Chapter I
.
[143] p. 116.
[144] The conclusion which Frazer draws about totemism in his second work on the subject (_The Origin of Totemism; Fortnightly Review_, 1899) agrees with this text: “Thus, totemism has commonly been treated as a primitive system both of religion and of society. As a system of religion it embraces the mystic union of the savage with his totem; as a system of society it comprises the relations in which men and women of the same totem stand to each other and to the members of other totemic groups. And corresponding to these two sides of the system are two rough-and-ready tests or canons of totemism: first, the rule that a man may not kill or eat his totem animal or plant, and second, the rule that he may not marry or cohabit with a woman of the same totem” (p. 101). Frazer then adds something which takes us into the midst of the discussion about totemism: “Whether the two sides--the religious and the social--have always coexisted or are essentially independent, is a question which has been variously answered.”
[145] In connexion with such a change of opinion Frazer made this excellent statement: “That my conclusions on these difficult questions are final, I am not so foolish as to pretend. I have changed my views repeatedly, and I am resolved to change them again with every change of the evidence, for like a chameleon the inquirer should shift his colours with the shifting colours of the ground he treads.” Preface to Vol. I, _Totemism and Exogamy_, 1910.
[146] “By the nature of the case, as the origin of totemism lies far beyond our powers of historical examination or of experiment, we must have recourse as regards this matter, to conjecture,” Andrew Lang, _Secret of the Totem_, p. 27.--“Nowhere do we see absolutely primitive man, and a totemic system in the making,” p. 29.
[147] At first probably only animals.
[148] _The Worship of Animals and Plants_ (_Fortnightly Review_, 1869-1870). _Primitive Marriage_, 1865; both works reprinted in _Studies in Ancient History_, 1876; second edition, 1886.
[149] _The Secret of the Totem_, 1905, p. 34.
[150] _Ibid._
[151] _Ibid._
[152] According to Andrew Lang.
[153] Pikler and Somló, _The Origin of Totemism_, 1901. The authors rightly call their attempt at explanation a “Contribution to the materialistic theory of History.”
[154] _The Origin of Animal Worship_ (_Fortnightly Review_, 1870). _Principles of Psychology_, Vol. I, §§ 169 to 176.
[155] _Kamilaroi and Kurmai_, p. 165, 1880 (Lang, _Secret of the Totem_, etc.).
[156] See the chapter on Taboo, p. 96.
[157] _l.c._, Vol. I, p. 41.
[158] _Address to the Anthropological Section, British Association_, Belfast, 1902. According to Frazer, _l.c._, Vol. IV, p. 50.
[159] _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, by Baldwin Spencer and H. J. Gillen, London, 1891.
[160] There is nothing vague or mystical about it, nothing of that metaphysical haze which some writers love to conjure up over the humblest beginnings of human speculation but which is utterly foreign to the simple, sensuous, and concrete modes of the savage. (_Totemism and Exogamy_, I., p. 117.)
[161] _l.c._, p. 120.
[162] _L’année Sociologique_, Vol. I, V, VIII, and elsewhere. See especially the chapter, _Sur le Totémisme_, Vol. V, 1901.
[163] _Social Origins and the Secret of the Totem._
[164] _The Golden Bough_, II, p. 332.
[165] “It is unlikely that a community of savages should deliberately parcel out the realm of nature into provinces, assign each province to a
## particular band of magicians, and bid all the bands to work their magic
and weave their spells for the common good.” _Totemism and Exogamy_, Vol. IV, p. 57.
[166] _Totemism and Exogamy_, Vol. II, p. 89, and IV, p. 59.
[167] _Totemism and Exogamy_, Vol. IV, p. 63.
[168] “That belief is a philosophy far from primitive”, Andrew Lang, _Secret of the Totem_, p. 192.
[169] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, Vol. IV, p. 45.
[170] Frazer, _l.c._, p. 48.
[171] Wundt, _Elemente der Völker-Psychologie_, p. 190.
[172] _L’année Sociologique_, 1898-1904.
[173] See Frazer’s _Criticism of Durkheim, Totemism and Exogamy_, p. 101.
[174] _Secret_, etc., p. 125.
[175] See Frazer, _l.c._, Vol. IV, p. 75: “The totemic clan is a totally different social organism from the exogamous class, and we have good grounds for thinking that it is far older.”
[176] _Primitive Marriage_, 1865.
[177] Frazer, _l.c._, p. 73 to 92.
[178] Compare