Chapter XXXII

. for these questions.

[6] It is quite probable that the commercial and financial panic which commenced about the time these pages were nearly ready for the press, and continued throughout the winter of 1857-8, has added to the number of prostitutes in New York City, very likely as many as five hundred, or perhaps a thousand, but certainly not to the extent generally imagined. Allusions have been made elsewhere to the exaggerated estimates of the extent of this vice, and the opinions publicly expressed in regard to accessions to the ranks of prostitutes during the last few months generally seem to be of a similarly vague nature.

[7] Gen. xxxviii. 11.

[8] Lev. xix. 29; Deut. xxiii. 17.

[9] Ex. xxii. 19; Lev. xviii. 23.

[10] Ex. xxi. 17.

[11] Deut. xxii. 17.

[12] Lev. xv.

[13] Deut. xxiii. 18, etc.

[14] Ibid. xxiii. 18.

[15] Chron. xv. xvii. etc.

[16] Maccabees.

[17] Ch. vii. 6, etc.

[18] Ctesias, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 10.

[19] Herodotus, ii. 60.

[20] Herodotus, ii. 64.

[21] Id. ii. 89.

[22] Id. ii. 89.

[23] Baruch, vi.

[24] Quintus Curtius, v. 1.

[25] Macrobius, Sat. Conv. vii. Athenæus, xii. _passim_; Plutarch, Vit. Artaxerxes.

[26] Nicander, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 25.

[27] Plutarch, Life of Solon: Lucian, Dialogues.

[28] Philemon, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 25.

[29] Idomeneus, quoted by Athenæus, xii. 44.

[30] _Fainomerides._ See Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus.

[31] Politics, ii. 7.

[32] Athenæus, xiii. 59; Alciphron's Letters.

[33] Athenæus, xiii. 20, _et sed._; Suidas, Lex., Vo. Diagramma; Æschylus c. Timarch. p. 134; St. Clement of Alexandria, Pædag. ii. 10; Becker, Charicles i. 126; etc.

[34] Pollux, Onom. ii. 30; x. 170; St. Clement of Alex. _loc. cit._

[35] Philemon, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 25.

[36] Xenarchus and Eubulus, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 25.

[37] Demosthenes against Neæra.

[38] Alexis, quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 23.

[39] Athenæus xiii. 26.

[40] See Lucian. Dialogue of Courtesans, _passim_.

[41] Letters of Alciphron, 46.

[42] Lucian, _loc. cit._

[43] Anthology, ed. Jacobs, ii. 633.

[44] Athenæus, xiii. 86.

[45] Letters of Alciphron, 34.

[46] Athenæus, xiii. 86.

[47] Antiphanes, quoted in Athenæus, xiii. 51.

[48] Theopompus, Dicæarchus, etc. quoted by Athenæus, xiii. 67.

[49] Letters of Alciphron, 44.

[50] Plutarch, Life of Demetrius, 16, 19, 24-27; Athenæus, xiii. 39.

[51] Demosthenes against Neræa, p. 1386; Becker, Charicles, ii. 215.

[52] St. Clement of Alex.; Hortat. Address, 97.

[53] Grote's History of Greece, vi. 100.

[54] Plutarch, Life of Pericles, 24, 32, etc.; Demosthenes against Neræa, p. 1350; Aristophanes, Acharm. 497, etc.; Athenæus, xiii. 25-56.

[55] Diogenes Laert. vi. 96.

[56] Athenæus, xiii. 56, 66, etc.; Alciphron's Letters, 30.

[57] Athenæus, xiii. 39, etc.

[58] Id. xiii. 43, 47.

[59] Plato, De Rep. iii. p. 404; Aristoph. Plut. 149; Müller, Dor. ii. 10, 7; Strabo, viii. 6, 211.

[60] Diogenes Laert. ii. 84; St. Clement of Alex. Strom, iii. 47; Pausanias, ii. 2, 4; Ausonius, Epig. 17; Athenæus, xiii. 26, 54, etc.

[61] Ælian, V. H. ix. 32; Alciphron's Letters, i. 31; Jacobs, Alt. Mus. iii. 18, 36, etc.; Athenæus, xiii. 59, etc.

[62] Pausanias, i. 37, 5; Athenæus, xiii. 45, etc.; Diod. xvii. 108; Arr. _ap. Phot._ 70.

[63] Diogenes Laert. x. 4; Athenæus, xiii. 29; Cicero, de Nat. Deor. i. 33.

[64] Lactant. i. 20.

[65] Martial, i. 1; Seneca, Epist. 96.

[66] Val. Max. ii. 10, 8.

[67] Annal. lib. ii. 85.

[68] Plautus, Pænulus.

[69] Nov. 5.

[70] See Tabl. Heracl. i. 123.

[71] Plutarch, Vita Catonis.

[72] Livy, xxxiv. 1, et seq.

[73] Livy, xxxix. 8-19. See also St. August. De Civ. Dei, vii. 21.

[74] Cicero, ad Fam. i. 9.

[75] Val. Max. ii. 1, 7; Cicero, de Off. 1, 35.

[76] Plutarch, Vit. Syllæ, 85.

[77] Lex Jul. et Pap. Popp.; Lex Jul. de Adult.; Dig. 35, tit. 1, § 63; Gaius, ii. 113.

[78] See Dig. 48, tit. 5.

[79] Aulus Gell. quoting Ateius Capito.

[80] Pierrugues, Gloss. Erot. For the duties of the ædiles, see Schubert, de Rom. Ædilibus, liv. 4.

[81] See Plautus, _passim_.

[82] Suetonius.

[83] Cicero.

[84] Ausonius.

[85] Plaut. Panulus.

[86] Cic. pro Cælio.

[87] Juvenal.

[88] Juvenal.

[89] Suidas.

[90] Plautus, Cistellaria.

[91] Suetonius.

[92] Martial.

[93] Plaut. Panulus. Juvenal says,

"_Ad terram tremulo descendant clune puellæ._"

[94] Horace, Od. iii. 6, 21.

[95] See Schubert, _loc. cit._

[96] Terenco, Adelph. 1; Catullus, etc.

[97] Rom. i. 26, 27, and all Latin poets, _passim_.

[98] See Bunsen, Beschreibung der Stadt Rome, 1830, i. 173.

[99] Plautus, _Asinaria_; Martial, Ep. _passim_.

[100] Petronius, Satyricon, i. 28.

[101] Hor. Sat. i. 2, 30; Juv. Sat. iii. 156; Suet. Jul. 49.

[102] Prudentius, in Agn; Boulenger, Cirque, etc.

[103] _Olenti in fornice_, Hor. _Redolet fuligmura fornicis_, Mart.

[104] Plautus.

[105] Id.

[106] Juvenal, ii. Sat. vi. 116.

[107] Cyprian, Ep. 103; Boulenger, De Circe Rom.; Arnob.; Tertullian.

[108] Seneca, Ep. 86; Val. Max. ii. 1, 7.

[109] Plin. H. N. 33, 54.

[110] "Callidus et cristæ digitos impressit aliptes."--Juvenal, ii. Sat. vi.

[111] Spartianus, Hadrian, c. 1.

[112] See Ovid, Ars Amat.

[113] Ulpian, liv. xxiii. De rit. nupt.; Jul. Paulus, Dig.; Cicero.

[114] Martial, xvi. 222.

[115]

Lesbia nostra, Lesbia illa, Illa Lesbia, quam Catullus unam, Plus quam se atque suas amavit omnes, Nunc in quadriviis et angiportis Glubit magnanimos Remi nepotes. CATULLUS, _Carm._ 58.

[116] Cicero in Cat.

[117] Lampridius, Script. Hist. Aug. _Elagabalus_.

[118] Martial, Ep. i. 36, 8; ii. 39; vi. 64, 4. See Becker's Gallus, i. 321.

[119] See also Seneca.

[120] Seneca, Ep. 80, 110; Suet. Jul. 43; Claud. 28; Domit. 8.

[121] Petron. Satyr. i. 26.

[122] Juvenal, Sat. vi.; Tertullian, De exhort. cast. 45.

[123] Juvenal, Sat. vi.

[124] Petronius, ii. 352.

[125] Plautus, Miles; Apuleius, ii. 27.

[126] Juvenal, Sat. vi.

[127] Propertius, ii. 6; Suet. Tib. 43, and Vit. Hor.; Pliny, xxxv. 37.

[128] See the collection at the Museo Borbonice at Naples, etc.

[129] Mutinus, cujus immanibus pudendis horrentique fascino vestras inequitare matrones.... Arnobius, v. 132. See also St. Augustine and Lactantius.

[130] August. De Civ. Dei.

[131] Catullus, Epithalam.; Arnobius, _loc. cit._

[132] Petron. Satyr. ii. 68.

[133] Petron. Satyr, ii. 70, etc.

[134] Juvenal, Sat. vi.

[135] Suetonius, Jul. 51.

[136] Videsne ut cinædus urbano digito temperat? Suet. Aug. 68, etc.

[137] Suetonius, Tiberius, 42.

[138] Suetonius, Caligula, 24.

[139] Id. Claudius, 26; Juvenal, Sat. vi.

[140] Tacitus, Ann. xv. 37-40.

[141] Scaliger.

[142] Horace, Sat. i. 2, I.

[143] Ovid, Remed. Amor.

[144] Dig. 27, 1, 6; Cod. Theodos. xiii. 3. De Medic, et profess.

[145] Ambrosius, De Virg. lib. i. Prudentius in Symmach.; Basil, Inter. 17, resp.

[146] Cyprian, De Pudici. etc.

[147] Clem. Pædag. ii. 10.

[148] Sueton. Vit. Tiber.

[149] Tertul. Apol.

[150] Basil, De vera Virgin. 52.

[151] Ambros. Epist. iv. ep. 34.

[152] Ambrose, Epist. iv. 34.

[153] See Ruinart, Actes ii. 196; also Palladius, Vit. Patr. cap. 148, etc.

[154] August. contr. Jul. 1. iv.; id. ep. 122, and the other fathers.

[155] Reynaud, Act. Sanct.

[156] Ignat. Ep. ad Trall, et ad Philad.; Clement. Strom. 3; Epiphan. Hær. 27; Theodor. Hæret. i. 5.

[157] Letter to Innocent I.

[158] Calvin, Tr. Relig.

[159] Tr. Ord. lib. ii. c. 12.

[160] Ep. ad Furiam, ad Fabiolam. See also Lactantius, lib. vi. cap. 23.

[161] Can. 61, 77.

[162] Constit. lib. viii. c. 7.

[163] Canons 12, 44.

[164] Lib. de fid. et oper. c. xi.

[165] Const. Milan, tit. 65, de meret. et lenon.

[166] Justin, Apol. pro Christ.

[167] Evagrius, Hist. Eccl. liv. 3, c. 39.

[168] Id. ib.

[169] Cod. Theod. lib. xv. tit. 8, De lenon.

[170] Novel. 14, col. 1. tit. 1. De lenon.

[171] Ordonn. des Rois de France, vii. 327.

[172] Ibid. xiii. 75.

[173] Ann. de la Ville de Toulouse, par Lafaille, ii. 189, 199, 280.

[174] Astruc, _De morb. vener._

[175]

"Sur le pont d'Avignon Tout le monde y passe."

The bridge was a haunt of prostitutes.

[176]

"Toutes estes, serez, ou fûtes, De faict ou de volonté, putes."--_Roman de la Rose._

[177] St. August. _per cont._; St. John Chrysost. Hom. 22, sup. Gene.

[178] Bodin, Demonomanie.

[179] Recueil general des questions traictées es Conferences du Bureau d'Adresse. Paris, 1656.

[180] Hist. Ecclesiast. Henry XVII. 53.

[181] Bodin, Demonomanie.

[182] Nicolas Renny.

[183] Pere Crespet, De la Haine de Satan.

[184] Boileau, Hist. des Flagellants; Pic de la Mirandole, Tr. contre les Astrolopies, liv. iii. ch. 27.

[185] Bayle's Dictionary, Vo. _Picard_.

[186] Lenglet, Dufresnoy sur Marot, iii. 97; Richelet's Dict.

[187] Brantome, in his Dames Galantes, describing a marriage, says, "_Chacun estoit a l'escontes, a l'accoustumée_."

[188] Vies des Hommes Illust.: Bonnivet.

[189] Sauval, Amours des rois de France; from which work many of the facts in the text throughout this chapter are drawn.

[190] Le divorce Satirique.

[191] Bayle's Dictionary, Vo. Henry IV.

[192] De Matrimonio, Le Somme des Peches.

[193] Charles V. 17th Octob. 1367.

[194] A.D. 1365.

[195] Cabinet du Roi de France, Paris, 1581.

[196] Parent-Duchatelet, De la Prostitution dans la Ville de Paris, ii. 473.

[197] See Taylor's House of Orleans, vol. i. and Memoires de la Duchesse d'Orleans, _passim_.

[198] Nicolas Leoniceno, De Morbo Gallico, and others.

[199] Ulrich de Hutton, De Morbi Gallici curatione.

[200] Roderic Dias, Contra las Bubas.

[201] W. Beckett, Phil. Trans. vol. xxx.

[202] Registres du Parlement de Paris, 1497.

[203] Jerome Fracastor, De Morb. Contag.

[204] Registres du Parlement de Paris, 1505.

[205] Cullerier: Report of Chirurgien Mareschal; Report of M. de Breteuil to the Government; Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 180.

[206] Cullerier; Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 184.

[207] Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 186.

[208] Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 124.

[209] Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 130.

[210] Id. ii. 138.

[211] MSS. Reports quoted by Parent-Duchatelet, i. 30; Restif de la Bretonne; _Pornographe_.

[212] Parent-Duchatelet, ii. 273.

[213] Id. ii. 398.

[214] Id. ii. 403.

[215] Dennistoun's Dukes of Urbino; Ranke's History of the Popes; Gibbon's Rome.

[216] Ranke, ii. Appendix.

[217] In 1849, when the Roman people opened the palace of the Inquisition, there was found in the library a department styled "Summary of Solicitations," being a record of cases in which women had been solicited to acts of criminality by their confessors in the pontifical state, and the summary is not brief.--Dwight's "Roman Republic in 1849," p. 115.

[218] Discorsi, i. 12.

[219] Life of Leo X. Appendix.

[220] Fabronius, Leo X. p. 287.

[221] Paris de Grassine, Memoirs of the Court of Julius II. p. 579.

[222] Jovius, lib. iii. p. 56.

[223] De Commines, v. ii. c. 6.

[224] The Roman Pontiffs, New York, 1845.

[225] After the occupation by the French in 1809, a collection of facts was made by the French authorities, with a view to a census, but this we have been unable to obtain.

[226] Medical and Chirurgical Review, April, 1854.

[227] Ibid.

[228] Harper's Magazine, February, 1855, p. 326; Italian Life and Morals.

[229] Rome, by a New Yorker, 1845.

[230] Sharpe's Letters from Italy, 1705.

[231] History of Italy: Family Library, vol. iii.

[232] Roman Republic, 1849; Rome, by a New Yorker.

[233] Valery.

[234] Prescott, History of Ferdinand and Isabella, i. 66.

[235] Prescott, i. 66, _et seq._

[236] Id. i. 227.

[237] Id. iii. 171.

[238] Voltaire says that these prurient questions were debated with a gusto and a minuteness of detail not found elsewhere. He instances a variety of these absurd theorems.

[239] It may be imagined, as was the case in Berlin, that this behest flowed from the irregular manner and conduct of the clergy; but some of the fathers of the Church entertained and avowed this opinion at a time when the morals of the clergy were not open to impeachment.

[240] Prescott's History of Ferdinand and Isabella, ii. 502 (note). The learned historian argues the subject at some length.

[241] Byron commemorates the beauty of the women of Cadiz, and, in his description of the shipwreck, saves the mate from being eaten by his starved companions on account of

"A small present made to him at Cadiz, By general subscription of the ladies."

[242] Townsend: Travels in Spain in 1786 and 1787.

[243] Townsend.

[244] Attaché in Madrid: Appleton, 1856, p. 64.

[245] Duc de Chatelet's Travels in Portugal.

[246] Kingston, Sketches in Lusitania, 1845.

[247] De la Prostitution dans la Ville d'Alger depuis la conquête, par E. A. Duchesne. Paris, Bailliere, 1853.

[248] Ib. p. 64, _et seq._

[249] Duchesne, p. 22, 171.

[250] Duchesne, p. 31.

[251] Id. p. 172.

[252] Id. p. 54, 56.

[253] Duchesne, p. 58.

[254] Id. p. 70, _et seq._

[255] Duchesne, p. 132.

[256] Id. p. 144.

[257] Id. p. 148.

[258] Duchesne, p. 152, _et seq._

[259] Id. p. 176.

[260] Id. p. 192.

[261] Id. p. 198.

[262] W. Trollope's Belgium. Scarcely a more liberal work toward the Belgians than Mrs. Trollope's toward ourselves.

[263] Jäger's "Schwabischen Städtwesen des Mittelalters."

[264] Hamburg and Altona Journal, 1805, iii. 50.

[265] _Vorschriften die Bordelle und öffentlichen Madchen betreffend_: Hamburg, 1834.

[266] This calculation is not very explicitly stated. It is intended to show that syphilis is not dangerously prevalent among the general population. The police arrive at this conclusion by deducting the cases treated in the Charité (which they estimate at two thirds) from the total population, and then divide the remaining cases among the bulk of the people, to prove that only a very small proportion are exposed to venereal influence. We transcribe the statement literally, but do not consider it of much value.

[267] Laing's Denmark in 1851.

[268] Braestrup, Director of Police at Copenhagen, on Prostitution and public Health.

[269] Report on Switzerland to the British Parliament, 1836, by Dr. (now Sir John) Bowring. He was sent on a Continental tour of inquiry into the condition of the working classes, in reference to the English Poor-laws.

[270] Mrs. Strutt's Switzerland, ii. 231.

[271] Karamsin.

[272] Villebois.

[273] Memoires Secrets de la Cour de Russia. Villebois.

[274] Karamsin.

[275] Karamsin, p. 424.

[276] Duchesse d'Abrantes, p. 34.

[277]

"... Miss Pratasoff then there Named from her mystic office l'Eprouveuse, A term inexplicable to the muse, With her then, as in humble duty bound, Juan retired."--_Byron._

[278] D'Abrantes, p. 294.

[279] Id. p. 297.

[280] Kohl.

[281] Golovin states that the whip is an article in frequent requisition in the conjugal state.

[282] Von Tietz, p. 73.

[283] Kohl. There is some difficulty in estimating the ruble from the difference in the currency of Russian silver coin. We believe this sum would be upward of a million dollars.

[284] Von Tietz says that, as regards morality, the institution does not work badly, for there are comparatively less illegitimate births at St. Petersburgh than in most other cities, but he gives no figures to support this assertion.

[285] Golovin.

[286] Swedish Registrar-General's Reports, 1838, 1839.

[287] Baron Gall's Reiser durch Schweden, Bremen, 1838; Laing's Tour through Sweden; Baron Von Strombeck Durstellunger, 1840.

[288] Spelman.

[289] Bede, lib. i. cap. 27.

[290] Padre Paolo.

[291] Wallingford.

[292] Leges Saxonicæ.

[293] A popular ballad which narrates the particulars describes the blow as having dyed Fair Rosamond's lips

"A coral red: Hard was the heart that gave the blow, Soft were the lips that bled."

[294] State Trials, i. 228.

[295] Evelyn. 4th February, 1684-5.

[296] For the prose writers of those days who give lively pictures of manners and morals, the reader is referred to the pages of Fielding, Smollett, and especially De Foe, who wrote much upon low life.

[297] "Pure, and above all reproach in her own domestic life, the queen knew how to enforce at her court the virtues, or, at the very least, the semblance of the virtues which she practiced. To no other woman, probably, had the cause of good morals in England ever owed so deep an obligation."--Lord Mahon's History of England, 1713-1782, vol. iv., p. 221, 222.

[298] It was asserted some years ago, and by many believed, that after his death a large number of prurient French prints, which were in the Custom-house of London, and designed for the private amusement of the king, were burned. The story of the prints and their deflagration may be true, but it is very questionable if they were for royal use. A number of low class London papers always attacked George IV. personally, among which the Weekly Dispatch (the "Sunday Flash" of Warren's novel of "Ten Thousand a Year") took a prominent position from the coarseness of its language and the acerbity of its animosity, assumed at a time when party feeling ran high, as an attractive bait to its readers.

[299] Census of Great Britain, 1851.

[300] Dr. Ryan.

[301] The ineffectual provisions of the law have recently engaged the attention of the inhabitants of London, and a meeting was held in January of the present year (1858) to consider the evil, and decide what steps should be taken in the premises. We shall notice in another part of this work some of the suggestions made on that occasion.

[302] General secondary questions do not come within the scope of this work, but the labors of these dwelling improvement associations are intimately connected with the subject we have now under investigation. In London, model lodging-houses for single men, single women, and married couples with their children, have been tried and found eminently successful, both as a moderate interest-paying investment, and as a very admirable arrangement for promoting the comfort and health of the working classes. The details given some two years ago, through the daily papers, on the lodgings of the poor and the very poor of New York, were frightful enough to excite the active sympathy of the benevolent capitalists of this great city. The very best philanthropy is that which teaches and enables the poor man to benefit his own condition. This principle is practically in operation all over the United States: but in great cities, the freedom of action, and the directly beneficial results of frugality and industry, are not so immediate as in country places. The attempt by the poor to improve their own dwellings in these large cities is almost hopeless, because it does not depend upon individual exertions, but on combination both of money and knowledge. The "how, when, and where" have to be found out and carried through: very small difficulties these, and easily overcome, if those who have the requisite means to carry out such a reform, and thus lend their aid to the solution of an important social problem, have an inclination commensurate with their resources.

[303] See, in particular, as regards London, Statistical Society's Reports, vol. xiii.; Reports of Metropolitan Association for improving the Habitations of the Poor; Board of Health Papers. And for the country districts, Health of Towns Reports; Report on the Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture, 1843.

[304] Mayhew's Letters to the (London) Morning Chronicle; Mayhew's London Labor and the London Poor.

[305] Tait's Prostitution in Edinburgh.

[306] These conclusions are not always reliable. Other causes may operate. If we recollect rightly, Edinburgh is a garrison town. In factory towns, moreover, we should always expect to find a very large amount of immorality, which would somewhat displace open and avowed prostitution for hire.

[307] Mayhew's Letters to the London _Morning Chronicle_.

[308] When Mrs. Sydney Herbert instituted her Distressed Needlewoman's Society, a great deal was thought to have been accomplished in one

## particular branch of female labor--the millinery and dress-making

business--when the leading employers had been induced to promise that the working-day should be restricted to twelve hours.--_Needlewoman's Society Report_, 1848.

[309] It would be interesting to know whether this illicit intercourse is by way of cohabitation or merely temporary. Instances are not rare of people cohabiting who allege themselves too poor to pay the marriage fees. In order to obviate this, it is customary for ministers in poor and populous parishes in England, where the circumstances of individual parishioners are not known to them, to invite all parties who are living in concubinage to come and be married free of expense. Many avail themselves of this offer.

[310] While this work was passing through the press, we met with a recent publication by Wm. Acton, Esq., M.R.C.S. of London, entitled "Prostitution considered in its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects," which gives later information on this point. The Metropolitan Police estimated the number of prostitutes in London in 1841, and again in 1857, with the following results:

+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | 1841. | 1857. | |---------------------------------------------|-------|-------| |Well-dressed prostitutes in brothels | 2071 | 921 | |Well-dressed prostitutes walking the streets | 199 | 2616 | |Prostitutes infesting low neighborhoods | 5344 | 5063 | | |-------|-------| | Total | 9409 | 8600 | +-------------------------------------------------------------+

Mr. Acton says, "The return gives, after all, but a faint idea of the grand total of prostitution. * * * * Were there any possibility of reckoning all those in London who would come within the definition of prostitutes, I am inclined to think that the estimates of the boldest who have preceded me would be thrown into the shade."--P. 16-18.

[311] An estimate of Cork was made in 1847 for the _Medico-Chirurgical Review_, which gave two hundred and fifty prostitutes living in eighty brothels, besides one hundred clandestine prostitutes. Their ages were stated as between sixteen and twenty years.

[312] This may be deemed a foregone conclusion, but it was based upon previous inquiries in individual cases.

[313] We do not understand this figure. The sum of the sewing trades of London is nearly twenty times this number. Perhaps Mr. Mayhew refers only to slop-work, including the very commonest garments, both woolen and cotton, or even to that portion of the trade that have their principal abode in the particular localities visited.

[314] The reader will notice that neither Dr. Ryan, Mr. Tait, nor the views as to the duration of life expressed in the portion of this work devoted to New York, agree with those German authors who have asserted the healthfulness of prostitution. See