CHAPTER XXV

FOR PHYSICIANS, SURGEONS AND DENTISTS

The Britannica adds so largely to medical literature that, in outlining the services which the work can render to those engaged in the prevention and treatment of disease, it is desirable to define the limits, rather than to insist upon the extent, of the plan adopted by the technical assistant editors to whom the Editor-in-chief entrusted the control of this important part of the undertaking. It is true that the 644 medical articles, many of which might be described as books in themselves, cover the whole field of anatomy, physiology, pathology, therapeutics, surgery, pharmacology, medical education, medical jurisprudence and medical biography. It is also true that the writers who sign these articles are specialists of world-wide authority, and that the total number of words and illustrations in these articles is as great as would be required for a complete encyclopaedic hand-book of medical science. But, notwithstanding all this wealth of matter and of international collaboration, the Britannica does not profess to take the place of the elementary working library in daily use by every professional man. “Working library” is, however, an elastic term, and it is used here to mean only the handbooks which constitute an irreducible minimum, the few without which no beginner would venture to establish himself in practice. Certain manuals are, to the practitioner, what mathematical tables are to the engineer; and it is not the function of the Britannica to duplicate what the practitioner already possesses, nor yet, for example, to include a pharmacopoeia in a book used by the general public.

[Sidenote: The Encyclopaedic Method]

On the other hand, no professional man restricts himself a day longer than he must to the bare modicum of medical literature with which he may have been forced, at first, to do his best; and when he can add _anything_ to it, there is nothing he will use so often, or find so helpful, as the Britannica. It may be well to define in general, its professional uses, before dealing in detail with the articles included in this course of reading.

(1) The system of technical collaboration is, in the Britannica, organized and coördinated with a completeness which gives the medical articles an authority and impartiality often lacking in isolated treatises. The contributors were selected with a view to their recognized ability only, whereas the publication of medical works is too often an outcome of the writer’s ambitions, which, however legitimate they may be, are no proof of his capacity.

(2) The Britannica articles were written for the sole purpose of being used in their present form. A great part of current medical literature originates in lectures to students, and retains too much of its first form to be satisfactory to the professional man.

(3) The articles are all based upon an original and recent survey of knowledge, and thus contain information which cannot be found in reprints of standard medical works insufficiently brought up to date by additions to earlier editions.

(4) In relation to statistics, to administrative and legislative provisions regarding public health, to hospitals and other public institutions, the broadly international character of the Britannica, with its contributions from twenty different countries, gives a scope which the private writer cannot attain.

(5) The great number of biographies of physicians, surgeons and men who devote themselves exclusively to research, gives professional men access to information which they cannot elsewhere obtain.

(6) Chemistry, bacteriology, general biology, botany, psychology and other sciences allied to the more immediate field of medicine are fully treated by specialists of the highest authority.

(7) Apart from the definite occupational diseases (fully discussed in the Britannica), there is often a relation between the pathological results of overwork and the routine of the patient’s business life. Every branch of industry and commerce is treated in detail in the Britannica, and the insight which the physician may thus gain will often be of service to him.

(8) The Britannica not only enlarges the medical library of the practitioner, but gives him, and the members of his family, the use of _the only complete library of general information_.

[Sidenote: Scope of the Medical Section]

Specifically, the medical and surgical section of the Britannica comprises 3 general articles, constituting broad systematic surveys of the various provinces of the subject: 103 articles on anatomy and physiology, which are partly surgical; 265 articles on pathology; 75 on pharmacology; 21 on public health, in addition to the articles on dentistry and on veterinary science, and 170 biographies. But this comprehensive scheme does not by any means include all the material of value to the medical man. The sister sciences of chemistry, physics, biology, botany, zoology and psychology, have much to offer him. A consultation of the list appended to this section will show how the needs of the physician and surgeon are served by the Encyclopaedia. It must suffice here to call attention briefly to some of the more important contributions.

Taking up, first, the more general articles, there is MEDICINE (Vol. 18, p. 41) containing about 35,000 words. This deals with the history and development of the science. Dr. J. F. Payne of the Royal College of Physicians, London, traces its history from the earliest known times to the middle of the 19th century; and Sir T. C. Allbutt, professor of physic in Cambridge University, completes this review with a section on _Modern Progress_ (p. 55). Of high practical value is MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE or FORENSIC MEDICINE (Vol. 16, p. 25), by H. H. Littlejohn, professor of forensic medicine, University of Edinburgh, and T. A. Ingram. This deals solely with that branch of the science which has to do with the application of medical knowledge to certain questions of civil and criminal law. There are discussions of questions affecting the civil or social rights of individuals, and injuries to the person, the function of the physician in questions of mutilation, homicide, infanticide, poisoning, etc. MEDICAL EDUCATION (Vol. 18, p. 23) is a useful reference article by Sir John Batty Tuke, Dr. W. H. Howell, dean of the medical faculty, Johns Hopkins University, and Dr. H. L. Hennessy, furnishing data on the educational qualifications necessary to the practice of medicine in Europe and America.

[Sidenote: Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology]

Dr. Frederick G. Parsons, vice-president of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, lecturer on Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, contributes the general article ANATOMY (Vol. 1, p. 920) which goes deeply into its history, and has further sections on _Modern Human Anatomy_ (Anthropotomy) and _Anatomy, Superficial_ and _Artistic_. This noted authority also writes detailed and fully illustrated articles on the anatomy and embryology of the BRAIN (Vol. 4, p. 392); HEART (Vol. 13, p. 129); EYE (Vol. 10, p. 91); EAR (Vol. 8, 791); OLFACTORY SYSTEM (Vol. 20, p. 77); LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (Vol. 17, p. 166); VASCULAR SYSTEM (Vol. 27, p. 926); NERVOUS SYSTEM (Vol. 19, p. 400); MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Vol. 19, p. 51); REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Vol. 23, p. 129); and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Vol. 23, p. 184) and on the SKELETON (Vol. 25, p. 169); SKIN AND EXOSKELETON (Vol. 25, p. 188); SKULL (Vol. 25, p. 196); JOINTS (Vol. 15, p. 483); and NERVE (Vol. 19, p. 394). Another valuable anatomical article is CONNECTIVE TISSUES (Vol. 6, p. 958), by Dr. T. G. Brodie of the University of Toronto. Prof. Adam Sedgwick writes a most excellent general and historical account of EMBRYOLOGY (Vol. 9, p. 314); and Dr. Hans A. E. Driesch of Heidelberg University adds to it a section _Physiology of Development_ (p. 329), treating of the laws that govern the development of the organism. The general article PHYSIOLOGY (Vol. 21, p. 554) is from the pen of the celebrated Prof. Max Verworn of the University of Bonn, and to this there are closely linked, according to the new plan of the Britannica, extensive and detailed accounts of the physiology of the BRAIN (Vol. 4, p. 403); SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM (Vol. 26, p. 287); SPINAL CORD (Vol. 25, p. 672); MUSCLE AND NERVE (Vol. 19, p. 44); RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Vol. 23, p. 187); VASCULAR SYSTEM (Vol. 27, p. 929); ALIMENTARY CANAL (Vol. 1, p. 663); BLOOD (Vol. 4, p. 77), etc., by noted specialists, including Dr. Charles S. Sherrington, professor of physiology in the University of Liverpool, Dr. J. S. Haldane of Oxford University, Dr. L. E. Hill, lecturer on physiology at the London Hospital, Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, and Dr. T. G. Brodie of the University of Toronto.

[Sidenote: Articles on Pathology]

Drs. D. J. Hamilton and Richard Muir are the authors of a brilliant summary of the whole subject of PATHOLOGY (Vol. 20, p. 913) with over 50 illustrations, including coloured plates. The whole story of the elevation of the science dealing with the theory and causation of disease from a mere philosophical abstraction to one of the natural sciences is admirably told. For the pathological details of various diseases and groups of diseases the reader is referred to PARASITIC DISEASES (Vol. 20, p. 770), fully illustrated, by Dr. G. Sims Woodhead, professor of pathology, Cambridge University, one of the notable contributions to the Britannica; METABOLIC DISEASES (Vol. 18, p. 195), by Prof. D. N. Paton of Edinburgh University; DIGESTIVE ORGANS, _Pathology_ (Vol. 8, p. 262) by Dr. A. L. Gillespie of Edinburgh and M. Fisher; KIDNEY DISEASES (Vol. 15, p. 784), by Dr. J. R. Bradford of University College Hospital, London, and Dr. Edmund Owen, the famous English surgeon; BLADDER AND PROSTATE DISEASES (Vol. 4, p. 27); VENEREAL DISEASES (Vol. 27, p. 983)—these two also by Dr. Owen; SKIN DISEASES (Vol. 25, p. 190); INSANITY (Vol. 14, p. 597), by Sir John Batty Tuke, president of the Neurological Society of the United Kingdom, and medical director of the New Staughton Hall Asylum, Edinburgh, Dr. J. Macpherson, and Dr. L. C. Bruce, author of _Studies in Clinical Psychiatry_,—for this article the noted American specialist Dr. Frederick Peterson has written a section on _Hospital Treatment_ of the insane; NEUROPATHOLOGY (Vol. 19, p. 429), fully illustrated, by Dr. F. W. Mott, the distinguished pathologist to the London County Asylums, and editor of the _Archives of Neurology_; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, _Pathology_ (Vol. 23, p. 195), by Dr. Thomas Harris, author of numerous articles on this subject, and Dr. H. L. Hennessy; BLOOD, _Pathology_ (Vol. 4, p. 82), by Dr. G. L. Gulland of Edinburgh; HEART, DISEASE (Vol. 13, p. 132), by Sir J. F. H. Broadbent, author of _Heart Disease and Aneurysm_, etc.; EYE, _Diseases_ (Vol. 10, p. 94), by Dr. George A. Berry, hon. surgeon oculist to his Majesty George V; VISION, _Errors of Refraction and Accommodation_ (Vol. 28, p. 142), by Dr. Ernest Clark of the Central London Ophthalmic Hospital; EAR, _Diseases of_ (Vol. 8, p. 794), by Dr. E. C. Baber, late senior surgeon, Brighton and Sussex Throat and Ear Hospital.

Dr. Harriet L. Hennessy is the author of GYNAECOLOGY (Vol. 12, p. 764).

For more specific details there is the complete list of articles on different diseases and ailments under their common names. This includes veterinary diseases, to which branch of medicine an admirable introduction is furnished by VETERINARY SCIENCE (Vol. 28, p. 2), by Drs. George Fleming and James MacQueen. In the articles on diseases there will be found accounts of the latest methods of diagnosis and treatment, as, for example, the Calmette eye-test in tubercular diseases, serum treatment and its latest developments, vaccine therapy, etc.

[Sidenote: Therapeutics]

The general article THERAPEUTICS (Vol. 26, p. 793), by Dr. Sir Lauder Brunton, consulting physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, author of _Modern Therapeutics_, etc., not only discusses both rational and empirical therapeutics, but, taking up the different parts of the body considers in detail the therapeutic measures most commonly employed in the treatment of disease. The subjects of ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 9, p. 249); BATHS (Vol. 3, p. 514); BALNEOTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 3, p. 284); HYDROPATHY (Vol. 14, p. 165); AEROTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 1, p. 270); MASSAGE (Vol. 17, p. 863) and X-RAY TREATMENT (Vol. 28, p. 887) have separate articles devoted to them. The last is by Dr. H. L. Jones, clinical lecturer on medical electricity at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London.

In connection with the subject of therapeutics, mention must be made of PHARMACOLOGY (Vol. 21, p. 347), by Professor Stockman of the University of Glasgow, in which will be found an interesting history of drugs, and a classification into 28 groups with a description of the effect of each remedy. To this valuable material Dr. H. L. Hennessy has added a section, _Terminology in Therapeutics_ (p. 352)—a general explanation of the common names used in the classification of drugs. The list at the end of this chapter indicates the separate articles on drugs and on materials from which the principal drugs are obtained.

[Sidenote: Surgery]

Dr. Charles Creighton of King’s College, Cambridge, writes on the history of SURGERY (Vol. 26, p. 125) and the famous English Surgeon, Dr. Edmund Owen the section _Modern Practice of Surgery_ (p. 129) in which are discussed antiseptic and aseptic surgery, drainage tubes, bloodless operations, Röntgen rays, use of radium, etc. The article SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES (Vol. 26, p. 132) is fully illustrated. Dr. Owen also contributes articles on the surgery of the different organs, the article BONE, _Diseases and Injuries_ (Vol. 4, p. 200) and many accounts of diseases and disorders that come within the province of the surgeon, such as APPENDICITIS (Vol. 2, p. 217); PERITONITIS (Vol. 21, p. 171); HERNIA (Vol. 13, p. 372); FISTULA (Vol. 10, p. 438); VARICOSE VEINS (Vol. 27, p. 920), and HAEMORRHOIDS (Vol. 12, p. 805). Sir Alexander R. Simpson, emeritus professor of midwifery and the diseases of women and children, University of Edinburgh, writes on OBSTETRICS (Vol. 19, p. 962); Dr. Louis Courtauld, formerly research scholar, Middlesex Hospital Cancer Laboratories, on TUMOUR (Vol. 27, p. 370); Dr. Arthur Shadwell, of the Epidemiological Society, on CANCER, with a special account of cancer research; and H. C. Crouch, teacher of anaesthetics at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, on ANAESTHESIA AND ANAESTHETICS (Vol. 1, p. 907).

[Sidenote: Medical Biographies]

A most interesting, unusual and instructive course of reading on the history and development of medicine may be based on the biographical articles alone. In AESCULAPIUS (Vol. 1, p. 276) we learn how the gods of Greece effected cures. The life story of HIPPOCRATES (Vol. 13, p. 518) is worthy of note, for the “medical art as we now practice it, the character of the physician as we now understand it,” both date from him. For information about the theory that disease originated from an irregular or inharmonious motion of the body corpuscles we turn to ASCLEPIADES (Vol. 2, p. 722). An account of the man “out of whom the greater part of medicine has flowed” is found in GALEN (Vol. 11, p. 398). The biography of the great Arab physician and philosopher AVICENNA (Vol. 3, p. 62) should not be overlooked, nor the story of the revolt of PARACELSUS (Vol. 20, p. 749). Important and interesting, too, are the biographies of HARVEY, WILLIAM (Vol. 13, p. 42); SYDENHAM, THOMAS (Vol. 26, p. 277), the father of English medicine, and HALLER, A. VON (Vol. 12, p. 855), whose work marks the beginning of modern physiology. The work of MORGAGNI (Vol. 18, p. 831) in pathological anatomy marks an epoch in medicine, and the description in CULLEN, WILLIAM (Vol. 7, p. 616) of his new doctrine of “irritability” possesses a distinct interest. The accounts of JENNER, EDWARD (Vol. 15, p. 319), HUNTER, JOHN (Vol. 13, p. 939) and HAHNEMANN, S.C.F. (Vol. 12, p. 819) describe momentous events in the history of medicine at the close of the 18th century, while among the great names of the 19th will be found the chemist PASTEUR (Vol. 20, p. 892), KOCH, ROBERT (Vol. 15, p. 885), LISTER (Vol. 16, p. 777) and VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (Vol. 28, p. 110).

[Sidenote: The Allied Sciences]

It has already been noted that the Britannica will prove an invaluable help to medical specialists in fields of knowledge other than their own. The regret is often expressed by physicians that it is not easy for them to study subjects outside their profession, even when these are closely connected with their work. It is, unfortunately, only too true, that material for such study is not readily available. But with so complete a work of reference at his disposal, and with its highly authentic information skillfully compressed into reasonable space, the medical man now enjoys a magnificent opportunity to obtain a full acquaintance with many subjects that he knows will assist him in the work.

It would be impossible to name all the articles here, but the alphabetical list at the end of this chapter includes them, and the attention of the physician and surgeon is directed to BACTERIOLOGY (Vol. 3, p. 156), by the late Prof. H. M. Ward of Cambridge and Prof. V. H. Blackman of the University of Leeds, and especially the section _Pathological Importance_ (p. 171), which Prof. Robert Muir of Glasgow University has written; BIOLOGY (Vol. 3, p. 954), a classic article by the late Professor Huxley, revised and brought up-to-date by Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell; HEREDITY (Vol. 13, p. 350), also by Dr. Mitchell; MENDELISM (Vol. 18, p. 115), a brilliant study of the foundations of an exact knowledge of the physiological process of heredity, by Prof. R. C. Punnett of Cambridge; EVOLUTION (Vol. 10, p. 22) and LONGEVITY (Vol. 16, p. 974), both by Dr. Mitchell; NUTRITION (Vol. 19, p. 921), by Prof. D. N. Paton and Dr. E. P. Cathcart of Glasgow University; DIETETICS (Vol. 8, p. 214), by the world-famous authority on this subject, the late Prof. W. O. Atwater, and R. D. Milner, formerly of the U. S. Dept, of Agriculture; VEGETARIANISM (Vol. 27, p. 967), by Dr. Josiah Oldfield, senior physician to the Lady Margaret Fruitarian Hospital, Bromley; CLIMATE _in the Treatment of Disease_ (Vol. 6, p. 526); ACCLIMATIZATION (Vol. 1, p. 114), by the renowned scientist, Dr. A. Russel Wallace; a very complete and up-to-date article on VIVISECTION (Vol. 28, p. 153), by Dr. Stephen Paget; PSYCHOLOGY (Vol. 22, p. 547), by Prof. James Ward of Cambridge; PSYCHICAL RESEARCH (Vol. 22, p. 544), by Andrew Lang, which is the key to a series of 25 remarkably interesting articles covering the entire subject; HYPNOTISM (Vol. 14, p. 201); FAITH HEALING (Vol. 10, p. 135); SUGGESTION (Vol. 26, p. 48); PHRENOLOGY (Vol. 21, p. 534), by Professor Macalister of Cambridge; TEMPERANCE (Vol. 26, p. 578), by Dr. Arthur Shadwell; MICROSCOPE (Vol. 18, p. 392); BLINDNESS, _Causes and Prevention_ (Vol. 4, p. 60), by Sir Francis J. Cambell, principal Royal Normal College for the Blind, London; DEAF AND DUMB (Vol. 7, p. 880), by Rev. A. H. Payne, formerly of the National Deaf Mute College, Washington.

The subject of DENTISTRY (Vol. 8, p. 50) is covered by the highest American authority, Dr. Edward C. Kirk, of the University of Pennsylvania, and a full account of the anatomy of the teeth will be found under TEETH (Vol. 26, p. 499), by Dr. F. G. Parsons. It is, however, in connection with bacteriology, chemistry, metallurgy, mechanics and other subjects with which the dentist is concerned, rather than in connection with the technics of his profession, that he will desire to make use of the Britannica.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA OF SPECIAL INTEREST AND IMPORTANCE TO MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION

Abano, Pietro d’. Abattoir Abdomen Abercrombie, J. Abercromby, D. Abercromby, P. Abernethy, J. Abortion Abscess Abscission Abu-l-qasim Acclimatization Acetic Acid Ackermann, J. C. G. Acland, Sir H. W. Acne Aconite Acromegaly Acron

## Actinomycosis

Acupressure Acupuncture Adam’s Apple Addison’s Disease Adenoids Adolescence Adulteration Aegineta, Paulus Aerotherapeutics Aesculapius Aetius Agnew, David Hayes Ague Ala Albumin, or Albumen Albuminuria Alcohol Aldehydes Alexander of Tralles Alienist Alimentary Canal Aloe Alum Amaurosis Ambulance Amman, J. C. Amman, Paul Ammonia Amuck, Running Amyl Nitrite Anabolism Anaemia Anaesthesia and Anaesthetics Anatomy Anderson, Elizabeth G. Anel, Dominique Aneurysm, or Aneurism Angina Pectoris Animal Heat Anise Ankle Ankylosis Ankylostomiasis Anodyne Anthrax Antipyrine Antiseptics Aphasia Aphemia Apnoea Aponeurosis Apophysis Apoplexy Apothecary Appendicitis Apyrexia Araroba Powder Aretaeus Arm Arnica Arnott, Neil Arrowroot Arsenic Arteries Arthritis Articulation Arytenoid Asafetida Ascites Asclepiades Aselli, or Asselio, Gasparo Asphyxia Asthma Astruc, Jean Athetosis Athletic Sports Atrophy Aurelianus Caelius Auscultation Autopsy Avenzoar Baby-farming Bacteriology Baldinger, E. G. Baldness Balneotherapeutics Balsam Barthez, P. J. Bartholinus, Gaspard Baths Beddoes, Thomas Bedlam, or Bethelem Hospital Bedsore Bell, Sir Charles Bell, John Belladonna Bellini, Lorenzo Bence-Jones, Henry Bennett, John Hughes Benzoic Acid Benzoin Beri-Beri Bernard, Claude Bert, P. Bhang Bibirine Bichat, M. F. X. Bilharziosis Billroth, A. C. T. Biology Bismuth Blackwater Fever Bladder Bladder and Prostate Diseases Blane, Sir Gilbert Blindness Blister Blood Blood-letting Boerhaave, Hermann Boil Bone Borax Borelli, G. A. Boric, or Boracic Acid Bow-leg Boyer, Alexis Brain Brasdor, Pierre Breast Bright’s Disease Brocklesby, Richard Brodie, Sir B. C. Bromine Bronchiectasis Bronchitis Bronchotomy Broussais, F. J. V. Brown, John Brown-Séquard, C. E. Bunion Burdon-Sanderson, Sir John S. Burns and Scalds Busk, George Cabanis, P. J. G. Caesarean Section Caffeine Caisson Disease Cajuput Oil Calabar Bean Caldani, L. M. A. Calomel Camphors Cancer, or Carcinoma Cantharides Capsicum Carbolic Acid, or Phenol Carbonic Acid Carbuncle Cartilage Carus, K. G. Castor Oil Catabolism Catalepsy Catarrh Catechu Caul Caustic Cephalic Index Chadwick, Sir Edwin Chamomile Charcot, Jean Martin Charity and Charities Chemistry Cheselden, William Chicken-pox Chilblains Chirurgeon Chloral Chlorates Chloroform Cholera Christison, Sir Robert Cinchona Clark, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir James Clay, Charles Cleft Palate and Hare-Lip Climacteric Climate Clinic Clot, A. B. Club-foot Coal-tar Coca, or Cuca Cocaine Cock, Edward Cod-Liver Oil Coelom and Serous Membranes Colchicum Colic Collodion Colon Colt’s Foot Coma Combe, Andrew Connective Tissues Connor, Bernard Conolly, John Constipation Convulsions Cooper, Sir Astley P. Copaiba Corn Cornaro, Luigi Coroner Corpulence Corrosive Sublimate Craniometry Cramp Crèche Cremation Creosote Cretinism Croton Oil Croup Cruveilhier, Jean Cubebs Cullen, William Cupping Curling, T. B. Dandelion Death Delirium Dengue Dentistry Desault, P. J. Dextrine Diabetes Diaphoretics Diaphragm Diarrhoea Dietary Dietetics Digestive Organs Digitalis Dilatation Dill Diphtheria Dipsomania Disinfectants Diuretics Dropsy Drowning and Life Saving Drug Drunkenness DuBois-Reymond, Emil Duchenne, G. B. A. Ductless Glands Dupuytren, G., baron Dwarf Dysentery Dyspepsia Ear Eczema Elaterium Elbow Electrocution Electrotherapeutics Elephantiasis Elixir Elliotson, John Embalming Embryology Emetics Emphysema Empyema Enteritis Epilepsy Epistaxis Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Tissues Epsom Salts Equilibrium Ergot, or Spurred Rye Erichsen, Sir John E. Erysipelas Esmarch, J. F. A. von Esquirol, J. E. D. Ether Ethyl Chloride Ettmüller, Michael Eucalyptus Eugenics Eugenol Euphorbium Evolution Excretion Extract Eye Fabricius, Hieronymus Face Faith Healing Fallopius, or Fallopio, Gabriello Fusel Oil Fauces Favus Fayrer, Sir Joseph Fergusson, Sir William Fermentation Fernel, Jean François Feuchtersleben, E. von Fever Fibrin Filariasis Finger Fistula Flint, Austin Floyer, Sir John Food Foot Foot-and-mouth Disease Forbes, Sir John Formalin, or Formaldehyde Formic Acid Forster, John C. Foster, Sir Michael Fothergill, John Foundling Hospitals Fracastoro, Girolamo Freind, John Friendly Societies Frostbite Fructose, or Fruit Sugar Fumigation Galangal Galbanum Galen Gall Gallic Acid Galvani, Luigi Gamboge Gangrene Gastric Ulcer Gastritis Gelsemium Giant Ginseng Glanders, or Farcy Glauber’s Salt Glycerin, or Glycerol Goitre Good, John Mason Goodsir, John Gout Gräfe, Albrecht von Gräfe, K. F. von Graham, Sylvester Guaco, Huaco, or Guao Guaiacum Guarana Guinea-worm Gull, Sir William W. Gymnastics Gynaecology Haematocele Haemophilia Haemorrhage Haemorrhoids Hahnemann, S. C. F. Hall, Marshall Haller, Albrecht von Hallucination Hammer-toe Hand Hart, Earnest Abraham Hartshorn, Spirits of Harvey, William Hashish Hawkins, Caesar Henry Hay Fever Head Health Heart Heberden, William Heel Henle, F. G. J. Hernia Herpes Hewett, Sir Prescott G. Hilton, John Hinton, James Hip Hippocrates Hippuric Acid Hoffmann, Friedrich Holland, Sir Henry Homoeopathy Hop Horehound Hospital Hufeland, C. W. Humane Society, Royal Hunger and Thirst Hunter, John Hunter, William Hutchinson, Sir J. Hydrastine Hydrocele Hydrocephalus Hydrochloric Acid Hydropathy Hydrophobia, or Rabies Hygiene Hypertrophy Hypnotism Hypochondriasis Hysteria Iatrochemistry Ibn Usaibi’a Icthyosis Illegitimacy Imbecile Incubation and Incubators Infancy Influenza Insanity Insomnia Intestinal Obstruction Intestine Intoxication Iodine Iodoform Ipecacuanha Iron Israeli, Isaac ben Solomon Jaborandi Jalap Jaundice Jaw Jenner, Edward Jenner, Sir William Joints Kala-Azar Kámalá Kidney Diseases Kino Kitazato, Shibasaburo Knee Koch, Robert Kousso Lactic Acid Langenbeck, B. R. K. von Lanolin Largus, Scribonius Laryngitis Laudanum Lead Poisoning Leg Leontiasis Ossea Leprosy Lethargy Lichen Life Ligament Linacre, or Lynaker, Thomas Ling, Per Henrik Linseed Lip Liquorice Lister, Joseph Lister, Baron Liston, Robert Lithium Litmus Liver Lobe Lobelia Locomotor Ataxia Longevity Lumbago Lung Lupus Lycanthropy Lymphatic System Lymph and Lymph Formation MacCormac, Sir William Mackenzie, Sir Morell Magnesium Malaria Malta, or Mediterranean, Fever Mammary Gland Marshall, John Massage Matrix Mead, Richard Measles Medical Education Medical Jurisprudence Medicine Mendelism Ménière’s Disease Meningitis Mercury Mesmer, F. A. Metabolic Diseases Metabolism Microscope Midwife Milk Mineral Waters Mitchell, Silas Weir Monster Morphine Mortification Mott, Valentine Mouth and Salivary Glands Mumps Murrain Muscle and Nerve Muscular System Mushroom Mustard Mutilation Myelitis Myxoedema Naevus Narcotics Navel Necrosis Nepenthes Nerve Nervous System Nettlerash, or Urticaria Neuralgia Neurasthenia Neuritis Neuropathology Nicotine Nightingale, Florence Nitroglycerin Nose Nosology Nostalgia Nursing Nutrition Nux Vomica Obstetrics Oesophagus Officinal Oils Old-age Pensions Olfactory System Ophthalmology Opium Orfila, M. J. B. Osteology Ovariotomy Oxalic Acid Oxygen Ozone Paget, Sir James Pain Palate Pancreas Paracelsus Paraldehyde Paralysis, or Palsy Paranoia Parasitic Diseases Parasitism Paré, Ambroise Pasteur, Louis Pathology Pediculosis, or Phthiriasis Pellagra Pelvis Pemphigus Pennyroyal Pepper, William Peppermint Pepsin Peritonitis Perspiration Phagocytosis Pharmacology Pharmacopoeia Pharmacy Pharyngitis Pharynx Phenacetin Phlebitis Phosphorus Phrenology Phthisis Physiology Picrotoxin Pinel, Philippe Pinto Piperazin Pitcairne, Archibald Pityriasis Versicolor Placenta Plague Pleurisy, or Pleuritis Pleuro-pneumonia, or Lung-plague Pneumonia Podophyllin Poison Polypus Possession Potassium Pott, Percivall Poultice Pringle, Sir John Prognosis Protoplasm Pruritus Prussic Acid Psoriasis Psorospermiasis Psychical Research Psychology Ptomaine Poisoning Puberty Public Health, Law of Puerperal Fever Pulse Purpura Pyrocatechin Quain, Sir Richard Quarantine Quassia Quinine Quinsy Radcliffe, John Radioactivity Radium Raynaud’s Disease Relapsing Fever Reproductive System Resorcin Respiratory System Rhamnus Purshiana Rhatany, or Krameria Root Rheumatism Rheumatoid Arthritis Rhubarb Rickets Rinderpest Ringworm Rokitansky, C. von Röntgen Rays Rush, Benjamin Saccharin St. Vitus Dance, or Chorea Sal-ammoniac Salep Salicin, Salicinum Salicylic Acid Salt Sanatorium Sandalwood Sandarach Santonin Sarsaparilla Savory, Sir William S. Scabies, or Itch Scalp Scarlet Fever, or Scarlatina Sciatica Scrofula, or Struma Scurvy, or Scorbutus Sea-sickness Seborrhoea Semmelweiss, I. P. Senega Senna Sepsis Serenus, Sammonicus Sewerage Shock, or Collapse Shoulder Sibbald, Sir Robert Simon, Sir John Simpson, Sir James Y. Sinew Skeleton Skin and Exoskeleton Skin Diseases Skull Slaughter-house Sleep Sleeping-sickness Sloane, Sir Hans Smallpox Smith, T. S. Sneezing Sodium Somnambulism Soranus Spikenard, or Nard Spinal Cord Spirits Spleen Sprue Squill Stammering, or Stuttering Starvation Stethoscope Stomach Stramonium Strophanthus Strychnine Sugar Suggestion Suicide Sulphonal Sulphur Sumbul, or Sumbal Sunstroke Supra-renal Extract Surgery Surgical Instruments and Appliances Sweating-sickness Sweetbread Sydenham, Thomas Syme, James Sympathetic System Syncope Tagliacozzi, Gasparo Tannic Acid Tapeworms Tar Taraxacum Tartar Tartaric Acid Teeth Temperance Terpenes Tetanus Therapeutics Thompson, Sir Henry Thorax Throat Thymol Thyroid Tincture Tongue Tonsillitis Toxicology Tracheotomy Trachoma Trance Trichinosis Tuberculosis Tumour Typhoid Fever Typhus Fever Ulcer Upas Urea Urethane Uric Acid Urinary System Urotropin Vaccination Valerian Variation and Selection Varicose Veins Vascular System Vaseline Vegetarianism Veins Venereal Diseases Verdigris Veronal Veterinary Science Viburnum Vivisection Voice Wakley, Thomas Wart Water-supply Weights and Measures Wells, Sir Thomas S. Whitlow Whooping-cough Willis, Thomas Wilson, Sir W. J. E. Windpipe Wine Wintergreen Witch-hazel Wound Wrist Wry-neck X-Ray Treatment Yaws Yellow Fever Zinc Zymotic Diseases

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