BOOK XII

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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES.

1. The honourable place occupied by trees in the system of nature 101

2. The early history of trees 102

3. Exotic trees. When the plane-tree first appeared in Italy, and whence it came 103

4. The nature of the plane-tree 104

5. Remarkable facts connected with the plane-tree _ib._

6. The chamæplatanus. Who was the first to clip green shrubs 106

7. How the citron is planted _ib._

8. The trees of India 107

9. When ebony was first seen at Rome. The various kinds of ebony 109

10. The Indian thorn _ib._

11. The Indian fig _ib._

12. The pala: the fruit called ariena 110

13. Indian trees, the names of which are unknown. Indian trees which bear flax 111

14. The pepper-tree.—The various kinds of pepper—bregma—zingiberi, or zimpirebi _ib._

15. Caryophyllon, lycion, and the Chironian pyxacanthus 113

16. Macir 114

17. Sugar _ib._

18. Trees of Ariana, Gedrosia, and Hyrcania 115

19. Trees of Bactriana, bdellium, or brochon, otherwise malacha, or maldacon, scordastum. Adulterations used in all spices and aromatics; the various tests of them and their respective values _ib._

20. Trees of Persis 117

21. Trees of the islands of the Persian Sea. The cotton tree _ib._

22. The tree called cyna. Trees from which fabrics for clothing are made in the east 118

23. A country where the trees never lose their leaves _ib._

24. The various useful products of trees 119

25. Costus _ib._

26. Nard. The twelve varieties of the plant _ib._

27. Asarum, or foal-foot 121

28. Amomum.—Amomis 122

29. Cardamomum 123

30. The country of frankincense _ib._

31. The trees which bear frankincense 125

32. Various kinds of frankincense 126

33. Myrrh 129

34. The trees which produce myrrh 130

35. The nature and various kinds of myrrh _ib._

36. Mastich 132

37. Ladanum and stobolon _ib._

38. Enhæmon 134

39. The tree called bratus 135

40. The tree called stobrum _ib._

41. Why Arabia was called “Happy” 136

42. Cinnamomum. Xylocinnamum 137

43. Cassia 140

44. Cancamum and tarum 141

45. Serichatum and gabalium 142

46. Myrobalanum _ib._

47. Phœnicobalanus 143

48. The sweet-scented calamus; the sweet-scented rush 144

49. Hammoniacum _ib._

50. Sphagnos 145

51. Cypros 146

52. Aspalathos, or erysisceptrum _ib._

53. Maron 147

54. Balsamum; opobalsamum; and xylobalsamum _ib._

55. Storax 151

56. Galbanum 152

57. Panax _ib._

58. Spondylium 153

59. Malobathrum _ib._

60. Omphacium _ib._

61. Bryon, œnanthe, and massaris 154

62. Elate or spathe 155

63. Cinnamon or comacum _ib._

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