Chapter IV

B.

Footnote 421:

See Vol. II, p. 80.

Footnote 422:

I.e., adherents of the various syncretic cults. Sec Vol. II, pp. 212 et seq.

Footnote 423:

This applies even more forcibly to the other “long-range” episode, that of the Ten Thousand (Xenophon, _Anabasis_ I).—_Tr._

Footnote 424:

In this place it is exclusively with the conscious, religio- philosophical morale—the morale which can be known and taught and followed—that we are concerned, and not with the racial rhythm of Life, the habit, Sitte, ἦθος, that is unconsciously present. The morale with which we are dealing turns upon _intellectual_ concepts of Virtue and Vice, good and bad; the other, upon ideals in the _blood_ such as honour, loyalty, bravery, the feeling that attributes nobility and vulgarity. See Vol. II, 421 et seq.

Footnote 425:

The original is here expanded a little for the sake of clarity.—_Tr._

Footnote 426:

After what has been said above regarding the absence of pregnant words for “will” and “space” in the Classical tongues, the reader will not be surprised to hear that neither Greek nor Latin affords exact equivalents for these words action and activity.

Footnote 427:

See Vol. II, pp. 293 et seq.

Footnote 428:

“He who hath ears to hear, let him hear”—there is no claim to power in these words. But the Western Church never conceived its mission thus. The “Glad Tidings” of Jesus, like those of Zoroaster, of Mani, of Mahomet, of the Neo-Platonists and of all the cognate Magian religions were mystic benefits _displayed_ but in nowise imposed. Youthful Christianity, when it had flowed into the Western world, merely imitated the missionarism of the later Stoa, itself by that time thoroughly Magian. Paul may be thought of as urgent; the itinerant preachers of the Stoa were certainly so, as we know from our authorities. But _commanding_ they were not. To illustrate by a somewhat farfetched parallel—in direct contrast to the physicians of the Magian stamp who merely proclaimed the virtues of their mysterious arcana, the medical men of the West seek to obtain for their knowledge the _force of civil law_, as for instance in the matter of vaccination or the inspection of pork for trichina.

Footnote 429:

For the Buddhist Four Truths see Ency. Brit., XI ed., Vol. IV, p. 742. English translation of Kant’s _Kritik der praktischen Vernunft_ by T. K. Abbott.—_Tr._

Footnote 430:

See p. 201.

Footnote 431:

See p. 205 and 222 et seq.

Footnote 432:

See Vol. II, p. 334.

Footnote 433:

The philosophy and dogma of charity and almsgiving—a subject that English research seems generally to have ignored—is dealt with at length in Dr. C. S. Loch’s article _Charity and Charities_, Ency. Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 434:

Not only as local sovereigns enforcing order, like the good Bishop Wazo of Liége who fought down his castled robber-barons one by one in the middle of the 11th Century, but even as high commanders for the Emperor in distant Italy. The battle of Tusculum in 1167 was won by the Archbishops of Köln and Mainz. English history, too, contains the figures of warlike prelates—not only leaders of national movements like Stephen Langton but strong-handed administrators and fighters. The great Scots invasion of 1346 was met and defeated by the Archbishop of York. The Bishops of Durham were for centuries “palatines”; we find one of them serving _on pay_ in the King’s army in France, 1348. The line of these warlike Bishops in our history extends from Odo the brother of William the Conqueror to Scrope, archbishop and rebel in Henry IV’s time.—_Tr._

Footnote 435:

A paraphrase of the opening of “John Tanner’s Revolutionist’s Handbook,” Ch. V.—_Tr._

Footnote 436:

See Vol. II, pp. 116 et seq.

Footnote 437:

Rousseau’s _Contrat Social_ is paralleled by exactly equivalent productions of Aristotle’s time.

Footnote 438:

The first on the atheistical system of Sankhya, the second (through Socrates) on the Sophists, the third on English sensualism.

Footnote 439:

See Vol. II, pp. 441 et seq.

Footnote 440:

It was many centuries later that the Buddhist ethic of life gave rise to a religion for simple peasantry, and it was only enabled to do so by reaching back to the long-stiffened theology of Brahmanism and, further back still, to very ancient popular cults. See Vol. II, pp. 378, 285.

Footnote 441:

The articles _Buddha_ and _Buddhism_ in the Ency. Brit., XI ed., by T. W. Rhys Davids, may be studied in this connexion.—_Tr._

Footnote 442:

See “The Questions of King Milinda,” ed. Rhys Davids.—_Tr._

Footnote 443:

Of course, each Culture naturally has its own kind of materialism, conditioned in every detail by its general world-feeling.

Footnote 444:

To begin with, it would be necessary to specify _what_ Christianity was being compared with it—that of the Fathers or that of the Crusades. For these are two different religions in the same clothing of dogma and cult. The same want of psychological _flair_ is evident in the parallel that is so fashionable to-day between Socialism and early Christianity.

Footnote 445:

The term must not be confused with _anti_-religious.

Footnote 446:

Note the striking similarity of many Roman portrait-busts to the matter-of-fact modern heads of the American style, and also (though this is not so distinct) to many of the portrait-heads of the Egyptian New Empire.

Footnote 447:

See Vol. II, pp. 122 et seq.

Footnote 448:

The original is here very obscure; it reads: “... es ist der ‘Gebildete,’ jener Anhänger eines Kultus des geistigen Mittelmasses und der Offentlichkeit als Kultstätte.”—_Tr._

Footnote 449:

See P. Wendland, _Die hellenist.-röm. Kultur_ (1912), pp. 75 et seq.

Footnote 450:

See Vol. II, pp. 318 et seq.

Footnote 451:

See Vol. II, pp. 269 et seq.

Footnote 452:

Compare my _Preussentum und Sozialismus_, pp. 22 et seq.

Footnote 453:

See Vol. II, pp. 324 et seq., 368 et seq.

Footnote 454:

See Vol. II, p. 345. It is possible that the peculiar style of Heraclitus, who came of a priestly family of the temple of Ephesus, is an example of the form in which the old Orphic wisdom was orally transmitted.

Footnote 455:

See Vol. II, p. 307.

Footnote 456:

Here we are considering only the scholastic side. The mystic side, from which Pythagoras and Leibniz were not very far, reached its culminations in Plato and Goethe, and in our own case it has been extended beyond Goethe by the Romantics, Hegel and Nietzsche, whereas Scholasticism exhausted itself with Kant—and Aristotle—and degenerated thereafter into a routine-profession.

Footnote 457:

Zeno the Stoic, not to be confused with Zeno of Elea, whose mathematical fineness has already been alluded to.—_Tr._

Footnote 458:

_Neue Paralipomena_, § 656.

Footnote 459:

Even the modern idea that unconscious and impulsive acts of life are completely efficient, while intellect can only bungle, is to be found in Schopenhauer (Vol. II, cap. 30).

Footnote 460:

In the chapter “Zur Metaphysik der Geschlechtsliebe” (II, 44) the idea of natural selection for the preservation of the genus is anticipated in full.

Footnote 461:

See Vol. II, pp. 36 et seq.

Footnote 462:

This began to appear in 1867. But the preliminary work _Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie_ came out in the same year as Darwin’s masterpiece.

Footnote 463:

Vol. II, p. 625. See, for example, Leonard, _Relativitäts-Prinzip, Aether, Gravitation_ (1920), pp. 20 et seq.

Footnote 464:

See Vol. II, pp. 369 et seq., 624 et seq.

Footnote 465:

See p. 57.

Footnote 466:

E.g., in Boltzmann’s formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics: “the logarithm of the probability of a state is proportional to the entropy of that state.” Every word in this contains an entire scientific concept, capable only of being sensed and not described.

Footnote 467:

See Vol. II, p. 369.

Footnote 468:

See Vol. II, pp. 382 et seq.

Footnote 469:

E. Wiedermann, _Die Naturwissensch. bei den Arabern_ (1890). F. Struntz, _Gesch. d. Naturwissensch. im Mittelalter_ (1910), p. 58.

Footnote 470:

An order of encyclopædists and philosophers; see Ency. Brit., XI ed., Vol. II, p. 278a.—_Tr._

Footnote 471:

M. P. E. Berthelot, _Die Chemie im Altertum u. Mittelalter_ (1909), pp. 64 et seq. (The reference is evidently to a German version; Berthelot published several works on the subject, viz., _Les origines de l’Alchémie_ [1885]; _Introduction à l’étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge_ [1889]; _Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs_ [1887, translations of texts]; _La chimie au moyen âge_ [1893].—_Tr._

Footnote 472:

For the metals, “mercury” is the principle of substantial character (lustre, tensility, fusibility), “sulphur” that of the attributive generation (e.g., combustion, transmutation). See Struntz, _Gesch. d. Naturwissensch. im Mittelalter_ (1910), pp. 73 et seq.

(It seems desirable to supplement this a little for the non-technical reader, by stating, however roughly and generally, the principle and process of transmutation as the alchemist saw them. All metals consist of mercury and sulphur. Remove “materiality” from common mercury (or from the mercury-content of the metal under treatment) by depriving it (or the metal) of “earthness,” “liquidness” and “airiness” (i.e., volatility) and we have a prime, substantial (though not material) and stable thing. Similarly, remove materiality from sulphur (or the sulphur-content of the metal treated) and it becomes an elixir, efficient for generating attributes. Then, the prime matter and the elixir react upon one another so that the product on reassuming materiality is a different metal, or rather a “metallicity” endowed with different characters and attributes. The production of one metal from another thus depends merely on the modalities of working processes.—_Tr._)

Footnote 473:

See Vol. II, pp. 370, 627.

Footnote 474:

See Vol. II, pp. 314 et seq.

Footnote 475:

See the article under this heading, and also that under _Alchemy_, Ency. Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 476:

During the Gothic age, in spite of the Spanish Dominican Arnold of Villanova (d. 1311), chemistry had had no sort of creative importance in comparison with the mathematical-physical research of that age.

Footnote 477:

For even Helmholtz had sought to account for the phenomena of electrolysis by the assumption of an atomic structure of electricity.

Footnote 478:

Which in their physical aspect are individual centres of force, without parts or extension or figure. (For their metaphysical aspect, see Ency. Brit., XI edition. Article _Leibniz_, especially pp. 387-8.— _Tr._)

Footnote 479:

M. Born, _Aufbau der Materie_ (1920), p. 27.

(So many books and papers—strict, semi-popular and frankly popular— have been published in the last few years that references may seem superfluous, the more so as the formulation of this central theory of present-day physics. The article _Matter_ by Rutherford in the Ency. Brit., XIIth edition (1922), and Bertrand Russell, _The A.B.C. of Atoms_, are perhaps the clearest elementary accounts that are possible, having regard to the scientist’s necessary reservations of judgment.—_Tr._

Footnote 480:

See p. 231.

Footnote 481:

See p. 172.

Footnote 482:

See p. 121 and Vol. II, pp. 11 et seq.

Footnote 483:

See p. 169.

Footnote 484:

See p. 166 and Vol. II, p. 18.

Footnote 485:

See p. 152.

Footnote 486:

See p. 116 et seq., pp. 151 et seq.

Footnote 487:

See Vol. II, pp. 369 et seq.

Footnote 488:

J. Goldziher, _Die islam. und jüd. Philosophie_ (“Kultur der Gegenwart,” I, V, 1913), pp. 306 et seq.

Footnote 489:

See Vol. II, pp. 27 et seq., 427 et seq.

Footnote 490:

And it may be asserted that the downright faith that Haeckel, for example, pins to the names atom, matter, energy, is not essentially different from the fetishism of Neanderthal Man.

Footnote 491:

See p. 126.

Footnote 492:

Compare Vol. II, pp. 38 et seq.

Footnote 493:

See Vol. II, p. 305.

Footnote 494:

See Vol. II, pp. 343 et seq., and p. 346.

Footnote 495:

E. Mogk, _Germ. Mythol._, Grundr. d. Germ. Philos., III (1900), p. 340.

Footnote 496:

See Vol. II, p. 241 et seq., 306 et seq.

Footnote 497:

See p. 268.

Footnote 498:

The pantheistic idea of Pan, familiar in European poetry, is a conception of later Classical ages, acquired in principle from Egypt.— _Tr._

Footnote 499:

Few passages in the Acts of the Apostles have obtained a stronger hold on _our_ imagination than Paul’s meeting with the altar of “the Unknown God” at Phalerum (Acts XVII, 23). And yet we have perfectly definite evidence, later than Paul’s time, of the plurality of the gods to whom this altar was dedicated. Pausanias in his guide-book (I, 24) says: “here there are ... altars of the gods styled Unknowns, of heroes, etc.” (βωμοί δε θεῶν τε ὀνομαζομένων Ἀγνώστων καὶ ἡρῴων ... κ.τ.λ.). Such, however, is the force of our fixed idea that even Sir J. G. Frazer, in his “Pausanias and Other Studies,” speaks of “The Altar to the Unknown God which St. Paul, and Pausanias after him, saw.” More, he follows this up with a description of a dialogue “attributed to Lucian” (2nd Cent. A.D.) in which the Unknown God of Athens figures in a Christian discussion; but this dialogue (the Philopatris) is almost universally regarded as a much later work, dating at earliest from Julian’s time (mid-4th Cent.) and probably from that of Nicephorus Phocas (10th Cent.).—_Tr._

Footnote 500:

Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_ (1912), p. 38.

Footnote 501:

See Ency. Brit., XI ed., article _Great Mother of the Gods_.—_Tr._

Footnote 502:

In Egypt Ptolemy Philadelphus was the first to introduce a ruler-cult. The reverence that had been paid to the Pharaohs was of quite other significance.

Footnote 503:

See Vol. II, pp. 241 et seq.

Footnote 504:

Significantly enough, the formula of the oath sworn by this stone was not “per Jovis lapidem” but “per Jovem lapidem.”—_Tr._

Footnote 505:

The Erechtheum, similarly, was a group of cult-sites, each refraining from interference with the others.—_Tr._

Footnote 506:

Juppiter Dolichenus was a local deity of Doliche in Commagene, whose worship was spread over all parts of the Empire by soldiers recruited from that region; the tablet dedicated to him which is in the British Museum was found, for example, near Frankfurt-on-Main.

Sol Invictus is the Roman official form of Mithras. Troop-movements and trade spread his worship, like that of Juppiter Dolichenus, over the Empire.—_Tr._

Footnote 507:

To whom the inhabitants of “Roman” Carthage managed to attach even Dido.—_Tr._

Footnote 508:

Wissowa, _Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer_ (1912), pp. 98 et seq.

Footnote 509:

Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. der Römer_ (1912), p. 355.

Footnote 510:

The symbolic importance of the Title, and its relation to the concept and idea of the Person, cannot here be dealt with. It must suffice to draw attention to the fact that the Classical is the only Culture in which the Title is unknown. It would have been in contradiction with the strictly somatic character of their names. Apart from personal and family names, only the technical names of offices actually exercised were in use. “Augustus” became at once a personal name, “Cæsar” very soon a designation of office. The advance of the Magian feeling can be seen in the way in which courtesy-expressions of the Late-Roman bureaucracy, like “Vir clarissimus,” became permanent titles of honour which could be conferred and cancelled. In just the same way, the names of old and foreign deities became titles of the recognized Godhead; e.g., Saviour and Healer (Asklepios) and Good Shepherd (Orpheus) are titles of Christ. In the Classical, on the contrary, we find the secondary names of Roman deities evolving into independent and separate gods.

Footnote 511:

Diagoras, who was condemned to death by the Athenians for his “godless” writings, left behind him deeply pious dithyrambs. Read, too, Hebbel’s diaries and his letters to Elise. He “did not believe in God,” but he prayed.

Footnote 512:

See Vol. II, p. 376.

Footnote 513:

See Vol. II, p. 244.

Footnote 514:

Livy XL, 29.—_Tr._

Footnote 515:

In the famous conclusion of his “Optics” (1706) which made a powerful impression and became the starting-point of quite new enunciations of theological problems, Newton limits the domain of mechanical causes as against the Divine First Cause, whose perception-organ is necessarily infinite space itself.

Footnote 516:

As has been shown already, the dynamic structure of our thought was manifested first of all when Western languages changed “feci” to “ego habeo factum,” and thereafter we have increasingly emphasized the dynamic in the phrases with which we fix our phenomena. We say, for instance, that industry “finds outlets for itself” and that Rationalism “has come into power.” No Classical language allows of such expressions. No Greek would have spoken of Stoicism, but only of the Stoics. There is an essential difference, too, between the imagery of Classical and that of Western poetry in this respect.

Footnote 517:

The law of the equivalence of heat and work.—_Tr._

Footnote 518:

See p. 307.

Footnote 519:

Original: “Keine dem abendländischen Geist natürliche Art der Deutung mechanischer Tatsachen, welche die Begriffe Gestalt und Substanz (allenfalls Raum und Masse) statt Raum, Zeit, Masse, und Kraft zugrunde liegt.”

Footnote 520:

See foot-note, p. 314.—_Tr._

Footnote 521:

See p. 355.

Footnote 522:

See Vol. II, p. 618.

Footnote 523:

See M. Planck, _Entstehung und bisherige Entwicklung der Quantentheorie_ (1920), pp. 17-25.

Footnote 524:

Which in many cases have led to the supposition that the “actual existence” of atoms has now at last been proved—a singular throw-back to the materialism of the preceding generation.

Footnote 525:

This sentence follows the original word for word and phrase for phrase. Its significance depends wholly on the precise meaning to be attached to such words as “dead,” “free,” “latent,” and to attempt any sharper formulation of the processes in English would require not only the definition of these (or other) basic terms but also extended description of what they imply.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is something which is _absorbed by_, rather than specified for, the student. Elsewhere in this English edition, indications have been frequently given to enable the ordinary student to follow up matters referred to more allusively in the text. But in this difficult domain such minor aids would be worthless. All that is possible is to recommend such students to make a very careful study of some plain statement of the subject like Professor Soddy’s “Matter and Energy” (especially chapters 4 and 5) and to follow this up—to the extent that his mathematical knowledge permits—in the articles _Energy_, _Energetics_ and _Thermodynamics_ in the Ency. Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 526:

See foot-note, p. 157.

Footnote 527:

The application of the idea of “lifetime” to elements has in fact produced the conception of “half-transformation times” [such as 3.85 days for Radium Emanation.—_Tr._].

Footnote 528:

The text of this paragraph has been slightly condensed, as in such a field as this of philosophical mathematics partial indications would serve no useful purpose. The mathematical reader may refer to the articles _Function_, _Number_, and _Groups_ in the Ency. Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

INDEX

Prepared by DAVID Μ. MATTESON

Aachen Minster, and style, 200 Abaca, Evaristo F. dall’, sonatas, 283 Abel, Niels H., mathematic problem, 85 Absolutism, contemporary periods, table iii Abydos, 58_n._; contemporaries, table ii Abyssinia, cult-buildings, 209 Academy, contemporaries, table i Acanthus motive, history, 215 Acheloüs, as god, 403 Achilles, archetype, 203, 402 Acre, battle, 150 Acropolis, contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Parthenon Act, and portrait, 262, 266, 270

## Action, in Western morale, 342

## Actium, battle, 381

## Activity, as Western trait, 315, 320;

as quality of Socialism, 362-364 Actuality, as test of philosophy, 41; significance, 164 Adam de la Hale. _See_ La Hale Addison, Joseph, type, 254 Adolescence, initiation-rites as symbol, 174_n._ Adrastos, cult, 33_n._ Ægina temple, sculpture, 226, 244 Æschines, portrait statue, 270 Æschylus, tragic form and method, 129, 320, 321; and architecture, 206; and motherhood, 268; and deity, 313; morale, 355 Æsthetics, and genius in art, 128 Æther, contradictory theories, 418 Agamemnon, contemporaries, table iii Aggregates, theory, 426 Aglaure, cult, 406 Ahmes, arithmetic, 58 Ahriman, Persian Devil, 312 Aim, and direction, 361; nebulousness, 363 Aksakov, Sergei, and Europe, 16_n._ Albani, Francesco, linear perspective, 240; colour, 246 Albani villa, garden, 240 Albert of Saxony, Occamist, 381 Alberti, Leone B., gardening, 240 Alcamenes, contemporary mathematic, 78; period, 284 Alchemy, as symbol, 248; as Arabian physics, 382, 383; process of transmutation, 382_n._; and substance, 383; and mechanical necessity, 393 Alcibiades, and Napoleon, 4; and Classical morale, 351; condemnation, 411 Alcman, music, 223 Alembert, Jean B. le R. d’, mathematic, 66, 78; and time, 126; mechanics and deism, 412 Alexander the Great, analogies, 4; and Dionysus legend, 8; romantic, 38; and economic organization, 138; expedition as episode, 147; himself as epoch, 149; as conqueror, 336; morale, 349; as paradox, 363; deification, 405; contemporaries, table iii Alexander I of Russia, and Napoleon, 150 Alexandria, as a cultural left-over, 33, 73_n._, 79; contemporaries, 112; collections of University, 136_n._; as irreligious, 358 Alfarabi, and extension, 178; and dualism, 306; contemporaries, table i Algebra, defined, significance of letter-notation, 71; Diophantus and Arabian Culture, 71-73; Western liberation, 86; contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Mathematics Algiers, origin of French war, 144_n._ Alhambra, courtyard, 235 Alien, and “proper”, 53 Alkabi, and extension, 178 Alkarchi, contemporaries, table i Al-Khwarizmi, mathematic, 72; contemporaries, table i Alkindi, and dualism, 307; contemporaries, table i Allegory, motive and word, 219_n._ Almighty, philosophical attitude toward, 123. _See also_ Religion Alphabet, and historical consciousness, 12_n._ _See also_ Language Alsidzshi, mathematic, 72 Altar of the Unknown God, Paul’s error, 404 Amarna art, contemporaries, table ii Ambrosian chants, and Jewish psalmody, 228 Amenemhet III, pyramid, 13; portrait, 108, 262 Amida, and Arabian art, 209 Analogies, superficial and real historical, 4, 6, 27, 38, 39; necessity of technique, 5 Analysis, and Classical mathematic, 69; in Western mathematic, 74, 75; inadequacy as term, 81; and earlier mathematics, 84; contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Mathematics Anamnesis, and comprehension of depth, 174 Ananke, and Tyche, 146 Anarchism, basis, 367, 373 Anatomy, in Classical and Western art, 264; Michelangelo and Leonardo, 277 Anaxagoras, and ego, 311; on atoms, 386; and mechanical necessity, 392, 394; condemnation, 411 Anaximander, and chaos, 64; popularity, 327 Ancestral worship, cultural basis, 134, 135_n._ Ancient History, as term, 16 Anecdote, and Classical tragedy, 318; Western, 318_n._ Angelico, Fra, and the antique, 275 Anthesteria, 135_n._ Antigone, and Kriemhild, 268 Antiphons, and Jewish psalmody, 228 Antisthenes, character of Nihilism, 357; and diet, 361 Antonello da Messina, Dutch influence, 236 Apelles, contemporaries, table ii Aphrodisias Temple in Caria, as pseudomorphic, 210 Aphrodite, as goddess, 268; in Classical art, 268 Apocalypses, and world-history, 18_n._; contemporaries, table i Apollinian soul, explained, 183. _See also_ Classical Culture Apollo Didymæus Temple, form-type, 204 Apollo of Tenea, contemporaries, table ii Apollodorus of Athens, unpopularity, 35; painting, 283, 325_n._ Apollodorus of Damascus, Roman architecture, 211 Apollonius Pergæus, and infinity, 69; mathematic, 90 Appius Claudius, contemporaries, table iii Arabesque, algebraic analogy, 72; period, 108; spun surface, 196; character, 203, 212; as symbol, 215, 248; end-art, 223; contemporaries, table ii Arabian Culture, and polar idea of history, 18; mathematic, significance of algebra, 63, 71-73; expressions, 72; and Late-Classical, 73, 209, 212, 214; and Marycult, 137; prime symbol, cavern, 174, 209, 215; soul and dualism, 183, 305-307, 363; “inside” architectural expression, 184, 199, 200, 224; religious expression, 187, 188, 312, 401; and Russian art, 201; autumn of style, 207; art as single phenomenon, 207-209; art research, 209; dome space-symbolism, 210-212; ornamentation, 212; fetters, 212; emancipation, hurry, 213; and mosaic, 214; arch-column, 214; Acanthus motive, 215; and portraiture, 223, 262; architecture in Italy, 235; music, 228; and Renaissance, 235; gold as symbol, 247; political concept, 335; will-lessness, 309, 311; art and spectator, 329; and world-history, 363; nature idea, chemistry, 382-384, 393; religion in Late-Classical, 407; spiritual epochs, table i; art epochs, table ii Arabian Nights, as symbol, 248 Arbela, battle, 151 Arcadians, provided history, 11 Arch, and column, 214, 236 Archæology, and historical repetition, 4; cultural attitude, 14, 132, 254; significance, 134. Archery, Eastern and Western, 333_n._ Archimedes, style, 59; and infinity, 69; mathematical limitation, 84, 90; contemporaries, 112, 386; and metaphysics, 366; and motion, 377; as creator, 425 Architecture, ahistoric symbolism of Classical, 9, 12_n._; symbolism of Egyptian, 69, 189, 202; transition to and from Arabian, 72, 73; Rococo as music, 87, 231, 285; as early art of a Culture, mother-art, 128, 224; undurable basis of Classical, 132, 198; column, and arch, 166, 184, 204, 214, 236, 260_n._, 345; dimension and direction, cultural relation, 169_n._, 177, 184, 205, 224; symbolism in Chinese, 190, 196; imitation and ornament, becoming and become, 194-198, 202; history of techniques and ideas, 195; of Civilization period, 197; stage of Russian, 201; Classical, feeble development of style, 204; pseudomorphic Late-Classical, basilica, 209, 212, 214; Arabian, dome type, 208, 210-212; Western façade and visage, 224; cathedral and infinite space, forest character, 198-200, 224, 396; Arabian in Italy, 235; place of Renaissance, 235; Michelangelo and Baroque, 277; and cultural morale, 345; contemporary cultural epochs, table ii. _See also_ Art; Baroque; Egyptian Culture; Doric; Gothic; Romanesque Archytas, irrational numbers and fate, 65_n._; and higher powers, 66; contemporaries, 78, 90, 112, table i; and metaphysics, 366 Arezzo, school of art, 268 Aristarchus of Samos, and Eastern thought, 9; and heliocentric system, 68, 69, 139 Aristogiton, statue, 269_n._ Aristophanes, and burlesque, 30, 320_n._ Aristotle, ahistoric consciousness, 9; entelechy, 15; contemporaries, 17, table i; and philosophy of being, 49_n._; mechanistic world-conception, 99, 392; and deity, 124, 313; tabulation of categories, 125; as collector, 136_n._; as Plato’s opposite, 159; on tragedy, 203, 318, 320, 321, 351; on body and soul, 259; on Zeuxis, 284; and inward life, 317; and philanthropy, 351; and Civilization, 352; and diet, 361; culmination of Classical philosophy, 365, 366; and mathematics, 366; on atoms, 386; as atheist, 409; condemnation, 411 Arithmetic, Kant’s error, 6_n._; and time, 125, 126. _See also_ Mathematics Army, Roman notion, 335 Arnold of Villanova, and chemistry, 384_n._ Art and arts, irrational polar idea, 20; as sport, 35; and future of Western Culture, 40; as mathematical expression, 57, 58, 61, 62, 70; Arabian, relation to algebra, 72; and vision, 96; causal and destiny sides, 127, 128; Western, and “memory,” 132_n._; mortality, 167; religious character of early periods, 185; lack of early Chinese survivals, 190_n._; as expression-language, 191; and witnesses, 191; imitation and ornament, 191-194; their opposition, becoming and become, 194-196; typism, 193; so-called, of Civilization, copyists, 197, 293-295; meaning of style, 200, 201; forms and cultural spirituality, 214-216; as symbolic expression of Culture, 219, 259; expression-methods of wordless, 219_n._; sense-impression and classification, 220, 221; historical boundaries, organism, 221; species within a Culture, no rebirths, 222-224; early period architecture as mother, 224; Western philosophical association, 229; secularization of Western, 230; dominance of Western music, 231; outward forms and cultural meaning, 238; and popularity, 242; space and philosophy, 243; cultural basis of composition, 243; symptom of decline, striving, 291, 292; trained instinct and minor artists, 292, 293; cultural association with morale, 344; contemporary cultural epochs, table ii. _See also_ Imitation; Ornament; Science; Style; arts by name Aryan hero-tales, contemporaries, table i Asklepios, as Christian title, 408_n._ Astrology, cultural attitude, 132, 147 Astronomy, Classical Culture and, 9; heliocentric system, 68, 139; dimensional figures, 83; cultural significance, 330-332 Ataraxia, Stoic ideal, 343, 347, 352, 361 Atheism, and “God”, 312_n._; as definite phenomenon, position, 408, 409; cultural basis of structure, 409; and toleration, 410, 411 Athene, as goddess, 268 Athens, and Paris, 27; culture city, 32; as religious, 358 Athtar, temples, 210 Atlantis, and voyages of Northmen, 332_n._ Atmosphere, in painting, 287 Atomic theories, Boscovich’s, 314_n._; cultural basis, 384-387, 419; disintegration hypotheses, 423 Augustan Age, Atticism, 28_n._ Augustine, Saint, and time, 124, 140; and Jesus, 347; contemporaries, table i Augustus, as epoch, 140; statue, 295 Aurelian, favourite god, 406; contemporaries, table iii Avalon, and Valhalla, 401 Avesta. _See_ Zend Avesta Aviation, Leonardo’s interest, 279 Avicenna, on light, 381; contemporaries, table i Axum, empire, and world-history, 16, 208, 209_n._, 223

Baader, Franz X. von, and dualism, 307 Baal, shrines as basilicas, 209_n._; cults, 406, 407; contemporaries, table i Baalbek, basilica, 209_n._; Sun Temple as pseudomorphic, 210 Babylon, and time, 9, 15; geographical science, 10; place in history, 17; autumnal city, 79 Baccio della Porta. _See_ Bartolommeo Bach, John Sebastian, contemporaries, 27, 112, 417, table ii; as analysist, 62; contemporary mathematic, 78; fugue, 230; and dominance of music, 231; and popularity, 243; pure music, 283; ease, 292; ethical passion, 355; God-feeling, 394 Bachofen, Johann J., Classical ideology, 28; on stone, 188 Backgrounds, in Renaissance art, 237; in Western painting, 239; in Western gardening, 240. _See also_ Depth-experience Bacon, Francis, Shakespeare controversy, 135_n._ Bacon, Roger, world-conception, 99; and mechanical necessity, 392; contemporaries, table i Bähr, Georg, architecture, 285 Baghdad, autumnal city, 79; contemporary cities, 112; philosophy of school, 248, 306, 307; contemporaries of school, table i Ballade, origin, 229 Bamberg Cathedral, sculpture, 235 Barbarossa, symbolism, 403 Baroque, mathematic, 58, 77; musical association, 87, 228_n._, 230; as stage of style, 202; sculpture as allegory, 219_n._; origin, 236; depth-experience in painting, 239; in gardening, 240; portraits, 265; Michelangelo’s relation, 277; philosophy, reason and will, 308; soul, 313, 314; contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Art Bartolommeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta), and line, 280; dynamic God-feeling, 394 Basilica, as pseudomorphic type, 209, 210; and Western cathedral, 211, 224; contemporaries, table ii Basilica of Maxentius (Constantine), Arabian influences, 212 Basra School, philosophy, 248, 306; contemporaries, table i _Basso continuo._ _See_ Thoroughbass. Baths of Caracalla, Syrian workmen, 211, 212 Battista of Urbino, portrait, 279 Baudelaire, Pierre Charles, sensuousness, 35; autumnal accent, 241; and the decadent, 292 Bayle, Pierre, and imperialism, 150 Bayreuth. _See_ Wagner Beauty, transience, cultural basis, 194; as Classical rôle, 317 Become, Civilization as, 31, 46; philosophers, 49_n._; explained, relationships, 53; and learning, 56; and extension, 56; and mathematical number, 70, 95; relation to nature and history, 94-98, 102, 103; and symbolism, 101; and causality and destiny, 119; and problem of time, 122; and mortality, 167; in art, 194. _See also_ Becoming; Causality; Nature; Space Becoming, and history, 25, 94-98, 102, 103; philosophers, 49_n._; explained, relationships, 53; intuition, 56; and direction, 56; and chronological number, 70; relation to nature and destiny and causality, 119, 138, 139; and mathematics, 125, 126; in art, 194. _See also_ Become; Destiny; History; Time Beech, as symbol, 396 Beethoven, Ludwig van, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90; and pure reason, 120; and imagination, 220; orchestration, 231; inwardness, “brown” music, 251, 252, 252_n._; music as confession, 264; period, 284; straining, 291; contemporaries, table ii Bell, as Western symbol, 134_n._ Bellini, Giovanni, and portrait, 272, 273 Benares, autumnal city, 99 Benedetto da Maiano, and ornament, 238; and portrait, 272 Bentham, Jeremy, and imperialism, 150; and economic ascendency, 367; contemporaries, table i Berengar of Tours, controversy, 185 Berkeley, George, on mathematics and faith, 78_n._ Berlin, megalopolitanism, 33; as irreligious, 79, 358 Berlioz, Hector, contemporaries, table ii Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, contemporaries, 400, table i Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, architecture, 87, 231, 244, 245; contemporaries, table ii Bernward, Saint, as architect, 107_n._, 206 Berry, Duke of, Books of Hours, 239 Beyle, Henri. _See_ Stendhal Bible, and periodic history, 18; as Arabian symbol, 248. _See also_ Christianity Biedermeyer, contemporaries, table ii Binchois, Égide, music, 230 Binomial theorem, discovery, 75 Biography, and portraiture, 12; Cultures and, 13, 14; and character, 316; and Western tragedy, 318. _See also_ Portraiture Biology, and preordained life-duration, 108; in politics, 156; as weakest science, 157; and Civilization, 360 Bismarck, Fürst von, wars and cultural rhythm, 110_n._; and destiny, 145; morale, 349 Bizet, Georges, “brown” music, 252 Blood, Leonardo’s discovery of circulation, 278 Blue, symbolism, 245, 246 Boccaccio, Giovanni, and Homer, 268_n._ Body, as symbol of Classical Culture, 174; and geometrical systems, 176_n._; in Arabian philosophy, 248; and soul, Classical expression, 259-261. _See also_ Sculpture; Spirit Böcklin, Arnold, act and portrait, 271_n._; painting, 289, 290 Boehme, Jakob, contemporaries, table i Bogomils, iconoclasts, 383 Bohr, Niels, and mass, 385, 419 Boltzmann, Ludwig, on probability, 380_n._ Boniface, Saint, as missionary, 360 Book, and cult-building, 197_n._ Books of Hours, Berry’s, 239 Books of Numa, burning, 411 Boomerang, and mathematical instinct, 58 Borgias, Hellenic sorriness, 273 Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe, and physics, 314_n._, 415 Botticelli, Sandro, Dutch influence, 236; goldsmith, 237; and portrait, 271, 272 Boucher, François, and body, 271 Boulle, André C., Chippendale’s ascendency, 150_n._ Bourbons, analogy, 39 Boyle, Robert, and element, 384 Brahmanism, transvaluation, 352; Buddhist interpretation of Karma, 357; contemporaries of Brahmanas, table i. _See also_ Indian Culture Brain, and soul, 367 Bramante, Donato d’Angnolo, plan of St. Peter’s, 184 Brancacci Chapel, 237, 279 Brass musical instruments, colour expression, 252_n._ Bronze, and Classical expression, 253; patina, 253; Michelangelo and, 276 Brothers of Sincerity, on light, 381; contemporaries, table i Brown, symbolism of studio, 250, 288; Leonardo and, 280 Bruckner, Anton, end-art, 223; “brown” music, 252 Bruges, loss of prestige, 33; as religious, 358 Brunelleschi, Filippo, linear perspective, 240; and antique, 275_n._; architecture, 313 Bruno, Giordano, world, 56; martyrdom, 68; and vision, 96; esoteric, 326; astronomy, 331; contemporaries, table i Brutus, M. Junius, character, 5 Buckle, Henry T., and evolution, 371 Buddhism, and Civilization, end-phenomenon, materialism, 32, 352, 356, 357, 359, 409; and state, 138; Nirvana, 178, 357, 361; morale, 341, 347; scientific basis of ideas, 353; moral philosophy, 355; as peasant religion, 356_n._; and Christianity, 357; and contemporaries, 357, 358, 361, table i; and diet, 361. _See also_ Religion Burckhardt, Jacob, Classical ideology, 28; on Renaissance, 234 Buridan, Jean, Occamist, 381 Burlesque, Classical, 30, 320 Busts, Classical, as portraits, 269, 272 Buxtehude, Dietrich, organ works, 220 Byron, George, Lord, and Civilization, 110 Byzantinism, as Civilization, 106; and portraiture, 130_n._; style, 206; Acanthus motive, 215; allegorical painting, 219_n._; contemporaries, tables ii, iii. _See also_ Arabian Culture Byzantium, tenement houses, 34_n._

Cabeo, Nicolaus, theory of magnetism, 414 Caccias, character, 229 Cæsar, C. Julius, analogies, 4, 38; and newspaper, 5; and democracy, 5; conquest of Gaul, 36_n._; practicality, 38; and calendar and duration, 133; and economic organization, 138; and destiny, 139; bust, 272; morale, 349; Divus Julius, 407; contemporaries, table iii Cæsarism, and money, 36; contemporary periods, table iii Calchas, cult, 185 Calculus, and Classical astronomy, 69; limit-idea, 86; Newtonian and Leibnizian, 126_n._; and religion, 170; as Jesuit style, 412; basis threatened, 419. _See also_ Mathematics Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, plays as confession, 264 Calendar, Cæsar’s, 133 Caliphate, Diocletian’s government, 72, 212; deification of caliph, 405 Callicles, ethic, 351 Calvin, John, predestination and evolution, 140_n._, 141; and Western morale, 348; variety of religion, 394; contemporaries, table i Can Grande, statue, 272 Cannæ, as climax, 36 Canning, George, and imperialism, 149_n._ Cantata, and orchestra, 230 Canzoni, character, 229 Caracalla, and citizenship and army, 335, 407 Carcassonne, restoration, 254_n._ Cardano, Girolamo, and numbers, 75 Care, and distance, 12; cultural attitude, relation to state, 136, 137; and maternity, 267 Carissimi, Giacomo, music, pictorial character, 230, 283 Carneades, and mechanical necessity, 393 Carstens, Armus J., naturalism, 212 Carthage. _See_ Punic Wars Carthaginians, and geography, 10_n._, 333 Castle, and cathedral, 195, 229 Catacombs, art, 137_n._, 224 Categories, tabulation, 125 Catharine of Siena, Saint, and Gothic, 235 Cathedral, as ornament, 195; and castle, 229; forest-character, 396; contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Gothic; Romanesque Cato, M. Porcius, Stoicism and income, 33 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, notation, 77; mathematic problem, 85; and infinitesimal calculus, 86; mathematical position, 90; goal of analysis, 418; contemporaries, table i Causality, history and Kantian, 7; and historiography, 28; and number, 56; and pure phenomenon, 111_n._; and destiny and history, limited domain, 117-121, 151, 156-159; and space and time, 119, 120, 142; and principle, 121; and grace, 141; and reason, 308; and Civilization, 360; and destiny in natural science, 379; and mechanical necessity, 392-394. _See also_ Become; Destiny; Nature; Space Cavern, as symbol, 200, 209, 215, 224 Celtic art, as Arabian, 215 Centre of time, and history, 103 Ceres, materiality, 403 Cervantes, Miguel de, tragic method, 319 Ceylon, Mahavansa, 12 Cézanne, Paul, landscapes, 289; striving, 292 Chæronea, issue at battle, 35 Chalcedon, Council of, and Godhead, 209, 249 Chaldeans, astronomy, Classical reaction, 147 Chamber-music, as summit of Western art, 231 Chan-Kwo period, contemporaries, table iii Character, and person, 259; and will, Western ego, 314, 335; Cultures and study, 316; gesture as Classical substitute, 316; in Western tragedy, Classical contrast, 317-326. _See also_ Morale; Soul Chardin, Jean B. S., and French tradition, 289 Chares, Helios and gigantomachia, 291 Charity. _See_ Compassion Charlemagne, analogies, 4, 38; contemporaries, table iii Charles XII of Sweden, analogy, 4 Chartres Cathedral, sculpture, 235, 261 Chemistry, thoughtless hypotheses, 156_n._; no Classical, 383; Western so-called, 384; as Arabian system, 384, 393; new essence, entropy, 426. _See also_ Natural science Cheops, dynasty, 58_n._ Chephren, dynasty, 58_n._; tomb-pyramid, 196, 203 Chian, contemporaries, table iii Children, Western portraiture, 266-268. _See also_ Motherland. Chinese Culture, historic feeling, 14; imperialism, 37; philosophers, 42, 45; time-measurement, 134_n._; ancestral worship, 135_n._; and care, 136; attitude toward state, 137; economic organization, 138; destiny-idea, landscape as prime symbol, 190, 196, 203; lack of early art survivals, 190_n._; and tutelage, 213; music, 228; gardening, 240; bronzes, patina, 253_n._; portraiture, 260, 262; Civilization, 295; soul, perspective as expression, 310_n._; passive morale, 315, 341, 347; and discovery, 333, 336; political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Cultures Chippendale, Thomas, position, 150_n._ Chivalry, southern type, 233_n._ Chorus, in art-history, 191; in Classical tragedy, 324 Chosroes-Nushirvan, art of period, 203 Chóu Li, on Chóu dynasty, 137 Chóu Period, and care, 137; contemporaries, table iii Christianity, comparisons, 4; Eastern, and historical-periods, 22_n._; and poor Stoics, 33_n._; as Arabian, 72, 402; Mary-cult, Madonna in art, 136, 267, 268; destiny in Western, 140; architectural expression of early, 208-211; colour and gold as symbols, 247-250; in Western art, spiritual space, 279; dualism in early, 306; “passion”, 320_n._; Eastern, and home, 335; Western transformation of morale, 344, 347, 348; and Buddhism, 357; of Fathers and Crusades, 357_n._; missionarism, 360; God-man problem as alchemistic, 383; and mechanical necessity, miracles, 392, 393; elements of Western, 399-401; foreign gods as titles, 408_n._ _See also_ Religion Chronology, relation of Classical Culture, 9, 10; as number, 97, 153_n._; and the when, 126; and archæology, 134. _See also_ History Chrysippus, and Stoicism, 33, 358; and corporeality, 177 Chuang-tsü, practical philosophy, 45 Chun-Chiu Period, contemporaries, table iii Cicero, M. Tullius, analogy, 4 Cimabue, Giovanni, and nature, 192; and Byzantine art, 238; and Francis of Assisi, 249_n._; and portraiture, 273 Cimarosa, Domenico, ease, 292 Cistercians, soul, 360 Citizenship, Classical concept, 334. _See also_ Politics Civilization, defined, as destiny of a Culture, 31-34, 106, 252, 353, 354; and the “become”, 31, 46; and megalopolitanism, 32, 35; money as symbol, 34-36; and economic motives, 35; imperialism, 36; destiny of Western, 37, 38; and scepticism, 46, 409; Alexander-idea, 150; English basis of Western, 151, 371; Western, effect on history, 151; so-called art, 197, 293-295; style histories, 207; Western painting, _plein-air_, 251, 288, 289; and gigantomachia, 291; Manet and Wagner, 293; transvaluation of values, striving, 351, 353; Nihilism and inward finishedness, 352; manifestations, 353, 354; problematic and plebeian morale, 354, 355; and irreligion, 358; diatribe as phenomenon, 359; and biological philosophies, philosophical essence, 361, 367; natural science, 417; contemporary spiritual epochs, table i; contemporary art epochs, table ii; contemporary political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Cultures Clarke, Samuel, and imperialism, 150 Classical Culture, philosophy, culmination, 3, 45; ahistoric basis, 8-10, 12_n._, 97, 103, 131-135, 254, 255, 264, 363; and chronology, 9, 10_n._; and geography, 10_n._; religious expression, bodied pantheon, later monotheistic tendencies, 10, 11, 13, 187, 312, 397, 398, 402-408; and mortality, funeral customs, 13, 134; portraiture, 13, 130, 264, 265, 269, 272; and archæology, 14; and measurement of time, 15; mathematic, 15, 63-65, 69, 77, 83, 84, 90; contemporary Western periods, 26; Western views, ideology, 27-31, 76, 81, 237, 238, 243, 254, 270, 323; “Classical” and “antike”, 28_n._; civilization, Rome, Stoicism, 32-34, 36, 44, 294, 352; cosmology, astronomy, 63, 68, 69, 147, 330; cultural significance of mathematic, 65-67, 70; and algebra, 71; surviving forms under Arabian Culture, 72, 73, 208; opposition to Western soul, 78; and space, 81-84, 88, 175_n._; “smallness”, 83; relation to proportion and function, 84, 85; popularity, 85, 254, 326-328; and destiny-idea, dramatic illustration, 129, 130, 143, 146, 147, 317-326, 424; care and sex attitude, family and home, 136, 266-268, 334-337; attitude toward state, 137, 147; and economic organization, 138; actualization of the corporeal only, sculpture, 176-178, 225, 259- 261; soul, attributes, 183, 304, 305; architectural expression, 184, 198, 224; weak style, 203; art-work and sense-organ, 220; and music, 223, 227; and form and content, 242; and composition, 243; colour, 245-247; nature idea, statics, 263, 382-384, 392; and discovery, 278; painting, 287; will-less-ness, 309, 310; lack of character, gesture as substitute, 316; art and time of day, 325; morale, ethic of attitude, 341, 342, 347, 351; and “action”, 342_n._; cult and dogma, 401, 410; and strange gods, 404; scientific periods, 424; spiritual epochs, table i; art epochs, table ii; political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Art; Cultures; Renaissance; Science Classicism, and dying Culture, 108; defined, 197; period in style, 207 Claude Lorrain, landscape as space, 184; “singing” picture, 219; and ruins, 254; colour, 246, 288; period, 283; landscape as portrait, 287 Cleanliness, cultural attitude, 260 Cleisthenes, contemporaries, table iii Cleomenes III, contemporaries, table iii Cleon, and economic organization, 138 Clepsydra, Plato’s, 15 Clock, and historic consciousness, 14; religious aspect, 15_n._; cultural attitude, 131, 134 Clouds, in paintings, 239 Cluniac reform, and architecture, 185 Clytæmnestra, and Helen, 268 Cnidian Aphrodite, 108, 268 Cnossos art, 224_n._, 293; contemporaries, table ii Cobbett, William, population theory, 185_n._ Cognition, and nature, 94, 102, 103 Colleoni, Bartolommeo, statue, 238, 272 Colosseum, and real Rome, 44; form type, 204; contemporaries, table ii Colossus of Rhodes, and gigantomachia, 291 Colour, Goethe’s theory, 157_n._, 158_n._; and depth-experience, 242; Classical and Western use, symbolism, 245-247; Western blue and green, 245; Arabian Culture and gold, 247-249; brushwork and motion-quality, 249; studio-brown, as symbol, 250, 288; Leonardo’s sense, 280; _plein-air_, 288. _See also_ Painting Columbus, Christopher, and Spanish ascendency, 148; and Leonardo, 278; and space and will, 310, 337; spiritual result, 334 Column, as symbol, 166, 184, 214, 260_n._, 345; Classical orders, 204; and arch, 214, 236 Compass, symbolism, 333 Compassion, times and meaning, 347-351; and Socialism, 362 Composition in art, cultural basis, 243 Comprehension, qualities, 99 Comte, Auguste, provincialism, 24; and economic ascendency, 367, 373; contemporaries, table i Confession, as Western symbol, 131, 140, 261, 264; absence in Renaissance art, 273 Confucius, and actuality, 42; and analogies, 357 Conic sections, contemporaries, table i Conquest, as Western concept, 336 Consciousness, phases, 154 Consecutives in church music, 188 Conservation of energy, and causality, 393; and first law of thermodynamics, 413; and concept of infinity, 418; and entropy, 420-424 Constable, John, significance of colour, 251; and impressionism, 288 Constantine the Great, and artistic impotence, 294; as caliph, 405; religion, 407 Constantinople. _See_ Byzantium; Haggia Sophia Consus, materiality, 403 Contemplation, defined, 95 Contemporaneity, intercultural, 26, 112, 177, 202_n._, 220; number paradigm, 90; Classical sculpture and Western music, 226, 283, 284, 291; in physical theories, 386; spiritual epochs, table i; culture epochs, table ii; political epochs, table iii Contending States, period in China, homology, 111 Content, and form, 242, 270 Contrition, sacrament as Western symbol, 261, 263 Conversion, impossibility, 345 Copernicus, Classical anticipation of system, 68, 139; and destiny, 94; discovery and Western soul, 310, 330, 331 Corelli, Arcangelo, sonatas, 226, 283; and dominance of music, 231; colour expression, 252_n._; Catholicism, 268_n._ Corinth, and unknown gods, 404 Corinthian column, contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Column Corneille, Pierre, and unities, 323 Corot, Jean B. C., colour, 246, 289; and nude, 271; impressionism, 286; landscape as portrait, 287; ease, 292 Cosmogonies, contemporaries, table i Cosmology, cultural attitude, 63, 68, 69, 147, 330-332. _See also_ Astronomy Counterpoint, and Gothic, 229; and fugue, 230. _See also_ Music Counter-Reformation, Michelangelo and spirit, 275 Couperin, François, pastoral music, 240; colour expression, 252_n._ Courbet, Gustave, landscapes, 288-290 Courtyards, Renaissance, 235 Cousin, Victor, and economic ascendency, 367 Coysevox, Antoine, sculpture, 232; decoration, 245 Cranach, Lucas, and portraiture, 270 Crassus Dives, M. Licinius, and city of Rome, 34 Cremation, as cultural symbol, 134 Cresilas, and portraiture, 130_n._, 269 Crete, inscriptions, 12_n._; Minoan art, 198 Cromwell, Oliver, and imperialism, 149; contemporaries, table iii Crusades, symbolism, 15_n._, 198; and Trojan War, 27; Christianity, 357_n._; contemporaries, table iii Ctesiphon, school, 63 Cult and dogma, cultural attitudes, 401, 410, 411; in natural science, 412 Cultures, Spengler’s morphological theory, xi; obligatory stages, symbols, 3, 4, 6, 38, 39; superficial and real analogies, 4, 6, 27, 38; theory of distinct cycles, 21, 22, 31, 78; divergent viewpoints, 23, 46, 131; as organisms, mortality, 26, 104, 109, 167; contemporary periods, 26, 112, 177, 202_n._, 220; Civilization as destiny, 31-34, 106, 252, 353, 354; symmetry, 47; and notion of the world, language, 55; physiognomic meaning as essence of history, 55, 101, 104, 105; mathematical aspects, separation, 57-63, 67, 70; and universal validity, 60, 146, 178-180, 202, 287; number-thought and world-idea, 70; stages, 106, 107; application of term “habit” or “style”, 108, 205; recapitulation in life of individuals, 110; homologous forms, 111; separate destiny-ideas, 129, 145; comparative study, 145_n._; as interpretation of soul, 159, 180, 302-304, 307, 313, 314; cultural and intercultural macrocosm, 165;

## particular, and nature, 169;

kind of extension as symbol, 173-175; actualization of depth-experience, 175; plurality of prime symbols, 179, 180; tutelage, 213; art forms and spiritualities, 214-216; arts of form as symbolic expression, 219; significance of species of art, 222-224; as bases of morale, 315, 345-347; and times of day, 325; and nature-law, 377-380, 382, 387; scientific period, 381; religious springtimes, 399-402; renunciation, second religiousness, 424; characteristics of seasons, table i; contemporary art epochs, table ii; contemporary political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Arabian; Art; Chinese; Classical; Egyptian; History; Indian; Macrocosm; Morphology; Nature; Spirit; Western Cupid, as art motive, 266 Cupola. _See_ Dome Curtius Rufus, Quintus, biography of Alexander, 4 Cusanus, Nikolaus. _See_ Nicholas of Cusa Cuyp, Albert, landscape as portrait, 287 Cyaxares, and Henry the Fowler, 4 Cybele, cult, 406 Cynics, practicality, 45; morale, 203, 342; and digestion, 361; contemporaries, table i Cypress, as symbol, 396 Cyrenaics, practicality, 45; contemporaries, table i

Dante Alighieri, historical consciousness, 14, 56, 142, 159; influence of Joachim of Floris, 20; and vision, 96; homology, 111; and popularity, 243; and confession, 273; and psychology, 319; and time of day, 325_n._; esoteric, 328; morale, 355; variety of religion, 394; contemporaries, table i Danton, Georges, adventurer, 149 Darwinism and evolution, and Socialism, 35, 370-372; and practical philosophy, 45; morphology and vision, 104_n._, 105; Goethe and, 111_n._; and teleology, 120; and destiny, 140; and cultural art-theory, 141_n._; and usefulness, 155; and biological politics, 156; nature and God, 312; anticipation, Darwin’s political-economic application, 369-373; contemporaries, table i Daumier, Honoré, act and portrait, 271_n._; and grand style, 290 David, Pierre Jean, naturalism, 212 Dea Cælestis, 406 Death, and historical consciousness, 13; and become, 54, 167; Cultures and funeral customs, 134, 135, 185; and space, 166; and world-fear and symbolism, 166; stone as emblem, 188; and ornament, 195 Decoration, architectural, 196; Gothic, and bodilessness, 199; Arabian, 208, 212; mosaic, 214; Acanthus motive, 215. _See also_ #Ornament# Dedekind, Richard, notation, 77, 95 Definitions, and destiny, xiv; fundamental, 53-56 Deism, cause, 187, 412; concept, 312_n._; Baroque, and mechanics, 412. _See also_ Religion Deities, cultural basis, 312. _See also_ Religion Delacroix, Ferdinand V. E., and impressionism, 288; contemporaries, table ii Delphi, Polygnotus’s frescos, 243 Demeter cult, 83; spring festivals, 320; contemporaries, table i Demeter of Knidos, statue, 136 Demetrius of Alopeke, and portraiture, 130, 269 Democracy, decay by formalism, 35; contemporary periods, table iii. _See also_ Politics Democritus, and corporeality, 177; and ego, 311; cosmology, 331; atoms, 385; Leibniz as contemporary, 386; and motion, 389; and mechanical necessity, 392-394; contemporaries, table i Demosthenes, statue, 270 Depth-experience, significance, 168, 169, 172-174; and number, 171; and time, 172, 173; realization as cultural symbol, 173-175; in Western painting, 239, 246; in Western gardening, 240; and destiny, 241; and philosophy in art, 243; in portrait, 263, 266; and impressionism, 285-287; and will, 311; in Socialism, 361; and natural science, 380, 386, 394; Western God-feeling, 395; cathedral and organ, 396. _See also_ Destiny; Space Desargues, Girard, mathematic, 75 Descartes, René, civic world-outlook, 33; and actuality, 42; style, 61; mathematics and religion, 66; relation to Classical mathematic, 69; and new number-idea, 74, 75, 81, 88, 90, 126, 188; contemporaries, 112, table i; and Jansenists, 314_n._; as thinker, 366; thinking and being, 387; on force, 413 Des Près, Josquin, music, 230 Destiny, and pessimism, xiv; historical, 3, 4, 6, 38-41; as logic of time, 7; acceptance, 40, 44; in World War, 47; fulfilment of Western mathematic, 90; of a Culture, 106, 145; and causality, 117-121; soul and predestination, 117; organic logic, 117; and time and space, 119, 120; and idea, 121; in art, revolts, 127, 128, 233; separate cultural ideas, illustrations, 129-131, 145-149, 189, 190, 424; in Western Christianity, 140, 141; and incident, 138-141, 144; and nature, 142; Classical “fate”, body and personality, 143, 147; youth, 152; and Western depth-experience, 241; patina as symbol, 253; and motherhood, 267; Western, and painting, 276_n._; ethic and soul’s view, 302, 346, 355; and will, 308; and Civilization, 360; and causality in natural science, 379; and decay of exact science, 422-424. _See also_ Becoming; Causality; Civilization; History; Time Devil, disappearance, 187; and Arabian dualism, 312, 363 Diadochi, period as episode, 149, 151 Diagoras, character of atheism, 408_n._; condemnation, 411 Diatribe, as phenomenon of Civilization, 359 Dido, cult, 406_n._ Diet, and Civilization, 361 Diez, Feodor, significance of colour, 252 Differential calculus, as symbol, 15. _See also_ Calculus Dimension, abstract notion, 89; significance of depth, 168; singularity, 169_n._ Dinzenhofer, Kilian I., architecture, 285 Diocletian, as caliph, 72, 212, 405; as epoch, 149; and Mithras 406 Diogenes, morale, 203; and deity, 313; Indian kinship, 347, 357 Dionysiac movement, Alexander and legend, 8; contemporaries, homology, 27, 110, table i; as revolt, 233, 356; spring festival, 320, 321, 324 Dionysius I, contemporaries, table iii Diophantus, algebra, and Arabian Culture, 63, 71-73, 383 Dipylon vases, 73, 107, 196 Direction, and time and becoming, 54, 56; and extension, 99, 172; and dimension, 169_n._; and will, 308; and aim, 361. _See also_ Time Discant, music, 229 Discobolus, Myron’s, 263, 265 Discovery, as Western trait, 278, 279, 332; and space and will, 310, 337; spiritual results, 334 Divinities. _See_ Religion Dogma and cult, cultural attitude, 401, 410, 411; in natural science, 412 Doliche, Baal, 407 Dome, as Arabian art expression, 210 Dome of the Rock, characteristics, 200 Dominicans, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20 Domitian, contemporaries, table iii Donatello, and Gothic, 225_n._; “David”, 265; and portrait, 272 Doric, column as symbol, 9, 195; and Gothic, 27; timber style, 132; and Ionic, 205; and Egyptian, 213; Western exclusion, 345; contemporaries, table ii, iii. _See also_ Architecture; Column Dostoyevski, Feodor M., and Europe, 16_n._; Raskolnikov’s philosophy, 309; and compassion, 350 Drama, cultural basis, Classical and Western, 128-131, 141_n._, 143, 147, 148, 203, 255, 317-322, 347; German, 290; development of Classical, 320, 321; cultural basis of form, unities, 322, 323; undeveloped Western, 323; Classical elimination of individuality, 323; chorus, 324; and time of day, 324; attitude toward scene, 325; and cultural basis of morale, 347; and philosophy of Western activism, 368, 372; Classical, and atomic theory, 386 Dresden, architecture, 207, 285; chamber music, 232 Droem, autumnal accent, 241 Dryads, passivity, 336; materiality, 403 Dschang Yi, and imperialism, 37 Dualism, in Arabian Culture, 305-307, 363; and will and reason, 309; in religion, 312 Dühring, Eugen Karl, position in Western ethics, 373 Dürer, Albrecht, historical heads, 103; colour, 245, 250; and act and portrait, 270 Dufay, Guillaume, music, in Italy, 230, 236 Duns Scotus, historical place, 72; contemporaries, table i Dunstaple, John, music, 230 Duration. _See_ Life Durham, palatinate, 349_n._ Dyck, Anthony van. _See_ Van Dyck Dynamics, as Western system, 384, 393. _See also_ Natural science

Eckhardt, Meister, on imitation, 191; mysticism, 213; egoism, 335; wisdom and intellect, 409; contemporaries, table i Economic motives. _See_ Money Economic organization, cultural attitude toward care, 138 Economics, and Western practical ethics, 367-369. _See also_ Politics; Socialism Eddas, space-expression, 185, 187; and Western religion, 400, 423; contemporaries, table i Edessa, school, 63, 381; and Arabian art, 209; Baal, 407 Edfu, temple, 294 Edward I of England, and archery, 333_n._ Edward III of England, and archery, 333_n._ Egoism, in Western Culture, 262, 302, 309, 335 Egyptian Culture, historic aspect, 12; and immortality, 13; and pure number, 69; historical basis, funeral custom, 135; and care, 136; and Mary-cult, 137; attitude toward state, 137; economic organization, 138; stone as symbol, 188; destiny-idea, path as prime symbol, 188, 189; architectural expression, 189, 202; brave style, 201-203; and tutelage, 213; streets, 224; art composition, 243; sculpture, 248_n._, 266; and portrait, 262; Civilization, 294, 295; view of soul, 305; morale, 315; and discovery, 332; and Socialism, 347; and man-deification, 405_n._; art epochs, table ii; political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Cultures; arts by name, especially Architecture Egyptianism, contemporary periods, table iii Eichendorff, Joseph von, poetry, 289 Eleatic philosophy, and motion, 305_n._, 388, 390 Elements, cultural concepts of physical, 383, 384. _See also_ Atomic theories; Natural science Eleusinian mysteries, dramatic imitation, 320 Elis, treaty, 10_n._ Emigration, cultural attitude, 336 Empedocles, elements, 327, 383, 384; on atoms, 386 Emperor-worship, 405, 407, 411 Empire style, as Classicism, 207; contemporaries, table ii Encyclopedists, contemporaries, table i Energy, and _voluntas_, 310_n._ Engels, Friedrich, and Hegelianism, 367; position in Western ethics, 373 England, Manchester system and Western Civilization, 29, 151, 371; imperialism and Napoleonic epoch, 149-151 Enlightenment, Age of, and movement, 155; effect on monasticism, 316_n._; and tolerance, 343; and cult and dogma, 411 Entelechy, ahistoric aspect, 15 Entropy, theory, formulations, 420; effect, 421-424 Epaminondas, and invented history, 11 Ephesus, Council of, and Godhead, 209 Epic, and religion, 399-402 Epictetus, and Jesus, 347 Epicureanism, practicality, 45; morale, 315; and will, 341, 342; contemporaries, table i Epicurus, Indian kinship, 347; character of Nihilism, 357; and Socialism, 358; and mathematics, 366; and ethics, 367; contemporaries, table i Epigoni, and Socialism, 374 Epistemology, and history, 119, 355 Epochs, personal and impersonal, 148. _See also_ Incident; Destiny Epos, contemporaries of popular, table i Erastosthenes, as creator, 425 Erechtheum, in style history, 108, 207 Eroticism. _See_ Sex Esoterics, in Western Culture, 326-329. _See also_ Popularity Etching, Leonardo’s relation, 281; as Western art, 290 Ethics, relation to Culture, 354; period in philosophy, 365-367; socio-economic character of Western, 367-369; dramatical presentation of Western, 368, 372; evolution theory, aspects, 369-372; landmarks of Western, 373, 374; exhaustion of period, 374. _See also_ Metaphysics; Morale; Philosophy Etruscan, round-buildings, 211_n._; contemporaries of discipline, table i Eucharist, cultural significance, 185, 186; as centre of Western Christianity, 247 Euclid, mathematical style, 59, 64, 65; limitation of geometry, 67, 88; mathematical position, 90; parallel axiom, 176_n._ _See also_ Geometry Eudoxus, and higher powers, 66; and infinity, 69, 69_n._; and mathematic, 78, 90 Euler, Leonhard, mathematic, 78, 90; and differentials, 86; and time, 126; contemporaries, 231, table i Euripides, unpopularity, 35; foreshadowing by, 111; end-art, 223; tragic method, 319 Europe, as historical term, 16_n._ Evolution. _See_ Darwinism Exhaustion-method of Archimedes, 69 Experience, and historical sense, 10; lived and learned, 55; in Western concept of nature, 393; and faith, 394; and theory, 395 Experiment, and experience, 393 Exploration. _See_ Discovery Expressionism, farce, 294 Extension, and direction, 99, 172; and reason, 308. _See also_ Space Eyck, Jan van, portraits, 272, 309; contemporaries, table ii Eye, in sculpture, 329

Façades, cultural significance, 224; Renaissance, 235 Fact, and theory, 378 Fairies, cultural attitude, 336, 403 Faith, and Western mathematic, 78. _See also_ Religion Family, Western portraits, 266; Civilization and race-suicide, 359. _See also_ Motherhood Faraday, Michael, and theory, 100, 378, 416 Farnese Bull, theatrical note, 291 Fate, cultural attitude, 129. _See also_ Destiny Faunus, materiality, 403 Faustian soul, explained, 183. _See also_ Western Culture Fauxbourdon, music, 229 Fayum, 58_n._ Fear, and Classical and Western tragedy, 321 Federigo of Urbino, portrait, 279 Feeling, and “proper,” 53 Fermat, Pierre de, relation to Classical mathematic, 69; mathematic style, 74, 75, 90; problem, 76, 77; contemporaries, table i Feudalism, contemporary periods, table iii Feuerbach, Anselm von, act and portrait, 271_n._ Feuerbach, Ludwig A., provincialism, 24; position in Western ethics, 373; contemporaries, table i Fichte, Johann G., basis of Socialism, 362, 374; esoteric, 369; and mathematics, 374; contemporaries, table i Fifty-year period, cultural rhythm, 110 Fischer von Erlach, Johann B., architecture, 285 Flaminius, C., and economic motive, 36; and imperialism, 37 Fleury, Andre, Cardinal de, policy, 4, 349 Florence, culture city, loss of prestige 29, 33; cathedral, 184, 238; and Arabian Culture, 211; and Renaissance, 233-238; and Northern art, 236; character as state, 273. _See also_ Renaissance; Savonarola Fluxions, significance of Newton’s designation, 15_n._ Fontainebleau, park, 240 Force, as undefinable Western concept, numen, 390, 391, 398, 402, 412- 417; stages of concept, 417; contradictions, 418. _See also_ Natural science Forest, and Western cathedrals, 396 Form, and law, 97; and music, 219; and content, 242, 270 Forum of Nerva, craft-art, 198, 215 Forum of Trajan, ornament, 215 Fouquet, Nicolas, and gardening, 241 Four-part movement, 231 Fourteen Helpers, 400 Fourth dimension, and Classical mathematic, 66; and time and space, 124 Fox, Charles James, contemporaries, table iii Fragonard, Jean H., and music, 232 France, and maturity of Western Culture, 148, 150; _plein-air_ painting, 288, 289 Francesca, Piero della, and static space, 237; perspective, 240; and artistic change, 279, 287 Francis of Assisi, art influence, 249_n._; morale, 348; God-feeling, 395; contemporaries, table i Francis I of France, and imperial crown, 148 Franciscans, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20 François Vase, composition, 244 Frau Holle, and Mary-cult, 267 Frau Venus, symbolism, 403 Frazer, Sir J. G., error on “Unknown God”, 404_n._ Frederick the Great, and analogy, 4; on chance, 142_n._; contemporaries, table iii Frederick William I of Prussia, and Socialism, 138; Egyptian kinship, 347 Frederick William IV of Prussia, and German unity, 145 Free will, and destiny, 140, 141. _See also_ Will Freedom, and historical destiny, 39 Freiburg Minster, Viking Gothic, 213 French Revolution, incident and destiny in, 148, 149 Frescobaldi, Girolamo, music, 230 Frescos, Classical, and time of day, 225, 283, 325; Renaissance, 237, 275; displacement by oil, 279. _See also_ Painting Fresnel, Augustin J., light theory, 418 Friedrich, Kaspar D., and grand style, 289 Frigga, and Mary-cult, 267 Fronde, contemporaries, table iii Front, cultural basis of architectural, 224 Fugue, style and theme, 230, 231 Function, as symbol of Western Culture, 74-78; and proportion, 84; contrast with Classical construction, 85; basis of Western number, thought, 86, 87; Goethe’s definition, 86_n._; expansion in groups, aggregates, 89, 90, 426. _See also_ Mathematics Funeral customs, as cultural symbol, 134, 135, 158 Future, youth as, 152; cultural relation, 363

Gabrieli, Andrea, music, 252 Gabrieli, Giovanni, music, 226 Galen, as copyist, 425 Galileo, and natural philosophy, 7; on nature and mathematics, 57; and static idea, 236, 412; dynamic world-picture, 311; deeds of science, 355; concept of force, 386, 415, 417; and motion-problem, 390; God-feeling, 396; contemporaries, table i Gama, Vasco da, spiritual result, 334 Gardening, as Chinese religious art, 190; Western, perspective, 240, 241; Renaissance, 241; English, and ruins, 254 Gaugamela, battle, 151 Gaul, Cæsar’s conquest, 36_n._ Gauss, Karl F., style, 59; artist-nature, 61; mathematical position, 78, 85, 90, 176_n._; and nonperceptual geometry, 88; contemporaries, 112, table i; and dimension, 170, 172; and popularity, 327; and metaphysics, 366; goal of analysis, 418 Gaza, temple, 211 Gedon, Frau, Leibl’s portrait, 252_n._, 266_n._ Generations, spiritual relation, 110_n._ Geography, Classical Culture and, 10_n._; influence on historical terms, 16_n._ _See also_ Discovery Geology, and mineralogy, 96 Geometry, Kant’s error, 6_n._, 170, 171; art expression, 61; limitation of Classical, 67, 83, 88; Descartes and infinite, 74; Western mathematic and term, 81; Western liberation, 86, 170_n._; and arithmetic, 125, 126; systems and corporeality, 176_n._; and popularity, cultural basis, 327. _See also_ Mathematics George, Henry, autumnal accent, 241 Gerbert. _See_ Sylvester II Géricault, Jean L. A. T., and grand style, 290 Germany, union as destiny, 144; and music and architecture, 285; diversion from music to painting, 289 Germigny des Près, church as mosque, 201 Gernrode Cathedral, simplicity, 196; and antique, 275_n._ Gesture, as Classical symbol, 316; in Classical tragedy, 317 Gesu, Il, church at Rome, façade, 313; God-feeling, 395 Ghassanid Kingdom, 215 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, and Gothic, 225_n._, 235, 238 Ghirlandaio, Il, Dutch influence, 236 Giacomo della Porta, architecture, 314; God-feeling, 395 Gigantomachia, and decline of art, 291 Giorgione, Il, and impressionism, 239; clouds, 240; colour, 251, 252; and body, 271 Giotto, childlike feeling, 212; technique, 221; and fresco-art, 237; and Francis of Assisi, 249_n._; Gothic, 235, 274; God-feeling, 395; contemporaries, table ii Giovanni Pisano, sculpture, 212, 235, 238, 263 Glass painting, Gothic and Venetian, 252; contemporaries, table ii Gluck, Christopher W., contemporary mathematics, 78, 90; character of arias, 219_n._; music, 260; period, 284 Gnostics, music, 228; dualism, 248, 306; contemporaries, table i Gobelins, and music, 232 God, Western, and will, 312. _See also_ Religion Görres, Jakob J. von, and dualism, 307 Goes, Hugo van der, in Italy, 236 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, and living nature and vision, vii, 95, 96, 105, 111_n._, 113, 140, 154, 389; influence on Spengler, xiv; historic consciousness, 14, 142, 159; on life, 20; on mankind, 21; and world-as-history, 25, 99, 104; as Classicist, 30; and Darwinism, 35, 111_n._, 370; and actuality, 42, 43; as philosopher, 49_n._, 365_n._; on becoming and become, 49_n._, 53; and intuition, 56; on vision and observation, 61; and mathematics, 61, 65, 75; and Plato’s Ideas, 70; on function, 86_n._; on form and law, 97; on symbols, 102_n._; on historiography, 103; and morphology, 104_n._, 111; on blossoming of art, 107; display of individuality, 110; foreshadowing by, 111; and causal effort, nature-studies, 118, 155-157, 422; on reasonable order, 123; and the Almighty, 124; dramatic form, 129, 318; destiny in life, 139, 145, 146, 281; and imperialism, 149; theory of colour, 157_n._, 158_n._, 246; as Kant’s opposite, 159; and style as organism, 205; and imagination, 220; Northern pantheism, 250, 251_n._; on soul and body, 259; lyrics, 286; and confession, 300; as biographer, 316; and time of day, 324; Faust as symbol of Civilization, 354; ethical passion, 355; variety of religion, 394; and cult and dogma, 411; on application of reason, 412; and world-force, 413, 417; contemporaries, table i Götterdämmerung, Christian form, 400 Gold, and Arabian Culture, 247; contrasting Classical use, 253_n._ Golden Age, cultural basis of concept, 363 Golden Legend, contemporaries, 400 Gorgias, autumnal accent, 207 Gospels, contemporaries, table i Gothic, and Doric, 27; architecture, and depth-experience, 177, 184, 185, 187, 198-200; cathedrals as ornament, 195; sculpture, nude, cathedral groups, 196, 197, 227, 231, 261, 266, 272; as stage of style, 202; and Arabian, borrowings, 211, 213; musical association, 229, 230; aliveness, 233; in Italy, and Renaissance, 234-238; esoteric, 243; Italian, and Francis of Assisi, 249_n._; and later Western expression, 252; and nature, 264; philosophy, will and reason, 308; God-feeling, 395; forest, cathedral, and organ, 396; contemporaries, tables ii, iii. _See also_ Art; Western Culture Goujon, Jean, sculpture, 244 Government. _See_ Politics Goya y Lucientes, Francisco, technique, 221; act and portrait, 271_n._, 264; ease, 292; contemporaries, table ii Goyen, Jan van, landscape as portrait, 287 Gracchi, and economic organization, 138; as incident, 139 Grace, and destiny, 140, 141 Granada, and Arabian Culture, 216 Grassmann, Hermann G., religion and mathematic, 70 Gravitation, shaky hypothesis, 418 Great Mother of Pessinus, Rome and cult, 405 Greco, El, clouds, 240 Greece, and Europe, 16_n._ _See also_ Classical Culture Green, symbolism, 245, 246 Gregory VII, pope, morale, 349 Grote, George, narrow Classicalism, 29 Groups, as culmination of Western mathematic, 89, 90, 427 Grünewald, Matthias, clouds, 240; colour, 246, 250, 288; and Renaissance, 274 Guardi, Francesco, painting, 207, 220 Guercino, Giovanni F. B., colour, 246; and musical expression, 250 Guido d’ Arezzo, music, 228 Guido da Siena, and Madonna, 267 Guilhem of Poitiers, professionalism, 229_n._ Gundisapora, school, 63 Gunpowder, relation to Baroque, 278_n._, 333 Gymnastics, and sport, 35

Habit, applied to a Culture, 108 Hadrian, analogy, 4; Pantheon as Arabian, 211 Hadrian’s Villa, type, 211_n._ Haeckel, Ernst H., and Civilization, 252; faith in names, 397_n._ Hageladas, contemporaries, table ii Hagia Sophia, period, 108; miracle, 130_n._; character, 184, 200; mosque as resumption, 211; acanthus motive, 215 Halo, history, 130_n._ Hals, Frans, musical expression, 250; period, 283 Hamadryads, materiality, 403 Han Dynasty, importance, 94; contemporaries, table iii Handel, George F., and dominance of music, 231; colour expression, 252_n._; Catholicism, 268_n._; oratorios, 283 Hannibal, contemporaries, 112, table iii; historical position, 144; ethical exception, 349 Happiness, and Classical ethic, 351 Harakiri, and Greek suicide, 204_n._ Hardenberg, Karl A. von, reorganization of Prussia, 150_n._ Harmodius, statue, 269_n._ Haroun-al-Raschid, analogies, 38; contemporaries, table ii Hauran, basilica type, 210, 210_n._ Haydn, Joseph, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90; orchestration, 231; colour expression, 252_n._; and Praxiteles, 284; period, 284; ease, 291; as religious, 358 Hebbel, Friedrich, provincialism, 24; and practical philosophy, 45; on research and vision, 102; and cultural contrasts, 128; as dramatist, 143, 290; causal effort, 156; and Civilization, 352; nebulous aim, 363; and Hegelianism, 367; and economic ethics, 370, 371, 373; character of atheism, 408_n._ Hegel, Georg W. F., and history, 19, 22; and mystic philosophy, 365_n._; and mathematics, 366; and critique of society, 367, 374; esoteric, 369; contemporaries, table i Heimarmene, in Classical tragedy, 320 Hei, and Valhalla, 400 Helen, and Kriemhild, 268 Helios, as god, 147_n._, 402 Hellenism, contemporaries, tables i, ii Hellenistic art period, contemporaries, table ii Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von, time and mathematic, 64; on natural science and mechanics, 377; on electrolysis, 385_n._; Archimedes as contemporary, 386 Henry the Fowler, and Cyaxares, 4 Henry the Lion, morale, 349 Hera, Samian temple, 225_n._ Heracles, Vatican torso, 255 Heracles legends, contemporaries, table i Heraclitus, morale, 268_n._, 315, 343; popularity, 327; and Stoicism, 356; wisdom and intellect, 409 Heræa, treaty, 10_n._ Heræum of Olympia, timber construction, 132 Herbart, Johann F., ethics, 367 Herder, Johann G. von, and history, 19 Hermes, cults, 406 Hermes Trismegistus, and chemistry, 383 Herodotus, ahistoric consciousness, 9, 146 Hersfeld, and antique, 275_n._ Hertz, Heinrich, and theory, 378; and motion-problem, 391, 414, 416 Hesiod, contemporaries, table i Hilda, Saint, passing-bell, 134_n._ Hildesheim Cathedral, simplicity, 196; and antique, 275_n._ Hipparchus, as scientist, 9, 330 Hippasus, irrational numbers and fate, 65_n._ History, Spengler and morphology, xi; and destiny and causality, experiencing and thinking, 3, 118, 121, 151; repetitions of expression-forms, 4, 27; needed technique of analogies, 5; consciousness, 8; historic and ahistoric Cultures, 8-12, 97, 103, 132-136, 254, 255, 264, 363; consciousness and attitude toward mortality, 13; concept of morphology, 5-8, 26, 39, 100, 101; form and form feeling, 15, 16; irrational culminative division scheme, 16-18, 22; origin of the scheme, 18; Western development of it, 19, 20, 94; theory of distinct Cultures, 21, 22; provincialism of Western thinkers, 22-25; world-as-history, thing-becoming, 25, 95; single riddle, 48; time essence, 49; and intuition, 56; definite sense and nature, 55, 57, 94; and Culture, 55; detached view, 93; research and vision, 96, 102, 105, 142; anti-historical and ahistorical, 97_n._; chronology, 97; as original world-form, 98; “scientific, possibility, 98, 153, 154; and mechanistic world-conception, 99; and direction and extension, 99, 100; portraiture of Cultures, 101, 104, 105; memory-picture, 103; elements of form-world, 103, 104; phenomena, 105, 106; future task, organic culture-history, 105, 159; stages of a Culture, 106-108; preordained durations, 109; homology, 111; cultural contemporaneousness, 112; enlarged possibilities, restoration and prediction, 112, 113; teleology and materialistic conception, 121; cultural basis of viewpoint, 131; cultural symbols, clock; bell, funeral customs, museums, 131, 134-136; cultural feeling of care, 136-138; judgment and life, 139; incident and destiny, Western examples, 143, 148; grandiose demand of Western, 145; incidental character of Classical, 146, 147; as actualizing of a soul, 147; impersonal and personal epochs, 148; effect of Civilization-period, 152; and happening, 153; causal harmonies, 153, 154, 158; confusion in causal method, 155-157; physiognomic investigation, 157; symbolism, 163; of styles, 205; and cultural art expression, 249, 253; and portrait, 264; and will, 308; and action, 343; cultural opposition, 386; in natural science, 389. _See also_ Becoming; Destiny; Nature; Politics; Spirit; Time Hittites, inscriptions, 12_n._ Hobbema, Meyndert, colour, 246 Hobbes, Thomas, and actuality, 42 Hölderlin, Johann C. F., narrow Classicalism, 28_n._; autumnal accent, 241; and confession, 264; lyrics, 286; and fatherland, 335 Hoffmann, Ernst T. A., “Johannes Kreisler”, 276_n._, 285 Hogarth, William, position, 150_n._, 283 Holbein, Hans, colour, 250; contemporaries, table ii Holy Grail legend, cultural significance, 186, 198; elements, 213 Holy Roman Empire, contemporaries, table iii Home, Henry, on ruins, 254_n._ Home, significance of term, 33_n._; cultural basis of conception, 83, 334-337. _See also_ Politics Homer, contemporaries, 27, table i; soul, 203, 305; religion, 268_n._; gods, 312, 313; popularity, 328; and Classical ethics, 349 Homology, historical application, 111, 112 Horace, and duration, 65_n._, 132 Horizon, and mathematics, 171; in Western landscape painting, 239, 242 Horn, Georg, and term Middle Age, 22 Horoscopes, cultural attitude, 147 Houdon, Jean A., sculpture as painting, 245 Hucbald, music, 228 Hugo van der Goes. _See_ Goes Huguenot wars, character, 33 Humboldt, Alexander von, Ethical Socialism, 374 Hus, John, contemporaries, table i Hwang-Ti, contemporaries, table iii Hygiene, as phenomenon of Civilization, 361 Hyksos Period, contemporaries, 111, tables ii, iii; feebleness, 149 Hyksos Sphinx, 108, 262 Hypsicles, as Arabian thinker, 63

Iamblichus, on statues of gods, 216; contemporaries, table i Ibn-al-Haitan, on light, 381 Ibn Kurra, contemporaries, table i Ibsen, Henrik, world-conception, 20; provincialism, 24, 33_n._; sex problem, 35; unpopularity, 35; and practical philosophy, 45; causal effort, 156; tragic method, 318; and morale, 346; and Civilization, 352; character of Nihilism, 357; journalism, 360; nebulous aim, 363, 364; and socio-economic ethics, 372-374 Iconoclasts, Arabian principle, 262; contemporaries, table i Idea, and destiny, 121 Idolatry, Arabian iconoclasm, 262; Classical attitude, 403 Iliad, spatial aspect, 198 Ilya Murometz, Russian saga, 201_n._ Image, cultural basis of idea, 216 Imagination, music as channel, 220 Imitation, qualities and aim, 191-194; opposition to ornament, 194-196; period in architecture, 197; in music, 228. _See also_ Ornament Imperialism, negative character of Roman, 36; and Civilization, 36; Western destiny, 37, 38; origin of Western, Napoleon’s relation, 148; cultural attitude, 336; cultural contemporaries, table iii Impressionism, as space, 184; beginning, 239; Leonardo’s relation, 277; full meaning, 285-287; later _plein-air_, 288; in Wagner’s music, 292 Improvisation, as manifestation, 195 Incident, world, 142; and destiny, 138-144; and cause, 142; and style of existence, 142-147; as basis of Western tragedy, 143; historical use, 143. _See also_ Destiny India, Napoleon and, 150 Indian Culture, ahistorical basis, 11, 12, 133; anonymous philosophy, 12; mathematic, 84, 178; sex attitude, 136; attitude toward state, 137; morale, passive, 315, 341, 347; Buddhism and Civilization, 352; spiritual epochs, table i. _See also_ Buddhism; Cultures Indo-Iranian art period, contemporaries, table ii Infinity, and Classical mathematic, 69; in Western Culture, 74-76, 81-84; and new notation, 76-78; limit as a relation, 86; and Western science, 418, 427. _See also_ Depth-experience; Space Innocent III, pope, and Western morale, 348 Inquisition, and Western faith, 410 Integral calculus. _See_ Calculus Intellect, and nature, 157. _See also_ Will Intelligence, and atheism, 409 Interregnum, Germanic, period as episode, 149 Intuition, and learning, 55, 56 Ionic, and Doric, 205; contemporaries, tables ii, iii. _See also_ Architecture; Column Irak, synagogue music, 228 Irrationalism, cultural attitude, 64-66, 68, 83 Isis, motherhood, 137; cult, 406, 407 Islam, analogy to Mohammed, 39; Mohammed as epoch, 149; architectural expression, 208, 209, 211; iconoclasm, 262; and home, 335; Mohammed’s unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._; Puritanism, 356; Mohammed’s contemporaries, table i; fatalism period, table i. _See also_ Arabian Culture; Religion Issus, battle, mosaic, 214 Italy, liberation as episode, 151; and music, 230 I-Wang, contemporaries, table iii

Jacobins, and reason and will, 308 Jacopo della Quercia, and ornament, 238 Jahn, Friedrich L., and gymnastics, 35_n._ James, Henry, on ruins, 254_n._ Jansenism, and theoretical science, 66, 314_n._; Puritanism, 356; contemporaries, table i Janus, materiality, 403 Japan, harakiri, 204_n._; art and the nude, 262_n._ Jason of Pheræ, contemporaries, table iii Jesuitism, and Baroque architecture, 313; style in science, 412. _See also_ Loyola Jesus, as Son of Man, 309; and Arabian morale, 344, 347; unimposed glad tidings, 344_n._ _See also_ Christianity Joachim of Floris, world-conception, 19, 229, 261; and “passion”, 320_n._; contemporaries, table i John, Saint, and world-history, 18_n._; dualism in Gospel, 306 Journalism, as phenomenon of Civilization, 360 Judaism, architectural expression, 209, 211_n._; psalmody, 228; Kabbala, dualism, 248, 307, 312; and home 335. _See also_ Arabian Culture Judgment, and necessity, 393 Julius II, pope, Raphael’s portrait, 272 Juppiter Dolichenus, cult, 406_n._ Juppiter Feretrius, temple and oath, 406 Juppiter Optimus Maximus, cult, 406 Jurisprudence, esoteric Western, 328 Justinian, period of fulfilment, 107; and Hagia Sophia, 130_n._ Justus van Gent, in Italy, 236

Kabbala, dualism, 248, 307 Kalaam, determinism, 307 Kant, Emmanuel, and space and time, 6_n._, 7, 64, 122, 124-126, 143, 169, 170, 173-175; and history, 19; provincialism, 23; contemporaries, 27, table i; final Western systematic philosophy, 45, 365-367; as philosopher of Being, 49_n._; and nature and mathematics, 57, 64, 68, 78, 366, 379; _a priori_ error, 59; mechanistic world-conception, 99; and causality and destiny, 118-120, 151; and the Almighty, 124; and incident, 143; as Goethe’s opposite, 159; on knowledge of thought, 299; egoism, 310, 335; esoteric, 327; and compassion, 350, 362; and ethics, 354, 355; and materialism, 368; on judgment, 393; on force, 413 Karlstadt, Andreas R., contemporaries, table i Karma, Buddhist interpretation, 357 Karnak, contemporaries, table ii Katharsis, Classical, 322, 347. _See also_ Drama Kelvin, Lord, and æther, 418 Kepler, Johan, mathematic and religion, 71, 330; horoscope for Wallenstein, 147; deeds of science, 355; and mass, 415 Kirchhoff, Gustav R., on physics and motions, 388 Kishi, church architecture, 201_n._ Kismet, 129, 307. _See also_ Destiny Klein, Felix, and groups, 90 Kleist, Heinrich B. W. von, as dramatist, 290 Kleisthenes of Sikyon, tyranny, 33 Knowledge, comparative forms, 59, 60; virtue and power, 362; and feeling, 365; as naming of numina, 397 Kriemhild, and Helen, 268 Krishna worship, and sex, 136_n._ Kwan-tsi, and actuality, 42

Lagrange, Comte, mathematic, 66, 78, 90; on mechanics, 124; and force, 417; contemporaries, table i La Hale, Adam de, operetta, 229 Landscape, as Chinese prime symbol, 174, 190, 196, 203; horizon in painting, 239; Western gardening, 240; Baroque, as portrait 270_n._, 287; _plein-air_, 288, 289; and dramatic scene, 326 Lanfranc, controversy, 185 Langton, Stephen, as warrior, 349_n._ Language, of Culture, 55; word and number, 57; beginning of word-sense, 57; paired root-words, 127; personality-idea in Western, 262, 302, 309, 310, 413_n._; as cultural function, 302_n._ _See also_ Names; Writing Laocoön group, theatrical note, 291; and Pre-Socratic philosophy, 305 Lao-tse, and imperialism, 37; and actuality, 42. Laplace, Marquis Pierre de, mathematic, 78, 90; contemporaries, 112, table i; and force, 413, 417 Lasso, Orlando, style, 230 Lateran Council, and Western Christianity, 247 Latin, as Stoic creation, 361 Lavoisier, Antoine L., chemistry, 384, 426 Law, and form, 97 League of Nations, Chinese ideas, 37 Learning, and intuition, 55, 56 Legends, contemporary, table i Legnano, battle, a symbol, 349 Leibl, Wilhelm, significance of colour, 252; portraiture, 266; and body, 271; and grand style, 289-291; etching, 290; striving, 292 Leibniz, Baron von, and actuality, 42; mathematics, metaphysics, and religion, 56, 66, 70, 126, 366, 394; relation to Classical mathematic, 69; calculus, 75, 78, 82, 84, 90; and vision, 105; and Nicholas of Cusa, 236; esoteric, 327; and mystic philosophy, 365_n._; monads as quanta of action, 385; Democritus as contemporary, 386; and force, 413, 415-417; contemporaries, table i Leipzig, battle, issue, 35 Lenbach, Franz von, copyist, 295 Le Nôtre, André, gardening, 240_n._, 241 Leo III, pope, and iconoclasm, 262 Leochares, contemporary mathematic, 90 Leonardo da Vinci, astronomical theory, 69; spirituality, 128; Dutch influence, 236; and background, 237; and impressionism, 239, 287; and sculpture, 244; colour, 246; and body, 271; and portrait, 272; as dissatisfied thinker, 274; discovery as basis of art, 277-279; and circulation of the blood, 278; and aviation, 279; Western soul and technical limitation, 279-281; and dynamics, 414 Lessing, Gotthold E., world-conception, 20; and cultural contrasts, 128; and Aristotle’s philanthropy, 351; and cult and dogma, 411 Lessing, Karl F., colour, 252 Leucippus, atoms, 135, 385, 386 Li, contemporaries, table iii Licinian Laws, myth, 11 Life, and soul and world, 54; duration, specific time-value, 108; duration applied to Culture, 109; Classical Culture and duration, 132; and willing, 315. _See also_ Death Light and shadow, cultural art attitude, 242_n._, 283, 325_n._ Light theories, electro-magnetic, 156_n._; Newton’s, and Goethe’s theory of colour, 157_n._, 158_n._; cultural basis, 381; contradictory, 418 Limit, as a relation, 86 Linden, as symbol, 396 Lingam. _See_ Phallus Lingayats, sect, 136_n._ Ling-yan-si, Saints, 260 Linois, Comte de, and India, 150_n._ Lippi, Filippino, Dutch influence, 236 Liszt, Franz, Catholicism, 268_n._; contemporaries, table ii Literature. _See_ Art; Drama; History; Poetry; writers by name, especially Dante; Goethe; Ibsen Livy, on strange gods, 405 Lochner, Stephen, God-feeling, 395 Locke, John, and imperialism, 150; contemporaries, table i Loggia dei Lanzi, artistic sentiment, 272 Logarithms, liberation, 88 Logic, organic and inorganic, 3, 117; of time and space, 7; and mathematics, convergence, 57, 427; and morale, 354. _See also_ Causality Logicians, contemporaries, table i Lokoyata, contemporaries, table i London, culture city, 33 Loredano, doge, portrait, 272 Lorentz, Hendrik A., and Relativity, 419 Lorenzo de’ Medici, and music, 230 Lotze, Rudolf H., ethics, 367 Louis XIV, uncleanliness, 260; contemporaries, table iii Louisiana, Napoleon’s project, 150 Loyola, Ignatius, and style of the Church, 148; architectural parallel, 314; and Western morale, 348; God-feeling, 394, 395; and method, 412 Lucca, and Arabian Culture, 216 Lucian, and Philopatris dialogue, 404_n._ Lucullus, L., army, 36 Ludovisi Villa, garden, 240 Lully, Raymond, music, 283 Luther, Martin, and “know”, 123; and destiny, 141; as epoch, 149; and works, 316_n._; and Western morale, 348, 349, 355; God-feeling, 394, 395; contemporaries, table i Luxor, contemporaries, table ii Lycurgus, myth, 11 Lysander, deification, 405 Lysias, portrait, 270 Lysicrates, Monument of, acanthus motive, 215 Lysippus, contemporary mathematic, 90; sculpture, 226, 260_n._; period, 284; canon, 287; straining, 291; irreligion, 358; contemporaries, table ii Lysistratus, and portraiture, 269

Machault, Guillaume de, and counterpoint, 229_n._ Machiavellism, and mimicry, 371 Macpherson, James, autumnal accent, 241 Macrocosm, idea, 163-165; cultural and intercultural, 165; expression, 180; and style-problem, 214-216. _See also_ History; Morphology; Nature; Symbolism; World-conceptions Maderna, Stefano, sculpture, 244; God-feeling, 395 Madonna, in Western art, 136, 267, 280. _See also_ Marycult; Motherhood Madrid, culture city, 32, 109 Madrigals, character, 229 Mæcenas, park, 34 Magdeburg Cathedral, Viking Gothic, 213 Magian soul, explained, 183. _See also_ Arabian Culture Magnetism, Cabeo’s theory, 414 Magnitude, emancipation of Western mathematic, 74-78; and relations, 84, 86 Mahavansa, as historical work, 12 Mainz Cathedral, and styles, 205 Makart, Hans, copyist, 295 Malatestas, Hellenic sorriness, 273 Malthus, Thomas R., and Darwinism, 350, 369, 371 Manchester system, and Western Civilization, 151, 371; and Darwinism, 369 Mandæans, as Arabian, 72; music, 228; contemporaries, table i Manet, Édouard, unpopularity, 35; and body, 271; landscapes, 288; _plein-air_ painting, 288-290; weak style, 291; striving, 292; and Wagner, 292; irreligion, 358 Mani, and mystic benefits, 344_n._; and Jesus, 347; contemporaries, table i Manichæanism, as Arabian, 72; architectural expression, 209, 211; music, 228; dualism, 306; and home, 335 Mankind, as abstraction, 21, 46 Mantegna, Andrea, technique, 221, 239; and colour, 242; and portrait, 271; and statics, 414 Marble, and later Western sculpture, 232, 276_n._; Greek use, 248_n._, 253; Michelangelo’s attitude, 276. _See also_ Stone Marcellus II, pope, and Church music, 268_n._ Marcion, and Jesus, 347; contemporaries, table i Marcus Aurelius, and monotheistic tendency, 407 Marées, Hans, significance of colour, 252; portraiture, 266, 271, 271_n._, 309; and grand style, 289, 290; striving, 292 Marenzio, Luca, music, 251 Marius, C., and economic motive, 36; contemporaries, table iii Mars Ultor, temple, ornament, 215 Marseillaise, morale, 355 Marsyas, Myron’s, lack of depth, 226 Marwitz, Friedrich A. L. von der, and Hardenberg, 150_n._ Marx, Karl, and practical philosophy, 45; and earlier and final Socialism, 138; and superficially incidental, 144; character of Nihilism, 352, 357; and Hegelianism, 367; socio-economic ethics, 372, 373; contemporaries, table i Mary-cult, as symbol, 136; Madonna in Western art, 267, 280 Masaccio, and artistic change, 237, 279, 287 Mashetta, castle, façade, 215 Mask, and Classical drama, 316, 317_n._, 318, 323 ass, Western functional concept, 415; effect of quantum theory, 419 Materialism, and Goethe’s living nature, 111_n._; Buddhism as, 356; in Western ethics, 368; and Socialism, 370 Mathematics, spatial concept, 6_n._, 7; plurality, cultural basis, 15, 59-63, 67, 70, 101, 314; position, 56; and extension, 56; and nature, 57; wider-culture vision and analogy, 57, 58; beginning of number-sense, 59; as art, 61, 62, 70; vision, 61; of Classical Culture, positive, measurable numbers, 63-65, 69, 77; and time and becoming, 64, 125, 126; symbolism in Classical, 65-67, 70; religious analogy, 66, 70, 394; and empirical observation, 67; character of Arabian, 71-73; primitive levels, 73; Western, and infinite functions, 74-76; Western need of new notation, 76; as expression of world-fear, 79-81; and Western meaning of space, 81-84, 88; and proportion and function, 84; construction _versus_ function, 85; virtuosity, 85; and physiognomic morphology, 85; Western, and limit as a relation, 86; Western abstraction, 86, 87; Western conflict with perception limitations, 87, 170, 171; culmination of Western, groups, 89, 90, 426; paradigm of Classical and Western, 90; and the how, what, and when, 126; cultural relation to art, 129, 130; Classical sculpture and Western music as, 284; impressionism, 286; vector and Baroque art, 311; esoteric Western, 328; and philosophy, 366; replacement by economics, 367; theory of aggregates, and logic, 426; cultural contemporary epochs, table i. _See also_ Nature; Number; branches by name Matter. _See_ Body; Natural science Matthew Passion. _See_ Schütz, Heinrich Maxwell-Hertz equations, 418 Maya Culture. _See_ Mexican Mayer, Julius Robert, and theory, 378; and conservation of energy, 393, 412, 417 Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, morale, 349 Mazdaism, as Arabian, 209; architectural expression, 211; and pneuma, 216; music, 228; contemporaries, table i Mazdak, contemporaries, table i Meander, motive, 316, 345 Mechanics, and fourth dimension, 124. _See also_ Motion; Natural science Mediæval History, as term, 16, 22 Medicis, Hellenic sorriness, 273 Megalopolitanism, and Civilization of a Culture, 32-35, 38; and systematism, 102. _See also_ Civilization Melody, Classical and Western, 227 Memlinc, Hans, in Italy, 236; and Renaissance, 274 Memory, conception, 103; as organ of history, 132; as term, 132 Mencius, practical philosophy, 45 Mendicant Orders, as exception, 348 Menes, contemporaries, table iii Menzel, Adolf F. E., and body, 271; impressionism, 286; and grand style, 290, 291 Merovingian-Carolingian Era, contemporary art epochs, table ii Mesopotamia, synagogues, 210 Messenians, provided history, 11 Metaphysics, and scientific research, 154; and symbolism, 163; Western and pairs of concepts, 311; basis of Classical, 311; period in philosophy, 365-367. _See also_ Ethics; Philosophy. Mexican (Maya) Culture, and historical scheme, 16, 18; and time measurement, 134_n._; ornament, 196; and tutelage, 213 Meyer, Eduard, on Spengler, x; on Classical Culture and geography, 10_n._ Meyerbeer, Giacomo, Rossini on Huguenots, 293 Michelangelo, liberation of architecture, beginning of Baroque, 87, 206, 225_n._, 313; materiality, obsession by the architectural, 128; St. Peter’s, 206, 238; and passing of sculpture, 223, 244; anticipations, 263; and physiognomy of muscles, 264; nude, and portrait, 272; sonnets, 273; as dissatisfied thinker, 274; unsuccessful quest of the Classical, 275-277, 281; and marble, 276; architecture as final expression, 277; and popularity, 327; God-feeling, 395; contemporaries, table ii Michelozzo, Bartolommeo di, and Classical, 415 Michelson, Albert A., experiments, 419 Middle Kingdom, contemporaries, tables i-iii Milesians, physical theory, 386 Miletus, form-type of Didymæum, 204; and Egypt, 225 Milinda, King, and Nagasena, 356 Military art, Western, 333_n._ Mill, John Stuart, and economic ascendency, 367, 373 Millennianism, as Western phenomenon, 363, 423 Mineralogy, and geology, 96 Minerva Medica, Syrian workmen, 211 Ming-Chu, contemporaries, table iii Ming-ti, contemporaries, table iii Minkowski, Hermann, imaginary time, 124_n._; and Relativity, 419 Minnesänger, rules, 193; imitative music, 229 Mino da Fiesole, and portrait, 272 Minoan art, character, 198; contemporaries, 241 Minstrels, imitative music, 229 Mirabeau, Comte de, and imperialism, 149; contemporaries, table iii Miracles, cultural attitude toward, 392, 393 Missionarism, Stoic, 344_n._; and diatribe, 360 Mithraists, and pneuma, 216; form-language of mithræa, 224; music, 228; cult in Rome, 406, 406_n._ Mitylene, episode and Classical time-sense, 133_n._ Moab, Castle of Mashetta, 215 Modern History, as irrational term, 16-18 Mörike, Eduard, poetry, 289 Mohammed. _See_ Islam Moissac, church ornamentation, 199 Molière, tragic method, 318 Mommsen, Theodor, on Classical historians, 11; narrow Classicalism, 28 Monasticism, and Western morale, 316_n._; order-movement, 343; mendicant orders, 348 Money, Roman conception, 33; as hall-mark of Civilization, 34-36 Monophysites, Islam as heir, 211; as alchemistic problem, 383; contemporaries, table i Monteverde, Claudio, music, 226, 230, 249, 283 Morale, plurality, cultural basis, no conversions, 315, 345-347; Western, and activity, 315; and analysis, 341; Western moral imperative, 341, 342; intellectual and unconscious concepts, 341_n._; Western purposeful motion, ethic of deed, 342-344, 347; Western Christian, 344, 348; and art, 344; morphology, 346; compassion, cultural types of manly virtue, 347-351; real and presumed, phrases and meanings, 348; Classical, and happiness, 351; instinctive and problematic, tragic and plebeian, 354, 355; end phenomena, cultural basis, 356-359; Civilization and diatribe, 359, 360; and diet, 361; qualities and aim of Socialism, 361-364; and cultural atomic theories, 386. _See also_ Ethics; Spirit Moravians, as exception, 348 Morphology, Spengler and historical, xi; concept of historical, 5-8, 26, 39; historical, and symbolism, 46; historical, ignored, 47; symmetry, 47; historical and natural, 48; historical, Western study of comparative, 50, 159; comparative, knowledge forms, 60; of mathematical operations, 85; systematic and physiognomic, 100, 101, 121; of world-history explained, 101; of Cultures, 104; historical homology, 111, 112; element of causal and destiny, 121; of morales, 346; of history of philosophy, 364-374; of exact sciences, 425 Mortality. _See_ Death Mosaic, as cultural expression, 214; and Arabian gold background, 247; eyes, 329; contemporaries, table ii Mosque, architectural characteristics, 200, 210; contemporaries, table ii Motherhood, cultural attitude, meaning, 136, 137; and destiny, portraiture, 267 Mo-ti, practical philosophy, 45 Motion, and fourth dimension, 124; Eleatic difficulty, 305_n._; and natural science, 377, 387-391. _See also_ Natural science Motion pictures, and Western character, 322 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90; period, 108, 284; orchestration, 231; colour expression, 252_n._; ease, 292; contemporaries, table ii Mummies, as symbol, 12, 13, 135 Murillo, Bartolomé, period, 283 Murtada, and will, 311 Museums, as historical symbols, 135; change in meaning of word, 136 Music, thoroughbass and geometry, 61; mathematical relation, 62, 63; of Baroque period, 78; and proportion and function, 84; bodilessness of Western, development, 97, 177, 230, 231, 283; history of instruments, 195; Western church, as architectural ornament, 196, 199; as art of form, 219, 221_n._; and allegory, 219_n._; as channel for imagination, 220; Classical, 223, 227, 252_n._; form-ideal of Western, 225; technical contrast of Classical and Western, 227_n._; word and organism, cultural basis, 227, 228; Arabian, 228; Chinese, 228; imitation and ornament, 228; ornamental and imitative Western, 229; secularization, thoroughbass, 230; of Renaissance, 234; Flemish influence in Italy, 236; and horizon in painting, 239; pastoral, and gardening, 240; esoteric Western, 243; as Western prime phenomenon, 244, 281-284; and Western painting, 250, 251; instruments and colour expression, 252; instrumental as historical expression, 255; and uncleanliness, 260_n._; and portrait, 262, 266; Catholic, 268_n._; Michelangelo’s tendency, 277; Western, and Classical free sculpture, 283, 284; climacteric instruments, 284; and Rococo architecture, 285; impressionism, 285, 286; and later German school of painting, 289; Wagner and death of Western, 291, 293; his impressionism, 292; and Western soul, 305; and Western concept of God, 312; and character, 314; place of organ, 396; Western contemporary natural science, 417; contemporary cultural epochs, table ii. _See also_ Art Muspilli, and Northern myths, 400, 423 Mutazilites, contemporaries, table i Mycenæ, funeral customs, 135; contemporaries, tables, ii, iii Mycerinus, dynasty, 58_n._ Myron, sculpture as planar art, 225, 226, 283; Discobolus, 263, 264 Mysteries, Classical, 320. _See also_ Religion Mysticism, art association, 229; and dualism, 307; cultural culmination, 365_n._; and concept of force, 391; contemporaries, table i Myth, natural science as, 378, 387 Mythology, significance in Classical Culture, 10, 11, 13; origin, 57. _See also_ Religion

Nagasena, materialism, 356 Names, as overcoming fear, 123; concretion of numina, 397 Napoleon I, analogies, 4, 5; romantic, 38; imperialism, 42, 149-151; as destiny and epoch, 142, 144, 149; egoism, 336; morale, 349; and toil for future, 363; contemporaries, table iii Napoleonic Wars, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._ Nardini, Pietro, orchestration, 231 Natural science, mechanics and motion, cultural basis of postulate, 377, 378; fact and theory, cultural images, 378-380; Western, and depth-experience, tension, 380, 386, 387; and religion, cultural basis, 380-382, 391, 411, 412, 416; scientific period of a Culture, 381; cultural relativity, 382; cultural nature ideas and elements, 382-384; statics, chemistry, dynamics, cultural systems, 384; cultural atomic theories, 384-387; thinking-motion problem, system and life, 387-389; mechanical and organic necessity, 391; cultural attitude on mechanical necessity, 392-394; things and relations, 393; conservation of energy and Western concept of experience, 393; theory and religion, Western God-feeling, 395; naming of notions, 397; and atheism, 409; Western dogma of undefinable force, provenance, stages, 412-417; as to Western statics, 414, 415; mass concept of Civilization, work-idea, 416, 417; disintegration of exact, contradictions, 417-420; physiognomic effect of irreversibility theory, 420-424; effect of radioactivity, 423; decay, 424; morphology, convergence of separate sciences, 425-427; anthropomorphic return, 427. _See also_ Nature Natural selection, and Western ethics, Superman, 371. _See also_ Darwinism Naturalism, antiquity, 33, 207, 288; in art, 192 Nature, contrast of historical morphology, 5, 7, 8; definite sense, and history, 55, 57, 94-98, 102, 103; and learning, 56; mathematics as expression, 57; as late world-form, 98; mechanistic world-conception, 99, 100; systematic morphology, 100; and causality and destiny, 119, 121, 142; cultural viewpoints, 131, 263; timelessness, 142, 158; historical overlapping, living harmonies, 153, 154, 158; and intellect, 157; personal connotations, 169; soul as counter-world, 301; and reason, 308. _See also_ Causality; History; Mathematics; Natural science; Space; Spirit Naucratis, and Miletus, 225_n._ Naumann, Johann C., architecture, 285 Nazzâm, on body, 248; contemporaries, table i Necessity, mechanical and organic, 391 Nemesis, character of Classical, 129, 320. _See also_ Destiny Neo-Platonists, as Arabian, 72; and pneuma, 216; and body, 248; dualism, 306; unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._ Neo-Pythagoreans, and body, 248; and mechanical necessity, 393 Nerva, forum, 198, 215 Nestorianism, and art, 209, 211; music, 228; and home, 334; as alchemistic problem, 383; contemporaries, table i Neumann, Karl J., on Roman myths, 11 New York City, and megalopolitanism, 33 Newton, Sir Isaac, and “fluxions”, 15_n._; artist-nature, 61; mathematic and religion, 70, 396, 412; mathematical discoveries, 75, 78, 90; and time and space, 124, 126; light theory, and Goethe’s theory, 157_n._, 158_n._, 422; dynamic world-picture, 311; deeds of science, 355; and motion-problem, 390, 391; and metaphysics, 366; and force and mass, 415, 417; contemporaries, table i Nibelungenlied, and Homer, 27; esoteric, 328; and Western Christianity, 400-402 Nicæa, Council of, and Godhead, 249 Nicephorus Phocas, and Philopatris dialogue, 404_n._ Nicholas of Cusa, astronomical theory, 69; religion and mathematic, 70; musical association, 236; contemporaries, table i Nicholas of Oresme, and beginning of Western mathematic, 73, 74, 279; art association, 229; Occamist, 381 Niese, Benedictus, on Roman myths, 11 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, influence on Spengler, xiv, 49_n._; provincialism, 24; Classical ideology, 28, 28_n._; on city life, 30; unpopularity, 35; practical philosophy, 45; and historical unity, 48; and detachment, 93; and Wagner, 111, 291, 370; on history and definition, 158; on art witnesses, 191; autumnal accent, 241; on Greeks and colour, 245; on “brown” music, 252; on Greeks and body, 260; will and reason, 308; and morale, 315, 342, 346; and home, 335; actuality of “Mann”, 347, 350; and Civilization, 352; character of Nihilism, 357; and diet, 361; nebulous aim, 363, 364; and mystic philosophy, 365_n._; and mathematics, 366; ethics and metaphysics, 367; materialism, 368; and evolution and Socialism, 370-372; position in Western ethics, 373, 374; on pathos of distance, 386; dynamic atheism, 409; contemporaries, table i Niflheim, lack of materiality, 403 Nihilism, and finale of a Culture, 352; cultural manifestations, 357 Nirvana, ahistoric expression, 11, 133; and zero, 178; conception, 347, 357, 361. _See also_ Buddhism Nisibis, and Arabian art, 209 Northmen, discoveries, 330 Norwich Cathedral, simplicity, 196 Notre-Dame, Madonna of the St. Anne, 263 Nude, in Classical art, necessity, 130, 260-262, 317; cultural basis of feeling, 216, 270, 272; as element of Classical Culture only, 225 Nürnberg, loss of prestige, 33; church statuary, 103; church and styles, 205; as religious, 358 Numa, cult, 185; contemporaries, table i Number, chronological and mathematical, 6, 7, 70, 97; defined, 67; numbers and mortality, 70; Arabian indeterminate, 72; Western Culture and functional, 74, 75, 90; Western attitude and notation, 76, 332_n._; symbolism, 82, 165; astronomical, 83, 332_n._; cultural attitudes, 88; and the become, 95; and numbering, 125; Indian conception, 178; functional, and causality, 393. _See also_ Mathematics Numina, naming, 397. _See also_ Religion Nyaya, contemporaries, table i

Oak, as symbol, 396 Occamists, physical theory, 381, 389 Odo, Bishop, as warrior, 349_n._ Odysseus, as enduring, 203 Okeghem, Joannes, music, 130; and popularity, 243 Oken, Lorenz, and dualism, 307 Old Kingdom, and care, 137; contemporaries, tables ii, iii Old Nordic art, as Arabian, 215 Oldach, Julius, act and portrait, 271_n._ Omar, Mosque of, characteristics, 200_n._ Ommayad period, homology, 111 Opera, and orchestra, 230 Oracle, Classical, 147 Oratorio, and orchestra, 230 Orchomenos, funeral customs, 135 Oreads, passivity, 336 Oresme. _See_ Nicholas of Oresme Organ, and Western devotions, 396 Origen, and dualism, 306; morale, 348; contemporaries, table i Ormuzd, Persian God, 312 Ornament, qualities and aim, 191-194; opposition to imitation, 194-196; building and its symbolic decoration, 196; pictorial period, 197; and Civilization, 197, 294; in music, 228, 230, 231; Renaissance, 233_n._, 238. _See also_ Decoration; Imitation Orpheus, cult, 185; as Christian title, 408_n._; contemporaries of discipline and movement, table i Otto the Great, egoism, 336 Owen, Sir Richard, and morphology, 111

Pachelbel, Johann, organ works, 220 Pacher, Michael, colour, 250 Paderborn Cathedral, simplicity, 196 Pæonius, Nike, 263; period, 284 Pæstum, temple, 224, 235 Paewati worshippers, sect, 136_n._ Painting, perspective and geometry, 61; allegorical, 219_n._; and form-ideal of Classical sculpture and Western music, 226, 232; word and organism, 227; Flemish influence in Italy, 236; Renaissance fresco to Venetian oil, line to space, 237, 279-281; development of background in Western, 239; form and content, outline and colour, 242; cultural expression and popularity, 243; oil, as Western prime phenomenon, period, 244, 281-283; Classical and Western colours, 245-247; outdoor and indoor, 247; symbolism in brushwork, 249; of Western Civilization, 251; Baroque portraits, 265; and destiny of Western art, 276_n._; Leonardo and discovery, spiritual space, 277-280; Western studio-brown, pictorial chromatics, 250, 288; Classical limitation, 283, 287; full meaning of Impressionism, 285-287; 19th Century episode, _plein-air_, 288; German school and grand style, 289; Baroque and concept of vector, 311; and time of day, 325; Western, and spectator, 329; Western, and contemporary natural science, 417; contemporary cultural epochs, table ii. _See also_ Art; Portraiture Palazzo Farnese, style, 205; Michelangelo’s cornice, 275 Palazzo Strozzi, style, 234; and artistic sentiment, 272 Palermo, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216 Palestrina, Giovanni da, style, 220, 230, 323; and popularity, 243; Michelangelo’s heir, 274, 277; God-feeling, 395 Palladio, Andrea, style, 30, 414 Palma, Jacopo, colour, 252 Palmyra, basilica, 209_n._; Baal, 407 Pan, idea, 403 Panama Canal, Goethe’s prophecy, 42 “Panem et circenses”, as symbol, 362 Pantheon, as mosque, 72, 211 Paolo Veronese, clouds, 240; colour, 252 Papacy, contemporaries, table iii Paracelsus, Philippus, and chemistry, 384 Parallel axiom, 83, 88, 176_n._ Paris, and Athens, 27; culture city, 33; autumnal city, 79; Flemish influence, 236_n._; as irreligious, 358 Paris, Peace of (1763), and imperialism, 150 Park. _See_ Gardening Parmenides, civic world-outlook, 33; thinking and being, 387 Parthenon, Three Fates as type, 268; horse’s head, Rubens contrast, 271; popularity, 327 Pascal, Blaise, and actuality, 42; faith and experience, 66, 394; mathematic, and Archimedes, 69, 75, 90, 126; and predestination, 141; and Jansenists, 314_n._; and Western morale, 348; contemporaries, table i Passion, in Christian cult, 320_n._ Passivity, as Classical trait, 315, 320; and pathos, 320_n._ Past, and passing, 166 Pastels, and music, 232 Paterculus, C. Velleius, view of art, 205 Path. _See_ Way Pathos, and passion, 320_n._ Patina, symbolism, 253 Patriotism, cultural concept, 334-337 Patristic literature, contemporaries, table i Paul, Saint, and world-history, 18_n._; and dualism, 306; and will, 344; and diatribe, 360; error on “Unknown God”, 404 Paulicians, and art, 209, 211; iconoclasm, 262; contemporaries, table i Paulinzella Monastery, simplicity, 196; and antique, 275_n._ Pausanias, culture, 254_n._; on altars to unknown gods, 404_n._ Pazzi, chapel, 313 Peace, Classical and Western conception, 275_n._ Peasant, as Culture relic, 354 Peloponnesian War, as epoch, 149 Pepi. _See_ Phiops Perception, and “alien”, 53; Western transcendency, 87-89; space and time as forms, 169-171, 173 Percival, archetype, 402 Pergamene art, modernity, 111; composition, 244, 260; gigantomachia, 291, 352; actuality, 364; contemporaries, table ii Pericles, homology, 111; portrait, 130_n._, 269; and economic organization, 138; morale, 349 Peripatos, contemporaries, table i Persians, architectural expression, 209; and home, 335; contemporary art periods, table ii. _See also_ Arabian Culture Perspective, Classical attitude, 109; Western painting and gardening, 240-242; as soul-expression, 310_n._; Western, and astronomy, 330 Perugino, technique, 249; and portraiture, 272; and artistic change, 279; simplicity, 280 Pessimism, and Spengler’s theories, xiv, 40 Peter the Great, and Europe, 16_n._ Peterborough Cathedral, simplicity, 196 Petra, Baal, 407 Petrarch, Francesco, analogy, 4; historic consciousness, 14; narrow Classicalism, 29, 275 Petrinism, Tolstoi’s connection, 309 Phallus, as symbol, cult, 136, 267, 320 Phidias, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90; and portraiture, 130_n._; and soulless body, 225, 267; popularity, 243; and self-criticism, 264; and marble, 276; and Handel, 284; period, 284; as religious, 358; contemporaries, table ii Philanthropy, Aristotle’s, 351 Philippe de Vitry, and counterpoint, 229_n._ Philo, and body, 248; and Jesus, 347 Philopatris dialogue, source, 404_n._ Philosopher’s Stone, as symbol, 248, 307 Philosophy, truth and individual attitude, xv; natural and historical, 7, 8; anonymous Indian, 12; provincialism, 22, 23; epochal limitations, cultural boundaries, 41, 46, 364, 367; test of value, actuality, 41-43; present-day Western, and cultural destiny, 43-45; development of Western practical, 45; scepticism as final Western, 45, 374; of becoming and become, 49_n._; and mathematics, 56, 64, 366; Kant’s postulates, 59; comparative forms of knowledge, 60; and names, 123; scientific, of time, 124; tabulation of categories, 125; and death, 166; Western art association, 229; of Culture and Civilization, 354, 355; cultural questions, early posing, 364; course within each Culture, 364; metaphysical and ethical periods, 365-367. _See also_ Ethics; Metaphysics; Spirit Phiops, Western contemporary, 202_n._; statue, 265 Phlogiston theory, Stahl’s, 384 Phœnicians, and discovery, 65, 333 Phrynichus, fine, 321 Physics, cautious hypotheses, 156; Jesuits and theoretical, 314_n._; and popularity, cultural basis, 327, 328. _See also_ Natural science Physiognomy. _See_ Destiny; Portraiture Picturesqueness, and historical expression, 255 Piero della Francesca. _See_ Francesca Pigalle, Jean B., sculpture, 244 Pindar, as religious, 358 Pine, as symbol, 396 Piombo, Sebastiano del. _See_ Sebastiano Piræus, and unknown gods, 404 Pisano, Giovanni. _See_ Giovanni Pisistratidæ, as period of fulfilment, 107 Planck, Max, atomic theory, 385, 419 Plane, significance in Egyptian architecture, 189 Plastic. _See_ Sculpture Plato, ahistoric consciousness, 9, 14; and clepsydra, 15; provincialism, 22; and actuality, 42; philosopher of the becoming, 49_n._; metaphysics and mathematics, 56, 67, 69, 71, 84, 90, 366; and the irrational, 66; and Goethe’s “mothers”, 70; and mechanistic world-conception, 99; foreshadowing by, 111; and the Almighty, 124; Kant on, 125; as Aristotle’s opposite, 159; anamnesis, 174; and idolatry 268_n._; on soul, 304, 305; and ego, 311; and ethics, 354; and mystic philosophy, 365_n._; and science and religion, 394; contemporaries, table i _Plein-air_, as Civilization painting, 252; characterized, 288 Pliny, on Mesopotamian temples, 210_n._; on Lysistratus, 269; on Lysippus, 287; as collector, 425 Plotinus, world, 56; and philosophical transition, 72; and vision, 96; homology, 111; and body, 248; and dualism, 306; and Jesus, 347; and Arabian Culture, 383; and mechanical necessity, 393; contemporaries, table i Plutarch, as biographer, 14, 316; and dualism, 306 Pneuma, as Arabian principle, 216, 329; and eyes in Arabian art, 329. _See also_ Dualism Pöppelmann, Daniel, architecture, 285 Poetry, infinite space in Western, 185; Western, as confession, 264, 273; Western and Classical lyric, 286, 324. _See also_ Drama; Literature Poincaré, Henri, on mathematical vision, 61_n._ Point, and Western geometry, 74, 82, 89 _Point de vue_, in Rococo parks, 240 Polar discovery, as symbol, 335 _Polis_, as Classical symbol, 83, 147, 334 Polish, as symbol in art, 248_n._ Politics, inadequate basis for historical deductions, 46; under Classical Culture, 83, 147, 334; meaning of the state, 137; spatial aspect of Western, 198; origin of Arabian state, 212; Renaissance attitude, 273; cultural conception, 334-337; and atomic theories, 386; contemporary cultural epochs, table iii. _See also_ Imperialism; Philosophy; Socialism Pollaiuolo, Antonio, Dutch influence, 236; goldsmith, 237 Polybius, ahistoric consciousness, 10 Polycletus, contemporary Western music, 27,112, 177, 284; contemporary mathematic, 78; sculpture, canon, 177, 225, 226, 231, 260_n._, 283, 284; present-day appeal, 255; and self-criticism, 264; and statue of Augustus, 295; and fresco, 321 Polycrates, contemporaries, table iii Polygnotus, contemporaries, 112, table ii; frescoes, background, colour, 147, 183, 221, 243, 245, 283, 330 Pombaditha, academy, 381 Pompeii, wall-paintings, 287 Pompey the Great, army, 36 Pope, Alexander, type, 254 Popularity, cultural basis, 85, 243, 326-328, 362; in colour, 246 Porcelain, and Western music, 231 Porphyry, and “antique”, 20_n._; academy, 281 Port Royal, contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Jansenism Porta, Baccio della. _See_ Bartolommeo Porta, Giacomo della. _See_ Giacomo Portinari altar, 236 Portraiture, and biography, 12; character of Classical, nude sculpture, 13, 260, 261, 264, 265, 269, 272; cultural basis and expression, character and attitude, 101, 104, 216, 260, 317; portrait as Western expression, 130, 261-266; and Arabian Culture, 223; and Gothic, 261, 266; and confession, 264; contrast of act and portrait, 262, 266, 270, 271; depth-experience, impressionism, 266, 287; child and group portraits, motherhood, 266-268; Renaissance, 271-273; Leonardo’s relation, 281; landscape as, 270_n._, 287; Roman statues, 295; and will, 309; American, as irreligious, 358_n._ _See also_ Soul Portuguese, and discovery, 333 Poseidon, temple of, as model, 224 Posidonius, and dualism, 306; as collector, 425 Potsdam, architecture, 207 Poussin, Nicolas, musical analogy, 220; colour, 246; period, 283 Prag, loss of prestige, 33 Praxiteles, contemporary mathematic, 90; sculpture, 226, 270; Hermes, 264; and womanhood, 268; and Haydn, 284; period, 284; ease, 291 Predestination. _See_ Destiny Present, and becoming, 54; significance in Classical Culture, 63, 65-67 Pre-Socratics, philosophy, 41, 175, 305; and mathematics, 366; contemporaries, table i Prime phenomena, Goethe’s living nature, vii, 95, 96, 105, 111_n._, 113, 140, 154, 389; in history, 105; and destiny, 121; of Western Culture, 244. _See also_ Symbols Principle, and causality, 121 Proclus, and Jesus, 347 Procopius, courtier, 207 Progress, as phenomenon of Civilization, 352, 361 Prohibition, and Civilization, 361 Proper, and alien, 53 Proportion, and function, 84 Propylæa, popularity, 327 Protagoras, conception of man, 311, 392; popularity, 327; and Classical morale, 351; and Stoicism, 356; problem, 365; condemnation, 411 Protestantism, colour symbolism, 250; of etching, 290; and works, 316_n._; as symbol, 343. _See also_ Reformation. Proud’hon, Pierre Joseph, position in Western ethics, 373 Providence, and destiny, 141 Provinces, defined, 33 Provincialism, philosophical and historical, 22-25 Prussia, great periods, 36; English basis of reorganization, 150_n._ Psalmody, Jewish, 228 Pseudomorphosis, Late-Classical style, 209-212, 214; and image, 216; music, 228 Psychologists, period, contemporaries, table i Psychology, “scientific”, and soul, 299-303, 313; as counter-physics, 301; and will and _soma_, 319 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, and ruler-cult, 405 Ptolemy, L. Claudius, relation of Copernicus, 139_n._; as copyist, 425 Puget, Pierre, sculpture, 244 Punic Wars, as classic, 36; and cultural rhythm, 110_n._; homology, 111; intensity, 333 Purcell, Henry, pictorial music, 283 Pure reason, and destiny, 120 Puritanism, as common cultural feature, 112; and destiny, 141; and imperialism, 148; cultural contemporary epochs, table i Putto, as art motive, 266 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, and religious painting, 288_n._ Pygmalion and Galatea, and marble, 276 Pyramids, period, 58_n._, 203 Pyrrho, contemporaries, table i Pyrrhus, Roman war, 36 Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, analogy, 39; and actuality, 42; mathematical vision, 57, 58; and Classical mathematic, 61, 62, 64; new number, and fate, 65_n._, 82, 90; mathematic and religion, 70, 394; contemporaries, 112, table i; and Copernicus, 330; and mystic philosophy, 365_n._; and metaphysics, 366

Quadratures, and Archimedes’ method, 69 Quantum theory, effect, 419 Quattrocento, and Gothic, 221. _See also_ Renaissance Quercia, Jacopo della. _See_ Jacopo Quesnay, François, economic theory, 417

Race-suicide, as phenomenon of Civilization, 359 Radioactivity, effect on natural science, 423 Ragnarök, Muspilli as contemporary, 400; and world’s end, 400 Rameses II, analogy, 39; and artistic impotence, 44, 294; contemporaries, table iii Ranke, Leopold von, and analogy, 4, 5; and historical tact, 22; on historical vision, 96 Raphael Sanzio, Madonnas, 136, 268, 280; technique, 221, 278; and Titian, 227; and background, 237; popularity, 243; colour, 245; and confession, 264; and portrait, 272; as dissatisfied thinker, 274; and fresco and oil, line and space, 279, 280 Raskolnikov. _See_ Dostoevsky Rationalism, and chance, 142_n._; contemporaries of English, table i Ravenna, and Arabian Culture, 206, 211, 216, 235; mosaics, 221, 247, 329 Rayski, Louis F. von, art and portrait, 271_n._ Reason, and will, 308 Red, symbolism, 246 Reformation, conflicts in Germany, 33; and Dionysiac movement, 111; as common cultural epoch, 112; class-opposition to Renaissance, 229; contemporaries, table i Reims Cathedral, 224; statuary, 267 Relations, and magnitudes, 84, 86 Relativity theory, and time, 124_n._; effect on natural science, 419; domain, 426 Relief, Egyptian, 189, 202; and Classical round sculpture, 225. _See also_ Sculpture Religion, reality of Classical, 10, 11, 13; relation of clock and bell, 15_n._, 134_n._; and number, 56; mathematical cultural analogy, 66, 70; stage in a Culture, 108, 399-402; second period, sequel to Civilization, 108, 424-428; Western, and “memory”, 132_n._; and death, 166; birth of Western soul, 167; and early art periods, 185; cultural expression, 185-188, 399, 401; Egyptian, 188; Chinese, 190; and imitation, 191; architecture as ornament, 195; Russian, 201_n._; Arabian architecture, 208; Classical, and art, 268; and _plein-air_ painting, 288_n._; revelation and dualism, 307; cultural soul-elements, and deities, 312; and Classical drama, 320; and astronomy, 330; relation to Civilization, 358; and hygiene, 361; and philosophy, 365; and natural science, 380-382, 391, 411, 416; Western experience and faith, 394; varieties, 394; and theory, 395; God-feelings, 395; depth-experience in Western, cathedral, organ, 395-397; naming of numina, 397; Classical bodied pantheon, 398, 402; Western deity as force, unitary-space symbol, 398, 403, 413; of primitive folk, 399; elements of Western, 399-401; Classical, and strange gods, 404; late Classical, dislocation and monotheism, Arabian ascendency, 406- 408; cult of deified men, 405, 407, 411; atheism as phenomenon, 408-411; cult and dogma, cultural attitude, 410, 411; contemporary cultural epochs, table i. _See also_ Death; Soul; Spirit; creeds and sects by name Rembrandt, portraiture, and confession, 101, 103, 130, 140, 264, 266, 269, 281, 300; contemporaries, 112, table ii; inwardness, colour, 183, 251-253; etchings, nights, 187, 246, 290; musical counterpart, 220; and horizon, 239; esoteric, 243; depth, 244; and body, 271; period, 283; impressionism, 287, 288; and psychology, 319 Renaissance, contemporaries, 27, table ii; mathematic, 71; relation to Classical, as revolt, illusion, 28_n._, 132_n._, 232-234, 237, 238, 252, 266, 272-274, 279, 323; homology, 111; and beautiful, 194; and Western style, 202, 205, 206, 221, 223, 225, 244; and Arabian and Gothic, 212, 234-238; and polychrome sculpture, 226; class-opposition to Reformation, 229; ornament, 233_n._, 238; façades and courtyards, 235; arch and column, 236; park, 241; and popularity, 243, 328; and patina, 253; and child-figures, 266; and portrait, 271-273; and spiritual development, 273; leaders as dissatisfied thinkers, 274, 281; Michelangelo, 275-277, 281; Raphael, 279, 280; Leonardo, 277-281; and background, 237; and statics, 414 Renoir, Pierre A., striving, 292 Resaïna, academy, 381 Research, and vision, 95, 96, 102, 105, 142; historical and scientific data, 154; metaphysical, 163 Restorations, Western attitude toward, 254 Resurrection, change in meaning, 135_n._ Rhine River, as historic, 254_n._ Rhodes, Cecil, analogy, 4; and imperialism, 37, 38; morale, 349, 351 Rhodes, as “Venice of Antiquity”, 49; and Helios, 402 Richelieu, Cardinal, morale, 349; contemporaries, table iii Riegl, Alois, on Arabian art, 208, 215 Riemann, Georg F. B., artist-nature, 61; relation to Archimedes, 69; religion and mathematic, 70; notation, 77; and boundlessness, 88; mathematical position, 90; goal of analysis, 418; contemporaries, table i Riemenschneider, Tilmann, and portraiture, 270 Robespierre, Maximilien, adventurer, 149; contemporaries, table iii Rococo, as stage of style, 202; architecture and music, 231, 232, 285; parks, 240; contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Baroque Rodin, Auguste, sculpture as painting, 244, 245 Rogier van der Weyden, in Italy, 236 Roman Catholicism, colour symbolism, 247-249; and music, 268_n._; monasticism, 316_n._, 343, 348; esoteric dogma, 328; prelates and manly virtue, 349. _See also_ Christianity; Jesuitism Roman law, and cultural-language, 310_n._ Romanesque, simplicity, 196; as stage of style, 201, 202; and Classical, 275_n._ Romanticism, defined, 197; and mysticism, 365_n._; and mathematics, 366 Rome, city, megalopolitanism, 32, 34 Rome, empire, and Classical Culture, 8; imperialism, 36-38, 336; and Arabian Culture, 72, 207, 208; army and citizenship, 325; emperor-worship, 405, 407, 411; and toleration, 411. _See also_ Classical Culture Rondanini Madonna, as music, 277 Rondeau, origin, 229 Roof, as Arabian expression, 210 Rore, Cyprian de, in Italy, 236; music, 251, 252 Rossellino, Antonio, and portrait, 272 Rossini, Gioachino, Catholicism, 268_n._; on Meyerbeer, 293 Rottmann, Karl, and grand style, 289 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, and naturalism, 33, 207, 288; and superficially incidental, 144; and imperialism, 149, 150; autumnal accent, 207; and Civilization, 352; contemporaries, 353_n._, table i; and compassion, 362; and Darwinism, 369; intellect and wisdom, 409 Rubens, Peter Paul, colour, 253; and body, 270, 271_n._, 278; and dynamics, 414 Ruins, as Western expression, 254 Ruler-cult, 405, 411 Runge, Otto P., and grand style, 289 Russia, and the West, 16_n._; stage of art, 201; architecture, 211; ignored art, 223; will-less soul, 309; culture and charity, 350 Rutherford, Sir Ernest, atoms as quanta of action, 385, 419 Ruysdael, Jakob, colour, 246; period, 283

Sabæans, and early Christian designs, 22_n._, 209_n._; temple-form, 210_n._; art, 223; art contemporaries, table ii Sahu-rê, pyramid, 203 St. Denis, royal tombs, 261, 264 St. Lorenz Church, Nürnberg, and styles, 205 St. Mark, Venice, origins, 211 St. Patroclus, Soest, arcade-porch, 205 St. Paul without the Walls, as Pseudomorphic, 210, 210_n._ St. Peter’s, Rome, as Baroque, 206, 238 St Pierre et St Paul, Moissac, ornamentation, 199 St. Priscilla, catacombs, paintings, 137 St. Vitale, Ravenna, characteristics, 200 Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, boundlessness, 199 Saints, contemporary legends, 400, table i Saivas, Lingayats, 136_n._ Saktas, 136_n._ Salamanca, loss of prestige, 33 Salvation Army, as exception, 348 Samarra, contemporaries, table ii Samnites, Roman war as classic, 36, 151_n._ Samos, Hera of Cheramues, 225_n._ Sangallo, Antonio da, Palazzo Farnese façade, 275 Sankhya, and Buddhism, 353_n._, 356; contemporaries, table i Sant’ Andrea, Pistora, Pisano’s Sibyls, 263 Santa Maria Novella, Florence, style, 234; Flemish paintings, 236 Sassanids, and Arabian state, 212; art 223; music, 228 Satyrs, materiality, 403 Savonarola, Girolamo, and art tendencies, 233; and Renaissance, 328; and Western morale, 348; contemporaries, table i Scarlatti, Alessandro, character of arias, 219_n._ Scene, dramatic, cultural basis, 325 Scepticism, as last stage of Western philosophy, 45, 374 Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, army reforms, 150_n._ Schelling, Friedrich von, and dualism, 307; esoteric, 369; contemporaries, table i Schiller, Johann C. F., tragic form, 147; banality, 155 Schirazi, and dualism, 307 Schlüter, Andreas, architecture, 244, 245, 285 Schöngauer, Martin, colour, 250 Scholasticism, art association, 229; will and reason, 305; and dualism, 307; cultural culmination, 365_n._; contemporaries, table i Schopenhauer, Arthur, and history, 7, 29, 97_n._; provincialism, 23, 24; practical philosophy, 45, 368; and mathematics, 67, 125, 366; will, and reason, 308, 342; and Civilization, 352; and ethics, 354, 373; pessimism and system, 366, 370; and critique of society, 367; and Darwinism, 369, 372, 373; contemporaries, table i Schroeter, Manfred, on criticism of Spengler, x Schütz, Heinrich, Matthew Passion, 199, 244; and imagination, 220; pictorial music, 283; God-feeling, 395 Science, of history, 153, 154; esoteric Western, 328. _See also_ Art; Mathematics; Natural science; Nature Scipio, P. Cornelius, and economic organization, 138; contemporaries, table iii Scopas, and self-criticism, 264; and body, 270; period, 284 Scott, Sir Walter, as historian, 96 Scrope, Richard, as warrior, 349_n._ Sculpture, and proportion and function, 84; Classical, as become, 97; cultural basis, 216, 225; form-ideal of Classical, picture-origin, 225; polychrome, 226; music-origin of Rococo, 231; Gothic, 231, 261; use of marble, 232, 249_n._, 253, 276; Renaissance, 235, 237, 238, 253; position in Western Culture, 244; Egyptian, polish, 248_n._, 266; bronze, 253, 276; Classical expression of body as soul, 260, 261, 305; Michelangelo’s attitude, 275-277, 281; free Classical, and Western music, 283, 284; Classical, and time of day, 325; Classical, and spectator, 329; contemporary cultural periods, table ii. _See also_ Art; Portraiture Sebastiano del Piombo, and Raphael, 272 Second religiousness, period in a Culture, xi, 108, 424-428; of Rome, 306 Selene, as goddess, 147_n._, 402 Seleucus, astronomical theory, 68 Seljuk art, contemporaries, table ii Semper, Gottfried, on style, 221 Seneca, L. Annæus, Stoicism and income, 33; and Baroque drama, 317 Sentinum, battle, 151 Septimius Severus, favourite god, 406 Serapis, cult, 406 Serenus, as Arabian thinker, 63 Servius Tullius, myth, 11 Sesostris, court, 81; as name, 206; autumn of Culture, 207 Sethos I, contemporaries, table iii Sèvres ware, and Wedgwood, 150_n._ Sex, naturalism, 24, 33, 207, 288; problem of Civilization, 35; cultural attitude, 136; historical aspects, 137 Sforzas, Hellenic sorriness, 273 Shaftesbury, Earl of, and imperialism, 150 Shakespeare, William, tragic form and method, vision, 129, 130, 141_n._, 142, 143, 220, 319; Bacon controversy, 135_n._; and motive, 156; as dramatist of the incidental, 142, 146; and historical material, 255; and Classical drama, 323; and time of day, 324; scenes, 325; God-feeling, 330, 395; ethical passion, 347, 355; and evolution, 370 Shang Period, contemporaries, table iii Shaw, George Bernard, sex problem, 35; and history, 255_n._; and morale, 346, 368, 369, 373, 374; superman, 350; and diet, 361; on Schopenhauer, 367; and Socialism and Darwinism, 371, 372 Shih-huang-ti, career, 112_n._ Shiva, cult, 136_n._ Short story, Western, 318_n._ Siegfried, archtype, 402; contemporaries, table i Siena, and counter-Renaissance, 234; school, 268 Signorelli, Luca de’, and Classicism, 221; and body and colour, 239, 242, 278; act and portrait, 270, 271; and statics, 414 Sikyon, Adrastos cult, 33_n._ Silesian wars, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._ Simone Martini, and Gothic, 235 Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s frescos, 263, 275, 395 Sistine Madonna, 268, 280 Six Classical Systems, contemporaries, table i Skyscraper, and gigantomachia, 291 Sluter, Klaus, sculpture, 263 Smith, Adam, economic theory, 417 Soaring, as Western term, 397 Socialism, and Civilization, 32; and Darwinism, 35, 370-372; and economic motives, 36, 355; and imperialism, 37; Frederick William I’s practice, 138; ethical, defined, esoteric, 328_n._, 342, 347, 351, 355, 374; scientific basis of ideas, 353; as end-phenomenon, 356, 357; and contemporaries, immaturity, 357, 358, 361; irreligion, 359, 409; necessity, 361; dynamic qualities, and compassion, 361; and work, 362; and future, 363; tragedy of nebulous aim, 363; and lie of life, 364; and political economy, 367; contemporaries, table i Sociology, biological, 155; and Western ethics, 367, 368 Socrates, ahistoric consciousness, 14; ethic, 347; and Civilization, 352; and Stoicism, 353_n._; intellect and wisdom 409; condemnation, 410; contemporaries, table i Soest, church, 205 Sol Invictus, cult, 406, 406_n._, 407 Sonata, movement, 231 Sophists, scientific basis, 353_n._, 356; and diet, 361; contemporaries, table i Sophocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9; tragic form and method, 129, 130, 141_n._, 143, 146, 318, 321, 330, 386; statue, 269; deification, 405 Soul, and world and life, 54; mathematic expression, 101; of Cultures, inner image, 106, 303; and predestination, 117; individual, and macrocosm, 165, 259; cultural designations and attributes, 183; man as phenomenon, cultural expression, 259; Classical “body” expression, 259-261; Western expression in portrait, 261-266; knowledge and faith, 299, 300; as image of counter-world, 300; and “exact” science, 301, 302, 313; culture-language, 302; cultural basis of systematic psychology, 303, 304, 307, 313, 314; Classical static and Western dynamic, 304, 305; Arabian dualism, 305; will and reason, outer world parallels, 308; Western will-culture, egoism, 308-312, 314; and cultural religious concepts, 312, 358; cultural basis of morale, 315; dynamic, and biography, 315, 316; Classical gesture, beauty, 316; and cultural forms of tragedy, 317-326; popularity, cultural basis, 326-329; cultural relation to universe, 330-332; and to discovery, 332-337; and brain, 367. _See also_ Morale; Portraiture; Spirit Space, and natural morphology, 6, 7; and the become, 56; relation to Classical and Western Cultures, 64, 81-84, 88; world-fear and creative expression, 79-81; multi-dimensional, symbolism, 88, 89, 165; direction and extension, 99, 172; and causality and destiny, 119, 120; awareness, 122; and scientific time, 124, 125; time as counter-concept, 126, 170, 172; and death, 166; world-experience and depth, 168, 169, 172; perception or comprehension, 169-172; cultural symbolism in depth-experience, 173-175; cultural prime symbols, 174-178, 337; Classical use of term, 175_n._; cultural basis of concepts, 179, 310; and architectural and religious expression of Culture, 183-188, 198- 200; Egyptian and Chinese experiencing, 189-191, 201-203; Western arts and prime phenomenon, 281, 282; extension and reason, 308. _See also_ Become; Causality; Depth-experience; Nature; Time Spain, period of ascendency, incident and destiny, 148, 150 Spaniards, and discovery, 333 Spanish-Sicilian art, contemporaries, table ii Spanish Succession War, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._; as epoch, 149 Sparta, myth, 11; and music, 223 Spencer, Herbert, and economic ascendency, 367; contemporaries, table i Spengler, Oswald, reception of book, ix; basis of philosophy, xiii-xv, 49_n._ Speyer Cathedral, 185, 224 Spinoza, Baruch, and dualism, 307; and force, 413 Spirit, and soul in Arabian dualism, 306. _See also_ Body; History; Morale; Nature; Philosophy; Religion; Soul Spirit land, cultural conception, 333 Spirit-wall, 203 Spitzweg, Karl, significance of colour, 252 Sport, and Civilization, 35 Stahl, Georg Ernst, chemical theory, 384 Stained glass. _See_ Glass painting Stamitz, Johann K., Classical contemporary, 177; and four-part movement, 231; period, 284 State. _See_ Politics Statics, as Classical system, 384, 393; no Western concept, 414. _See also_ Natural science Statistics, and probability, 421 Steamship, Classical anticipation, 334 Stendhal, and psychology, 319 Stipel, and zero, 178_n._ Stirner, Max, and morale, 346; and Hegelianism, 367; contemporaries, table i Stoicism, and Civilization, 32, 352; and money, 33, 36; practicality, 45; homology, 111; and state, 138; and corporeality, 177; weak soul, 203; ethic, 315, 347, 355, 367; and will, 344_n._, 347; scientific basis of ideas, 353; as end-phenomenon, 356, 357; and contemporaries, 357, 358, 361, table i; irreligion, 359, 409; and diet, 361 Stone, as symbol, 188, 195, 206; polish, 248_n._ _See also_ Architecture; Marble; Sculpture Strassburg Minister, Arabian influence, 213 Streets, cultural attitude, 109; Western aspect and depth-experience, 224, 241; Egyptian aspect, 224_n._ Strindberg, August, provincialism, 24, 33_n._; sex problem, 35; and morale, 346, 374; and Civilization, 352 String music, in Western Culture, 231, 252_n._ Strzygowski, Josef, on Arabian art, 184, 209 Style, as cultural emanation, 108, 200, 202; brave Egyptian, 201-203; Chinese, 203; weak Classical, 203-205; history as organism, cultural basis, 205; stages of each style, 206; history of Arabian, 207-214; and technical form of arts, 220; in natural science, 387, 391 Suez Canal, Goethe’s prophecy, 42 Sufism, contemporaries, table i Suhrawardi, on body, 248 Suicide, cultural attitude, 204 Sulla, incident, 139; contemporaries, table iii Sunda, islands of, Roman knowledge, 334 Superman, in Nietzsche and Shaw, 350, 369, 370; natural selection, 371 Sutras, contemporaries, table i Sylvester II, pope, and clock, 15_n._ Symbolism, in living thought, xiii; symbols of a culture, 4, 13, 31; in historical morphology, 7, 46; clock and bell, 14, 131, 134_n._; money and Civilization, 34; in the become, 101; actuality, 101, 168; symbols (names) and fear, 123, 193, 397; of funeral customs, 134, 135; of museums, 135; of world-history, 163; symbols defined, 163; spatiality, 165; and knowledge of death, 166; kind of extension as cultural symbol, 173-175; cultural prime symbols, plurality, 174, 179, 180, 189, 190, 196, 203, 337; writing as cultural symbol, 197_n._; window, 199, 210, 224; in colour and gold, 245-249; as replacing images, 407 Synagogues, patterns, 211_n._ Syncretism, architectural expression, 209; cults, 228; contemporaries, table i Syracuse, culture city, 32; and Plato, 42 Syria, music of sun-worship, 228; contemporaries of art, table ii. _See also_ Arabian Culture

Taboo, idea, 80; effect of naming, 123; side of art, 127. _See also_ Religion Tacitus, Cornelius, ahistoric consciousness, 10, 11; limited background, 132, 133 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de, on life before 1789, 207 Talmud, dualism, 306; determinism, 307; and nature, 393; contemporaries, table i Tanis, Hyksos Sphinx, 108, 262 Tanit, as deity, 406 Tao, principle, 14, 190, 203, 228; perspective, 311_n._ Tarquins, myth, 11; contemporaries, table iii Tartessus, realm, 332_n._ Tartini, Giuseppe, orchestration, 231; violin story, 276_n._ Tasso, Torquato, and fixed scene, 325 Taygetus, Mount, Lycurgus as local god, 11 Technics, and future of Western Culture, 41, 44 Technique, and theory, 395 Teleology, as caricature, 120 Telephus Frieze. _See_ Pergamene Telescope, as Western symbol, 331 Tell-el-Amarna, art, 193_n._, 293 Tellez, Gabriel. _See_ Tirso de Molina Tellus Mater, materiality, 403 Temperature, and dynamics, 414 Templum, as cult-plan, 185 Tension, as Western principle, 386 Ten Thousand, expedition, as episode, 147, 336_n._ Terpander, music, 223 Thales, and problem of knowing, 365, 381 Thalestas, music, 223 Thebes, autumnal city, 99 Themistocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9; morale, 349 Theocritus, irreligion, 358 Theory, and fact, 378; and religion, 395 Theosophy, conversion, 346 Theotokos, and Mary-cult, 137_n._, 267, 268 Theresa, Saint, and Western morale, 348 Thermodynamics, first law and energy, 413; second law, entropy, 420 Theseus legends, contemporaries, table i Thing-become. _See_ Become Thing-becoming. _See_ Becoming Thinite Period, contemporaries, tables ii, iii Thinker, defined, xiii Third Kingdom, as Western conception, 363; and lie of life, 364 Thirty Years’ War, as epoch, 149 Thoma, Hans, painting, 289 Thomas Aquinas, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20; and destiny, 141; ethic, 309; religion, 394; contemporaries, table i Thoroughbass, and geometry, 61; rise, 230 Thorwaldsen, Albert, sculpture, 245 Thothmes, workshop, 193_n._ Thucydides, ahistoric consciousness, 9; limited background, 10, 132, 133_n._ Thunder-pattern, 196 Thuthmosis III, maturity of culture, 94; contemporaries, table iii Tiberius, as episode, 140; contemporaries, table iii Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painting, 283; ease, 292 Time, and historical morphology, 6; and history, problems, 49, 95, 103, 158; and direction, 54, 56; and mathematics, 64, 125, 126; enigma, as word, effect of naming, 79, 121-123; direction and extension, 99, 172; and destiny and causality, 119, 120; unawareness, 122; mechanical conception, 122; “space of time”, 122_n._; and Relativity, 124_n._, 419; and space, scientific explanation, counter-concept, 124-126, 170; ahistoric and historic drama, cultural basis, 130; cultural symbolism of clock, 131, 134; and cause and incident, 142; as feeling, 154; and nature, 158, 387-391; past and transience, 166; direction and dimension, 169_n._; and depth, 172, 173; and imitation and ornament, 193-195, 197; direction and will, 308; direction and aim, 361. _See also_ Becoming; Destiny; History; Space Time of day, cultural attitude, 324, 325 Tintoretto, background, 239 Tiresias, cult, 185 Tirso de Molina, and unities, 323 Tiryns, funeral customs, 135 Titian, period, 108; technique, brushwork, 221, 249; and Raphael, 227; and colour, 242, 252; and popularity, 243; portraits as biography, 264; and body, 271; Baroque, 274; impressionism, 286; contemporaries, table ii Title, symbolic importance, 408_n._ Toleration, cultural attitude, 343, 404, 410, 411 Tolstoi, Leo, and Europe, 16_n._; provincialism, 24; on notion of death, 166; philosophy, 309 Totem, side of art, 128. _See also_ Religion; Taboo Tragedy. _See_ Drama Trajan, analogy, 39; and Arabian art, 211; forum, 215; contemporaries, table iii Transcendentalism, Western, 311 Transience, notion, 166 Trecento, so-called Renaissance, 233_n._ Trent, Council of, Jesuit domination, 148; and Western Christianity, 247; and church music, 268_n._; and Western morale, 348 Trigonometry, contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Mathematics Trinity, as physical problem, 383 Trojan War, and Crusades, 10_n._, 27 Troubadours, imitative music, 229 Truth, relativity, cultural basis, xiii, 41, 46, 60, 146, 178-180, 304, 313, 345 Tscharvaka, contemporaries, table i Tsin, contemporaries, 37, table iii Turfan, Indian dramas, 295 Turgot, Anne R. J., economic theory, 417 Tuscany. _See_ Florence; Renaissance Tusculum, battle, 349_n._ Twelfth Night, 325 Twilight of the Gods, Christian form, 400 Tyche, as deity, 146 Tzigane music, improvisation, 195

Uhde, Fritz K. H. von, and religious painting, 288_n._ Ulm Minster, as model, 224 Unities, dramatic, Classical and Western attitude, 323 Universe, cultural attitude, 330-332 Upanishads, contemporaries, table i Usefulness, cult, 155, 156 Uzzano bust, Donatello’s, 272

Vaishnavism, 136_n._ Valcashika, contemporaries, table i Valhalla, conception, 186, 187; history, 400; and unitary space, 403 Valkyries, and unitary space, 403 Valmy, battle, Goethe and significance, 149 Van Dyck, Anthony, musical expression, 250 Varangians, movement-stream, 333_n._ Varro, M. Terentius, classification of gods, 11; on religions, 394 Varyags, movement-stream, 333_n._ Vasari, Giorgio, on imitation, 192 Vase-painting, Classical, and time of day, 226, 325; Renaissance, 237 Vatican, Raphael’s frescoes, 237, 279; Michelangelo’s, 263, 275, 395 Vaux-le-Vicomte, park, 241 Vector, concept and Baroque art, 311; and motion, 314 Vedanta doctrine, 352, 355; contemporaries, table i Vedas, homology, 111; contemporaries, table i Vegetarianism, and Civilization, 361 Velasquez, Diego, musical expression, 250; and body, 271; period, 283; as religious, 358 Venice, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216, 235; art ascendency, 224; school of painting, 227, 281; music, 230, 236, 282; and Renaissance, 273. _See also_ Titian Venus and Rome, temple, 211 Verlaine, Paul, autumnal accent, 241 Vermeer, Jan, technique, 221; colour, 251, 253; period, 283 Veronese, Paolo. _See_ Paolo Verrocchio, Andrea, sculpture, Colleone statue, 235, 238, 272; goldsmith, 237; and portrait, 271; anti-Gothic, 275_n._ Versailles, park, 241 Vesta, materiality, 403 Viadana, Lodovico, music, 230 Vienna, master-builders, 207; chamber music, 232 Vieta, François, significance of algebraic notation, 71 Vignola, Giacomo, architecture, liberation, 87, 313, 412 Village Sheikh, statue, 265 Violin, as Western symbol, 231, 252_n._ Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene E., and restorations, 254_n._ Virtue, cultural concepts of manly, 348. _See also_ Truth Vishnu, and Krishna, 136_n._ Vision, and history and art, 95, 96, 102, 142 Vitruvius, and arch and column, 204 Völuspá, unitary space, 185. _See also_ Eddas Voltaire, contemporary mathematics, 66; and imperialism, 150; contemporaries, table i _Voluntas_, meaning, 310_n._ Vulturnus, materiality, 403

Wagner, Richard, sensuousness, 35; and popularity, 35, 327; foreshadowing by, 111; modernity, 111; and imagination, 220; end-art, 223, 425; impressionism, and endless space, 282, 286, 292; and form and size, 291, 352; striving, 292; and psychology, 319; and Civilization, 352; character of Nihilism, 357; irreligion, 358; nebulous aim, 363, 364; and lie of life, 364; and Nietzsche, 370; and socio-economic ethics, 370, 372, 373; forest-longing, 397 Wallenstein, Albrecht von, horoscope, 147; contemporaries, table iii Walther von der Vogelweide, lyrics, 324 Wang-Cheng, contemporaries, table iii Wang Hü, imperialism, 37 Washington, George, contemporaries, table iii Washington, D. C., contemporaries, 112 Wasmann, Rudolf F., act and portrait, 271_n._; and grand style, 289 Watteau, Jean A., period, 108; “singing” picture, 219, 232, 283; colour, 246, 247, 253; contemporaries, table ii Way, as Egyptian prime symbol, 174, 189, 201 Wazo of Liége, Bishop, as warrior, 349_n._ Wedgwood ware, and Sèvres, 150_n._ Weierstrass, Karl T. W., on poetry in mathematics, 62; and time, 126 Weimar, culture city, 29, 139 Weininger, Otto, position in Western ethics, 374 Western Culture, clock and bell as symbols, 14, 15_n._, 131, 134; mathematic, function, 15, 62, 68, 74-78, 87-90; irrational idea of historical culmination in, 16-20, 39; provincialism, 22-25, 39; Classical contemporary of present period, 26; destiny, acceptance, 32, 37-41, 44, 336; philosophy of decline, 45, 46; World War as type of change, 46-48; infinite space as prime symbol, art expression, 81, 86, 87, 89, 174- 178, 184-187, 198-201, 224, 229-232, 239-242, 281-285, 337; and popularity, 85, 243, 326-328, 362; historic basis, destiny-idea, 97, 129, 130, 133-135, 143, 145, 363; morphological aspect, 100; dramatic form, 129; expression of soul, portrait, 130, 260-266, 304; and care and sex, 136; attitude toward state, 137; economic organization, 138; religious expression, 140, 185-188, 312, 398-401; Franco-Spanish period of maturity, 148, 150_n._; English basis of Civilization, 151, 371; final test of foreseeing destiny, 159; birth of soul, attributes, 167, 183; literary expression, 185-188; art-work and sense-organ, imagination, 220; secularization of arts, 230; form and content, 242; position of sculpture, 244; colour symbol, 245-247, 250; brushwork as symbol, 249; unity, 252; and motherhood, 266-268; languages, 302_n._; as will-culture, 308-312; and time of day, 324; significance of astronomy, 330-332; and discovery, 332-337; aspects of ethics, 367-369; culture and dogma, 410; spiritual epochs, table i; art epochs, table ii; political epochs, table iii. _See also_ Art; Civilization; Cultures; History; Nature; Politics; Spirit Weyden, Rogier van der. _See_ Rogier Wilhelm, Meister, painting, 263 Will, free will and destiny, 140, 141; unexplainable, 299; as Western concept, 302, 304, 308-313; and reason, 308; and Western concept of God, 312; and character, 314; and life, 315; and Western morale, 341-345, 373 Willaert, Adrian, music, in Italy, 236, 252 Winckelmann, Johann J., narrow Classicalism, 28_n._ Wind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._ Window, cultural significance, 199, 210, 224 Woermann, Karl, on catacomb Madonna, 137_n._ Wolfram von Eschenbach, world-outlook, 142; forest-longing, 186, 397; and Grail, 213_n._; and popularity, 243; tragic method, 319, 324 Woodwind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._ Word, relation to number, 57. _See also_ Language; Names Work, Protestant works, 316_n._; and deed, 355; and Socialism, 362; Western concept, 413 World, and soul and life, 54 World-Ash Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396 World conceptions, historical and natural, overlapping, 98-100, 102, 103, 119, 153, 154, 158; (diagram), 154; symbolic, 163-165; happening and history, 153. _See also_ History; Macrocosm; Nature World-end, as symbol of Western soul, 363, 423 World-fear, creative expression, 79-81 World-longing, development, and world-fear, 78-81 World War, and Spengler’s theories, ix, xv; as type of historical change of phase, 46-48, 110_n._; contemporaries, table iii Writing, alphabet and historical consciousness, 12_n._; as ornament, 194_n._, 197_n._ _See also_ Language Würzburg, Marienkirche and style, 200; master-builders, 207 Wu-ti, contemporaries, table iii

Yahweh, dualism, 312, 402 Yang-chu, practical philosophy, 45 Yellow, symbolism, 246 Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396 Yoga doctrine, 355; contemporaries, table i Youth, and future, 152

Zama, as marking a period, 36 Zarathustra. _See_ Zoroaster Zarlino, Giuseppe, music, 230, 282 Zend Avesta, dualism, 306, 307; and nature, 393; contemporaries, table i Zeno, of Elea. _See_ Eleatic philosophy Zeno, the Stoic, ethic, 347, 354; character of Nihilism, 357; and mathematics, 366; contemporaries, table i Zenodorus, as Arabian thinker, 63 Zero, Classical mathematic and, 66-68; and theory of the limit, 86; cultural conception, 178 Zeuxis, painting, light and shadow, 207, 242_n._, 283, 325_n._ Zola, Emile, journalism, 360 Zoroaster, Nietzsche’s “Zarathustra”, 30, 342, 363, 370, 371; unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._; Arabian epic, 402. _See also_ Zend Avesta Zwinger, of Dresden, in style history, 108, 207, 285

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TABLES

════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ TABLE I. “CONTEMPORARY” SPIRITUAL EPOCHS ═════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤═══════════════════════ │ _INDIAN_ │ _CLASSICAL_ │ _ARABIAN_ │ _WESTERN_ │ (from 1500) │ (from 1100) │ (from 0.) │ (from 900) ─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────────── =SPRING.= │ I. BIRTH OF A MYTH OF THE GRAND STYLE, EXPRESSING A NEW GOD-FEELING. │ WORLD-FEAR. WORLD-LONGING │ │ │ │ _(Rural-intuit- │1500-1200 │1100-800 │0-300 │900-1200 ive. Great crea- │Vedic religion │Hellenic-Ital- │ Primitive │German Catholicism tions of the │ │ ian “Demeter” │ Christianity │Edda (Baldr) newly-awakened │ │ religion of │ (Mandaeans, │Bernard of Clairvaux, dream-heavy Soul.│ │ the people │ Gnosis, Sync- │ Joachim of Floris, Super-personal │ │ │ retism Marcion,│ Francis of Assisi unity and ful- │ │ │(Mithras, Baal) │Popular Epos ness)_ │Aryan hero- │Homer │Gospels. Apoca- │ (Siegfried) │ tales │ │ lypses │Western legends of the │ │Heracles and │Christian, Maz- │ Saints │ │ Theseus │ daist and │ │ │ legends │ pagan legends │ │ II. EARLIEST MYSTICAL-METAPHYSICAL SHAPING OF THE NEW WORLD-OUTLOOK │ ZENITH OF SCHOLASTICISM │ │ │ │ │Preserved in │Oldest (oral) │Origen (d. 254),│Thomas Aquinas (d. │oldest parts of │Orphic, Etruscan│Plotinus (d. │1274), Duns Scotus (d. │the Vedas │discipline │269), Mani (d. │1308), Dante (d. 1321) │ │ │276), Iamblichus│and Eckhardt (d. 1329) │ │ │(d. 330) │ │ │After-effect; │Avesta, Talmud. │Mysticism. │ │Hesiod, │Patristic │Scholasticism │ │Cosmogonies │literature │ ─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────────── =SUMMER.= │ III. REFORMATION: INTERNAL POPULAR OPPOSITION TO THE GREAT SPRINGTIME │ FORMS =(Ripening │Brahmanas. │Orphic movement.│Augustine (d. │Nicolaus Cusanus (d. consciousness. │Oldest parts of │Dionysiac │430) │1464) Earliest urban │Upanishads (10th│religion. “Numa”│Nestorians │John Hus (d. 1308) and critical │and 9th │religion(7th │(about 430) │Savonarola, Karlstadt, stirrings)= │Centuries) │Century) │Monophysites │Luther, Calvin (d. │ │ │(about 450) │1564) │ │ │Mazdak (about │ │ │ │500) │ │ │ │ │ │ IV. BEGINNING OF A PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL FORM OF THE WORLD-FEELING. │ OPPOSITION OF IDEALISTIC AND REALISTIC SYSTEMS │ │ │ │ │Preserved in │The great Pre- │Byzantine, │Galileo, Bacon, │Upanishads │Socratics (6th │Jewish, Syrian, │Descartes, Bruno, │ │and 5th │Coptic and │Boehme, Leibniz. 16th │ │Centuries) │Persian │and 17th Centuries │ │ │literature of │ │ │ │6th and 7th │ │ │ │Centuries │ │ │ │ │ V. FORMATION OF A NEW MATHEMATIC CONCEPTION OF NUMBER AS COPY AND CONTENT OF WORLD-FORM │ │ │ │ │(lost) │Number as │The indefinite │Number as Function │ │magnitude │number (Algebra)│(analysis) │ │(proportion) │ │ │ │Geometry. │ │ │ │Arithmetic │ │ │ │Pythagoreans │(development not│Descartes, Pascal, │ │(from 540) │yet │Fermat (_ca._ 1630) │ │ │investigated) │ │ │ │ │Newton and Leibniz │ │ │ │(_ca._ 1670) │ │ │ │ VI. PURITANISM. RATIONALISTIC-MYSTIC IMPOVERISHMENT OF RELIGION │ │ │ │ │(lost) │Pythagorean │Mohammed (622) │English Puritans │ │ society │ Paulicians and │ (from 1620) │ │ (from 540) │ Iconoclasts │French Jansenists │ │ │ (from 650) │ from 1640) │ │ │ │ Port Royal │ │ │ │ ─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────────── =AUTUMN.= │VII. “ENLIGHTENMENT.” BELIEF IN ALMIGHTINESS OF REASON. CULT OF “NATURE.” │ “RATIONAL” RELIGION │ │ │ │ =(Intelligence │Sutras; Sankhya;│Sophists of │Mutazilites │English Ration- of the City. Zen-│ Buddha; later │ the 5th Cen- │ │ alists (Locke) ith of strict │ Upanishads │ tury │Sufism │French Encyc- intellectual cre-│ │Socrates (d. │ │ lopaedists ativeness)= │ │ 399) │Nazzam, │ (Voltaire) │ │Democritus (d. │ Alkindi │ Rousseau │ │ _ca._ 360) │ (about 830) │ │ │ │ │ │ VIII. ZENITH OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT. ELUCIDATION OF THE FORM-WORLD OF │ NUMBERS │ │ │ │ │(lost) │Archytas (d. │(not invest- │Euler (d. 1763), │ │ 365) │ igated) │ Lagrange (d. 1813), │ │Plato (d. 346) │(Theory of │ Laplace (d. 1827) │(Zero as │(Conic Sections)│ number. │(The Infinitesimal │ number) │ │Spherical │ problem) │ │ │ Trigonometry) │ │ │ │ │ │ IX. THE GREAT CONCLUSIVE SYSTEMS │ │ │ │ │_Idealism_ }│ │ │ { Schelling │ Yoga, Vedanta }│Plato (d. │Alfarabi (d. │Goethe { │_Epistemology_ }│ 346) │ 950) │ { Hegel │ Valcashika }│Aristotle (d. │Avicenna (d. │Kant { │_Logic_ Nyaya }│ 322) │ _ca._1000) │ { Fichte │ │ │ │ ─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────────── =WINTER.= │ X. MATERIALISTIC WORLD-OUTLOOK. CULT OF SCIENCE, UTILITY AND PROSPERITY │ │ │ │ =(Dawn of Mega- │Sankhya, │Cynics, Cyr- │Communistic, │Bentham, Comte, lopolitan Civ- │Tscharvaka │ enaics │ atheistic, │ Darwin ilization. Ex- │(Lokoyata) │Last Soph- │ Epicurean sects│Spencer, Stirner, tinction of │ │ ists (Pyr- │ of Abbassid │ Marx spiritual cre- │ │rhon) │ times. “Breth- │Feuerbach ative force. │ │ │ ren of Sincer- │ Life itself be- │ │ │ ity” │ comes problem- │ XI. ETHICAL-SOCIAL IDEALS OF LIFE. EPOCH OF “UNMATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY.” atical. Ethical- │ SKEPSIS practical tend- │ │ │ │ encies of an │Tendencies │Hellenism │Movements │Schopenhauer, irreligious and │in Buddha’s │ │ in Islam │ Nietzsche unmetaphysical │time │ │ │Socialism, cosmopolitan- │ │ │ │ Anarchism ism)= │ │ │ │Hebbel, Wag- │ │ │ │ ner, Ibsen │ │ │ │ │ XII. INNER COMPLETION OF THE MATHEMATICAL FORM-WORLD. THE CONCLUDING │ THOUGHT │ │ │ │ │(lost) │Euclid, │Alchwarizmi │Gauss (d. 1855) │ │Apollonius │(800) │ │ │(about 300) │ │ │ │ │Ibn Kurra (850) │Cauchy (d. 1857) │ │Archimedes │Alkarchi, │Riemann (d. 1866) │ │(about 250) │Albiruni (10th │ │ │ │Century) │ │ │ │ │ │ XIII. DEGRADATION OF ABSTRACT THINKING INTO PROFESSIONAL LECTURE-ROOM │ PHILOSOPHY. COMPENDIUM LITERATURE │ │ │ │ │The “Six Class- │Academy, Peri-, │Schools of │Kantians. │ ical Systems” │ patos, Sto- │ Baghdad and │“Logicians” │ │ ics, Epicur- │ Basra │ and “Psycho- │ │ eans │ │ logists” │ │ │ │ │ XIV. SPREAD OF A FINAL WORLD-SENTIMENT │ │ │ │ │Indian Buddhism │Hellenistic- │Practical │Ethical Socialism from │ │Roman Stoicism │fatalism in │1900 │ │from 200 │Islam after 1000│

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════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ TABLE II. “CONTEMPORARY” CULTURE EPOCHS ═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════════ │_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_ARABIAN_ │_WESTERN_ ─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────── =PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= CHAOS OF PRIMITIVE EXPRESSION FORMS. MYSTICAL SYMBOLISM AND NAÏVE IMITATION │ │ │ │ │Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Persian- │Merovingian- │ │ │ Seleucid │ Carolingian │ │ │ Period │ Era │(3400-3000) │(1600-1700) │(500-0) │(500-900) │ │Late-Egyptian │Late-Classical │ │ │ (Minoan) │ (Hellenistic)│ │ │Late-Babylonian │Late-Indian │ │ │ (Asia Minor) │ (Indo- │ │ │ │ Iranian) │ │ │ │ │ =EXCITATION= │ │ │ ──────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────── =CULTURE.= LIFE-HISTORY OF A STYLE FORMATIVE OF THE ENTIRE INNER-BEING. FORM- LANGUAGE OF DEEPEST SYMBOLIC NECESSITY =I. EARLY PERIOD=│OLD KINGDOM │DORIC │EARLY-ARABIAN │GOTHIC │ │ │ FORM-WORLD. │ =(Ornament and │(2900-2400) │(1100-500) │(Sassanid, │(900-1500) architecture as │ │ │ Byzantine, │ elementary │ │ │ Armenian, │ expression of the│ │ │ Syrian, │ young world- │ │ │ Sabæan, │ feeling.) (The │ │ │ “Late- │ “Primitives”)= │ │ │ Classical” │ │ │ │ and “Early │ │ │ │ Christian” │ │ │ │ (0-500) │ │ _1. Birth and Rise. Forms sprung from the Land, unconsciously │ shaped_ │Dynasties IV-V. │11th to 9th │1st to 3rd │11th to 13th │ │ Centuries │ Centuries │ Centuries │(2930-2625) │ │Cult interiors │ │ │ │Basilica, │Romanesque and │ │ │ Cupola │ Early-Gothic │ │ │ (Pantheon as │ vaulted │ │ │ Mosque) │ cathedrals │Geometrical │Timber building │ │ │ Temple style │ │ │ │Pyramid temples │Doric column │Column-and-arch│Flying buttress │Ranked plant- │Architrave │Stem-tracery │Glass-painting, │ columns │ │ filling │ Cathedral │ │ │ blanks │ │Rows of flat- │Geometric │Sarcophagus │sculpture │ relief │ (Dipylon) style│ │ │Tomb statues │Burial urns │ │ │ │ │ │ _2. Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities. Contradiction_ │VI Dynasty │8th and 7th │4-5th Centuries│14-15th │ (2625-2574) │ Centuries │ │ Centuries │Extinction of │End of archaic │End of Syrian, │Late Gothic and │ pyramid-style │ Doric-Etruscan │ Persian, and │ Renaissance │ and epic- │ style │ Coptic │ │ idyllic relief│ │ pictorial art│ │ style │ │ │ │Floraison of │Proto-Corinthian-│Rise of mosaic-│Floraison and │ archaic │ Early-Attic │ picturing and│ waning of │ portrait- │ (mythological) │ of arabesque │ fresco and │ plastic │ vase │ │ statue. From │ painting │ │ │ Giotto │ │ │ │ (Gothic) to │ │ │ │ Michelangelo │ │ │ │ (Baroque). │ │ │ │ Siena, │ │ │ │ Nürnberg. The │ │ │ │ Gothic │ │ │ │ picture from │ │ │ │ Van Eyck to │ │ │ │ Holbein. │ │ │ │ Counterpoint │ │ │ │ and oil- │ │ │ │ painting ─────────────────┼────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────── =II. LATE PERIOD │MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC │LATE-ARABIAN │BAROQUE (Formation of │(2150-1800) │(650-350) │ FORM-WORLD │(1500-1800) a group of arts │ │ │ (Persian-Nest-│ urban and con- │ │ │ orian, Byz- │ scious, in the │ │ │ antine-Arm- │ hands of individ-│ │ │ enian, Islam- │ uals) (“Great │ │ │ ic Moorish) │ Masters”)= │ │ │ (500-800) │ │ │ │ │ _3. Formation of a mature artistry_ │XIth Dynasty. │Completion of │Completion of │The pictorial │ Delicate and │ the temple- │ of the mosque-│ style in │ telling art │ body (Peri- │ interior (Cen-│ architecture │(Almost no │ pteros,stone) │ tral dome of │ from Michel- │ traces left) │The Ionic col- │ Hagia Sophia) │ angelo to Ber- │ │ umn │ │ nini (d. 1680) │ │Reign of fresco- │Zenith of mos- │Reign of oil- │ │ painting till │ aic painting │ painting from │ │ Polygnotus │ │ Titian to Rem- │ │ (460) │ │ brandt (d. │ │Rise of free │Completion of │ 1664) │ │ plastic “in │ the carpet- │Rise of music │ │ the round” │ like arabesque│ from Orlando │ │ (“Apollo of │ style (Machat-│ Lasso to H. │ │ Tenea” to │ ta) │ Schütz (d. │ │ Hageladas) │ │ 1671) │ │ │ │ _4. Perfection of an intellectualized form-language_ │ │ │ │ │XIIth Dynasty │Maturity of │Ommayads │Rococo │ (2000-1788) │ Athens (480- │ │ │ │ 350) │ │ │Pylon-temple, │The Acropolis │(7th-8th │Musical │ Labyrinth │ │ Century) │ architecture │ │ │ │ (“Rococo”) │ │ │ │ │Character- │Reign of │Complete │Reign of │ statuary and │ Classical │ victory of │ classical │ historical │ plastic from │ featureless │ music from │ reliefs │ Myron to │ arabesque │ Bach to │ │ Phidias │ over │ Mozart │ │ │ architecture │ │ │ │ also │ │ │End of strict │ │End of │ │ fresco and │ │ classical │ │ ceramic │ │ oil-painting │ │ painting │ │ (Watteau to │ │ (Zeuxis) │ │ Goya) │ │ │ │ _5. Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of the Style. “Classicism” and “Romanticism”_ │Confusion after │The age of │“Haroun-al- │Empire and │ about 1750 │ Alexander │ Raschid” │ Biedermeyer │ │ │ (about 800) │ │(No remains) │The Corinthian │“Moorish Art” │Classicist │ │ column │ │ taste in │ │ │ │ architecture │ │Lysippus and │ │Beethoven, │ │ Apelles │ │ Delacroix ─────────────────┼────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────── =CIVILIZATION.= │EXISTENCE WITHOUT INNER FORM. MEGALOPOLITAN ART AS A COMMONPLACE: │ LUXURY, SPORT, NERVE-EXCITEMENT: RAPIDLY-CHANGING FASHIONS IN │ ART (REVIVALS, ARBITRARY DISCOVERIES, BORROWINGS) │ │ │ │ _1. “Modern Art.” “Art problems.” Attempts to portray or to excite the megalopolitan consciousness. Transformation of Music, architecture and painting into mere craft- arts_ │Hyksos Period │Hellenism │Sultan │19th and 20th │ │ │ dynasties of │ Centuries │ │ │ 9th-10th │ │ │ │ Century │ │(Preserved only │Pergamene Art │ │Liszt, Berlioz, │ in Crete; │ (theatricality)│ │ Wagner │ Minoan art) │ │ │ │ │Hellenistic │Prime of │Impressionism │ │ painting modes │ Spanish- │ from │ │ (veristic, │ Sicilian art │ Constable to │ │ bizarre, │ │ Leibl and │ │ subjective) │ │ Manet │ │Architectural │Samarra │American │ │ display in the │ │ architecture │ │ cities of the │ │ │ │ Diadochi │ │ │ │ │ │ _2. End of form-development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives_ │ │ │ │ │XVIII Dynasty │Roman Period │Seljuks (from │From 2000 │ (1580-1350) │ (100-0-100) │ 1050) │ │ Rock temple of│ Indiscriminate │ “Oriental │ │ Dehr-el-Bahri.│ piling of all │ Art” of the │ │ Memnon- │ three orders. │ Crusade │ │ Colossi. Art │ Fora, theatres │ period │ │ of Cnossos and│ (Colosseum). │ │ │ Amarna │ Triumphal │ │ │ │ arches │ │ │ │ │ │ _3. Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of material and mass. Provincial craft-art_ │ │ │ │ │XIX Dynasty │Trajan to │Mongol Period │From 2000 │ (1350-1205) │ Aurelian │ (from 1250) │ │Gigantic │Gigantic fora, │Gigantic │ │ buildings of │ thermæ, │ buildings │ │ Luxor, Karnak │ colonnades, │ (e.g. in │ │ and Abydos. │ triumphal │ India) │ │ │ arches │ │ │Small-art (beast│Roman provincial │Oriental craft-│ │ plastic, │ art (ceramic, │ art │ │ textiles, │ statuary, arms)│ (rugs,arms, │ │ arms) │ │ implements) │

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═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ TABLE III. “CONTEMPORARY” POLITICAL EPOCHS ═══════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════ │_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_CHINESE_ │_WESTERN_ ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────── =PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= PRIMITIVE FOLK. TRIBES AND THEIR CHIEFS. AS YET NO “POLITICS” AND NO “STATE” │ │ │ │ │Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Shang Period │Frankish Period │(Menes) │(“Agamemnon”) │ │(Charlemagne) │3400-3000 │1600-1100 │(1700-1300) │(500-900) ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────── =CULTURE.= NATIONAL GROUPS OF DEFINITE STYLE AND PARTICULAR WORLD-FEELING. “NATIONS.” WORKING OF AN IMMANENT STATE-IDEA I. EARLY PERIOD. _Organic articulation of political existence. The two prime classes (noble and priest)._ _Feudal economics; purely agrarian values_ │ │ │ │ =1. Feudalism. │OLD KINGDOM │DORIC PERIOD │EARLY CHOU │GOTHIC PERIOD Spirit of country- │ (2900-2400) │ (1100-650) │ PERIOD │ (900-1500) side and country- │Feudal conditions│The Homeric │ (1300-800) │ Roman-German man. The “City” │ of IV Dynasty │ king │The central │ Imperial per- only a market or │Increasing power │ │ (Wang) │ iod stronghold. Chiv- │ of feudatories │Rise of the │ pressed │Crusading nob- alric-religious │ and priest- │ nobility │ hard by the │ ility ideals. Struggles │ hoods │(Ithaca. Et- │ feudal nob- │Empire and of ideals. Strug- │The Pharaoh as │ruria, Sparta) │ ility │ Papacy gles of vassals │ incarnation of │ │ │ amongst them- │ Ra │ │ │ selves and a- │ │ │ │ gainst overlord= │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ =2. Crisis and │VI Dynasty. │Aristocratic │934-904. I-Wang │Territorial dissolution of │ Break-up of the│ synoecism │ and the vassals│ princes patriarchal forms │ Kingdom into │ Dissolution of│ │ Renaissance From feudalism to │ heritable │ kinship into │ 842. │ towns. aristocratic State=│ principalities.│ annual offices│ Interregnum │ Lancaster and │ VII and VIII │ Oligarchy │ │ York │ Dynasties, │ │ │ 1254 │ interregnum │ │ │ Interregnum │ │ │ │ II. LATE PERIOD. _Actualizing of the matured State-idea. Town versus countryside. Rise of Third Estate (Bourgeoisie)._ _Victory of money over landed property_ │ │ │ │ =3. Fashioning of a│MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC PERIOD │LATE CHOU PERIOD │BAROQUE PERIOD world of States of │ (2150-1800) │ (650-300) │ (800-500) │ (1500-1800) strict form. │ XIth Dynasty. │ 6th Century. │ Period of the │ Dynastic Frondes= │ Overthrow of │ First │ “Protectors” │ family power, │ the baronage by│ Tyrannis. │ (Ming-Chu 685- │ Fronde │ the rulers of │ (Cleisthenes, │ 591) and the │ (Richelieu, │ Thebes. │ Periander, │ rulers of │ Wallenstein, │ Centralized │ Polycrates, │ Thebes. │ Cromwell) │ bureaucracy- │ the Tarquins.)│ congresses of │ about 1630. │ state │ The City- │ princes (-460) │ │ │ State. │ │ │ │ │ │ =4. Climax of │XIIth Dynasty │The pure Polis │Chun-Chiu per- │Ancien Régime. the State-form │ (2000-1788) │ (absolutism of │ iod (“Spring” │ Rococo. (“Absolutism”) │Strictest cent- │ the Demos). │ and “Autumn”), │Court nobility Unity of town and │ ralization of │ Agora politics │ 590-480 │ of Versailles. “Society.” The │ power │Rise of the │Seven powers │ Cabinet poli- “three estates”)= │Court and fin- │ tribunate │Perfection of │ tics │ ance nobility │Themistocles, │ social forms │Habsburg and │ │ Pericles │ (Li) │ Bourbon. │ │ │ │Louis XIV. │ │ │ │ Frederick the │ │ │ │ Great │ │ │ │ =5. Break-up of │1788-1680. Rev- │4th Century. │480. Beginning │End of XVIII the State-form │ olution and │ Social revol- │ of the Chan- │ Century. Rev- (Revolution and │ military govern-│ ution and Sec- │ Kwo period │ olution in Ame- Napoleonism). │ ment. Decay of │ ond Tyrannis │ │ ica and France Victory of the │ the realm. Small│ (Dionysius I, │ │ (Washington, city over the │ potentates, in │ Jason of Phe- │441. Fall of │ Fox, Mira- countryside (of │ some cases │ rae, Appius │ the Chou dyn- │ beau, Robes- the “people” │ sprung from the │ Claudius the │ asty │ pierre) over the priv- │ people │ Censor) │Revolutions and │ ileged, of the │ │ │ annihilation- │_Napoleon_ intelligentsia │ │_Alexander_ │ wars │ over tradition, │ │ │ │ of money over │ │ │ │ policy)= │ │ │ │ ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────

=CIVILIZATION.= THE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, NOW ESSENTIALLY URBAN IN CONSTITUTION, DISSOLVES INTO FORMLESS MASS. MEGALOPOLIS AND PROVINCES. THE FOURTH ESTATE (“MASSES”), INORGANIC, COSMOPOLITAN │ │ │ │ =1. Domination of │1680 (1788) │300-100. Politi-│480-230. Period │1800-2000. XIXth Money (“Democracy”)│ -1580. Hyksos │ cal Hellenism. │ of the “Contend-│ Century. From Economic powers │ period. Deepest │ From Alexander │ ing States” │ Napoleon to the permeating the pol-│ decline.Dicta- │ to Hannibal and│288. The Imperial│ World-War. itical forms and │ tures of alien │ Scipio royal │ title │ “System of the authorities= │ generals (Chian)│ all-power; from│The imperialist │ Great Powers,” │After 1600 │ Cleomenes III │ statesmen of │ standing arm- │ definitive │ and C. Flamin- │ Tsin │ ies, constit- │ victory of the │ ius (220) to │From 289 incorp- │ utions. XXth- │ rulers of │ C. Marius, rad-│ oration of the │ Century trans- │ Thebes │ ical demagogues│ last states in │ ition from │ │ │ the Empire │ constitutional │ │ │ │ to informal │ │ │ │ sway of indivi- │ │ │ │ duals. Annihi- │ │ │ │ lation │ │ │ │ wars.Imperialism │ │ │ │ Imperialism │ │ │ │ =2. Formation of │1580-1350. │100-0-100. Sulla│ │ Cæsarism. Victory │XVIIIth Dynasty │to Domitian │250-0-26. House }│ of force-politics │ │ │of Wang-Cheng }│ over money. In- │ │ │and Western Han }│1000-1200 creasing primitive-│ │ │ Dynasty }│ ness of political │Thuthmosis III │Cæsar, Tiberius │221. Augustus }│ forms. Inward de- │ │ │ -title (Shi) }│ cline of the nat- │ │ │of Emperor }│ ions into a form- │ │ │ Hwang-Ti }│ less population, │ │ │140-80. Wu-ti }│ and constitution │ │ │ │ thereof as an Imp- │ │ │ │ erium of gradually-│ │ │ │ increasing crudity │ │ │ │ of despotism= │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ =3. Maturing of the│1350-1205. XIXth │100-300. Trajan │25-220 A.D. }│ final form. Private│Dynasty │ to Aurelian │ Eastern Han }│after 1200 and family policies│ │ │ Dynasty }│ of individual │Sethos I │Trajan, Septi- │58-71. Ming-ti }│ leaders. The world │ │ mius Severus │ │ as spoil. Egyptic- │ │ │ │ ism, Mandarinism, │Rameses II │ │ │ Byzantinism. His- │ │ │ │ tory less stiffen- │ │ │ │ ing and enfeeble- │ │ │ │ ment even of the │ │ │ │ imperial machin- │ │ │ │ ery, against young │ │ │ │ peoples eager for │ │ │ │ spoil, or alien │ │ │ │ conquerors. Primi- │ │ │ │ tive human condi- │ │ │ │ tions slowly │ │ │ │ thrust up into the │ │ │ │ highly-civilized │ │ │ │ mode of living= │ │ │ │

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Transcriber’s Note

The use of an extra ‘S’ in the name of ‘Hagia S Sophia’ on p. 200 is questionable. If it is an abbreviation of ‘Saint’ as it is a line early, it is redundant here given the word ‘Hagia’, meaning the same thing.

On p. 407, footnotes 508 and 509 refer to the same work, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_. However the citation of the first note is garbled, as _Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer_.

In the Index, a reference to the effect on natural science of the Relativity Theory was corrupted as ‘19;4’. The proper page is p. 419, and the reference is corrected.

The page reference to a note on Goethe and Materialism should have been to p. 111, not p. 211.

The page references in footnote 486 most likely refer to Volume II, since the two pages mentioned contain no pertinent material.

There are a number of index entries which refer to footnotes on a given page while the topics appear in the main text. This would seem to indicate that the preparation of the Index was not reviewed after the final version of the text was complete. These references have been amended to direct the reader to the correct page:

Intercultural Contemporaneity (multiple times) (p. 112), Frescos (p. 225), Tasso (p. 325),

The reference to Saint John and world-history as a note on p. 18 seems incorrect. Footnote 13 on that page refers to the Apostle Paul. The reference is left unlinked.

On p. vi of the Index, a cross-referenced ‘Motherland’ topic is missing.

Minor punctuation lapses in the Index have been corrected without further notice.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

xvii.18 Geometry and arith[e]metic Removed. 8.4 lead to a naturalistic[,] Chronology Removed. 8.27 there is certain[t]ly no world-history Removed. 12.29 unparallel[l]ed in art-history Removed. 25.19 all these arbit[r]ary> and narrow schemes Inserted. 26.39 occurring f[u/o]r us Replaced. 37.20 and theor[i/e]tically Replaced. 62.42 de [s]oudaineté et de certitude absolue Added. 82.30 The Greek m[e/a]thematicians Replaced. 126.35 approached these question[s] Added. 128.18 a glad materialization of the sp[i]ritual. Inserted. 129.39 κακῶς [ἐί/εἴ]ληφα τ[ὀυ/οὐ]μὸνσῶμα σ[υ/ὺ]ν Replaced. τέχνῃ κακῇ. 129.41 μαντεῖα ... [ἅ/ἃ] τοῦδ’ Replaced. 133.43 (παρὰ τοσ[όu/oῦ]τον μ[ε/ὲ]ν [ἥ/ἡ] Μυτιλήνη Replaced. ἦλθε κινδύνου) 134.36 “Handbook of Early Christian Antiquities)”[.] Added. 134.43 “Handbook of May on Antiquities.[”] Added. 150.41 was th[o]roughly English in spirit Inserted. 191.22 (mitschwingen i[n/m] Lebenstakte) Replaced. 200.16 Hagia [S ]Sophia in Constantinople Removed. 212.30 Here there was no brill[i]ant instant Inserted. 213.42 Ency. Brit., XI Ed.[)] Added. 227.28 to the harp[is/si]chord Transposed. 269.24 absorbed philos[o]pher Inserted. 269.38 impor[t]ant and significant Inserted. 270.34 comp[a]re his unbridled dynamism Inserted. 271.43 Oldach, Wasmann[,] Rayski and many another Inserted. 277.18 he shattere[e]d the canon Removed. 288.39 it is so th[o]roughly irreligious Inserted. 290.31 something of Rembrandt’s p[ro/or]traiture Transposed. 299.6 Every professed philos[o]pher Inserted. 302.27 the essen[s/c]e of the soul Replaced. 307.16 of _our_ Nature-picture[.] Added. 307.40 Ges[s/c]h. d. neueren Philosophie Replaced. 313.42 οὔκουν ἂν[ ]εκφύγοι γε τὴν πεπρωμένην Inserted. 318.6 ἀνθρώπ[ῶ/ω]ν ἀλλὰ πρ[[α/ά]ξεων καὶ βίου. Replaced. 330.25 that would not i[n/m]pugn the primacy Replaced. 333.43 quite independently of gunpow[d]er Inserted. 355.8 oppressive actualiti[t]es Removed. 360.18 sp[i]ritual prostitution Inserted. 363.31 what should be dest[r]oyed Inserted. 373.30 der politischen [O/Ö]konomie Replaced. 400.36 Mo[v/r]eover, it is only Replaced. 410.2 in its attitude to[r]wards toleration Removed. a.iii.20 _See_ Bart[h]olommeo Removed. a.v.41 Calculus, and Classical astro[mon/nom]y Transposed. a.vi.17 ancest[o]ral worship Removed. a.xii.33 Western math[e]matic and term Inserted. a.xiii.47 wi[ds/sd]om and intellect Transposed. a.xxv.45 intellect and wi[ds/sd]om Transposed. a.xxviii.38 Tartini, G[ui/iu]seppe Transposed. a.xxix.42 [‘/“]space of time” Replaced. a.xxxi.11 Wey[ ]den, Rogier van der. Removed. t3.20 dis[s]olution of Inserted.