitude. De Quincey.

4. To invite by attractions; to allure; to attract. A well-worn pathway courted us To one green wicket in a privet hedge. Tennyson.

COURT Court, v. i.

1. To play the lover; to woo; as, to go courting.

COURT-BARON Court"-bar`on (-br`n), n. (Law)

Defn: An inferior court of civil jurisdiction, attached to a manor, and held by the steward; a baron's court; -- now fallen into disuse.

COURTBRED Court"bred` (-brd`), a.

Defn: Bred, or educated, at court; polished; courtly.

COURT-CRAFT Court"-craft` (krt"krft`), n.

Defn: The artifices, intrigues, and plottings, at courts.

COURT-CUPBOARD Court"-cup`board (-kb`brd), n.

Defn: A movable sideboard or buffet, on which plate and other articles of luxury were displayed on special ocasions. [Obs.] A way with the joint stools, remove the court-cupboard, look to the plate. Shak.

COURTELLE Courtelle n.

Defn: a wool-like fabric. [WordNet 1.5]

COURTEOUS Cour"te*ous (kr"t-s; 277), a. Etym: [OE. cortais, corteis, cortois, rarely corteous, OF. corties, corteis, F. courtois. See Court.]

Defn: Of courtlike manners; pertaining to, or exxpressive of, courtesy; characterized by courtesy; civil; obliging; well bred; polite; affable; complaisant. A patient and courteous bearing. Prescott. His behavior toward his people is grave and courteous. Fuller.

COURTEOUSLY Cour"te*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a courteous manner.

COURTEOUSNESS Cour"te*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being courteous; politeness; courtesy.

COURTEPY Cour"te*py (kr"t-p), n. Etym: [D. kort short + pije a coarse cloth.]

Defn: A short coat of coarse cloth. [Obs.] Full threadbare was his overeste courtepy. Chaucer.

COURTER Court"er (krt"r), n.

Defn: One who courts; one who plays the lover, or who solicits in marriage; one who flatters and cajoles. Sherwood.

COURTESAN Cour"te*san (kr"t-zn; 277), n. Etym: [F. courtisane, fr. courtisan courtier, It. cortigiano; or directly fr. It. cortigiana, or Sp. cortesana. See Court.]

Defn: A woman who prostitutes herself for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. Lasciviously decked like a courtesan. Sir H. Wotton.

COURTESANSHIP Cour"te*san*ship, n.

Defn: Harlotry.

COURTESY Cour"te*sy (kr"t-s), n.; pl. Courtesies (-s. Etym: [OE. cortaisie, corteisie, courtesie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, OF. curteisie, cortoisie, F. courtoisie, fr. curteis, corteis. See Courteous.]

1. Politeness; civility; urbanity; courtliness. And trust thy honest-offered courtesy, With oft is sooner found in lowly sheds, With smoky rafters, than in tapestry walls And courts of princes, where it first was named, And yet is most pretended. Milton. Pardon me, Messer Claudio, if once more I use the ancient courtesies of speech. Longfellow.

2. An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. My lord, for your many courtesies I thank you. Shak.

3. Favor or indulgence, as distinguished from right; as, a title given one by courtesy. Courtesy title, a title assumed by a person, or popularly conceded to him, to which he has no valid claim; as, the courtesy title of Lord prefixed to the names of the younger sons of noblemen.

Syn. -- Politiness; urbanity; civility; complaisance; affability; courteousness; elegance; refinement; courtliness; good breeding. See Politeness.

COURTESY Courte"sy (krt"s), n. Etym: [See the preceding word.]

Defn: An act of civility, respect, or reverence, made by women, consisting of a slight depression or dropping of the body, with bending of the kness. [Written also curtsy.] The lady drops a courtesy in token of obedience, and the ceremony proceeds as usual. Golgsmith.

COURTESY Courte"sy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Courtesied (-sd);; p. pr. & vb. n. Courtesyng.]

Defn: To make a respectful salutation or movement of respect; esp. (with reference to women), to bow the body slightly, with bending of the knes.

COURTESY Courte"sy, v. t.

Defn: To treat with civility. [Obs.]

COURTHOUSE Court"house`, n.

1. A house in which established courts are held, or a house appropriated to courts and public meetings. [U.S.]

2. A county town; -- so called in Virginia and some others of the Southern States. Providence, the county town of Fairfax, is unknown by that name, and passes as Fairfax Court House. Barlett.

COURTIER Court"ier (krt"yr), n. Etym: [From Court.]

1. One who is in attendance at the court of a prince; one who has an appointment at court. You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs. Bacon. This courtier got a frigate, and that a company. Macualay.

2. One who courts or solicits favor; one who flatters. There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard III. Suckling.

COURTIERY Court"ier*y (-), n.

Defn: The manners of a courtier; courtliness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

COURT-LEET Court"-leet` (-lt`), n. (Eng. Law)

Defn: A court of record held once a year, in a particular hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone.

COURTLIKE Court"like` (-lk`), a.

Defn: After the manner of a court; elegant; polite; courtly.

COURTLINESS Court"li*ness (-l-ns), n. Etym: [From Courtly.]

Defn: The quality of being courtly; elegance or dignity of manners.

COURTLING Court"ling (-lng), n. Etym: [Court + -ling.]

Defn: A sycophantic courtier. B. Jonson.

COURTLY Court"ly (-l), a. Etym: [From Court.]

1. Relating or belonging to a court.

2. Elegant; polite; courtlike; flattering. In courtly company or at my beads. Shak.

3. Disposed to favor the great; favoring the policy or party of the court; obsequious. Macualay.

COURTLY Court"ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of courts; politely; gracefully; elegantly. They can produce nothing so courtly writ. Dryden

COURT-MARTIAL Court`-mar"tial (krt`mr"shal), n.; pl. Courts-martial (k.

Defn: A court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of one belonging to the army or navy, or of offenses against military or naval law.

COURT-MARTIAL Court`-mar"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Court-martialed (-shald); p. pr. & vb. n. Court-martialing.]

Defn: To subject to trial by a court-martial.

COURT-PLASTER Court"-plas`ter (krt"pls`tr), n.

Defn: Sticking plaster made by coating taffeta or silk on one side with some adhesive substance, commonly a mixture of isinglass and glycerin.

COURTSHIP Court"ship (krt"shp), n.

1. The act of paying court, with the intent to solicit a favor. Swift.

2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of woman to marriage. This method of courtship, [by which] both sides are prepared for all the matrimonial adventures that are to follow. Goldsmith.

3. Courtliness; elegance of manners; courtesy. [Obs.] Trim gallants, full of courtship and of state. Shak.

4. Court policy; the character of a courtier; artifice of a court; court-craft; finesse. [Obs.] She [the Queen] being composed of courtship and Popery. Fuller.

COURT TENNIS Court" ten"nis (krt" tn"ns).

Defn: See under Tennis.

COURTYARD Court"yard (krt"yrd`), n.

Defn: A court or inclosure attached to a house.

COUSCOUS Cous"cous` (ks"ks`), n.

Defn: A kind of food used by the natives of Western Africa, made of millet flour with flesh, and leaves of the baobab; -- called also lalo.

COUSCOUSOU Cous`cou*sou" (ks`k-s"), n.

Defn: A favorite dish in Barbary. See Couscous.

COUSIN Cous"in (kz"'n), n. Etym: [F. cousin, LL. cosinus, cusinus, contr. from L. consobrinus the child of a mother's sister, cousin; con- + sobrinus a cousin by the mother's side, a form derived fr. soror (forsosor) sister. See Sister, and cf. Cozen, Coz.]

1. One collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister; especially, the son or daughter of an uncle or aunt.

Note: The children of brothers and sisters are usually denominated first cousins, or cousins-german. In the second generation, they are called second cousins. See Cater-cousin, and Quater-cousin. Thou art, great lord, my father's sister's son, A cousin-german to great Priam's seed. Shak.

2. A title formerly given by a king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. In English writs, etc., issued by the crown, it signifies any earl. My noble lords and cousins, all, good morrow. Shak.

COUSIN Cous"in, n.

Defn: Allied; akin. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COUSINAGE Cous"in*age (-j), n. Etym: [F. cousinage, OF., also, cosinage. Cf. Cosinage, Cozenage.]

Defn: Relationship; kinship. [Obs.] Wyclif.

COUSIN-GERMAN Cous"in-ger"man (-jr"man), n. Etym: [Cousin + german closely akin.]

Defn: A first cousin. See Note under Cousin, 1.

COUSINHOOD Cous"in*hood (-hd), n.

Defn: The state or condition of a cousin; also, the collective body of cousins; kinsfolk.

COUSINLY Cous"in*ly, a.

Defn: Like or becoming a cousin.

COUSINRY Cous"in*ry (kz"'n-r), n.

Defn: A body or collection of cousins; the whole number of persons who stand in the relation of cousins to a given person or persons.

COUSINSHIP Cous"in*ship, n.

Defn: The relationship of cousins; state of being cousins; cousinhood. G. Eliot.

COUSSINET Cous"si*net` (ks"s-nt`), n. Etym: [F., dim. of coussin cushion. See Cushionet.] (Arch.) (a) A stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch. (b) That part of the Ionic capital between the abacus and quarter round, which forms the volute. Gwilt.

COUTEAU Cou*teau" (k-t"), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A knife; a dagger.

COUTH Couth (kth), imp. & p. p. of Can. Etym: [See Can, and cf. Uncouth.]

Defn: Could; was able; knew or known; understood. [Obs.] Above all other one Daniel He loveth, for he couth well Divine, that none other couth; To him were all thing couth, As he had it of God's grace. Gower.

COUVADE Cou`vade" (k`vd"), n. Etym: [F., fr. couver. See Covey.]

Defn: A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill. The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days. Tylor.

COUVEUSE Cou`veuse", n. [F.] (Med.)

Defn: An incubator for sickly infants, esp. those prematurely born.

COVARIANT Co*va"ri*ant (k-v"r-ant), n. (Higher Alg.)

Defn: A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.

COVE Cove (kv), n. Etym: [AS. cofa room; akin to G. koben pigsty, orig., hut, Icel kofi hut, and perh. to E. cobalt.]

1. A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore. Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks. Holland.

2. A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.]

3. (Arch.) (a) A concave molding. (b) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight.

COVE Cove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coved (kvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Coving.] (Arch.)

Defn: To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove. The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs. H. Swinburne. Coved ceiling, a ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove. -- Coved vault, a vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault.

COVE Cove, v. t. Etym: [CF. F. couver, It. covare. See Covey.]

Defn: To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.] Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel. Holland.

COVE Cove, n. Etym: [A gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.]

Defn: A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang] There's a gentry cove here. Wit's Recreations (1654). Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink Be not filched from us. Mrs. Browning.

COVELLINE; COVELLITE Co*vel"line (k-vl"ln), Co*vel"lite (-lt), n. Etym: [After Covelli, the discoverer.] (Min.)

Defn: A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; -- hence called indigo copper.

COVENABLE Cov"e*na*ble (kv"-n-b'l), a. Etym: [OF. covenable, F. convenable. See Covenant.]

Defn: Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] "A covenable day." Wyclif (Mark vi. 21).

COVENABLY Cov"e*na*bly (kv"-n-bly), adv.

Defn: Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] "Well and covenably." Chaucer.

COVENANT Cov"e*nant (kv"-nant), n. Etym: [OF. covenant, fr. F. & OF. convenir to agree, L. convenire. See Convene.]

1. A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement. Then Jonathan and David made a covenant. 1 Sam. xviiii. 3. Let there be covenants drawn between us. Shak. If we conclude a peace, It shall be with such strict and severe covenants As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby. Shak.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; -- usually called the "Solemn League and Covenant." He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house. Macualay.

3. (Theol.)

Defn: The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc. I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. Gen. xvii. 7.

4. A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc.

5. (Law) (a) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also, the document or writing containing the terms of agreement. (b) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal.

Syn. -- Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation. -- Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation. These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as, the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract.

COVENANT Cov"e*nant (kv"-nnt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Covenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Covenanting.]

Defn: To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one's self by contract; to make a stipulation. Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, . . . as the tenant should direct. L'Estrange. And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver. Matt. xxvi. 15.

Syn. -- To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate.

COVENANT Cov"e*nant, v. t.

Defn: To grant or promise by covenant. My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you. Wyclif.

COVENANTEE Cov`e*nan*tee" (kv`-nan-t"), n. (Law)

Defn: The person in whose favor a covenant is made.

COVENANTER Cov"e*nant*er (kv"-nnt-r), n.

1. One who makes a covenant.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One who subscribed and defended the "Solemn League and Covenant." See Covenant.

COVENANTING Cov"e*nant*ing, a.

Defn: Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters. Be they covenanting traitors, Or the brood of false Argyle Aytoun.

COVENANTOR Cov"e*nant*or` (-r`), n. (Law)

Defn: The party who makes a covenant. Burrill.

COVENOUS Cov"e*nous (kv"-ns), a.

Defn: See Covinous, and Covin.

COVENT Cov"ent (kv"ent), n. Etym: [OF. covent, F. couvent. See Convent.]

Defn: A convent or monastery. [Obs.] Bale. Covent Garden, a large square in London, so called because originally it was the garden of a monastery.

COVENTRY Cov"en*try (kv"en-tr), n.

Defn: A town in the county of Warwick, England. To send to Coventry, to exclude from society; to shut out from social intercourse, as for ungentlemanly conduct. -- Coventry blue, blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for embroidery.

COVER Cov"er (kv"r), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Covering.] Etym: [OF. covrir, F. couvrir, fr. L. cooperire; co- + operire to cover; probably fr. ob towards, over + the root appearing in aperire to open. Cf. Aperient, Overt, Curfew.]

1. To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as, to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth.

2. To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak. And with the majesty of darkness round Covers his throune. Milton. All that beauty than doth cover thee. Shak.

3. To invest (one's self with something); to bring upon (one's self); as, he covered himself with glory. The powers that covered themselves with everlasting infamy by the

## partition of Poland. Brougham.

4. To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as, the snemy were covered from our sight by the woods. A cloud covered the mount. Exod. xxiv. 15. In vain shou striv'st to cover shame with shame. Milton.

5. To brood or sit on; to incubate. While the hen is covering her eggs, the male . . . diverts her with his songs. Addison.

6. To overwhelm; to spread over. The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen. Ex. xiv. 28.

7. To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as, the cavalry covered the retreat. His calm and blameless life Does with substantial blessedness abound, And the soft wings of peace cover him round. Cowley.

8. To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit."Blessed is he whose is covered." Ps. xxxii. 1.

9. To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as, a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses.

10. To put the usual covering or headdress on. Cover thy head . . . ; nay, prithee, be covered. Shak.

11. To copulate with (a female); to serve; as. a horse covers a mare; -- said of the male. To cover ground or distance, to pass over; as, the rider covered the ground in an hour. -- To cover one's short contracts (Stock Exchange), to buy stock when the market rises, as a dealer who has sold short does in order to protect himself. -- Covering party (Mil.), a detachment of troops sent for the protection of another detachment, as of men working in the trenches. -- To cover into, to transfer to; as, to cover into the treasury.

Syn. -- To shelter; screen; shield; hide; overspread.

COVER Cov"er (kv"r), n.

1. Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as, the cover of a book.

2. Anything which weils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloack. "Under cover of the night." Macualay. A hendsome cover for imperfections. Collier.

3. Shelter; protection; as, the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover. Being compelled to lodge in the field . . . whilst his army was under cover, they might be forced to retire. Clarendon.

4. (Huntig)

Defn: The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as, to beat a cover; to ride to cover.

5. That portion of a slate, tile, or shingle, which is hidden by the overlap of the course above. Knight.

6. (Steam Engine)

Defn: The lap of a slide valve.

7. Etym: [Cf. F. couvert.]

Defn: A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as, covers were laid for fifty guests. To break cover, to start from a covert or lair; -- said of game. -- Under cover, in an envelope, or within a letter; -- said of a written message. Letters . . . dispatched under cover to her ladyship. Thackeray.

COVER Cov"er, v. i.

Defn: To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet. [Obs.] Shak.

COVERAGE Cov"er*age, n.

Defn: The aggregate of risks covered by the terms of a contract of insurance.

COVERCHIEF Cov"er*chief (chf), n. Etym: [See Kerchef.]

Defn: A covering for the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COVERCLE Cov"er*cle (kv"r-k'l), n. Etym: [OF. covercle, F. couvercle, fr. L. coöperculum fr. coöperire. See cover]

Defn: A small cover; a lid. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

COVER CROP Cov"er crop.

Defn: A catch crop planted, esp. in orchards. as a protection to the soil in winter, as well as for the benefit of the soil when plowed under in spring.

COVERED Cov"ered (kv"rd), a.

Defn: Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden. Covered way (Fort.), a corridor or banquette along the top of the counterscarp and covered by an embankment whose slope forms the glacis. It gives the garrisonn an open line of communication around the works, and a standing place beyond the ditch. See Illust. of Ravelin.

COVERER Cov"er*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, covers.

COVERING Cov"er*ing, n.

Defn: Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc. Noah removed the covering of the ark. Gen. viii. 13. They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold. Job. xxiv. 7. A covering over the well's mouth. 2 Sam. xvii. 19.

COVERLET Cov"er*let (kv"r-lt), n. Etym: [F. couvre-lit; couvrir to cover + lit bed, fr. L. lectus bed. See Cover.]

Defn: The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. Lay her in lilies and in violets . . . And odored sheets and arras coverlets. Spenser.

COVERLID Cov"er*lid (-ld), n.

Defn: A coverlet. All the coverlid was clocth of gold. Tennyson.

COVER-POINT Cov"er-point` (-point!), n.

Defn: The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports "point."

COVERSED SINE Co*versed" sine (k-vrst" sn`). Etym: [Co- (=co- in co- sine) + versed sine.] (Geom.)

Defn: The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.

COVER-SHAME Cov"er-shame` (-shm`), n.

Defn: Something used to conceal infamy. [Obs.] Dryden.

COVERSIDE Cov"er*side`, n.

Defn: A region of country having covers; a hunting country.

COVERT Cov"ert (kv"rt), a. Etym: [OF. covert, F. couvert, p. p. of couvrir. See Cover, v. t.]

1. Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised. How covert matters may be best disclosed. Shak. Whether of open war or covert guile. Milton

2. Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as, a covert nook. Wordsworth. Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley. Bacon.

3. (Law)

Defn: Under cover, authority or protection; as, a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband. Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered.

Syn. -- Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden.

COVERT Cov"ert, n. Etym: [OF. See Covert, a.]

1. A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense. A tabernacle . . . for a covert from storm. Is. iv. 6. The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside. Prescott.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. couverte.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.

COVERT BARON Cov"ert bar`on (br`n). (Law)

Defn: Under the protection of a husband; married. Burrill.

COVERTLY Cov"ert*ly, adv.

Defn: Secretly; in private; insidiously.

COVERTNESS Cov"ert*ness (kv"rt-ns), n.

Defn: Secrecy; privacy. [R.]

COVERTURE Cov"er*ture (kv"r-tr; 135), n. Etym: [OF. coverture,F.couverture.]

1. Covering; shelter; defence; hiding. Protected by walls or other like coverture. Woodward. Beatrice, who even now Is couched in the woodbine coverture. Shak.

2. (Law)

Defn: The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte.

COVET Cov"et (kv"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Covered; p. pr. & vb. n. Coveting.] Etym: [OF. coveitier, covoitier, F. convoiter, from a derivative fr. L. cupere to desire; cf. Skr. kup to become excited. Cf. Cupidity.]

1. To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; -- used in a good sen Covet earnestly the best gifts. 1. Cor. xxii. 31. If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive. Shak.

2. To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden). Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house. Ex. xx. 17.

Syn: To long for; desire; hanker after; crave.

COVET Cov"et, v. i.

Defn: To have or indulge inordinate desire. Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith. 1 Tim. vi. 10.

COVETABLE Cov"et*a*ble (kv"t--b'l), a.

Defn: That may be coveted; desirable.

COVETER Cov"et*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who covets.

COVETISE Cov"et*ise (-s), n. Etym: [OF. coveitise, F. convoitise. See Covet, v. t. ]

Defn: Avarice. [Obs.] Spenser.

COVETIVENESS Cov"et*ive*ness (-v-), n. (Phren.)

Defn: Acquisitiveness.

COVETOUS Cov"et*ous (kv"t-s), a. Etym: [OF. coveitos, F. convoiteux. See Covet, v. t.]

1. Very desirous; eager to obtain; -- used in a good sense. [Archaic] Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue. Shak. Covetous death bereaved us all, To aggrandize one funeral. Emerson.

2. Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; -- in a bad sense. The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world. South.

Syn. -- Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious.

COVETOUSLY Cov"et*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a covetous manner.

COVETOUSNESS Cov"et*ous*ness, n.

1. Strong desire. [R.] When workmen strive to do better than well, They do confound their skill in covetousness. Shak.

2. A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; -- in a bad sense. Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting. Sprat.

Syn. -- Avarice; cupidity; eagerness.

COVEY Cov"ey (kv"), n. Etym: [OF. cov, F. couv, fr. cover, F. couver, to sit or brood on, fr. L. cubare to lie down; cf. E. incubate. See Cubit, and cf. Cove to brood.]

1. A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; -- said of game; as, a covey of partridges. Darwin.

2. A company; a bevy; as, a covey of girls. Addison.

COVEY Cov"ey, v. i.

Defn: To brood; to incubate. [Obs.] [Tortoises] covey a whole year before they hatch. Holland.

COVEY Cov"ey, n.

Defn: A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

COVIN Cov"in (kv"n), n. Etym: [OF. covine, covaine, fr. covenir to agree. See Covenant.]

1. (Law)

Defn: A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third.

2. Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

COVING Cov"ing, n. (Arch.) (a) A cove or series of coves, as the concaved surface under the overhang of a projecting upper story. (b) The splayed jambs of a flaring fireplace.

COVINOUS Cov"in*ous (kv"n-s), a. (Law)

Defn: Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.

COW Cow (kou), n. Etym: [See Cowl a hood.]

Defn: A chimney cap; a cowl

COW Cow, n.; pl. Cows (kouz); old pl. Kine (k. Etym: [OE. cu, cou, AS. c; akin to D. koe, G. kuh, OHG. kuo, Icel. k, Dan. & Sw. ko, L. bos ox, cow, Gr. g. sq. root223. Cf. Beef, Bovine, Bucolic, Butter, Nylghau.]

1. The mature female of bovine animals.

2. The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc.

COW Cow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowed (koud);; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowing.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. kuga, Sw. kufva to check, subdue, Dan. kue. Cf. Cuff, v. t.]

Defn: To depress with fear; to daunt the spirits or courage of; to overawe. To vanquish a people already cowed. Shak. THe French king was cowed. J. R. Green.

COW Cow, n. Etym: [Prob. from same root as cow, v.t.] (Mining)

Defn: A wedge, or brake, to check the motion of a machine or car; a chock. Knight.

COWAGE Cow"age (kou1j), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cowhage.

COWALKER Co`walk"er, n.

Defn: A phantasmic or "astral" body deemed to be separable from the physical body and capable of acting independently; a doppelgänger.

COWAN Cow"an (kou"an), n. Etym: [Cf. OF. couillon a coward, a cullion.]

Defn: One who works as a mason without having served a regular apprenticeship. [Scot.]

Note: Among Freemasons, it is a cant term for pretender, interloper.

COWARD Cow"ard (kou"rd), a. Etym: [OF. couard, coard, coart, n. and adj., F. couard, fr. OF. coe, coue, tail, F. queue (fr. L. coda, a form of cauda tail) + -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog. Cf. Cue, Queue, Caudal.]

1. (Her.)

Defn: Borne in the escutcheon with his tail doubled between his legs; -- said of a lion.

2. Destitute of courage; timid; cowardly. Fie, coward woman, and soft-hearted wretch. Shak.

3. Belonging to a coward; proceeding from, or expressive of, base fear or timidity. He raised the house with loud and coward cries. Shak. Invading fears repel my coward joy. Proir.

COWARD Cow"ard, n.

Defn: A person who lacks courage; a timid or pusillanimous person; a poltroon. A fool is nauseous, but a coward worse. Dryden.

Syn. -- Craven; poltroon; dastard.

COWARD Cow"ard, v. t.

Defn: To make timoroys; to frighten. [Obs.] That which cowardeth a man's heart. Foxe.

COWARDICE Cow"ard*ice (-s), n. Etym: [F. couardise, fr. couard. See Coward.]

Defn: Want of courage to face danger; extreme timidity; pusillanimity; base fear of danger or hurt; lack of spirit. The cowardice of doing wrong. Milton. Moderation was despised as cowardice. Macualay.

COWARDIE Cow"ard*ie (kou"rd-), n. Etym: [OF. couardie.]

Defn: Cowardice. [Obs.]

COWARDISH Cow"ard*ish, a.

Defn: Cowardly. [Obs.] " A base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia).

COWARDIZE Cow"ard*ize (-, v. t.

Defn: To render cowardly. [Obs.] God . . . cowardizeth . . . insolent spirits. Bp. Hall.

COWARDLINESS Cow"ard*li*ness (-l-ns), n.

Defn: Cowardice.

COWARDLY Cow"ard*ly, a.

1. Wanting courage; basely or weakly timid or fearful; pusillanimous; spiritless. The cowardly rascals that ran from the battle. Shak.

2. Proceeding from fear of danger or other consequences; befitting a coward; dastardly; base; as, cowardly malignity. Macualay. The cowardly rashness of those who dare not look danger in the face. Burke.

Syn. -- Timid; fearful; timorous; dastardly; pusillanimous; recreant; craven; faint-hearted; chicken-hearted; white-livered.

COWARDLY Cow"ard*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of a coward. Spenser.

COWARDSHIP Cow"ard*ship, n.

Defn: Cowardice. [Obs.] Shak.

COWBANE Cow"bane` (kou"bn`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A poisonous umbelliferous plant; in England, the Cicuta virosa; in the United States, the Cicuta maculata and the Archemora rigida. See Water hemlock.

COWBERRY Cow"ber`ry (-br`r), n.; pl. Cowberries (-r. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Vaccinium (V. Vitis-id), which bears acid red berries which are sometimes used in cookery; -- locally called mountain cranberry.

COWBIRD Cow"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The cow blackbird (Molothrus ater), an American starling. Like the European cuckoo, it builds no nest, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds; -- so called because frequently associated with cattle.

COWBLAKES Cow"blakes` (-blks`), n. pl.

Defn: Dried cow dung used as fuel.[Prov. Eng.] Simmonds.

COWBOY Cow"boy` (-boi`), n.

1. A cattle herder; a drover; specifically, one of an adventurous class of herders and drovers on the plains of the Western and Southwestern United States.

2. One of the marauders who, in the Revolutionary War infested the neutral ground between the American and British lines, and committed depredations on the Americans.

COWCATCHER Cow"catch`er (-kch`r), n.

Defn: A strong inclined frame, usually of wrought-iron bars, in front of a locomotive engine, for catching or throwing off obstructions on a railway, as cattle; the pilot. [U.S.]

COWDIE Cow"die (kou"d), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Kauri.

COWER Cow"er (-r), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cowered (-rd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cowering.] Etym: [Cf. Icel. kera to doze, liequiet, Sw. kura, Dan. kure, G. kauern to cower, W. cwrian.]

Defn: To stoop by bending the knees; to crouch; to squat; hence, to quail; to sink through fear. Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire. Dryden. Like falcons, cowering on the nest. Goldsmith.

COWER Cow"er (kou"r), v. t.

Defn: To cherish with care. [Obs.]

COWFISH Cow"fish` (-fch`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The grampus. (b) A California dolphin (Tursiops Gillii). (c) A marine plectognath fish (Ostracoin quadricorne, and allied species), having two projections, like horns, in front; -- called also cuckold, coffer fish, trunkfish.

COWHAGE Cow"hage (kou"hj), n. Etym: [Cf. Hind. kaw, ko.] (Bot.)

Defn: A leguminous climbing plant of the genus Mucuna, having crooked pods covered with sharp hairs, which stick to the fingers, causing intolerable itching. The spiculæ are sometimes used in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge. [Written also couhage, cowage, and cowitch.]

COWHEARTED Cow"heart`ed (-hrt`d), a.

Defn: Cowardly. The Lady Powis . . . patted him with her fan, and called him a cowhearted fellow. R. North.

COWHERD Cow"herd` (-hrd`), n. Etym: [AS. c; c cow + hyrde a herder.]

Defn: One whose occupation is to tend cows.

COWHIDE Cow"hide` (-hd`), n.

1. The hide of a cow.

2. Leather made of the hide of a cow.

3. A coarse whip made of untanned leather.

COWHIDE Cow"hide`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cowhided; p. pr. & vb. n. Cowhiding.]

Defn: To flog with a cowhide.

COWISH Cow"ish (kou"sh), a. Etym: [From Cow, v. t.]

Defn: Timorous; fearful; cowardly. [R.] Shak.

COWISH Cow"ish, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An umbelliferous plant (Peucedanum Cous) with edible tuberous roots, found in Oregon. [Written also cous.]

COWITCH Cow"itch (kou"ch; 224), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Cowhage.

COWL Cowl (koul), n. Etym: [AS cuhle, cugle, cugele; cf. dial. G. kogel, gugel, OF. coule, goule; all fr. LL. cuculla, cucullus, fr. L. cucullus cap, hood; perh. akin to celare to conceal, cella cell. Cf. Cucullate.]

1. A monk's hood; -- usually attached to the gown. The nname was also applied to the hood and garment together. What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl Pope.

2. A cowl-shaped cap, commonly turning with the wind, used to improve the draft of a chimney, ventilatingshaft, etc.

3. A wire cap for the smokestack of a locomotive.

COWL Cowl, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. cuvele, cuvel, dim. of F. cuve tub, vat, fr. L. cupa. See Cup.]

Defn: A vessel carried on a pole between two persons, for conveyance of water. Johnson.

COWLED Cowled (kould), a.

Defn: Wearing a cowl; hooded; as, a cowled monk. "That cowled churchman." Emerson.

COWLEECH Cow"leech` (kou"lch`), n. Etym: [2d cow + leech a physician.]

Defn: One who heals disease of cows; a cow doctor.

COWLEECHING Cow"leech`ing, n.

Defn: Healing the distemper of cows.

COWLICK Cow"lick` (-lk`), n.

Defn: A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow.

COWLIKE Cow"like` (-lk`), a.

Defn: Resembling a cow. With cowlike udders and with oxlike eyes. Pope.

COWLSTAFF Cowl"staff` (koul"stf`), n. Etym: [Cowl a vessel + staff.]

Defn: A staff or pole on which a vessel is supported between two persons. Suckling.

COWORKER Co`work"er (k`wrk"r), n.

Defn: One who works with another; a co

COW PARSLEY Cow" pars`ley (kou` prs`l). (Bot.)

Defn: An umbelliferous plant of the genus Chærophyllum (C. temulum and C. sylvestre).

COW PARSNIP Cow" pars`nip (-np). (Bot.)

Defn: A coarse umbelliferous weed of the genus Heracleum (H. sphondylium in England, and H. lanatum in America).

COWPEA Cow"pea` (-p`), n.

Defn: The seed of one or more leguminous plants of the genus Dolichos; also, the plant itself. Many varieties are cultivated in the southern part of the United States.

COWPER'S GLANDS Cow"per's glands` (kou"prz glndz`). Etym: [After the discoverer, William Cowper, an English surgeon.] (Anat.)

Defn: Two small glands discharging into the male urethra.

COW-PILOT Cow"-pi`lot (kou"p`lt), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A handsomely banded, coral-reef fish, of Florida and the West Indies (Pomacentrus saxatilis); -- called also mojarra.

COWPOCK Cow"pock` (-pk`), n.

Defn: See Cowpox. Dunglison.

COWPOX Cow"pox` (--pks`), n. (Med.)

Defn: A pustular eruptive disease of the cow, which, when communicated to the human system, as by vaccination, protects from the smallpox; vaccinia; -- called also kinepox, cowpock, and kinepock. Dunglison.

COWQUAKE Cow"quake` (-kwk`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants (Briza); quaking grass.

COWRIE Cow"rie (-r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Kauri.

COWRIE; COWRY Cow"rie Cow"ry (kou"r), n.; pl. Cowries (-r. Etym: [Hind. kaur.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine shell of the genus Cypræa.

Note: There are numerous species, many of them ornamental. Formerly C. moneta and several other species were largely used as money in Africa and some other countries, and they are still so used to some extent. The value is always trifling, and varies at different places.

COWSLIP Cow"slip` (-slp`), n. Etym: [AS. c, c, prob. orig., cow's droppings. Cf. Slop, n.] (Bot.)

1. A common flower in England (Primula veris) having yellow blossoms and appearing in early spring. It is often cultivated in the United States.

2. In the United States, the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), appearing in wet places in early spring and often used as a pot herb. It is nearer to a buttercup than to a true cowslip. See Illust. of Marsh marigold. American cowslip (Bot.), a pretty flower of the West (Dodecatheon Meadia), belonging to the same order (Primulaceæ) with the English cowslip. -- French cowslip (Bot.), bear's-ear (Primula Auricula).

COWSLIPPED Cow"slipped` (-slpt`), a.

Defn: Adorned with cowslips. "Cowslipped lawns." Keats.

COW'S LUNGWORT Cow's" lung"wort` (kouz" lng"wrt`).

Defn: Mullein.

COW TREE Cow" tree` (kou" tr`). Etym: [Cf. SP. palo de vaca.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tree (Galactodendron utile or Brosimum Galactodendron) of South America, which yields, on incision, a nourishing fluid, resembling milk.

COWWEED Cow"weed" (-wEd`),, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Cow parsley.

COWWHEAT Cow"wheat` (-hwt`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A weed of the genus Melampyrum, with black seeds, found on European wheatfields.

COX Cox (kks), n. Etym: [OE. cokes. Cf. Coax.]

Defn: A coxcomb; a simpleton; a gull. [Obs.] Go; you're a brainless cox, a toy, a fop. Beau. & Fl.

COXA Cox"a (kks"), n. Etym: [L., the hip.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The first joint of the leg of an insect or crustacean.

COXALGIA; COXALGY Cox*al"gi*a (-l"j-), Cox"al`gy (kks"l`j), n. Etym: [NL. coxalgia, fr. L. coxa hip. + Gr. coxalgie.] (Med.)

Defn: Pain in the hip.

COXCOMB Cox"comb` (kks"km`), n. Etym: [A corrupted spelling of cock's comb.]

1. (a) A strip of red cloth notched like the comb of a cock, which licensed jesters formerly wore in their caps. (b) The cap itself.

2. The top of the head, or the head itself. We will belabor you a little better, And beat a little more care into your coxcombs. Beau & Fl.

3. A vain, showy fellow; a conceited, silly man, fond of display; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplishments; a fop. Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy Of powdered coxcombs at her levee. Goldsmith. Some are bewildered in the maze of schools, And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools. Pope.

4. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several plants of different genera, but

## particularly to Celosia cristata, or garden cockscomb. Same as

Cockscomb.

COXCOMBICAL Cox*comb"ic*al (kks-km"-kal), a.

Defn: Befitting or indicating a coxcomb; like a coxcomb; foppish; conceited. -- Cox*comb"ic*al*ly, adv. Studded all over in coxcombical fashion with little brass nails. W. Irving.

COXCOMBLY Cox"comb"ly (kks"km`l), a.

Defn: like a coxcomb. [Obs.] "You coxcombly ass, you!" Beau & Fl.

COXCOMBRY Cox"comb`ry (-r), n.

Defn: The manners of a coxcomb; foppishness.

COXCOMICAL Cox*com"ic*al (kks-km"-kal), a.

Defn: Coxcombical. [R.]

COXCOMICALLY Cox*com"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Conceitedly. [R.]

COXSWAIN Cox"swain` (kk"swn, Colloq. kk"s'n), n.

Defn: See Cockswain.

COY Coy (koi), a. Etym: [OE. coi quiet, still, OF. coi, coit, fr.L. quietus quiet, p. p. of quiescere to rest, quie rest; prob. akin to E. while. See While, and cf. Quiet, Quit, Quite.]

1. Quiet; still. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Shrinking from approach or familiarity; reserved; bashful; shy; modest; -- usually applied to women, sometimes with an implication of coquetry. Coy, and difficult to win. Cowper. Coy and furtive graces. W. Irving. Nor the coy maid, half willings to be pressed, Shall kiss the cup, to pass it to the rest. Goldsmith.

3. Soft; gentle; hesitating. Enforced hate, Instead of love's coy touch, shall rudely tear thee. Shak.

Syn. -- Shy; shriking; reserved; modest; bashful; backward; distant.

COY Coy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Coyed (koid); p. pr. & vb. n. Coying.]

1. To allure; to entice; to decoy. [Obs.] A wiser generation, who have the art to coy the fonder sort into their nets. Bp. Rainbow.

2. To caress with the hand; to stroke. Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, While I thy amiable cheeks do coy. Shak.

COY Coy, v. i.

1. To behave with reserve or coyness; to shrink from approach or familiarity. [Obs.] Thus to coy it, With one who knows you too! Rowe.

2. To make difficulty; to be unwilling. [Obs.] If he coyed To hear Cominius speak, I 'll keep at home. Shak.

COYISH Coy"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat coy or reserved. Warner.

COYLY Coy"ly, adv.

Defn: In a coy manner; with reserve.

COYNESS Coy"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being coy; feigned o When the kind nymph would coyness feign, And hides but to be found again. Dryden.

Syn. -- Reserve; shrinking; shyness; backwardness; modesty; bashfulness.

COYOTE Coy"o*te (k"-t or k"t), n. Etym: [Spanish Amer., fr. Mexican coyotl.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A carnivorous animal (Canis latrans), allied to the dog, found in the western part of North America; -- called also prairie wolf. Its voice is a snapping bark, followed by a prolonged, shrill howl.

COYOTE STATE Coyote State.

Defn: South Dakota; -- a nickname.

COYOTILLO Co`yo*til"lo, n. [Mex. Sp. dim. See Coyote.]

Defn: A low rhamnaceous shrub (Karwinskia humboldtiana) of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Its berries are said to be poisonous to the coyote.

COYPU Coy"pu (koi"p), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American rodent (Myopotamus coypus), allied to the beaver. It produces a valuable fur called nutria. [Written also coypou.]

COYSTREL Coys"trel (kois"trl), n.

Defn: Same as Coistril.

COZ Coz (kz), n.

Defn: A contraction of cousin. Shak.

COZEN Coz"en (kz"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cozened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cozening (-'n-ng). ] Etym: [From cousin, hence, literally, to deceive through pretext of relationship, F. cousiner.]

Defn: To cheat; to defrand; to beguile; to deceive, usually by small arts, or in a pitiful way. He had cozened the world by fine phrases. Macualay. Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters. Locke. Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him, and expose him to public mirth for having been cozened. Clarendon.

COZEN Coz"en, v. i.

Defn: To deceive; to cheat; to act deceitfully. Some cogging,cozening slave. Shak.

COZENAGE Coz"en*age (-j), n. Etym: [See Cozen, and cf. Cousinage.]

Defn: The art or practice of cozening; artifice; fraud. Shak.

COZENER Coz"en*er (kz"'n-r), n.

Defn: One who cheats or defrauds.

COZIER Co*zier (k"zhr), n.

Defn: See Cosier.

COZILY Co"zi*ly (k"z-l), adv.

Defn: Snugly; comfortably.

COZINESS Co"zi*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being cozy.

COZY Co"zy (k"z), a. [Compar. Cozier (-z-r); superl. Coziest.] Etym: [Cf. Scot. cosie, cozie, prob. from Gael. cosach abounding in hollows, or cosagach full of holes or crevices, snug, sheltered, from cos a hollow, a crevice.]

1. Snug; comfortable; easy; contented. [Written also cosey and cosy.]

2. Etym: [Cf. F. causer to chat, talk.]

Defn: Chatty; talkative; sociable; familiar. [Eng.]

COZY Co"zy, n. Etym: [See Cozy,a.]

Defn: A wadded covering for a teakettle or other vessel to keep the contents hot.

CRAB Crab (krb), n. Etym: [AS. crabba; akin to D. krab, G. krabbe, krebs, Icel. krabbi, Sw. krabba, Dan. krabbe, and perh. to E. cramp. Cf. Crawfish.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the brachyuran Crustacea. They are mostly marine, and usually have a broad, short body, covered with a strong shell or carapace. The abdomen is small and curled up beneath the body.

Note: The name is applied to all the Brachyura, and to certain Anomura, as the hermit crabs. Formerly, it was sometimes applied to Crustacea in general. Many species are edible, the blue crab of the Atlantic coast being one of the most esteemed. The large European edible crab is Cancer padurus. Soft-shelled crabs are blue crabs that have recently cast their shells. See Cancer; also, Box crab, Fiddler crab, Hermit crab, Spider crab, etc., under Box, Fiddler. etc.

2. The zodiacal constellation Cancer.

3. Etym: [See Crab, a.] (Bot.)

Defn: A crab apple; -- so named from its harsh taste. When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl, Then nightly sings the staring owl. Shak.

4. A cudgel made of the wood of the crab tree; a crabstick. [Obs.] Garrick.

5. (Mech.) (a) A movable winch or windlass with powerful gearing, used with derricks, etc. (b) A form of windlass, or geared capstan, for hauling ships into dock, etc. (c) A machine used in ropewalks to stretch the yarn. (d) A claw for anchoring a portable machine. Calling crab. (Zoöl.) See Fiddler., n., 2. -- Crab apple, a small, sour apple, of several kinds; also, the tree which bears it; as, the European crab apple (Pyrus Malus var.sylvestris); the Siberian crab apple (Pyrus baccata); and the American (Pyrus coronaria). -- Crab grass. (Bot.) (a) A grass (Digitaria, or Panicum, sanguinalis); -- called also finger grass. (b) A grass of the genus Eleusine (E. Indica); -- called also dog's-tail grass, wire grass, etc. -- Crab louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Phthirius pubis), sometimes infesting the human body. -- Crab plover (Zoöl.), an Asiatic plover (Dromas ardeola). -- Crab's eyes, or Crab's stones, masses of calcareous matter found, at certain seasons of the year, on either side of the stomach of the European crawfishes, and formerly used in medicine for absorbent and antacid purposes; the gastroliths. -- Crab spider (Zoöl.), one of a group of spiders (Laterigradæ); -- called because they can run backwards or sideways like a crab. -- Crab tree, the tree that bears crab applies. -- Crab wood, a light cabinet wood obtained in Guiana, which takes a high polish. McElrath. -- To catch a crab (Naut.), a phrase used of a rower: (a) when he fails to raise his oar clear of the water; (b) when he misses the water altogether in making a stroke.

CRAB Crab (krb), v. t.

1. To make sour or morose; to embitter. [Obs.] Sickness sours or crabs our nature. Glanvill.

2. To beat with a crabstick. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

CRAB Crab, v. i. (Naut.)

Defn: To drift sidewise or to leeward, as a vessel. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

CRAB Crab, a. Etym: [Prob. from the same root as crab, n.]

Defn: Sour; rough; austere. The crab vintage of the neighb'ring coast. Dryden.

CRABBED Crab"bed (krb"bd), a. Etym: [See Crab,n.]

1. Characterized by or manifesting, sourness, peevishness, or moroseness; harsh; cross; cynical; -- applied to feelings, disposition, or manners. Crabbed age and youth can not live together. Shak.

2. Characterized by harshness or roughness; unpleasant; -- applied to things; as, a crabbed taste.

3. Obscure; difficult; perplexing; trying; as, a crabbed author. "Crabbed eloquence." Chaucer. How charming is divine philosophy! Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose. Milton.

4. Cramped; irregular; as, crabbed handwriting. -- Crab"bed*ly, adv. -- Crab"bed*ness, n.

CRABBER Crab"ber (krb"br), n.

Defn: One who catches crabs.

CRABBING Crab"bing, n.

1. The act or art of catching crabs.

2. (Falconry)

Defn: The foghting of hawks with each other.

3. (Woolem Manuf.)

Defn: A process of scouring clocth be

CRABBISH Crab"bish (krb"bsh), a.

Defn: Somewhat sour or cross. The wips of the most crabbish Satyristes. Decker.

CRABBY Crab"by (-b), a.

Defn: Crabbed; difficult, or perplexing. "Persius is crabby, because ancient." Marston.

CRABEATER Crab"eat`er (krb"t`r), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cobia. (b) An etheostomoid fish of the southern United States (Hadropterus nigrofasciatus). (c) A small European heron (Ardea minuta, and other allied species).

CRABER Cra"ber (kr"br), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The water rat. Walton.

CRABFACED Crab"faced` (krb"fst`), a.

Defn: Having a sour, disagreeable countenance. Beau & Fl.

CRABSIDLE Crab"si`dle (-s`d'l), v. i.

Defn: To move sidewise, as a crab. [Jocular]. Southey.

CRABSTICK Crab"stick` (-stk`), n.

Defn: A stick, cane, or cudgel, made of the wood of the carb tree.

CRAB TREE Crab" tree (tr`).

Defn: See under Crab.

CRAB-YAWS Crab"-yaws` (krb"yz`), n. (Med.)

Defn: A disease in the West Indies. It is a kind of ulcer on the soles of the feet, with very hard edges. See Yaws. Dunglison.

CRACHE Crache (krch), v.

Defn: To scratch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CRACK Crack (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cracked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cracking.] Etym: [OE. cracken, craken, to crack, break, boast, AS. cracian, cearcian, to crack; akin to D. kraken, G. krachen; cf. Skr. garj to rattle, or perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crake, Cracknel, Creak.]

1. To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as, to crack glass; to crack nuts.

2. To rend with grief or pain; to affect deeply with sorrow; hence, to disorder; to distract; to craze. O, madam, my old hear is cracked. Shak. He thought none poets till their brains were cracked. Roscommon.

3. To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as, to crack a whip.

4. To utter smartly and sententiously; as, to crack a joke. B. Jonson.

5. To cry up; to extol; -- followed by up. [Low] To crack a bottle, to open the bottle and drink its contents. -- To crack a crib, to commit burglary. [Slang] -- To crack on, to put on; as, to crack on more sail, or more steam. [Colloq.]

CRACK Crack, v. i.

1. To burst or open in chinks; to break, with or without quite separating into parts. By misfortune it cracked in the coling. Boyle. The mirror cracked from side to side. Tennyson.

2. To be ruined or impaired; to fail. [Collog.] The credit . . . of exchequers cracks, when little comes in and much goes out. Dryden.

3. To utter a loud or sharp, sudden sound. As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack. Shak.

4. To utter vain, pompous words; to brag; to boast; -- with of. [Archaic.] Ethoipes of their sweet complexion crack. Shak.

CRACK Crack, n.

1. A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as, a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass.

2. Ropture; flaw; breach, in a moral sense. My love to thee is sound, sans crack or flaw. Shak.

3. A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as, the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip. Will the stretch out to the crack of doom Shak.

4. The tone of voice when changed at puberty. Though now our voices Have got the mannish crack. Shak.

5. Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as, he has a crack.

6. A crazy or crack-brained person. [Obs.] I . . . can not get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector. Addison.

7. A boast; boasting. [Obs.] "Crack and brags." Burton. "Vainglorius cracks." Spenser.

8. Breach of chastity. [Obs.] Shak.

9. A boy, generally a pert, lively boy. [Obs.] Val. 'Tis a noble child. Vir. A crack, madam. Shak.

10. A brief time; an instant; as, to be with one in a crack. [Eng. & Scot. Colloq.]

11. Free conversation; friendly chat. [Scot.] What is crack in English . . . Acrack . . . a chat with a good, kindly human heart in it. P. P. Alexander.

CRACK Crack, a.

Defn: Of superior excellence; having qualities to be boasted of. [Colloq.] One of our crack speakers in the Commons. Dickens.

CRACKAJACK Crack"a*jack`, n.

1. An individual of marked ability or excellence, esp. in some sport; as, he is a crackajack at tennis. [Slang]

2. A preparation of popped corn, candied and pressed into small cakes. [U. S.]

CRACKAJACK Crack"a*jack`, a.

Defn: Of marked ability or excellence. [Slang]

CRACK-BRAINED Crack"-brained` (-brnd`), a.

Defn: Having an impaired intellect; whimsical; crazy. Pope.

CRACKED Cracked (krkt), a.

1. Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat.

2. Crack-brained. [Colloq.]

CRACKER Crack"er (krk"r), n.

1. One who, or that which, cracks.

2. A noisy boaster; a swaggering fellow. [Obs.] What cracker is this same that deafs our ears Shak.

3. A small firework, consisting of a little powder inclossed in a thick paper cylinder with a fuse, and exploding with a sharp noise; - - often called firecracker.

4. A thin, dry biscuit, often hard or crisp; as, a Boston cracker; a Graham cracker; a soda cracker; an oyster cracker.

5. A nickname to designate a poor white in some parts of the Southern United States. Bartlett.

6. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pintail duck.

7. pl. (Mach.)

Defn: A pair of fluted rolls for grinding caoutchouc. Knight.

CRACKER STATE Cracker State.

Defn: Georgia; -- a nickname. See Cracker, n. 5.

CRACKLE Crac"kle (krk"k'l), v. i. Etym: [Dim. of crack.]

Defn: To make slight cracks; to make small, sharp, sudden noises, rapidly or frequently repeated; to crepitate; as, burning thorns crackle. The unknown ice that crackles underneath them. Dryden.

CRACKLE Crac"kle, n.

1. The noise of slight and frequent cracks or reports; a crackling. The crackle of fireworks. Carlyle.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A kind of crackling sound or râle, heard in some abnormal states of the lungs; as, dry crackle; moist crackle. Quain.

3. (Fine Arts)

Defn: A condition produced in certain porcelain, fine earthenware, or glass, in which the glaze or enamel appears to be cracked in all directions, making a sort of reticulated surface; as, Chinese crackle; Bohemian crackle.

CRACKLED Crac"kled (-k'ld), a. (Fine Arts)

Defn: Covered with minute cracks in the glaze; -- said of some kinds of porcelain and fine earthenware.

CRACKLEWARE Crac"kle*ware` (-wr`), n.

Defn: See Crackle, n., 3.

CRACKLING Crac"kling (krk"klng), n.

1. The making of small, sharp cracks or reports, frequently repeated. As the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool. Eccl. vii. 6.

2. The well-browned, crisp rind of roasted pork. For the first time in his life he tested crackling. Lamb.

3. pl.

Defn: Food for dogs, made from the refuse of tallow melting.

CRACK-LOO; CRACKALOO Crack"-loo`, n. Also Crack"a*loo` .

Defn: A kind of gambling game consisting in pitching coins to or towards the ceiling of a room so that they shall fall as near as possible to a certain crack in the floor. [Gamblers' Cant, U. S.]

CRACKNEL Crack"nel (krk"nl), n. Etym: [F. craquelin, fr. D. krakeling, fr. krakken to crack. See Crack, v. t.]

Defn: A hard brittle cake or biscuit. Spenser.

CRACKSMAN Cracks"man (krks"man), n., pl. Cracksmen (-men).

Defn: A burglar. [Slang]

CRACOVIAN Cra*co"vi*an (kr-k"v-an), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cracow in Poland.

CRACOVIENNE Cra*co`vi*enne" (kr-k`v-n"), n. Etym: [F., fr. Cracow, the city.] (Mus.)

Defn: A lively Polish dance, in 2-4 time.

CRACOWES Cra"cowes (kr"kz), n. pl.

Defn: Long-toed boots or shoes formerly worn in many parts of Europe; -- so called from Cracow, in Poland, where they were first worn in the fourteenth century. Fairholt.

CRADLE Cra"dle (krd'l), n. Etym: [AS. cradel, cradol, prob. from Celtic; cf. Gael. creathall, Ir. craidhal, W. cryd a shaking or rocking, a cradle; perh. akin to E. crate.]

1. A bed or cot for a baby, oscillating on rockers or swinginng on pivots; hence, the place of origin, or in which anything is nurtured or protected in the earlier period of existence; as, a cradle of crime; the cradle of liberty. The cradle that received thee at thy birth. Cowper. No sooner was I crept out of my cradle But I was made a king, at nine months old. Shak.

2. Infancy, or very early life. From their cradles bred together. Shak. A form of worship in which they had been educated from their cradles. Clarendon.

3. (Agric.)

Defn: An implement consisting of a broad scythe for cutting grain, with a set of long fingers parallel to the scythe, designed to receive the grain, and to lay it eventlyin a swath.

4. (Engraving)

Defn: A tool used in mezzotint engraving, which, by a rocking motion, raises burrs on the surface of the plate, so preparing the ground.

5. A framework of timbers, or iron bars, moving upon ways or rollers, used to support, lift, or carry ships or other vessels, heavy guns, etc., as up an inclined plane, or across a strip of land, or in launching a ship.

6. (Med.) (a) A case for a broken or dislocated limb. (b) A frame to keep the bedclothes from conntact with the person.

7. (Mining) (a) A machine on rockers, used in washing out auriferous earth; -- also called a rocker. [U.S.] (b) A suspended scaffold used in shafts.

8. (Carp.)

Defn: The ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster. Knight.

9. (Naut.)

Defn: The basket or apparatus in which, when a line has been made fast to a wrecked ship from the shore, the people are brought off from the wreck. Cat's cradle. See under Cat. -- Cradle hole, a sunken place in a road, caused by thawing, or by travel over a soft spot. -- Cradle scythe, a broad scythe used in a cradle for cutting grain.

CRADLE Cra"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cradled (-d'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cradling (-dlng).]

1. To lay to rest, or rock, as in a cradle; to lull or quiet, as by rocking. It cradles their fears to sleep. D. A. Clark.

2. To nurse or train in infancy. He that hath been cradled in majesty will not leave the throne to play with beggars. Glanvill.

3. To cut and lay with a cradle, as grain.

4. To transport a vessel by means of a cradle. In Lombardy . . . boats are cradled and transported over the grade. Knight. To cradle a picture, to put ribs across the back of a picture, to prevent the panels from warping.

CRADLE Cra"dle, v. i.

Defn: To lie or lodge, as in a cradle. Withered roots and husks wherein the acorn cradled. Shak.

CRADLELAND Cra"dle*land` (kra"d'l*land`), n.

Defn: Land or region where one was cradled; hence, land of origin.

CRADLING Cra"dling (-dlng), n.

1. The act of using a cradle.

2. (Coopering)

Defn: Cutting a cask into two pieces lengthwise, to enable it to pass a narrow place, the two parts being afterward united and rehooped.

3. (Carp.)

Defn: The framework in arched or coved ceilings to which the laths are nailed. Knight.

CRAFT Craft (krft), n. Etym: [AS. cr strength, skill, art, cunning; akin to OS., G., Sw., & Dan. kraft strength, D. kracht, Icel. kraptr; perh. originally, a drawing together, stretching, from the root of E. cramp.]

1. Strength; might; secret power. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Art or skill; dexterity in particular manual employment; hence, the occupation or employment itself; manual art; a trade. Ye know that by this craft we have our wealth. Acts xix. 25. A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of making. B. Jonson. Since the birth of time, throughout all ages and nations, Has the craft of the smith been held in repute. Longfellow.

3. Those engaged in any trade, taken collectively; a guild; as, the craft of ironmongers. The control of trade passed from the merchant guilds to the new craft guilds. J. R. Green.

4. Cunning, art, or skill, in a bad sense, or applied to bad purposes; artifice; guile; skill or dexterity employed to effect purposes by deceit or shrewd devices. You have that crooked wisdom which is called craft. Hobbes. The chief priets and the scribes sought how they might take him by craft, and put him to death. Mark xiv. 1.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: A vessel; vessels of any kind; -- generally used in a collective sense. The evolutions of the numerous tiny craft moving over the lake. Prof. Wilson. Small crafts, small vessels, as sloops, schooners, ets.

CRAFT Craft, v.t.

Defn: To play tricks; to practice artifice. [Obs.] You have crafted fair. Shak.

CRAFTER crafter n.

Defn: a creator of great skill in the manual arts. Syn. -- craftsman. [WordNet 1.5]

CRAFTILY Craft"i*ly (--l), adv. Etym: [See Crafty.]

Defn: With craft; artfully; cunningly.

CRAFTINESS Craft"i*ness (krft"-ns), n.

Defn: Dexterity in devising and effecting a purpose; cunning; artifice; stratagem. He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. Job. v. 13.

CRAFTLESS Craft"less (-ls), a.

Defn: Without craft or cunning. Helpless, craftless, and innocent people. Jer. Taylor.

CRAFTSMAN Crafts"man (krfts"man), n.; pl. Craftsmen (-men).

Defn: One skilled in some trade or manual occupation; an artificer; a mechanic.

CRAFTSMANSHIP Crafts"man*ship, n.

Defn: The work of a craftsman.

CRAFTSMASTER Crafts"mas`ter (-ms`tr), n.

Defn: One skilled in his craft or trade; one of superior cunning. In cunning persuasion his craftsmaster. Holland.

CRAFTY Craft"y (krft"), a. Etym: [AS. cr.]

1. Relating to, or characterized by, craft or skill; dexterous. [Obs.] "Crafty work." Piers Plowman.

2. Possessing dexterity; skilled; skillful. A noble crafty man of trees. Wyclif.

3. Skillful at deceiving others; characterized by craft; cunning; wily. "A pair of crafty knaves." Shak. With anxious care and crafty wiles. J. Baillie.

Syn. -- Skillful; dexterous; cunning; artful; wily; Cunning.

CRAG Crag (krg), n. Etym: [W. craig; akin to Gael. creag, Corn. karak, Armor. karrek.]

1. A steep, rugged rock; a cough, broken cliff, or point of a rock, on a ledge. From crag to crag the signal fiew. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Geol.)

Defn: A partially compacted bed of gravel mixed with shells, of the Tertiary age.

CRAG Crag, n. Etym: [A form of craw: cf. D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen. See Craw.]

1. The neck or throat [Obs.] And bear the crag so stiff and so state. Spenser.

2. The neck piece or scrag of mutton. Johnson.

CRAGGED Crag"ged (-gd), a.

Defn: Full of crags, or steep, broken Into its cragged rents descend. J. Baillie.

CRAGGEDNESS Crag"ged*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being cragged; cragginess.

CRAGGINESS Crag"gi*ness (-g-ns), n.

Defn: The state of being craggy.

CRAGGY Crag"gy (krg"g), a.

Defn: Full of crags; rugged with projecting points of rocks; as, the craggy side of a mountain. "The craggy ledge." Tennyson.

CRAGSMAN Crags"man (krgz"man), n.; pl. Cragsmen (-men).

Defn: One accustomed to climb rocks or crags; esp., one who makes a business of climbing the cliffs overhanging the sea to get the eggs of sea birds or the birds themselves.

CRAIE Craie (kr), n.

Defn: See Crare. [Obs.]

CRAIG FLOUNDER Craig" floun`der (krg" floun`dr). Etym: [Scot. craig a rock. See 1st Crag.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pole flounder.

CRAIL Crail (krl),, n. Etym: [See Creel.]

Defn: A creel or osier basket.

CRAKE Crake (krk), v. t. & i. Etym: [See Crack.]

1. To cry out harshly and loudly, like the bird called crake.

2. To boast; to speak loudly and boastfully. [Obs.] Each man may crake of that which was his own. Mir. for Mag.

CRAKE Crake, n.

Defn: A boast. See Crack, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

CRAKE Crake, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kr crow, kr raven, Sw. kr, Dan. krage; perh. of imitative origin. Cf. Crow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species or rail of the genera Crex and Porzana; -- so called from its singular cry. See Corncrake.

CRAKEBERRY Crake"ber`ry (-br`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: See Crowberry.

CRAKER Crak"er (krk"r), n.

Defn: One who boasts; a braggart. [Obs.] Old Play.

CRAM Cram (krm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crammed (krmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cramming.] Etym: [AS. crammian to cram; akin to Icel. kremia to squeeze, bruise, Sw. krama to press. Cf. Cramp.]

1. To press, force, or drive, particularly in filling, or in thrustung one thing into another; to stuff; to crowd; to fill to superfluity; as, to cram anything into a basket; to cram a room with people. Their storehouses crammed with grain. Shak. He will cram his brass down our throats. Swift.

2. To fill with food to satiety; to stuff. Children would be freer from disease if they were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers. Locke. Cram us with praise, and make us As fat as tame things. Shak.

3. To put hastily through an extensive course of memorizing or study, as in preparation for an examination; as, a pupil is crammed by his tutor.

CRAM Cram, v. i.

1. To eat greedly, and to satiety; to stuff. Gluttony . . . . Cr, and blasphemes his feeder. Milton.

2. To make crude preparation for a special occasion, as an examination, by a hasty and extensive course of memorizing or study. [Colloq.]

CRAM Cram, n.

1. The act of cramming.

2. Innformation hastily memorized; as. a cram from an examination. [Colloq.]

3. (Weaving)

Defn: A warp having more than two threads passing through each dent or split of the reed.

CRAMBO Cram"bo, n. Etym: [Cf. Cramp, a., difficult.]

1. A game in which one person gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme. I saw in one corner . . . a cluster of men and women,diverting themselves with a game at crambo. I heard several double rhymes . . . which raised a great deal of mirth. Addison.

2. A werd rhyming with another word. His similes in order set And every crambo he could get. Swift. Dumb crambo, a game in which one party of players give a word which rhymes with another, which last to be guessed by the opposing party, who represent in dumb show what they think it to be.

CRAMMER Cram"mer (krm"mr), n.

Defn: One who crams; esp., one who prepares a pupil hastily for an exxamination, or a pupil who is thus prepared. Dickens.

CRAMOISIE; CRAMOISY Cra*moi"sie Cra*moi"sy (kr-moi"z), a. Etym: [F. cramoisi crimson. See Crimson.]

Defn: Crimson. [Obs.] A splendid seignior, magnificent in cramoisy velevet. Motley.

CRAMP Cramp (krmp), n. Etym: [OE. crampe, craumpe; akin to D. & Sw. kramp, Dan. krampe, G. krampf (whence F. crampe), Icel. krappr strait, narrow, and to E. crimp, crumple; cf. cram. See Grape.]

1. That which confines or contracts; a restraint; a shakle; a hindrance. A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind. L'Estrange. Crippling his pleasures with the cramp of fear. Cowper.

2. (Masonry)

Defn: A device, usually of iron bent at the ends, used to hold together blocks of stone, timbers, etc.; a cramp iron.

3. (Carp.)

Defn: A rectangular frame, with a tightening screw, used for compressing the jionts of framework, etc.

4. A piece of wood having a curve corresponding to that of the upper part of the instep, on which the upper leather of a boot is stretched to give it the requisite shape.

5. (Med.)

Defn: A spasmodic and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, as of the leg. The cramp, divers nights, gripeth him in his legs. Sir T. More. Cramp bone, the patella of a sheep; -- formerly used as a charm for the cramp. Halliwell. "He could turn cramp bones into chess men." Dickens. -- Cramp ring, a ring formerly supposed to have virtue in averting or curing cramp, as having been consecrated by one of the kings of England on Good Friday.

CRAMP Cramp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cramped (krp. pr. & vb. n. Cramping.]

1. To compress; to restrain from free action; to confine and contract; to hinder. The mind my be as much cramped by too much knowledge as by ignorance. Layard.

2. To fasten or hold with, or as with, a cramp.

3. Hence, to bind together; to unite. The . . . fabric of universal justic is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts. Burke.

4. To form on a cramp; as, to cramp boot legs.

5. To afflict with cramp. When the gout cramps my joints. Ford. To cramp the wheels of wagon, to turn the front wheels out of line with the hind wheels, so that one of them shall be against the body of the wagon.

CRAMP Cramp, a. Etym: [See Cramp, n.]

Defn: Knotty; difficult. [R.] Care being taken not to add any of the cramp reasons for this opinion. Coleridge.

CRAMPET Cram"pet (krm"pt), n. Etym: [See Cramp,n.] (Mil.)

Defn: A cramp iron or cramp ring; a chape, as of a scabbard. [Written also crampit and crampette.]

CRAMPFISH Cramp"fish` (krmp"fsh`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The torpedo, or electric ray, the touch of which gives an electric shock. See Electric fish, and Torpedo.

CRAMP IRON Cramp" i`ron (`rn).

Defn: See Cramp, n., 2.

CRAMPIT Cram"pit (krm"pt), n. (Mil.)

Defn: See Crampet.

CRAMPON Cram"pon (krm"pn), n. Etym: [F. See Crampoons.] (Bot.)

Defn: An a

CRAMPONEE Cram`po*nee" (krm`p-n"), a. Etym: [F. cramponn. See Crampoons.] (Her.)

Defn: Having a cramp or square piece at the end; -- said of a cross so furnished.

CRAMPOONS Cram*poons" (krm-pnz"), n. pl. Etym: [F. crampon, fr. OHG. chramph crooked; akin to G. krampf cramp. See Cramp,n., and cf. Crampon.]

1. A clutch formed of hooked pieces of iron, like double calipers, for raising stones, lumber, blocks of ice, etc.

2. Iron insruments with sharp points, worn on the shoes to assist in gaining or keeping a foothold.

CRAMPY Cramp"y (krmp"),

1. Affected with cramp.

2. Productive of, or abounding in, cramps. "This crampy country." Howitt.

CRAN; CRANE Cran (krn), Crane (krn), n. Etym: [Scot., fr. Gael. crann.]

Defn: A measure for fresh herrings, -- as many as will fill a barrel. [Scot.] H. Miller.

CRANAGE Cran"age (krn"j), n. Etym: [See Crane.]

1. The liberty of using a crane, as for loading and unloading vessels.

2. The money or price paid for the use of a crane.

CRANBERRY Cran"ber*ry (krn"br-r), n.; pl. Cranberries (-r Etym: [So named from its fruit being ripe in the spring when the cranes return. Dr. Prior.] (Bot.)

Defn: A red, acid berry, much used for making sauce, etc.; also, the plant producing it (several species of Vaccinum or Oxycoccus.) The high cranberry or cranberry tree is a species of Viburnum (V. Opulus), and the other is sometimes called low cranberry or marsh cranberry to distinguish it.

CRANCH Cranch (krnch), v. t.

Defn: See Craunch.

CRANDALL Cran"dall (kran"dal), n. [Prob. from Crandall, a proper name.] (Stonecutting)

Defn: A kind of hammer having a head formed of a group of pointed steel bars, used for dressing ashlar, etc. -- v. t.

Defn: To dress with a crandall.

CRANE Crane (krn), n. Etym: [AS. cran; akin to D. & LG. craan, G. kranich, krahn (this in sense 2), Gr. grus, W. & Armor. garan, OSlav. zerav, Lith. gerve, Icel. trani, Sw. trana, Dan. trane. Geranium.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A wading bird of the genus Grus, and allied genera, of various species, having a long, straight bill, and long legs and neck.

Note: The common European crane is Grus cinerea. The sand-hill crane (G. Mexicana) and the whooping crane (G. Americana) are large American species. The Balearic or crowned crane is Balearica pavonina. The name is sometimes erroneously applied to the herons and cormorants.

2. A machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and, while holding them suspended, transporting them through a limited lateral distance. In one form it consists of a projecting arm or jib of timber or iron, a rotating post or base, and the necessary tackle, windlass, etc.; -- so called from a fancied similarity between its arm and the neck of a crane See Illust. Of Derrick.

3. An iron arm with horizontal motion, attached to the side or back of a fireplace, for supporting kettles, etc., over a fire.

4. A siphon, or bent pipe, for drawing liquors out of a cask.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: A forked post or projecting bracket to support spars, etc., -- generally used in pairs. See Crotch, 2. Crane fly (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect with long legs, of the genus Tipula. -- Derrick crane. See Derrick. -- Gigantic crane. (Zoöl.) See Adjutant, n., 3. -- Traveling crane, Traveler crane, Traversing crane (Mach.), a crane mounted on wheels; esp., an overhead crane consisting of a crab or other hoisting apparatus traveling on rails or beams fixed overhead, as in a machine shop or foundry. -- Water crane, a kind of hydrant with a long swinging spout, for filling locomotive tenders, water carts, etc., with water.

CRANE Crane (krn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Craning.]

1. To cause to rise; to raise or lift, as by a crane; -- with up. [R.] What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul, sunk below the center, to the highest heavens. Bates. An upstart craned up to the height he has. Massinger.

2. To stretch, as a crane stretches its neck; as, to crane the neck disdainfully. G. Eliot.

CRANE crane, v. i.

Defn: to reach forward with head and neck, in order to see better; as, a hunter cranes forward before taking a leap. Beaconsfield. Thackeray. The passengers eagerly craning forward over the bulwarks. Howells.

CRANE'S-BILL Crane's"-bill` (krnz"bl`), n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The geranium; -- so named from the long axis of the fruit, which resembles the beak of a crane. Dr. Prior.

2. (Surg.)

Defn: A pair of long-beaked forceps.

CRANG Crang (krng), n.

Defn: See Krang.

CRANIA Cra"ni*a (kr"n-), n. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of living Brachiopoda; -- so called from its fancied resemblance to the cranium or skull.

CRANIAL Cra"ni*al (kr"n-al), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cranium.

CRANIOCLASM Cra"ni*o*clasm (kr"n--klz'm), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The crushing of a child's head, as with the cranioclast or craniotomy forceps in cases of very difficult delivery. Dunglison.

CRANIOCLAST Cra"ni*o*clast (-klst), n. (Med.)

Defn: An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus, to facilitate delivery in difficult eases.

CRANIOFACIAL Cra`ni*o*fa"cial (-f"shal), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cranium and face; as, the craniofacial angle.

CRANIOGNOMY Cra`ni*og"no*my (-g"n-m), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr.

Defn: The science of the form and characteristics of the skull. [R.]

CRANIOLOGICAL Cra`ni*o*log"ic*al (--lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to craniology.

CRANIOLOGIST Cra`ni*ol"o*gist (-l"-jst), n.

Defn: One proficient in craniology; a phrenologist.

CRANIOLOGY Cra`ni*ol"o*gy (-j), n. Etym: [Cranium + -logy.]

Defn: The department of science (as of ethnology or archæology) which deals with the shape, size, proportions, indications, etc., of skulls; the study of skulls.

CRANIOMETER Cra`ni*om"e*ter (kr`n-m"-tr), n. Etym: [Cranium + -meter.]

Defn: An instrument for measuring the size of skulls.

CRANIOMETRIC; CRANIOMETRICAL Cra`ni*o*met"ric (--mt"rk), Cra`ni*o*met"ric*al (-r-kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to craniometry.

CRANIOMETRY Cra`ni*om"e*try (kr`n-m"-tr), n.

Defn: The art or act of measuring skulls.

CRANIOSCOPIST Cra`ni*os"co*pist (kr`n-s"k-pst), n.

Defn: One skilled in, or who practices, cranioscopy. It was found of equal dimension in a literary man whose skull puzzied the cranioscopists. Coleridge.

CRANIOSCOPY Cra`ni*os"co*py (-p), n. Etym: [Cranium + -scopy.]

Defn: Scientific examination of the cranium.

CRANIOTA Cra`ni*o"ta (kr`n-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. cranium.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A comprehensive division of the Vertebrata, including all those that have a skull.

CRANIOTOMY Cra`ni*ot"o*my (kr`n-t"-m), n. Etym: [Cranium + Gr. (Med.)

Defn: The operation of opening the fetal head, in order to effect delivery.

CRANIUM Cra"ni*um (kr"n-m), n.; pl. E. Craniums (-Crania (-. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr.

Defn: The skull of an animal; especially, that part of the skull, either cartilaginous or bony, which immediately incloses the brain; the brain case or brainpan. See Skull.

CRANK Crank (krnk), n. Etym: [OE. cranke; akin to E. cringe, cringle, crinkle, and to crank, a., the root meaning, probably, "to turn, twist." See Cringe.]

1. (Mach.)

Defn: A bent portion of an axle, or shaft, or an arm keyed at right angles to the end of a shaft, by which motion is imparted to or received from it; also used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. See Bell crank.

2. Any bend, turn, or winding, as of a passage. So many turning cranks these have, so many crooks. Spenser.

3. A twist or turn in speech; a conceit consisting in a change of the form or meaning of a word. Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles. Milton.

4. A twist or turn of the mind; caprice; whim; crotchet; also, a fit of temper or passion. [Prov. Eng.] Violent of temper; subject to sudden cranks. Carlyle.

5. A person full of crotchets; one given to fantastic or impracticable projects; one whose judgment is perverted in respect to a particular matter. [Colloq.]

6. A sick person; an invalid. [Obs.] Thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater. Burton. Crank axle (Mach.), a driving axle formed with a crank or cranks, as in some kinds of locomotives. -- Crank pin (Mach.), the cylindrical piece which forms the handle, or to which the connecting rod is attached, at the end of a crank, or between the arms of a double crank. -- Crank shaft, a shaft bent into a crank, or having a crank fastened to it, by which it drives or is driven. -- Crank wheel, a wheel acting as a crank, or having a wrist to which a connecting rod is attached.

CRANK Crank (krnk), a. Etym: [AS. cranc weak; akin to Icel. krangr, D. & G. krank sick, weak (cf.D. krengen to careen). Cf. Crank, n.]

1. Sick; infirm. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Liable to careen or be overest, as a ship when she is too narrow, or has not sufficient ballast, or is loaded too high, to carry full sail.

3. Full of spirit; brisk; lively; sprightly; overconfident; opinionated. He who was, a little before, bedrid, . . . was now crank and lusty. Udall. If you strong electioners did not think you were among the elect, you would not be so crank about it. Mrs. Stowe.

CRANK Crank, v. i. Etym: [See Crank, n. ]

Defn: To run with a winding course; to double; to crook; to wind and turn. See how this river comes me cranking in. Shak.

CRANKBIRD Crank"bird` (-brd`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European woodpecker (Picus minor).

CRANKED Cranked (krnkt), a.

Defn: Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as, a cranked axle.

CRANKINESS Crank"i*ness (krnk"-ns), n.

Defn: Crankness. Lowell.

CRANKLE Cran"kle (krn"k'l), v. t. Etym: [Cf. Crinkle.]

Defn: To break into bends, turns, or angles; to crinkle. Old Veg's stream . . . drew her humid train aslope, Crankling her banks. J. Philips.

CRANKLE Cran"kle, v. i.

Defn: To bend, turn, or wind. Along the crankling path. Drayton.

CRANKLE Cran"kle, n.

Defn: A bend or turn; a twist; a crinkle.

CRANKNESS Crank"ness (krnk"ns), n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Liability to be overset; -- said of a ship or other vessel.

2. Sprightliness; vigor; health.

CRANKY Crank"y (-), a.

1. Full of spirit; crank.

2. Addicted to crotchets and whims; unreasonable in opinions; crotchety. [Colloq.]

3. Unsteady; easy to upset; crank.

CRANNIED Cran"nied (krn"nd), a.

Defn: Having crannies, chinks, or fissures; as, a crannied wall. Tennyson.

CRANNOG; CRANNOGE Cran"nog (krn"ng), Cran"noge (krn"nj), n. Etym: [From Celtic; cf. Gael. crann a tree.]

Defn: One of the stockaded islands in Scotland and Ireland which in ancient times were numerous in the lakes of both countries. They may be regarded as the very latest class of prehistoric strongholds, reaching their greatest development in early historic times, and surviving through the Middle Ages. See also Lake dwellings, under Lake. Encyc. Brit.

CRANNY Cran"ny (krn"n), n.; pl. Crannies (-n. Etym: [F. cran notch, prob. from L. crena (a doubful word).]

1. A small, narrow opening, fissure, crevice, or chink, as in a wall, or other substance. In a firm building, the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, but with brick or stone fitted to the crannies. Dryden. He peeped into every cranny. Arbuthnot.

2. (Glass Making)

Defn: A tool for forming the necks of bottles, etc.

CRANNY Cran"ny, v. i. [imp & p. p. Crannied (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crannying.]

1. To crack into, or become full of, crannies. [R.] The ground did cranny everywhere. Golding.

2. To haunt, or enter by, crannies. All tenantless, save to the cranning wind. Byron.

CRANNY Cran"ny, a. Etym: [Perh. for cranky. See Crank, a. ]

Defn: Quick; giddy; thoughtless. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CRANTARA Cran*ta"ra (krn-t"r or -t"r), n. Etym: [Gael. cranntara.]

Defn: The fiery cross, used as a rallying signal in the Highlands of Scotland.

CRANTS Crants (krnts), n. Etym: [Cf. D. krans, G. kranz.]

Defn: A garland carried before the bier of a maiden. [Obs.] Yet here she is allowed her virgin crants, Her maaiden strewments. Shak.

CRAP Crap (krap), n.

Defn: In the game of craps, a first throw of the dice in which the total is two, three, or twelve, in which case the caster loses.

CRAPAUD Cra*paud", n. [Written also crapawd, crapald, crepaud, etc.] [F. crapaud.]

1.

Defn: A toad. [Obs.]

2. (Pronounced kra`po") As a proper name, Johnny Crapaud, or Crapaud, a nickname for a Frenchman.

CRAPAUDINE Crap"au*dine (krp"-dn), a. Etym: [F., n.] (Arch.)

Defn: Turning on pivots at the top and bottom; -- said of a door.

CRAPAUDINE Crap"au*dine, n. Etym: [F.] (Far.)

Defn: An ulcer on the coronet of a horse. Bailey.

CRAPE Crape (krp), n. Etym: [F. cr, fr. L. crispus curled, crisped. See Crisp.]

Defn: A thin, crimped stuff, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. Black crape is much used for mourning garments, also for the dress of some clergymen. A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope. Crape myrtle (Bot.), a very ornamental shrub (Lagerströmia Indica) from the East Indies, often planted in the Southern United States. Its foliage is like that of the myrtle, and the flower has wavy crisped petals. -- Oriental crape. See Canton crape.

CRAPE Crape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craped (krpt); p. pr. & vb.n. Craping.] Etym: [F. cr, fr. L. crispare to curl, crisp, fr. crispus. See Crape, n.]

Defn: To form into ringlets; to curl; to crimp; to friz; as, to crape the hair; to crape silk. The hour for curling and craping the hair. Mad. D'Arblay.

CRAPEFISH Crape"fish` (krp"fsh`), n.

Defn: Salted codfish hardened by pressure. Kane.

CRAPNEL Crap"nel (krp"nel), n.

Defn: A hook or drag; a grapnel.

CRAPPIE Crap"pie (krp"p), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of fresh-water bass of the genus Pomoxys, found in the rivers of the Southern United States and Mississippi valley. There are several species. [Written also croppie.]

CRAPPLE Crap"ple (krp"p'l), n. Etym: [See Graple.]

Defn: A claw. [Obs.]

CRAPS Craps (krps), n.

Defn: A gambling game with dice. [Local, U.S.]

CRAP SHOOTING Crap shooting.

Defn: Same as Craps.

CRAPULA; CRAPULE Crap"u*la (krp"-l), Crap"ule (krp"l), n. Etym: [L. crapula intoxication.]

Defn: Same as Crapulence.

CRAPULENCE Crap"u*lence (--lens), n.

Defn: The sickness occasioned by intemperance; surfeit. Bailey.

CRAPULENT; CRAPULOUS Crap"u*lent (-lent), Crap"u*lous (-ls), a. Etym: [L. crapulentus, crapulosus: cf. F. crapuleux.]

Defn: Surcharged with liquor; sick from excessive indulgence in liquor; drunk; given to excesses. [R.]

CRAPY Crap"y (krp"), a.

Defn: Resembling crape.

CRARE Crare (krr), n. Etym: [OF. craier, creer, croyer, ship of war, LL. craiera, creyera, perh. from G. krieger warrior, or D. krijger.]

Defn: A slow unwieldy trading vessel. [Obs.] [Written also crayer, cray, and craie.] Shak.

CRASE Crase (krz), v. t. Etym: [See Craze.]

Defn: To break in pieces; to crack. [Obs.] "The pot was crased." Chaucer.

CRASH Crash (kr), v. t. [imp & p. p. Crashed (kr; p. pr & vb. n. Crashing.] Etym: [OE. crashen, the same word as crasen to break, E. craze. See Craze.]

Defn: To break in pieces violently; to dash together with noise and violence. [R.] He shakt his head, and crasht his teeth for ire. Fairfax.

CRASH Crash, v. i.

1. To make a loud, clattering sound, as of many things falling and breaking at once; to break in pieces with a harsh noise. Roofs were blazing and walls crashing in every part of the city. Macualay.

2. To break with violence and noise; as, the chimney in falling crashed through the roof.

CRASH Crash, n.

1. A loud, sudden, confused sound, as of manu things falling and breaking at once. The wreck of matter and the crash of worlds. Addison.

2. Ruin; failure; sudden breaking down, as of a business house or a commercial enterprise.

CRASH Crash, n. Etym: [L. crassus coarse. See Crass.]

Defn: Coarse, heavy, narrow linen cloth, used esp. for towels.

CRASHING Crash"ing, n.

Defn: The noise of many things falling and breaking at once. There shall be . . . a great crashing from the hills. Zeph. i. 10.

CRASIS Cra"sis (kr"ss), n. Etym: [LL., temperament, fr. Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: A mixture of constituents, as of the blood; constitution; temperament.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: A contraction of two vowels (as the final and initial vowels of united words) into one long vowel, or into a dipthong; synæresis; as, cogo for coago.

CRASPEDOTA Cras`pe*do"ta (krs`p-d"t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The hydroid or naked-eyed medusæ. See Hydroidea.

CRASPEDOTE Cras"pe*dote (krs"p-dt), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Craspedota.

CRASS Crass (krs), a. Etym: [L. crassus thick, fat, gross, prob. orig., closely woven See Crease animal fat, and cf. Crate, Hurdle.]

Defn: Cross; thick; dense; coarse; not elaborated or refined. "Crass and fumid exhalations." Sir. T. Browne. "Crass ignorance" Cudworth.

CRASSAMENT; CRASSAMENTUM Cras"sa*ment (krs"s-ment), Cras`sa*men"tum (-mn"tm), n. Etym: [L. crassamentum, fr. crassare to make thick. See Crass, a.]

Defn: A semisolid mass or clot, especially that formed in coagulation of the blood.

CRASSIMENT Cras"si*ment (krs"s-ment), n.

Defn: See Crassament.

CRASSITUDE Cras"si*tude (-td), n. Etym: [L. crassitudo.]

Defn: Crossness; coarseness; thickness; density. Bacon.

CRASSNESS Crass"ness (krs"ns), n.

Defn: Grossness. [Obs.] Glanvill.

CRASTINATION Cras`ti*na"tion (krs`t-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. crastinus of to-morrow, from cras to-morrow.]

Defn: Procrastination; a putting off till to-morrow. [Obs.]

CRATAEGUS Cra*tæ"gus (kr-t"gs), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of small, hardy trees, including the hawthorn, much used for ornamental purposes.

CRATCH Cratch (krch; 224), n. Etym: [OE. crache, creche, F. cr crib, manger, fr. OHG. krippa, krippea,G. krippe crib. See Crib.]

Defn: A manger or open frame for hay; a crib; a rack. [Obs.] Begin from first where He encradled was, In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay. Spenser. Cratch cradle, a representation of the figure of the cratch, made upon the fingers with a string; cat's cradle; -- called also scratch cradle.

CRATE Crate (krt), n. Etym: [L. cratis hurdle; perh. akin to E. cradle. See Hurdle, and cf. Crate a framework.]

1. A large basket or hamper of wickerwork, used for the transportation of china, crockery, and similar wares.

2. A box or case whose sides are of wooden slats with interspaces, -- used especially for transporting fruit.

CRATE Crate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crated; p. pr. & vb. n. Crating.]

Defn: To pack in a crate or case for transportation; as, to crate a sewing machine; to crate peaches.

CRATER Cra"ter (krtr), n. Etym: [L. crater, cratera, a mixing vessel, the mouth of a volcano, Gr. ir to cook, Crail, in Holy Grail.]

1. The basinlike opening or mouth of a volcano, through which the chief eruption comes; similarly, the mouth of a gevser, about which a cone of silica is often built up.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: The pit left by the explosion of a mine.

3. (Astron.)

Defn: A constellation of the southen hemisphere; -- called also the Cup.

CRATERIFORM Cra*ter"i*form (kr-tr"-frm), a. Etym: [L. cratera + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the form of a shallow bowl; -- said of a corolla.

CRATEROUS CRa"ter*ous (kr"tr-s), a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a crater. [R.] R. Browning.

CRAUNCH Craunch (krnch), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Craunched (krncht);p. pr. & vb. n. Craunching.] Etym: [See Crunch.]

Defn: To crush with the teeth; to chew with violence and noise; to crunch. Swift.

CRAVAT Cra*vat" (kr-vt"), n. Etym: [F. cravate, fr. Cravate a Croat, an inhabitant of Croatia, one of a body of Austrian troops, from whom, in 1636, this article of dress was adopted in France.]

Defn: A neckcloth; a piece of silk, fine muslin, or other cloth, worn by men about the neck. While his wig was combed and his cravat tied. Macualay.

CRAVATTED Cra*vat`ted (kr-vt"td), a.

Defn: Wearing a cravat. The young men faultlessly appointed, handsomely cravatted. Thackeray.

CRAVE Crave (krv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Craved (kr; p pr. & vb. n. Craving.] Etym: [AS. crafian; akin to Icel. krefia, Sw. kr, Dan. kr.]

1. To ask with earnestness or importunity; to ask with submission or humility; to beg; to entreat; to beseech; to implore. I crave your honor's pardon. Shak. Joseph . . . went in boldly unto Pilate, and craved the body of Jesus. Mark xv. 43.

2. To call for, as a gratification; to long for; hence, to require or demand; as, the stomach craves food. His path is one that eminently craves weary walking. Edmund Gurney.

Syn. -- To ask; seek; beg; beseech; implore; entreat; solicit; request; supplicate; adjure.

CRAVE Crave, v. i.

Defn: To desire strongly; to feel an insatiable longing; as, a craving appetite. Once one may crave for love. Suckling.

CRAVEN Cra"ven (kr"v'n), a. Etym: [OE. cravant, cravaunde, OF. cravant struck down, p. p. of cravanter, crevanter, to break, crush, strike down, fr. an assumed LL. crepantare, fr. L. crepans, p. pr. of crepare to break, crack, rattle. Cf. Crevice, Crepitate.]

Defn: Cowardly; fainthearted; spiritless. "His craven heart." Shak. The poor craven bridegroom said never a word. Sir. W. Scott. In craven fear of the sarcasm of Dorset. Macualay.

CRAVEN Cra"ven, n. Etym: [Formerly written also cravant and cravent.]

Defn: A recreant; a coward; a weak-hearted, spiritless fellow. See Recreant, n. King Henry. Is it fit this soldier keep his oath Fluellen.He is a craven and a villain else. Shak.

Syn. -- Coward; poltroon; dastard.

CRAVEN Cra"ven, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cravened (-v'nd);p. pr. & vb. n. Cravening.]

Defn: To make recreant, weak, spiritless, or cowardly. [Obs.] There is a prohibition so divine, That cravens my weak hand. Shak.

CRAVER Crav"er (krv"r), n.

Defn: One who craves or begs.

CRAVING Crav"ing (-ng), n.

Defn: Vehement or urgent desire; longing for; beseeching. A succession of cravings and satiety. L'Estrange. -- Crav"ing*ly, adv. -- Crav"ing*ness, n.

CRAW Craw (kr), n. Etym: [Akin to D. kraag neck, collar, G. kragen, Sw. kr craw, Dan. kro, and possibly to Gr.bronchus), or Crag neck.] (Zoöl.) (a) The crop of a bird. (b) The stomach of an animal.

CRAWFISH; CRAYFISH Craw"fish` (kr"fsh`), Cray"fish` (kr"fsh`), n.; pl. -fishes or -fish. Etym: [Corrupted fr. OE. crevis, creves, OF. crevice, F. , fr. OHG. krebiz crab, G. krebs. See Crab. The ending -fish arose from confusion with E. fish.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any crustacean of the family Astacidæ, resembling the lobster, but smaller, and found in fresh waters. Crawfishes are esteemed very delicate food both in Europe and America. The North American species are numerous and mostly belong to the genus Cambarus. The blind crawfish of the Mamoth Cave is Cambarus pellucidus. The common European species is Astacus fluviatilis.

CRAWFORD Craw"ford (kr"frd), n.

Defn: A Crawford peach; a well-known freestone peach, wich yellow flesh, first raised by Mr. William Crawford, of New Jersey.

CRAWL Crawl (krl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crawled (krld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crawling.] Etym: [Dan. kravle, or Icel. krafla, to paw, scrabble with the hands; akin to Sw. kr to crawl; cf. LG. krabbeln, D. krabbelen to scratch.]

1. To move slowly by drawing the body along the ground, as a worm; to move slowly on hands and kness; to creep. A worm finds what it searches after only by feeling, as it crawls from one thing to another. Grew.

2. Hence, to move or advance in a feeble, slow, or timorous manner. He was hardly able to crawl about the room. Arbuthnot. The meanest thing that crawl'd beneath my eyes. Byron.

3. To advance slowly and furtively; to insinuate one's self; to advance or gain influence by servile or obsequious conduct. Secretly crawling up the battered walls. Knolles. Hath crawled into the favor of the king. Shak. Absurd opinions crawl about the world. South.

4. To have a sensation as of insect creeping over the body; as, the flesh crawls. See Creep, v. i. ,7.

CRAWL Crawl (krl), n.

Defn: The act or motion of crawling;

CRAWL Crawl, n. Etym: [Cf. Kraal.]

Defn: A pen or inclosure of stakes and hurdles on the seacoast, for holding fish.

CRAWLER Crawl"er (krl"r), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, crawls; a creeper; a reptile.

CRAWL STROKE Crawl stroke. (Swimming)

Defn: A racing stroke, in which the swimmer, lying flat on the water with face submerged, takes alternate overhand arm strokes while moving his legs up and down alternately from the knee.

CRAWLY Crawl"y (krl"), a.

Defn: Creepy. [Colloq.]

CRAY; CRAYER Cray (kr), Cray"er (-r), n.

Defn: See Crare. [Obs.]

CRAYFISH Cray"fish (kr"fsh), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Crawfish.

CRAYON Cray"on (kr"n), n. Etym: [F., a crayon, a lead pencil (crayon Conté Conté's pencil, i. e., one made a black compound invented by Conté), fr. craie chalk, L. creta; said to be, properly, Cretan earth, fr. Creta the island Crete. Cf. Cretaceous.]

1. An implement for drawing, made of clay and plumbago, or of some preparation of chalk, usually sold in small prisms or cylinders. Let no day pass over you . . . without giving some strokes of the pencil or the crayon. Dryden.

Note: The black crayon gives a deeper black than the lead pencil. This and the colored crayons are often called chalks. The red crayon is also called sanguine. See Chalk, and Sanguine.

2. A crayon drawing.

3. (Electricity)

Defn: A pencil of carbon used in producing electric light. Crayon board, cardboard with a surface prepared for crayon drawing. -- Crayon drawing, the act or art of drawing with crayons; a drawing made with crayons.

CRAYON Cray"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crayoned (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crayoning.] Etym: [Cf. F. crayonner.]

Defn: To sketch, as with a crayon; to sketch or plan. He soon afterwards composed that discourse, conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out. Malone.

CRAZE Craze (krz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crazed (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crazing.] Etym: [OE. crasen to break, fr. Scand., perh. through OF.; cf. Sw. krasa to crackle, sl, to break to pieces, F. to crush, fr. the Scand. Cf. Crash.]

1. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See Crase. God, looking forth, will trouble all his host, And craze their chariot wheels. Milton.

2. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. [Obs.] Till length of years, And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs. Milton.

3. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. Any man . . . that is crazed and out of his wits. Tilloston. Grief hath crazed my wits. Shak.

CRAZE Craze, v. i.

1. To be crazed, or to act or appear as She would weep and he would craze. Keats.

2. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery.

CRAZE Craze, n.

1. Craziness; insanity.

2. A strong habitual desire or fancy; a crotchet. It was quite a craze with him [Burns] to have his Jean dressed genteelly. Prof. Wilson.

3. A temporary passion or infatuation, as for same new amusement, pursuit, or fashion; as, the bric-a-brac craze; the æsthetic craze. Various crazes concerning health and disease. W. Pater.

CRAZEDNESS Craz"ed*ness (-d-ns), n.

Defn: A broken state; decrepitude; an impaired state of the intellect.

CRAZE-MILL; CRAZING-MILL Craze"-mill` (krz"m*l`), Craz"ing-mill` (kr"zng-), n. Etym: [See 1st Craze.]

Defn: A mill for grinding tin ore.

CRAZILY Cra"zi*ly (kr*"z-l), adv.

Defn: In a crazy manner.

CRAZINESS Cra"zi*ness, n.

1. The state of being broken down or weakened; as, the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs.

2. The state of being broken in mind; imbecility or weakness of intellect; derangement.

CRAZY Cra"zy (kr"z), a. Etym: [From Craze.]

1. Characterized by weakness or feeblness; decrepit; broken; falling to decay; shaky; unsafe. Piles of mean andcrazy houses. Macualay. One of great riches, but a crazy constitution. Addison. They . . . got a crazy boat to carry them to the island. Jeffrey.

2. Broken, weakened, or dissordered in intellect; shattered; demented; deranged. Over moist and crazy brains. Hudibras.

3. Inordinately desirous; foolishly eager. [Colloq.] The girls were crazy to be introduced to him. R. B. Kimball. Crazy bone, the bony projection at the end of the elbow (olecranon), behind which passes the ulnar nerve; -- so called on account of the curiously painful tingling felt, when, in a particular position, it receives a blow; -- called also funny bone. -- Crazy quilt, a bedquilt made of pieces of silk or other material of various sizes, shapes, and colors, fancifully stitched together without definite plan or arrangement.

CREABLE Cre"a*ble (kr"-b'l), a. Etym: [L. creabilis, from creare to create. See Create.]

Defn: Capable of being created. [Obs.] I. Watts.

CREAGHT Creaght (krt), n. Etym: [Ir. & Gael. graidh, graigh.]

Defn: A drove or herd. [Obs.] Haliwell.

CREAGHT Creaght, v. i.

Defn: To graze. [Obs.] Sir. L. Davies.

CREAK Creak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Creaked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaking.] Etym: [OE. creken, prob. of imitative origin; cf. E. crack, and. D. kreiken to crackle, chirp.]

Defn: To make a prolonged sharp grating or ssqueaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances; as, shoes creak. The creaking locusts with my voice conspire. Dryden. Doors upon their hinges creaked. Tennyson.

CREAK Creak, v. t.

Defn: To produce a creaking sound with. Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shak.

CREAK Creak (krk), n.

Defn: Thew sound produced by anuthing that creaks; a creaking. Roget.

CREAKING CReak"ing, n.

Defn: A harsh grating or squeaking sound, or the act of making such a sound. Start not at the creaking of the door. Longfellow.

CREAM Cream (krm), n. Etym: [F. cr, perh. fr. LL. crema cteam of milk; cf. L. cremor thick juice or broth, perh. akin to cremare to burn.]

1. The rich, oily, and yellowish part of milk, which, when the milk stands unagitated, rises, and collects on the surface. It is the part of milk from which butter is obtained.

2. The part of any liquor that rises, and collects on the surface. [R.]

3. A delicacy of several kinds prepared for the table from cream, etc., or so as to resemble cream.

4. A cosmetic; a creamlike medicinal preparation. In vain she tries her paste and creams, To smooth her skin or hide its seams. Goldsmith.

5. The best or choicest part of a thing; the quintessence; as. the cream of a jest or story; the cream of a collection of books or pictures. Welcome, O flower and cream of knights errant. Shelton. Bavarian cream, a preparation of gelatin, cream, sugar, and eggs, whipped; -- to be eaten cold. -- Cold cream, an ointment made of white wax, almond oil, rose water, and borax, and used as a salve for the hands and lips. -- Cream cheese, a kind of cheese made from curd from which the cream has not been taken off, or to which cream has been added. -- Cream gauge, an instrument to test milk, being usually a graduated glass tube in which the milk is placed for the cream to rise. -- Cream nut, the Brazil nut. -- Cream of lime. (a) A scum of calcium carbonate which forms on a solution of milk of lime from the carbon dioxide of the air. (b) A thick creamy emulsion of lime in water. -- Cream of tartar (Chem.), purified tartar or argol; so called because of the crust of crystals which forms on the surface of the liquor in the process of purification by recrystallization. It is a white crystalline substance, with a gritty acid taste, and is used very largely as an ingredient of baking powders; -- called also potassium bitartrate, acid potassium tartrate, etc.

CREAM Cream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creamed (krmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Creaming.]

1. To skim, or take off by skimming, as cream.

2. To take off the best or choicest part of.

3. To furnish with, or as with, cream. Creaming the fragrant cups. Mrs. Whitney. To cream butter (Cooking), to rub, stir, or beat, butter till it is of a light creamy consistency.

CREAM Cream, v. i.

Defn: To form or become covered with cream; to become thick like cream; to assume the appearance of cream; hence, to grow stiff or formal; to mantle. There are a sort of men whose visages Do cream and mantle like a standing pool. Shak.

CREAMCAKE Cream"cake` (-kk`), n. (Cookery)

Defn: A kind of cake filled with custard made of cream, eggs, etc.

CREAM-COLORED Cream"-col`ored (-kl`rd), a.

Defn: Of the color of cream; light yellow. "Cream-colored horses." Hazlitt.

CREAMERY Cream"er*y (-r-), n.; pl. Creameries (-. Etym: [CF. F. cr.]

1. A place where butter and cheese are made, or where milk and cream are put up in cans for market.

2. A place or apparatus in which milk is set for raising cream.

3. An establishment where cream is sold.

CREAM-FACED Cream"-faced` (krm"fst`), a.

Defn: White or pale, as the effect of fear, or as the natural complexion. Thou cream-faced loon. Shak.

CREAM-FRUIT Cream"-fruit` (krm"frt`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of Sierra Leone which yields a wholesome, creamy juice.

CREAMINESS Cream"i*ness (--ns), n.

Defn: The quality of being creamy.

CREAM LAID Cream" laid` (krm" ld`).

Defn: See under Laid.

CREAM-SLICE Cream"-slice` (-sls`), n.

Defn: A wooden knife with a long thin blade, used in handling cream or ice cream.

CREAM-WHITE Cream"-white` (-hwt`), a.

Defn: As white as cream.

CREAMY Cream"y (krm"), a.

Defn: Full of, or containing, cream; resembling cream, in nature, appearance, or taste; creamlike; unctuous. "Creamy bowis." Collins. "Lines of creamy spray." Tennyson. "Your creamy words but cozen." Beau & Fl.

CREANCE Cre"ance (kr"ans), n. Etym: [F. créance, lit., credence, fr. L. credere to trust. See Credence.]

1. Faith; belief; creed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Falconry)

Defn: A fine, small line, fastened to a hawk's leash, when it is first lured.

CREANCE Cre"ance (kr*"ans), v. i. & t.

Defn: To get on credit; to borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CREANT Cre"ant (kr"ant), a. Etym: [L. creans, p. pr. of creare to create.]

Defn: Creative; formative. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

CREASE Crease (krs), n.

Defn: See Creese. Tennison.

CREASE Crease, n. Etym: [Cf. LG. krus, G. krause, crispness, krausen, kr, to crisp, curl, lay on folds; or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Armor.kriz a wrinkle, crease, kriza to wrinkle, fold, W. crych a wrinkle, crychu to rumple, ripple, crease.]

1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, howewer produced.

2. (Cricket)

Defn: One of the lines serving to define the limits of the bowler and the striker. Bowling crease (Cricket), a line extending three feet four inches on each side of the central strings at right angles to the line between the wickets. -- Return crease (Cricket), a short line at each end of the bowling crease and at right angles to it, extending toward the bowler. -- Popping crease (Cricket),, a line drawn in front of the wicket, four feet distant from it, parallel to the bowling crease and at least as long as the latter. J. H. Walsh (Encyc. of Rural Sports).

CREASE Crease, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creased (krst); p. pr. & vb. n. Creasing.]

Defn: To make a crease or mark in, as by folding or doubling. Creased, like dog's ears in a folio. Gray.

CREASER Creas"er (krs"r), n.

1. A tool, or a sewing-mashine attachment, for making lines or creases on leather or cloth, as guides to sew by.

2. A tool for making creases or beads, as in sheet iron, or for rounding small tubes.

3. (Bookbinding)

Defn: A tool for making the band impression distinct on the back. Knight.

CREASING Creas"ing (krs"ng), n. (Arch.)

Defn: A layer of tiles forming a corona for a wall.

CREASOTE Cre"a*sote (kr"-st), n.

Defn: See Creosote.

CREASY Creas"y (krs"), a.

Defn: Full of creases. Tennyson.

CREAT Cre"at (kr"t), n. Etym: [F. cr, ultimateli fr. L. creatus created, begotten; cf. It. creato pupil, servant, Sp. criado a servant, client.] (Man.)

Defn: An usher to a riding master.

CREATABLE Cre*at"a*ble (kr-"t-b'l), a.

Defn: That may be created.

CREATE Cre*ate" (kr-t"), a.Etym: [L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create; akin to Gr. k to make, and to E. ending -cracy in aristocracy, also to crescent, cereal.]

Defn: Created; composed; begotte. [Obs.] Hearts create of duty and zeal. Shak.

CREATE Cre*ate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Created;p. pr. & vb. n. Creating.]

1. To bring into being; to form out of nothing; to cause to exist. In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1.

2. To effect by the agency, and under the laws, of causation; to be the occasion of; to cause; to produce; to form or fashion; to renew. Your eye in Scotland Would create soldiers. Shak. Create in me a clean heart. Ps. li. 10.

3. To invest with a new form, office, or character; to constitute; to appoint; to make; as, to create one a peer. "I create you companions to our person." Shak.

CREATIC Cre*at"ic (kr-t"k), a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Relating to, or produced by, flesh or animal food; as, creatic nausea. [Written also kreatic.]

CREATIN Cre"a*tin (kr"-tn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance found abundantly in muscle tissue. [Written also kreatine.]

CREATININ Cre*at"i*nin (kr-t"-nn), n. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: A white, crystalline, nitrogenous body closely related to creatin but more basic in its properties, formed from the latter by the action of acids, and occurring naturally in muscle tissue and in urine. [Written also kretinine.]

CREATION Cre*a"tion (kr-A"shn), n. Etym: [L. creatio: cf. F. cr. See Create.]

1. The act of creating or causing to exist. Specifically, the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence. From the creation to the general doom. Shak. As when a new particle of matter dotn begin to exist, in rerum natura, which had before no being; and this we call creation. Locke.

2. That which is created; that which is produced or caused to exist, as the world or some original work of art or of the imagination; nature. We know that the whole creation groaneth. Rom. viii. 22. A dagger of the mind, a false creation. Shak. Choice pictures and creations of curious art. Beaconsfield.

3. The act of constituting or investing with a new character; appointment; formation. An Irish peer of recent creation. Landor.

CREATIONAL Cre*a"tion*al (-al), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to creation.

CREATIONISM Cre*a"tion*ism (-z'm), n.

Defn: The doctrine that a soul is specially created for each human being as soon as it is formed in the womb; -- opposed to traducianism.

CREATIVE Cre*a"tive (-tv), a.

Defn: Having the power to create; exerting the act of creation. "Creative talent." W. Irving. The creative force exists in the germ. Whewell.

CREATIVENESS Cre*a"tive*ness, n.

Defn: The qualiyu of being creative.

CREATOR Crea*"tor (kr-"tr), n. Etym: [L. creator: cf. F. cr.]

Defn: One who creates, produces, or constitutes. Specifically, the Supreme Being. To sin's rebuke and my Creater's praise. Shak. The poets and artists of Greece, who are at the same time its prophets, the creators of its divinities, and the revealers of its theological beliefs. Caird.

CREATORSHIP Cre*a"tor*ship, n.

Defn: State or condition of a creator.

CREATRESS Cre*a"tress, n. Etym: [L. creatrix: cf. F. cr.]

Defn: She who creates. Spenser.

CREATRIX Cre*a"trix (-trks), n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: A creatress. [R.]

CREATURAL Crea"tur*al (kr"tr-al; 135), a.

Defn: Belonging to a creature; having the qualities of a creature. [R.]

CREATURE Crea"ture (kr"tr; 135), n. Etym: [F. cr, L. creatura. See Create.]

1. Anything created; anything not self-existent; especially, any being created with life; an animal; a man. He asked water, a creature so common and needful that it was against the law of nature to deny him. Fuller. God's first creature was light. Bacon. On earth, join, all ye creatures, to extol Him first, him last, him midst, and without end. Milton. And most attractive is the fair result Of thought, the creature of a polished mind. Cowper.

2. A human being, in pity, contempt, or endearment; as, a poor creature; a pretty creature. The world hath not a sweeter creature. Shak.

3. A person who owes his rise and fortune to another; a servile dependent; an instrument; a tool. A creature of the queen's, Lady Anne Bullen. Shak. Both Charles himself and his creature, Laud. Macualay.

4. A general term among farmers for horses, oxen, etc. Creature comforts, those which minister to the comfort of the body.

CREATURELESS Crea"ture*less, a.

Defn: Without created beings; alone. God was alone And creatureless at first. Donne.

CREATURELY Crea"ture*ly, a.

Defn: Creatural; characteristic of a creature. [R.] "Creaturely faculties." Cheyne.

CREATURESHIP Crea"ture*ship, n.

Defn: The condition of being a creature.

CREATURIZE Crea"tur*ize (-z), v. t.

Defn: To make like a creature; to degrade [Obs.] Degrade and creaturize that mundane soul. Cudworth.

CREAZE Creaze (krz), n. (Mining)

Defn: The tin ore which collects in the central part of the washing pit or buddle.

CREBRICOSTATE Cre`bri*cos"tate (kr`br-ks"tt), a. Etym: [L. creber close + costa rib.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Marked with closely set ribs or ridges.

CREBRISULCATE Cre`bri*sul"cate (kr`br-sl"kt), a. Etym: [L. creber close + sulcus furrow.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Marked with closely set transverse furrows.

CREBRITUDE Creb"ri*tude (krb"r-td), n. Etym: [L. crebritudo, fr. creber close.]

Defn: Frequency. [Obs.] Bailey.

CREBROUS Cre"brous (kr"brs), a. Etym: [L. creber close set, frequent.]

Defn: Frequent; numerous. [Obs.] Goodwin.

CRECHE Creche (krsh), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A public nursery, where the young children of poor women are cared for during the day, while their mothers are at work.

CREDENCE Cre"dence (kr"dens), n. Etym: [LL. credentia, fr. L. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe: cf. OF. credence. See Creed, and cf. Credent, Creance.]

1. Reliance of the mind on evidence of facts derived from other sources than personal knowledge; belief; credit; confidence. To give credence to the Scripture miracles. Trench. An assertion which might easily find credence. Macualay.

2. That which gives a claim to credit, belief, or confidence; as, a letter of credence.

3. (Eccl.)

Defn: The small table by the side of the altar or communion table, on which the bread and wine are placed before being consecrated.

4. A cupboard, sideboard, or cabinet, particularly one intended for the display of rich vessels or plate, and consisting chiefly of open shelves for that purpose.

CREDENCE Cre"dence, v. t.

Defn: To give credence to; to believe. [Obs.]

CREDENDUM Cre*den"dum (kr-dn"dm), n.;pl. Credenda (-d. Etym: [L., fr. credere to belive.] (Theol.)

Defn: A thing to be believed; an article of faith; -- distinguished from agendum, a practical duty. The great articles and credenda of Christianity. South.

CREDENT Cre"dent (kr"dent), a. Etym: [. credens, -entis, p. pr. of credere to trust, believe. See Creed.]

1. Believing; giving credence; credulous. [R.] If with too credent esr you list songs. Shak.

2. Having credit or authority; credible. [Obs.] For my authority bears of a credent bulk. Shak.

CREDENTIAL Cre*den"tial (kr-dn"shal), a. Etym: [Cf. It. credenziale, fr. LL. credentia. See Credence.]

Defn: Giving a title or claim to credit or confidence; accrediting. Their credential letters on both sides. Camden.

CREDENTIAL Cre*den"tial, n. Etym: [Cf. It. credenziale.]

1. That which gives a title to credit or confidence.

2. pl.

Defn: Testimonials showing that a person is entitled to credit, or has right to exercise official power, as the letters given by a government to an ambassador or envoy, or a certificate that one is a duly elected delegate. The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners. Whitelocke. Had they not shown undoubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on such a message. Addison.

CREDIBILITY Cred`i*bil"i*ty (krd`-bl"-t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cr.]

Defn: The quality of being credible; credibleness; as, the credibility of facts; the credibility of witnesses.

CREDIBLE Cred"i*ble (krd"-b'l), a. Etym: [L. credibilis, fr. credere. See Creed.]

Defn: Capable of being credited or believed; worthy of belief; entiled to confidence; trustworthy. Things are made credible either by the known condition and quality of the utterer or by the manifest likelihood of truth in themselves. Hooker. A very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible. Dampier.

CREDIBLENESS Cred"i*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being credible; worthness of belief; credibility. [R.] Boyle.

CREDIBLY Cred"i*bly, adv.

Defn: In a manner inducing belief; as, I have been credibly informed of the event.

CREDIT Cred"it (krd"t), n. Etym: [F. cr (cf. It. credito), L. creditum loan, prop. neut. of creditus, p. p. of credere to trust, loan, believe. See Creed.]

1. Reliance on the truth of something said or done; belief; faith; trust; confidence. When Jonathan and the people heard these words they gave no credit into them, nor received them. 1 Macc. x. 46.

2. Reputation derived from the confidence of others; esteem; honor; good name; estimation. John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. Cowper.

3. A ground of, or title to, belief or confidence; authority derived from character or reputation. The things which we properly believe, be only such as are received on the credit of divine testimony. Hooker.

4. That which tends to procure, or add to, reputation or esteem; an honor. I published, because I was told I might please such as it was a credit to please. Pope.

5. Influence derived from the good opinion, confidence, or favor of others; interest. Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own interest. Clarendon.

6. (Com.)

Defn: Trust given or received; expectation of future playment for property transferred, or of fulfillment or promises given; mercantile reputation entitling one to be trusted; -- applied to individuals, corporations, communities, or nations; as, to buy goods on credit. Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within some limited time. Locke.

7. The time given for payment for lands or goods sold on trust; as, a long credit or a short credit.

8. (Bookkeeping)

Defn: The side of an account on which are entered all items reckoned as values received from the party or the category named at the head of the account; also, any one, or the sum, of these items; -- the opposite of debit; as, this sum is carried to one's credit, and that to his debit; A has several credits on the books of B. Bank credit, or Cash credit. See under Cash. -- Bill of credit. See under Bill. -- Letter of credit, a letter or notification addressed by a banker to his correspondent, informing him that the person named therein is entitled to draw a certain sum of money; when addressed to several different correspondents, or when the money can be drawn in fractional sums in several different places, it is called a circular letter of credit. -- Public credit. (a) The reputation of, or general confidence in, the ability or readiness of a government to fulfull its pecuniary engagements. (b) The ability and fidelity of merchants or others who owe largely in a community. He touched the dead corpse of Public Credit, and it sprung upon its feet. D. Webster.

CREDIT Cred"it (krd"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Credited; p. pr. & vb. n. Crediting.]

1. To confide in the truth of; to give credence to; to put trust in; to believe. How shall they credit A poor unlearned virgin Shak.

2. To bring honor or repute upon; to do credit to; to raise the estimation of. You credit the church as much by your government as you did the school formerly by your wit. South.

3. (Bookkeeping)

Defn: To enter upon the credit side of an account; to give credit for; as, to credit the amount paid; to set to the credit of; as, to credit a man with the interest paid on a bond. To credit with, to give credit for; to assign as justly due to any one. Crove, Helmholtz, and Meyer, are more than any others to be credited with the clear enunciation of this doctrine. Newman.

CREDITABLE Cred"it*a*ble (--b'l), a.

1. Worthy of belief. [Obs.] Divers creditable witnesses deposed. Ludlow.

2. Deserving or possessing reputation or esteem; reputable; estimable. This gentleman was born of creditable parents. Goldsmith.

3. Bringing credit, reputation, or honor; honorable; as, such conduct is highly creditable to him. Macualay. He settled him in a good creditable way of living. Arbuthnot.

CREDITABLENESS Cred"it*a*ble*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being creditable.

CREDITABLY Cred"it*a*bly (--bl), adv.

Defn: In a creditable manner; reputably; with credit.

CREDIT FONCIER Cre`dit" fon`cier" (krd" fn`s"). Etym: [F. cr credit & foncier relating to land, landed.]

Defn: A company licensed for the purpose of carrying out improvements, by means of loans and advances upon real securities. ]

CREDIT MOBILIER Cre`dit" mo`bi`lier" (m`b`ly"). Etym: [F. cr credit & mobilier personal, pertaining to personal property.]

Defn: A joint stock company, formed for general banking business, or for the construction of public works, by means of loans on personal estate, after the manner of the crédit foncier on real estate. In practice, however, this distinction has not been strictly observed.

CREDITOR Cred"it*or (krd"t-r), n. Etym: [L.: cf. F. cr. See Credit.]

1. One who credits, believes, or trusts. The easy creditors of novelties. Daniel.

2. One who gives credit in business matters; hence, one to whom money is due; -- correlative to debtor. Creditors have better memories than debtors. Franklin.

CREDITRESS; CREDITRIX Cred"it*ress (krd"t-rs), Cred"i*trix (krd"-trks), n. Etym: [L. creditrix.]

Defn: A female creditor.

CREDO Cre"do (kr"d), n. Etym: [L. See Creed.]

Defn: The creed, as sung or read in the Roman Catholic church. He repeated Aves and Credos. Macualay.

CREDULITY Cre*du"li*ty (kr-d"l-t), n. Etym: [L. credulitas, fr. credulus: cf. F. cr. See Credulous.]

Defn: Readiness of belief; a disposition to believe on slight evidence. That implict credulity is the mark of a feeble mind will not be disputed. Sir W. Hamilton.

CREDULOUS Cred"u*lous (krd"-ls; 135), a. Etym: [L. credulus, fr. credere. See Creed.]

1. Apt to believe on slight evidence; easly imposed upon; unsuspecting. Landor. Eve, our credulous mother. Milton.

2. Believed too readily. [Obs.] Beau & Fl.

CREDULOUSLY Cred"u*lous*ly, adv.

Defn: With credulity.

CREDULOUSNESS Cred"u*lous*ness, n.

Defn: Readiness to believe on slight evidence; credulity. Beyond all credulity is the credulousness of atheists. S. Clarke.

CREED Creed (krd), n. Etym: [OE. credo, crede, AS. creda, fr. L. credo I believe, at the beginning of the Apostles' creed, fr. credere to believe; akin to OIr. cretin I believe, and Skr. ; crat trust + dh to put. See Do, v. t., and cf. Credo, Grant.]

1. A definite summary of what is believed; esp., a summary of the articles of Christian faith; a confession of faith for public use; esp., one which is brief and comprehensive. In the Protestant system the creed is not coördinate with, but always subordinate to, the Bible. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

2. Any summary of principles or opinions professed or adhered to. I love him not, nor fear him; there's my creed. Shak. Apostles' creed, Athanasian creed, Nicene creed. See under Apostle, Athanasian, Nicene.

CREED Creed, v. t.

Defn: To believe; to credit. [Obs.] That part which is so creeded by the people. Milton.

CREEDLESS Creed"less, a.

Defn: Without a creed. Carlyle.

CREEK Creek (krk), n. Etym: [AS. crecca; akin to D. kreek, Icel. kriki crack, nook; cf. W. crig crack, crigyll ravine, creek. Cf. Crick, Crook.]

1. A small inlet or bay, narrower and extending further into the land than a cove; a recess in the shore of the sea, or of a river. Each creek and cavern of the dangerous shore. Cowper. They discovered a certain creek, with a shore. Acts xxvii. 39.

2. A stream of water smaller than a river and larger than a brook. Lesser streams and rivulets are denominated creeks. Goldsmith.

3. Any turn or winding. The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands. Shak.

CREEKFISH Creek"fish (krk"fsh), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The chub sucker.

CREEKS Creeks (krks), n. pl.; sing. Creek. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, including the Muskogees, Seminoles, Uchees, and other subordinate tribes. They formerly inhabited Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.

CREEKY Creek"y (krk"), a.

Defn: Containing, or abounding in, creeks; characterized by creeks; like a creek; winding. "The creeky shore." Spenser.

CREEL Creel (krl), n. Etym: [Gael. craidhleag basket, creel.]

1. An osier basket, such as anglers use. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Spinning)

Defn: A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule.

CREEP Creep (krp), v. t. [imp. Crept (krpt) (Crope (kr, Obs.); p. p. Crept; p. pr. & vb. n. Creeping.] Etym: [OE. crepen, creopen, AS. cre; akin to D. kruipen, G. kriechen, Icel. krjupa, Sw. krypa, Dan. krybe. Cf. Cripple, Crouch.]

1. To move along the ground, or on any other surface, on the belly, as a worm or reptile; to move as a child on the hands and knees; to crawl. Ye that walk The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep. Milton.

2. To move slowly, feebly, or timorously, as from unwillingness, fear, or weakness. The whining schoolboy . . . creeping, like snail, Unwillingly to school. Shak. Like guilty thing, Icreep. Tennyson.

3. To move in a stealthy or secret manner; to move imperceptibly or clandestinely; to steal in; to insinuate itself or one's self; as, age creeps upon us. The sothistry which creeps into most of the books of argument. Locke. Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women. 2. Tim. iii. 6.

4. To slip, or to become slightly displaced; as, the collodion on a negative, or a coat of varnish, may creep in drying; the quicksilver on a mirror may creep.

5. To move or behave with servility or exaggerated humility; to fawn; as, a creeping sycophant. To come as humbly as they used to creep. Shak.

6. To grow, as a vine, clinging to the ground or to some other support by means of roots or rootlets, or by tendrils, along its length. "Creeping vines." Dryden.

7. To have a sensation as of insects creeping on the skin of the body; to crawl; as, the sight made my flesh creep. See Crawl, v. i.,4.

8. To drag in deep water with creepers, as for recovering a submarine cable.

CREEP Creep, n.

1. The act or process of creeping.

2. A distressing sensation, or sound, like that occasioned by the creeping of insects. A creep of undefinable horror. Blackwood's Mag. Out of the stillness, with gathering creep, Like rising wind in leaves. Lowell.

3. (Mining)

Defn: A slow rising of the floor of a gallery, occasioned by the pressure of incumbent strata upon the pillars or sides; a gradual movement of mining ground.

CREEPER Creep"er (krp"r), n.

1. One who, or that which, creeps; any creeping thing. Standing waters are most unwholesome, . . . full of mites,creepers; slimy, muddy, unclean. Burton.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant that clings by rootlets, or by tendrils, to the ground, or to trees, etc.; as, the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia).

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small bird of the genus Certhia, allied to the wrens. The brown or common European creeper is C. familiaris, a variety of which (var. Americana) inhabits America; -- called also tree creeper and creeptree. The American black and white creeper is Mniotilta varia.

4. A kind of patten mounted on short pieces of iron instead of rings; also, a fixture with iron points worn on a shoe to prevent one from slipping.

5. pl.

Defn: A spurlike device strapped to the boot, which enables one to climb a tree or pole; -- called often telegraph creepers.

6. A small, low iron, or dog, between the andirons.

7. pl.

Defn: An instrument with iron hooks or claws for dragging at the bottom of a well, or any other body of water, and bringing up what may lie there.

8. Any device for causing material to move steadily from one part of a machine to another, as an apron in a carding machine, or an inner spiral in a grain screen.

9. pl. (Arch.)

Defn: Crockets. See Crocket.

CREEPHOLE Creep"hole` (-hl`), n.

1. A hole or retreat onto which an animal may creep, to escape notice or danger.

2. A subterfuge; an excuse.

CREEPIE Creep"ie (-), n.

Defn: A low stool. [Scot.]

CREEPINESS Creep"i*ness (--ns), n.

Defn: An uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on the skin. She felt a curious, uneasy creepiness. Mrs. Alexander.

CREEPING Creep"ing, a.

1. Crawling, or moving close to the ground. "Every creeping thing." Gen. vi. 20.

2. Growing along, and clinging to, the ground, or to a wall, etc., by means of rootlets or tendrils. Casements lined with creeping herbs. Cowper. Ceeping crowfoot (Bot.), a plant, the Ranunculus repens.- Creeping snowberry, an American plant (Chiogenes hispidula) with white berries and very small round leaves having the flavor of wintergreen.

CREEPING CHARLIE Creep"ing Char"lie.

Defn: The stonecrop (Sedum acre).

CREEPINGLY Creep"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: by creeping slowly; in the manner of a reptile; insidiously; cunningly. How slily and creepingly did he address himself to our first parents. South.

CREEPLE Cree"ple (kr"p'l), n. Etym: [See Cripple.]

1. A creeping creature; a reptile. [Obs.] There is one creeping beast, or long creeple (as the name is in Devonshire), that hath a rattle at his tail that doth discover his age. Morton (1632).

2. One who is lame; a cripple. [Obs.] Thou knowest how lame a creeple this world is. Donne.

CREEPY Creep"y (krp"), a.

Defn: Crawly; having or producing a sensation like that caused by insects creeping on the skin. [Colloq.] One's whole blood grew curdling and creepy. R. Browning.

CREES Crees (krz), n. pl.; sing. Cree. (Ethnol.)

Defn: An Algonquin tribe of Indians, inhabiting a large part of British America east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson's Bay.

CREESE Creese (krs), n. Etym: [Malay. kris.]

Defn: A dagger or short sword used by the Malays, commonly having a serpentine blade. [Written also crease and kris.] From a Malayan creese to a sailor's jackknife. Julian Hawthorne.

CREMAILLERE Cré`mail`lère" (kr`m`lyr" or -m`yr"), n. Etym: [F.] (Fort.)

Defn: An indented or zigzaged line of intrenchment.

CREMASTER Cre*mas"ter (kr-ms"tr), n. Etym: [NL., from Gr.

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The apex of the last abdominal segment of an insect.

CREMASTERIC Crem`as*ter"ic (krm`3s-tr"k), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the cremaster; as, the cremasteric artery.

CREMATE Cre"mate (kr"mt or kr-mt"), v. t. Etym: [L. crematus, p. p. of cremare to burn; cf. Skr. cr to cook.]

Defn: To burn; to reduce to ashes by the action of fire, either directly or in an oven or retort; to incremate or incinerate; as, to cremate a corpse, instead of burying it.

CREMATION Cre*ma"tion (kr-m"shn), n. Etym: [L. crematio.]

Defn: A burning; esp., the act or practice of cremating the dead. Without cremation . . . of their bodies. Sir T. Browne.

CREMATIONIST Cre*ma"tion*ist, n.

Defn: One who advocates the practice of cremation.

CREMATOR Cre*ma"tor (-tr), n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who, or that which, cremmates or consumes to ashes.

CREMATORIUM; CREMATORY Crem`a*to"ri*um (krm`-t"r-m), Crem"a*to*ry (krm"-t-r), n.; pl. Crematoriums (-Crematories (-r. Etym: [NL. crematorium, fr. L. cremator.]

Defn: A furnace for cremating corpses; a building containing such a furnace.

CREMATORY Crem"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or employed in, cremation.

CREME Crême, n. [F.]

Defn: Cream; -- a term used esp. in cookery, names of liqueurs, etc.

CREMOCARP Crem"o*carp (krm"-krp or kr"m-), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The peculiar fruit of fennel, carrott, parsnip, and the like, consisting of a pair of carpels pendent from a supporting axis.

CREMONA Cre*mo"na (kr-m"n), n.

Defn: A superior kind of violin, formerly made at Cremona, in Italy.

CREMOR Cre"mor (kr"mr), n. Etym: [L. CF. Cream.]

Defn: Cream; a substance resembling cream; yeast; scum.

CREMOSIN Crem"o*sin (krm"-sn), n.

Defn: See Crimson. [Obs.]

CREMS Crems (krmz), n.

Defn: See Krems.

CRENATE; CRENATED Cre"nate (krnt), Cre"na*ted (kr"n-td), a. Etym: [L. crena notch. See Cranny.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the margin cut into rounded teeth notches, or scallops.

CRENATION Cre*na"tion (kr-n"shn), n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A rounded tooth on the edge of a leaf.

2. The condition of being crenate.

CRENATURE Cren"a*ture (krn"-tr or kr"n-; 135), n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A rounded tooth or notch of a crenate leaf, or any part that is crenate; -- called also crenelle.

2. The state of being crenated or notched.

CRENEL Cre*nel" (kr-nl"), n.

Defn: See Crenelle.

CRENELATE Cren"el*ate (krn"l-t or kr"nl-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crenelated (- `td); p. pr. & vb. n. Crenelating (-`tng).] Etym: [LL. crenellare, kernellare: cf. F. cr to indent. See Crenelle.] [Written also crenellate.]

1. To furnish with crenelles.

2. To indent; to notch; as, a crenelated leaf. Crenelated molding (Arch.), a kind of indented molding used in Norman buildings.

CRENELATION Cren`el*a"tion (-"shn), n.

Defn: The act of crenelating, or the state of being crenelated; an indentation or an embrasure. [Written also crenellation.]

CRENELLE; CRENEL Cre*nelle", Cre*nel" (kr-nl"), n. Etym: [OF. crenel, F. cr, LL. crenellus, kernellus, dim. (prob.) fr. L. crena notch. See Crenny.]

1. An embrasure or indentation in a battlement; a loophole in a fortress; an indentation; a notch. See Merlon, and Illust. of Battlement.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Crenature.

CRENELLED Cre*nelled" (kr a. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Crenate.

CRENGLE; CRENKLE Cren"gle (krn"g'l), Cren"kle (-k'l), n.

Defn: See Cringle.

CRENULATE; CRENULATED Cren"u*late (krn"-lt), Cren"u*la`ted (-l`td), a. Etym: [Dim. of crenate.] (Bot.)

Defn: Minutely crenate.

CRENULATION Cren`u*la"tion (-l"shn), n.

1. A minute crenation.

2. The state of being minutely scalloped.

CREOLE Cre"ole (kr"l), n. Etym: [F. cr, Sp. criollo, from an American negro word, perh. a corruption of a Sp. criadillo, dim. of criado servant, formerly also, child, fr. L. creatus, p. p. of creare to create. Cf. Create.]

Defn: One born of European parents in the American colonies of France or Spain or in the States which were once such colonies, esp. a person of French or Spanish descent, who is a native inhabitant of Louisiana, or one of the States adjoining, bordering on the Gulf of of Mexico.

Note: "The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood." R. Hildreth.

Note: "The title [Creole] did not first belong to the descendants of Spanish, but of French, settlers, But such a meaning implied a certain excellence of origin, and so came early to include any native of French or Spanish descent by either parent, whose nonalliance with the slave race entitled him to social rank. Later, the term was adopted by, not conceded to, the natives of mixed blood, and is still so used among themselves. . . . Besides French and Spanish, there are even, for convenience of speech, 'colored' Creoles; but there are no Italian, or Sicilian, nor any English, Scotch, Irish, or 'Yankee' Creoles, unless of parentage married into, and themselves thoroughly proselyted in, Creole society." G. W. Cable.

CREOLE Cre"ole (kr"l), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a Creole or the Creoles.

Note: In New Orleans the word Creole is applied to any product, or variety of manufacture, peculiar to Louisiana; as, Creole ponies, chickens, cows, shoes, eggs, wagons, baskets, etc.

CREOLEAN; CREOLIAN Cre*o"le*an (kr-"l-an), Cre*o"li*an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Creoles. -- n.

Defn: A Creole.

CREOLE STATE Creole State.

Defn: Louisiana; -- a nickname. See Creole, n. & a.

CREOSOL Cre"o*sol (kr"-sl), n. Etym: [Cresote + phenol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless liquid resembling phenol or carbolic acid, homologous with pyrocatechin, and obtained from beechwood tar and gum guaiacum. [Written also creasol.]

CREOSOTE Cre"o*sote (kr"-st), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Wood-tar oil; an oily antiseptic liquid, of a burning smoky taste, colorless when pure, but usually colored yellow or brown by impurity or exposure. It is a complex mixture of various phenols and their ethers, and is obtained by the distillation of wood tar, especially that of beechwood.

Note: It is remarkable as an antiseptic and deodorizer in the preservation of wood, flesh, etc., and in the prevention of putrefaction; but it is a poor germicide, and in this respect has been overrated. Smoked meat, as ham, owes its preservation and taste to a small quantity of creosote absorbed from the smoke to which it is exposed. Carbolic acid is phenol proper, while creosote is a mixture of several phenols. Coal-tar creosote (Chem.), a colorless or yellow, oily liquid, obtained in the distillation of coal tar, and resembling wood-tar oil, or creosote proper, in composition and properties.

CREOSOTE Cre"o*sote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Creosoted (-s"td); p. pr. & vb. n. Creosoting.]

Defn: To saturate or impregnate with creosote, as timber, for the prevention of decay.

CREOSOTE BUSH Cre"o*sote bush.

Defn: A shrub (Covillea mexicana) found in desert regions from Colorado to California and southward through Mexico. It has yellow flowers and very resinous foliage with a strong odor of creosote.

CREPANCE; CREPANE Cre"pance (kr"pans), Cre"pane (kr"pn), n. Etym: [Cf. L. crepare to crack.] (Far.)

Defn: An injury in a horse's leg, caused by the shoe of one hind foot striking and cutting the other leg. It sometimes forms an ulcer.

CREPE Crêpe (krp), n.

Defn: Same as Crape.

CREPITANT Crep"i*tant (krp"-tant), a. Etym: [See Crepitate.]

Defn: Having a crackling sound; crackling; rattling. Crepitant rale (Med.), a peculiar crackling sound audible with inspiration in pneumonia and other lung disease.

CREPITATE Crep"i*tate (kr, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crepitated (-t; p. pr. & vb. n. Crepitating (-t.] Etym: [L. crepitatus, p. p. of crepitare to crackle, v. intensive of crepare to crack. Cf. Crevice.]

Defn: To make a series of small, sharp, rapidly repeated explosions or sounds, as salt in fire; to crackle; to snap.

CREPITATION Crep`i*ta"tion (krp`-t"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. crépitation.]

1. The act of crepitating or crackling.

2. (Med.) (a) A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. (b) A crepitant râle.

CREPITUS Crep"i*tus (krp"-ts), n. Etym: [L., fr. crepare to crack.] (Med.) (a) The noise produced bu a sudden discharge of wind from the bowels. (b) Same as Crepitation, 2.

CREPON Cre"pon (kr"pn; F. kr`pn"), n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk.

CREPT Crept (krpt),

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Creep.

CREPUSCLE; CREPUSCULE Cre*pus"cle (kr-ps"s'l), Cre*pus"cule (kr-ps"kl), n. Etym: [L. crepusculum, fr. creper dusky, dark: cf. F. cr.]

Defn: Twilight. Bailey.

CREPUSCULAR; CREPUSCULOUS Cre*pus"cu*lar (-k-lr), Cre*pus"cu*lous (-ls), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cr.]

1. Pertaining to twilight; glimmering; hence, imperfectly clear or luminous. This semihistorical and crepuscular period. Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Flying in the twilight or evening, or before sunrise; -- said certain birds and insects. Others feed only in the twilight, as bats and owls, and are called crepuscular. Whewell.

CREPUSCULINE Cre*pus"cu*line, a.

Defn: Crepuscular. [Obs.] Sprat.

CRESCENCE Cres"cence (krs"sens), n. Etym: [See Crescent.]

Defn: Increase; enlargement. [Obs.] And toward the moon's attractive crescence bend. H. Brooke.

CRESCENDO Cres*cen"do (krs-sn"d; It. kr-shn"d), a. & adv. Etym: [It., from crescere to increase. See Crescent.] (Mus.)

Defn: With a constantly increasing volume of voice; with gradually increasing strength and fullness of tone; -- a direction for the performance of music, indicated by the mark, or by writing the word on the score.

CRESCENDO Cres*cen"do, n. (Mus.) (a) A gradual increase in the strength and fullness of tone with which a passage is performed. (b) A pssage to be performed with constantly increasing volume of tone.

CRESCENT Cres"cent (krs"sent), n. Etym: [OE. cressent, cressaunt, crescent (in sense 1), OF. creissant increasing, F. croissant, p. pr. of cro, OF. creistre, fr. L. crescere to increase, v. incho.; akin to creare to create. See Create, and cf. Accrue, Increase, Crescendo.]

1. The increasing moon; the moon in her first quarter, or when defined by a concave and a convex edge; also, applied improperly to the old or decreasing moon in a like state.

2. Anything having the shape of a crescent or new moon.

3. A representation of the increasing moon, often used as an emblem or badge; as: (a) A symbol of Artemis, or Diana. (b) The ancient symbol of Byzantium or Constantinople. Hence: (c) The emblem of the Turkish Empire, adopted after the taking of Constantinople. The cross of our faith is replanted, The pale, dying crescent is daunted. Campbell.

4. Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by René of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services. Brande & C.

5. (Her.)

Defn: The emblem of the increasing moon with horns directed upward, when used in a coat of arms; -- often used as a mark of cadency to distinguish a second son and his descendants.

CRESCENT Cres"cent (krs"sent), a.

1. Shaped like a crescent. Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton.

2. Increasing; growing. O, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set. Tennyson.

CRESCENT Cres"cent, v. t.

1. To form into a crescent, or something resembling a crescent. [R.] Anna Seward.

2. To adorn with crescents.

CRESCENTIC Cres*cen"tic (krs-sn"tk), a.

Defn: Crescent-shaped. "Crescentic lobes." R. Owen.

CRESCENTWISE Cres"cent*wise` (krs"sent-wz`), adv.

Defn: In the form of a crescent; like a crescent. Tennyson.

CRESCIVE Cres"cive (krs"sv), a. Etym: [L. crescere to increase.]

Defn: Increasing; growing. [R.] Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty. Shak.

CRESOL Cre"sol (kr"sl), n. Etym: [From Creosote.] (Chem.)

Defn: Any one of three metameric substances, CH3.C6H4.OH, homologous with and resembling phenol. They are obtained from coal tar and wood tar, and are colorless, oily liquids or solids.

Note: [Called also cresylic acid.]

CRESORCIN Cre*sor"cin (kr-sr"sn), n. (Chem.)

Defn: Same as Isorcin.

CRESS Cress (krs), n.; pl. Cresses (kr. Etym: [OE. ces, cresse, kers, kerse, AS. cresse, cerse; akin to D. kers, G. kresse, Dan. karse, Sw. krasse, and possibly also to OHG. chresan to creep.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of various species, chiefly cruciferous. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste, and are used as a salad and antiscorbutic.

Note: The garden cress, called also peppergrass, is the Lepidium sativum; the water cress is the Nasturtium officinale. Various other plants are sometimes called cresses. To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread. Goldsmith. Bitter cress. See under Bitter. -- Not worth a cress, or "not worth a kers." a common old proverb, now turned into the meaningless "not worth a curse." Skeat.

CRESSELLE Cres*selle" (krs-sl"), n. Etym: [F. crécelle rattle.] (Eccl.)

Defn: A wooden rattle sometimes used as a substitute for a bell, in the Roman Catholic church, during the latter part of Holy Week, or the last week of Lent.

CRESSET Cres"set (krs"st), n. Etym: [OF. crasset, cresset, sort of lamp or torch; perh. of Dutch or German origin, and akin to E. cruse, F. creuset crucible, E. crucible.]

1. An open frame or basket of iron, filled with combustible material, to be burned as a beacon; an open lamp or firrepan carried on a pole in nocturnal processions. Starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus. Milton. As a cresset true that darts its length Of beamy luster from a tower of strength. Wordsworth.

2. (Coopering)

Defn: A small furnace or iron cage to hold fire for charring the inside of a cask, and making the staves flexible. Knight.

CRESSY Cress"y (krs"), a.

Defn: Abounding in cresses. The cressy islets white in flower. Tennyson.

CREST Crest (krst), n. Etym: [OF. creste, F. cr, L. crista.]

1. A tuft, or other excrescence or natural ornament, growing on animal's head; the comb of a cock; the swelling on the head of a serpent; the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. Darwin. [Attack] his rising crest, and drive the serpent back. C. Pitt.

2. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet, indicating the rank of the weare; hence, also, the helmet. Stooping low his lofty crest. Sir W. Scott. And on his head there stood upright A crest, in token of a knight. Gower.

3. (Her.)

Defn: A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually above it, or separately as an ornament for plate, liveries, and the like. It is a relic of the ancient cognizance. See Cognizance, 4.

4. The upper curve of a horse's neck. Throwing the base thong from his bending crest. Shak.

5. The ridge or top of wave. Like wave with crest of sparkling foam. Sir W. Scott.

6. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge.

7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage. Now the time is come That France must vail her lofty plumed crest. Shak.

8. (Arch.)

Defn: The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc. The finials of gables and pinnacles are sometimes called crest. Parker.

9. (Engin.)

Defn: The top line of a slope or embankment. Crest tile, a tile made to cover the ridge of a roof, fitting upon it like a saddle. -- Interior crest (Fort.), the highest line of the parapet.

CREST Crest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crested; p. pr. & vb. n. Cresting.]

1. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest; to serve as a crest for.

His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm Crested the world. Shak. Mid groves of clouds that crest the mountain's brow. Wordsworth.

2. To mark with lines or streaks, like, or regarded as like, waving plumes. Like as the shining sky in summer's night, . . . Is crested with lines of fiery light. Spenser.

CREST Crest (krst), v. i.

Defn: To form a crest.

CRESTED Crest"ed (krst"d), a.

1. Having a crest. But laced crested helm. Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a crest of feathers or hair upon the head. "The crested bird." Dryden.

3. (Bott.)

Defn: Bearing any elevated appendage like a crest, as an elevated line or ridge, or a tuft. Gray.

CRESTFALLEN Crest"fall`en (-fl`'n), a.

1. With hanging head; hence, dispirited; dejected; cowed. Let it make thee crestfullen; Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shak.

2. Having the crest, or upper part of the neck, hanging to one side; -- said of a horse.

CRESTING Crest"ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornamental finish on the top of a wall or ridge of a roof.

CRESTLESS Crest"less, a.

Defn: Without a crest or escutcheon; of low birth. "Crestless yeomen." Shak.

CRESYLIC Cre*syl"ic (kr-sl"k), a. Etym: [From Creosote.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cresol, creosote, etc. Cresylic acid. (Chem.) See Cresol.

CRETACEOUS Cre*ta"ceous (kr-t"shs), a. Etym: [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk. See Crayon.]

Defn: Having the qualities of chalk;abounding with chalk; chalky; as, cretaceous rocks and formations. See Chalk. Cretaceous acid, an old name for carbonic acid. -- Cretaceous formation (Geol.), the series of strata of various kinds, including beds of chalk, green sand, etc., formed in the Cretaceous period; -- called also the chalk formation. See the Diagram under Geology. -- Cretaceous period (Geol.), the time in the latter part of the Mesozoic age during which the Cretaceous formation was deposited.

CRETACEOUS; CRETACIC Cre*ta"ceous, a. Also Cre*tac"ic. (Geol.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or designating, the period of time following the Jurassic and preceding the Eocene.

CRETACEOUSLY Cre*ta"ceous*ly, adv.

Defn: In a chalky manner; as chalk.

CRETAN Cre"tan (kr"tan), a.

Defn: Pertaining to Crete, or Candia. -- n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Crete or Candia.

CRETE Crete (krt), n. Etym: [L. Cres, Cretis.]

Defn: A Cretan

CRETIAN Cre"tian (kr"shan), a. & n.

Defn: See Cretan.

CRETIC Cre"tic (kr"tk), n. Etym: [L. Creticus (sc. pes foot), Gr. (Gr. & Lat. Pros.)

Defn: A poetic foot, composed of one short syllable between two long ones (-Bentley.

CRETICISM Cre"ti*cism (-t-sz'm), n.

Defn: Falsehood; lying; cretism.

CRETIN Cre"tin (kr"tn), n. Etym: [F. crétin; of uncertain origin.]

Defn: One afflicted with cretinism.

CRETINISM Cre"tin*ism (kr"tn-*z'm), n. Etym: [F. cr.]

Defn: A condition of endemic or inherited idiocy, accompanied by physical degeneracy and deformity (usually with goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys, esp. of the Alps.

CRETINOUS Cre"tin*ous (-s), a.

Defn: Having the characteristics of a cretin. "Cretinous stupefaction." Ruskin.

CRETISM Cre"tism (kr"tz'm), n. Etym: [Gr. Titus i. 12.]

Defn: A Cretan practice; iying; a falsehood.

CRETONNE Cre*tonne" (kr-tn"), n. Etym: [F., gr. Creton, its first manufacturer.]

1. A strong white fabric with warp of hemp and welt of flax.

2. A fabric with cotton warp and woolen weft.

3. A kind of chintz with a glossy surface.

CRETOSE Cre"tose (kr"ts), a. Etym: [L. cretosus, fr. creta chalk.]

Defn: Chalky; cretaceous. [Obs.] Ash.

CREUTZER Creut"zer

Defn: (kroitn. See Kreutzer.

CREUX Creux (kr), n. Etym: [F., adj., hollow, n., a hollow.]

Defn: Used in English only in the expression en creux. Thus, engraving en creux is engraving in intaglio, or by sinking or hollowing out the design.

CREVALLE Cre`val*le" (kr`vl-l"), n. Etym: [Prob. of same origin as cavally. See Cavally.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cavally or jurel. See Cavally, and Jurel. (b) The pompano (Trachynotus Carolinus).

CREVASSE Cre`vasse" (kr`vs"), n. Etym: [F. See Crevice.]

1. A deep crevice or fissure, as in embankment; one of the clefts or fissure by which the mass of a glacier is divided.

2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river, caused by the pressure of the water, as on the lower Mississippi. [U.S.]

CREVET Crev"et (krv"t), n. Etym: [Cf. Creut.]

Defn: A crucible or melting pot; a cruset. Crabb.

CREVICE Crev"ice (krv"s), n. Etym: [OE. crevace, crevice. F. crevasse, fr. crever to break, burst, fr. L. crepare to crack,break. Cf. Craven, Crepitate, Crevasse.]

Defn: A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack or the separation of a junction; a cleft; a fissure; a rent. The mouse, Behind the moldering wainscot, shrieked, Or from the crevice peered about. Tennyson.

CREVICE Crev"ice, v. t.

Defn: To crack; to flaw. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

CREVICED Crev"iced (-st), a.

Defn: Having a crevice or crevices; as, a creviced structure for storing ears of corn. Trickling through the creviced rock. J. Cunningham.

CREVIS Crev"is (-s), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The crawfish. [Prov. Eng.]

CREW Crew (kr), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The Manx shearwater.

CREW Crew (kr), n. Etym: [From older accrue accession, reAccrue, Crescent.]

1. A company of people associated together; an assemblage; a throng. There a noble crew Of lords and ladies stood on every side. Spenser. Faithful to whom to thy rebellious crew Milton.

2. The company of seamen who man a ship, vessel, or at; the company belonging to a vessel or a boat.

Note: The word crew, in law, is ordinarily used as equivalent to ship's company, including master and other officers. When the master and other officers are excluded, the context always shows it. Story. Burrill.

3. In an extended sense, any small body of men associated for a purpose; a gang; as (Naut.), the carpenter's crew; the boatswain's crew.

Syn. -- Company; band; gang; horde; mob; herd; throng; party.

CREW Crew (kr),

Defn: imp. of Crow.

CREWEL Crew"el (kr"l), n. Etym: [Perh. for clewel, dim. of clew a ball of thread; or cf. D. krul curl, E. curl. sq. root26.]

Defn: Worsted yarn,, slackly twisted, used for embroidery.

CREWELWORK Crew"el*work` (-wrk`), n.

Defn: Embroidery in crewels, commonly done upon some plain material, such as linen.

CREWET Crew"et (kr"t), n.

Defn: See Cruet.

CRIB Crib (krb), n. Etym: [AS. crybb; akin to OS. kribbja, D. krib, kribbe, Dan. krybbe, G. krippe, and perh. to MHG. krebe basket, G, korb, and E. rip a sort of wicker basket.]

1. A manger or rack; a feeding place for animals. The steer lion at one crib shall meet. Pope.

2. A stall for oxen or other cattle. Where no oxen are, the crib is clean. Prov. xiv. 4.

3. A small inclosed bedstead or cot for a child.

4. A box or bin, or similar wooden structure, for storing grain, salt, etc.; as, a crib for corn or oats.

5. A hovel; a hut; a cottage. Why rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, . . . Than in the perfumed chambers of the great Shak.

6. (Mining)

Defn: A structure or frame of timber for a foundation, or for supporting a roof, or for lining a shaft.

7. A structure of logs to be anchored with stones; -- used for docks, pier, dams, etc.

8. A small raft of timber. [Canada]

9. A small theft; anything purloined;; a plagiaris [Colloq.] The Latin version technically called a crib. Ld. Lytton. Occasional perusal of the Pagan writers, assisted by a crib. Wilkie Collins.

10. A miner's luncheon. [Cant] Raymond.

11. (Card Playing)

Defn: The discarded cards which the dealer can use in scoring points in cribbage.

CRIB Crib, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Cribbed (krbd); p.pr. & vb. n. Cribbing.]

1. To shut up or confine in a narrow habitation; to cage; to cramp. If only the vital energy be not cribbed or cramped. I. Taylor. Now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confined. Shak.

2. To pilfer or purloin; hence, to steal from an author; to appropriate; to plagiarize; as, to crib a line from Milton. [Colloq.] Child, being fond of toys, cribbed the necklace. Dickens.

CRIB Crib, v. i.

1. To crowd together, or to be confined, as in a crib or in narrow accommodations. [R.] Who sought to make . . . bishops to crib in a Presbyterian trundle bed. Gauden.

2. To make notes for dishonest use in recitation or examination. [College Cant]

3. To seize the manger or other solid object with the teeth and draw in wind; -- said of a horse.

CRIBBAGE Crib"bage (krb"j), n. Etym: [From Crib, v. t., 2.]

Defn: A game of cards, played by two or four persons, in which there is a crib. (See Crib, 11.) It is characterized by a great variety of chances. A man's fancy would be summed up in cribbage. John Hall. Cribbage board, a board with holes and pegs, used by cribbage players to score their game.

CRIBBER; CRIB-BITER Crib"ber (krb"r), Crib"-bit`er (-bt"r), n.

Defn: A horse that has the habit of cribbing.

CRIBBING Crib"bing (krb"bng), n.

1. The act of inclosing or confining in a crib or in close quarters.

2. Purloining; stealing; plagiarizing. [Colloq.]

3. (Mining)

Defn: A framework of timbers and plank backing for a shaft lining, to prevent caving, percolation of water, etc.

4. A vicious habit of a horse; crib-biting. The horse lays hold of the crib or manger with his teeth and draws air into the stomach with a grunting sound.

CRIB-BITING Crib"-bit`ing (krb"bt`ng), n.

Defn: Same as Cribbing, 4.

CRIBBLE Crib"ble (krb"b'l), n. Etym: [F. crible, LL. criblus sieve, fr. L. cribrum.]

1. A coarse sieve or screen.

2. Coarse flour or meal. [Obs.] Johnson.

CRIBBLE Crib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Cribbling (-blng).] Etym: [Cf. F. cribler.]

Defn: To cause to pass through a sieve or riddle; to sift.

CRIBBLE Crib"ble, a.

Defn: Coarse; as, cribble bread. [Obs.] Huloet.

CRIBELLUM Cri*bel"lum (krbl"lm), n. Etym: [L., a small sieve, dim. of cribrum sieve.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A peculiar perforated organ of certain spiders (Ciniflonidæ), used for spinning a special kind of silk.

CRIBRATE Crib"rate (krb"rt), a. Etym: [L. cribratus, p.p. of cribrare to sift, fr. cribrum a sieve.]

Defn: Cribriform.

CRIBRATION Cri*bra"tion (kr-br"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cribration, fr. L. cribrare to sift. See Cribble, n.] (Pharmacy)

Defn: The act or process of separating the finer parts of drugs from the coarser by sifting.

CRIBRIFORM Crib"ri*form (krb"rfrm), a. Etym: [L. cribrum sieve + -form: cf. F. cribriforme.]

Defn: Resembling, or having the form of, a sieve; pierced with hokes; as, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; a cribriform compress. Cribriform cells (Bot.), those which have here and there oblique or transverse sieve plates, or places perforated with many holes.

CRIBROSE Crib"rose (krb"rs), a. Etym: [L. cribrum sieve.]

Defn: Perforated like a sieve; cribriform.

CRIC Cric (krk), n. Etym: [prob. fr. F. cric a jackscrew.]

Defn: The ring which turns inward and condenses the flame of a lamp. Knight.

CRICK Crick (krk), n. Etym: [See Creak.]

Defn: The creaking of a door, or a noise resembling it. [Obs.] Johnson.

CRICK Crick, n. Etym: [The same as creek a bending, twisting. See Creek, Crook.]

1. A painful, spasmodic affection of the muscles of some part of the body, as of the neck or back, rendering it difficult to move the part. To those also that, with a crick or cramp, have thei necks drawn backward. Holland.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. cric.]

Defn: A small jackscrew. Knight.

CRICKET Crick"et (krk"t), n. Etym: [OE. criket, OF. crequet, criquet; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. creak; cf. D. kriek a cricket. See Creak.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An orthopterous insect of the genus Gryllus, and allied genera. The males make chirping, musical notes by rubbing together the basal parts of the veins of the front wings.

Note: The common European cricket is Gryllus domesticus; the common large black crickets of America are G. niger, G. neglectus, and others. Balm cricket. See under Balm. -- Cricket bird, a small European bird (Silvia locustella); -- called also grasshopper warbler. -- Cricket frog, a small American tree frog (Acris gryllus); -- so called from its chirping.

CRICKET Crick"et, n. Etym: [AS. cricc, crycc, crooked staff, crutch. Perh. first used in sense 1, a stool prob. having been first used as a wicket. See Crutch.]

1. A low stool.

2. A game much played in England, and sometimes in America, with a ball, bats, and wickets, the players being arranged in two contesting

## parties or sides.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A small false roof, or the raising of a portion of a roof, so as to throw off water from behind an obstacle, such as a chimney.

CRICKET Crick"et, v. i.

Defn: To play at cricket. Tennyson.

CRICKETER Crick"et*er (krk"t-r), n.

Defn: One who plays at cricket.

CRICOID Cri"coid (kr"koid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.] (Anat.)

Defn: Resembling a ring; -- said esp. of the cartilage at the larynx, and the adjoining parts.

CRICOTHYROID Cri`co*thy"roid (-k-th"roid), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining both to the cricoid and the thyroid cartilages.

CRIED Cried (krd),

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Cry.

CRIER Cri"er (kr"r), n. Etym: [Cf. F. crieur. See Cry.]

Defn: One who cries; one who makes proclamation. Specifically, an officer who proclams the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation; as, a town-crier. He openeth his mouth like a crier. Ecclus. xx. 15.

CRIME Crime (krm), n.Etym: [F. crime, fr. L. crimen judicial decision, that which is subjected to such a decision, charge, fault, crime, fr. the root of cernere to decide judicially. See Certain.]

1. Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law.

2. Gross violation of human law, in distinction from a misdemeanor or trespass, or other slight offense. Hence, also, any aggravated offense against morality or the public welfare; any outrage or great wrong. "To part error from crime." Tennyson.

Note: Crimes, in the English common law, are grave offenses which were originally capitally punished (murder, rape, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny), as distinguished from misdemeanors, which are offenses of a lighter grade. See Misdemeanors.

3. Any great wickedness or sin; iniguity. Nocrime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love. Pope.

4. That which occasion crime. [Obs.] The tree of life, the crime of our first father's fall. Spenser. Capital crime, a crime punishable with death.

Syn. -- Sin; vice; iniquity; wrong. -- Crime, Sin,Vice. Sin is the generic term, embracing wickedness of every kind, but specifically denoting an offense as committed against God. Crime is strictly a violation of law either human or divine; but in present usage the term is commonly applied to actions contrary to the laws of the State. Vice is more distinctively that which springs from the inordinate indulgence of the natural appetites, which are in themselves innocent. Thus intemperance, unchastity, duplicity, etc., are vices; while murder, forgery, etc., which spring from the indulgence of selfish passions, are crimes.

CRIMEFUL Crime"ful (krm"fl), a.

Defn: Criminal; wicked; contrary to law, right, or dury. [Obs.] Shak.

CRIMELESS Crime"less, a.

Defn: Free from crime; innocent. Shak.

CRIMINAL Crim"i*nal (krm"-nal), a. Etym: [L. criminalis, fr. crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.]

1. Guilty of crime or sin. The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us criminal in the sight of God. Rogers.

2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; -- said of an act or of conduct; as, criminal carelessness. Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications of vice, not criminal in themselves. Addison.

3. Relating to crime; -- opposed to civil; as, the criminal code. The officers and servants of the crown, violating the personal liberty, or other right of the subject . . . were in some cases liable to criminal process. Hallam. Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to secure conviction and punishment for a crime. -- Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a married woman; adultery; -- usually abbreviated, crim. con. -- Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes.

CRIMINAL Crim"i*nal, n.

Defn: One who has commited a crime; especially, one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof; a malefactor; a felon.

CRIMINALIST Crim"i*nal*ist, n.

Defn: One versed in criminal law. [R.]

CRIMINALITY Crim`i*nal"i*ty (krm`-nl"-t), n. Etym: [LL. criminalitas, fr. L. criminalis. See Criminal.]

Defn: The quality or state of being criminal; that which constitutes a crime; guiltiness; guilt. This is by no means the only criterion of criminality. Blackstone.

CRIMINALLY Crim"i*nal*ly (krm"-nal-l), adv.

Defn: In violation of law; wickedly.

CRIMINALNESS Crim"i*nal*ness, n.

Defn: Criminality. [R.]

CRIMINATE Crim"i*nate (kr, v. t. [imp & p. p. Criminated (-n; p. pr. & vb. n. Criminating (-n.] Etym: [L. criminatus, p. p. of criminare, criminari, to criminate, fr. crimen. See Crime.]

1. To accuse of, or charge with, a crime. To criminate, with the heavy and ungrounded charge of disloyalty and disaffection, an uncorrupt, independent, and reforming parliament. Burke.

2. To involve in a crime or in its consequences; to render liable to a criminal charge. Impelled by the strongest pressure of hope and fear to criminate him. Macaulay.

CRIMINATION Crim`i*na"tion (krm`-n"shn), n. Etym: [L. criminatio.]

Defn: The act of accusing; accusation; charge; complaint. The criminations and recriminations of the adverse parties. Macaulay.

CRIMINATIVE Crim"i*na*tive (krm"-n-tv), a.

Defn: Charging with crime; accusing; criminatory. R. North.

CRIMINATORY Crim"i*na*to*ry (-t-r), a.

Defn: Relating to, or involving, crimination; accusing; as, a criminatory conscience.

CRIMINOLOGY Crim`i*nol"o*gy (-nl"-j), n. Etym: [L. crimen, crimenis, crime + - logy.]

Defn: A treatise on crime or the criminal population. -- Crim`i*nol"o*gist (-j, n.

CRIMINOUS Crim"i*nous (krm"-ns), a. Etym: [L. criminosus, fr. crimen. See Crime.]

Defn: Criminal; involving great crime or grave charges; very wicked; heinous. [Obs.] Holland. -- Crim"i*nous*ly, adv.. -- Crim"i*nous*ness,n. [Obs.]

CRIMOSIN Crim"o*sin (krm"-zn), n. [Obs.]

Defn: See Crimson.

CRIMP Crimp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimped (krmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimping.] Etym: [Akin to D. krimpen to shrink, shrivel, Sw. krympa, Dan. krympe, and to E. cramp. See Cramp.]

1. To fold or plait in regular undulation in such a way that the material will retain the shape intended; to give a wavy apperance to; as, to crimp the border of a cap; to crimp a ruffle. Cf. Crisp. The comely hostess in a crimped cap. W. Irving.

2. To pinch and hold; to seize.

3. Hence, to entrap into the military or naval service; as, to crimp seamen. Coaxing and courting with intent to crimp him. Carlyle.

4. (Cookery)

Defn: To cause to contract, or to render more crisp, as the flesh of a fish, by gashing it, when living, with a knife; as, to crimp skate, etc. Crimping house, a low lodging house, into which men are decoyed and plied with drink, to induce them to ship or enlist as sailors or soldiers. -- Crimping iron. (a) An iron instrument for crimping and curling the hair. (b) A crimping machine. -- Crimping machine, a machine with fluted rollers or with dies, for crimping ruffles leather, iron, etc. -- Crimping pin, an instrument for crimping or puckering the border of a lady's cap.

CRIMP Crimp, a.

1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [R.] Now the fowler . . . treads the crimp earth. J. Philips.

2. Weak; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.] The evidance is crimp; the witnesses swear backward and forward, and contradict themselves. Arbuthnot.

CRIMP Crimp, n.

1. A coal broker. [Prov. Eng.] De Foe.

2. One who decoys or entraps men into the military or naval service. Marryat.

3. A keeper of a low lodging house where sailors and emigrants are entrapped and fleeced.

4. Hair which has been crimped; -- usually in pl.

5. A game at cards. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Boot crimp. See under Boot.

CRIMPAGE Crimp"age (-j), n.

Defn: The act or practice of crimping; money paid to a crimp for shipping or enlisting men.

CRIMPER Crimp"er (-r), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, crimps; as: (a) A curved board or frame over which the upper of a boot or shoe is stretched to the required shape. (b) A device for giving hair a wavy apperance. (c) A machine for crimping or ruffling textile fabrics.

CRIMPLE Crim"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimpling (-plng).] Etym: [Dim. of crimp, v. t. ]

Defn: To cause to shrink or draw together; to contract; to curl. [R.] Wiseman.

CRIMPY Crimp"y (krmp"), a.

Defn: Having a crimped appearance; frizzly; as, the crimpy wool of the Saxony sheep.

CRIMSON Crim"son (krm"z'n), n. Etym: [OE. crimson, OF. crimoisin, F. cramoisi (cf. Sp. carmesi.) LL. carmesinus, fr. Ar. qermazi, fr. qermez crimson, kermes, fr. Skr. k produced by a worm; k worm or insect + jan to generate; akin to E. kin. CF. Carmine, Kermes.]

Defn: A deep red color tinged with blue; also, red color in general. Theugh jour be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. Is. i. 18. A maid jet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty. Shak.

CRIMSON Crim"son, a.

Defn: Of a deep red color tinged with blue; deep red. "A crimson tide." Mrs. Hemans. The blushing poppy with a crimson hue. Prior.

CRIMSON Crim"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crimsoned (-z'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crimsoning.]

Defn: To dye with crimson or deep red; to redden. Signed in thy spoil and crimsoned in thy lethe. Shak.

CRIMSON Crim"son, b. t.

Defn: To become crimson; to blush. Ancient towers . . . beginning to crimson with the radiant luster of a cloudless July morning. De Quincey.

CRINAL Cri"nal (kr"nal), a. Etym: [L. crinalis, fr. crinis the hair.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the hair. [R.] Blount.

CRINATED Cri"na*ted (kr"n-td), a.

Defn: Having hair; hairy.

CRINATORY Cri"na*to*ry (kr"n-t-r), a.

Defn: Crinitory. Craig.

CRINCUM Crin"cum (krn"km), n. Etym: [Cf. Crinkle.]

Defn: A twist or bend; a turn; a whimsey. [Colloq.] Hudibras.

CRINCUM-CRANCUM Crin"cum-cran"cum (krn"km-krn"km), n.

Defn: A twist; a whimsey or whim. [Colloq.]

CRINED Crined (krnd), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair.] (Her.)

Defn: Having the hair of a different tincture from the rest of the body; as, a charge crined of a red tincture.

CRINEL; CRINET Cri"nel (kr"nEl), Cri"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [L. crinis hair.]

Defn: A very fine, hairlike feather. Booth.

CRINGE Cringe (krnj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crnged (krnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cringing.] Etym: [As. crincgang, cringan, crincan, to jield, fall; akin to E. crank.]

Defn: To draw one's self together as in fear or servility; to bend or crouch with base humility; to wince; hence; to make court in a degrading manner; to fawn. When they were come up to the place where the lions were, the boys that went before were glad to cringe behind, for they were afraid of the lions. Bunyan. Sly hypocrite, . . . who more than thou Once fawned and cringed, and servilely adored Heaven's awful monarch Milton. Flatterers . . . are always bowing and cringing. Arbuthnot.

CRINGE Cringe, v. t.

Defn: To contract; to draw together; to cause to shrink or wrinkle; to distort. [Obs.] Till like a boy you see him cringe his face, And whine aloud for mercy. Shak.

CRINGE Cringe, n.

Defn: Servile civility; fawning; a shrinking or bowing, as in fear or servility. "With cringe and shrug, and bow obsequious." Cowper.

CRINGELING Cringe"ling, n.

Defn: One who cringes meanly; a fawner.

CRINGER Crin"ger (krn"jr), n.

Defn: One who cringes.

CRINGINGLY Crin"ging*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cringing manner.

CRINGLE Crin"gle (krn"g'l), n. Etym: [Icel. kringla orb; akin to kring around, and to D. kring circle, and to E. cringe, crank.]

1. A withe for fastening a gate.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: An iron or pope thimble or grommet worked into or attached to the edges and corners of a sail; -- usually in the plural. The cringles are used for making fast the bowline bridles, earings, etc.

CRINICULTURAL Crin`i*cul"tur*al (krn`-kl"tr-al; 135), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair + cultura.]

Defn: Relating to the growth of hair. [R.]

CRINIGEROUS Cri*nig"er*ous (kr-nj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. criniger; crinis hair + gerere to bear.]

Defn: Bearing hair; hairy. [R.]

CRINITAL Cri"ni*tal (kr"n-tal), a.

Defn: Same as Crinite,

1. He the star crinital adoreth. Stanyhurst.

CRINITE Cri"nite (kr"nt), a. Etym: [L. crinitus, p. p. of crinire to provide or cover with hair, fr. crinis hair.]

1. Having the appearance of a tuft of hair; having a hairlike tail or train. "Comate, crinite, caudate stars."

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Bearded or tufted with hairs. Gray.

CRINITORY Cri"ni*to*ry (kr"n-t-r), a.

Defn: Of or relating to hair; as, a crinitory covering. T. Hook.

CRINKLE Crin"kle (krn"k'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crinkled (-k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crinkling (-klng).] Etym: [A dim., fr. the root of cringe; akin to D. krinkelen to wind or twist. Cf. Cringle, Cringe.]

Defn: To form with short turns, bends, or wrinkles; to mold into inequalites or sinuosities; to cause to wrinkle or curl. The houscrinkled to and fro. Chaucer. Her face all bowsy, Comely crinkled, Wondrously wrinkled. Skelton. The flames through all the casements pushing forth, Like red-not devils crinkled into snakes. Mrs. Browning.

CRINKLE Crin"kle, v. i.

Defn: To turn or wind; ti run in and out in many short bends or turns; to curl; to run in wavws; to wrinkle; also, to rustle, as stiff cloth when moved. The green wheat crinkles like a lake. L. T. Trowbridge. And all the rooms Were full of crinkling silks. Mrs. Browning.

CRINKLE Crin"kle, n.

Defn: A winding or turn; wrinkle; sinuosity. The crinkles in this glass, making objects appear double. A. Tucker.

CRINKLED Crin"kled (krn"k'ld), a.

Defn: Having short bends, turns, or wrinkles; wrinkled; wavy; zigzag. "The crinkled lightning." Lowell.

CRINKLY Crin"kly (-kl), a.

Defn: Having crinkles; wavy; wrinkly.

CRINOID Cri"noid (kr"noid), a. [See Crinoidea.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Crinoidal. -- n.

Defn: One of the Crinoidea.

CRINOIDAL Cri*noid"al (kr-noidal), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of pertaining to crinoids; consisting of, or containing, crinoids.

CRINOIDEA Cri*noid"e*a (kr-noid"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. -oid: cf. F. crino.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large class of Echinodermata, including numerous extinct families and genera, but comparatively few living ones. Most of the fossil species, like some that are recent, were attached by a jointed stem. See Blastoidea, Cystoidea, Comatula.

CRINOIDEAN Cri*noid"e*an (-an), n. (Zoöl)

Defn: One of the Crinoidea.

CRINOLINE Crin"o*line (krn"-ln), n. Etym: [F., fr. crin hair,L. crinis.]

1. A kind of stiff cloth, used chiefly by women, for underskirts, to expand the gown worn over it; -- so called because originally made of hair.

2. A lady's skirt made of any stiff material; latterly, a hoop skirt.

CRINOSE Cri*nose" (kr-ns"), a. Etym: [L. crinis hair.]

Defn: Hairy. [R.]

CRINOSITY Cri*nos"i*ty (kr-ns"-t), n.

Defn: Hairiness. [R.]

CRINUM Cri"num (kr"nm), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of bulbous plants, of the order Amaryllidace, cultivated as greenhouse plants on account of their beauty.

CRIOSPHINX Cri"o*sphinx` (kr"-sfnks`), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A sphinx with the head of a ram.

CRIPPLE Crip"ple (krp"p'l), n. Etym: [OE. cripel, crepel, crupel, AS. crypel (akin to D. kreuple, G. kr, Dan. kr, Icel. kryppill), prop., one that can not walk, but must creep, fr. AS. cre to creep. See Creep.]

Defn: One who creeps, halts, or limps; one who has lost, or never had, the use of a limb or limbs; a lame person; hence, one who is

## partially disabled.

I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my mind, the reader must determine. Dryden.

CRIPPLE Crip"ple (krp"p'l), a.

Defn: Lame; halting. [R.] "The cripple, tardy-gaited night." Shak.

CRIPPLE Crip"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crippled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crippling (-plng).]

1. To deprive of the use of a limb, particularly of a leg or foot; to lame. He had crippled the joints of the noble child. Sir W. Scott.

2. To deprive of strength, activity, or capability for service or use; to disable; to deprive of resources; as, to be financially crippled. More serious embarrassments . . . were crippling the energy of the settlement in the Bay. Palfrey. An incumbrance which would permanently cripple the body politic. Macaulay.

CRIPPLED Crip"pled (krp"p'ld), a.

Defn: Lamed; lame; disabled; impeded. "The crippled crone." Longfellow.

CRIPPLENESS Crip"ple*ness, n.

Defn: Lameness. [R.] Johnson.

CRIPPLER Crip"pler (-plr), n.

Defn: A wooden tool used in graining leather. Knight.

CRIPPLING Crip"pling (-plng), n.

Defn: Spars or timbers set up as a support against the side of a building.

CRIPPLY Crip"ply (-pl), a.

Defn: Lame; disabled; in a crippled condition. [R.] Mrs. Trollope.

CRISIS Cri"sis (kr"ss), n.; pl. Crises (-s. Etym: [L. crisis, Gr. Certain.]

1. The point of time when it is to be decided whether any affair or course of action must go on, or be modified or terminate; the decisive moment; the turning point. This hour's the very crisis of your fate. Dryden. The very times of crisis for the fate of the country. Brougham.

2. (Med.)

Defn: That change in a disease which indicates whether the result is to be recovery or death; sometimes, also, a striking change of symptoms attended by an outward manifestation, as by an eruption or sweat. Till some safe crisis authorize their skill. Dryden.

CRISP Crisp (krsp), a. Etym: [AS. crisp, fr. L. crispus; cf. carpere to pluck, card (wool), and E. harvest. Cf. Crape.]

1. Curling in stiff curls or ringlets; as, crisp hair.

2. Curled with the ripple of the water. [Poetic] You numphs called Naiads, of the winding brooks . . . Leave jour crisp channels. Shak.

3. Brittle; friable; in a condition to break with a short, sharp fracture; as, crisp snow. The cakes at tea ate short and crisp. Goldsmith.

4. Possessing a certain degree of firmness and freshness; in a fresh, unwilted condition. It [laurel] has been plucked nine months, and yet looks as hale and crisp as if it would last ninety years. Leigh Hunt.

5. Lively; sparking; effervescing. Your neat crisp claret. Beau & Fl.

6. Brisk; crackling; cheerful; lively. The snug, small room, and the crisp fire. Dickens.

CRISP Crisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crisped (krspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crisping.] Etym: [L. crispare, fr. crispus. See Crisp. a. ]

1. To curl; to form into ringlets, as hair, or the nap of cloth; to interweave, as the branches of trees.

2. To cause to undulate irregularly, as crape or water; to wrinkle; to cause to ripple. Cf. Crimp. The lover with the myrtle sprays Adorns his crisped tresses. Drayton. Along the crisped shades and bowers. Milton. The crisped brooks, Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold. Milton.

3. To make crisp or brittle, as in cooking. Crisping iron, an instrument by which hair or any textile fabric is crisped. -- Crisping pin, the simplest form of crisping iron. Is. iii. 22.

CRISP Crisp, v. i.

Defn: To undulate or ripple. Cf. Crisp, v. t. To watch the crisping ripples on the beach. Tennuson.

CRISP Crisp, n.

Defn: That which is crisp or brittle; the state of being crisp or brittle; as, burned to a crisp; specifically, the rind of roasted pork; crackling.

CRISPATE; CRISPATED Cris"pate (krs"pt), Cris"pa*ted (-p-td), a. Etym: [L. crispatus, p. p. of crispare.]

Defn: Having a crisped appearance; irregularly curled or twisted.

CRISPATION Cris*pa"tion (krs-p"shn), n. Etym: [CF. F. crispation.]

1. The act or process of curling, or the state of being curled. Bacon.

2. A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal. Few men can look down from a great height without creepings and crispations. O. W. Holmes.

CRISPATURE Cris"pa*ture (krs"p-tr; 135), n.

Defn: The state of being crispate.

CRISPER Crisp"er (krs"pr), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, crisps or curls; an instrument for making little curls in the nap of cloth, as in chinchilla.

CRISPIN Cris"pin (krs"pn), n.

1. A shoemaker; -- jocularly so called from the patron sant of the craft.

2. A member of a union or association of shoemakers.

CRISPLY Crisp"ly (krsp"l), adv.

Defn: In a crisp manner.

CRISPNESS Crisp"ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being crisp.

CRISPY Crisp"y (-), a.

1. Formed into short, close ringlets; frizzed; crisp; as, crispy locks.

2. Crisp; brittle; as. a crispy pie crust.

CRISSAL Cris"sal (krs"sal), a. (Zoöl.)

1. Pertaining to the crissum; as, crissal feathers.

2. Having highly colored under tail coverts; as, the crissal thrasher.

CRISSCROSS Criss"cross` (krs"krs`; 115), n. Etym: [A corruption of Christcross.]

1. A mark or cross, as the signature of a person who is unable to write.

2. A child's game played on paper or on a slate, consisting of lines arranged in the form of a cross.

CRISSCROSS Criss"cross`, v. t.

Defn: To mark or cover with cross lines; as, a paper was crisscrossed with red marks.

CRISSCROSS Criss"cross` (krs"krs`;115), adv.

1. In opposite directions; in a way to cross something else; crossing one another at various angles and in various ways. Logs and tree luing crisscross in utter confusion. W. E. Boardman.

2. With opposition or hindrance; at cross purposes; contrarily; as, things go crisscross.

CRISSCROSS-ROW Criss"cross-row` (-r`), n.

Defn: See Christcross-row.

CRISSUM Cris"sum (krs"sm),, n.; pl. Crissa (-s. Etym: [NL.; cf. L. crisso to move the haunches.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: That part of a bird, or the feathers, surrounding the cloacal opening; the under tail coverts.

CRISTATE Cris"tate (krs"tt), a. Etym: [L. ctistatus, fr. crista crest.] (Bot. & Zoöl.)

Defn: Crested.

CRITERION Cri*te"ri*on (kr-t"r-n), n.; pl. Criteria (-Criterions (-. Etym: [Gr. Certain.]

Defn: A standard of judging; any approved or established rule or test, by which facts, principles opinions, and conduct are tried in forming a correct judgment respecting them. Of the diseases of the mind there is no criterion. Donne. Inferences founded on such enduring criteria. Sir G. C. Lewis.

Syn. -- Standard; measure; rule.

CRITH Crith (krth), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: The unit for estimating the weight of a

CRITHOMANCY Crith"o*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy: cf. F. crithomancie.]

Defn: A kind of divination by means of the dough of the cakes offered in the ancient sacrifices, and the meal strewed over the victims.

CRITIC Crit"ic (krt"k), n. Etym: [L. criticus, Gr. able to discuss, from Certain, and cf. Critique.]

1. One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer. The opininon of the most skillful critics was, that nothing finer [than Goldsmith's "Traveler"] had appeared in verse since the fourth book of the "Dunciad." Macaulay.

2. One who passes a rigorous or captious judgment; one who censures or finds fault; a harsh examiner or judge; a caviler; a carper. When an author has many beauties consistent with virtue, piety, and truth, let not little critics exalt themselves, and shower down their ill nature. I. Watts. You know who the critics are the men who have failed in literature and art. Beaconsfield.

3. The art of criticism. [Obs.] Locke.

4. An act of criticism; a critique. [Obs.] And make each day a critic on the last. Pope.

CRITIC Crit"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to critics or criticism; critical. [Obs.] "Critic learning." Pope.

CRITIC Crit"ic, v. i. Etym: [Cf. F. critiquer.]

Defn: To criticise; to play the critic. [Obs.] Nay, if you begin to critic once, we shall never have done. A. Brewer.

CRITICAL Crit"ic*al (krt"-kal), a. Etym: [See Critic, n., Crisis.]

1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or artistic productions. It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears to direct and determine what is graceful and what is not. Holder.

2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic's art; of the nature of a criticism; accurate; as, critical knowledge; a critical dissertation.

3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious. Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion. that he would never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman customs. Bp. Stillingfleet.

4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious; censorious; exacting. O gentle lady, do not put me to 't, For I am nothing, if not critical. Shak.

5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to principles, as becomes a critic; as, a critical analysis of a subject.

6. Etym: [See Crisis.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis, turning point, or specially important juncture; important as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue; attended with risk; dangerous; as, the critical stage of a fever; a critical situation. Our circumstances are indeed critical. Burke. The small moment, the exact point, the critical minute, on which every good work so much depends. South. Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium. -- Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; -- so called from his most important work, the "Critique of Pure Reason." - - Critical point (Physics), a certain temperature, different for different gases, but always the same for each gas, regarded as the limit above which no amount of pressure can produce condensation to a liquid.

CRITICALLY Crit"ic*al*ly, adv.

1. In a critical manner; with nice discernment; accurately; exactly. Critically to discern good writers from bad. Dryden.

2. At a crisis; at a critical time; in a situation. place, or condition of decisive consequence; as, a fortification critically situated. Coming critically the night before the session. Bp. Burnet.

CRITICALNESS Crit"ic*al*ness, n.

1. The state or quality of being critical, or of occurring at a critical time.

2. Accuracy in examination or decision; exactness.

CRITICASTER Crit"ic*as`ter (krt"k-s`tr), n.

Defn: A contemptible or vicious critic. The rancorous and reptile crew of poeticules, who decompose into criticasters. Swinburne.

CRITICISABLE Crit"i*cis`a*ble (krt"-sz`-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being criticised.

CRITICISE Crit"i*cise (krt"-sz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Criticised (-szd); p. pr. & vb. n. Criticising.] Etym: [Written also, more analogically, but less commonly, criticize.] Etym: [Cf. G. kritisiren. See Critic.]

1. To examine and judge as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment upon; as, to criticise an author; to criticise a picture.

2. To express one's views as to the merit or demerit of; esp., to animadvert upon; to find fault with; as, to criticise conduct. Blackwood's Mag.

CRITICISE Crit"i*cise, v. i.

1. To act as a critic; to pass literary or artistic judgment; to play the critic; -- formerly used with on or upon. Several of these ladies, indeed, criticised upon the form of the association. Addison.

2. To discuss the merits or demerits of a thing or person; esp., to find fault. Cavil you may, but never criticise. Pope.

CRITICISER Crit"i*ci`ser (-s`zr), n.

Defn: One who criticises; a critic.

CRITICISM Crit"i*cism (krt"-sz'm), n.

1. The rules and principles which regulate the practice of the critic; the art of judging with knowledge and propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of a production in the fine arts; as, dramatic criticism. The elements ofcriticism depend on the two principles of Beauty and Truth, one of which is the final end or object of study in every one of its pursuits: Beauty, in letters and the arts; Truth, in history and sciences. Brande & C. By criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a standard of judging well. Dryden.

2. The act of criticising; a critical judgment passed or expressed; a critical observation or detailed examination and review; a critique; animadversion; censure. About the plan of "Rasselas" little was said by the critics; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to invite severe criticism. Macaulay.

CRITIQUE Cri*tique" (kr-tk"), n. Etym: [F. critique, f., fr. Gr. Critic.]

1. The art of criticism. [Written also critic.] [R.]

2. A critical examination or estimate of a work of literature or art; a critical dissertation or essay; a careful and through analysis of any subject; a criticism; as, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason." I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a ring as on the inscription of a medal. Addison.

3. A critic; one who criticises. [Obs.] A question among critiques in the ages to come. Bp. Lincoln.

CRITIQUE Cri*tique", v. t. Etym: [Cf. Critic, v.]

Defn: To criticise or pass judgment upon. [Obs.] Pope.

CRIZZEL Criz"zel (krz"z'l), n. Etym: [Cf. grizzle darkish gray, or G. griselig gravelly, granular, speckled.]

Defn: A kind of roughness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. [Written also crizzeling and crizzle.]

CROAK Croak (krk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Croaked. (krp. pr. & vb. n. Croaking.] Etym: [From the primitive of AS. cracettan to croak as a raven; akin to G. kr to croak, and to E. creak, crake.]

1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog, a raven, or a crow; hence, to make any hoarse, dismal sound. Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog, And the hoarse nation croaked. Pope.

2. To complain; especially, to grumble; to forebode evil; to utter complaints or forebodings habitually. Marat . . . croaks with reasonableness. Carlyle.

CROAK Croak, v. t.

Defn: To utter in a low, hoarse voice; to announce by croaking; to forebode; as, to croak disaster. The raven himself is hoarse, That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan. Shak. Two ravens now began to croak Their nuptial song. Wordsworth.

CROAK Croak, n.

Defn: The coarse, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound.

CROAKER Croak"er (-r), n.

1. One who croaks, murmurs, grumbles, or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American fish (Micropogon undulatus), of the Atlantic coast. (a) An American fresh-water fish (Aplodinotus grunniens); -- called also drum. (c) The surf fish of California.

Note: When caught these fishes make a croaking sound; whence the name, which is often corrupted into crocus.

CROAT Cro"at (kr"t), n. Etym: [Cf. Cravat.]

1. A native of Croatia, in Austria; esp., one of the native Slavic race.

2. An irregular soldier, generally from Croatia.

CROATIAN Cro*a"tian (kr-"shan), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Croatia. -- n.

Defn: A Croat.

CROCEIN Cro"ce*in (kr"s-n), n. Etym: [See Croceous.] (Chem.)

Defn: A name given to any one of several yellow or scarlet dyestuffs of artificial production and complex structure. In general they are diazo and sulphonic acid derivatives of benzene and naphthol.

CROCEOUS Cro"ceous (kr"shs), a. Etym: [L. croceus, fr. crocus saffron. See Crocus.]

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or like, saffron; deep reddish yellow. [R.]

CROCETIN Cro"ce*tin (kr"s-tn), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A dyestuff, obtained from the Chinese croicin, which produces a brilliant yellow.

CROCHE Croche (krch), n. Etym: [OF. croche, equiv. to F. crochet, croc, hook. See Crotchet, Crook.]

Defn: A little bud or knob at the top of a deer's antler.

CROCHET Cro*chet" (kr-sh"), n. Etym: [F. crochet small hook. See Croche.]

Defn: A kind of knitting done by means of a hooked needle, with worsted, silk, or cotton; crochet work. Commonly used adjectively. Crochet hook, Crochet needle, a small hook, or a hooked needle (often of bone), used in crochet work.

CROCHET Cro*chet", v. t. & i. [imp. & p.p. Crocheted (shd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocheting (-sh"ng).]

Defn: To knit with a crochet needle or hook; as, to rochett a shawl.

CROCIARY Cro"ci*a*ry (kr"sh--r), n. Etym: [See Crosier.] (Eccl.)

Defn: One who carries the cross before an archbishop. [Obs.]

CROCIDOLITE Cro*cid"o*lite (kr-sd"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. kroky`s nap on cloth + - lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral occuring in silky fibers of a lavender blue color. It is related to hornblende and is essentially a silicate of iron and soda; -- called also blue asbestus. A silicified form, in which the fibers penetrating quartz are changed to oxide of iron, is the yellow brown tiger-eye of the jewelers.

CROCIN Cro"cin (kr"sn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.) (a) The coloring matter of Chinese yellow pods, the fruit of Gardenia grandiflora. Watts. (b) A red powder (called also polychroite), which is made from the saffron (Crocus sativus). See Polychroite.

CROCK Crock (krk), n. Etym: [Cf. W. croeg cover, Scot. crochit covered.]

Defn: The loose black particles collected from combustion, as on pots and kettles, or in a chimney; soot; smut; also, coloring matter which rubs off from cloth.

CROCK Crock, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Crocked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crocking.]

Defn: To soil by contact, as with soot, or with the coloring matter of badly dyed cloth.

CROCK Crock, v. i.

Defn: To give off crock or smut.

CROCK Crock, n.

Defn: A low stool. "I . . . seated her upon a little crock." Tatler.

CROCK Crock (krk), n. Etym: [AS. croc, croca, crog, croh; akin to D. kruik, G. krug, Icel. krukka, Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka; but cf. W. crwc bucket, pail, crochan pot, cregen earthen vessel, jar. Cf. Cruet.]

Defn: Any piece of crockery, especially of coarse earthenware; an earthen pot or pitcher. Like foolish flies about an honey crock. Spenser.

CROCK Crock, v. t.

Defn: To lay up in a crock; as, to crock butter. Halliwell.

CROCKER Crock"er (-r), n.

Defn: A potter. [Obs.] Wyclif.

CROCKERY Crock"er*y ( krk"r-), n. Etym: [From Crock an earthen vessel.]

Defn: Earthenware; vessels formed of baked clay, especially the coarser kinds.

CROCKET Crock"et (krk"t), n. Etym: [OF. croquet, F. crochet, dim. of croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crotchet.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament often resembling curved and bent foliage, projecting from the sloping edge of a gable, spire, etc.

2. A croche, or knob, on the top of a stag's antler. The antlers and the crockets. W. Black.

CROCKETED Crock"et*ed, a. (Arch.)

Defn: Ornamented with crockets.

CROCKETING Crock"et*ing, n. (Arch.)

Defn: Ornamentation with crockets. Ruskin.

CROCKY Crock"y (-), a. Etym: [From Crock soot.]

Defn: Smutty.

CROCODILE Croc"o*dile (krk"-dl; 277), n. Etym: [L. crocodilus, Gr. crocodile. Cf. Cookatrice.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large reptile of the genus Crocodilus, of several species. They grow to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, and inhabit the large rivers of Africa, Asia, and America. The eggs, laid in the sand, are hatched by the sun's heat. The best known species is that of the Nile (C. vulgaris, or C. Niloticus). The Florida crocodile (C. Americanus) is much less common than the alligator and has longer jaws. The name is also sometimes applied to the species of other related genera, as the gavial and the alligator.

2. (Logic)

Defn: A fallacious dilemma, mythically supposed to have been first used by a crocodile. Crocodile bird (Zoöl.), an African plover (Pluvianus ægypticus) which alights upon the crocodile and devours its insect parasites, even entering its open mouth (according to reliable writers) in pursuit of files, etc.; -- called also Nile bird. It is the trochilos of ancient writers. -- Crocodile tears, false or affected tears; hypocritical sorrow; -- derived from the fiction of old travelers, that crocodiles shed tears over their prey.

CROCODILIA Croc`o*dil"i*a (-dl"-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. crocodilus crocodile.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of reptiles including the crocodiles, gavials, alligators, and many extinct kinds.

CROCODILIAN Croc`o*dil"i*an (krk`-dl"-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like, or pertaining to, the crocodile; characteristic of the crocodile. -- n.

Defn: One of the Crocodilia.

CROCODILITY Croc`o*dil"i*ty (--t), n. (Logic)

Defn: A caption or sophistical mode of arguing. [R.]

CROCOISITE Cro"cois*ite (kr"kois-t), n. Etym: [Cf. F. croco.] (Min.)

Defn: Same as Crocoite.

CROCOITE Cro"co*ite (kr"k-t), n. Etym: [Gr. (Min.)

Defn: Lead chromate occuring in crystals of a bright hyacinth red color; -- called also red lead ore.

CROCONATE Cro"con*ate (kr"kn-t), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt formed by the union of croconic acid with a base.

CROCONIC Cro*con"ic (kr-kn"k), a. Etym: [Gr.

1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling saffron; having the color of saffron; as, croconic acid.

2. Pertaining to, or derived from, croconic acid.

Croconic acid (Chem.), a yellow crystalline substance, C5O3(OH)2, obtained from potassium carboxide, rhodizonic acid, and various phenol and quinone derivatives of benzene, and forming yellow or orange colored salts.

CROCOSE Cro"cose (kr"ks), n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A white crystalline sugar, metameric with glucose, obtained from the coloring matter of saffron. [Written also crokose.]

CROCUS Cro"cus (kr"ks), n. Etym: [L., saffron, fr. Gr. kark, Ar. kurkum, Skr. ku.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of iridaceous plants, with pretty blossoms rising separately from the bulb or corm. C. vernus is one of the earliest of spring-blooming flowers; C. sativus produces the saffron, and blossoms in the autumn.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: A deep yellow powder; the oxide of some metal calcined to a red or deep yellow color; esp., the oxide of iron (Crocus of Mars or colcothar) thus produced from salts of irron, and used as a polishing powder. Crocus of Venus (Old Chem.), oxide of copper.

CROESUS Croe"sus (kr"ss), n. Etym: [L., fr. G.

Defn: A king of Lydia who flourished in the 6th century b. c., and was renowned for his vast wealth; hence, a common appellation for a very rich man; as, he is veritable Croesus.

CROFT Croft (krft; 115), n. Etym: [AS. croft; akin to D. kroft hillock; cf. Gael. croit hump, croft.]

Defn: A small, inclosed field, adjoining a house; a small farm. A few small crofts of stone-encumbered ground. Wordsworth.

CROFTER Croft"er (-r), n.

Defn: One who rents and tills a small farm or helding; as, the crofters of Scotland.

CROFTING Croft"ing, n.

1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. (Textile Manuf.)

Defn: Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching.

CROFTLAND Croft"land (-lnd), n.

Defn: Land of superior quality, on which successive crops are raised. [Scot.] Jamieson.

CROFTON SYSTEM Crof"ton sys"tem. [After Sir Walter Crofton, Irish penologist.] (Penology)

Defn: A system of prison discipline employing for consecutive periods cellular confinement, associated imprisonment under the mark system, restraint intermediate between imprisonment and freedom, and liberation on ticket of leave.

CROIS Crois (krois). n. Etym: [OF.]

Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.]

CROISADE; CROISADO Croi*sade" (kroi-sd"), Croi*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [F. criosade. See Crusade.]

Defn: A holy war; a crusade. [Obs.] Bacon.

CROISE Croise (krois), n. Etym: [F. crois crusader, fr. OF. crois, F. croix, cross. See Cross.]

1. A pilgrim bearing or wearing a cross. [Obs.]

2. A crusader. [Obs.] The conquesta of the croises extending over Palestine. Burke.

CROISSANTE Crois`san`te" (krw`sn`t"), a. Etym: [F. croissant, adj. & n., crescent.] (Her.)

Defn: Terminated with crescent; -- said of a cross the ends of which are so terminated.

CROKER Cro"ker (kr"kr), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A cultivator of saffron; a dealer in saffron. [Obs.] Holinshed.

CROMA Cro"ma (kr"m), n. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: A quaver. [Obs.]

CROMLECH Crom"lech (krm"l*k), n. Etym: [W. cromlech; crom bending or bent, concave + llech a flat stone; akin to Ir. cromleac.] (Arch

Defn: A monument of rough stones composed of one or more large ones supported in a horizontal position upon others. They are found chiefly in countris inhabited by the ancient Celts, and are of a period anterior to the introduction of Christianity into these countries.

CROMORNA Cro*mor"na (kr-mr"n), n. Etym: [F. cromorne (cf. It. cromorno0, fr. G. krummhorn crooked horn, cornet, an organ pipe turned like a trumpet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.)

Defn: A certain reed stop in the organ, of a quality of tone resembling that of the oboe. [Corruptly written cromona.]

CRONE Crone (krn), n. Etym: [OD. kronie, karonie, an old sheep, OF. carogne, F. charogne, carrion (also F. carogne illnatured woman.). See Carrion, and Crony.]

1. An old ewe. [Obs.] Tusser.

2. An old woman; -- usually in contempt. But still the crone was constant to her note. Dryden.

3. An old man; especially, a man who talks and acts like an old woman. [R.] The old crone [a negro man] lived in a hovel, . . . which his master had given him. W. Irving. A few old battered crones of office. Beaconsfield.

CRONEL Cro"nel (kr"nl), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronel spearhead, Crown.]

Defn: The iron head of a tilting spear.

CRONET Cro"net (kr"nt), n. Etym: [Cf. Coronet, Crownet.]

Defn: The coronet of a horse.

CRONIAN Cro"ni*an (kr"n-an), a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Saturnian; -- applied to the North Polar Sea. [R.] Milton.

CRONSTEDTITE Cron"stedt*ite (krn"stt-t), n. (Min.)

Defn: A mineral consisting principally of silicate of iron, and crystallizing in hexagonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage; -- so named from the Swedish mineralogist Cronstedt.

CRONY Cro"ny (kr"n), n.; pl. Cronies (-n. Etym: [Orig., an old woman. See Crone.]

1. A crone. [Obs.] "Marry not an old crony." Burton.

2. An intimate companion; a familiar frend. [Colloq.] He soon found his former cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time. W. Irving.

CROODLE Croo"dle (kr"d'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Cruddle, Crudle.]

1. To cower or cuddle together, as from fear or cold; to lie close and snug together, as pigs in straw. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Forby. A dove to fly home her nest and croodle there. C. Kingsley.

2. To fawn or coax. [Obs.]

3. To coo. [Scot.]

CROOK Crook (krk), n. Etym: [OE. crok; akin to Icel. kr hook,bend, SW. krok, Dan. krog, OD. krooke; or cf. Gael. crecan crook, hook, W. crwca crooked. Cf. Crosier, Crotchet, Crutch, Encroach.]

1. A bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure. Through lanes, and crooks, and darkness. Phaer.

2. Any implement having a bent or crooked end. Especially: (a) The staff used by a shepherd, the hook of which serves to hold a runaway sheep. (b) A bishop's staff of office. Cf. Pastoral stafu. He left his crook, he left his flocks. Prior.

3. A pothook. "As black as the crook." Sir W. Scott.

4. An artifice; trick; tricky device; subterfuge. For all yuor brags, hooks, and crooks. Cranmer.

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A small tube, usually curved, applied to a trumpet, horn, etc., to change its pitch or key.

6. A person given to fraudulent practices; an accomplice of thieves, forgers, etc. [Cant, U.S.] By hook or by crook, in some way or other; by fair means or foul.

CROOK Crook (krk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooked (krkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooking.] Etym: [OE. croken; cf. Sw. kr, Dan. kr. See Crook, n.]

1. To turn from a straight line; to bend; to curve. Crook the pregnant hinges of the knee. Shak.

2. To turn from the path of rectitude; to pervert; to misapply; to twist. [Archaic] There is no one thing that crooks youth more than such unlawfull games. Ascham. What soever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh them to his own ends. Bacon.

CROOK Crook, v. i.

Defn: To bend; to curve; to wind; to have a curvature. " The port . . . crooketh like a bow." Phaer. Their shoes and pattens are snouted, and piked more than a finger long, crooking upwards. Camden.

CROOKBACK Crook"back` (krk"bk), n.

Defn: A crooked back; one who has a crooked or deformed back; a hunchback.

CROOKBACK Crook"back`, a.

Defn: Hunched. Shak. `

CROOKBILL Crook"bill` ( -bl`), n. (Zoöl)

Defn: A New Zealand plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), remarkable for having the end of the beak abruptly bent to the right.

CROOKED Crook"ed (krk"d), a.

1. Characterized by a crook or curve; not straight; turning; bent; twisted; deformed. "Crooked paths." Locke. he is deformed, crooked, old, and sere. Shak.

2. Not straightforward; deviating from rectitude; distorted from the right. They are a perverse and crooked generation. Deut. xxxii. 5.

3. False; dishonest; fraudulent; as, crooked dealings. Crooked whisky, whisky on wich the paiment of duty has been fraudulently evaded. [Slang, U.S.] Barlett.

CROOKEDLY Crook"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: In a curved or crooked manner; in a perverse or untoward manner.

CROOKEDNESS Crook"ed*ness, n.

Defn: The condition or quality of being crooked; hence, deformity of body or of mind; deviation from moral rectitude; perverseness.

CROOKEN Crook"en (krk"'n), v. t.

Defn: To make crooked. [Obs.]

CROOKES SPACE Crookes space (krooks). [After Sir William Crookes, English chemist, who first described it.] (Physics)

Defn: The dark space within the negative-pole glow at the cathode of a vacuum tube, observed only when the pressure is low enough to give a striated discharge; -- called also Crookes layer.

CROOKES TUBE Crookes" tube` (krks" tb`). (Phys.)

Defn: A vacuum tube in which the exhaustion is carried to a very high degree, with the production of a distinct class of effects; -- so called from W. Crookes who introduced it.

CROOKNECK Crook"neck`, n.

Defn: Either of two varieties of squash, distinguished by their tapering, recurved necks. The summer crookneck is botanically a variety of the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and matures early in the season. It is pale yellow in color, with warty excrescences. The winter crookneck belongs to a distinct species (C. moschata) and is smooth and often striped. [U. S.]

CROON Croon (krn), v. i. Etym: [OE. croinen, cf. D. kreunen to moan.

1. To make a continuous hollow moan, as cattle do when in pain. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. To hum or sing in a low tone; to murmur softly. Here an old grandmother was crooning over a sick child, and rocking it to and fro. Dickens.

CROON Croon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crooned (krnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crooning.]

1. To sing in a low tone, as if to one's self; to hum. Hearing such stanzas crooned in her praise. C. Bront

2. To soothe by singing softly. The fragment of the childish hymn with which he sung and crooned himself asleep. Dickens.

CROON Croon, n.

1. A low, continued moan; a murmur.

2. A low singing; a plain, artless melody.

CROP Crop (krp), n. Etym: [OE. crop, croppe, craw, top of a plant, harvest, AS. crop, cropp, craw, top, bunch, ear of corn; akin to D. krop craw, G. kropf, Icel. kroppr hump or bunch on the body, body; but cf. also W. cropa, croppa, crop or craw of a bird, Ir. & Gael. sgroban. Cf. Croup, Crupper, Croup.]

1. The pouchlike enlargement of the gullet of birds, serving as a receptacle for food; the craw.

2. The top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of a plant or tree. [Obs.] "Crop and root." Chaucer.

3. That which is cropped, cut, or gathered from a single felld, or of a single kind of grain or fruit, or in a single season; especially, the product of what is planted in the earth; fruit; harvest. Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, Corn, wine, and oil. Milton.

4. Grain or other product of the field while standing.

5. Anything cut off or gathered. Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free, It falls a plenteous crop reserved for thee. Dryden.

6. Hair cut close or short, or the act or style of so cutting; as, a convict's crop.

7. (Arch.)

Defn: A projecting ornament in carved stone. Specifically, a finial. [Obs.]

8. (Mining.) (a) Tin ore prepared for smelting. (b) Outcrop of a vein or seam at the surface. Knight.

9. A riding whip with a loop instead of a lash. Neck and crop, altogether; roughly and at once. [Colloq.]

CROP Crop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cropped (krpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Cropping.]

1. To cut off the tops or tips of; to bite or pull off; to browse; to pluck; to mow; to reap. I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one. Ezek. xvii. 22.

2. Fig.: To cut off, as if in harvest. Death . . . .crops the growing boys. Creech.

3. To cause to bear a crop; as, to crop a field.

CROP Crop, v. i.

Defn: To yield harvest. To crop out. (a) (Geol.) To appear above the surface, as a seam or vein, or inclined bed, as of coal. (b) To come to light; to be manifest; to appear; as, the peculiarities of an author crop out. -- To crop up, to sprout; to spring up. "Cares crop up in villas." Beaconsfield.

CROP-EAR Crop"-ear` (krp"r`), n.

Defn: A person or animal whose ears are cropped.

CROP-EARED Crop"-eared` (krp"rd`), a.

Defn: Having the ears cropped.

CROPFUL Crop"ful (-fl), a.

Defn: Having a full crop or belly; satiated. Milton.

CROPPER Crop"per (krp"pr), n.

1. One that crops.

2. A variety of pigeon with a large crop; a pouter.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: A machine for cropping, as for shearing off bolts or rod iron, or for facing cloth.

4. A fall on one's head when riding at full speed, as in hunting; hence, a sudden failure or collapse. [Slang.]

CROPSICK Crop"sick` (kr"sk`), a.

Defn: Sick from excess in eating or drinking. [Obs.] "Cropsick drunkards." Tate. -- Crop"sick`ness, n. [Obs.] Whitlock.

CROP-TAILED Crop"-tailed` (-tld`), a.

Defn: Having the tail cropped.

CROQUANTE Cro`quante", n. [F.]

Defn: A brittle cake or other crisp pastry.

CROQUET Cro*quet" (kr-k"), n. Etym: [From French; cf. Walloon croque blow, fillip. F. croquet a crisp biscuit, croquer to crunch, fr. croc a crackling sound, of imitative origin. Croquet then properly meant a smart tap on the ball.]

1. An open-air game in which two or more players endeavor to drive wooden balls, by means of mallets, through a series of hoops or arches set in the ground according to some pattern.

2. The act of croqueting.

CROQUET Cro*quet", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Croqueted (-kd); p. pr. & vb. n. Croqueting (-k"ng).]

Defn: In the game of croquet, to drive away an opponent's ball, after putting one's own in contact with it, by striking one's own ball with the mallet.

CROQUETTE Cro*quette", n. Etym: [F., fr. croquer to crunch.] (Cookery)

Defn: A ball of minced meat, fowl, rice, or other ingredients, highly seasoned, and fried.

CRORE Crore (krr), n. Etym: [Hind. karor, Skr. koTi.]

Defn: Ten millions; as, a crore of rupees (which is nearly $5,000,000). [East Indies] Malcolm.

CROSIER Cro"sier (kr"zhr), n. Etym: [OE. rocer, croser, croyser, fr. croce crosier, OF. croce, croche, F. crosse, fr. LL. crocea, crocia, from the same German or Celtic sourse as F. croc hook; akin to E. crook.]

Defn: The pastoral staff of a bishop (also of an archbishop, being the symbol of his office as a shepherd of the flock of God.

Note: The true shape of the crosier was with a hooked or curved top; the archbishop's staff alone bore a cross instead of a crook, and was of exceptional, not of regular form. Skeat.

CROSIERED Cro"siered (-zhrd), a.

Defn: Bearing a crosier.

CROSLET Cros"let (krs"lt; 115), n.

Defn: See Crosslet.

CROSS Cross (krs; 115), n. Etym: [OE. crois, croys, cros; the former fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, fr. L. crux; the second is perh. directly fr. Prov. cros, crotz. fr. the same L. crux; cf. Icel. kross. Cf. Crucial, Crusade, Cruise, Crux.]

1. A gibbet, cosisting of two pieces of timber placed transversely upon one another, in various forms, as a T, or +, with the horizontal piece below the upper end of the upright, or as an X. It was anciently used in the execution of criminals. Nailed to the cross By his own nation. Milton.

2. The sign or mark of the cross, made with the finger, or in ink, etc., or actually represented in some material; the symbol of Christ's death; the ensign and chosen symbol of Christianity, of a Christian people, and of Christendom. The custom of making the sign of the cross with the hand or finger, as a means of conferring blessing or preserving from evil, is very old. Schaff-Herzog Encyc. Before the cross has waned the crescent's ray. Sir W. Scott. Tis where the cross is preached. Cowper.

3. Affiction regarded as a test of patience or virtue; trial; disappointment; opposition; misfortune. Heaven prepares a good man with crosses. B. Jonson.

4. A piece of money stamped with the figure of a cross, also, that side of such a piece on which the cross is stamped; hence, money in general. I should bear no cross if I did bear you; for I think you have no money in your purse. Shak.

5. An appendage or ornament or anything in the form of a cross; a badge or ornamental device of the general shape of a cross; hence, such an ornament, even when varying considerably from that form; thus, the Cross of the British Order of St. George and St. Michael consist of a central medallion with seven arms radiating from it.

6. (Arch.)

Defn: A monument in the form of a cross, or surmounted bu a cross, set up in a public place; as, a market cross; a boundary cross; Charing Cross in London. Dun-Edin's Cross, a pillared stone, Rose on a turret octagon. Sir W. Scott.

7. (Her.)

Defn: A common heraldic bearing, of which there are many varieties. See the Illustration, above.

8. The crosslike mark or symbol used instead of a signature by those unable to write. Five Kentish abbesses . . . .subscribed their names and crosses. Fuller.

9. Church lands. [Ireland] [Obs.] Sir J. Davies.

10. A line drawn across or through another line.

11. Hence: A mixing of breeds or stock, especially in cattle breeding; or the product of such intermixture; a hybrid of any kind. Toning down the ancient Viking into a sort of a cross between Paul Jones and Jeremy Diddler. Lord Dufferin.

12. (Surveying)

Defn: An instrument for laying of offsets perpendicular to the main course.

13. (Mech.)

Defn: A pipe-fitting with four branches the axes of which usually form's right angle. Cross and pile, a game with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, or reverse; the game called heads or tails. -- Cross bottony or bottoné. See under Bottony. -- Cross estoilé (Her.). a cross, each of whose arms is pointed like the ray of a star; that is, a star having four long points only. -- Cross of Calvary. See Calvary, 3. -- Southern cross. (Astron.) See under Southern. -- To do a thing on the cross, to act dishonestly; -- opposed to

## acting on the square. [Slang] -- To take up the cross, to bear

troubles and afflictions with patience from love to Christ.

CROSS Cross (krs), a.

1. Not parallel; lying or falling athwart; transverse; oblique; intersecting. The cross refraction of the second prism. Sir I. Newton.

2. Not accordant with what is wished or expected; interrupting; adverse; contrary; thwarting; perverse. "A cross fortune." Jer. Taylor. The cross and unlucky issue of my design. Glanvill. The article of the resurrection seems to lie marvelously cross to the common experience of mankind. South. We are both love's captives, but with fates so cross, One must be happy by the other's loss. Dryden.

3. Characterized by, or in a state of, peevishness, fretfullness, or ill humor; as, a cross man or woman. He had received a cross answer from his mistress. Jer. Taylor.

4. Made in an opposite direction, or an inverse relation; mutually inverse; interchanged; as, cross interrogatories; cross marriages, as when a brother and sister marry persons standing in the same relation to each other. Cross action (Law), an action brought by a party who is sued against the person who has sued him, upon the same subject matter, as upon the same contract. Burrill. -- Cross aisle (Arch.), a transept; the lateral divisions of a cruciform church. -- Cross axie. (a) (Mach.) A shaft, windlass, or roller, worked by levers at opposite ends, as in the copperplate printing press. (b) A driving axle. with cranks set at an angle of 90º with each other. -- Cross bedding (Geol.), oblique lamination of horizontal beds, -- Cross bill. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross bitt. Same as Crosspiece. -- Cross bond, a form of bricklaying, in which the joints of one stretcher course come midway between those of the stretcher courses above and below, a course of headers and stretchers intervening. See Bond, n., 8. -- Cross breed. See in the Vocabulary. -- Cross breeding. See under Breeding. -- Cross buttock, a particular throw in wrestling; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse. Smollet. -- Cross country, across the country; not by the road. "The cross- country ride." Cowper. -- Cross fertilization, the fertilization of the female products of one physiological individual by the male products of another, -- as the fertilization of the ovules of one plant by pollen from another. See Fertilization. -- Cross file, a double convex file, used in dressing out the arms or crosses of fine wheells. -- Cross fire (Mil.), lines of fire, from two or more points or places, crossing each other. -- Cross forked. (Her.) See under Forked. -- Cross frog. See under Frog. -- Cross furrow, a furrow or trench cut across other furrows to receive the water running in them and conduct it to the side of the field. -- Cross handle, a handle attached transversely to the axis of a tool, as in the augur. Knight. -- Cross lode (Mining), a vein intersecting the true or principal lode. -- Cross purpose. See Cross-purpose, in the Vocabulary. -- Cross reference, a reference made from one part of a book or register to another part, where the same or an allied subject is treated of. -- Cross sea (Naut.), a chopping sea, in which the waves run in contrary directions. -- Cross stroke, a line or stroke across something, as across the letter t. -- Cross wind, a side wind; an unfavorable wind. -- Cross wires, fine wires made to traverse the field of view in a telescope, and moved by a screw with a graduated head, used for delicate astronomical observations; spider lines. Fixed cross wires are also used in microscopes, etc.

Syn. -- Fretful; peevish. See Fretful.

CROSS Cross, prep.

Defn: Athwart; across. [Archaic or Colloq.] A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village. L'Estrange. To go cross lots, to go across the fields; totake a short cut. [Colloq.]

CROSS Cross, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crossed (krst; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Crossing.]

1. To put across or athwart; to cause to intersect; as, to cross the arms.

2. To lay or draw something, as a line, across; as, to cross the letter t.

3. To pass from one side to the other of; to pass or move over; to traverse; as, to cross a stream. A hunted hare . . . crosses and confounds her former track. I. Watts.

4. To pass, as objects going in an opposite direction at the same time. "Your kind letter crossed mine." J. D. Forbes.

5. To run counter to; to thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to clash or interfere with. In each thing give him way; cross him in nothing. Shak. An oyster may be crossed onlove. Sheridan.

6. To interfere and cut off; to debar. [Obs.] To cross me from the golden time I look for. Shak.

7. To make the sign of the cross upon; -- followed by the reflexive pronoun; as, he crossed himself.

8. To cancel by marking crosses on or over, or drawing a line across; to erase; -- usually with out, off, or over; as, to cross out a name.

9. To cause to interbreed; -- said of different stoocks or races; to mix the breed of. To cross one's path, to oppose one's plans. Macualay.

CROSS Cross, v. i.

1. To lie or be athwart.

2. To move or pass from one side to the other, or from place to place; to make a transit; as, to cross from New York to Liverpool.

3. To be inconsistent. [Obs.] Men's actions do not always cross with reason. Sir P. Sidney.

4. To interbreed, as races; to mix distinct breeds. If two individuals of distinct races cross, a third is invariably produced different from either. Coleridge.

CROSS-ARMED Cross"-armed` (krs"rmd), a.

Defn: With arms crossed.

CROSS-BANDED Cross"-band`ed (-bnd`d), a.

Defn: A term used when a narrow ribbon of veneer is inserted into the surfase of any piece of furniture, wainscoting, etc., so that the grain of it is contrary to the general surface.

CROSSBAR Cross"bar` (-br`), n.

Defn: A transverse bar or piece, as a bar across a door, or as the iron bar or stock which passes through the shank of an anchor to insure its turning fluke down. Russell. Crossbar shot, a projectile which folds into a sphere for loading, but on leaving the gun expands to a cross with a quarter ball at the end of each arm; -- used in naval actions for cutting the enemy's rigging.

CROSSBARRED Cross"barred` (-brd`), a.

1. Secured by, or furnished with, crossbars. Milton.

2. Made or patterned in lines crossing each other; as, crossbarred muslin.

CROSSBEAK Cross"beak` (-bk`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Crossbill.

CROSSBEAM Cross"beam` (-bm`). n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: A girder.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A beam laid across the bitts, to which the cable is fastened when riding at anchor.

CROSS-BEARER Cross"-bear`er (-br`r), n. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A subdeacon who bears a cross before an archbishop or primate on solemn occasions.

CROSSBILL Cross"bill` (-bl`). (Law)

Defn: A bill brought by a defendant, in an equity or chancery suit, against the plaintiff, respecting the matter in question in that suit. Bouvier.

Note: In criminal practice, cross bills of indictment for assault, in which the prosecutor in once case is the defendant in another, may be tried together.

CROSSBILL Cross"bill`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird of the genus Loxia, allied to the finches. Their mandibles are strongly curved and cross each other; the crossbeak.

CROSS-BIRTH Cross"-birth` (-brth`), n. (Med.)

Defn: Any preternatural labor, in whiche the boly of the child lies across the pelvis of the mother, so that the shoulder, arm, or trunk is the part first presented at the mouth of the uterus.

CROSSBITE Cross"bite` (-bt`), n.

Defn: A deeption; a cheat. [Obs.]

CROSSBITE Cross"bite", b. t.

Defn: To deceive; to trick; to gull. [Obs.]

CROSSBONES Cross"bones` (-bnz`), n. pl.

Defn: A representation of two of the leg bones or arm bones of a skeleton, laid crosswise, often surmounted with a skull, and serving as a symbol of death. Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrios emblems of mortality. Hawthorne.

CROSSBOW Cross"bow` (-b`), n. (Archery)

Defn: A weapon, used in discharging arrows, formed by placing a bow crosswise on a stock.

CROSSBOWER Cross"bow`er (-b`r), n.

Defn: A crossbowman.[Obs.]

CROSSBOWMAN Cross"bow`man (-man), n.

Defn: One who shoots with a crossbow. See Arbalest.

CROSSBRED Cross"bred` (-brd`), a. (Stock Breeding)

Defn: Produced by mixing distinct breeds; mongrel.

CROSSBREED Cross"breed` (-brd`), n.

1. A breed or an animal produced from parents of different breeds; a new variety, as of plants, combining the qualites of two parent varieties or stocks.

2. Anything partaking of the natures of two different things; a hybrid.

CROSS-BUN Cross"-bun` (-bn`), n.

Defn: A bun or cake marked with a cross, and intended to be eaten on Good Friday.

CROSS-BUTTOCK Cross"-but`tock, n. (Wrestling)

Defn: A throw in which the wrestler turns his left side to his opponent, places his left leg across both legs of his opponent, and pulls him forward over his hip; hence, an unexpected defeat or repulse.

CROSS-CROSSLET Cross`-cross"let (-krs"lt; 115), n. (Her.)

Defn: A cross having the three upper ends crossed, so as to from three small crosses.

CROSSCUT Cross"cut` (-kt`)

Defn: , v. t. To cut across or through; to intersect.

CROSSCUT Cross"cut`, n.

1. A short cut across; a path shorter than by the high road.

2. (Mining)

Defn: A level driven across the course of a vein, or across the main workings, as from one gangway to another. Crosscut saw. (a) A saw, the teeth of which are so set as to adapt it for sawing wood crosswise of the grain rather than lengthwise. (b) A saw managed by two men, one at each end, for cutting large logs crosswise.

CROSS-DAYS Cross"-days` (-dz`), n. pl. (Eccl.)

Defn: The three days preceding the Feast of the Ascension.

CROSSE Crosse, n. [F., crosier, hooked stick.]

Defn: The implement with which the ball is thrown and caught in the game of lacrosse.

CROSSETTE Cros*sette" (krs-st`), n. Etym: [F., dim. of crosse. See Crosier.] (Arch.) (a) A return in one of the corners of the architrave of a door or window; -- called also ancon, ear, elbow. (b) The shoulder of a joggled keystone.

CROSS-EXAMINATION Cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion (krs"gz-m`-n"shn; 115), n. (Low)

Defn: The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party against whom he has been called and examined. See Examination.

CROSS-EXAMINE Cross"-ex*am"ine (-m"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-examined (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-examining.] (Low)

Defn: To examine or question, as a witness who has been called and examined by the opposite party. "The opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses." Kent.

CROSS-EXAMINER Cross"-ex*am"in*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who cross-examines or conducts a crosse-examination.

CROSS-EYE Cross"-eye` (-`), n.

Defn: See Strabismus.

CROSS-EYED Cross"-eyed` (-d`), a.

Defn: Affected with strabismus; squint-eyed; squinting.

CROSS-FERTILIZE Cross"-fer"ti*lize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-fertilized; p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-fertilizing.] (Bot.)

Defn: To fertilize, as the stigmas of a flower or plant, with the pollen from another individual of the same species.

CROSSFISH Cross"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A starfish.

CROSSFLOW Cross"flow` (-fl`), v. i.

Defn: To flow across, or in a contrary direction. "His crossflowing course." Milton.

CROSS-GARNET Cross"-gar`net (krs"gr`nt), n.

Defn: A hinge having one strap perpendicular and the other strap horizontal giving it the form of an Egyptian or T cross.

CROSSGRAINED Cross"grained (-grnd`), a.

1. Having the grain or fibers run diagonally, or more or less transversely an irregularly, so as to interfere with splitting or planing. If the stuff proves crossgrained, . . . then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way. Moxon.

2. Perverse; untractable; contrary. She was none of your crossgrained, termagant, scolding jades. Arbuthnot.

CROSSHATCH Cross"hatch` (-hch`; 224), v. t.

Defn: To shade by means of crosshatching.

CROSSHATCHING Cross"hatch`ing, n.

Defn: In drawing and line engraving, shading with lines that cross one another at an angle.

CROSSHEAD Cross"head` (-hd), n. (Mach.)

Defn: A beam or bar across the head or end of a rod, etc., or a block attached to it and carrying a knuckle pin; as the solid crosspiece running between parallel slides, which receives motion from the piston of a steam engine and imparts it to the connecting rod, which is hinged to the crosshead.

CROSSING Cross"ing, n. Etym: [See Cross, v. t. ]

1. The act by which anything is crossed; as, the crossing of the ocean.

2. The act of making the sign of the cross. Bp. Hall.

3. The act of interbreeding; a mixing of breeds.

4. Intersection, as of two paths or roads.

5. A place where anything (as a stream) is crossed; a paved walk across a street.

6. Contradiction; thwarting; obstruction. I do not bear these crossings. Shak.

CROSSJACK Cross"jack` (krs"jk` or kr"jk`), n. (Naut.)

Defn: The lowest square sail, or the lower yard of the mizzenmast.

CROSSLEGGED CRoss"legged` (-lgd`), a.

Defn: Having the legs crossed.

CROSSLET Cross"let (-lEt), n. Etym: [Dim. of cross.]

1. A small cross. Spenser.

2. Etym: [Cf. OF. croisel crucible, and E. Cresset.]

Defn: A crucible. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROSSLET Cross"let, a. (Her.)

Defn: Crossed again; -- said of a cross the arms of which are crossed. SeeCross-crosslet.

CROSSLY Cross"ly, adv.

Defn: Athwart; adversely; unfortunately; peevishly; fretfully; with ill humor.

CROSSNESS Cross"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being cross; peevishness; fretfulness; ill humor.

CROSSOPTERYGIAN Cros*sop`ter*yg"i*an (krs-sp`tr-j-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crossopterygii. -- n.

Defn: One of the Crossopterygii.

CROSSOPTERYGII Cros*sop`te*ryg"i*i (krs-sp`t-rj-), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of ganoid fishes including among living species the bichir (Polypterus). See Brachioganoidei.

CROSSPATCH Cross"patch` (-pch`; 224), n.

Defn: An ill-natured person. [Colloq.] "Crosspatch, draw the latch." Mother Goose.

CROSS-PAWL Cross"-pawl` (-pl`), n. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: Same as Cross-spale.

CROSSPIECE Cross"piece` (krs"ps`; 115), n.

1. A piece of any structure which is fitted or framed crosswise.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A bar or timber connecting two knightheads or two bitts.

CROSS-PURPOSE Cross"-pur`pose (-pr`ps), n.

1. A counter or opposing purpose; hence, that which is inconsistent or contradictory. Shaftesbury.

2. pl.

Defn: A conversational game, in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. Pepys. To be at cross-purposes, to misunderstand or to act counter to one another without intending it; -- said of persons.

CROSS-QUESTION Cross"-ques`tion (-kws`chn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cross-questioned (- chnd), p. pr. & vb. n. Cross-questioning.]

Defn: To cross-examine; to subject to close questioning.

CROSS-READING Cross"-read`ing (rd`ng), n.

Defn: The reading of the lines of a newspaper directly across the page, instead of down the columns, thus producing a ludicrous combination of ideas.

CROSSROAD Cross"road` (-rd`), n.

Defn: A road that crosses another; an obscure road intersecting or avoiding the main road.

CROSSROW Cross"row` (-r`), n.

1. The alphabet; -- called also Christcross-row. And from the crossrow plucks the letter G. Shak.

2. A row that crosses others.

CROSSRUFF Cross"ruff` (-rf`), n. (Whist)

Defn: The play in whist where partners trump each a different suit, and lead to each other for that purpose; -- called also seesaw.

CROSS-SPALE; CROSS-SPALL Cross"-spale` (-spl`), Cross"-spall` (-spl`), n. Etym: [See Spale & Spall.] (Shipbuilding)

Defn: One of the temporary wooden braces, placed horizontally across a frame to hold it in position until the deck beams are in; a cross- pawl.

CROSS-SPRINGER Cross"-spring`er (-sprng`r), n. (Arch.)

Defn: One of the ribs in a groined arch, springing from the corners in a diagonal direction.

Note: [See Illustr. of Groined vault.]

CROSS-STAFF Cross"-staff` (-stf`), n.

1. An instrument formerly used at sea for taking the altitudes of celestial bodies.

2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets.

CROSS-STITCH Cross"-stitch` (-stch`; 224), n.

Defn: A form of stitch, where the stitches are diagonal and in pairs, the thread of one stitch crossing that of the other. "Tent and cross- stitch." Sir W. Scott. -- Cross"-stitch`, v. t. & i.

CROSS-STONE Cross"-stone` (-stn`), n. (Min.)

Defn: See Harmotome, and Staurotide.

CROSS-TAIL Cross"-tail` (-tl`), n. (Steam Engine)

Defn: A bar connecting the ends of the side rods or levers of a backaction or side-lever engine.

CROSS-TIE Cross"-tie` (-t`), n. (Railroad)

Defn: A sleeper supporting and connecting the rails, and holding them in place.

CROSS-TINING Cross"-tin`ing (krs"tn`ng), n. (Agric.)

Defn: A mode of harrowing crosswise, or transversely to the ridges. Crabb.

CROSSTREES Cross"trees` (-trz`), n. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Pieces of timber at a masthead, to which are attached the upper shrouds. At the head of lower masts in large vessels, they support a semicircular platform called the "top."

CROSS-VAULTING Cross"-vault`ing (-vlt`ng), n. (Arch.)

Defn: Vaulting formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults.

CROSSWAY Cross"way` (-w`), n.

Defn: See Crossroad.

CROSS-WEEK Cross"-week` (-wk`), n.

Defn: Rogation week, when the cross was borne in processions.

CROSSWISE Cross"wise` (-wz`), adv.

Defn: In the form of a cross; across; transversely. Longfellow.

CROSSWORT Cross"wort` (-wrt`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to several inconspicuous plants having leaves in whorls of four, as species of Crucianella, Valantia, etc.

CROTALARIA Crot`a*la"ri*a (krt`-l"r- or kr`t-l"r-A), n. Etym: [NL. See Crotalum.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of leguminous plants; rattlebox.

Note: Crotalaria juncea furnishes the fiber called sunn or Bombay hemp.

CROTALINE Crot"a*line (krt"-ln or kr`t-), a. Etym: [See Crotalus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Resembling, or pertaining to, the Crotalidae, or Rattlesnake family.

CROTALO Crot"a*lo (-l), n.

Defn: A Turkish musical instrument.

CROTALUM Crot"a*lum (-lm), n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of castanet used by the Corybantes.

CROTALUS Crot"a*lus (-ls), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of poisonous serpents, including the rattlesnakes.

CROTAPHITE Crot"a*phite (krt"-ft), n. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: The temple or temporal fossa. Also used adjectively.

CROTAPHITIC Crot`a*phit"ic (krt`-ft"k), n. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the temple; temporal.

CROTCH Crotch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crotches (-. Etym: [Cf. Crotchet, Crutch.]

1. The angle formed by the parting of two legs or branches; a fork; the point where a trunk divides; as, the crotch of a tree.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A stanchion or post of wood or iron, with two arms for supporting a boom, spare yards, etc.; -- called also crane and crutch. Totten.

CROTCH CHAIN Crotch chain. (Logging)

Defn: A form of tackle for loading a log sideways on a sled, skidway, etc.

CROTCHED Crotched (krcht), a.

1. Having a crotch; forked.

2. Cross; peevish. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

CROTCHET Crotch"et (krch"t; 224), n. Etym: [F. crochet, prop., a little hook, a dim. from the same source as croc hook. See Crook, and cf. Crochet, Crocket, Crosier.]

1. A forked support; a crotch. The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: A time note, with a stem, having one fourth the value of a semibreve, one half that of a minim, and twice that of a quaver; a quarter note.

3. (Fort.)

Defn: An indentation in the glacis of the covered way, at a point where a traverse is placed.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: The arrangement of a body of troops, either forward or rearward, so as to form a line nearly perpendicular to the general line of battle.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A bracket. See Bracket.

6. (Med.)

Defn: An instrument of a hooked form, used in certain cases in the extraction of a fetus. Dunglison.

7. A perverse fancy; a whim which takes possession of the mind; a conceit. He ruined himself and all that trusted in him by crotchets that he could never explain to any rational man. De Quincey.

CROTCHET Crotch"et, v. i.

Defn: To play music in measured time. [Obs.] Donne.

CROTCHETED Crotch"et*ed, a.

Defn: Marked or measured by crotchets; having musical notation. Harmar (1587).

CROTCHETINESS Crotch"et*i*ness (krch"t--ns), n.

Defn: The state or character of being crotchety, or whimsical. This belief in rightness is a kind of conscientiousness, and when it degenerates it becomes crotchetiness. J. Grote.

CROTCHETY Crotch"et*y (krch"t-), a.

Defn: Given to crotchets; subject to whims; as, a crotchety man.

CROTON Cro"ton (kr"tn), n. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of euphorbiaceous plants belonging to tropical countries. Croton oil (Med.), a viscid, acrid, brownish yellow oil obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium, a small tree of the East Indies. It is a most powerful drastic cathartic, and is used externally as a pustulant.

CROTON BUG Cro"ton bug` (bg`). Etym: [From the Croton water of New York.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, active, winged species of cockroach (Ectobia Germanica), the water bug. It is common aboard ships, and in houses in cities, esp. in those with hot-water pipes.

CROTONIC Cro*ton"ic (kr-tn"k), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or derived from, a plant of the genus Croton, or from croton oil. Crotonic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline organic acid, C3H5.CO2H, of the ethylene, or acrylic acid series. It was so named because formerly supposed to exist in croton oil. Also, any acid metameric with crotonic acid proper.

Note: The acid characteristic of croton oil is tiglic or tiglinic acid, a derivative of crotonic acid.

CROTONINE Cro"ton*ine (kr"tn-n), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A supposed alkaloid obtained from croton oil by boiling it with water and magnesia, since found to be merely a magnesia soap of the oil. Watts.

CROTONYLENE Cro*ton"y*lene (kr-tn"-ln), n. Etym: [Crotonic + acet-ylene.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid, C4H6, produced artificially, and regarded as an unsaturated hydrocarbon of the acetylene series, and analogous to crotonic acid.

CROTTLES Crot"tles (krt"t'lz), n. pl. Etym: [Gael. crotal.]

Defn: A name given to various lichens gathered for dyeing. [Scot.]

CROUCH Crouch (krouch; 129), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crouched (kroucht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crouching.] Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, crouken; cf. E. creep, G. krauchen, kriechen, or E. crook to bend, also crouch to cross.]

1. To bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with the logs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey, or in fear. Now crouch like a cur. Beau. & Fl.

2. To bend servilely; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. "A crouching purpose." Wordsworth. Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humor Shak.

CROUCH Crouch, v. t. Etym: [OE. cruchen, crouchen, from cruche, crouche, cross. Cf. Crosier, Crook.]

1. To sign with the cross; to bless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bend, or cause to bend, as in humility or fear. She folded her arms across her chest, And crouched her head upon her breast. Colerige.

CROUCHED Crouched (kroucht), a.

Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross. [Obs.] Crouched friar. See Crutched friar, under Crutched.

CROUD Croud (kroud), n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Crowd, a violin.

CROUKE Crouke (krouk), n.

Defn: A crock; a jar. [Obs.] Chauser.

CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [F. croupe hind quarters, croup, rump, of German or Icel. origin; cf. Icel. kryppa hump; akin to Icel. kroppr. Cf. Crop.]

Defn: The hinder part or buttocks of certain quadrupeds, especially of a horse; hence, the place behind the saddle. So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, So light to the saddle before her he sprung. Sir W. Scott.

CROUP Croup (krp), n. Etym: [Scot. croup, cf. croup, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice; cf. also LG. kropp, G. kropf, the crop or craw of a bird, and tumor on the anterior part of the neck, a wen, etc. Cf. Crop.] (Med.)

Defn: An inflammatory affection of the larynx or trachea, accompanied by a hoarse, ringing cough and stridulous, difficult breathing; esp., such an affection when associated with the development of a false membrane in the air passages (also called membranous croup). See False croup, under False, and Diphtheria.

CROUPADE Crou*pade" (kr-pd"), n. Etym: [F., fr. croupe hind quarters.] (Man.)

Defn: A leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs toward his belly.

CROUPAL Croup"al (krp"al), a.

Defn: Croupy.

CROUPER Croup"er (krp"r), n.

Defn: See Crupper.

CROUPIER Crou"pi*er (kr, n. Etym: [F.; prop., one who sits on the croup, and hence, in the second place; an assistant. See 1st Croup.]

1. One who presides at a gaming table and collects the stakes.

2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman.

CROUPOUS Croup"ous (krp"s), a. (Med.)

Defn: Relating to or resembling croup; especially, attended with the formation of a deposit or membrance like that found in membranous croup; as, croupous laryngitis. Croupous pneumonia, pneumonia attended with deposition of fibrinous matter in the air vesicles of the lungs; ordinary acute pneumonia.

CROUPY Croup"y (krp"), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to croup; resembling or indicating croup; as, a croupy cough.

CROUSE Crouse (krs), a. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: Brisk; lively; bold; self-complacent. [Scot.] Burns.

CROUSTADE Crou`stade" (kr`std"), n. Etym: [F., fr. cro a crust, OF. crouste.] (Cookery)

Defn: Bread baked in a mold, and scooped out, to serve minces upon. Bishop.

CROUT Crout (krout), n. Etym: [G. kraut.]

Defn: See Sourkrout.

CROUTON Crou`ton" (kr`tn"), n. Etym: [F. cro, fr. cro a crust.] (Cookery)

Defn: Bread cut in various forms, and fried lightly in butter or oil, to garnish hashes, etc.

CROW Crow (kr), v. i. [imp. Crew (kr or Crowed (kr; p. p. Crowed (Crown (krn), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowing.] Etym: [AS. cr; akin to D. kraijen, G. kr, cf. Lith. groti to croak. sq. root24. Cf. Crake.]

1. To make the shrill sound characteristic of a cock, either in joy, gayety, or defiance. "The cock had crown." Bayron. The morning cock crew loud. Shak.

2. To shout in exultation or defiance; to brag.

3. To utter a sound expressive of joy or pleasure. The sweetest little maid, That ever crowed for kisses. Tennyson. To crow over, to exult over a vanquished antagonist. Sennacherib crowing over poor Jerusalem. Bp. Hall.

CROW Crow, n. Etym: [AS. cr a crow (in sense 1); akin to D. kraai, G. kr; cf. Icel. kr crow. So named from its cry, from AS. cr to crow. See Crow, v. i. ]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird, usually black, of the genus Corvus, having a strong conical beak, with projecting bristles. It has a harsh, croaking note. See Caw.

Note: The common crow of Europe, or carrion crow, is C. corone. The common American crow is C. Americanus. See Carrion crow, and Illustr., under Carrion.

2. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or claw; a bar of iron used as a lever; a crowbar. Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight Unto my cell. Shak.

3. The cry of the cock. See Crow, v. i., 1.

4. The mesentery of a beast; -- so called by butchers. Carrion crow. See under Carrion. -- Crow blackbird (Zoöl.), an American bird (Quiscalus quiscula); -- called also purple grackle. -- Crow pheasant (Zoöl.), an Indian cuckoo; the common coucal. It is believed by the natives to give omens. See Coucal. -- Crow shrike (Zoöl.), any bird of the genera Gymnorhina, Craticus, or Strepera, mostly from Australia. -- Red-legged crow. See Crough. -- As the crow flies, in a direct line. -- To pick a crow, To pluck a crow, to state and adjust a difference or grievance (with any one).

CROWBAR Crow"bar` (kr"br), n.

Defn: A bar of iron sharpened at one end, and used as a lever.

CROWBERRY Crow`ber`ry (kr"br`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A heathlike plant of the genus Empetrum, and its fruit, a black, scarcely edible berry; -- also called crakeberry.

CROWD Crowd (kroud), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crowding.] Etym: [OE. crouden, cruden, AS. cr; cf. D. kruijen to push in a wheelbarrow.]

1. To push, to press, to shove. Chaucer.

2. To press or drive together; to mass together. "Crowd us and crush us." Shak.

3. To fill by pressing or thronging together; hence, to encumber by excess of numbers or quantity. The balconies and verandas were crowded with spectators, anxious to behold their future sovereign. Prescott.

4. To press by solicitation; to urge; to dun; hence, to treat discourteously or unreasonably. [Colloq.] To crowd out, to press out; specifically, to prevent the publication of; as, the press of other matter crowded out the article. -- To crowd sail (Naut.), to carry an extraordinary amount of sail, with a view to accelerate the speed of a vessel; to carry a press of sail.

CROWD Crowd, v. i.

1. To press together or collect in numbers; to swarm; to throng. The whole company crowded about the fire. Addison. Images came crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words. Macaulay.

2. To urge or press forward; to force one's self; as, a man crowds into a room.

CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [AS. croda. See Crowd, v. t. ]

1. A number of things collected or closely pressed together; also, a number of things adjacent to each other. A crowd of islands. Pope.

2. A number of persons congregated or collected into a close body without order; a throng. The crowd of Vanity Fair. Macualay. Crowds that stream from yawning doors.--Tennyson.

3. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar; the rabble; the mob. To fool the crowd with glorious lies. Tennyson. He went not with the crowd to see a shrine. Dryden.

Syn. -- Throng; multitude. See Throng.

CROWD Crowd, n. Etym: [W. crwth; akin to Gael. cruit. Perh. named from its shape, and akin to Gr. curve. Cf. Rote.]

Defn: An ancient instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin, being the oldest known stringed instrument played with a bow. [Written also croud, crowth, cruth, and crwth.] A lackey that . . . can warble upon a crowd a little. B. Jonson.

CROWD Crowd, v. t.

Defn: To play on a crowd; to fiddle. [Obs.] "Fiddlers, crowd on." Massinger.

CROWDER Crowd"er (kroud"r), n.

Defn: One who plays on a crowd; a fiddler. [Obs.] "Some blind crowder." Sir P. Sidney.

CROWDER Crowd"er, n.

Defn: One who crowds or pushes.

CROWDY Crow"dy (krou"d), n.

Defn: A thick gruel of oatmeal and milk or water; food of the porridge kind. [Scot.]

CROWFLOWER Crow"flow`er (kr"flou`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of campion; according to Gerarde, the Lychnis Flos- cuculi.

CROWFOOT Crow"foot` (kr"ft`), n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: The genus Ranunculus, of many species; some are common weeds, others are flowering plants of considerable beauty.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A number of small cords rove through a long block, or euphroe, to suspend an awning by.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crow's-foot.]

4. (Well Boring)

Defn: A tool with a side claw for recovering broken rods, etc. Raymond.

CROWKEEPER Crow"keep`er (-kp`r), n.

Defn: A person employed to scare off crows; hence, a scarecrow. [Obs.] Scaring the ladies like a crowkeeper. Shak.

CROWN Crown (krn),

Defn: p. p. of Crow. [Obs.]

CROWN Crown (kroun), n. Etym: [OE. corone, coroun, crune, croun, OF. corone, corune, F. couronne, fr. L. corona crown, wreath; akin to Gr. curvus curved, E. curve, curb, Gael. cruinn round, W. crwn. Cf. Cornice, Corona, Coroner, Coronet.]

1. A wreath or garland, or any ornamental fillet encircling the head, especially as a reward of victory or mark of honorable distinction; hence, anything given on account of, or obtained by, faithful or successful effort; a reward. "An olive branch and laurel crown." Shak. They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptiblle. 1 Cor. ix. 25. Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. Rev. ii. 10.

2. A royal headdress or cap of sovereignty, worn by emperors, kings, princes, etc.

Note: Nobles wear coronets; the triple crown of the pope is usually called a tiara. The crown of England is a circle of gold with crosses, fleurs-de-lis, and imperial arches, inclosing a crimson velvet cap, and ornamented with thousands of diamonds and precious stones.

3. The person entitled to wear a regal or imperial crown; the sovereign; -- with the definite article. Parliament may be dissolved by the demise of the crown. Blackstone. Large arrears of pay were due to the civil and military servants of the crown. Macaulay.

4. Imperial or regal power or dominion; sovereignty. There is a power behind the crown greater than the crown itself. Junius.

5. Anything which imparts beauty, splendor, honor, dignity, or finish. The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness. Prov. xvi. 31. A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. Prov. xvi. 4.

6. Highest state; acme; consummation; perfection. Mutual love, the crown of all our bliss. Milton.

7. The topmost part of anything; the summit. The steepy crown of the bare mountains. Dryden.

8. The topmost part of the head (see Illust. of Bird.); that part of the head from which the hair descends toward the sides and back; also, the head or brain. From toe to crown he'll fill our skin with pinches. Shak. Twenty things which I set down: This done, I twenty more-had in my crown. Bunyan.

9. The part of a hat above the brim.

10. (Anat.)

Defn: The part of a tooth which projects above the gum; also, the top or grinding surface of a tooth.

11. (Arch.)

Defn: The vertex or top of an arch; -- applied generally to about one third of the curve, but in a pointed arch to the apex only.

12. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Corona.

13. (Naut.) (a) That part of an anchor where the arms are joined to the shank. (b) The rounding, or rounded part, of the deck from a level line. (c) pl.

Defn: The bights formed by the several turns of a cable. Totten.

14. The upper range of facets in a rose diamond.

15. The dome of a furnace.

16. (Geom.)

Defn: The area inclosed between two concentric perimeters.

17. (Eccl.)

Defn: A round spot shaved clean on the top of the head, as a mark of the clerical state; the tonsure.

18. A size of writing paper. See under Paper.

19. A coin stamped with the image of a crown; hence,a denomination of money; as, the English crown, a silver coin of the value of five shillings sterling, or a little more than $1.20; the Danish or Norwegian crown, a money of account, etc., worth nearly twenty-seven cents.

20. An ornaments or decoration representing a crown; as, the paper is stamped with a crown. Crown of aberration (Astron.), a spurious circle around the true circle of the sun. -- Crown antler (Zoöl.), the topmost branch or tine of an antler; also, an antler having a cuplike top, with tines springing from the rim. -- Crown bar, one of the bars which support the crown sheet of steam-boiler furnace. -- Crown glass. See under Glass. -- Crown imperial. (Bot.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown jewels, the jewels appertaining to the sovereign while wearing the crown. [Eng.] "She pawned and set to sale the crown jewels." Milton. -- Crown land, land belonging to the crown, that is, to the sovereign. -- Crown law, the law which governs criminal prosecutions. [Eng.] -- Crown lawyer, one employed by the crown, as in criminal cases. [Eng.] -- Crown octavo. See under Paper. -- Crown office. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown paper. See under Paper. -- Crown piece. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown Prince, the heir apparent to a crown or throne. -- Crown saw. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown scab (Far.), a cancerous sore formed round the corners of a horse's hoof. -- Crown sheet, the flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or fire box of an internally fired steam boiler. -- Crown shell. (Zoöl.) See Acorn-shell. -- Crown side. See Crown office. -- Crown tax (Eccl. Hist.), a golden crown, or its value, which was required annually from the Jews by the king of Syria, in the time of the Maccabees. 1 Macc. x. 20. -- Crown wheel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Crown work. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pleas of the crown (Engl. law), criminal actions.

CROWN Crown (kroun), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crowned (kround); p. pr. & vb. n. Crowning.] Etym: [OE. coronen, corunen, crunien, crounien, OF. coroner, F. couronner, fr. L. coronare, fr. corona a crown. See Crown, n.]

1. To cover, decorate, or invest with a crown; hence, to invest with royal dignity and power. Her who fairest does appear, Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden. Crown him, and say, "Long live our emperor." Shak.

2. To bestow something upon as a mark of honor, dignity, or recompense; to adorn; to dignify. Thou . . . hast crowned him with glory and honor. Ps. viii. 5.

3. To form the topmost or finishing part of; to complete; to consummate; to perfect. Amidst the grove that crowns yon tufted hill. Byron. One day shall crown the alliance. Shak. To crown the whole, came a proposition. Motley.

4. (Mech.)

Defn: To cause to round upward; to make anything higher at the middle than at the edges, as the face of a machine pulley.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: To effect a lodgment upon, as upon the crest of the glacis, or the summit of the breach. To crown a knot (Naut.), to lay the ends of the strands over and under each other.

CROWN COLONY Crown colony.

Defn: A colony of the British Empire not having an elective magistracy or a parliament, but governed by a chief magistrate (called Governor) appointed by the Crown, with executive councilors nominated by him and not elected by the people.

CROWNED Crowned (kround), p. p. & a.

1. Having or wearing a crown; surmounted, invested, or adorned, with a crown, wreath, garland, etc.; honored; rewarded; completed; consummated; perfected. "Crowned with one crest." Shak. "Crowned with conquest." Milton. With surpassing glory crowned. Milton.

2. Great; excessive; supreme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROWNER Crown"er (kroun"r), n.

1. One who, or that which, crowns. Beau. & FL.

2. Etym: [Cf. Coroner.]

Defn: A coroner. [Prov. Eng. or Scot.]

CROWNET Crown"et (kroun"t), n. Etym: [See Crown, Coronet.]

1. A coronet. [R.] P. Whitehead.

2. The ultimate end and result of an undertaking; a chief end. [Obs.] O this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm . . . . Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end. Shak.

CROWN-IMPERIAL Crown"-im*pe"ri*al (-m-p"r-al), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A spring-blooming plant (Fritillaria imperialis) of the Lily family, having at the top of the stalk a cluster of pendent bell- shaped flowers surmounted with a tuft of green leaves.

CROWNLAND Crown"land`, n. [G. kronland.]

Defn: In Austria-Hungary, one of the provinces, or largest administrative divisions of the monarchy; as, the crownland of Lower Austria.

CROWNLESS Crown"less, a.

Defn: Without a crown.

CROWNLET Crown"let (-lt), n.

Defn: A coronet. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

CROWN OFFICE Crown" of`fice (f`fs; 115). (Eng. Law)

Defn: The criminal branch of the Court of King's or Queen's Bench, commonly called the crown side of the court, which takes cognizance of all criminal cases. Burrill.

CROWNPIECE Crown"piece` (-ps`), n. (a) A piece or part which passes over the head, as in a bridle. (b) A coin [In sense (b) properly crown piece.] See Crown, 19.

CROWN-POST Crown"-post` (kroun"pst`), n.

Defn: Same as King-post.

CROWN-SAW Crown"-saw` (-s`), n. Etym: [From its supposed resemblance to a crown.] (Mech.)

Defn: A saw in the form of a hollow cylinder, with teeth on the end or edge, and operated by a rotative motion.

Note: The trephine was the first of the class of crownsaws. Knight.

CROWN SIDE Crown" side` (sd`).

Defn: See Crown office.

CROWN WHEEL Crown" wheel` (hwl`). Etym: [Named from its resemblance to a crown.] (Mach.)

Defn: A wheel with cogs or teeth set at right angles to its plane; -- called also a contrate wheel or face wheel.

CROWNWORK Crown"work` (-wrk`), n. (Fort.)

Defn: A work consisting of two or more bastioned fronts, with their outworks, covering an enceinte, a bridgehead, etc., and connected by wings with the main work or the river bank.

CROW-QUILL Crow"-quill` (kr"kwl`), n.

Defn: A quill of the crow, or a very fine pen made from such a quill.

CROWS Crows (krz), n. pl.; sing. Crow. (Ethnol.)

Defn: A tribe of Indians of the Dakota stock, living in Montana; -- also called Upsarokas.

CROW'S-FOOT Crow's"-foot` (krz"ft`), n.; pl. Crow's-feet (-f.

1. pl.

Defn: The wrinkles that appear, as the effect of age or dissipation, under and around the outer corners of the eyes. Tennyson.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: A caltrop. [Written also crowfoot.]

3. (Arch.)

Defn: Same as Bird's-mouth. [U.S.]

CROW-SILK Crow"-silk` (kr"slk`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A filamentous fresh-water alga (Conferva rivularis of Linnaeus, Rhizoclonium rivulare of Kutzing).

CROW'S-NEST Crow's-nest` (krz"nst`), n. (Naut.)

Defn: A box or perch near the top of a mast, esp. in whalers, to shelter the man on the lookout.

CROWSTEP Crow"step` (kr"stp`), n. (Arch.)

Defn: See Corriestep.

CROWSTONE Crow"stone` (kr"stn`), n. (Arch.)

Defn: The top stone of the gable end of a house. Halliwell.

CROWTH Crowth (krouth), n.

Defn: An ancient musical instrument. See 4th Crowd.

CROWTOE Crow"toe` (kr"t`), n. (Bot.)

1. The Lotus corniculatus. Dr. Prior.

2. An unidentified plant, probably the crowfoot. "The tufted crowtoe." Milton.

CROW-TRODDEN Crow"-trod`den (kr"trd`d'n), a.

Defn: Marked with crow's-feet, or wrinkles, about the eyes. [Poetic] Do I look as if I were crow-trodden Beau. & FL.

CROYDON Croy"don, n. [From Croydon, England.]

1.

Defn: A kind of carriage like a gig, orig. of wicker-work.

2. A kind of cotton sheeting; also, a calico.

CROYLSTONE Croyl"stone` (kroil"stn`), n. (Min.)

Defn: Crystallized cawk, in which the crystals are small.

CROYS Croys (krois), n.

Defn: See Cross, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

CROZE Croze (krz), n. Etym: [Cf. Cross, and Crosier.]

Defn: A cooper's tool for making the grooves for the heads of casks, etc.; also, the groove itself.

CROZIER Cro"zier (kr"zhr), n.

Defn: See Crosier.

CROZIERED Cro"ziered (-zhrd), a.

Defn: Crosiered.

CRUCIAL Cru"cial (kr"shal), a. Etym: [F. crucial, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross, torture. See Cross.]

1. Having the form of a cross; appertaining to a cross; cruciform; intersecting; as, crucial ligaments; a crucial incision.

2. Severe; trying or searching, as if bringing to the cross; decisive; as, a crucial test.

CRUCIAN CARP Cru"cian carp` (-shan krp`). Etym: [Cf. Sw. karussa, G. karausche, F. carousse, -assin, corassin, LL. coracinus, Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A kind of European carp (Carasius vulgaris), inferior to the common carp; -- called also German carp.

Note: The gibel or Prussian carp is now generally considered a variety of the crucian carp, or perhaps a hybrid between it and the common carp.

CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t or -sht; 106), a. Etym: [L. cruciatus, p. p. of cruciare to crucify, torture, fr. crux, crucis, a cross. See Cross.]

1. Tormented. [Obs.] Bale.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the leaves or petals arranged in the form of a cross; cruciform.

CRUCIATE Cru"ci*ate (kr"sh-t), v. t.

Defn: To torture; to torment. [Obs.] See Excruciate. Bale.

CRUCIATION Cru`ci*a"tion (kr`sh-"shn), n. Etym: [LL. cruciatio.]

Defn: The act of torturing; torture; torment. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

CRUCIBLE Cru"ci*ble (kr"s-b'l), n. Etym: [LL. crucubulum a hanging lamp, an earthen pot for melting metals (cf. OF. croisel, creuseul, sort of lamp, crucible, F. creuset crucible), prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. kr, LG. kr, hanging lamp, kroos, kruus, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes cup, crucible, Dan. kruus, Sw. krus, E. cruse. It was confused with derivatives of L. crux cross (cf. Crosslet), and crucibles were said to have been marked with a cross, to prevent the devil from marring the chemical operation. See Cruse, and cf. Cresset.]

1. A vessel or melting pot, composed of some very refractory substance, as clay, graphite, platinum, and used for melting and calcining substances which require a strong degree of heat, as metals, ores, etc.

2. A hollow place at the bottom of a furnace, to receive the melted metal.

3. A test of the most decisive kind; a severe trial; as, the crucible of affliction. Hessian crucible (Chem.), a cheap, brittle, and fragile, but very refractory crucible, composed of the finest fire clay and sand, and commonly used for a single heating; -- named from the place of manufacture.

CRUCIBLE STEEL Cru"ci*ble steel.

Defn: Cast steel made by fusing in crucibles crude or scrap steel, wrought iron, and other ingredients and fluxes.

CRUCIFER Cru"ci*fer (-fr), n. Etym: [See Cruciferous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Any plant of the order Cruciferæ.

CRUCIFEROUS Cru*cif"er*ous (kr-sf"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cross + - ferous: cf. F. crucif.]

1. Bearing a cross.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants which have four petals arranged like the arms of a cross, as the mustard, radish, turnip, etc.

CRUCIFIER Cru"ci*fi`er (kr"s-f`r), n.

Defn: One who crucifies; one who subjects himself or another to a painful trial.

CRUCIFIX Cru"ci*fix (kr"s-fks), n.; pl. Crucifixes (-. Etym: [F. crucifix or LL. crucifixum, fr. L. crux, crucis, cross + figere, fixum, to fix. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucify.]

1. A representation in art of the figure of Christ upon the cross; esp., the sculptured figure affixed to a real cross of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, used by the Roman Catholics in their devotions. The cross, too, by degrees, become the crucifix. Milman. And kissing oft her crucifix, Unto the block she drew. Warner.

2. The cross or religion of Christ. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

CRUCIFIXION Cru`ci*fix"ion (kr`s-fk"shn), n.

1. The act of nailing or fastening a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death; the use of the cross as a method of capital punishment.

2. The state of one who is nailed or fastened to a cross; death upon a cross.

3. Intense suffering or affliction; painful trial. Do ye prove What crucifixions are in love Herrick.

CRUCIFORM Cru"ci*form (kr"s-frm), a. Etym: [L. crux, crucis, cress + -form: cf. F. cruciforme.]

Defn: Cross-shaped; (Bot.) having four parts arranged in the form of a cross.

CRUCIFY Cru"ci*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crucified (-fd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crucifying.] Etym: [F. crucifier, fr. (assumed) LL. crucificare, for crucifigere, fr, L. crux, crucis, cross + figere to fix, the ending - figere being changed to -ficare, F. -fier (in compounds), as if fr. L. facere to do, make. See Cross, and Fix, and cf. Crucifix.]

1. To fasten to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet. They cried, saying, Crucify him, cricify him. Luke xxiii. 21.

2. To destroy the power or ruling influence of; to subdue completely; to mortify. They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts. Gal. v. 24.

3. To vex or torment. Beau. & FL.

CRUCIGEROUS Cru*cig"er*ous (kr-sj"r-s), a. Etym: [L. crux, cricis, cross + - gerous.]

Defn: Bearing the cross; marked with the figure of a cross. Sir. T. Browne.

CRUD Crud (krd), n.

Defn: See Curd. [Obs.]

CRUDDLE Crud"dle (-d'l), v. i.

Defn: To curdle. [Obs.] See how thy blood cruddles at this. Bea

CRUDE Crude (krd), a. [Compar. Cruder (-r); superl. Crudest.] Etym: [L. crudus raw; akin to cruor blood (which flows from a wound). See Raw, and cf. Cruel.]

1. In its natural state; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; undressed; not altered, refined, or prepared for use by any artificial process; raw; as, crude flesh. "Common crude salt." Boyle. Molding to its will each successive deposit of the crude materials. I. Taylor.

2. Unripe; not mature or perfect; immature. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton.

3. Not reduced to order or form;unfinished; not arranged or prepared; ill-considered; immature. "Crudeprojects." Macualay. Crude, undigested masses of suggestion, furnishing rather raw materials for composition. De Quincey. The originals of Nature in their crude Conception. Milton.

4. Undigested; unconcocted; not brought into a form to give nourishment. "Crude and inconcoct." Bacon.

5. Having, or displaying, superficial and undigested knowledge; without culture or profudity; as, a crude reasoner.

6. (Paint.)

Defn: Harsh and offensive, as a color; tawdry or in bad taste, as a combination of colors, or any design or work of art.

CRUDELY Crude"ly, adv.

Defn: In a crude, immature manner.

CRUDENESS Crude"ness, n.

Defn: A crude, undigested, or unprepared state; rawness; unripeness; immatureness; unfitness for a destined use or purpose; as, the crudeness of iron ore; crudeness of theories or plans.

CRUDITY Cru"di*ty (kr"d-t), n.; pl. Crudities (-t. Etym: [L. cruditas, fr. crudus: cf. F. crudit. See Crude.]

1. The condition of being crude; rawness.

2. That which is in a crude or undigested state; hence, superficial, undigested views, not reduced to order or form. "Cridities in the stomach." Arbuthnot.

CRUDLE Cru"dle (-d'l), v. i.

Defn: See Cruddle.

CRUDY Crud"y (krd"), a. Etym: [From Crud.]

Defn: Coagulated. [Obs.] His cruel wounds with crudy blood congealed. Spenser.

CRUDY Cru"dy (kr"d), a. Etym: [From Crude.]

Defn: Characterized by crudeness; raw. [Obs.] The foolish and dull and crudy vapors. Shak.

CRUEL Cru"el (kr"l), n.

Defn: See Crewel.

CRUEL Cru"el (kr*"l), a. Etym: [F. cruel, fr. L. crudelis, fr. crudus. See Crude.]

1. Disposed to give pain to others; willing or pleased to hurt, torment, or afflict; destitute of sympathetic kindness and pity; savage; inhuman; hard-hearted; merciless. Behold a people cometh from the north country; . . . they are cruel and have no mercy. Jer. vi. 22,23.

2. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain, grief, or misery. Cruel wars, wasting the earth. Milton. Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath for it was cruel. Gen. xlix. 7.

3. Attended with cruetly; painful; harsh. You have seen cruel proof of this man's strength. Shak.

CRUELLY Cru"el*ly, adv.

1. In a cruel manner.

2. Extremly; very. [Colloq.] Spectator.

CRUELNESS Cru"el*ness, n.

Defn: Cruelty. [Obs.] Spenser.

CRUELS Cru"els (kr"lz), n. pl. Etym: [Corrupt. fr. F. scrofula.]

Defn: Glandular scrofulous swellings in the neck.

CRUELTY Cru"el*ty (-t), n.; pl. Cruelties (-t. Etym: [OF. cruelt, F. cruaut, fr. L. crudelitas, fr. crudelis. See Cruel.]

1. The attribute or quality of being cruel; a disposition to give unnecessary pain or suffering to others; inhumanity; barbarity. Pierced through the heart with your stern cruelty. Shak.

2. A cruel and barbarous deed; inhuman treatment; the act of willfully causing unnecessary pain. Cruelties worthy of the dungeons of the Inquisition. Macualay.

CRUENTATE Cru"en*tate (kr"n-tt), a. Etym: [L. cruentatus, p. p. of cruentare to make bloody, fr. cruentus bloody, fr. cruor. See Crude.]

Defn: Smeared with blood. [Obs.] Glanwill.

CRUENTOUS Cru*en"tous (kr-n"ts), a. Etym: [L. cruentus.]

Defn: Bloody; cruentate. [Obs.]

CRUET Cru"et, n. Etym: [Anglo-French cruet, a dim. from OF. crue, cruie; of German or Celtic origin, and akin to E. crock an earthen vessel.]

1. A bottle or vessel; esp., aviai or small glass bottle for holding vinegar, oil, pepper, or the like, for the table; a caster. Swift.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: A vessel used to hold wine, oil, or water for the service of the altar. Cruet stand, a frame for holding cruets; a caster.

CRUISE Cruise (krs), n.

Defn: See Cruse, a small bottle.

CRUISE Cruise (krz), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cruised (krzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cruising.] Etym: [D. kruisen to move crosswise or in a zigzag, to cruise, fr. kruis cross, fr. OF. crois, croiz, F. croix, or directly fr. OF. croisier, F. croiser, to cross, cruise, fr. crois a cross. See Cross.]

1. To sail back and forth on the ocean; to sail, as for the potection of commerce, in search of an enemy, for plunder, or for pleasure.

Note: A ship cruises in any particular sea or ocean; as, in the Baltic or in the Atlantic. She cruises off any cape; as, off the Lizard; off Ushant. She cruises on a coast; as, on the coast of Africa. A priate cruises to seize vessels; a yacht cruises for the pleasure of the owner. Ships of war were aent to cruise near the isle of Bute. Macualay. 'Mid sands, and rocks, and storms to cruise for pleasure. Young.

2. To wander hither and thither on land. [Colloq.]

CRUISE Cruise, n.

Defn: A voyage made in various directions, as of an armed vessel, for the protection of other vessels, or in search of an enemy; a sailing to and fro, as for exploration or for pleasure. He feigned a compliance with some of his men, who were bent upon going a cruise to Manilla. Dampier.

CRUISER Cruis"er (kr"zr), n.

Defn: One who, or a vessel that, cruises; -- usually an armed vessel.

CRUIVE Cruive (krv), n.

Defn: A kind of weir or dam for trapping salmon; also, a hovel. [Scot.]

CRULL Crull (krl), a. Etym: [SeeCurl.]

Defn: Curly; curled. [Obs.]

CRULLER Crul"ler (krl"lr), n. Etym: [Cf. Curl.]

Defn: A kind of sweet cake cut in strips and curled or twisted, and fried crisp in boiling fat. [Also written kruller.]

CRUMB Crumb (krm), n. Etym: [AS. cruma, akin to D. kruim, G. krume; cf. G. krauen to scratch, claw.] [Written also crum.]

1. A small fragment or piece; especially, a small piece of bread or other food, broken or cut off. Desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man's table. Luke xvi. 21.

2. Fig.: A little; a bit; as, a crumb of comfort.

3. The soft part of bread. Dust unto dust, what must be, must; If you can't get crumb, you'd best eat crust. Old Song. Crumb brush, a brush for sweeping crumbs from a table. -- To a crum, with great exactness; completely.

CRUMB Crumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbed (krmd); p. pr. & vb.n. Crumbing (krm"ng).]

Defn: To break into crumbs or small pieces with the fingers; as, to crumb bread. [Written also crum.]

CRUMBCLOTH Crumb"cloth` (-kl, n.

Defn: A cloth to be laid under a dining table to receive falling fragments, and keep the carpet or floor clean. [Written also crumcloth.]

CRUMBLE Crum"ble (krm"b'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crumbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumbling (-blng).] Etym: [Dim. of crumb, v. t., akin to D. krimelen G. kr.]

Defn: To break into small pieces; to cause to fall in pieces. He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints, And crumble all thy sinews. Milton.

CRUMBLE Crum"ble, v. i.

Defn: To fall into small pieces; to break or part into small fragments; hence, to fall to decay or ruin; to become disintegrated; to perish. If the stone is brittle, it will crumble and pass into the form of gravel. Arbuthnot. The league deprived of its principal supports must soon crumble to pieces. Prescott.

CRUMBLY Crum"bly (-bl), a.

Defn: EAsily crumbled; friable; brittle. "The crumbly soil." Hawthorne.

CRUMENAL Cru"me*nal (kr"m-nal), n. Etym: [L. crumena purse.]

Defn: A purse. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

CRUMMABLE Crum"ma*ble (krm"mA-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being crumbed or broken into small pieces.

CRUMMY Crum"my (krm"m), a.

1. Full of crumb or crumbs.

2. Soft, as the crumb of bread is; not crusty.

CRUMP Crump (krmp), a. Etym: [AS. crumb stooping, bent down; akin to OHG. chrumb, G. krumm, Dan. krum, D. krom, and E. cramp.]

1. Crooked; bent. [Obs.] Crooked backs and crump shoulders. Jer. Taylor.

2. Hard or crusty; dry baked; as, a crump loaf. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Hallivell.

CRUMPET Crump"et (krmp"t), n. Etym: [Prob. from W. crempog, crammwgth, a pancake or fritter.]

Defn: A kind of large. thin muffin or cake, light and spongy, and cooked on a griddle or spider.

CRUMPLE Crum"ple (krm"p'l), v. t. [imp & p. p. Crumpled (-p'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Crumpling (-plng).] Etym: [Dim. fr. crump, a.]

Defn: To draw or press into wrinkles or folds to crush together; to rumple; as, to crumple paper. They crumpled it into all shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made. Addison.

CRUMPLE Crum"ple, v. i.

Defn: To contract irregularly; to show wrinkless after being crushed together; as, leaves crumple.

CRUMPY Crump"y (krmp"Y), a.

Defn: Brittle; crisp. Wright.

CRUNCH Crunch (krnch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crunched (krncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crunching.] Etym: [Prob. of imitative origin; or cf. D. schransen to eat heartily, or E. scrunch.]

1. To chew with force and noise; to craunch. And their white tusks crunched o'er the whiter skull. Byron.

2. To grind or press with violence and noise. The ship crunched through the ice. Kane.

3. To emit a grinding or craunching noise. The crunching and ratting of the loose stones. H. James.

CRUNCH Crunch, v. t.

Defn: To crush with the teeth; to chew with a grinding noise; to craunch; as, to crunch a biscuit.

CRUNK; CRUNKLE Crunk (krnk), Crun"kle (krn"k'l), v. i. Etym: [Cf. Icel. kr to croak.]

Defn: To cry like a crane. [Obs.] "The crane crunketh." Withals (1608).

CRUNODAL Cru*no"dal (kr-n"dal), a. (Geom.)

Defn: Possessing, or characterized by, a crunode; -- used of curves.

CRUNODE Cru"node (kr"nd), n. Etym: [Prob. fr. L. crux a cross + E. node.] (Geom.)

Defn: A point where one branch of a curve crosses another branch. See Double point, under Double, a.

CRUOR Cru"or (kr"r), n. Etym: [L., blood. See Crude.]

Defn: The coloring matter of the blood; the clotted portion of coagulated blood, containing the coloring matter; gore.

CRUORIN Cru"o*rin (--rn), n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The coloring matter of the blood in the living animal; hæmoglobin.

CRUP Crup (krp), a. Etym: [Cf. OHG. grop, G. grob, coarse.]

Defn: Short; brittle; as, crup cake. Todd.

CRUP Crup (krp), n.

Defn: See Croup, the rump of a horse.

CRUPPER Crup"per (krp"pr in U.S.; krp"r in Eng.), n. Etym: [F. croupi, fr. croupe. See Croup the rump of a horse.] [Written also crouper.]

1. The buttocks or rump of a horse.

2. A leather loop, passing under a horse's tail, and buckled to the saddle to keep it from slipping forwards.

CRUPPER Crup"per, v. t.

Defn: To fit with a crupper; to place a crupper upon; as, to crupper a horse.

CRURA Cru"ra (kr"r), n. pl. (Anat.)

Defn: See Crus.

CRURAL Cru"ral (-ral), a. Etym: [L. cruralis, fr. crus, cruris, leg: cf. F. crural.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the thigh or leg, or to any of the parts called crura; as, the crural arteries; crural arch; crural canal; crural ring.

CRUS Crus (krs), n.; pl. Crura (kr. Etym: [L., the leg.] (Anat.) (a) That part of the hind limb between the femur, or thigh, and the ankle, or tarsus; the shank. (b) Often applied, especially in the plural, to parts which are supposed to resemble a pair of legs; as, the crura of the diaphragm, a pair of muscles attached to it; crura cerebri, two bundles of nerve fibers in the base of the brain, connecting the medulla and the forebrain.

CRUSADE Cru*sade" (kr-sd"), n. Etym: [F. croisade, fr. Pr. crozada, or Sp cruzada, or It. crociata, from a verb signifying to take the cross, mark one's self with a cross, fr. L. crux cross; or possibly taken into English directly fr. Pr. Cf. Croisade, Crosado, and see Cross.]

1. Any one of the military expeditions undertaken by Christian powers, in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Mohammedans.

2. Any enterprise undertaken with zeal and enthusiasm; as, a crusade against intemperance.

3. A Portuguese coin. See Crusado.

CRUSADE Cru*sade", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Crusaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusading.]

Defn: To engage in a crusade; to attack in a zealous or hot-headed manner. "Cease crusading against sense." M. Green.

CRUSADER Cru*sad"er (-s"dr), n.

Defn: One engaged in a crusade; as, the crusaders of the Middle Ages. Azure-eyed and golden-haired, Forth the young crusaders fared. Longfellow.

CRUSADING Cru*sad"ing, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a crusade; as, a crusading spirit.

CRUSADO Cru*sa"do (-s"d), n. Etym: [Pg. cruzado, fr. cruz, fr. L. crux. See Crusade, 3.]

Defn: An old Portuguese coin, worth about seventy cents. [Written also cruade.] Shak.

CRUSE Cruse (krs), n. Etym: [Akin to LG. kruus, kroos, mug, jug, jar, D. kroes, G. krause, Icel. krus, Sw. krus, Dan. kruus. Cf. Crucible, Cresset.]

1. A cup or dish. Take with thee . . . a cruse of honey. 1 Kings xiv. 3.

2. A bottle for holding water, oil, honey, etc. So David took . . . the cruse of water. 1 Sam. xxvi. 12.

CRUSET Cru"set (kr"st), n. Etym: [Cf. F. creuset. See Cruse, Crucible.]

Defn: A goldsmith's crucible or melting pot.

CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crushed (krsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Crushing.] Etym: [OE. cruschen, crousshen, Of. cruisir, croissir, fr. LL. cruscire, prob. of Ger. origin, from a derivative of the word seen in Goth. kruistan to gnash; akin to Sw. krysta to squeeze, Dan. kryste, Icel. kreysta.]

1. To press or bruise between two hard bodies; to squeeze, so as to destroy the natural shape or integrity of the parts, or to force together into a mass; as, to crush grapes. Ye shall not offer unto the Lord that which is bruised, or crushed, or broken, or cut. Lev. xxii. 24. The ass . . . thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall. Num. xxii. 25.

2. To reduce to fine particles by pounding or grinding; to comminute; as, to crush quartz.

3. To overwhelm by pressure or weight; to beat or force down, as by an incumbent weight. To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again. Bryant.

4. To oppress or burden grievously. Thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway. Deut. xxviii. 33.

5. To overcome completely; to subdue totally. Speedily overtaking and crushing the rebels. Sir. W. Scott. To crush a cup, to drink. [Obs.] -- To crush out. (a) To force out or separate by pressure, as juice from grapes. (b) To overcome or destroy completely; to suppress.

CRUSH Crush (krsh), v. i.

Defn: To be or become broken down or in, or pressed into a smaller compass, by external weight or force; as, an eggshell crushes easily.

CRUSH Crush, n.

1. A violent collision or compression; a crash; destruction; ruin. The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison.

2. Violent pressure, as of a crowd; a crowd which produced uncomfortable pressure; as, a crush at a peception. Crush hat, a hat which collapses, and can be carried under the arm, and when expanded is held in shape by springs; hence, any hat not injured by compressing. -- Crush room, a large room in a theater, opera house, etc., where the audience may promenade or converse during the intermissions; a foyer. Politics leave very little time for the bow window at White's in the day, or for the crush room of the opera at night. Macualay.

CRUSHER Crush"er (-r), n.

Defn: One who, or that which, crushes. Crusher gauge, an instrument for measuring the explosive force of gunpowder, etc., by its effect in compressing a piece of metal.

CRUSHING Crush"ing, a.

Defn: That crushes; overwhelming. "The blow must be quick and crushing." Macualay.

CRUST Crust (krst), n. Etym: [L. crusta: cf. OF. crouste, F. cro; prob. akin to Gr. crystal, from the same root as E. crude, raw. See Raw, and cf. Custard.]

1. The hard external coat or covering of anything; the hard exterior surface or outer shell; an incrustation; as, a crust of snow. I have known the statute of an emperor quite hid under a crust of dross. Addison. Below this icy crust of conformity, the waters of infidelity lay dark and deep as ever. Prescott.

2. (Cookery) (a) The hard exterior or surface of bread, in distinction from the soft part or crumb; or a piece of bread grown dry or hard. (b) The cover or case of a pie, in distinction from the soft contents. (c) The dough, or mass of doughy paste, cooked with a potpie; -- also called dumpling. Th' impenetrable crust thy teeth defies. Dryden. He that keeps nor crust nor crumb. Shak. They . . . made the crust for the venison pasty. Macualay.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: The exterior portion of the earth, formerly universally supposed to inclose a molten interior.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc.

5. (Med.)

Defn: A hard mass, made up of dried secretions blood, or pus, occurring upon the surface of the body.

6. An incrustation on the interior of wine bottles, the result of the ripening of the wine; a deposit of tartar, etc. See Beeswing.

CRUST Crust, v. t. [imp. & p.p. Crusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Crusting.] Etym: [Cf. OF. crouster, L. crustare. See Crust, n. ]

Defn: To cover with a crust; to cover or line with an incrustation; to incrust. The whole body is crusted over with ice. Boyle. And now their legs, and breast, and bodies stood Crusted with bark. Addison. Very foul and crusted bottles. Swift. Their minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock. Felton.

CRUST Crust, v. i.

Defn: To gather or contract into a hard crust; to become incrusted. The place that was burnt . . . crusted and healed. Temple.

CRUSTA Crus"ta (krs"t), n. Etym: [L., shell, crust, inlaid work.]

1. A crust or shell.

2. A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object.

CRUSTACEA Crus*ta"ce*a (krs-t"sh-), n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. of NL. crustaceus pert. to the crust or shell, from L. crusta the hard surfsce of a body, rind, shell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the classes of the arthropods, including lobsters and crabs; -- so called from the crustlike shell with which they are covered.

Note: The body usually consists of an anterior part, made up of the head and thorax combined, called the cephalothorax, and of a posterior jointed part called the abdomen, postabdomen, and (improperly) tail. They breathe by means of gills variously attached to some of the limbs or to the sides the body, according to the group. They are divisible into two subclasses, Entomostraca and Malacostraca, each of which includes several orders.

CRUSTACEAN Crus*ta"cean (krs-t"shan; 97), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Crustacea; crustaceous. -- n.

Defn: An animal belonging to the class Crustacea.

CRUSTACEOLOGICAL Crus*ta`ce*o*log"ic*al (-sh--lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to crustaceology.

CRUSTACEOLOGIST Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gist (-ll"-jst), n.

Defn: One versed in crustaceology; a crustalogist.

CRUSTACEOLOGY Crus*ta`ce*ol"o*gy (-j), n. Etym: [Crustacea + -logy.]

Defn: That branch of Zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea; malacostracology; carcinology.

CRUSTACEOUS Crus*ta"ceous (krs-t"shs; 97), a. Etym: [NL. crustaceous. See crustacea.]

1. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, crust or shell; having a crustlike shell.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Belonging to the Crustacea; crustacean.

CRUSTACEOUSNESS Crus*ta"ceous*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being crustaceous or having a crustlike shell.

CRUSTAL Crust"al (krst"al), a.

Defn: Relating to a crust.

CRUSTALOGICAL Crus`ta*log"ic*al (krs`t-lj"-kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to crustalogy.

CRUSTALOGIST Crus*tal"o*gist (-t, n.

Defn: One versed in crustalogy.

CRUSTALOGY Crus*tal"o*gy (krs-tl"-j), n. Etym: [L. crusta shell + -logy.]

Defn: Crustaceology.

CRUSTATED Crus"ta*ted (krs"t-td), a. Etym: [L. crustatus, p. p. of crustare, fr. crusta. See Crust.]

Defn: Covered with a crust; as, crustated basalt.

CRUSTATION Crus*ta"tion (krs-t"shn), n.

Defn: An adherent crust; an incrustation. Pepys.

CRUSTED Crust"ed (krst"d), a.

Defn: Incrusted; covered with, or containing, crust; as, old, crusted port wine.

CRUSTIFIC Crus*tif`ic (krs-tf"k), a. Etym: [L. crusta crust + -facere to make.]

Defn: Producing or forming a crust or skin. [R.]

CRUSTILY Crust"i*ly (krst"-l*), adv.

Defn: In a crusty or surly manner; morosely.

CRUSTINESS Crust"i*ness (--ns), n.

1. The state or quality of having crust or being like crust; hardness.

2. The quality of being crusty or surly. Old Christy forgot his usual crustiness. W. Irving.

CRUSTY Crust"y (-), a.

1. Having the nature of crust; pertaining to a hard covering; as, a crusty coat; a crusty surface or substance.

2. Etym: [Possibly a corruption of cursty. Cf. Curst, Curstness.]

Defn: Having a hard exterior, or a short, rough manner, though kind at heart; snappish; peevish; surly. Thou crusty batch of nature, what's the news Shak.

CRUT Crut (krt), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cro crust.]

Defn: The rough, shaggy part of oak bark.

CRUTCH Crutch (krch; 224), n.; pl. Crutches (-. Etym: [OE. cruche, AS. crycc, cricc; akin to D. kruk, G. kr, Dan. krykke, Sw. krycka, and to E. crook. See Crook, and cf. Cricket a low stool.]

1. A staff with a crosspiece at the head, to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support the lame or infirm in walking. I'll lean upon one crutch, and fight with the other. Shak. Rhyme is a crutch that lifts the weak alone. H. Smith.

2. A form of pommel for a woman's saddle, consisting of a forked rest to hold the leg of the rider.

3. (Naut.) (a) A knee, or piece of knee timber. (b) A forked stanchion or post; a crotch. See Crotch.

CRUTCH Crutch, v. t.

Defn: To support on crutches; to prop up. [R.] Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden.

CRUTCHED Crutched (krcht), a.

1. Supported upon crutches.

2. Etym: [See Crouch, v. t., and Crouched, a. ]

Defn: Marked with the sign of the cross; crouched. Crutched friar (Eccl.), one of a religious order, so called because its members bore the sign of the cross on their staves and habits; -- called also crossed friar and crouched friar.

CRUTH Cruth (krth), n. Etym: [W. crwth.] (Mus.)

Defn: See 4th Crowd.

CRUX Crux (krks), n.; pl. E. Cruxes (-, L. Cruces (kr. Etym: [L., cross, torture, trouble.]

Defn: Anything that is very puzzling or difficult to explain. Dr. Sheridan. The perpetual crux of New Testament chronologists. Strauss.

CRUX ANSATA Crux an*sa"ta. [L., cross with a handle.]

Defn: A cross in the shape of the ankh.

CRUZADO Cru*za"do (kr-z"d), n.

Defn: A coin. See Crusado.

CRWTH Crwth (krth), n. Etym: [W.] (Mus)

Defn: See 4th Crowd.

CRY Cry (kr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cried (krd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crying.] Etym: [F. crier, cf. L. quiritare to raise a plaintive cry, scream, shriek, perh. fr. queri to complain; cf. Skr. cvas to pant, hiss, sigh. Cf. Quarrel a brawl, Querulous.]

1. To make a loud call or cry; to call or exclaim vehemently or earnestly; to shout; to vociferate; to proclaim; to pray; to implore. And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice. Matt. xxvii. 46. Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice. Shak. Hear the voice of my supplications when I cry unto thee. Ps. xxviii. 2. The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord. Is. xl. 3. Some cried after him to return. Bunyan.

2. To utter lamentations; to lament audibly; to express pain, grief, or distress, by weeping and sobbing; to shed tears; to bawl, as a child. Ye shall cry for sorrow of heart. Is. lxv. 14. I could find it in my heart to disgrace my man's apparel and to cry like a woman. Shak.

3. To utter inarticulate sounds, as animals. The young ravens which cry. Ps. cxlvii. 9. In a cowslip's bell I lie There I couch when owls do cry. Shak. To cry on or upon, to call upon the name of; to beseech."No longer on Saint Denis will we cry." Shak. -- To cry out. (a) To exclaim; to vociferate; to scream; to clamor. (b) To complain loudly; to lament. -- To cry out against, to complain loudly of; to censure; to blame. -- To cry out on or upon, to denounce; to censure. "Cries out upon abuses." Shak. -- To cry to, to call on in prayer; to implore. -- To cry you mercy, to beg your pardon. "I cry you mercy, madam; was it you" Shak.

CRY Cry, v. t.

1. To utter loudly; to call out; to shout; to sound abroad; to declare publicly. All, all, cry shame against ye, yet I 'll speak. Shak. The man . . . ran on,crying, Life! life! Eternal life! Bunyan.

2. To cause to do something, or bring to some state, by crying or weeping; as, to cry one's self to sleep.

3. To make oral and public proclamation of; to declare publicly; to notify or advertise by outcry, especially things lost or found, goods to be sold, ets.; as, to cry goods, etc. Love is lost, and thus she cries him. Crashaw.

4. Hence, to publish the banns of, as for marriage. I should not be surprised if they were cried in church next Sabbath. Judd. To cry aim. See under Aim. -- To cry down, to decry; to depreciate; to dispraise; to condemn. Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it. Tillotson. -- To cry out, to proclaim; to shout."Your gesture cries it out." Shak. -- To cry quits, to propose, or declare, the abandonment of a contest. -- To cry up, to enhance the value or reputation of by public and noisy praise; to extol; to laud publicly or urgently.

CRY Cry (kr), n.; pl. Cries (kr. Etym: [F. cri, fr. crier to cry. See Cry, v. i. ]

1. A loud utterance; especially, the inarticulate sound produced by one of the lower animals; as, the cry of hounds; the cry of wolves. Milton.

2. Outcry; clamor; tumult; popular demand. Again that cry was found to have been as unreasonable as ever. Macaulay.

3. Any expression of grief, distress, etc., accompanied with tears or sobs; a loud sound, uttered in lamentation. There shall be a great cry throughout all the land. Ex. xi. 6. An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light; And with no language but a cry. Tennyson.

4. Loud expression of triumph or wonder or of popular acclamation or favor. Swift. The cry went once on thee. Shak.

5. Importunate supplication. O, the most piteous cry of the poor souls. Shak.

6. Public advertisement by outcry; proclamation, as by hawkers of their wares. The street cries of London. Mayhew.

7. Common report; fame. The cry goes that you shall marry her. Shak.

8. A word or phrase caught up by a party or faction and repeated for effect; as, the party cry of the Tories. All now depends upon a good cry. Beaconsfield.

9. A pack of hounds. Milton. A cry more tunable Was never hollaed to, nor cheered with horn. Shak.

10. A pack or company of persons; -- in contempt. Would not this . . . get me a fellowship in a cry of players Shak.

11. The cracklling noise made by block tin when it is bent back and forth. A far cry, a long distance; -- in allusion to the sending of criers or messengers through the territory of a Scottish clan with an announcement or summons.

CRYAL Cry"al (kr"al), n. Etym: [Cf. W. creyr, cryr, crychydd. Cf. Cruer a hawk.]

Defn: The heron [Obs.] Ainsworth.

CRYER Cry"er (-r), n. Etym: [F. faucon gruyer a falcon trained to fly at the crane, fr. crye crane, fr. L. crus crane. Cf. Cryal.]

Defn: The female of the hawk; a falcon-gentil.

CRYING Cry"ing, a.

Defn: Calling for notice; compelling attention; notorious; heinous; as, a crying evil. Too much fondness for meditative retirement is not the crying sin of our modern Christianity. I. Taylor.

CRYOHYDRATE Cry`o*hy"drate (kr`-h"drt), n. Etym: [Gr. hydrate.] (Chem.)

Defn: A substance, as salt, ammonium chloride, etc., which crystallizes with water of crystallization only at low temperatures, or below the freezing point of water. F. Guthrie.

CRYOLITE Cry"o*lite (kr"-lt), n. Etym: [Gr. -lite: cf. F. cryolithe.] (Min.)

Defn: A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, in white cleavable masses; -- used as a source of soda and alumina.

CRYOMETER Cry*om"e*ter, n. [Gr. cold, frost + -meter.] (Physics)

Defn: A thermometer for the measurement of low temperatures, esp. such an instrument containing alcohol or some other liquid of a lower freezing point than mercury.

CRYOPHORUS Cry*oph"o*rus (kr-f"-rs), n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: An instrument used to illustrate the freezing of water by its own evaporation. The ordinary form consist of two glass bulbs, connected by a tube of the same material, and containing only a quantity of water and its vapor, devoid of air. The water is in one of the bulbs, and freezes when the other is cooled below 32º Fahr.

CRYPT Crypt (krpt), n. Etym: [L. crypta vault, crypt, Gr. Crot, Crotto.]

1. A vault wholly or partly under ground; especially, a vault under a church, whether used for burial purposes or for a subterranean chapel or oratory. Priesthood works out its task age after age, . . . treasuring in convents and crypts the few fossils of antique learning. Motley. My knees are bowed in crypt and shrine. Tennyson.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: A simple gland, glandular cavity, or tube; a follicle; as, the cryps of Lieberk.

CRYPTAL Crypt"al (-al), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to crypts.

CRYPTIC; CRYPTICAL Cryp"tic (krp"tk), Cryp"tic*al (-t-kal), a. Etym: [L. crypticus, Gr.

Defn: Hidden; secret; occult. "Her [nature's] more cryptic ways of working." Glanvill.

CRYPTICALLY Cryp"tic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Secretly; occultly.

CRYPTIDINE Cryp"ti*dine (krp"t-dn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of the quinoline bases, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H11N; also, any one of several substances metameric with, and resembling, cryptidine proper.

CRYPTOBRANCHIATA Cryp`to*bran`chi*a"ta (krp`t-bra`k-"t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden + L. branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of the Amphibia; the Derotremata. (b) A group of nudibranch mollusks.

CRYPTOBRANCHIATE Cryp`to*bran"chi*ate (-br"k-t), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having concealed or rudimentary gills.

CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE Cryp`to*crys"tal*line (-krs"tal-ln), a. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. crystalline.] (Geol.)

Defn: Indistinctly crystalline; -- applied to rocks and minerals, whose state of aggregation is so fine that no distinct particles are visible, even under the microscope.

CRYPTOGAM Cryp"to*gam (krp"t-gm), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptogame. See Cryptogamia.] (Bot.)

Defn: A plant belonging to the Cryptogamia. Henslow.

CRYPTOGAMIA Cryp`to*ga"mi*a (krp`t-g"m-), n.; pl. Cryptogamiæ (-. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. krypto`s hidden, secret + ga`mos marriage.] (Bot.)

Defn: The series or division of flowerless plants, or those never having true stamens and pistils, but propagated by spores of various kinds.

Note: The subdivisions have been variously arranged. The following arrangement recognizes four classes: --I. Pteridophyta, or Vascular Acrogens. These include Ferns, Equiseta or Scouring rushes, Lycopodiaceæ or Club mosses, Selaginelleæ, and several other smaller orders. Here belonged also the extinct coal plants called Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites. II. Bryophita, or Cellular Acrogens. These include Musci, or Mosses, Hepaticæ, or Scale mosses and Liverworts, and possibly Characeæ, the Stoneworts. III. Algæ, which are divided into Florideæ, the Red Seaweeds, and the orders Dictyoteæ, Oösporeæ, Zoösporeæ, Conjugatæ, Diatomaceæ, and Cryptophyceæ. IV. Fungi. The molds, mildews, mushrooms, puffballs, etc., which are variously grouped into several subclasses and many orders. The Lichenes or Lichens are now considered to be of a mixed nature, each plant partly a Fungus and partly an Alga.

CRYPTOGAMIAN; CRYPTOGAMIC; CRYPTOGAMOUS Cryp`to*ga"mi*an (krp`t-g"m-an), Cryp`to*gam"ic (krp`t-gm"k), Cryp*to"gam*ous a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the series Cryptogamia, or to plants of that series.

CRYPTOGAMIST Cryp*tog"a*mist (-mst), n.

Defn: One skilled in cryptogamic botany.

CRYPTOGRAM Cryp"to*gram (krp"t-grm), n.

Defn: A cipher writing. Same as Cryptograph.

CRYPTOGRAPH Cryp"to*graph (-grf), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -graph: cf. F. cryptographe.]

Defn: Cipher; something written in cipher. "Decipherers of cryptograph." J. Earle.

CRYPTOGRAPHAL Cryp*tog"ra*phal (krp-tg"r-fal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical. Boyle.

CRYPTOGRAPHER Cryp*tog"ra*pher (krp-tg"r-fr), n.

Defn: One who writes in cipher, or secret characters.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC; CRYPTOGRAPHICAL Cryp`to*graph"ic (krp`t-grf"k), Cryp`to*graph"ic*al (krp`t-grf"-kal), a.

Defn: Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.

CRYPTOGRAPHIST Cryp*tog"ra*phist (krp-tg"r-fst), n.

Defn: Same as Cryptographer.

CRYPTOGRAPHY Cryp*tog"ra*phy (-f), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cryptographie.]

Defn: The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher.

CRYPTOLOGY Cryp*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + -logy.]

Defn: Secret or enigmatical language. Johnson.

CRYPTONYM Cryp"to*nym (krp"t-nm), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: A secret name; a name by which a person is known only to the initiated.

CRYPTOPINE Cryp"to*pine (krp"t-pn; 104), n. Etym: [Gr. krypto`s hidden + E. opium.] (Chem.)

Defn: A colorless crystalline alkaloid obtained in small quantities from opium.

CRYPTURI Cryp*tu"ri (krp-t"r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of flying, dromTinamou.

CRYSTAL Crys"tal (krs"tal), n. Etym: [OE. cristal, F. cristal, L. crystallum crystal, ice, fr. Gr. crystalla, fr. L. crystallum; prob. akin to E. crust. See Crust, Raw.]

1. (Chem. & Min.)

Defn: The regular form which a substance tends to assume in solidifying, through the inherent power of cohesive attraction. It is bounded by plane surfaces, symmetrically arranged, and each species of crystal has fixed axial ratios. See Crystallization.

2. The material of quartz, in crystallization transparent or nearly so, and either colorless or slightly tinged with gray, or the like; - - called also rock crystal. Ornamental vessels are made of it. Cf. Smoky quartz, Pebble; also Brazilian pebble, under Brazilian.

3. A species of glass, more perfect in its composition and manufacture than common glass, and often cut into ornamental forms. See Flint glass.

4. The glass over the dial of a watch case.

5. Anything resembling crystal, as clear water, etc. The blue crystal of the seas. Byron. Blood crystal. See under Blood. -- Compound crystal. See under Compound. -- Iceland crystal, a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, brought from Iceland, and used in certain optical instruments, as the polariscope. -- Rock crystal, or Mountain crystal, any transparent crystal of quartz, particularly of limpid or colorless quartz.

CRYSTAL Crys"tal, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or like, crystal; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid; crystalline. Through crystal walls each little mote will peep. Shak. By crystal streams that murmur through the meads. Dryden. The crystal pellets at the touch congeal, And from the ground rebounds the ratting hail. H. Brooks.

CRYSTALLIN Crys"tal*lin (-ln), n. (Physiol. Chem.)

Defn: See Gobulin.

CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line (krs"tal-ln or -ln; 277), a. Etym: [L. crystallinus, from Gr. cristallin. See Crystal.]

1. Consisting, or made, of crystal. Mount, eagle, to my palace crystalline. Shak.

2. Formed by crystallization; like crystal in texture. Their crystalline structure. Whewell.

3. Imperfectly crystallized; as, granite is only crystalline, while quartz crystal is perfectlly crystallized.

4. Fig.: Resembling crystal; pure; transparent; pellucid. "The crystalline sky." Milton. Crystalline heavens, or Crystalline spheres, in the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, two transparent spheres imagined to exist between the region of the fixed stars and the primum mobile (or outer circle of the heavens, which by its motion was supposed to carry round all those within it), in order to explain certain movements of the heavently bodies. -- Crystalline lens (Anat.), the capsular lenslike body in the eye, serving to focus the rays of light. It consists of rodlike cells derived from the external embryonic epithelium.

CRYSTALLINE Crys"tal*line, n.

1. A crystalline substance.

2. See Aniline. [Obs.]

CRYSTALLITE Crys"tal*lite (krs"tal-lt), n. Etym: [See Crystal.] (Min.)

Defn: A minute mineral form like those common in glassy volcanic rocks and some slags, not having a definite crystalline outline and not referable to any mineral species, but marking the first step in the crystallization process. According to their form crystallites are called trichites, belonites, globulites, etc.

CRYSTALLIZABLE Crys"tal*li`za*ble (krs"tal-l`z-b'l), a.

Defn: Capable of being crystallized; that may be formed into crystals.

CRYSTALLIZATION Crys`tal*li*za"tion (krs`tal-l-z"shn), n. Etym: [Cf. F. cristallization.]

1. (Chem. & Min.)

Defn: The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and sructure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized.

2. The body formed by crystallizing; as, silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations.

Note: The systems of crystallization are the several classes to which the forms are mathematically referable. They are most simply described according to the relative lengths and inclinations of certain assumed lines called axes; but the real distinction is the degree of symmetry characterizing them. 1. The Isometric, or Monometric, system has the axes all equal, as in the cube, octahedron, etc. 2. The Tetragonal, or Dimetric, system has a varying vertical axis, while the lateral are equal, as in the right square prism. 3. The Orthorhombic, or Trimetric, system has the three axes unequal, as in the rectangular and rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called, respectively, macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal. -- The preceding are erect forms, the axes intersecting at right angles. The following are oblique. 4. The Monoclinic system, having one of the intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhombic prism. In this system, the lateral axes are called respectively, clinodiagonal and orthodiagonal. 5. The Triclinic system, having all the three intersections oblique, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. There is also: 6. The Hexagonal system (one division of which is called Rhombohedral), in which there are three equal lateral axes, and a vertical axis of variable length, as in the hexagonal prism and the rhombohedron.

Note: The Diclinic system, sometimes recognized, with two oblique intersections, is only a variety of the Triclinic.

CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize (krs"tal-lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Crystallized (-lzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Crystallizing.] Etym: [Cf. F. cristalliser. See Crystal.]

Defn: To cause to form crystals, or to assume the crystalline form.

CRYSTALLIZE Crys"tal*lize, v. i.

Defn: To be converted into a crystal; to take on a crystalline form, through the action of crystallogenic or cohesive attraction.

CRYSTALLOGENIC; CRYSTALLOGENICAL Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic (-l-jn"k), Crys`tal*lo*gen"ic*al (--kal), a.

Defn: Pertaining to the production of crystals; crystal-producing; as, crystallogenic attraction.

CRYSTALLOGENY Crys`tal*log"e*ny (krs`tal-lj"-n), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science which pertains to the production of crystals.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHER Crys`tal*log"ra*pher (krs`tal-lg"r-fr), n.

Defn: One who describes crystals, or the manner of their formation; one versed in crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC; CRYSTALLOGRAPHICAL Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic (-l-grf"k), Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al (--kal), a. Etym: [Cf. F. crystallographique.]

Defn: Pertaining to crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHICALLY Crys`tal*lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In the manner of crystallography.

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crys`tal*log"ra*phy (krs`tal-lg"r-f), n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy: cf. F. cristallographie. See Crystal.]

1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teaching the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and their methods of formation.

2. A discourse or treatise on crystallization.

CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid (krs"tal-loid), a. Etym: [Gr. -oid.]

Defn: Crystal-like; transparent like crystal.

CRYSTALLOID Crys"tal*loid, n.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A body which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes, and generally is capable of being crystallized; -- opposed to colloid.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: One of the microscopic particles resembling crystals, consisting of protein matter, which occur in certain plant cells; -- called also protein crystal.

CRYSTALLOLOGY; CRISTALLOLOGY Crys`tal*lol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of the crystalline structure of inorganic bodies.

CRYSTALLOMANCY Crys"tal*lo*man`cy (-l-mn`s), n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of a crystal or other transparent body, especially a beryl.

CRYSTALLOMETRY Crys`tal*lom"e*try (-lm"-tr), n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.]

Defn: The art of measuring crystals.

CRYSTALLURGY Crys"tal*lur`gy (-lr`j), n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Crystallizaton.

CTENOCYST Cte"no*cyst (t"n-sst), n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An organ of the Ctenophora, supposed to be sensory.

CTENOID Cte"noid (t"noid or tn"oid), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a comblike margin, as a ctenoid scale. (b) Pertaining to the Ctenoidei. -- n.

Defn: A ctenoidean.

CTENOIDEAN Cte*noid"e*an (t-noid"-an), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Relating to the Ctenoidei. -- n.

Defn: One of the Ctenoidei.

CTENOIDEI Cte*noid"e*i (--), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of fishes, established by Agassiz, characterized by having scales with a pectinated margin, as in the perch. The group is now generally regarded as artificial.

CTENOPHORA Cte*noph"o*ra (t-nf"-r), n. pl. Etym: [NL., from Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A class of Coelenterata, commonly ellipsoidal in shape, swimming by means of eight longitudinal rows of paddles. The separate paddles somewhat resemble combs.

CTENOPHORE Cten"o*phore (tn"-fr), n.

Defn: (Zoöl.) One of the Ctenophora.

CTENOPHORIC; CTENOPHOROUS Cten`o*phor"ic (tn`-fr"k), Cte*noph"o*rous (t-nf"-rs), a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Ctenophora.

CTENOSTOMATA Cten`o*stom"a*ta (tn`-stm"-t), n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A suborder of Bryozoa, usually having a circle of bristles below the tentacles.

CUB Cub (kb), n. Etym: [Cf. Ir. cuib cub, whelp, young dog, Ir. & Gael. cu dog; akin to E. hound.]

1. A young animal, esp. the young of the bear.

2. Jocosely or in contempt, a boy or girl, esp. an awkward, rude, illmannered boy. O, thuo dissembling cub! what wilt thou be When time hath sowed a drizzle on thy case Shak.

CUB Cub, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Cubbed (kp. pr. & vb. n. Cubbing.]

Defn: To bring forth; -- said of animals, or in contempt, of persons. "Cubb'd in a cabin." Dryden.

CUB Cub, n. Etym: [Cf. Cub a young animal.]

1. A stall for cattle. [Obs.] I would rather have such . . . .in cubor kennel than in my closet or at my table. Landor.

2. A cupboard. [Obs.] Laud.

CUB Cub, v. t.

Defn: To shut up or confine. [Obs.] Burton.

CUBAN Cu"ban (k"ban), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Cuba or its inhabitants. -- n.

Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Cuba.

CUBATION Cu*ba"tion (k-b"shn), n. Etym: [L. cubatio, fr. cubare to lie down.]

Defn: The act of lying down; a reclining. [Obs.]

CUBATORY Cu"ba*to*ry (k"b-t-r), a. Etym: [L. cubator he who lies down, fr. cubare.]

Defn: Lying down; recumbent. [R.]

CUBATURE Cu"ba*ture (k"b-tr; 135), n. Etym: [L. cubus cube: cf. F. cubature. See Cube.]

Defn: The process of determining the solid or cubic contents of a body.

CUBBRIDGE-HEAD Cub"bridge-head` (kb"rjj-hd), n. (Naut.)

Defn: A bulkhead on the forecastle and half deck of a ship.

CUBBY; CUBBYHOLE Cub"by (kb"b), Cub"by*hole` (-hl`), n. Etym: [See Cub a stall.]

Defn: A snug or confined place.

CUBDRAWN Cub"*drawn` (kb"drn`), a.

Defn: Sucked by cubs. [R.] This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch. Shak.

CUBE Cube (kb), n. Etym: [F. cube, L. cubus, fr. Gr.

1. (Geom.)

Defn: A regular solid body, with six equal square sides.

2. (Math.)

Defn: The product obtained by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor; as, 4x4=16, and 16x4=64, the cube of 4. Cube ore (Min.), pharmacosiderite. It commonly crystallizes in cubes of a green color. -- Cube root. (Math.), the number or quantity which, multiplied into itself, and then into the product, produces the given cube; thus, 3 is the cube root of 27, for 3x3x3 = 27. -- Cube spar (Min.), anhydrite; anhydrous calcium sulphate.

CUBE Cube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cubed (kbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Cubing.]

Defn: To raise to the third power; to obtain the cube of.

CUBEB Cu"beb (k"bb), n. Etym: [F. cub (cf. It. cubebe, Pr., Sp., Pg., & NL. cubeba), fr. Ar. kab.]

Defn: The small, spicy berry of a species of pepper (Piper Cubeba; in med., Cubeba officinalis), native in Java and Borneo, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. The dried unripe fruit is much used in medicine as a stimulant and purgative.

CUBEBIC Cu*beb"ic (k-bb"k), a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, cubebs; as, cubebic acid (a soft olive-green resin extracted from cubebs).

CUBHOOD Cub"hood (kb"hd), n.

Defn: The state of being a cub. [Jocose] "From cubhood to old age." W. B. Dawkins.

CUBIC; CUBICAL Cu"bic (k"bk), Cu"bic*al (-b-kal), a. Etym: [L. cubicus, Gr. cubique. See Cube.]

1. Having the form or properties of a cube; contained, or capable of being contained, in a cube.

2. (Crystallog.)

Defn: Isometric or monometric; as, cubic cleavage. See Crystallization. Cubic equation, an equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a cube. -- Cubic foot, a volume equivalent to a cubical solid which measures a foot in each of its dimensions. -- Cubic number, a number produced by multiplying a number into itself, and that product again by the same number. See Cube. -- Cubical parabola (Geom.), two curves of the third degree, one plane, and one on space of three dimensions.

CUBIC Cu"bic, n. (Geom.)

Defn: A curve of the third degree. Circular cubic. See under Circular.

CUBICALLY Cu"bic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a cubical method.

CUBICALNESS Cu"bic*al*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being cubical.

CUBICLE Cu"bi*cle (k"b-k'l), n. Etym: [L. cubiculum.]

Defn: A loding room; esp., a sleeping place partitioned off from a large dormitory.

CUBICULAR Cu*bic"u*lar (k-k"-lr), a. Etym: [L. cubicularis, fr. cubiculum a sleeping room, fr. cubare to lie down.]

Defn: Belonging to a chamber or bedroom. [Obs.] Howell.

CUBIFORM Cu"bi*form (k"b-frm), a.

Defn: Of the form of a cube.

CUBILE Cu*bi"le (k-b"l), n. Etym: [L., bed.]

Defn: The lowest course of stones in a building.

CUBILOSE Cu"bi*lose` (k"b-ls`), n. Etym: [L. cubile bed, nest.]

Defn: A mucilagenous secretion of certain birds found as the characteristic ingredient of edible bird's-nests.

CUBISM Cu"bism (ku"biz'm), n. (Painting)

Defn: A movement or phase in post-impressionism (which see, below). - - Cu"bist (#), n.

CUBIT Cu"bit (k"bt), n. Etym: [L. cubitum, cubitus; elbow, ell, cubit, fr. (because the elbow serves focubare to lie down, recline; cf. Gr. Incumbent, Covey.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The forearm; the ulna, a bone of the arm extending from elbow to wrist. [Obs.]

2. A measure of length, being the distance from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger.

Note: The cubit varies in length in different countries, the Roman cubit being 17,47 inches, the Greek 18,20, the Hebrew somewhat longer, and the English 18 inches.

CUBITAL Cu"bit*al (k"bt-al), a. Etym: [L. cubitalis.]

1. Of or pertaining to the cubit or ulna; as, the cubital nerve; the cubital artery; the cubital muscle.

2. Of the length of a cubit. Sir. T. Browne.

CUBITAL Cu"bit*al, n.

Defn: A sleeve covering the arm from the elbow to the hand. Crabb.

CUBITED Cu"bit*ed, a.

Defn: Having the measure of a cubit.

CUBLESS Cub"less (kb"ls), a.

Defn: Having no cubs. Byron.

CUBOID Cu"boid (k"boid), a. Etym: [Cube + -oid: cf. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Cube-shaped, or nearly so; as, the cuboid bone of the foot. -- n. (Anat.)

Defn: The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes.

CUBOIDAL Cu*boid"al (k-boid"al), a. (Anat.)

Defn: Cuboid.

CUBO-OCTAHEDRAL Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dral (k`b-k`t-hdral), a.

Defn: Presenting a combination of a cube and an octahedron.

CUBO-OCTAHEDRON Cu`bo-oc`ta*he"dron (-drn), n. (Crystallog.)

Defn: A combination of a cube and octahedron, esp. one in which the octahedral faces meet at the middle of the cubic edges.

CUCA Cu"ca (k"k), n. Etym: [Sp., fr. native name.]

Defn: See Coca.

CUCKING STOOL Cuck"ing stool` (k. Etym: [Cf. AS. scealfingstol, a word of similar meaning, allied to scealfor a diver, mergus avis; or possibly from F. coquine a hussy, slut, jade, f. of coquin, OE. cokin, a rascal; or cf. Icel. k to dung, k dung, the name being given as to a disgracing or infamous punishment.]

Defn: A kind of chair formerly used for punishing scolds, and also dishonest tradesmen, by fastening them in it, usually in front of their doors, to be pelted and hooted at by the mob, but sometimes to be taken to the water and ducked; -- called also a castigatory, a tumbrel, and a trebuchet; and often, but not so correctly, a ducking stool. Sir. W. Scott.

CUCKOLD Cuck"old (kk"ld), n. Etym: [OE. kukeweld, cokewold, cokold, fr. OF. coucoul, cucuault, the last syllable being modified by the OE. suffix -wold (see Herald); cf. F. cocu a cuckold, formerly also, a cuckoo, and L. cuculus a cuckoo. The word alludes to the habit of the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them.]

1. A man whose wife is unfaithful; the husband of an adulteress. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A West Indian plectognath fish (Ostracion triqueter). (b) The cowfish.

CUCKOLD Cuck"old, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cuckolded;p. pr. & vb. n. Cuckolding.]

Defn: To make a cuckold of, as a husband, by seducing his wife, or by her becoming an adulteress. Shak.

CUCKOLDIZE Cuck"old*ize (-z), v. t.

Defn: To cuckold. Dryden.

CUCKOLDLY Cuck"old*ly, a.

Defn: Having the qualities of a cuckold; mean-spirited; sneaking. Shak.

CUCKOLDOM Cuck"ol*dom (-l-dm), n.

Defn: The state of a cuckold; cuckolds, collectively. Addison.

CUCKOLDRY Cuck"old*ry (-ld-r), n.

Defn: The state of being a cuckold; the practice of making cuckolds.

CUCKOLD'S KNOT Cuck"old's knot` (kk"ldz nt`). (Naut.)

Defn: A hitch or knot, by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope being crossed and seized together; -- called also cuckold's neck. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

CUCKOO Cuck"oo (kk"), n. Etym: [OE. coccou, cukkow, F. coucou, prob. of imitative origin; cf. L. cuculus, Gr. k, G. kuckuk, D. koekoek.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A bird belonging to Cuculus, Coccyzus, and several allied genera, of many species.

Note: The European cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) builds no nest of its own, but lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, to be hatched by them. The American yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus Americanus) and the black-billed cuckoo (C. erythrophthalmus) build their own nests. Cuckoo bee (Zool.), a bee, parasitic in the larval stage in the nests of other bees, feeding either upon their food or larvae. They belong to the genera Nomada, Melecta, Epeolus, and others. -- Cuckoo clock, a clock so constructed that at the time for striking it gives forth sounds resembling the cry of the cuckoo. -- Cuckoo dove (Zoöl.), a long-tailed pigeon of the genus Macropygia. Many species inhabit the East Indies. -- Cuckoo fish (Zoöl.), the European red gurnard (Trigla cuculus). The name probably alludes to the sound that it utters. -- Cuckoo falcon (Zoöl.), any falcon of the genus Baza. The genus inhabits Africa and the East Indies. -- Cuckoo maid (Zoöl.), the wryneck; -- called also cuckoo mate. -- Cuckoo ray (Zoöl.), a British ray (Raia miraletus). -- Cuckoo spit, or Cuckoo spittle. (a) A frothy secretion found upon plants, exuded by the larvae of certain insects, for concealment; -- called also toad spittle and frog spit. (b) (Zoöl.) A small hemipterous insect, the larva of which, living on grass and the leaves of plants, exudes this secretion. The insects belong to Aphrophora, Helochara, and allied genera. -- Ground cuckoo, the chaparral cock.

CUCKOOBUD Cuck"oo*bud" (kk"-bd`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Ranunculus (R. bulbosus); -- called also butterflower, buttercup, kingcup, goldcup. Shak.

CUCKOOFLOWER Cuck"oo*flow`er (-flou`r), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A species of Cardamine (C. pratensis), or lady's smock. Its leaves are used in salads. Also, the ragged robin (Lychnis Flos- cuculi).

CUCKOOPINT Cuck"oo*pint` (-pnt`), n. (Bot.)

Defn: A plant of the genus Arum (A. maculatum); the European wake- robin.

CUCQUEAN Cuc"quean` (kk"kwn`), n. Etym: [Cuckold + quean.]

Defn: A woman whose husband is unfaithful to her. [Obs.]

CUCUJO Cu*cu"jo (k-k"h), n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The fire beetle of Mexico and the West Indies.

CUCULLATE; CUCULLATED Cu"cul*late (k"kl-lt or k-kl"lt), Cu"cul*la`ted (-l`td or -l-td), a. Etym: [LL. cullatus, fr. L. cucullus a cap, hood. See Cowl a hood.]

1. Hooded; cowled; covered, as with a hood. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Having the edges toward the base rolled inward, as the leaf of the commonest American blue violet.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the prothorax elevated so as to form a sort of hood, receiving the head, as in certain insects. (b) Having a hoodlike crest on the head, as certain birds, mammals, and reptiles.

CUCULLUS Cu*cul"lus, n.; pl. Cuculli (#). [L., a hood.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A hood-shaped organ, resembling a cowl or monk's hood, as certain concave and arched sepals or petals.

2. (Zoöl.) A color marking or structure on the head somewhat resembling a hood.

CUCULOID Cu"cu*loid (kk-loid), a. Etym: [L.cuculus a cuckoo + -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or belonging to the cuckoos (Cuculidæ).

CUCUMBER Cu"cum*ber (k`km-br, formerly kou"km-br), n.Etym: [OE. cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen.cucumeris; cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.)

Defn: A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the genus Cucumis, esp. Cucumis sativus, the unripe fruit of which is eaten either fresh or picked. Also, similar plants or fruits of several other genera. See below. Bitter cucumber (Bot.), the Citrullus or Cucumis Colocynthis. SeeColocynth. -- Cucumber beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, black flea-beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris), which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon vines. (b) The squash beetle. -- Cucumber tree.(a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus Magnolia (M. acuminata), so called from a slight resemblance of its young fruit to a small cucumber. (b) An East Indian plant (Averrhoa Bilimbi) which produces the fruit known as bilimbi. -- Jamaica cucumber, Jerusalem cucumber, the prickly-fruited gherkin (Cucumis Anguria). -- Snake cucumber, a species (Cucumis flexuosus) remarkable for its long, curiously-shaped fruit. -- Squirting cucumber, a plant (Ecbalium Elaterium) whose small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force through the opening thus made. See Elaterium. -- Star cucumber,a climbing weed (Sicyos angulatus) with prickly fruit.

CUCUMIFORM Cu*cu"mi*form (k-k"m-frm), a. Etym: [L. cucumis cucumber + -form.]

Defn: Having the form of a cucumber; having the form of a cylinder tapered and rounded at the ends, and either straight or curved.

CUCUMIS Cu"cu*mis (kk--ms), n. Etym: [L., cucumber.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants including the cucumber, melon, and same kinds of gourds.

CUCURBIT; CUCURBITE Cu*cur"bit Cu*cur"bite (k-kr"bt), n. Etym: [L. cucurbita a gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See Gourd.] (Chem.)

Defn: A vessel of flask for distillation, used with, or forming part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of a gourd, with a wide mouth. See Alembic.

CUCURBITACEOUS Cu*cur`bi*ta"ceous (-b-t"shs), a. Etym: [Cf. F. cucurbitac.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.

CUCURBITIVE Cu*cur"bi*tive (k-kr"b-tv), a.

Defn: Having the shape of a gourd seed; -- said of certain small worms.

CUD Cud (kd), n Etym: [AS. cudu, cwudu,cwidu,cweodo, of uncertain origin; cf, G. k bait, Icel. kvi womb, Goth. qipus. Cf. Quid.]

1. That portion of food which is brought up into the mouth by ruminating animals from their first stomach, to be cheved a second time. Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. Levit. xi. 3

2. A portion of tobacco held in the mouth and chewed; a quid. [Low]

3. The first stomach of ruminating beasts. Crabb. To chew the cud, to ruminate; to meditate; used with of; as, to chew the cud of bitter memories. Chewed the thrice turned cudof wrath. Tennyson.

CUDBEAR Cud"bear` (kd"br`), n Etym: [Also cudbeard, corrupted fr. the name of Dr. Cuthbert Gordon, a Scotchman, who first brought it into notice.]

1. A powder of a violet red color, difficult to moisten with water, used for making violet or purple dye. It is prepared from certain species of lichen, especially Lecanora tartarea. Ure.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A lichen (Lecanora tartarea), from which the powder is obtained.

CUDDEN Cud"den (kd"d'n), n. Etym: [For sense 1, cf. Scot.cuddy an ass; for sense 2, see 3d Cuddy.]

1. A clown; a low rustic; a dolt. [Obs.] The slavering cudden, propped upon his staff. Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The coalfish. See 3d Cuddy.

CUDDLE Cud"dle (kd"d'l), v. i. [imp. & p.p. Cuddled (-d'ld); p.pr. & vb. n. Cuddling (-dlng).] Etym: [Prob. for couthle, fr. couth known; cf. OE. kuppen to cuddle, or cu to make friends with. SeeCouth, Uncouth, Can.]

Defn: To She cuddles low beneath the brake; Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly. Prior.

CUDDLE Cud"dle, v. t.

Defn: To embrace closely; to foundle. Forby.

CUDDLE Cud"dle, n.

Defn: A close embrace.

CUDDY Cud"dy (-d), n. Etym: [See Cudden. ]

1. An ass; esp., one driven by a huckster or greengrocer. [Scot.]

2. Hence: A blockhead; a lout. Hood.

3. (Mech.)

Defn: A lever mounted on a tripod for lifting stones, leveling up railroad ties, etc. Knight.

CUDDY Cud"dy (kd"d), n. Etym: [Prob. a contraction fr. D. kajuit cabin: cf. F.cahute hut.] (Naut.)

Defn: A small cabin: also, the galley or kitchen of a vessel.

CUDDY Cud"dy, n. Etym: [Scot.; cf. Gael. cudaig, cudainn, or E.cuttlefish, or cod, codfish.] (Zoöl)

Defn: The coalfish (Pollachius carbonarius). [Written also cudden.]

CUDGEL Cudg"el (kj"l), n. Etym: [OE. kuggel; cf. G. keule club (with a round end), kugel ball, or perh. W. cogyl cudgel, or D. cudse, kuds, cudgel.]

Defn: A staff used in cudgel play, shorter than the quarterstaff, and wielded with one hand; hence, any heavy stick used as a weapon. He getteth him a grievous crabtree cudgel and . . . falls to rating of them as if they were dogs. Bunyan. Cudgel play, a fight or sportive contest with cudgels. -- To cross the cudgels, to forbear or give up the contest; -- a phrase borrowed from the practice of cudgel players, who lay one cudgel over another when the contest is ended. -- To take up cudgels for, to engage in a contest in behalf of (some one or something).

CUDGEL Cudg"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cudgeled or Cudgelled (-; p. pr. & vb. n. Cudgeling or cudgelling.]

Defn: To beat with a cudgel. An he here, I would cudgel him like a dog. Shak. To cudgel one's brains, to exercise one's wits.

CUDGELER Cudg"el*er (-r), n.

Defn: One who beats with a cudgel. [Written also cudgeller.]

CUDWEED Cud"weed` (kd"wd`), n Etym: [Apparently fr. cud. + weed, but perh. a corruption of cottonweed; or of cut weed, so called from its use as an application to cuts and chafings.] (Bot.)

Defn: A small composite plant with cottony or silky stem and leaves, primarily a species of Gnaphalium, but the name is now given to many plants of different genera, as Filago, Antennaria, etc.; cottonweed.

CUE Cue (k, n. Etym: [ OF. coue, coe, F. queue, fr. L. coda, cauda, tail. Cf. Caudal, Coward, Queue.]

1. The tail; the end of a thing; especially, a tail-like twist of hair worn at the back of the head; a queue.

2. The last words of a play actor's speech, serving as an intimation for the next succeeding player to speak; any word or words which serve to remind a player to speak or to do something; a catchword. When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer. Shak.

3. A hint or intimation. Give them [the servants] their cue to attend in two lines as he leaves the house. Swift.

4. The