BOOK XI
.
THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. Page
1. The extreme smallness of insects 1
2. Whether insects respire, and whether they have blood 3
3. The bodies of insects 4
4. Bees 5
5. The order displayed in the works of bees _ib._
6. The meaning of the terms commosis, pissoceros, and propolis 6
7. The meaning of erithace, sandaraca, or cerinthos 7
8. What flowers are used by the bees in their work _ib._
9. Persons who have made bees their study 8
10. The mode in which bees work _ib._
11. Drones 10
12. The qualities of honey 11
13. Where the best honey is produced 12
14. The kinds of honey peculiar to various places _ib._
15. How honey is tested. Ericæum. Tetralix, or sisirum 14
16. The reproduction of bees 16
17. The mode of government of the bees 18
18. Happy omens sometimes afforded by a swarm of bees 19
19. The various kinds of bees 20
20. The diseases of bees 21
21. Things that are noxious to bees 22
22. How to keep bees to the hive 23
23. Methods of renewing the swarm _ib._
24. Wasps and hornets: animals which appropriate what belongs to others 24
25. The bombyx of Assyria 25
26. The larvæ of the silk-worm—who first invented silk cloths _ib._
27. The silk-worm of Cos—how the Coan vestments are made 26
28. Spiders; the kinds that make webs; the materials used by them in so doing 27
29. The generation of spiders 29
30. Scorpions _ib._
31. The stellio 31
32. The grasshopper: that it has neither mouth nor outlet for food _ib._
33. The wings of insects 33
34. The beetle. The glow-worm. Other kinds of beetles 33
35. Locusts 35
36. Ants 37
37. The chrysalis 39
38. Animals which breed in wood 40
39. Insects that are parasites of man. Which is the smallest of animals? Animals found in wax even _ib._
40. An animal which has no passage for the evacuations _ib._
41. Moths, cantharides, gnats—an insect which breeds in the snow 41
42. An animal found in fire—the pyrallis, or pyrausta 42
43. The animal called hemerobion _ib._
44. The nature and characteristics of all animals considered limb by limb. Those which have tufts and crests 43
45. The various kinds of horns. Animals in which they are moveable 44
46. The heads of animals. Those which have none 46
47. The hair _ib._
48. The bones of the head 47
49. The brain _ib._
50. The ears. Animals which hear without ears or apertures 48
51. The face, the forehead, and the eye-brows 49
52. The eyes—animals which have no eyes, or have only one eye _ib._
53. The diversity of the colour of the eyes 50
54. The theory of sight—persons who can see by night _ib._
55. The nature of the pupil—eyes which do not shut 52
56. The hair of the eye-lids; what animals are without them. Animals which can see on one side only 54
57. Animals which have no eye-lids 55
58. The cheeks _ib._
59. The nostrils _ib._
60. The mouth; the lips; the chin; and the jaw-bone 56
61. The teeth; the various kinds of teeth; in what animals they are not on both sides of the mouth: animals which have hollow teeth _ib._
62. The teeth of serpents; their poison. A bird which has teeth 57
63. Wonderful circumstances connected with the teeth 59
64. How an estimate is formed of the age of animals from their teeth 60
65. The tongue; animals which have no tongue. The noise made by frogs. The palate 61
66. The tonsils; the uvula; the epiglossis; the tracheal artery; the gullet 62
67. The neck; the throat; the dorsal spine 63
68. The throat; the gullet; the stomach 64
69. The heart; the blood; the vital spirit _ib._
70. Those animals which have the largest heart, and those which have the smallest. What animals have two hearts 65
71. When the custom was first adopted of examining the heart in the inspection of the entrails 66
72. The lungs: in what animals they are the largest, and in what the smallest. Animals which have nothing but lungs in the interior of the body. Causes which produce extraordinary swiftness in animals 67
73. The liver; in what animals, and in what part there are two livers found _ib._
74. The gall; where situate, and in what animals it is double. Animals which have no gall, and others in which it is not situate in the liver 68
75. The properties of the gall 69
76. In what animals the liver increases and decreases with the moon. Observations on the aruspices relative thereto, and remarkable prodigies 70
77. The diaphragm. The nature of laughter _ib._
78. The belly: animals which have no belly. Which are the only animals that vomit 71
79. The small guts, the front intestines, the anus, the colon. The causes of the insatiate voracity of certain animals _ib._
80. The omentum: the spleen; animals which are without it 73
81. The kidneys: animals which have four kidneys. Animals which have none _ib._
82. The breast: the ribs 74
83. The bladder: animals which have no bladder _ib._
84. The womb: the womb of the sow: the teats 75
85. Animals which have suet: animals which do not grow fat _ib._
86. The marrow: animals which have no marrow 76
87. Bones and fish-bones: animals which have neither. Cartilages 77
88. The nerves: animals which have none _ib._
89. The arteries; the veins: animals without arteries or veins. The blood and the sweat 78
90. Animals, the blood of which coagulates with the greatest rapidity: other animals, the blood of which does not coagulate. Animals which have the thickest blood: those the blood of which is the thinnest: animals which have no blood _ib._
91. Animals which are without blood at certain periods of the year 79
92. Whether the blood is the principle of life 80
93. The hide of animals _ib._
94. The hair and the covering of the skin 81
95. The paps: birds which have paps. Remarkable facts connected with the dugs of animals 82
96. The milk: the biestings. Cheese: of what milk cheese cannot be made. Rennet; the various kinds of aliment in milk 83
97. Various kinds of cheese 85
98. Differences of the members of man from those of other animals 86
99. The fingers, the arms _ib._
100. Resemblance of the ape to man _ib._
101. The nails 87
102. The knees and the hams _ib._
103. Parts of the human body to which certain religious ideas are attached 88
104. Varicose veins 88
105. The gait, the feet, the legs 89
106. Hoofs _ib._
107. The feet of birds 90
108. The feet of animals, from those having two feet to those with a hundred.—Dwarfs 91
109. The sexual parts.—Hermaphrodites _ib._
110. The testes.—The three classes of eunuchs 92
111. The tails of animals _ib._
112. The different voices of animals 93
113. Superfluous limbs 95
114. Signs of vitality and of the moral disposition of man, from the limbs 96
115. Respiration and nutriment 97
116. Animals which when fed upon poison do not die, and the flesh of which is poisonous 98
117. Reasons for indigestion. Remedies for crudity _ib._
118. From what causes corpulence arises; how it may be reduced _ib._
119. What things, by merely tasting of them, allay hunger and thirst 99
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