part 2

; Muntz on _Encaustic Painting_; W. Cave Thomas, _Methods of Mural Decoration_ (London, 1869); Cros and Henry, _L'Encaustique_, &c. (1884); Donner von Richter, _Uber Technisches in der Malerei der Alten_ (1885). (W. C. T.)

ENCEINTE (Lat. _in_, within, _cinctus_, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning "pregnant," from _in_, not, and _cinctus_, i.e. with girdle loosened), a French term used technically in fortification for the inner ring of fortifications surrounding a town. Strictly the term was applied to the continuous line of bastions and curtains forming the "body of the place," this last expression being often used as synonymous with _enceinte_. The outworks, however, close to the enceinte were not considered as forming part of it. In modern fortification the enceinte is usually simply the innermost continuous line of fortifications. In architecture generally an enceinte is the close or precinct of a cathedral, abbey, castle, &c.

ENCINA, JUAN DEL (1469-c. 1533), often called the founder of the Spanish drama, was born in 1469 near Salamanca probably at Encinas. On leaving the university of Salamanca he became a member of the household of the second duke of Alva. In 1492 the poet entertained his patron with a dramatic piece, the _Triunfo de la fama_, written to commemorate the fall of Granada. In 1496 he published his _Cancionero_, a collection of dramatic and lyrical poems. Some years afterwards he visited Rome, attracted the attention of Alexander VI. by his skill in music, and was appointed choirmaster. About 1518 Encina took orders, and made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he said his first mass. Since 1509 he had held a lay canonry at Malaga; in 1519 he was appointed prior of Leon and is said to have died at Salamanca about 1533. His _Cancionero_ is preceded by a prose treatise (_Arte de trobar_) on the condition of the poetic art in Spain. His fourteen dramatic pieces mark the transition from the purely ecclesiastical to the secular stage. The _Aucto del Repelon_ and the _Egloga de Fileno_ dramatize the adventures of shepherds; the latter, like _Placida y Vitoriano_, is strongly influenced by the _Celestina_. The intrinsic interest of Encina's plays is slight, but they are important from the historical point of view, for the lay pieces form a new departure, and the devout eclogues prepare the way for the _autos_ of the 17th century. Moreover, Encina's _lyrical poems_ are remarkable for their intense sincerity and devout grace.

Bibliography.--_Teatro completo de Juan del Encina_ (Madrid, 1893), edited by F. Asenjo Barbieri; _Cancionero musical de los siglos XV y XVI_ (Madrid, 1894), edited by F. Asenjo Barbieri; R. Mitjana, _Sobre Juan del Encina, musico y poeta_ (Malaga, 1895); M. Menendez y Pelayo, _Antologia depoetas liricos castellanos_ (Madrid, 1890-1903), vol. vii.

ENCKE, JOHANN FRANZ (1791-1865), German astronomer, was born at Hamburg on the 23rd of September 1791. Matriculating at the university of Gottingen in 1811, he began by devoting himself to astronomy under Carl Friedrich Gauss; but he enlisted in the Hanseatic Legion for the campaign of 1813-14, and became lieutenant of artillery in the Prussian service in 1815. Having returned to Gottingen in 1816, he was at once appointed by Benhardt von Lindenau his assistant in the observatory of Seeberg near Gotha. There he completed his investigation of the comet of 1680, for which the Cotta prize was awarded to him in 1817; he correctly assigned a period of 71 years to the comet of 1812; and discovered the swift circulation of the remarkable comet which bears his name (see Comet). Eight masterly treatises on its movements were published by him in the Berlin _Abhandlungen_ (1829-1859). From a fresh discussion of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 he deduced (1822-1824) a solar parallax of 8".57, long accepted as authoritative. In 1822 he became director of the Seeberg observatory, and in 1825 was promoted to a corresponding position at Berlin, where a new observatory, built under his superintendence, was inaugurated in 1835. He directed the preparation of the star-maps of the Berlin academy 1830-1859, edited from 1830 and greatly improved the _Astronomisches Jahrbuch_, and issued four volumes of the _Astronomische Beobachtungen_ of the Berlin observatory (1840-1857). Much labour was bestowed by him upon facilitating the computation of the movements of the asteroids. With this end in view he expounded to the Berlin academy in 1849 a mode of determining an elliptic orbit from three observations, and communicated to that body in 1851 a new method of calculating planetary perturbations by means of rectangular co-ordinates (republished in W. Ostwald's _Klassiker der exacten Wissenschaften_, No. 141, 1903). Encke visited England in 1840. Incipient brain-disease compelled him to withdraw from official life in November 1863, and he died at Spandau on the 26th of August 1865. He contributed extensively to the periodical literature of astronomy, and was twice, in 1823 and 1830, the recipient of the Royal Astronomical Society's gold medal.

See _Johann Franz Encke, sein Leben und Wirken_, von Dr C. Bruhns (Leipzig, 1869), to which a list of his writings is appended. Also, _Month. Notices Roy. Astr. Society_, xxvi. 129; _V.J.S. Astr. Gesellschaft_, iv. 227; Berlin. _Abhandlungen_ (1866), i., G. Hagen; _Sitzungsberichte_, Munich Acad. (1866), i. p. 395, &c. (A. M. C.)

ENCLAVE (a French word from _enclaver_, to enclose), a term signifying a country or, more commonly, an outlying portion of a country, entirely surrounded by the territories of a foreign or other power, such as the detached portions of Prussia, Saxony, &c, enclosed in the Thuringian States. (From the point of view of the states possessing such detached portions of territory these become "exclaves.") "Enclave" is, however, generally used in a looser sense to describe a colony or other territory of a state, which, while possessing a seaboard, is entirely surrounded landward by the possession of some other power; or, if inland territory, nearly though not entirely so enclosed, e.g. the Lado Enclave in equatorial Africa.

ENCOIGNURE, in furniture, literally the angle, or return, formed by the junction of two walls. The word is now chiefly used to designate a small armoire, commode, cabinet or cupboard made to fit a corner; a _chaise encoignure_ is called in English a three-cornered chair. In its origin the thing, like the word, is French, and the delightful Louis Quinze or Louis Seize _encoignure_ in lacquer or in mahogany elaborately mounted in gilded bronze is not the least alluring piece of the great period of French furniture. It was made in a vast variety of forms so far as the front was concerned; in other respects it was strictly limited by its destination. As a rule these delicate and dainty receptacles were in pairs and placed in opposite angles; more often than not the top was formed of a slab of coloured marble.

ENCYCLICAL (from Late Lat. _encyclicus_, for _encyclius_ = Gr. [Greek: enkyklios], from [Greek: en] and [Greek: kyklos], "a circle"), an ecclesiastical epistle intended for general circulation, now almost exclusively used of such letters issued by the pope. The forms _encyclica_ and _encyclic_ are sometimes, but more rarely, used. The old adjectival use of the word in the sense of "general" (encircling) is now obsolete, though it survives in the term "encyclopaedia."

ENCYCLOPAEDIA. The Greeks seem to have understood by encyclopaedia ([Greek: enkyklopaideia], or [Greek: enkyklios paideia]) instruction in the whole circle ([Greek: en kyklo]) or complete system of learning--education in arts and sciences. Thus Pliny, in the preface to his _Natural History_, says that his book treated of all the subjects of the encyclopaedia of the Greeks, "Jam omnia attingenda quae Graeci [Greek: tes enkyklopaideias] vocant." Quintilian (_Inst. Orat_. i. 10) directs that before boys are placed under the rhetorician they should be instructed in the other arts, "ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae quam Graeci [Greek: enkyklopaideian] vocant." Galen (_De victus ratione in morbis acutis_, c. 11) speaks of those who are not educated [Greek: en te enkyklopaideia]. In these passages of Pliny and Quintilian, however, from one or both of which the modern use of the word seems to have been taken, [Greek: enkyklios paideia] is now read, and this seems to have been the usual expression. Vitruvius (lib. vi. praef.) calls the encyclios or [Greek: enkyklios paideia] of the Greeks "doctrinarum omnium disciplina," instruction in all branches of learning. Strabo (lib. iv. cap. 10) speaks of philosophy [Greek: kai ten allen paideian enkyklion]. Tzetzes (_Chiliades_, xi. 527), quoting from Porphyry's _Lives of the Philosophers_, says that [Greek: enkyklia mathemata] was the circle of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy and the four arts under it, arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy. Zonaras explains it as grammar, poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics and simply every art and science ([Greek: aplos pasa techne kai episteme]), because sophists go through them as through a circle. The idea seems to be a complete course of instruction in all parts of knowledge. An epic poem was called cyclic when it contained the whole mythology; and among physicians [Greek: kyklo therapeuein], _cyclo curare_ (Vegetius, _De arte veterinaria_, ii. 5, 6), meant a cure effected by a regular and prescribed course of diet and medicine (see Wower, _De polymathia_, c. 24, S 14).

The word encyclopaedia was probably first used in English by Sir Thomas Elyot. "In an oratour is required to be a heape of all maner of lernyng: whiche of some is called the worlde of science, of other the circle of doctrine, whiche is in one worde of greke Encyclopedia" (_The Governour_, bk. i. chap. xiii.). In his Latin dictionary, 1538, he explains "Encyclios et Encyclia, the cykle or course of all doctrines," and "Encyclopedia, that lernynge whiche comprehendeth all lyberall science and studies." The term does not seem to have been used as the title of a book by the ancients or in the middle ages. The edition of the works of Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, printed at Basel in 1541, is called on the title-page _Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima_ [Greek: kyklopaideia]. Paulus Scalichius de Lika, an Hungarian count, wrote _Encyclopaediae seu orbis disciplinarum epistemon_ (Basileae, 1599, 4to). Alsted published in 1608 _Encyclopaedia cursus philosophici_, and afterwards expanded this into his great work, noticed below, calling it without any limitation _Encyclopaedia_, because it treats of everything that can be learned by man in this life. This is now the most usual sense in which the word encyclopaedia is used--a book treating of all the various kinds of knowledge. The form "cyclopaedia" is not merely without any appearance of classical authority, but is etymologically less definite, complete and correct. For as Cyropaedia means "the instruction of Cyrus," so cyclopaedia may mean "instruction of a circle." Vossius says, "Cyclopaedia is sometimes found, but the best writers say encyclopaedia" (_De vitiis sermonis_, 1645, p. 402). Gesner says, "[Greek: kyklos] est _circulus_, quae figura est simplicissima et perfectissima simul: nam incipi potest ubicunque in illa et ubicunque cohaeret. _Cyclopaedia_ itaque significat omnem doctrinarum scientiam inter se cohaerere; _Encyclopaedia_ est institutio in illo circulo." (_Isagoge_, 1774, i. 40).

In a more restricted sense, encyclopaedia means a system or classification of the various branches of knowledge, a subject on which many books have been published, especially in Germany, as Schmid's _Allgemeine Encyklopadie und Methodologie der Wissenschaften_ (Jena, 1810, 4to, 241 pages). In this sense the _Novum Organum_ of Bacon has often been called an encyclopaedia. But it is "a grammar only of the sciences: a cyclopaedia is not a grammar, but a dictionary; and to confuse the meanings of grammar and dictionary is to lose the benefit of a distinction which it is fortunate that terms have been coined to convey" (_Quarterly Review_, cxiii. 354). Fortunius Licetus, an Italian physician, entitled several of his dissertations on Roman altars and other antiquities encyclopaedias (as, for instance, _Encyclopaedia ad. Aram mysticam Nonarii,_ Pataviae, 1631, 4to), because in composing them he borrowed the aid of all the sciences. The _Encyclopaedia moralis_ of Marcellinus de Pise (Paris, 1646, fol., 4 vols.) is a series of sermons. Encyclopaedia is often used to mean a book which is, or professes to be, a complete or very full collection or treatise relating to some

## particular subject, as Blaine's work, _The Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports_

(London, 1852); _The Encyclopaedia of Wit_ (London, 1803); _The Vocal Encyclopaedia_ (London, 1807, 16mo), a collection of songs, catches, &c. The word is frequently used for an alphabetical dictionary treating fully of some science or subject, as Murray, _Encyclopaedia of Geography_ (London, 1834); Lefebvre Laboulaye, _Encyclopedie technologique: Dictionnaire des arts et manufactures_ (Paris, 1845-1847). Whether under the name of "dictionary" or "encyclopaedia" large numbers of this class of reference-work have been published. These are essentially encyclopaedic, being _subject books_ and not _word-books_. The important books of this character are referred to in the articles dealing with the respective subjects, but the following may be mentioned here: the _Jewish Encyclopedia_, in 12 vols. (1901), a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times; the _Encyclopaedia of Sport_, 2 vols. (1897-1898); Holtzendorff's _Encyklopadie der Rechtswissenschaft_ (1870; an edition in 2 vols., 1904); the _Dictionary of Political Economy_, edited by R.H. Inglis Palgrave, 3 vols. (1894; reprinted 1901); the Encyclopaedia Biblica, edited by T.K. Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black, 4 vols. (1899-1903); the _Dictionary of the Bible_, edited by James Hastings, 4 vols., with a supplementary volume (1904); an interesting series is the _Repertoire general du commerce_, dealing with the foreign trade of France, of which one part, the _Encyclopaedia of Trade between the United States of America and France_, with a preface by M. Gabriel Hanotaux, appeared, in French and English, in 1904.

The great Chinese encyclopaedias are referred to in the article on CHINESE LITERATURE. It will be sufficient to mention here the _Wen hien t'ung k'ao_, compiled by Ma Twa-lin in the 14th century, the encyclopaedia ordered to be compiled by the Emperor Yung-loh in the 15th century, and the _Ku Kin t'u shu thi ch'eng_ prepared for the Emperor K'ang-hi (d. 1721), in 5020 volumes. A copy of this enormous work, bound in some 700 volumes, is in the British Museum.

The most ancient encyclopaedia extant is Pliny's _Natural History_ in 37 books (including the preface) and 2493 chapters, which may be thus described generally:-- book 1 , preface;