CHAPTER X

THE CONSUMMATION OF THE CONQUEST OF TAYASAL BY THE SPANIARDS, 1695-1696

The Expedition from Guatemala Reaches Cahabon. It will be remembered that Fray Alonso Cano, the Augustine friar who had accompanied the first, and unsuccessful, entrada from Guatemala, had returned to that city in the autumn of 1695. He remained there until December of that same year, when he set out once more for the north, reaching Cahabon in January, 1696. There Cano and his companions awaited the arrival of Doctor Don Bartholome de Amezquita, who, in his capacity of Oidor and Alcalde Ordinario of the Audiencia of Guatemala, was to lead the expedition. Amezquita arrived early in February, and with him came Captain Juan Diaz de Velasco. They found Cahabon in a bad condition on account of the lack of preparations and because of the heavy rains.

Preliminary Movements and Plans. In order to appease the zeal of those who were urging that the expedition proceed with all speed, it was decided that Captain Diaz de Velasco should go ahead of the main body of troops. He took with him seventy soldiers and thirty Indians; Cano went with him. Guided by the Itza named Cuixam or Cuixan, Diaz de Velasco set forth from Mopan (whither the force had moved) on March 7. It was arranged that, from a place called Yxbol, near Tayasal, Cuixam was to be sent on to ascertain Canek's attitude, and that the Captain, Diaz de Velasco, and his men were to wait for him. On the tenth of March, Amezquita and Cano left Mopan. They kept receiving letters and messages from those ahead until they reached the Chacal River, where all traces of their vanguard completely vanished.

The Fate of Diaz de Velasco; Amezquita Follows him. The reason for this cessation of communication was briefly as follows: Captain Diaz de Velasco sent Cuixam ahead, as had been planned, to Tayasal. Cuixam reported that two Franciscans were on the island. The Captain would not believe this. Still, he was so bold as to embark in a canoe rowed by natives, who, as soon as the vessel was clear of the shore, began a sharp struggle which resulted in the death of all the Spaniards in the party. In due course Amezquita followed in the footsteps of the ill-fated Captain. On arriving at the shores of the lake he learned the fate that had befallen Diaz de Velasco. Seeing that there was nothing he could do with so small a force as that which he had at his disposal, Amezquita withdrew to Chacal, and later on, by the order of Don Gabriel Sanchez de Berrospe, the new President of the Audiencia of Guatemala, he withdrew to Guatemala City.

Conclusion of the Subjection of the Itzas Begun. After the series of events which we have just studied came to an end there was, for a time, a lull in the war. Our knowledge of the incidents which followed the break is derived from Villagutierre y Sotomayor. (Lib. v, caps. 7, 8, etc.) According to this authority, events occurred in the following order.

Parades is Ordered to March to Los Dolores. Ursua determined to bring matters to a satisfactory conclusion by means of another expedition into the Itza country. Accordingly he sent his orders to Alonso Garcia de Paredes, who, with the soldiers of that unsuccessful expedition on which Avendano had gone, was still in Tzucthok. In substance Paredes was ordered to go and place himself and his men under the orders of the President of Guatemala or his successor. To this end he was to go south from Tzucthok, and always "trying to incline his route a little toward the left hand, or towards the east, was to place himself in sight of the town of Lacandones, which the President had discovered and named Nuestra Senora de los Dolores."[10.1] Paredes was to fortify himself there about five leagues from the town of Lacandon, and he was to stay there without molesting the surrounding settlements. From the time of receiving these instructions to the time when he built his stockaded redoubt he was to take especial care to inform himself concerning the people round about, and especially those along the road which was being built. On arriving in the neighborhood of Lacandon and after the founding of the redoubt, Paredes was to go to the President so as to hand over to him the various letters that he bore and so as to place himself under his orders. Thereafter, if circumstances permitted, he was to go as soon as possible to the Itzas, together with a suitable number of Padres and soldiers. He; was ordered to subject and catechize the natives.

Paredes appointed as officers Don Joseph de Estenoz, Pedro de Zuviaur, Joseph Laynez, and Mateo Hidalgo, who had been picked out by Ursua for their various posts. From this point on we have the account of Avendano to rely upon until after the Padre's withdrawal to Merida. An uprising on the part of the Cacique Covoh, as we know, was the immediate cause of the retirement. It did not have, however, a permanently discouraging effect.

Canek's Ambassador, Can, Arrives at Merida. In the last third of December, 1695, while Avendano was still in the wilderness, an ambassador named Can arrived at Merida from Canek.[10.2] He was accompanied by three kinsmen of his, together with some Muzules Indians. Ursua himself came out to meet him with a great following. The

## parties met at the convent of the Mejorada; thence the embassy was

taken to the cathedral and to the palace. Can then said that his uncle, Canek, asked for Padres so that Christianity might be introduced among the Itzas. A suitable reply was given, and the ambassador was baptized. (Villagutierre, lib. vi, caps. 3-5.) Can told Ursua that his uncle, Canek, had four Kings under him who were his vassals. They were Citcan, Ahamatan, Ahkin, and Ahitcan, as well as Ahatsi. Can was baptized Martin Francisco Can and his brother Miguel Can. Finally, after many ceremonies and solemn masses, Ursua sent them home with much good feeling. An escort headed by Captain Francisco de Hariza or Ariza of Bacalar set forth for the Itzas. Ursua sent word of all these developments to Paredes, ordering him, as well as Hariza, to do all that was necessary for the winning or conquering of Canek and his vassals.

Meanwhile the new President of Guatemala, Escals, was taking all possible precautions for the furtherance of the design. His division of the expedition, of which Fray Agustin Cano was a part, left Guatemala in January, 1696. There is no need to tell again what happened, as Cano has already told us all up to a certain point.

Zuviaur Goes to the Lake. The early weeks of 1696, then, were spent by Avendano and the men of Yucatan in Peten and in the wilderness between it and Tipu, to which the Padres were enabled to flee by Canek, who knew well the plots that were being hatched against them by Covoh and by Canek's wife.

Shortly after Avendano reached Merida and made his report, Ursua dispatched Captain Don Pedro de Zuviaur with seventy men, enough Indians, and Padre Juan San Buenaventura to the lake by way of the route so lately followed by Avendano. The Itzas received them armed for war. Padre San Buenaventura, however, partly calmed them by smooth words; fighting did not, however, entirely cease, and before long Zuviaur returned to the royal camp. At about the same time an Indian messenger arrived from Hariza, who was in the neighborhood of Tipu, with the information that the Franciscans who were administering the villages along the road were meeting with a fair measure of success, and that the Itzas were the only remaining obstacle to the completion of the undertaking. Hourly they became more threatening and more dangerous. Several skirmishes took place between them and the men of Paredes. Finally, forced by lack of supplies, Paredes withdrew with all his men into the province.

Ursua Determines to Take Vigorous Measures. Clearly enough, in Ursua's opinion, things were far from being in a satisfactory condition. He made up his mind that a stop must be put to the menace of the Itzas at all costs, and he determined to go in person upon this definitive expedition. He made especially elaborate and adequate preparations, doing things which should have been done long before. He assembled a sufficient number of carpenters to build brigantines and _pyraguas_ on the shore of the lake, and he got together ample stores. Nothing was said of all this to the King of Castile, as it was notorious that he would have frowned upon such military preparations.

Lawsuits between Soberanis and Ursua. At this time the old enmity between Soberanis and Ursua reawakened. Soberanis was at the viceregal court, where, during the reign of the Conde de Galve, he opposed Ursua's interests and plans with some success. Galve was succeeded, however, by Don Juan de Ortega Montanes, Bishop of Michoacan, who was appointed Viceroy _ad interim_ of Mexico. Ortega, being a broad-minded man, could see the good of the wishes of both sides, and he determined that the whole matter should be laid before the Council of the Indies. The result was a long lawsuit, during which it became clear that Soberanis wished for more territory for his King, while Ursua wanted more vassals. A series of lawsuits, stained by false charges, perjury, and petty recriminations (mostly on the part of Soberanis and his party), followed. It is a matter which is very involved and for us unimportant, as it did not alter the current of events in the region of Tayasal.

Captain Parades at Tzucthok. While these lawsuits were dragging on, Captain Alonso Garcia de Paredes arrived at the bank of the large river (Nohukum?). After building a _pyragua_ he and twenty men embarked on it and went up the river to its source, where they captured ten canoes. Soon after they returned to Tzucthok on account of the rainy season.

Captain Hariza at Tipu. Meanwhile Can, with Captain Francisco de Hariza and an escort of thirty soldiers, had returned to Tipu from Merida. At the former place they learned how Paredes had sent soldiers to the lake under Zuviaur, how some had been taken prisoners there and put to death, and how the Gran Cayo and its islands were devastated because the Indians had wished to kill their King Canek on account of his friendly attitude toward the Spaniards. In the trial of one Pablo Gil of Salamanca, who at this time was accused of conspiracy, it came out that this revolution at Peten had occurred soon after the departure of Can for Merida. The _zamaguales_ or common people were incensed with Canek because he had sent his nephew to Yucatan. When Can returned to Peten he found that his uncle was still in power but not entirely secure. Can was unable to return to his own village eight leagues away because it was subject to Cintanek, who was at war with Canek.

The Cacique Cintanek's Villages. The five villages of Cintanek were Chaltuna, Sac peten, Maconche, Saca, and Coba. The nine villages subject, at this time, to Canek were Oraptun, Zacpui, Chee, Chacha, Sacfinil, Linil, Oboncox, Chulul, and Eckixil. (Cf. Villagutierre, p. 435.) The people in these villages were very numerous; they knew nothing of the Kingdom of Guatemala beyond the fact that some five leagues away was a place called Mopan.

Can's Report. The Indians, Can and others, related how fifteen Spanish men came to the Indians of the Gran Cayo and asked for provisions, which were brought to them. (These Spaniards were, no doubt, a party sent out by Paredes just before he withdrew.) Even as they were eating, musket shots were heard on the shore. At once those who were eating on the island judged their companions were in danger and hastily armed themselves. A fight quickly took place, and the Spaniards even attacked the person of Canek himself. At length, however, the Spaniards fled.

The Commands of King Charles II. At last the letters and reports which, at the insistence of Ortega Montanes, the Viceroy Bishop, had been sent to the court of Spain earlier in the year, bore fruit, for the King sent new dispatches ordering Don Martin thus: acknowledgment was made of the good work done by Sargento Mayor, Don Martin de Ursua y Arizmendi, as well as of that done by Captain Alonso Garcia de Paredes, Captain Joseph Fernandez de Estenoz, and others. Don Roque de Soberanis y Centeno was ordered to give all possible assistance to Ursua and to refrain from hindering him in any way. The cedulas were signed at Buen Retiro on May 29, 1696. These dispatches, together with a commendatory letter from the Conde de Adanero, President of the Council of the Indies, arrived in Yucatan late in 1696. Fortunately Ursua had already made all his preparations for the next campaign. Don Martin sent copies of the cedulas and letter to the newly arrived Viceroy of Mexico, the Conde de Moctezuma, to the Audience of Guatemala, and to the Reverendissimo Don Fray Antonio de Arriaga, Bishop of Yucatan.

Before setting out there was one more formality to go through. Ursua therefore sent the orders of the King to Don Roque, asking him at the same time for certain aid. (Villagutierre, lib. viii, cap. 2.) Straightway Don Roque sent Don Juan Geronimo de Abad to Campeche to inform Ursua that Soberanis would give him all necessary aid for the fulfilment of the royal will. He also ordered Ursua to pick out those persons whom he thought ought to be captains, and Don Roque promised to confirm the appointments.

Soberanis and Ursua in Agreement at Last. Abad executed his errand and Don Martin replied that only the very numerous infidel Indians of the Laguna del Itza stood between him and the successful completion of the road, which was already open on the north almost as far as the lake and on the south as far as Cahabon. The intervening region contained the Itzas, whom Ursua purposed to conquer. He had already chosen as captains Alonso Garcia de Paredes, Joseph Fernandez de Estenoz, Pedro de Zuviaur, and Roque Gutierrez. At the same time Don Martin informed Abad that he had prepared all sorts of supplies and munitions, and he begged Don Roque de Soberanis to furnish him with advice as to the proper payment for various things. Don Roque approved of everything that Don Martin proposed, and he ordered that Abad, together with a scrivener and an interpreter, should see to the proper financial arrangements.

The Part to be Taken by Indian Villages. Ursua then asked that the mountain villages of Tecax and Oxcuscab should be made to supply service Indians. These, if granted, were to be under the orders of the captain of Tecax; but Soberanis pointed out that those villages had already done their share, and so he ordered that the Caciques of Zotuta, Yaxcava, Tixcacal, and Peto should furnish the needed labor. The part each was to take was as follows:

Zotuta 16 mules; 16 arrieros; 16 other Indians Yaxcava 12 " 12 " 12 " " Tixcacal 12 " 12 " 12 " " Peto 20 " 20 " 20 " "

All these Indians were to be in charge of Don Juan del Castillo, captain of Tecax. Indians from Mani were to carry the supplies.

On January 23, 1697, Don Martin de Ursua set forth from Campeche after giving thanks for aid received. On arriving at Tzucthok they took the same road as on previous occasions. They camped at length two leagues from the lake, having passed through Batcab. On the way south they learned that the cacique of Tzucthok and some of the Indians of that village had retired to such places as Apelchen, Bolonchen, Chabuhic, and Sacauchen. Some of the Chanes, however, remained faithful, for which Ursua rewarded them with presents. At about this time also, although Ursua probably did not know of it, Berrospe had ordered the troops of Guatemala to withdraw definitely from Mopan and other places.

The Road Completed as Far as the Lake. At the end of February and in early March the two leagues of road between the camp and the lake were completed. _Pyraguas_ had already been built and were finished by the time the army encamped on the lake shore. Seeing such a display of power, the Indians tried to rival it, but when they saw the galley and _pyraguas_ they retired to their island. There were sundry attempts to make friends with the Indians, but they showed themselves utterly undeserving of confidence. On March 10, 1697, Don Martin Can, he who had gone to Merida as ambassador for his uncle Canek and who was godson of Ursua, hearing of the latter's arrival, came to him joyfully. As a result of this the murmurs to the effect that he was a myth entirely vanished.

Some squads of Indians approached the camp by land with arms. The general soon saw it was but a pugnacious attempt to force the Spaniards into a skirmish. At the same moment a large canoe beached on the shore where the camp was. Can said that those in it were Chamaxculu and other important Indians from Alain. They were received with all possible cordiality, and some of the Indians were found to be those who had been in Merida with Can. Chamaxculu was an old man of seventy years.

Quincanek Feigns Friendliness. Very soon after that Quincanek visited the camp. He was cordially welcomed and in conversation he promised to aid the opening of the road. Ursua discreetly decided it would be superfluous to make any allusion at that time to the idolatry, treachery, and other foibles of the Itzas. Everything seemed serene and amicable. The chiefs promised to return for dinner later.

They remained where they were from March 10 to 12, 1697. During those three days many Indian women came in canoes and unattended from Peten to the camp. Whether their purpose was to get themselves violated and thereby furnish an excuse to the lurking squads of Indians to attack the Spaniards, or whether they were led by mere curiosity, is not absolutely certain; but it is probable that the former was the case, for when, through good discipline, Ursua managed to restrain his men, the women made all sorts of obscene gestures to attract the soldiers, but to no purpose.

The Hostilities Begin. Finally the day arrived on which, according to his promise, Quincanek, was to bring Canek to dinner with Ursua. But instead of a peaceful Canek and Quincanek coming to have dinner with them, the Spaniards saw a huge fleet of canoes all decked out in warlike array approaching them. This, however, did not greatly dismay the Spaniards, as they knew that their own galley and _pyraguas_, which were all in readiness, would give them an immense advantage.

The Captains Urge Ursua to Fight; the Battle. Ursua called a council of war in which Paredes, Estenoz, Zuviaur, and all the other captains urged him to use force and thereby to conquer the Itzas finally. Ursua was still determined, however, to maintain peace as long as possible, being mindful of the King's wish.

On the following day, March 13, 1697, Ursua determined to go to the Peten Grande, which lay two leagues from his camp. Leaving a good garrison in the camp, he took two hundred men and Don Martin Can in the boats and sailed for Peten. Before long the Spaniards, who were under the strictest orders not to fire, were surrounded by a large fleet of canoes filled with Itzas, who shot arrows at the invaders. As one would naturally expect, all attempts to reason with the outraged Itzas proved futile. Finally one Bartolome Duran, maddened by an arrow wound, fired off his gun. This precipitated a hot skirmish in which everyone took part. At the end of it the Spaniards got upon the shore, and by means of the artillery at length put the Itzas to flight. The latter fled away as fast as they could by swimming, and when in due time Ursua and his men got to Peten Grande, they found nothing but old women and little children there. All who could had fled into and across the lake rather than face the vengeance of the Spaniards.

Tayasal Becomes a Spanish Possession. The battle was over by eight in the morning. The standard of Jesus Christ was set up; the royal arms were engraved over the door of what had been the principal temple; and thanks were given to God for the victory. A church was founded and the houses of the idols were cleaned out. Oddly enough the temple where Canek and his idolatrous priests had once torn out human hearts was chosen as the Christians' place of worship.

Thus ends the history of the long, brave but fruitless struggle of the Itzas against the Spanish conquerors. After so many romantic interests it is but natural that any account of subsequent events should be an anti-climax. The later history of the Itza country can be dismissed in a word.

Later History of Tayasal. Since the conquest, Tayasal has been a mere Spanish provincial village with nothing to distinguish it from scores of others. In the first half of the nineteenth century serious insurrections took place in the region. At about the same period the name Tayasal was taken away and Flores was substituted, in honor of one Cyrilo Flores, a local patriot. It is a pity that the old, unusual, and euphonious name was not kept. At present Flores (Pl. III) is the capital of the Department of Peten, Guatemala.

APPENDIX I

THE QUESTION OF ORTHOGRAPHY

Possibly the reader has noted in these pages a tendency toward inconsistency in the matter of spelling proper names. I do not deny that I have failed to avoid such inconsistency, but at the outset, after due thought on the matter, I decided that it is most difficult to try and lay down any hard and fast rule for the spelling of the proper names used in this book. In many cases it is utterly impossible to say "This is the correct spelling of this name." To show just the nature of the sort of orthographical variations encountered in this work I give here most of the variants of the name Itza.

Itza usual modern form Itzae Maler, 1910, p. 168 Itzaob Brasseur de Bourbourg, 1858, vol. ii, p. 13 Itzaex Villagutierre Ytza Cogolludo and Avendano Ytzaex Cogolludo and Avendano Ytzalana Cogolludo and Avendano Yiza On some church bells at Los Dolores (Morley) Ahiza Cano Ahizaes Cano Taiza Cortes, Lizana, 1893, p. 120 Taitza Brinton, 1882, p. 25 Tayca Gomara, 1826, vol. ii, p. 138 ff. Ahitzaes Jose Sanches de Leon, p. 146 Ayasal Garcia de Palacio (Gates-Bowditch photographed MS.) Ayajal Garcia de Palacio, 1860 (Squier), p. 96 Yzues Ottens Atlas, 1740; Sanson d'Abbeville, 1656 Tavasal M. Bonne M. de Mathem, 1771 Tayasal Maler; Bellin, 1764; Charnay, etc. Iguastal Abbe Mongez, 1779 Laguastal Popples' map, about 1740

Many of the other proper names have variations just as confusing as these.

APPENDIX II

THE DIALECT OF PETEN

This Appendix it a translation of a MS. written by Dr. Berendt at Sacluk in 1866-1867. The original is in Spanish, but for the sake of consistency I have translated it. In some cases Dr. Berendt's clear and beautiful script has become blurred either through exposure to dampness or from some other cause. In such a case I have hazarded a guess if it seemed safe to do so, otherwise I have left a blank.[A2.1]

The MS. is in the Brinton Collection in the Library of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and I wish to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. G. B. Gordon in giving me permission to publish it here.

The dialect of Peten is spoken in the PARTIDO DE LAS SABANAS at

Villages: Guadalupe Saduk, Tziche, Chilonche S. Juan de Dios, Oxpayac, Simaron, Chachachurun, Santa Ana, Juntecholol.

It is spoken in the PARTIDO DE DOLORES at

Dolores, Machaquita, Petenzuc, Poctun, San Toribio, Yaxche (= Yaxha?), San Luis.

And in the PARTIDO DEL CENTRO at

San Jose. In the other villages of the Partido del Centro, and in that of San Antonio, the Yucatec dialect is spoken. In the Partido de la montana or of Holmul is spoken the dialect of the East.

PETEN YUCATAN

juyu, a small basin for pounding corn. [Yucatan: huyub] majaz, fiber....? xemech, an earthenware pan for cooking maize. [Yucatan: xamach] ma yaan, there is none. [Yucatan: minan] uneec, a seed. [Yucatan: hinah] chulul, the bow for shooting and the material of which it is made. h[vo][vo]k, a large fish-hook. coxti h[vo][vo]k, we are going to fish (?) litz, a small fish-hook. [Yucatan: lutz, fish-hook] cox ti man litz, we are going to buy a fish-hook lutz, lazy (said of an animal) hole, yesterday. [Yucatan: holhe] meyah, to work. [Yucatan: manyah] ten in [Ts]ah hunpel tomin ti a Juan, I give John a real. [Yucatan: ten in [Ts]aic hunpel tomin ti Juan] ten cin hanal, I eat. [Yucatan: hanal in cah] chumac, wild-cat. [Yucatan: chamac] [Ts]uet, a long sack of palm leaves or of broom-plant fiber. [Yucatan: naza] [Ts]it, very small tamales. yaax apat, royal palm. ichcil or ichnil, to bathe. in th[va], my forehead. [Yucatan: in lec] pichi, guava (?). [Yucatan: pachi] chuh, calabash of water (this line is crossed out in the text) nah, house; holnah, door; bah, mole (?). [Yucatan: na-holna-ba] pah, chicken louse; leh, snare. [Yucatan: pa- te-] tuh, stinking, obscene. [Yucatan: tu] uh, the moon. [Yucatan: u] coh, a tooth. [Yucatan: co] cih, henequen. [Yucatan: qi] beh, a road, a path. [Yucatan: be] ya in tzem, I am in doubt (?). [Yucatan: ya in tzem] tacte, a pine tree. [Yucatan: tahte] (Several illegible words occur here) nak xaan .... [Ts]u or chichan [Ts]u, small unweaned child. [Yucatan: chuchul paal] in nochil, my child (used by the Lacandones) tanche, a beam. [Yucatan: tanche] puluoc, a small dove. (xamoch) pok, a wall. [Yucatan: pak] ahmenche, a carpenter. [Yucatan: ahmentahche] taman, a sheep, they also say tomo. [Yucatan: tanam] top, any flower. [Yucatan: nicte, lol] taz la top e, he is bringing a flower. [Yucatan: talez nicte] cox ti meyaj, we are going to work. [Yucatan: cox ti menyah] bax le lo? or bax la je lo? who is that? max cutal? who is coming? xen a thone a Juan, go and call John. u tat ix Maria, the father of Mary. baai, a bag made of netting; also called champa. yampaj, (illegible). ma t'in patal, I cannot. ma in uojel, I do not know. uai, arm (almost illegible). bax u caa or bax u cuci, why or because. bax tal? why? cox ti pakach or cox ti pekech, we are going to make tortillas (_tortillar_). tux yankin? where is the sun? [Yucatan: tabx yax kin] tux ca bin? where are you going? [Yucatan: tab a benel (t)] jamach a katic? how much do you want? what do you ask? jamach nah yan tech? how many tortillas have you? jamach uinic tan ilah ti be? how many men have you seen on the road? [Yucatan: bahun uinicol t an ilab ti be?] (One illegible phrase here) bix le lo? how is that? bix yanil ech? how are you? [Yucatan: bicx a cah?] bax a kati? what do you want? bax akaba? what is your name? max u thinic en? who is calling me? max [ts]in [Ts]ic tue? to whom am I to give it? mayan ja, there is no water. [Yucatan: manaan ja, minan ja] xturuhui, yellow (or jaundice; text says _amarillo_). nicte, white. chacnicte, red. qu[vi]j, henequen. [Yucatan: yaxci] kaim, milk. [Yucatan: kabim] y[va], a small sapote (?). [Yucatan: zaya] ten cin bin ich cah, I am going into the village. kayem, gruel made of corn flour. [Yucatan: keyem] iz [ts]it, a small tamale made with new corn. culen, sit down (imperative). [Yucatan: culen, sit down! cultal, to sit down] liken, get up (imperative). [Yucatan: likil, to get up] (Several illegible words follow) thuth, I weep (perhaps it means dark brown--_loro_) (Several more illegible words) sac, fear. [Yucatan: zahaal, fear] sac en, I am afraid, I fear. [Yucatan: zahal, to fear] saccep, timorous. [Yucatan: ahzahet, timorous] mac, people. [Yucatan: uinic] bizit, that part of an animal... (illegible) ... which is composed of the lower part of the spine. c[vo][vo]b, (meaning illegible). [Yucatan: coc] paklam, prickly pear (?) (Text has _stapal y tuna_). [Yucatan: pakam] kuchune, the whorl (_jicarita_) which they use for spinning. cucut, a mountain fruit ... (illegible) ... like a small plaintain. kat or kot, flat earthen bowl set before an idol. [Yucatan: cat] (An illegible word) chim, a knapsack (_mochila_). zuzich, to cut off the grains from a cooked ear of corn; and also the grains thus cut off. [Yucatan: zuz, to plane] chaac, let it go! (_sueltalo_). chaac la tzimine, set the horse free! (_suelta el caballo_). bot, hail. [Yucatan: bat] punab, mahogany (_caobana_). hach nohoch punab, how big the mahogany tree is! chulul, the bow for shooting. tzaan, the cord of the bow. teztan, the bow used in the reverse (with the cord on the convex side) (?). cec che, an arrow with a tooth or jog. pocte, an arrow with a point of clay. yaxapat, the royal palm (from the Lacandones?) thahaan, the muscular part of the thumb. [Ts]unum, a bird. [Ts]ununte, laurel, a mountain bush. hubuche, a mountain bush; the leaves ... (illegible). tanai, a species of cane or bamboo ... very large. tu[ts], (meaning illegible) j[=o][vo]le, yesterday. [Yucatan: holhe] zamal, tomorrow. cui, (meaning illegible). chepetz, bread of new maize. uokekuch, a stick used in weaving. (Several illegible and obscurely translated words)

Phrases. (Only those with meanings given in the text appear here)

Bax a kati? What do you want? mix baal in kati I want nothing Bax yan tech? What have you? What is the matter? Yab ten ya ti paczikal I have a stomach-ache Bax cu tazic ah Pedro? What is Peter bringing? Talez ha He is bringing water Bax caualic? What are you saying?

In some cases two forms for the same thing appear, as:

yaax apat and yaxapat royal palm cih and qu[vi] henequen hole and j[=o][vo]le yesterday beh and be road

APPENDIX III

THE MAPS OF YUCATAN, 1501-1800

While I was at work on the main body of this book my attention was drawn to the question of cartography by Dr. Edward Luther Stevenson of New York. I decided that it would be worth while to try and compile a list of all the early maps of Yucatan. It would be folly for me to claim that the list I give here is complete; it is, however, at least as complete as any such list now existing. No attempt has been made to list all the modern maps of the area; neither has there been any attempt to include maps of limited portions of the peninsula. A selection from the immense amount of material given by Pedro Torres Lanzas has, however, been made, and the notes made by Dr. Tozzer in Seville are appended.

THE MAPS OF YUCATAN ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

1502 ? PORTUGUESE. Valentini (1898, 1902) refers to this map as being dated either in 1493 or 1502. There is little doubt that this map is misdated for the following reasons:

1. The information contained in the map is so full that it cannot have been earlier than 1520.

2. The nomenclature is mainly "sailor names" and therefore inconclusive.

3. The alleged Yucatan runs from its nearest point to Cuba northwardly, not southwardly. It is my belief that the peninsula in question is meant for Florida, and that it is too far west.

4. The whole style of the map is comparable to that of the following well-known ones: Turin-Spanish, 1523-25; Wolfenbuettel-Spanish, 1525-30; Maggiolo, 1527; Verrazano, 1529; Weimar-Spanish, 1527. It is for more full and accurate than Maggiolo, 1519. Therefore it cannot date from before 1520, and probably not from before 1525.

ca. 1501-02 RICHARD KING PORTOLAN (Hamy Coll.). Has Cuba and other West Indies, also eastern portions of South America, neither Mexico nor Yucatan.

1502-04 CANTINO (Stevenson, 1903). Has Cuba, etc. No Mexico and Yucatan.

1507 WALDSEEMUeLLER. America first so called. Its presence is indicated, but its shape is not defined. Florida, Cuba, and Brazil appear; Mexico and Yucatan do not.

1508 PTOLEMY, ED. RUYSCH, ROME (Nord. XXXII).[A3.1] America shown as a vague archipelago in the Pacific. It is not named.

1512 PTOLEMY, ED. JOANNES DE STOBINICZA, Cracow (Nord.). America indicated but not named.

1514 LODOVICUS BOULENGER (Nord.). America shown by name and called "Nova reperta."

1515 GREGORIUS REISCH, STRASSBURG (Nord.). No Yucatan.

1516 WALDSEEMUeLLER. See 1507.

1516-20 MUNICH-PORTUGUESE. Has no Yucatan.

1519 MAGGIOLO. See 1527.

1520 PETRUS APIANUS (Nord.). Has no Yucatan.

1523-25 TURIN-SPANISH (E. L. S.).[A3.2] The general outline of Yucatan is recognizable. There is a gap on the south of Yucatan where the isthmus should be. All the names save Cozumel are wrong.

1527 MAGGIOLO (E. L. S.). The shape of Yucatan is all wrong, and Yucatan is shown as a rather small island far from the mainland. No names.

1527 WEIMAR-SPANISH (E. L. S.). Yucatan a peninsula. Isthmus is roughly drawn and too narrow, "gotoche" (Catoche), "y. demuJeres" (Isla de Mujeres), and "cocumel" (Cozumel), etc. At the isthmus is a name which possibly may be Ytza; it is very indistinct.

1528 ? BENEDETTO BORDONE, VINEGIA (Nord.). Has no Yucatan.

1529 RIBERO (E. L. S.). Has Yucatan as a large island near to the mainland, with Hihueras (Higueras = Honduras) correctly located.

1529 VERRAZANO (E. L. S.). Has the general outlines of Yucatan approximately correct, but there is a large gap at the southern part.

1525-30 WOLFENBUeTTEL-SPANISH (E. L. S.). Yucatan a large island very close to the mainland. Cf. Ribero, 1529.

1530 VERRAZANO'S GLOBE. Shows Yucatan as an island.

1530 ? ANONYMOUS CARTA DE LAS ANTILLAS, SENO MEJICANO Y COSTAS DE TIERRA FIRMA. CARTAS DE INDIAS 1877. Yucatan is shown as a peninsula. Merida does not appear. Campeche is written "Campeci," and Mexico "Mesico." It seems to be a map of the same period as the Weimar-Spanish, 1527.

1531 ORONTIUS FINAEBUS (Nord.). Yucatan (called Iucatanus) shown as an island.

1532 SIM. GRYNAEUS NOVUS ORBIS, BASILEAE (Nord.). Cuba and America confused. Yucatan not named, but indicated as a part of Cuba, which lies where Mexico should. There is a break in the isthmus.

1534 ? MALARTIC PORTOLAN. Has Yucatan as an island far from mainland with a dense archipelago instead of an isthmus.

1534 PETRUS MARTYR, VINEGIA (Nord.). Yucatan an island with dense archipelago in lieu of isthmus.

1536 MERCATOR. Yucatan a peninsula.

1538 GERARDUS MERCATOR (Nord.). Yucatan named and an island.

1539? PORTULAN OF CHARLES V, IN WIENER, 1875. Has Yucatan a round island a good way from mainland on three different maps.

1540 PTOLEMY, BASEL (Nord.). Yucatan shown as an island.

1542 ALONSO DE SANTA CRUZ, IN DAHLGREN, 1892. Shows Yucatan as a peninsula, but makes east coast run nearly east and west.

1543 CASPAR VOPEL (Nord.). Yucatan shown as an island.

1548 PTOLEMY, VENICE (Nord.). Yucatan shown as an island, not named.

1551 APPIANUS. Has Yucatan as a peninsula.

1554 GASTALDI, MAPPAMUNDI, VENICE (Mueller Coll.). Has Yucatan a peninsula, but has no names save Cozumel and Catoche.

1556 HIERONIMO GIRAVA, MILAN (Nord.). Yucatan is a peninsula, but much too small.

1560 FERRANDO BERTELI (Mueller Coll.). Yucatan (called Luc[=a]tan) is an island close to the mainland.

1562 MARTINES, JOAN, MAP OF THE WORLD (in Stevenson, 1911). Yucatan is shown as a peninsula. The isthmus is too narrow.

1566? LANDA (see Plate IV). This map, notwithstanding its inaccuracies, is interesting and valuable. It appears in the original MS. of Bishop Landa's famous work. The remarks as to distances, in the southwest corner, are, of course, entirely erroneous. Also it should be noted that Cozumel (i.e., Cuzmil) and Las Mujeres are placed on the wrong side of the peninsula. One of the most interesting points about the map is that it gives Mani as "The city of the King." This is undoubtedly a reference to the Tutul Xius whom we have mentioned in the body of this book.

1566? LANDA (see Plate V). This smaller map is much like the foregoing one. But it fails to include such place names as Ychpa, Chicheniza, Mani, and so on. At the same time a slight improvement is to be noted in the location of Cozumel, though one is at a loss to account for the placing of Cape Catoch.[A3.3]

1570 ORTELIUS, THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM. Shows Yucatan as a peninsula; calls Merida Atalaria, Cozumel Acasumal, etc.

1572 THOMASO PORCACCHI DA CASTIGLIONE, VENICE. Has Yucatan as a peninsula.

1576 ANOTHER EDITION OF PORCCACHI DA CASTIGLIONE.

1581 PLANO DEL PUEBLO DE MUTUL, EN LA PROVINCIA DE YUCATAN, TERMINOS DE LA CIUDAD DE MERIDA. POR MARTIN DE PALOMAR? TORRES LANZAS, i, 33. This map accompanies the _Relaciones de la Provincia de Yucatan_. Published by the Real Academia de Historia in 1898.

1584 ANOTHER EDITION OF ORTELIUS.

1587 MERCATOR (Nord.). Yucatan a peninsula named either Atalanta or Atalania (print indistinct).

1590 JOANNES MYRITIUS, OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM RARUM, INGOLDSTADT (Nord.). Yucatan not named. There is a projecting territory which, because of a large bay running in from the north, looks not unlike a U. Possibly the bay is the Laguna de Terminos shown too large.

1603 GULIELMUS NICOLAI BELGA, GLOBE, Lyons (Mueller Coll.). Yucatan an island far from the mainland. Cozumel much too large and close to western end of Cuba.

1605 WILLEM JANSZOON BLAEU, WORLD MAP (original in Hispanic Museum, New York City). Yucatan shown as a peninsula. Tabasco appears in the middle of the isthmus.

1608 MATTHIAS QUADUS, FASCICULUS GEOGRAPHICUS, KOeLN (Nord.). Hispania Nova. Yucatan a peninsula, but not named.

1611 HONDIUS WORLD-MAP (E. S. L.). General shape of Yucatan approximately correct. Tabasco is shown in the middle of the isthmus. Atalana in northeast corner of Yucatan.

1613 MERCATOR, ED. IUDOCI HONDIJ, AMSTERDAM. Yucatan a peninsula.

1620 ANOTHER EDITION OF PORCACCHI DA CASTIGLIONE.

1631 JOHN SPEED (London ?). Yucatan shown as a peninsula.

1635 WILLEM JANSZOON BLAEU, AMSTERDAM (E. L. S.). Yucatan shown as a peninsula.

1638 Another edition of MERCATOR.

1656 MEXIQUE OU NOUVELLE ESPAGNE, PAR M. SANSON D'ABBEVILLE, PARIS. Shows Merida and Valladolid with the YZUES between them, and with the COCOMES between Valladolid and L. Bacalar. Southern portions of Yucatan very poorly shown.

1667 BLAAUW, AMSTERDAM, YUCATAN AND GUATIMALA. A very good map for the time. It shows accurately what were then thought to be the facts. Merida, Conil, Chuaca, Valladolid, Campeche, Bacalar, and Chetumal all nearly correctly placed. Just south of Merida are the YZAES and just south of them the COCOMES. The isthmus is too elongated and runs too much east and west. The Zoques given.

1671 ARNOLDUS MONTANUS, AMSTERDAM. A shameless "steal" from the preceding. (Montanus may, however, make acknowledgment in his text.) Practically identical with Blaauw, 1667.

1689 EDWARD WELLES, LONDON. Has Merida, Valladolid, Campeachy, and Vera Pax. Abo Guatimala.

1694 JAILLOT'S MAP IN ALLARD'S ATLAS MINOR. Has Merida, Valladolid, Campeche, Chetumal, Salamanca, Vera Pax, etc.

ca. 1697 AVENDANO'S MAP. (See Plates Ia and Ib.) Shows Lake Peten.

1702 ATLAS MARITIMUS NOVUS, LONDON. Has coasts only. Fairly correct.

1714 or just before POPPLE, LONDON. Has Merida and LAKE PETEN rightly placed.

1720 MATTEO SEUTTER, ATLAS NOVUS, AUGSBURG. Very poor. Gives few names. Southern portion of Yucatan much too narrow. No lake.

1722 PLANO DE PARTE DE LA COSTA DR YUCATHAN ... LA QUE VISITO SU GOBERNADOR Y CAPITAN GENERAL D. ANTONIO CORTAYRE, ANO 1721. TORRES LANZAS, i. 88. Coast with Merida in south, Cacalchen Tilam in east. Sisal in west; shows possible defense of the roads. Drawn with care as to the details; colored; trees near coast.

1728 ATLAS MARITIMUS ET COMMERCIALIS, LONDON. Has "Jucatan" and Campeche, but not much else.

1739 PIERRE VANDER AA, LEYDEN. Copied exactly from Blaauw, 1667, and Montanus, 1671. The Choles appear in addition to the Zoques (who are on the other two maps). Latitude and longitude have also been added.[A3.4]

1740 MIGUEL DE GUZMAN, PICTURE MAP OF PETEN, IN TORRES LANZAS. (See Plate II.)

1740 ATLAS NOUVEAU, BY JEAN COVENS ET CORNEILLE MORTIER (Boston Athenaeum). Map of Yucatan by Popple, in colors. Has, among other places, Sisal, Quyo, Merida, Valladolid, Lago de Bacalal, Thub, Salamanca, Chuckabul, PETEN LAKE, with LAGU-ASTAL on the southern bank, Verapax, etc. Lake too far east. Cf. Popple, 1714.

1740 OTTENS, ATLAS NOUVEAU, AMSTERDAM (vol. iv.). Has the Yzues between Merida and Valladolid, and the Cocomes south of them. Cf. 1656, 1667, 1671.

1746 HAZIUS AND LOWITZ, ATLAS (Harvard College Library). Has a very good map of Yucatan which shows in full the results to geography of the conquest of the Itza-Peten-Quehache region in 1697. The map shows, among other places, the following: Merida, Linchanchi, Sisal, Cujo, Bocas de Conil, Valladolid, Bacalar, Campeche, CHAVICH, QUEHACHES, TIPU, BATCAB, CHANES, ITZA, PETEN o LOS REMEDIOS, CHAXAL RIVER, MOPAN, Chol, Coban, etc. LACANDON and LOS DOLORES are located northwest of the lake.

1746 PLANO Y DEMARCACON DEL CAMINO Y DISTANCIA DESDE LA CIUDAD DE MERIDA DE YUCATAN HASTA LA LAGUNA DE BACALAR ... DESDE EL PUEBLO DE CHUNHUHUB A LA LAGUNA AY 35 LEGUAS DE DESPOBLADO ... ANO 1746. TORRES LANZAS, i, 114. Shows all the towns on the road from Merida to Bacalar.

1746 PLANO DEL RIO HONDO QUE SE COMUNICA CON LA LAGUNA DE BACALAR.... TORRES LANZAS, i. 115. Little detail.

1751? PLANO DE LOS TRES RIOS DE BALIZ NUEVO Y HONDO CITUADOS ENTRE EL GOLFO DULCE O PROVINCIA DE GOATEMALA, Y LA DE YUCATAN.... LA CITUACION DEL REAL PRESIDIO DE SAN PHELIPE DE BACALAR, EL CAMINO QUE DE EL VA A LA CAPITAL DE MERIDA, LA LAGUNA DEL PETEN ITZA.... TORRES LANZAS, i, 143. Drawn with great detail, especially as regards coast line and islands. Northern portion of coast of Guatemala west to Peten, north to Bacalar. This is the road treated of by Villagutierre, Cogolludo, and Avendano.

1764 JAQUES NICOLAS BELLIN, PARIS? (Cong. Lib.). The northern portions of Yucatan need no comment. In the south we find: Quehaches, Chenes, Batcab, Nohukum R., Tipu, Coboxes, Lac de Puc, Chaltuna, Alain, ITZA, Mopanes, Choles, etc. The lake is too far east.

1771 CARTE DU MEXIQUE, MR. BONNE M. DE MATHEM, PARIS (Harvard College Library). Gives Merida, Valladolid, Campeche, Sacahuchen (= Sahcabchen?), Tikax, Bacalar, Tzuthok, Salamanca, Sumasinta, TAVASAL, etc.

1773 ATLAS PORTATIF, BELLIN, AMSTERDAM (Harvard College Library). Much like Bellin, 1764.

1779 ABBE MONGEZ, ATLAS, PARIS (vol. ii). Map of Yucatan has Merida, Valladolid (wrongly placed), Salamanca de Bacalar (wrongly placed), Quehaches, L. DE PUC with IGUASTAL in it.

1783 BRION DE LA TOUR, L'AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, PARIS (Cong. Lib.). Much like Bellin, 1764.

1785 GUTHRIE, LONDON. Lake is too far east and is not named.

1801[A3.5] TOMAS LOPEZ, MADRID, MAP OF YUCATAN IN 4 SHEETS (Cong. Lib.). A large and valuable map which contains many names, routes, lakes, rivers, etc. The distances and outlines of the land masses are inaccurate. There is a list of the Curatos and Visitas of Yucatan.

1854 DUDLEY COSTELLO, MAP OF YUCATAN, IN FANCOURT, 1854, and MACNUTT, 1908. A clear and useful map with a few minor mistakes.

1864 V. A. MALTE-BRUN, CARTE DU YUCATAN, PARIS. A reliable and invaluable modern map with many place names, routes, etc.

1878 MAPA ... DE YUCATAN, FOR JOAQUIN HUeBBE, ANDRES AZNAR PEREZ Y ... C. HERMANN BERENDT. The best and largest and fullest map of Yucatan.

1902 GUATEMALA, BY M. HENDGES, BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS, 1902. The best map of Guatemala. It has proved very valuable.

1915 MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. PAN AMERICAN UNION, 1915. Also a very trustworthy map.

From the foregoing list of maps the following interesting points are to be gleaned:

1. Yucatan does not appear on any map prior to 1523-1525. From the time of its first discovery Yucatan was believed to be an island. Maps vary greatly as to what sort of an island it was.

2. In 1527 the Weimar-Spanish map shows Yucatan for the first time as a peninsula. Probably the maker of this map derived his information from someone who had been with Cortes in 1524-1525. The name Ytza appears on the isthmus; it is so faint as to be almost illegible, but I think I have deciphered it correctly.

3. From 1529 (Ribero) to 1548 (Venice "Ptolemy") geographical knowledge of Yucatan falls off badly. With only two exceptions (Mercator, 1536, and Santa Cruz, 1542) the maps of this period show Yucatan as an island more or less remote from the mainland. I think that the comparative accuracy of Alonso de Santa Cruz is accounted for by the fact that he was official cartographer to the crown of Castile and that he had official information of Montejo's explorations, 1526-1541.

4. From 1551 onward Yucatan is usually shown as a peninsula; but even so late as this there are exceptions such as Ferrando Berteli, 1560, and Gulielmus Nicolai, 1603, whose inaccuracies are many.

5. In Sanson d'Abbeville, 1656, the Itzas appear again, this time under the name of Yzues. They and the Cocomes are misplaced, being too far north. It is barely possible that the entradas of Fuensalida and Orbita and Delgado, 1618-1624, may have had some influence on this map.

6. In Blaauw, 1667, we have the first step toward a really accurate map of Yucatan. This map bears many place names, among them the Yzaes and the Cocomes.

7. About 1714 Henry Popple, the great London map maker, made an excellent map of the region. On it Lake Peten is rightly located. There can be but little doubt that Popple derived his information from the English in British Honduras. Through them he probably learned of the conquest of the Itzas. It is not impossible, of course, that he was also acquainted with the writings of Cogolludo and Villagutierre, but that does not seem very likely. From that time onward the Itzas have appeared regularly on the maps of that region.

APPENDIX IV

ITINERARY OF AVENDANO, TOGETHER WITH GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

(See Plate VI)

First Trip June to September, 1695

June 3, 1695 Left MERIDA.

June 11 CANICH, CAUICH, BOLENCHEN, BOLONCHEN CAUICH, OR BOLONCHENTICUL, CAVICH.

This name has several variations. It may be that each one means a slightly different locality; but in one form or another it is found on Bianconi-Mexico, Costello, Malte-Brun, Lopez, and Charnay's maps. HOBONMO, HOBON-OX. Two towns, respectively two and three leagues from Cauich. CHUNZALAM. Two leagues from Hobon-ox. VECANXAN. One league from Chunzalam. NOHHALAL. Three-fourths of a league from Vecanxan.

June 12-13 SUCTE, SAN SALVADOR DE. Six to eight leagues from Cauich. On Lopez' map. NOKHU OR NOHCU. Four very long leagues from Sucte. On Lopez' map.

June 14-18 NOHBECAN OR NOHVECAN. Four (?) leagues from Nohku. On Malte-Brun, Lopez, Costello, Charnay, and Avendano's maps. OPPOL OR TOPOL. Four leagues from Nohbecan. On Lopez, Aven, and Bianconi-Mexico maps.

July 8-24 TZUCTHOK, SUCTOK, TZUCTHOK, ETC., OR SAN FELIPE. On Costello, Malte-Brun, Lopez, Bellin, Brion de la Tour, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. CHUNPICH OR PAYBONO (?) AMONG CEHACHES. Possibly at or near the Paybono or Botab of Lopez.

Sept. 5 HOPPELCHEN.

Sept. 16 MERIDA.

Second Trip Mid-December to Mid-February, 1695-1696

Sept 16-Dec 10 MERIDA.

Dec 13 MERIDA. Leave Merida as result of Hariza's information. BATCAB. Is on Lopez' map as Botab (?); is on Costello, Bailly, Malte-Brun, and Bellin's maps.

Jan. 6, 1696 CHUNTUCI OR CHUNTUQUI. Is on Bianconi-Mexico, Costello, Lopez, and Malte-Brun's maps. CHINCHINUCUM = S. MARTIN. San Martin is on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps. COHUCUM = SANTA RITA. Santa Rita is on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps. TanXulucMul = SAN MIGUEL. San Miguel on Lopez and Malte-Brun's maps.

Jan. 13 CHAKAN ITZA. PETEN ITZA. Found on Bianconi-Mexico, Bianconi-Guatemala, Costello, Bailly, Lopez, Malte-Brun, Bellin, Brion de la Tour, Hendges, Charnay, Army Maps, etc. CHANCHANHA. Possibly the Chichanja of Lopez, Malte-Brun, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. It is, however, too far from Chuntuqui.

Feb. 17 CHUNTUCI. TANCHE OR NOHTANCHE. Four leagues from Oppol. On Lopez, Avendano, and Bianconi-Mexico maps. YOHCHALEK RIVER. Two leagues from Tanche. TEMCHAY. Three leagues from Yohchalek. Is on Lopez as very near San Antonio. San Antonio is on Bianconi-Mexico and Malte=Brun's maps. NOHPEK. Three leagues from Temchay. There is a logical space for it between the San Antonio and the Concepcion of Bianconi-Mexico. It is probably the same, or nearly so, as the Ecouna of Lopez and the Exrana of Malte-Brun. NOHTHUB. Two leagues from Nohpek. BACECHAC OR CONCEPCION. Concepcion is on Malte-Brun and Lopez' maps. BUETE OR CHUMERU (?). Four and one-half leagues from Bacechac. Chumeru on Lopez' map.

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Plate IA. Avendano's Map of Lake Peten, circa 1697

Plate IB. Avendano's Map with English Translation

Plate II. Peten Itza in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century

Plate III. Lake Peten and Flores

Plate IV. Sketch (with English Translation) of a Map of Yucatan, circa 1566, found with the Landa Ms.

Plate V. Sketch (with English Translation) of Another Map of Yucatan, circa 1566, found with the Landa Ms.

Plate VI. Map showing Entradas to Lake Peten

[Transcriber's Note: This map in drastically incomplete because of the folds. The map is intended to show the Entradas of Cortez (1524-1525), Fuensalida and Orbita (1618), Gallegos and Delgado (1675), President Barrios (1694-1695), Padre Cano (1695), and Padre Andres de Avendano y Loyola (1695, 1696).]

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