Chapter viii

).

On my first visit to Manila alter the American occupation I was struck to see Chinese in the streets wearing the pigtail down their backs, and dressed in nicely-cut semi-European patrol-jacket costumes of cloth or washing-stuffs, with straw or felt "trilby" hats. Now, too, they mix freely among the whites in public places with an air of social equality, and occupy stall seats in the theatre, which they would not have dared to enter in pre-American times. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce is also of recent foundation, and its status is so far recognized by the Americans that it was invited to express an opinion on the Internal Revenue Bill, already referred to, before it became law. The number of Chinese in the whole Archipelago is estimated at about 41,000. When an enterprising American introduced a large number of jinrikishas, intending to establish that well-known system of locomotion here, the Chinese Consulate very shortly put its veto on the employment of Chinese runners. The few natives who ran them became objects of ridicule. The first person who used a jinrikisha in Manila, with Chinese in livery, was a European consul. Other whites, unaccustomed to these vehicles, took to beating the runners--a thing never seen or heard of in Japan or in colonies where they are used in thousands. The natural result was that the 'rikisha man bolted and the 'rikisha tilted backwards, to the discomfort of the fool riding in it. The attempted innovation failed, and the vehicles were sent out of the Colony.

Apart from the labour question, if the Chinese were allowed a free entry they would perpetuate the smartest pure Oriental mixed class in the Islands. On the other hand, if their exclusion should remain in force beyond the present generation it will have a marked adverse effect on the activity of the people (_vide_ pp. 182, 411).

At the period of the American occupation the _Currency_ of the Islands was the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine peso, of a value constantly fluctuating between 49 and 37 cents. gold (_vide_ table at p. 647). The shifty character of the silver basis created such an uncertainty in trade and investment transactions that the Government resolved to place the currency on a gold standard. Between January 1 and October 5, 1902, the Insular Treasury lost $956,750.37 1/2 from the fall of silver. A difficulty to be confronted was the impossibility of ascertaining even the approximate total amount of silver current in the Islands. Opinions varied from P30,000,000 upwards. [297] Pending the solution of the money problem, ineffectual attempts were made to fix the relative values by the publication of an official ratio between gold dollar and silver peso once a quarter; but as it never agreed with the commercial quotation many days running, the announcement of the official ratio was altered to once in ten days. Seeing that ten days or more elapsed before the current ratio could be communicated to certain remote points, the complications in the official accounts were most embarrassing. Congress Act of July 1, 1902, authorized the coinage of subsidiary silver, but did not determine the unit of value or provide for the issue of either coin or paper money to take the place of the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine pesos in circulation, so that it was quite inoperative. Finally, Congress Act of March 2, 1903, provided that the new standard should be a peso equal in value to half a United States gold dollar. The maximum amount authorized to be coined was 75,000,000 silver pesos, each containing 416 grains of silver, nine-tenths fine. The peso was to be legal tender for all debts, public and private, in the Islands, and was to be issued when the Insular Government should have 500,000 pesos ready for circulation. The peso is officially alluded to as "Philippine currency," whilst the popular term, "Conant," derives its name from a gentleman, Mr. Charles Conant, in whose report, dated November 25, 1901, this coin was suggested. He visited the Islands, immortalized his name, and modestly retired.

The "Philippine currency," or "peso Conant," is guaranteed by the United States Treasury to be equal to 50 cents of a gold dollar. The six subsidiary coins are 50, 20, and 10 cents silver, 5 cents nickel, and 1 and 1/2 cent bronze, equivalent to a sterling value of one shilling to one farthing. This new coinage, designed by a Filipino, was issued to the public at the end of July, 1903. The inaugurating issue consisted of 17,881,650 silver pesos, in pesos and subsidiary coins, to be supplemented thereafter by the re-coinage of the Mexican and Philippine pesos as they found their way into the Treasury. For public convenience, silver certificates, or Treasury Notes, were issued, exchangeable for "Conant" silver pesos, to the extent of 6,000,000 pesos' worth in 10-peso notes; another 6,000,000 pesos in 5-peso notes, and 3,000,000 pesos in 2-peso notes, these last bearing a vignette of the Philippine patriot, the late Dr. Jose Rizal. On December 23, 1903, the Governor reported that "not till January 1, 1904, can the Mexican coin be demonetized and denied as legal tender value." A proclamation, dated January 28, 1904, was issued by the Insular Treasury in Spanish and Tagalog to the effect (1) that after October 1, 1904, the Government would only accept Mexican or Philippine pesos at the value of their silver contents, and (2) that after December 31, 1904, a tax would be levied on all deposits made at the banks of the above-mentioned coinage. Notwithstanding the publication of numerous official circulars urging the use of the new peso, the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine dollars remained in free circulation during the first six months of 1904, although rent and certain other payments were reckoned in "Conant" and current accounts at banks were kept in the new currency, unless otherwise agreed. Naturally, as long as the seller was willing to accept Mexican for his goods, the buyer was only too pleased to pay in that medium, because if, for instance, he had to pay 10 Mexican dollars, and only had "Conant" in his pocket, he could call at any of the hundred exchange shops about town, change his 10 "Conant" into Mexican at a 5 to 20 per cent. premium, settle his bill, and reserve the premium. Almost any Far Eastern fractional coins served as subsidiary coins to the Mexican or Spanish-Philippine peso, and during nine or ten months there were no less than three currencies in use--namely, United States, Mexican (with Spanish-Philippine), and "Conant." It was not practicable to deny a legal-tender value to so much Mexican, and Spanish-Philippine coin in circulation. The retailer was required to exhibit in his shop a card, supplied by the municipality, indicating the exchange-rate of the day, and declaring in Spanish, English, and Tagalog as follows: "Our prices are in American currency. We accept Philippine currency at the rate of..."; but the reckoning in small-value transactions was so bewildering that, in practice, he would accept any coinage the purchaser chose to give him at face value. From August 1, 1904, when the "Internal Revenue Law" (_vide_ p. 630) came into operation, merchants' and bankers' accounts and all large transactions were settled on the new-currency basis. Many retailers followed the lead, and the acceptance of the new medium thenceforth greatly increased. Still, for several months, provincial natives were loth to part with their old coin at a discount, or, as they plainly put it, lose 10 to 20 per cent. of their cash capital at a stroke. The Insular Treasurer therefore issued another circular in December, 1904, stating that whosoever engaged in business should make use of the old coinage in trade transactions after December 31, 1904, without special licence, would be condemned to pay not only that licence, but a heavy fine, or be _sent to prison_; and that all written agreements made after October, 1904, involving a payment in old currency, would pay a tax of 1 per cent. per month from the said date of December, 1904. Nevertheless, further pressure had to be exercised by the Civil Governor, who, in a circular dated January 7, 1905, stated that "it is hereby ordered that the Insular Treasurer and all provincial treasurers in the Philippine Islands shall, on and after this date and until February 1, 1905, purchase Spanish-Filipino currency, Mexican currency, Chinese subsidiary silver coins, and all foreign copper coins now circulating in the Philippine Islands at _one peso_, Philippine currency, for _one peso and twenty centavos_, local currency."

As late as March, 1905, there was still a considerable amount of old coinage in private hands, but practically the new medium was definitely established. The total number of "Conant" pesos in circulation in the Islands, in the middle of May, 1905, was 29,715,720 (all minted in America), and "Conant" paper, P10,150,000.

From the time of the American occupation up to May, 1902, the two foreign banks--the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China (_vide_ Banks, p. 258)--were the only depositaries for the Insular Treasury, outside the Treasury itself. In the meantime, two important American banks established themselves in the Islands--namely, the "Guaranty Trust Company," and the "International Banking Corporation." On May 15, 1902, the "Guaranty Trust Company" was appointed a depositary for Philippine funds both in Manila and in the United States; and on June 21 following the "International Banking Corporation" was likewise appointed a depositary for the Insular Treasury, each being under a bond of $2,000,000. These two banks also act as fiscal agents to the United States in the Philippines. [298]

In 1904 the position of the "Banco Espanol-Filipino" (_vide_ p. 258) was officially discussed. This bank, the oldest established in Manila, holds a charter from the Spanish Government, the validity of which was recognized. The Insular Government sought to reduce the amount of its paper currency, which was alleged to be three times the amount of its cash capital. Meanwhile, the notes in circulation, representing the old Philippine medium, ceased to be legal tender, and were exchanged for "Conant" peso-value notes at the current rate of exchange.

For a short period there existed an establishment entitled the "American Bank," which did not prosper and was placed in liquidation on May 18, 1905, by order of the Gov.-General, pursuant to Philippine Commission Act No. 52 as amended by Act No. 556.

In February, 1909, the terms of Article 4 of the Treaty of Paris (_vide_ p. 479) will lapse, leaving America a freer hand to determine the commercial future of the Philippines. It remains to be seen whether the "Philippines for the Filipinos" policy, promoted by the first Civil Governor, or the "Equal opportunities for all" doctrine, propounded by the first Gov.-General, will be the one then adopted by America. Present indications point to the former merging into the latter, almost of necessity, if it is desired to encourage American capitalists to invest in the Islands. The advocate of the former policy is the present responsible minister for Philippine affairs, whilst, on this work going to press, the propounder of the latter doctrine has been justly rewarded, for his honest efforts to govern well, with the appointment of first American Ambassador to Japan.

Trade Statistics

Total Import and Export Values (exclusive of Silver and Gold)

Period. Imports. Exports. Total Import Excess Excess and of Imports. of Exports. Export Trade. Annual Average. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1880-84 19,500,274 20,838,325 40,338,599 -- 1,338,051 1885-89 15,789,165 20,991,265 36,780,430 -- 5,202,100 1890-94 15,827,694 19,751,293 35,578,987 -- 3,923,599

Year. 1899 13,113,010 12,306,912 25,479,922 746,098 -- 1900 20,601,436 19,751,068 40,352,504 850,368 -- 1901 30,279,406 23,214,948 53,494,354 7,064,458 -- 1902 32,141,842 23,927,679 56,069,521 8,214,163 -- 1903 32,971,882 33,121,780 66,093,662 -- 149,898

Great Britain and the United States are the most important foreign markets for Philippine hemp, the distribution of shipments in 1850 and in five recent years having been as follows:--

Hemp Shipments To United States, United Kingdom, and Other Countries

Year. To United States. To Great Britain. To Other Countries. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

1850 7,387 1,092 323 8,802 1899 26,713 21,511 26,808 75,092 1900 20,304 46,419 22,715 89,438 1901 30,336 82,190 11,731 124,257 1902 60,384 44,813 6,303 111,500 1903 69,912 59,189 8,651 137,752

Hemp Shipments

Year. Total. Tons.

1850 8,802 1855 14,936 1860 24,812 1865 24,862 1870 30,535 1875 32,864 1880 49,934 1885 52,141 1890 63,269 1895 104,040 1896 95,736 1897 112,755 1898 99,076 1899 75,092 1900 89,438 1901 124,257 1902 111,500 1903 137,752

Total Chief Exports from the Philippine Islands

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Sugar

Manila 65,678 84,204 83,469 91,628 92,856 48,071 73,296 67,996 107,003 Cebu 28,195 18,140 17,815 16,694 11,862 3,455 8,762 18,388 16,962 Yloilo 109,609 83,456 77,847 76,997 114,207 96,000 85,104 165,407 137,716

Total 203,482 185,800 179,131 185,319 218,925 147,526 167,162 251,791 261,681

Hemp

Manila 43,927 39,268 56,709 71,881 59,455 56,201 68,256 87,778 70,174 Cebu 8,214 7,192 7,663 11,298 11,616 7,068 11,087 11,035 10,010

Total 52,141 46,460 64,372 82,679 71,071 63,269 79,343 98,813 80,184

Sapan-wood

Manila 2,911 1,885 962 750 574 1,385 880 1,574 3,332 Yloilo and Cebu 1,100 2,943 4,260 5,853 4,018 1,415 3,317 2,207 1,586

Total 4,011 4,828 5,222 6,603 4,592 2,800 4,197 8,841 4,918

Coprah

tons -- -- -- -- -- 4,653 17,875 22,439 11,519

Shipped from Manila only.

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Coffee tons 5,209 7,337 4,998 6,702 5,841 4,796 2,869 1,326 307 Cigars thousands 114,821 102,717 99,562 109,109 121,674 109,636 97,740 137,059 137,458 Tobacco-Leaf tons 6,799 6,039 4,841 10,229 10,161 8,952 9,803 12,714 11,534 Buffalo-Hides tons 632 666 566 1,888 755 394 272 327 -- Indigo tons 84 64 111 232 221 19 89 278 -- Gum Mastic tons 195 205 404 330 490 188 303 136 -- Cordage tons 265 187 175 124 94 196 149 100 -- M.O.P. Shell tons 10 8 13 12 23 31 18 10 --

Total Chief Exports from the Philippine Islands--continued

1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1858. Under American Occupation. According Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. to Sir John Bowring. Sugar

Manila 94,656 107,221 97,705 57,382 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 368 Cebu 10,198 13,335 7,701 15,257 12,363 3,731 8,283 4,595 6,202 Yloilo 88,533 110,527 124,648 130,542 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Total 193,387 231,083 230,054 203,181 89,386 67,536 58,920 102,145 88,378 34,821

Hemp

Manila 82,693 93,595 83,172 102,721 -- -- -- -- -- Cebu 16,804 10,445 12,564 10,034 -- -- -- -- --

Total 99,497 104,040 95,736 112,755 75,092 89,438 124,257 111,500 137,752 25,781

Sapanwood

Manila 1,292 1,619 898 1,022 No quantities stated in the Yloilo Office Returns since 1898. & Cebu 1,633 694 2,743 3,165

Total 2,925 2,313 3,551 4,187 Included in Table of 4,201 Total Export Values, p. 639. Coprah

tons 33,265 37,104 37,970 50,714 15,906 65,355 32,655 59,287 83,411

Shipped from Manila only.

Coffee tons 309 194 89 136 34 13 30 7 4 1,560 Cigars thousands 137,877 164,430 183,667 156,916 No quantities officially stated. 85,142 Tobacco-Leaf tons 9,545 10,368 10,986 15,836 6,272 9,834 7,764 9,016 8,593 4,106 Buffalo-Hides tons 398 467 397 728 -- -- -- -- -- 402 Indigo tons 72 27 23 33 114 5 8 247 40 36 Gum Mastic tons 189 275 172 223 No quantities officially stated. Cordage tons 170 198 194 239 M.O.P. Shell tons 54 79 13 42

Total Export of Sugar from the Phillipine Islands During 18 Years

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

Manila

Dry 47,542 62,594 62,167 63,890 -- 33,233 50,342 51,718 72,007 Wet 18,136 21,610 21,302 27,738 -- 14,838 22,954 16,278 34,996

Total 65,678 84,204 83,469 91,628 92,856 48,071 73,296 67,996 107,003

Cebu

Dry 23,676 15,190 12,765 13,094 -- 3,145 7,562 17,488 16,712 Wet 4,519 2,950 5,050 3,600 -- 310 1,200 900 250

Total 23,195 18,140 17,815 16,694 11,862 3,455 8,762 18,388 16,962

Yliolo

Dry 102,369 81,201 71,722 72,882 -- 87,966 82,515 160,050 135,191 Wet 7,240 2,255 6,125 4,115 -- 8,034 2,589 5,357 2,525

Total 109,609 83,456 77,847 76,997 114,207 96,000 85,104 165,407 137,716

Grand Total 203,482 185,800 179,131 185,319 213,925 147,526 167,162 251,791 261,631

Total Export of Sugar from the Phillipine Islands During 18 Years--continued

1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1902. 1903. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Under American Occupation Manila

Dry 65,189 81,502 77,676 46,345 Wet 18,136 21,610 21,302 27,738 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 868

Total 94,656 107,221 97,703 57,382 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 868

Cebu

Dry 10,198 13,085 7,484 15,137 Wet -- 250 217 120 12,363 3,751 8,283 4,595 6,202

Total 10,198 13,335 7,701 15,257 12,363 3,751 8,283 4,595 6,202

Yliolo

Dry -- -- 123,720 129,174 Wet -- -- 928 1,368 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Total 88,533 110,527 124,648 130,542 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Grand Total 193,387 231,083 230,054 203,181 89,386 67,536 58,920 102,145 88,378

_N.B._--The total export of sugar in the year 1861 was 53,114 tons.

Trade Statistics

Tobacco and Cigar Shipments Before American Occupation

Year. Cigars. Leaf. Year. Cigars. Leaf. Thousands. Tons. Thousands. Tons. Under Monopoly 1880 82,783 8,657 1889 121,674 10,161 1881 89,502 7,027 1890 109,636 8,952 1882 103,597 6,195 1891 97,740 9,803 1883 190,079 7,267 1892 137,059 12,714 1884 125,091 7,181 1893 137,458 11,534 1885 114,821 6,799 1894 137,877 9,545 1886 102,717 6,039 1895 164,430 10,368 1887 99,562 4,841 1896 183,667 10,986 1888 109,109 10,229 1897 156,916 15,836

Tobacco-leaf Shipments Since American Occupation

1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

6,272 9,834 7,764 9,016 8,593

Cigar Shipments Since American Occupation

The official returns do not state the quantities shipped

United States. British Empire. [299] Other Countries. Total Year. Value. Value. Value. Value. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 3,405 430,013 512,281 945,699 1900 5,662 937,872 214,883 1,158,417 1901 908 1,604,470 227,071 1,832,449 1902 11,006 813,083 164,429 988,518 1903 1,900 757,783 201,672 961,355

Coprah Shipments

Year. Manila. Cebu. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons.

1890 4,653 -- 4,653 1891 -- -- 17,875 1892 -- -- 22,439 1893 11,519 -- 11,519 1894 32,045 1,220 33,265 1895 34,332 2,772 37,104 1896 34,895 3,075 37,970 1897 47,814 2,900 50,714 1899 13,356 2,378 15,906 1900 62,469 2,886 65,355 1901 30,347 2,308 32,655 1902 41,816 17,471 59,287 1903 69,189 14,222 83,411

Coprah Shipment Values

United States. British Empire. Other Countries. Year. Total Value Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 -- 72,095 654,558 726,653 1900 4,450 246,243 2,931,788 3,182,481 1901 -- 91,793 1,520,045 1,611,838 1902 9,057 531,421 2,161,247 2,701,725 1903 9,354 311,606 3,498,833 3,819,793

Cocoanut-oil Shipment Values

1893 1894 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

10,336 33,333 None 105 20 346 81

It will be observed that with the increase of coprah shipment, the export of cocoanut-oil has decreased.

_Sapan-wood Shipments Before American Occupation_

Year. Tons.

1880 5,527 1881 4,253 1882 5,003 1883 2,924 1884 2,868 1885 4,011 1886 4,828 1887 5,222 1888 6,603 1889 4,592 1890 2,800 1891 4,197 1892 3,841 1893 4,918 1894 2,925 1895 2,313 1896 3,551 1897 4,187

The official returns, since 1898, do not state the _quantities_ of sapan-wood shipments.

Gum-mastic Shipments

Year. Tons.

1880 431 1881 440 1882 339 1883 235 1884 245 1885 195 1886 205 1887 404 1888 330 1889 490 1890 188 1891 303 1892 136 1894 189 1895 275 1896 172 1897 223

The official figures of _quantity_ are not procurable since 1897. The _values_ of the shipments are as follows:--In 1901, $154,801; in 1902, $189,193; in 1903, $143,093.

Coffee Shipments

Year. Tons.

1856 437 1858 1,560 1865 2,350 1871 3,335 1880 5,059 1881 5,383 1882 5,052 1883 7,451 1884 7,252 1885 5,209 1886 7,337 1887 4,998 1888 6,702 1889 5,841 1890 4,796 1891 2,869 1892 1,326 1893 307 1894 309 1895 194 1896 89 1897 136 1899 34 1900 13 1901 30 1902 7 1903 4

Gold and Silver Imports and Exports Since American Occupation

Year Imports Exports Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 109,965 1,141,392 3,487,050 939,756 1900 71,058 2,830,263 593,143 3,147,946 1901 751,909 6,269,613 857,563 637,844 1902 3,110 4,226,924 314,295 4,173,776 1903 50,730 1,403,475 63,540 7,494,347

Tonnage Entered in Philippine Ports Since American Occupation

Year. Steamers. Net Tonnage. Sailing-ships Net Tonnage.

1899 1,562 767,605 313 58,980 1900 2,969 1,278,740 3,252 147,153 1901 3,649 1,630,176 6,333 208,092 1902 3,744 1,819,547 7,222 242,669 1903 4,679 2,343,904 6,111 251,116

Exchange Fluctuations (Of the Peso or Mexican Dollar).

Sight on London. Year. Highest. Lowest.

1869 4/5-1/4 4/1-3/4 1879 3/11 3/9 1880 3/11-3/4 3/9-3/4 1881 4/1-1/2 3/11 1882 4/1 3/11-1/2 1883 4/0-1/4 3/9-1/2 1884 3/9-1/4 3/7-3/4 1885 3/10-1/4 3/8-1/2 1886 3/9-3/4 3/7-1/2 1887 3/8-1/2 3/3 1888 3/6-3/4 3/2-3/4 1889 3/6-1/4 3/3 1890 3/10-1/2 3/2-1/4 1892 3/3-3/4 3/- 1897 2/2 1/2-3/4 1898 2/0-5/8 1/9-1/2 1899 2/05/16 1/11-3/8 1900 2/0-7/8 1/11-7/8 1901 2/0-1/2 1/10-5/16 1902 1/10-13/16 1/6-1/4 1903 1/11-5/16 1/6-11/16 1904 Local Currency 1/11-9/16 1/9-11/16 "Conant" Peso 2/0-13/16 2/0-3/16

Proportionate Table of Exports (Exclusive of Gold and Silver) Years 1899-1903

Year 1899 United States ================== British Empire =================== Spain ====== Other Countries ==========================

Year 1900 United States ==================== British Empire ======================================= Spain ======== Other Countries =======================================

Year 1901 United States ====================== British Empire ==================================================== Spain ======= Other Countries ===============================

Year 1902 United States =================================================== British Empire ======================================= Spain ===== Other Countries ==================================

Year 1903 United States ========================================================= British Empire ============================================= Spain ====== Other Countries =====================================

Proportionate Table of Imports (Exclusive of Gold, Silver, and U.S. Govt. Supplies) Years 1899-1903

Year 1899 United States ======= British Empire ================== Spain ============ Other Countries ==================================================

Year 1900 United States =========== British Empire ================================== Spain ========== Other Countries ============================================================

Year 1901 United States ================= British Empire ======================================== Spain ========= Other Countries ====================================================================

Year 1902 United States =================== British Empire ================================ Spain ============== Other Countries ====================================================================

Year 1903 United States ================= British Empire ================================ Spain ========== Other Countries ====================================================================

Proportionate Table of Hemp, Coprah, and Sugar Exports, and Rice Imports in the Years 1899-1903

Hemp. 1899 =================== 1900 ====================== 1901 =============================== 1902 =========================== 1903 ===================================

Coprah. 1899 ========= 1900 ======================================== 1901 ==================== 1902 ================================== 1903 ==============================================

Sugar. 1899 ========================================== 1900 ================================ 1901 ============================ 1902 =================================================== 1903 ===========================================

Rice (Import). 1899 =================== 1900 ====================== 1901 ========================== 1902 =========================================== 1903 ====================================================

Chronological Table of Leading Events

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7). 1519 Maghallanes' expedition sailed, resulting in discovery of the Philippines. 1521 Death of Hernando Maghallanes (April 27). 1522 Elcano completed his voyage round the world (Sept. 6). 1542 The Villalobos expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 1). 1545-63 Council of Trent (Dec, 1545, to Dec, 1563). Decrees published in 1564. 1564 The Legaspi expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 21). 1565 Miguel de Legaspi landed in Cebu. ---- Austin friars' first arrival. ---- The image of "The Holy Child" was found on Cebu shore. ---- Cebu became the capital of the Philippines. 1571 Manila became the capital of the Philippines. 1572 Death of Miguel de Legaspi (Aug. 20). 1574 Li-ma-hong, the Chinese corsair, attacked Manila (Nov.). 1576 Death of Juan Salcedo, Legaspi's grandson (March 11). 1577 Franciscan friars' first arrival. 1578 Parish church at Manila was raised to the dignity of a cathedral. 1580 The _Alcayceria_ (for Chinese) was established in Binondo (Manila). 1581 Dominican friars' first arrival. ---- Domingo Salazar, first Bishop of Manila, took possession. 1587 Alonso Sanchez's mission to King Philip II. Consequent reforms. 1590 The walls of Manila City were built about this year. 1593 Japanese Emperor demanded the surrender of the Islands. ---- First mission of friars from Manila to Japan. 1596 First expedition went to subdue the Mindanao natives. 1598 Ignacio de Santibanez, first Archbishop of Manila, took possession. 1603 Chinese mandarins came to see the "Mount of Gold" in Cavite. ---- Massacre of Chinese; about 24,000 slain or captured. 1604 Los Banos hospital, church, and convent were established. 1606 Recoleto friars' first arrival. 1613 The Spanish victory (over the Dutch) of Playa Honda. 1616 Earliest recorded eruption of the Mayon Volcano. 1622 Rebellion in Bojol Island led by Dagohoy. 1626 The image of "The Virgin of Antipolo" was first brought to Manila. ---- A Spanish colony was founded in Formosa Island. 1638 Corcuera's expedition against the Moros landed in Sulu Island. 1640 Foundation of the sultanate of Mindanao. ---- Separation of Spain and Portugal. 1640 Spain made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Macao. 1641 Earliest recorded eruption of the Taal Volcano. 1642 Attempts to proselytize Japan ceased. 1645 Saint Thomas' College was raised to the status of a university. 1649 Rebellion of "King" Malong and "Count" Gumapos. 1660 Massacre of Chinese. 1662 Koxinga, a Chinese adventurer, threatened invasion. ---- Great Massacre of Chinese in Manila. 1669 The "Letter of Anathema" was publicly read for the first time. 1684 Spanish Prime Minister Valenzuela was banished to Cavite. 1700 First admission of natives into the Religious Orders. 1718 The "Letter of Anathema" was publicly read for the last time. 1719 Friars in open riot incited the populace to rebellion. 1751 Sultan Muhamad Alimudin was imprisoned in Manila. 1754 Taal Volcano eruption destroyed Taal, Tananan, Sala, Lipa, etc. ---- First regular military organization. ---- Treaty with Sultan Muhamad Alimudin (March 3). 1755 Banishment of 2,070 Chinese from Manila. 1762-63 British occupation of Manila. 1762 Rebellion in Ilocos Province led by Diego de Silan. 1763 Sultan Muhamad Alimudin was restored to his throne by the British. 1768 Expulsion of the Jesuits ordered (R. Decree, 1768; Papal Brief, 1769). 1770 Expulsion of the Jesuits was effectuated. ---- Simon de Anda y Salazar became Gov.-General by appointment. 1776 Death of Simon de Anda y Salazar (Oct. 30). 1781 Government Tobacco Monopoly was established. 1785 The _Real Compania de Filipinas_ was founded (March 10). 1810 Philippine deputies were first admitted to the Spanish Parliament. 1811 The last State galleon left Manila for Mexico. 1815 The last State galleon left Acapulco (Mexico) for Manila. 1819 Secession of Mexico from the Spanish Crown. 1820 Massacre of foreigners in Manila and Cavite (Oct. 9). 1822 First Manila news-sheet (_El Filantropo_) was published. 1823 Rebellion of Andres Novales (June). 1830 The first Philippine bank was opened about this year. 1831 Zamboanga port was opened to foreign trade. 1834 Manila port was unrestrictedly opened to foreign trade. 1835 Rebellion in Cavite led by Feliciano Paran. 1837 Philippine deputies were excluded from the Spanish Parliament. 1841 Apolinario de la Cruz declared himself "King of the Tagalogs." 1843 Chinese shops were first allowed to trade on equal terms. 1844 Claveria's expedition against the Moros. ---- Foreigners were excluded from the interior of the Islands. ---- The office of Trading-Governor was abolished. 1851 Urbiztondo's expedition against the Moros. 1852 Manila City thenceforth remained open day and night. ---- The _Banco Espanol-Filipino_ was instituted. 1854 Rebellion of Cuesta. 1855 Yloilo port was opened to foreign trade. 1857 The Manila mint was established. 1859 Return of the Jesuits to the Philippines. 1801 Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was born (June 19). 1863 Manila City and Cathedral damaged by earthquake; 2,000 victims. ---- Cebu port was opened to foreign trade. 1868-70 The Assembly of Reformists in Manila. 1869 General Emilio Aguinaldo was born (March 22). 1870 Rebellion in Cavite led by Camerino. 1872 The Cavite Conspiracy (Jan.). 1875 Failure of Russell & Sturgis. 1876 Malcampo's expedition against the Moros. Jolo annexed. 1877 England and Germany recognized Spain's rights in Sulu. 1880 The last destructive earthquake affecting Manila. ---- The Hong-Kong-Manila submarine cable was laid (_via_ Bolinao). 1883 Tobacco free planting was thenceforth permitted (Jan. 1). ---- Tobacco free export was thenceforth permitted (July 1). 1884 The "Carriedo" endowment water-supply for Manila was established. ---- Tribute and Poll Tax were abolished and _Cedula personal_ introduced. 1886 Petition to the Crown asking for the expulsion of the Chinese. ---- The office of Judge-Governor was abolished. ---- Investiture in Manila of Sultan Harun Narrasid (Sept. 24). ---- Capuchin friars' first arrival. 1887 Terrero's expedition against the Moro Datto Utto. ---- Colonel Juan Arolas' victory in Sulu Island. Capture of Maybun (April 16). ---- Philippine Exhibition was held in Madrid. 1890 Municipalities in the christian provinces were created. 1891 The first Philippine railway was opened to traffic. 1895 The Marahui campaign against the Moros of Mindanao Island. ---- Benedictine friars' first arrival. 1896 The Tagalog Rebellion opened (August 20). ---- First battle of the Rebellion (San Juan del Monte, Aug. 30). ---- Gov.-General Ramon Blanco was recalled to Spain (Dec). ---- Gov.-General Polavieja arrived in Manila (Dec). ---- Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was executed (Dec. 30). 1897 Gov.-General Polavieja left Manila for Spain (April 15). ---- Gov.-General Primo de Rivera returned to Manila (April). ---- First issue of the first Philippine Loan (July 15). ---- Treaty of Biac-na-bato is alleged to have been signed (Dec. 14). ---- General Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile under treaty (Dec. 27). ---- Tremendous tidal wave on Leyte Island. Life and property destroyed. 1898 Tragedy of the _Calle de Camba_, Manila (March 23). ---- Rebel rising in Cebu Island (April 3). ---- Gov.-General Primo de Rivera left Manila for Spain (April). ---- Gov.-General Basilio Augusti arrived in Manila (April). ---- The Spanish-American War began (April 23). ---- Battle of Cavite. The Spanish fleet destroyed (May 1). ---- General Emilio Aguinaldo returned from exile to Cavite (May 19). ---- General Emilio Aguinaldo assumed the Dictature (May 24). ---- Constitution of the Revolutionary Government promulgated (June 23). ---- Revolutionists' appeal to the Powers for recognition (Aug. 6). ---- Spanish-American Protocol of Peace signed in Washington (Aug. 12). ---- American occupation of Manila (Aug. 13). ---- Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14). ---- Malolos (Bulacan) became the Revolutionary capital (Sept. 15). ---- American and Spanish peace commissioners met in Paris (Oct. 1). 1898 Capitulation of the Spaniards in Negros island to the rebels (Nov. 6). ---- Treaty of Peace between America and Spain (Paris, Dec. 10). ---- Evacuation of Panay Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 24). ---- Evacuation of Cebu Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 26). 1899 Evacuation of Cottabato by the Spaniards (Jan). ---- Constitution of the Philippine Republic was promulgated (Jan. 22). ---- The War of Independence began (Feb. 4). ---- Bombardment of Yloilo (Feb. 11). ---- American occupation of Cebu City (Feb. 22). ---- American occupation of Bojol Island (March). ---- Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured (March 31). ---- The Schurman Commission appointed (Jan. 20); in Manila (May 2). ---- Evacuation of Zamboanga by the Spaniards (May 23). ---- Violent death of General Antonio Luna (June 3). ---- The Ladrone, Caroline, and Pelew Is. (minus Guam) sold to Germany (June). ---- The Aglipayan schism began. ---- The Bates agreement with the Sultan of Sulu (Aug.). ---- American occupation of Zamboanga (Nov. 16). ---- Death of General Lawton (Dec). 1900 Monsignor P. L. Chapelle, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Jan. 2). ---- The Taft Commission appointed (Mar. 16); in Manila (June 3). ---- The Philippine Commission became the legislative body (Sept. 1). 1901 General surrender of the Panay insurgent army (Feb. 2). ---- Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar. 23). ---- General Emilio Aguinaldo swore allegiance to America (April 1). ---- The Philippine Commission assumed full (civil) executive power (July 4). ---- General surrender of Cebuano chiefs (Oct.). ---- General surrender of Bojolano chiefs (Dec). 1902 Capture of V. Lucban, the last recognized insurgent chief (April 27). ---- Mr. W. H. Taft in Rome to negotiate purchase of friars' lands (June). ---- Civil rule throughout the Islands decreed (Congress Act, July 1). ---- War of Independence ended (actually, April 27; officially, July 4). ---- President Roosevelt's peace proclamation and amnesty grant (July 4). ---- Military rule (remainder of) declared ended (War Office Order, July 4). ---- Monsignor G. B. Guidi, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Nov. 18). 1903 Apolinario Mabini died in Manila (May 13). ---- "The Democratic Labour Union" prosecution (May). ---- Moro Province constituted (Phil. Com. Act No. 787, June 1). ---- Archbishop Nozaleda relinquished the archbishopric of Manila (June). ---- The Philippine peso ("Conant") issued to the public (July). ---- Moro Province Legislative Council organized (Sept. 2). 1904 Monsignor J. J. Harty, Archbishop of Manila, arrived (Jan.). ---- Mr. W. H. Taft, appointed Secretary of War, left Manila (Jan.). ---- Mr. Luke E. Wright succeeded Mr. Taft as Civil Governor (Jan.). ---- Greatest inundation of Manila suburbs within living memory (July 11). ---- The "Internal Revenue Law of 1904" in operation (Aug. 1). 1905 Monsignor Ambrogio Agius, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Feb. 6). ---- The Philippine Assembly to be convened in 1907 proclaimed (March 28). ---- _El Renacimiento_ prosecution for alleged libel (July). ------ 1906 English became the official language (Jan. 1; Phil. Com. Act No. 1123).

Index

Acle (wood), 313

Acuna, Gov.-General Bravo de, 74

Adasaolan, the Moro chief, 129

Aetas tribe, the, 37, 120, 145, 163

Agana (Guam Is.), 41

Agius, Monsignor Ambrogio, papal legate, 607

Aglipay, Gregorio, career of, 603; heads the Independent Church, 604; throws off allegiance to Rome, 605

Agno River, 14

Agoncillo, Felipe, 472, 485, 495

Agriculture, 269; proposed Bank of, 624; the Bureau of, 625

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 370; claims independence, 394; goes into exile, 399; goes to Singapore, 419; returns to Hong-Kong, 421; becomes Dictator, 436; becomes President of The Revolutionary Government, 469; triumphal entry into Malolos of, 470; capture of, 507; swears allegiance to America, 509; home of, 510; as witness in _El Renacimiento_ prosecution, 550. _Vide_ War of Independence

Agusan River, 14

Albinos, 128

_Alcayceria, _the, 110

Alcocer, Father Martin Garcia, 597, 602

_Alferez Real, _50

Alva, Francisco, 31

Alcalde-Governors, 212

_Alcalde Mayor, _213

_Alguacil_, 226

Ali, Datto, 529, 580-2

Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid, 423

Alvarez, Vicente, the _Tamagun Datto_, 532

Ambutong, Datto, 585

_Amor seco_, 324

Anagap (wood), 313

Anathema, the Letter of, 82

Anda y Salazar, Simon de, usurps gov.-generalship, 91; offers rewards for British heads, 95; rewards to, 99; character of, 99; becomes Gov.-General, 99; death of, 100

Andrew, Saint, patron of Manila, 50, 560

Animals, 336 _et seq._

Anobing (wood), 313

Anson, Admiral, 246

_Anting-anting_, the, 237

Antipolo, Virgin of, 184

Antipolo (wood), 313

Antwerp, the Treaty of, 72

_Aparcero_ (labour) system, 274

Apiton (wood), 313

Araudia, Gov.-General Pedro de, 61, 80, 138

Araneta, General Pablo, 514, 517

Araneta, Juan, 520

Aranga (wood), 313

Archbishopric created, 56

Areca-nut, 303

Army, the (under Spain) 53, 77; pay of, 53, 230; statistics of, 229-30; the first barracks, 231; Halberdier Guard, 232; strength of, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, 364; in 1898, 466; (under America) strength of, during War of Independence, 553; arms captured by, 553; strength of, in 1904, 569; general officers' pay, 569; privates' pay, 569; the three departments of, 569; scout corps; military prison, 570

Arolas, Colonel Juan, captures Maybun, 144; death of, 144 (footnote)

Artists, native, 196

_Asiento_ Contract, the, 257

Assembly of Reformists, the, 362

_Asuan_ (evil spirit), 181

Athenaeum, the, 194

Augusti, General Basilio, succeeds Gen. Primo de Rivera, 413; issues a call to arms, 424; issues a proclamation against Americans, 425; quits Manila before the American occupation, 464

Austin friars, 55

Axa, 274

Ayala, Antonio de, 367 (footnote)

Azcarraga, General Marcelo, 105 (footnote)

Bacoor town, rebel headquarters, 499

Badiao destroyed, 16

Bagobos, the Moro tribe of, 145

_Bagsacay_ weapon, 147

_Baibailanes_, sect of the, 608

Balabac Island, 160; slaughter of Spaniards in, 478

Balambangan, slaughter of British at, 139

Balangiga, slaughter of Americans at, 536

Balanguigui Island, Corcuera's victory in, 139

Balate (trepang), 312

Baler garrison captives, 494

Balugas tribe, the, 163

Bamboos, 308

Banaba (wood), 313

Banana fruit, 317

Bancal (wood), 314

_Banco Espanol-Filipino_, the, 258; run on the, 435, 638

Bandits, notorious, 238-9, 546-9, 582, _Vide_ Brigands

Banks, foreign and Philippine, 258, 638; American, 637

Bansalague (wood), 314

Barangay chiefs, 189, 222-3, 225 (footnote)

Barasoain town, 469 (footnote), 567

Barbosa, Duarte de, 28

_Barong_ weapon, 147

Barracks, the first, 231

Basa, Jose M., 106; biographical note of, 108 (footnote)

Basan tribe, the, 128

Batac tribe, the, 158 (footnote;

Bates Agreement, the, 571

Batitinan (wood), 313

Bato Lake, 15

Bats, 340

Battle-- of Playa Honda, 75; of Saint Juan del Monte, 368; of Binacayan, 373; of Cavite, 427; of Paco, 487; of Marilao, 490

Bautista, Ambrosio Rianzares, 106

Bautista, Fray Pedro, martyr-saint, 64

Bay Lake, 15

Bayabos, the Moro tribe of, 145

Bejuco (rattan), 310

Benguet Road, the, 615 (footnote)

Berenguer y Marquina, Gov-General, 80

Beri-beri disease, 197

Betel, 303

Betis (wood), 313

Biac-na-bato, the alleged Treaty of, 396, 414 (footnote)

Bicol River, 14, 37

_Bigaycaya_, the, 178

Bilibid jail, 557

Binacayan, Battle of, 373

Birds, 341

Birds'-nests, edible, 311

Bishop of Manila, the first, 51, 56

Blanco, Gov.-General Ramon, 377

Blood Compact, the, 28, 369

Boar, 340

Boayan Lake, 15

_Bocayo_, 305

Bojo, 310

Bojol Island, rebellion in, 101; American occupation of, 528; Pedro Sanson, the insurgent leader in, 528

_Boleta_ shipping-warrant, the, 244

Bombon Lake, 15

Bongso, Rajah, 130

Bonifacio, Andres, 370

Borneo Island, Spanish relations with, 29, 165

Botanical specimens, 321

Braganza, Duke of, 81

Braganza, Major, execution of the rebel, 537

Brewery, the first Philippine, 264

Bridge of Spain, 349

Brigands-- the _tulisan_; the _pulajan_, 235, 547 _et seq._; haunts of, 238; the _remontado_, 205; "Guards of Honour," 550. _Vide_ Bandits

British North Borneo Co., 141

British-- corsairs, 54; occupation of Manila by, 87

Bronchial affections, 197

Brunei, Sultanate of, 29, 141, 157, 165

Budgets, 227 _et seq._; of 1757, 251, 629

Buffaloes, 337; rinderpest epidemic, 338, 621; efforts of Government to replace the stocks of, 622

Buffalo hides, shipments of, 640

Buhi Lake, 15

Bull-ring, 350

Buluan Lake, 15

Bureaux of the Insular Government, 561

Burgos, Dr. Jose, 106; executed, 107

Buri palm, 308

Bush-rope, 310

Bustamente Bustillo, Gov.-General, murder of, 60

Bustos, 92-4

Butler, John B., 257

Butterflies, 340

Butuan River, 14

Buyo, 303

_Cabeza de barangay, _189, 222-3

Cable service, 267-8

Cacao, 301; cultivation of, 302

Cachil Corralat, King, 133

Cachila or Castila, 169, 515 (footnote)

Cagayan, river of, 14; lake of, 15

Cagaaua destroyed, 16

Cagsaysay, Our Lady of, 18, 19, 184

"_Cahapon, ngayon at Bucas_," the seditious play of, 554

_Caida_, 353

_Caidas_, 224

Cailles, General Juan, 507; as provincial governor, 507

_Caja de comunidad_, 217

Calderon, Rita, 139

Calinga tribe, the, 125

_Calle de Camba_ tragedy, the, 401

Camagon (wood), 314

Camaguin Volcano, 16

Camerino, the rebel, 106, 397 (footnote)

Camote, 303

_Campilan_ weapon, 147

Campo de Bagumbayan, 369

Canga-Argueelles, Felipe, 143, 158, 161

Canlauan Volcano, 16

Canovas Ministry, 378, 384, 417

Capers, 321

_Capitan municipal_, 225

Capsicums, 321

Captives, the Spanish, 537; why detained, 539; Baron Du Marais murdered, 540; the captors' terms of release, 541

Capture of Manila-- attempted by Li-ma-hong, 47; threatened by Japanese Emperor, 64; threatened by the Dutch, 75; threatened by Koxinga, 76; by the British, 87; by the Americans, 464

Caraballo, Juan, 29

_Carabaos_ (buffaloes), 337

Caroline Islands, the discovery of, 41, 43; seized by Germany, 44; governor of, murdered, 45; sold to Germany, 46

Carrillo Theatre, the, 349

_Carromata_, 559 (footnote)

Carrying-trade, the inter-island, 262; regulated by the Shipping Law of 1904, 628-9, 647

Cartagena, Juan de, 26

_Casa Misericordia_ loan office, 247

Cassava, 321

Castila or Cachila, 169, 515 (footnote)

Castor-oil, 302

_Catapusan_, the, 179 (footnote)

Cathedral of Manila, the, 55

_Catipad_, 177

Cauit, 371 (footnote)

Cavite the conspiracy of 1872, 106, 363; fort of, 233-4; executions in 1896, 374

_Cayinin_, the, 555

Cebu, discovery of, 27; Legaspi in, 34; the "Holy Child" of, 183; the patron saint of, 183; the port of, 261; rising in, 402 _et seq_.; executions of rebels in, 405; native government in the Island of, 521; American occupation of the City of, 523; General Hughes' expedition to, 525; the City of, 526

Cedar (wood), 314

_Cedula personal_, the, 224

Census, the, 355, 615-6

_Centro Catalico, El_, 602

Chabucano dialect, the, 535

Chaffee, Maj.-General A. R., 563

Chambers of Commerce, 261

Chamorro dialect, the, 40

Champaca, 325

_Chapdiki_, 351 (footnote)

Chapelle, Monsignor P. L., papal legate, 595 and footnote

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, the, 258, 435, 637

Chillies, 321

Chinese, the, 54, 109; slaughter of the Moluccas expedition leader by, 73; revolt of, 77; banishment of, 111; restrictions on, 111; as immigrants, 112; taxes first levied on, 112; social position of, under Spanish rule, 113; riots of, 114; mandarins come to seek the "Mount of Gold" in Cavite, 114; Saint Francis' victory over, 115; massacre by, 115; massacre of, 77, 93, 115; as traders, 117, 263; Guilds of, 117; patron saint of, 118; population of, 118; _Macao_, 118; _Sangley_, 118; _Suya_, 118; secret societies, 119; Exclusion Act, 119, 633; before the Spanish advent, 166; Club, 558; social position of, under American rule, 634; future probable effect of the exclusion of, 635

Chocolate, 301

Cholera epidemic, 116, 197

Church-- relations of, to the State, 50; Dominican friars, 51 (footnote); first bishop of Manila, 51, 56; tithes to, 55; Austin friars, 55; Mendicant friars, 55; friars' term of residence, 55; Manila Cathedral, 55; the Inquisition, 55, 59, 82; archbishopric created, 56; indulgences granted, 56; relics in cathedral, 57; excommunications, 58, 67, 604; archbishop banished, 58; quarrels with the State authorities, 57-8, 99, 209-10; Chap. vii; the martyrs of Japan, 66-9; the High Host is stolen, 82; Letter of Anathema, 82; the Hierarchy, 206; revenue and expenditure of the, 207, 209; position of the regular clergy after 1898, 594; Archbishop Nozaleda, 594, 597; Father Martin Garcia Alcocer, 597, 602; attitude of the native clergy towards the, after 1898, 596; Monsignor P. L. Chapelle, 595; Monsignor G. B. Guidi, 601; Monsignor A. Agius, 607; the friars'-7lands question, 597-601; the Aglipayan Schism, 604. _Vide_ Friars; Religious Orders

Church, the Philippine Independent. _Vide_ Independent

Cigars, 299; shipments of, 644

Cinnamon, 311

Civil--governor, duties of the Spanish, 215; his position, 216; guard (constabulary), the, 231; the title of Civil Governor, 561; Service, the, 565; Commission, the, 560, 565; rule established, 566

Claudio, Juan, 81

Claveria, expedition against the Moros by, 139

Clergy, the native, capacity of, 607. _Vide_ Church; Friars

Climaco, Arsenio, 522, 525

Climaco, General Juan, 522

Climate, 22; of the south, 157

Clubs, 558

Coal, 326, comparative analyses, 328

Cock-fighting, 351

Cocoanuts, 304

Cocoanut-oil, 305; export values of, 645

Coffee, 289; _caracolillo_, 289; where grown, 289; dealing, 290; cultivation, 291; statistics, 291; shipments of, 646

Cogon-grass, 307

Coir, 305

_Colerin_ disease, 197

_Coloram_, sect of the, 608

Comenge, Rafael, inflammatory speech of, 400

_Compania General de Tabacos_, 299

_Compania Guipuzcoana de Caracas_, 252

_Conant_ peso, the, 635-7

Concentration circuits, 391, 549

Congressional Relief Fund, the, 621, 623

_Consulado_ trading-ring, the, 244

Constabulary statistics (Spanish), 231; (American), 550, 553, 567

Contentions, State and Church, 58

Convent of Santa Clara, 81

Convicts, corps of, 231; in Bilibid jail, 557

Cooper Bill, the, 627, 629

Copper, 334

Coprah, 305; shipments of, 645

Corcuera, Gov.-General Hurtado de, 58, 79, 81; in Sulu, 131

Cordage, shipments of, 640

Cornish, Admiral, 87

Corregidor Island, 345 (footnote), 556

Corsairs, British, 54

_Cotta de San Pedro_ (Cebu), 402

Cottabato, meaning of, 142 (footnote); Spanish evacuation of, 529; native rule in, 529; slaughter of Christians in, 530; American intervention at, 530

Cotton-tree, 307

Council of Trent, the, 605 (footnote)

Count--of Albay, 105; of La Union, 124; of Manila, 139; of Lizarraga, 210

Courts of Justice, cost of the Spanish, 234; American, 618

Criminal law procedure, Spanish-Philippine, 241

Cruz, Apolinario de la, "King of the Tagalogs," 105

_Cuadrillero_ guard, the, 224

Cuba, America liberates, 417

_Cubang-aso_, 166 (footnote)

_Cueva del Ingles_, the, 21

Cuevas, Datto Pedro, career of, 582; his death, 583; his justice, 586

Currency, the, under Spain, 244, 259; under America, 635-7

Custom-houses, 261, 467, 626

Customs duty, the first levied, 53; under America, 629-30

"_Dabas ng pilac_," the seditious play of, 554

Dagohoy's rebellion, 101

Dalahican camp, 374

Danao River, 15

Dancing, the _balitao_, the _comitan_, 180

Dasmarinas, Gov.-General Perez, 56, 78

_Datto_. _Vide_ Moros

Dayfusama, Emperor of Japan, 69

Death-rate, 198

Deer, 340

Delgado, General Martin, 513-14, 517-18

Demarcation of Spanish and Portuguese spheres by papal bull, 25

Democratic Labour Union, the, 632

Departments of the Insular Government, 561

Descent of Filipinos, theory of the, 120

Despujols, Gov.-General, 383

Dewey, Admiral George, 419, 427, 430, 432

_Diario de Manila, El_, founded 352, suspended, 401

Diaz, Julio, 520

_Diezmos prediales_, 55

Dilao village, 63

_Dimas alang_, 389

Dimasangcay, King of Mindanao, 129

Dinagat Island, 27

Dinglas (wood), 314

Diocno, Ananias, 513, 516

_Directorcillo_, 222

Disciplinary (convict) corps, 231

Discovery of the Philippines, 24 _et seq_.

Diseases, the prevalent, 197

Dita (quinine), 308

Divisions of the Colony under Spain, 213

Djimbangan, Datto, 530, 580

Dollars, Mexican, first introduced, 244

Doll-saints, 188

Dominican friars, 51 (footnote)

Donkeys, 388

Dowries for native women, 53

Draper, Brig.-General, 87-91

Duarte de Barbosa, 28

Du Marais, Baron, 540 (footnote)

Dungon (wood), 314

Dutch, naval battles with the, 72 _et seq._

Dwelling-houses, 353

Dye saps, 312

Earthquakes, 23, 356

Ebony (wood), 314

_Eco de Filipinas,_ the seditious organ, 106

Education, under Spain, school-teachers, 192; State aid for, 193; the Athenaeum syllabus, 194; the Santa Isabel College curriculum, 194; girls' schools, 194; St. Thomas' University, 194; the Nautical School, 195; the provincial student, 195; in agriculture, 228; under America, 608; the Normal School syllabus, 609; the Nautical School, 609; the School for Chinese, 610; University and remaining Spanish schools, 610; the English language for Orientals, 611; in agriculture, 625

Egbert, Colonel, death of, 489

Elcano, Juan Sebastian, 29; voyage round the world of, 30; reward to, 31; death of, 31

"_El Filibusterismo_," 383

_El Nuevo Dia_ newspaper, 524

Emoluments of Spanish officials, 214; of American officials, 561

_Encomiendas_, 211

Espinosa, Gonzalo Gomez de, 29, 31

Exchange fluctuations, 647

Exclusion, of foreigners in general, 258; of Chinese in particular, 111, 119, 633-5

Excommunications, 58, 67, 604

Executions of monks in Japan, 66, 69

Exhortations and proclamations, rebel and insurgent, definition of demands, 392; claim of independence, 394, 421, 433, 436, 454, 486, 502

Expenditure and revenue, under Spain, 227 _et seq._, 251; curious items of, 229; under America, 629

Exports, duty first levied on, 53; table of values of, 639; of produce, 639-46

Fajardo de Tua, Gov.-General, 70, 75; kills his wife, 80

_Fallas_ tax, 224

"Family Compact," the, 72, 87

Family names, 179

Farranda Kiemon, the Japanese Ambassador, 64-5

Federal party, the, 547

Felizardo, Cornelio, the famous bandit, 548 (footnote), 549

Field of Bagumbayan, 369

"_Filibusterismo, El_," 383

Filipino, the, meaning of the term, 120 (footnote), 165; theory of the descent of, 163 _et seq._; meaning of the term "Tagalog," 164; at the St. Louis Exhibition, 165; character of, 167; characteristics of, 168-71; notion of sleep of, 169; "Castila!" 169; hospitality of, 172, 563; good qualities of, 173-4, 176; female activity, 173; aversion to discipline, 175; bravery of, 175; troops in Tonquin, 175; physiognomy of, 177; marriages of, 177-9; minors' rights, 178; widows of, 178; family names of, 179; mixed marriages of, 181; belief in evil spirits, 181; conception of religion of, 189, 607-8; penance, 188; talent of, 196; as artists, 196; as politicians, 547; the "Irreconcilables," 547, 553, 613; capacity for self-government of, 614

Firewoods, 324

Fish, 339

Flowers, 321

Flores, Luis, 522-3

_Fondos locales_, 217. _Vide_ Government.

Forests, inspection of, 228; produce of, 307 _et seq._

Formosa Island, Spanish colony in, 76

Fort of Yligan, 77, 231; of Zamboanga, 77, 133 (footnote), 233; of Sampanilla (Mindanao Is.), 131; of Jolo, 150; of Labo and Taytay (Palauan Is.), 231; of Cavite, 233-4; of Cebu, 402; of Santiago (Manila), 427, 430; of San Antonio Abad (Malate), 463

Fortification of Manila, 54, 231, 343 (footnote)

Fowls, 341

"Frailuno," the term, 603 (footnote)

Francis of Tears, Saint, 183

Free trade penalties, Spanish, 250

Freemasonry, 363, 365 (footnote)

Friars, the Spanish, the Mendicant Order of, 55; term of residence of, 55; in open riot, 61; attitude of, during the British occupation (1762-3), 91-3, 96; fighting, 116, 133; as parish priests, 202; the several Orders of, 207; as traders, 250; position of, after 1898, 594; causes of the anti-friar feeling, 595; attitude of the native clergy towards, 596; number of, at the time of the rebellion (1896), 596; position of, after 1898, determined, 597; the question of the real estate of, 597, _et seq._; America's negotiations with Rome, 598-600; acreage of real estate of, 601; the term "frailuno," 603 (footnote). _Vide_ Church; Religious Orders

Fruits, 317 et seq.

_Fuerza del Pilar_, 133 (footnote)

_Funcion votiva de San Andres_, 50

Funston, Colonel, 491, 496; captures Aguinaldo, 507; reward to, 509

Fuset, Antonio, 539

Gabi, 303

Gaddanes tribe, the, 122

Gales, Nicolas, 520

Galleons, to and from Mexico, 243; officers' pay, 243; royal dues, 249

_Gigantes, Paseo de los_, 134 (footnote)

Gilolo Island, 32

Ginger, 321

_Gobernadorcillo_, 221

Gogo, 302

Goiti, Martin de, 35, 37

Gold, mining, 328 et seq.; coin, 259; imports and exports of, after 1898, 647

Gomez, Father Mariano, executed, 107

Gonzalez Parrado, General, 145, 150, 572

Government, under Spain, 211 _et seq._; cost of, 214, _et seq._, 629; of towns, 221 _et seq._; under America, 560 _et seq._, 576; cost of, 629; provincial, 566-7, 578-9

Governor-General, the, Legaspi, Miguel de, 33-4, 36; Lavezares, Guido de, 35 (footnote), 47; Zabalburu, Domingo, 42; powers of, 54; Perez Dasmarinas, 56, 73; Corcuera, Hurtado de, 58, 79, 131; quarrels of, with the clergy, 58; Lara, Manrique de, 59; Salcedo, Diego, 59; Leon, Manuel de, 60; Nargas, Juan de, 60; Bustamente Bustillo murdered, 60; Torralba, Jose, 60, 79, 80; Arandia, Pedro de, 61, 80; Moriones, Domingo, 62; Raon, Jose, 62, 99; Fajardo de Tua, 70, 75, 80; Bravo de Acuna, 74; Silva, Juan de, 74; Silva, Fernando de, 76; Vargas, Juan, 79; peculations of, 79, 80, 212, 220-1; Berenguer y Marquina, 80; La Torre, Francisco, 97; Obando, Jose de, 134; Jovellar, Joaquin, 211; Despujols, 383; Primo de Rivera, Fernando, 124, 211, 389, 391, 399, 408; Blanco, Ramon, 377; Polavieja, Camilo, 378-9; Augusti, Basilio, 413, 424-5, 464; Weyler 417-8, 431

Grants of land, 54, 211, 592

Grapes, 320

Guadalupe church, legend of, 361

Guaranty Trust Company, 637

"Guards of Honour," the, 550

Guava fruit, 320

Guidi, Monsignor G. B., papal legate, 601

Guijo (wood), 314

Guillermo, Faustino, the bandit, 546

Gum mastic, 311; shipments of, 646

Gumapos, "Count," 103

Gutta-percha, 311

Gypsum, 334

_Hadji_, title of, 571 (footnote).

Halberdiers (Bodyguard), 232

Hale, General, 488, 490-1, 497-8

Hall, General, 488, 492

Hamabar, King, 28

Harbour-masters, Spanish, 234

Hardwoods, 312; relative strengths of, 317

Harun Narrasid, Sultan, 141, 142 (footnote)

Harty, Monsignor, J. J., 602

Headhunters, the, 124-5

Hemp, 281; various uses of, 282; extraction of, 282; experiments in British India, 283; statistics of, 284; cultivation of, 285; qualities of, 285; labour difficulties, 286; shipments of, 639

Hendryx, Captain, the sad fate of, 552

Heredia, Pedro de, 74

Hierarchy, the, 206

High Host stolen, the, 82

_Hindi aco patay_, the seditious play of, 554

Hindoos, the, 128

"Historical Manifest," the, 136

Histrionic art, 349

"Holy Child" of Cebu, the, 183

Homestead Law, the, 592 (footnote)

Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., the 240, 258, 435, 637

Horses, 336

Hospitals, 54

Hughes, General, 489, 525, 528

Hurricanes, 355

Husi, 282

Ibanac tribe, the, 123

Identity document, the, 224

Igorrote tribe, the, 123

Igorrote-Chinese tribe, the, 126

Illiterates, 192, 615

Ilocos rebellion, 100

Imbog, the Moro, 129

Imports, table of values of, 639; proportionate table of Rice, 650

Imus, 372 (footnote)

Indemnity to British for Manila, 89

Independent Church, the Philippine, initiation of, 603; severance from Rome of, 605; conflicts between Catholics and Schismatics of, 606; doctrine of, 607

Indigo, shipments of, 640-1

Indulgences granted, 56

Industries, native, 264, 347

Inquisition, the, 55, 59, 82

Insanity, 198

Insects, 339; edible, 342

Insular Government. _Vide_ Government

Intellectuals, 192

International Banking Corp., 637

Ipil (wood), 314

Iron, 332

Irreconcilables, the, 547, 553; demands of, 613

_Islas, del Poniente_, 28; _del Oriente_, 28; _Philipina_, 32; _de los Pintados_, 34 (footnote)

Islands, the chief, 13; ancient names of, 13

Itavis tribe, the, 123

_Jabul_ dress, 147

Jalajala, 360

Japan--the Ambassador Farranda Kiemon, 64-5; Taycosama, Emperor of, 65; Catholic missions to, 64-70, 164 (footnote); the martyrs of, 66, 69, 71; Dayfusama, Emperor of, 69; Xogusama, Emperor of, 69; To-Kogunsama, Emperor of, 70

Japanese, the, 63, 164; pre-Spanish immigration of, 166; industry of, 166; in Vigan, Malalos, Taal and Pagsanjan, 166; expulsion of the, 164 (footnote); under American rule, 557

Jaramillo, General Nicolas, during the Rebellion, 374; in Zamboanga, 530; as agent for the liberation of Spanish prisoners, 540

Jaro, the See of, 515 (footnote)

Jesuits, rivalry with friars, 58; in Nagasaki, 65-7; expulsion of, 99, 206; number of, in the Islands in 1896, 206 (footnote)

_Jinrikisha_, the, 635

Jolo, capture of, 139; annexation of, 140; town of, 149, 587; port of, 262; American occupation of, 571

Jomonjol Island, 27

Journalism, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550

Jovellar, Gov.--General Joaquin, 211

Judicial statistics, Spanish, 234; American, 561, 618-19

Judicial Governors, 212

_Junta patriotica_, the, 419

Jurado _v._ the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., 240

_Juramentado_, the, 146, 148, 150, 583; runs amok, 152

Justice, of the peace, first appointed, 56; in municipalities, 225, 619; administration of, 618; provincial courts of, 619

Kalbi, Datto, 586

_Katipunan_ League, the, 364, 365 (footnote), 595; demands of the, 393

Kiemon Farranda, 64-5

"King of the Tagalogs," 105

Koxinga, threatened invasion by, 76

Kudarangan, Sultan of, 143; vanquished by General Wood, 581; cotta of, 580 (footnote), 581

Labo fort, 231

Labour, problem, 225, 286, 332-3, 611, 631; on sugar estates, 274; "The Democratic Labour Union," 632; Consul-General Wildman quoted, 633

Lacandola, Rajah, 35-7, 51; descendants of, 35 (footnote)

Lachambre, General, 379

Lacson, Aniceto, 520

Ladrone Islands, discovery of, 27; sighted, 34; visited, 40

Laguna de Bay, 15

Lakes, 15

Lamurrec Island, King of, 42

Lanao Lake, 15

Land, grants of, 54; tenure of, 270; measure of, 271; the Homestead Law, 592 (footnote); problem, 555, 592-3, 624-5

Lanete (wood), 314

_La Patria_ newspaper, 412

Lara, Gov.-General Manrique de, 59

Latitude of the Islands, 13

La Torre, Gov.-General, 97

Lauan (wood), 314

Lavezares, Guido de, 35 (footnote), 47

Law Spanish lawsuits, 56, 239; Spanish criminal law procedure, 241-2; under American rule, 618-9

Lawton, General, 493, 498-500; death of, 504

Leeches, 340

Legaspi, the expedition of, 33; in Cebu, 34; death of, 36

Leon, Gov.-General Manuel de, 60

Lepers, 70, 197, 351

Letter of Anathema, 82

_Leyes de Indias_, 51

Leyte Is., rebellion in, 102; insurgency in, 547

Ligusan Lake, 15

Li-ma-hong, the Chinese corsair, 47

Limasaba, Prince of, 410

Lipa destroyed, 18

Lizares, Simon, 520

Llaneras, General, 374

Llorente, Julio, 521-2, 524

Loaisa expedition, the, 31

Loan, the first Philippine, 541 (footnote)

Local funds, 217

Locust bean, 324

Locusts, 341

Logarta, Miguel, 522, 525

Loney, Nicholas, 255

Longitude of the Islands, 13

Los Banos, 359

Losa, Diego de, 67

Loewenstein, Prince Ludwig von, 488, 510

Lucban, Vicente, 535; capture of, 545

Luga, Mateo, 525

Luna, General Antonio, 496-8; on the battlefield, 496; death of, 501

Luneta Esplanade, the, 353

Lung diseases, 197

Lupis, 282

Lutao (Cebu) destroyed, 403

Mabini, Apolinario, 478, 486, 546

Mabolo fruit, 320

Macabebe, the, 446 (footnote)

_Macao_ (Chinese), 118

_Macacus radiata_, 177

Macao, the colony of, 81 (footnote); Spanish attempt to capture, 81

Macasin (wood), 316

Maceo, Antonio, 417

Macui, the Moro tribe of, 145

Madrecacao tree, 291

_Maestre del Campo_, 48 (footnote)

Magellan Straits discovered, 27

Maghallanes, Hernando de, 24; discovers the Straits of Magellan and Ladrone Islands, 27; reaches Cebu Island, 27; death of, 28; monuments to, 28

Maghayin, Bartolome, 37

Magtan Island, 28, 403

Maguindanao Lake, 15

Maguinoo, the, 409, 411

Mahamad Alimudin, Sultan, 92, 98; vicissitudes of, 134-9

Mahometans, chap. x. _Vide_ Moros

Mail service, 262

_Maine_, American warship, 418 (footnote)

Maize, 300

Malabang fort, 131

Malahi military prison, 570

Malanao Moros, 145

Malatana tribe, the, 46

Malatapay (wood), 316

Malhou Island, 27

Malinao destroyed, 16

Malolos, Father Moises Santos murdered at, 408; becomes the insurgent capital, 469; Revolutionary congress convened at, 469; becomes the new capital of Bulacan Province, 567

Malong's rebellion, "King," 103

Malvar, General Miguel, in Taal, 505; defeat and surrender of, 545

Mancono (wood), 316

Mandi, Rajahmudah Datto, in Cebu, 407; at home, 533; his daughter's marriage, 534

Mangachapuy (wood), 316

Mango fruit, 317

Manguiancs tribe, the, 128

Manguiguin, the, 131; visits Zamboanga, 589

Mani, 303

Manila Province, 212 (footnote), 560

Manila, proclaimed capital, 36; City Council of, 36; the city walls and fosse of, 54, 231, 343 (footnote); opened to foreigners, 256; public buildings, 344; port works, 344; the Bay of, 345; the public lighting of, 346; the business quarter of, 347; _La Escolta_, 347, 557; Easter week in, 348; vehicle traffic in, 348; theatres, 349, 558; bull-ring, 350; hotels, 352, 558; the Press, 352, 468, 559; botanical gardens, 353; Luneta Esplanade, 353; dwelling-houses, 353; society in, 354; population of, 355, 615-6; climate of, 354; earthquakes affecting, 356; dress in, 357; after 1898, 556; refrigerated meat-stores, 556; innovations in, 557; Bilibid jail, 557; clubs, theatres, hotels, 558; drinking "Saloons," 559; new feast-days, 560; the municipality of, 560; as seat of Insular Government, 560; the Federal zone of, 560

Manobos, the Moro tribe of, 145

Marahui campaign, the, 144

Marble, 334

Mariveles, 345 (footnote)

Marriages, 177-81, 618

Marti, the Cuban patriot, 417

Martin, Geronimo, 51

Martyrs, the, of Japan, 66-71; Philippine, 107

Massacre of Chinese, 93, 115-6; of other foreigners, 116

_Matamis na macapano_, 305

Matienza, Dr. Sancho, 26

Maxilom, General Arcadio, 524-6

Mayon Volcano, 16; eruption of in 1897, 17

McArthur, Maj.-General A., in the War of Independence, 489-91, 496-8; 563

Medicinal herbs, 324

Mejia, Pablo, 522; assassinated, 523

Melliza, Raymundo, 511, 514

Mendicant friars, 55

Mendoza, Father Agustin, 106

Mendoza, Luis de, 26

Merritt, General Wesley, 463, 466, 467

_Mestizo_, the, 176; character of, 182

Middlemen, 263

Midel, Isidoro, 532

Military departments, the, 569. _Vide_ Army

Military service, Spanish, 231. _Vide_ Army

Miller, General, 511 _et seq._

Mineral oil, 335

Mineral products, 326 _et seq._

Miraculous saints, 187

Mirs Bay, 419 (footnote), 427

Mixed races, 176, marriages of, 181

Mohammad Jamalul Kiram, Sultan, 141, 587-8

Molasses, 273

Molave (wood) 315

Moluccas Islands, tragic end of the Philippine expedition to, 73; abandonment of the, 77

Money, under Spain, 244, 259; lending, 255-6, 269; 246 (footnote) 624; under America, 635-7.

Monks, the. _Vide_ Religious Orders; Friars

Monsoon region, 23

Montalon, Julian, the famous bandit, 549

Montera, General, in Cebu, 402, 521; in Zamboanga, 530 _et seq._

Montilla, Jose, 520

Montojo, Admiral Patricio, sword of honour presented to, 400; 419, 428, 429 (footnote)

Montoya, Gabriel, 37

Moraga, Fray Hernando de, 78

Moriones, Gov.-General Domingo, 62

_Moro Moro_, 349

Moro Province, the, 576 _et seq._; constitution of, 577; sub-division of, under Spanish rule, 577 (footnote); municipalities, tribal wards and districts of, 578-9; finances of, 579; armed forces in, 580; America's policy in, 588, 591, 593; education in, 591

Moros, the, Brunei Sultanate, 29, 141, 157, 165; Dimasangeay, King of Mindanao, 129; Adasaolan, the chief, 129; Bongso, Rajah, 130; Rodriguez's expedition against, 130; the Manguiguin of Mindanao, 131, 589; Corcuera's expedition against, 131; Cachil Corralat, King, 133; friars take the field against, 133; Gastambide's expedition against, 137; Claveria's and Urbiztondo's expeditions against, 139; slaughter of British at Balambangan by, 139; Corcuera's victory over, in Balanguigui Island, 139; population of, 140; Malcampo's expedition against, 140; agreement with the British North Borneo Co., 141; Harun Narrasid, Sultan, 141-2; Mohammad Jamalul Kiram, Sultan, 141, 587-8; Terrero's expedition against, 143; Arolas' expedition against, 144; Blanco's expedition against; Marahui campaign, 144; Spanish occupation of Lake Lanao, 145; Buille's (the last Spanish punitive) expedition against, 145; the chief tribes of, 145; dress of, 146-7, 154; physique of, 146; character, arts, weapons, trade of, 147; the _pandita_, the _datto_, customs of, 148, 155-6; slavery among the, 151; pensions to the, 139, 140, 151, 571, 580; the _juramentado_, 146, 148, 150, 152, 583; as divers, 155; Ali, Datto, 529, 580-2; Djimbangan, Datto, 530, 580; the _Tamagun Datto_, 532; American occupation of Jolo, 571; Bates' agreement with the Sultan of Sulu, 571; engagements with warlike _dattos_, 573-4, 581, 584-5; Lieut. Forsyth's expedition, 573; Gen. Baldwin's and Capt. Pershing's expeditions against, 574; Gen. Wood's expeditions against, 580-1, 584; Gen. Wood's victory at Kudarangan, 581; Major Hugh L. Scott's expedition, 584-5; capture of Panglima Hassan, 584; Hassan escapes and Major Scott vanquishes him, 585; a _bichara_ with Datto Ambutong, 585. _Vide_ Sulu

Morong district, 212 (footnote), 560

Mother-of-pearl shell, shipments of, 640

Moths, 340

"Mount of Gold," the, in Cavite, 114

Mountains, heights of, 13

Mules, 338

Municipal government, under Spain, 225; under America, 567. _Vide_ Government

Music, natives' passion for, 190

Nagasaki, the Jesuits in, 65-7

Names, of islands, the ancient, 13; of places, obsolete, 13, 129, 131, 560, 567; of families, 179

_Nao de Acapulco_, the, 243, 249

Nargas, Gov.-General Juan de, 60

Narra (wood), 316

Natives, the civilized. _Vide_ Filipino

Naujan Lake, 15

Navarrete, Luis de, 67

Navy, statistics of the Spanish, 233-4; the insurgent, 553

Negrito tribe, the, 120, 163

Negros Island, the development of, 255; Spaniards capitulate to the rebels in, 520; native government in, 520

Newspapers, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550

Nipa palm, 307

_Noli me tongere_, 382

Notaries' offices, 54

Novales, Andres, rebellion of, 104

Nozaleda, Archbishop, 594, 597 (footnote)

_Nuevo Dia, El_, newspaper, 524

Obando, Gov.-General Jose de, 134

_Obras Pias_, the, 245, 252

Occupation of Manila, by the British, 87; agreed indemnity to British in, 89; by the Americans, 464

Officers' pay, Spanish, 280. _Vide_ Army

Oil, mineral, 335

Onayans, the Moro tribe of, 145

Opium, restrictions on the use of, 630

Orchids, 323

_Oriente, Islas del_, 28

Origin of Filipinos, 120. _Vide_ Filipino

Osmena, Sergio, 521, 524

Otis, General E. S., in the War of Independence, 488, 490-4, 497, 502-3; 563

Otong, 519 (footnote)

Our Lady of Cagsaysay, 18, 19

Outlaws, 236 _et seq._, 517

_Pacto de sangre_, the, 28, 369

Pagbuaya, Prince, 34

Paguian Goan, the Princess, 129

Paguian Tindig, the Moro, 129

Palasan, 310

Palauan Island, Spanish colonization of, 157; across the, 158, 160; produce of, 160; concession to Canga-Argueelles in, 161 (footnote)

Palma brava, 308

Palma, Rafael, 524

Palmero family, the, 105

Palo Maria de playa (wood), 316

_Paloma de punalada_, 341

Panay Island, the war in, 511-18; Araneta, General Pablo, 514, 517; peace concluded, 518

_Pandita_, 148, 155-6

Pansipit River, 15, 37

Pangasinan, revolt in, 103

_Panguingui_, 351 (footnote)

Papal legate, Maillard de Touruon, 84-5; Chapelle, P. L., 595; Guidi, G. B., 601; Agius, Ambrogio, 607

Papaw fruit, 318

Paran, Feliciano, revolt of, 105

Paragua Island, 157. _Vide_ Palauan

_Parian_, the, 110

Paris Peace Commission. _Vide_ Peace of Paris

Parrado, General Gonzalez, 145, 150, 572

_Paseo de los gigantes_, 134 (footnote)

_Paseo del Real Pendon_, 50

Pasig River, 15

Paterno, Maximo, 106; biographical note of, 411

Paterno, Pedro A., 106, 394; negotiates peace, 395; claims a title, 409; biographical note of, 411; pro-Spanish manifesto of, 489; becomes President of the Revolutionary Congress, 469; capture of, 504; in prison, 505; intervenes in the Spanish captives negotiations, 542; as playwright, 554

_Patria, La_, newspaper, 412

Patriarch Maillard de Tournon, 84-5

Peace of Paris, of 1763, 96; of 1898, 470 _et seq._; concluded, 472; text of the treaty, 478; ratified, 487 (footnote)

Peculations, of governors, 79-80, 212, 220-21; of other officials, 564

Pelew Islands, 41; the people of, 42

Penaranda, Florentino, 547

Penitentiaries, 54; statistics of Spanish, 285; of San Ramon, 238

Perez Dasmarinas, Gov.-General, 56, 73

Perfumes, 325

Peso, the first introduced, 244; the Spanish-Philippine, 259; the "Conant," 635-7

Petty-governors, 221

Philippine Assembly, the, 612, 614-5

Philippine Commission, the, 560; as legislative body, 563

Philippine Islands named, 32

"Philippines for the Filipinos," doctrine of the, 564

Piang, Datto, 529, 581

Piernavieja, Father, 203

Pilar, General Pio del, 485; capture of, 305

_Pina_ (stuff), 282

Pindan, Bernabe, 37

Pineapple, 320

_Pintados, Islas de los_, 34 (footnote)

Piracy, Moro, 132

Playa Honda, Battle of, 75

Poblete, Archbishop, 59

Polavieja, Gov.-General Camilo, 378-9

Poll-tax, 224

_Poniente, Islas del_, 28

Ponies, 336; the _surra_ epidemic, 622

Pontoon bridge, the, 349

Population, of Chinese, 118; of Moros, 140, 355, 615-6; of Visayos, of Tagalogs, in Manila, 615; of 40 provincial towns, 616; classified by birth, 616

Portugal and Spain, united, 72; separated, 81

Posadillo, Governor of the Carolines, murdered, 45

Potatoes, 303

Press, the, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550, 559

_Principalia_, 222-3

Prisoners, the Spanish, 537; why detained, 539; Baron du Marais murdered, 540; the captors' terms of release, 541

Prohibition on trade, Spain's, 248-50

Protocol of Peace, with rebels, 396; between America and Spain, 459

Provincial Government, under Spain, 213, 225; under America, 567. _Vide_ Government.

Public Works, under Spain, 218

Pudtli, Ranee, 143

_Puente de Barcas_, 98

Puerta Princesa, 157-8

_Pulajan_, the, 235, 547, 551

Quesada, Gaspar de, 26-7

_Quiapo_, 324

Quinine, 308

Rada, Martin, 51

Railway, the first, 265; in project, 627

Rain, 22

Rajah Lacandola, 35-7, 51

Rajah Soliman, 35, 51

_Rajahmudah_, the, 131

Rama, Esteban de la, 520

Raon, Gov.-General Jose, 62, 99

Rattan-cane, 310

_Real Compania de Filipinas_, the 252

_Real quinto_, the, 53

_Real situado_, the, 244

Rebellion of 1896, the Tagalog--362; acts conducive to, 364; the _Katipanan_ League, 364-5; arrests of citizens, 366; Pedro P. Rojas' case, 366; F. L. Rojas executed, 367; first overt act of, 367; Battle of San Juan del Monte, 368; first executions of rebels in Manila, 369; in Cavite, 374; Bonifacio Andres and Emilio Aguinaldo, 370; rebels capture Imus, 372; Spanish defeat at Binacayan, 373; Spaniards at Dalahican, 374; rebel General Llaneras, 374; Gov.-General Ramon Blanco, 377; definition of demands, 392; claim of independence, 394; treaty of Biac-na-bato, 396, 414 (footnote); Rafael Comenge's inflammatory speech, 400; the _Calle de Camba_ tragedy, 401; rising in Cebu, 402, _et seq._; execution of rebels in Cebu, 405; American intervention, 417; the rebels' aspirations, 420; rebels attack the Spaniards in Panay Island, 475; Spanish Governor of Negros Island capitulates, 476

Rebellion, of Diego de Silan, in llocos, 100; of Dagohoy, in Bojol Island, 101; in Leyte Island, Samar Island, and Surigao, 102; of "King" Malong and of Sumoroy, 103; of Andres Novales, 104; of Apolinario de la Cruz, 105; of Feliciano Paran, 105, 396 (footnote); in Tayabas, 105; of Camerino, 106, 397 (footnote); of Cuesta, 106; in Negros Island, 106

Regalado, Pedro, 520

Regidor, Dr. Antonio M., biographical note of, 108 (footnote)

_Regium exequatur_, the, 85

Relics in cathedral, 57

Religion, fanaticism in, 187-9, 521, 602; shrines, 187; coercion in, 189 (footnote); freedom in, 594 and footnote; infidel tendency in, 607-8

Religious Orders, the, 199; power and influence of, 200; opinions for and against, 201; function of the _regium morum_, 201; social origin of, 201; as parish priests, 202; frailties of, 203; persecution by, 205; the hierarchy, 206; outcry against, 207; dates of foundation and arrival of, 207; revenues of, 207, 209; emoluments of, 207; training-colleges in Spain for, 209; jealousy and rivalry between, 209. _Vide_ Friars; Church

_Remontado_, the, 174, 205

_Renacimiento, El_, prosecution of, 550

Reptiles, 339

Revenue and expenditure, under Spain, 227 _et seq._, 251; curious items of, 229; under America, 629.

Revolts in provinces. _Vide_ Rebellion

Revolutionary Government, the, 448; statutes of, 448-54; President's message to, 454; appeal to the Powers by, 457; Malolos becomes the capital of, 469; first Congress of, convened at Malolos, 469; ratification of Philippine independence by, 470

Ricarte, Artemio, 546

Riccio, Vittorio, 76

Rice, measures of, 276; machinery for husking of, 277; _tiki-tiki_, 277; _Macan_ and _Paga_, yield of, 278; planting of, 279; trade in, 281

Rio de la Plata, 26

Rio Grande, de la Pampanga, 14; de Mindanao, 15

Rios, General Diego de los, 374, 474 _et seq._, 494 (footnote); evacuates Panay, 477, 511; as agent for the liberation of Spanish prisoners, 539

Rivalry of Church and State, 57-8. _Vide_ Church.

Rivera, General Primo de, attempts to subdue the Igorrotes, 124; reappointed Gov.-General to suppress the Rebellion of 1896, 211, 389; edict of concentration by, 391; reward to, for closing first period of the Rebellion, 399; recalled to Spain, 408

Rivers, 14, 23

Rizal, Dr. Jose, 366, 381 _et .seq._; "My last Thought," poem by, 386; the widow of, 386; public subscription to monument of, 389 (footnote); "_Dimas alang_," 389 (footnote)

Rizal Province, 212 (footnote), 560

Roads, under Spain, 218; under America, 627

Rodas, Miguel de, 31

Rodriguez, Estevan, 131

Rojas, Pedro P., biographical note of, 366 (footnote)

Rojo, Archbishop-Governor, 62, 88, 97

Rosario, Pantaleon E. del, 524-5, 528

Russell & Sturgis, 255, 257

Sabas, Colonel, 107

Sago, 321

Sala destroyed, 18

Salas, Quintin, 516-7

Salaries, of Spanish officials, 214; of municipal officers, 560; of American officials, 561; of mayors, 567

Salazar, Domingo, Bishop of Manila, 51, 56

Salcedo, Gov.-General Diego, 59

Salcedo, Juan, 35, 51, 212 (footnote)

Samales, the Moro tribe of, 145

Samar Island, rebellion in, 102; insurgency in, 535; slaughter of Americans in, 536; _pulajanes_ in, 551

_Sampaguita_, 323

San Juan del Monte, Battle of, 368

San Miguel, the bandit, 546

Sanchez, Alonso, 52

_Sanctorum_ tax, 53

_Sangdugong Panaguinip_, 412

_Sangley_ (Chinese), 118

Sanitation, 198

Sanson, Melanio, 582

Sanson, Pedro, 528

Santa Clara Convent, 81

San Victores, Fray Diego de, 39

_Santo Officio_, 59

_Santones_, 189, 521

Santos, Father Moises, murdered, 408

Sapan-wood, 312; shipments of, 646

Saps of trees, 312

Schools. _Vide_ Education.

Schueck, Captain, 587 (footnote)

Schurman Commission, the, 498, 562

Scott, Major Hugh L., 583-6, 588

Scout corps, 570

Sculpture, 196

Seasons, 22

Secret Police Service, 567

Sedition, 553; seditious plays, 554; law passed, 545

Separation of Spain and Portugal, 81

Serrano, Juan R., 26, 28

Sevilla, Dr. Mariano, 596-7, 604-5

Sheep, 338

Shipping Law of 1904, the, 620

Shrines, 187

Siao (Moluccas), King of, 73-4

_Sibucao_, 312

Sibuguey, the Prince of, 131

Siguey shells, 243

Silan, Diego de, rebellion of, 100

Silva, Geromino de, 76

Silva, Gov.-General Fernando de, 76

Silva, Gov.-General Juan de, 74

Silver, imports and exports of, 647

_Simbilin_ weapon, 147

_Sinamnay_ stuff, 282

Singson, Father, 597

Sioco, 48

_Situado_, the _real_, 244

Slavery, 54, 55 (footnote), 191; among Moros, 151

Small-pox, 197

Smugglers, in Mexico, 247, 260, 262, 626

Snakes, 339

Soldiers in olden times, 231

_Solidaridud, La_, the seditionary organ, 363, 382

Soliman, Rajah, 35, 51

Solis River, 26

Somangalit, Cristobal, 37

Spiritualists, 608

Saint Lazarus, Archipelago of, 28

State and Church feuds, 58

Statistics of trade, 639-50

Steamships introduced, 132

Stone, 334

Stotsenberg, Colonel, death of, 495

Sual port, 261

Subsidy, the Mexican, 244

Subuanos, the Moro tribe of, 145-6, 155

Sugar-cane, yield of, 271; cultivation of, 272; sugar-extraction from, 278; molasses yield, 273; sugar-blends, 275; world's production of sugar, 275

Sugar, the duty on, in America, 623; shipments of, 642-3

Sulphur, 21, 334

Sultan Mahamad Alimudin, 134; treaty with, 138

Sulu, the Sultan of, 140; the present Sultan, 141, 587-8; visits Manila, 588; pension to him and chiefs, 151, 571, 580; titles of, 151; dress of, 153; across Sulu to Maybun, 153; produce of Sulu, 153; official reception by, 154; the Sultanas of, 154. _Vide_ Moros

Sumoroy's rebellion, 103

Supa (wood), 316

Supreme Court, abolished, 56; re-established, 57; of Cebu, 57

Surigao, revolt in, 102

_Surra_, the disease, 622

_Suya_(Chinese), 118

Taal, volcano of, 17; town of, destroyed, 18-20, 166

Taft Commission, the, 562-3

Taft, William II., biographical note of, 562 (footnote); his policy in the Islands, 564; appointed Secretary of War, 564; 613

Tagalog, meaning of the term, 164; character of, 171; hospitality of, 172

Tagalog rebellion, the, 362 _et seq._ _Vide_ Rebellion of 1896

Tagbanuas tribe, the, 158; dress, customs, country of, 159

Taguban tribe, the, 146

Taguima, 129 (footnote)

Tamarind, 320

Tanauan destroyed, 18

Tancad, the bandit, 239

_Tanga_ (edible insect), 342

Tattarassa, Sultan, 142 (footnote), 585

Taxation, of land, 625, 629; the Internal Revenue Law of 1904, 630

Taxes under Spain, 217, 224, 228

Tayabas rebellion, 105

Taycosama, Emperor of Japan, 65

Taytay fort, 231

Telegraph service, 267

Temperature, 22; of Illana Hay coast (Mindanao Is.), 157; of Zamboanga, 535

Teng-teng, Datto, 139

Theatres, 349, 558

_Tiangui_, 304 (footnote)

Tidal wave, 23

_Tiki-tiki_, 277

Timbang, Datto, 585

Timber, 312; relative strengths of, 317

_Tinaja_, 273 (footnote)

Tindalo (wood), 316

Tindig, Paguian, the Moro, 129

Tinguian tribe, the, 126

Tinio, General Manuel, 545 (footnote)

Tiruraya tribe, the, 146

Tithes to the Church, 55

Tobacco, 292; under monopoly, 293; free trade in, 296; risks of trade in, 298; qualities and districts, 298; cigar values, 299; _Compania General de Tabacos_, 299; the duty on, in America, 625; shipments of, 644

To-Kogunsama, Emperor of Japan, 70

Tonnage, 628, 647

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 25 (footnote)

Torralba, acting Gov.-General, 60; impeachment of, 79; dies a beggar, 80

Torres, Fray Juan de, 116

Tournon, Mons. Maillard de, 84

Town Hall, 217, 226

Trade (under Spain), the early history of, 243 _et seq._; the Mexican subsidy, 244; the _Consulado_ trading-ring, 244; the _boleta_ shipping-warrant, 244; the galleons, 245; the _Obras Pias_, 245; losses of treasure, 246; prohibitions on, 248; penalties on free-traders, 250; the budget in 1757, 251; Spanish company failures, 252; the _Real Compania de Filipinas_, 252; the _Compania Guipuzcoana de Caracas_, 252; foreign traders admitted, 255; Russell & Sturgis, 255; Nicholas Loney, 255; Manila port opened to foreign trade, 256; first foreign traders, 257; Banks, 258; the _Compania General de Tabacos_, 299 (under America), 620; effect of the war on, 621; the carrying-trade, 628; American traders, 628; proportion of tonnage, 628; total tonnage, 647; the new currency, 635-7; Banks, 637-8; statistical tables, 639-50; produce shipments, 639-46; gold and silver exports and imports, 647; exchange fluctuations, 647; proportionate table of imports and exports, 648-50

Trading Governors, 212

Tragedy of the _Calle de Camba_, 401

Travellers, regulations affecting alien, 617

Treaties made with rebels, 396 (footnote)

Treaty of Paris (1898), text of the, 478 _et seq._

Treaty, of Tordesillas, 25 (footnote), 253; of Antwerp, 72, 253; of the "Family Compact," 72, 87; of Paris (1703), 96; with Sultan Mahamad Alimudin, 138; of Utrecht and the Asiento Contract, 257; of Malacanan, 396 (footnote); of Biac-na-bato, 396, 414 (footnote); of Navotas, 397 (footnote); of Paris (1898), 472, 478

Tree-saps, 312

Trent, Council of, the, 605 (footnote)

Trepang (_balate_), 312

Trias, General Manuel, 544, 548-9

_Tribunal_, 217, 226

Tribute, 53, 224

Tuba (beverage), 304

_Talisan_, the, 235, 547; outrages by, 236, 239, 548-9

Tupas, King of Cebu, 35

Typhoons, 355

"_Ualang sugat_," the seditious play of, 554

Union of Spain and Portugal, 72

Urbiztondo, expedition against Moros by, 139

Urdaneta, Andres de, 31, 33, 35

Utrecht, the Peace of, 257

Utto, Datto, 142

Vagrant Act, the, 568

Valenzuela, Prime Minister, banished, 83

Valenzuela, Sancho, 368; execution of, 369

Vanilla, 321

Vargas, Gov.-General Juan, impeachment of, 79

Vegetable produce, 321

Veteran civil guard, 231

Vicars, Camp, 574 (footnote)

Villa Corta, 94, 96, 98

Villalobos expedition, the, 32

Villa Fernandina, 48

Vilo, Roman, 529

Virgin of Antipolo, 267

Visayo, characteristics of the, 172

Volcano, Mayou, 16; Taal, 17

Volcano Island discovered, 32

War, the Spanish-American, 117; allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid, 423; General Augusti's call to arms, 424; General Augusti's proclamation, 425; volunteers reorganized, 426; the Battle of Cavite, 427; Cavite occupied, 429; Spain makes peace overtures, 458; text of the Protocol of Peace, 459; Americans attack Manila, 462; surrender of the city, 464; capitulation signed, 465

War of Independence, the, 484; the Philippine Republic, 486; opening shot and Battle of Paco, 487; fight at Coloocan, 487; fight at Gagalanging, 488; the Igorrote contingent, 488; Malabon and Malinta captured, 489; death of Col. Egbert, 489; Santa Cruz (Manila) in flames, 489; Battle of Marilao, 490; Malolos captured, 491; insurgent retreat to Calumpit, 492; American proclamation of intentions, 492; Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured, 494; Lieut. Gilmore's expedition to Baler captured, 494; American reverse at Gingua, 495; crossing the Bagbag River, 496; Calumpit captured, 496; burning of S.S. _Saturnus_, 503; death of Gen. Lawton, 504; fight at Narvican, 505; capture of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, 507; American occupation of Yloilo, 511-6 --of Cebu, 523--of Bojol Island, 528--of Zamboanga, 532; capture of Vicente Lucban, 545

Water-cure, 517 (footnote)

Wax, 311

Weyler, General, 417-8, 431

Wheaton, General, 488-91, 497

White ants, 340

Wild boar, 340

Wild tribes, the, percentage of in the population, 120

Wood, General Leonard, biographical note of, 576 (footnote); victory of, at Kudarangan, 581; captures Panglima Hassan, 584

Woods, 312; relative strengths of, 317

Wright, Governor Luke E., biographical note of, 564

Xogusama, Emperor of Japan, 69

Yacal (wood), 316

Ylang-Ylang, 325

Yligan fort, 77, 231

Yloilo, the port of, 261; native government in, 511; Gen. Miller's expedition to, 511; the Panay insurgent army, 512; panic in, 513; incendiarism and looting in, 515; bombardment of, 516; surrenders of insurgent leaders, 517; general surrender at Jaro, 518; the town of, 518

Zabalburu, Gov.-General Domingo, 42

_Zaguan_, 353

Zamboanga, the fort of, 77, 133, 233; the port of, 261-2; critical position of the Spaniards at, 531; anarchy in, 532; American occupation of, 532; the town of, 535

Zamora, Father Jacinto, executed, 107

Zobel, Jacobo, 367 (footnote)

Printed and Bound by Hazell, Watson and Viney, LD London and Aylesbury

NOTES

[1] "Historia General de Philipinas," Chap. I., Part I., Vol. I., by Juan de la Concepcion published in 14 vols., Manila, 1788.

[2] "No es necessario calificar el derecho a tales reinos o dominios, especialmente entre vasallos de reyes tan justos y Catholicos y tan obedientes hijos de la suprema autoridad apostolica con cuia facultad han ocupado estas regiones."--_Ibid._

[3] "Dominium a possessione coepisse dicitur."--_Law maxim_.

[4] In September, 1890, a lawsuit was still pending between the Dominican Corporation and a number of native residents in Calamba (Laguna) who disputed the Dominicans' claim to lands in that vicinity so long as the Corporation were unable to exhibit their title. For this implied monastic indiscriminate acquisition of real estate several of the best native families (some of them personally known to me) were banished to the Island of Mindoro.

[5] According to the Spanish Hydrographic Map, it is 8,813 feet: the Pajal and Montano Expedition (1880) made it 10,270 feet; the Schadenberg and Koch Expedition (1882) computed it at 10,827 feet.

[6] _Vide_ pamphlet published immediately after the event by Father Francisco Aragoneses, P.P. of Cagsaua, begging alms for the victims.

[7] "Hist. de la Prov. de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de Castro y Amades. Inedited MS. in the Bauan Convent, Batangas.

[8] MS. exhaustive report of the eruptions of Taal Volcano in 1749 and 1754, dated December 22, 1754, compiled by Fray Francisco Vencuchillo. Preserved in the archives of the Corporation of Saint Augustine in Manila.

[9] Still it appears that all classes were willing to risk their lives to save their property. They were not forcibly detained in that plight.

[10] "Hist. de la Prov. de Batangas," por Don Pedro Andres de Castro y Amades. Inedited MS. in the Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.

[11] "Hist. de Filipinas," by Dr. Gaspar de San Agustin, 2 vols. First part published in Madrid, 1698, the second part yet inedited and preserved in the archives of the Corporation of Saint Augustine in Manila.

[12] P.P. of Taal from 1572 to 1575.

[13] In the same archives of the Saint Augustine Corporation in Manila an eruption in 1641 is recorded.

[14] During the previous century jealousy had run so high between Spain and Portugal with regard to their respective colonization and trading rights, that the question of demarcation had to be settled by the Pope Alexander VI., who issued a bull dated May 4, 1493, dividing the world into two hemispheres, and decreeing that all heathen lands discovered in the Western half, from the meridian 100 leagues W. of Cape Verd Island, should belong to the Spaniards; in the Eastern half to the Portuguese. The bull was adopted by both nations in the Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494). It gave rise to many passionate debates, as the Spaniards wrongly insisted that the Philippines and the Moluccas came within the division allotted to them by Pontifical donation.

[15] Probably so called from the enormous number of _patos_ (ducks) found there.

[16] The Visayos, inhabiting the central group of the Archipelago, tattooed themselves; a cutaneous disease also disfigured the majority; hence for many years their islands were called by the Spaniards _Islas de los pintados_.

[17] Legaspi and Guido Lavezares, under oath, made promises of rewards to the Lacandola family and a remission of tribute in perpetuity, but they were not fulfilled. In the following century--year 1660--it appears that the descendants of the Rajah Lacandola still upheld the Spanish authority, and having become sorely impoverished thereby, the heir of the family petitioned the Governor (Sabiniano Manrique de Lara) to make good the honour of his first predecessors. Eventually the Lacandolas were exempted from the payment of tribute and poll-tax for ever, as recompense for the filching of their domains.

In 1884, when the fiscal reforms were introduced which abolished the tribute and established in lieu thereof a document of personal identity (_cedula personal_), for which a tax was levied, the last vestige of privilege disappeared.

Descendants of Lacandola are still to be met with in several villages near Manila. They do not seem to have materially profited by their transcendent ancestry--one of them I found serving as a waiter in a French restaurant in the capital in 1885.

[18] _Velas_, Spanish for sails.

[19] _Ladrones_, Spanish for thieves.

[20] Mr. Doane is reported to have died in Honolulu about June, 1890

[21] Guido de Lavezares deposed a Sultan in Borneo in order to aid another to the throne, and even asked permission of King Philip II. to conquer China, which of course was not conceded to him. _Vide_ also the history of the destruction of the Aztec (Mexican) and Incas (Peruvian) dynasties by the Spaniards, in W. H. Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico" and "Conquest of Peru."

[22] _Maestre de Campo_ (obsolete grade) about equivalent to the modern General of Brigade. This officer was practically the military governor.

[23] According to Juan de la Concepcion, in his "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," Vol. I., p. 431, Li-ma-hong made his escape by cutting a canal for his ships to pass through, but this would appear to be highly improbable under the circumstances.

[24] Some authors assert that only Soliman rebelled.

[25] Domingo Salazar, the first Bishop of Manila, took possession in 1581. He and one companion were the only Dominicans in the Islands until 1587.

[26] Bondage in the Philippines was apparently not so necessary for the interests of the Church as it was in Cuba, where a commission of friars, appointed soon after the discovery of the Island, to deliberate on the policy of partially permitting slavery there, reported "that the Indians would not labour without compulsion and that, unless they laboured, they could not be brought into communication with the whites, nor be converted to Christianity." _Vide_ W. H. Prescott's Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico," tom. II., Chap, i., p. 104, ed. 1878.

[27] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. III., Chap, ix., p. 365, published at Manila, 1788.

[28] "Long live the Church," "Long live our King Philip V."

[29] Now the suburb of Paco. Between 1606 and 1608, owing to a rising of the Japanese settlers, their dwellings in Dilao were sacked and the settlement burnt.

[30] Portugal was forcibly annexed to the Spanish Crown from 1581 to 1640.

[31] Philip II.'s persecution of religious apostates during the "Wars of the Flanders" was due as much to the fact that Protestantism was becoming a political force, threatening Spain's dominion, as to Catholic sentiment.

[32] Religious intolerance in Spain was confirmed in 1822 by the New Penal Code of that date; the text reads thus: "Todo el que conspirase directamente y de hecho a establecer otra religion en las Espanas, o a que la Nacion Espanola deje de profesar la religion Apostolica Romana es traidor y sufrira la pena de muerte." Articulo 227 del Codigo Penal presentado a las Cortes en 22 de Abril de 1821 y sancionado en 1822."

[33] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepeion Vol. III., Chap. viii.

[34] This hospital was rebuilt with a legacy left by the Gov.-General Don Manuel de Leon in 1677. It was afterwards subsidized by the Government, and was under the care of the Franciscan friars up to the close of the Spanish dominion.

[35] From this date the Molucca Islands were definitely evacuated and abandoned by the Spaniards, although as many men and as much material and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies there as in the whole Philippine Colony up to that period.

[36] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. VII., p. 48, published at Manila, 1788.

[37] Macao is held by the Portuguese since 1557. During the Union of Spain and Portugal (1581-1640), the Dutch made two unsuccessful attempts to seize it (1622 and 1627). This colony was the great European-Chinese emporium prior to Hong-Kong (1841), and paid crown rent to China up to 1848.

[38] Zuniga's History, Vol II., Chap xii., English translation, published in London, 1814.

[39] Cronica de los P. P. Dominicos, Vol. IV., pp. 637 to 650, edition of Rivadenayra, published in Madrid.

[40] This money constituted the Manila merchants' specie remittances from Acapulco, together with the Mexican subsidy to support the administration of this Colony, which was merely a dependency of Mexico up to the second decade of last century (_vide_ Chap. xv.).

[41] Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin (_vide_ Chap. x.).

[42] So tenacious was the opposition of the Austin friars, both in Manila and the provinces, that the British appear to have regarded them as their special foes.

From the archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas, I have taken the following notes, viz.:--The Austin friars lost P 238,000 and 15 convents. Six of their estates were despoiled. The troops killed were 300 Spaniards, 500 Pampanga natives, and 300 Tagalog natives. Besides the Austin friars from the galleon _Trinidad_, who were made prisoners and shipped to Bombay, 10 of their Order were killed in battle and 19 were captured and exiled to India and Europe.

[43] The prominent men in this movement were the brothers Palmero, maternal uncles of the well-known Spanish soldier-politician, General Marcelo Azcarraga.

Born in 1832 in Manila, General Marcelo Azcarraga was the son of Jose Azcarraga, a Biscayan Spaniard, and his creole wife Dr. Maria Palmero. Jose Azcarraga was a bookseller, established in the _Escolta_ (Binondo), in a building (burnt down in October, 1885) on the site where stood the General Post Office up to June, 1904. In the fire of 1885 the first MS. of the first edition of this work was consumed, and had to be re-written. Jose Azcarraga had several sons and daughters. His second son, Marcelo, first studied law at St. Thomas' University, and then entered the Nautical School, where he gained the first prize in mathematics. Sent to Spain to continue his studies, he entered the Military School, and in three years' time obtained the rank of Captain. For his services against the O'Donnell revolutionary movement (1854) in Madrid, he was promoted to Major. At the age of twenty-three he obtained the Cross of San Fernando (with pension). Having served Spain with distinction in several important missions to Mexico, Cuba, and Sto. Domingo, he returned to Cuba and espoused the daughter of the great banker, Fesser, who gave him a fortune of L20,000 on the day of his marriage. In the year of Isabella II.'s deposition (1868) he returned to Spain, promoted the Bourbon restoration, and became Lieut.-General on the proclamation of Alfonso XII. (1875). He then became successively M.P., Senator by election, and life Senator. He was Minister of War under Canovas del Castillo, on whose assassination (Aug. 8, 1897) he became Prime Minister of the Interim Government specially charged to keep order until after the unpopular marriage of the Princess of Asturias. After several Ministerial changes he again took the leadership of the Government, was lately President of the Senate, and on his retirement, at the age of seventy-two, he received the _Toison de Oro_ (Golden Fleece)--the most elevated Order in Spain. On his mother's side he descends from the Philippine creole family of the Conde de Lizarraga, and is uncle to the Conde de Albay, better known in Philippine society as Senor Govantes.

[44] It was practically a secret branch of the _Junta General de Reformas_ authorized to discuss reforms, and created by the Colonial Minister Becerra during the governor-generalship of General La Torre in the time of the Provisional Government in Spain which succeeded the deposed Queen Isabella II.

[45] He was the grandfather of one of the most conspicuous surviving generals of the Tagalog Rebellion (1896) and the War of Independence (1899).

[46] Jose Maria Basa was the son of Matias Basa, a builder and contractor by trade, who made a contract with the Spanish Government to fill up the stream which branched from the Pasig River and crossed the _Escolta_ (Manila), where now stands the street called _Calle de San Jacinto_. In consideration of this work he was permitted to build houses on the reclaimed land, provided he made a thoroughfare where the former bed of the rivulet existed. This undertaking made his fortune. His son, Jose Maria, had several trading schemes, the most prosperous of which was his distillery at Trozo (Manila), which brought him large profits, and was a flourishing concern in 1872. On being amnestied, he established himself in Hong-Kong, where he is still living with his family in easy circumstances and highly respected. His unbounded hospitality to all who know him, and especially to his countrymen, has justly earned for him in Hong-Kong the title of the "Father of the Filipinos."

Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor y Jurado, a young lawyer, was arrested and banished to the Ladrone Islands, whence he afterwards escaped to Hong-Kong in a foreign vessel, disguised as a priest. From that Colony he found his way to France, where he intended to settle, but eventually established himself in London, where he still holds a high position as a Spanish consulting lawyer. By his marriage with an Irish lady, he has a son and several charming daughters, his well-appointed home being the rendezvous of all the best class of Filipinos who visit the British metropolis.

[47] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. IV., p. 53. Published in Manila, 1788.

[48] Ibid., Vol. V., p. 429.

[49] About two per thousand of the resident Chinese were _not_ originally coolies.

[50] General Wong Yung Ho, accompanied by a Chinese Justice of the High Court, visited Australia in the middle of the year 1887. In a newspaper of that Colony, it was reported that after these persons had been courteously entertained and shown the local institutions and industries, they had the effrontery to protest against the State Laws, and asked for a repeal of the "poll tax"--considered there the only check upon a Chinese coolie inundation!

[51] Just before the naval engagement of Playa Honda between Dutch and Spanish ships (_vide_ p. 75) the Dutch intercepted Chinese junks on the way to Manila, bringing, amongst their cargoes of food, as many as 12,000 capons.

[52] Since about the year 1885, this system, which entailed severe losses, gradually fell into disuse, and business on _cash terms_ became more general.

[53] In old writings, laws, and documents, and in ordinary parlance up to the evacuation by the Spaniards in 1898, the inhabitants of these Islands (civilized or uncivilized) were almost invariably referred to as _Indios, Indigenas, Naturales, Mestizos, Espanoles-Filipinos_, etc., the term "Filipino" being seldom used. The Revolution of 1896 generalized the appellation "Filipino" now in common use.

Throughout this work, "Filipino" is taken as the substantive and "Philippine" as the adjective, that being the correct English form.

The Americans, however, use "Filipino" both substantively and adjectivally.

[54] For an exhaustive treatise on this subject the reader is recommended to peruse A. R. Wallace's "The Malay Archipelago." Published in London, 1869.

[55] The _Ibanacs_ are the ordinary domesticated natives inhabiting the extreme north of Luzon and the banks of the Rio Grande de Cagayan for some miles up. Some of them have almost black skins. I found them very manageable.

[56] According to Father Pedro Murillo, the ancient name of Basilan was Taguima, so called from a river there of that name.

[57] Mahometanism appears to have been introduced into the Islands of Borneo and Mindanao by Arabian missionary prophets.

[58] It was called the _Fuerza del Pilar_, and is now the American Moro Province military headquarters and head quartermaster's office and depot. The image of Our Lady in a niche in the north wall is much revered by Catholics.

[59] _Paseo de los gigantes_, the custom still existing in Spain of introducing giant figures into popular festivities, reminding one of Guy Fawkes.

[60] The Sultan complained that he had not been treated in Manila with dignity equal to his rank and quality, and that he had constantly been under guard of soldiers in his residence (this was explained to be a guard-of-honour).

[61] Cholera has considerably reduced the population. In 1902 this disease carried off about 10 per cent.

[62] Brunei signifies, in pure Malay, the _whole_ of Borneo Island.

[63] The Sultan told me years afterwards that his uncle's nomination by the Spaniards troubled him very little, as he was always recognized by his people as their sovereign. In the end intrigues were made against Datto Harun Narrasid, who agreed to accept his nephew's vassal sultanate of Paragua, where he died, and was succeeded by his son, Sultan Tattarassa, whom I met in Jolo in 1904.

[64] Cottabato is derived from _Cotta_, a fort, and _Bato_, stone.

[65] By Royal Order of June, 1890, Brig.-General Arolas was appointed Governor of Mindanao. He died in Valencia (Spain) May, 1899.

[66] According to Sonnerat, Sulu Island produced elephants!--_vide_ "Voyages aux Indes et a la Chine," Vol. III., Chap. x. I have not seen the above statement confirmed in any writing. Certainly there is no such animal in these islands at the present day.

[67] This building was destroyed by Colonel Arolas, April 15, 1887 (_vide_ p. 144).

[68] A few outposts had recently been established by Royal Decree. They were all under the command of a captain, _vide_ Chap. xiii.

[69] There is another tribe in Palauan Island called _Batacs_, with Papuan noses, curly hair, and very dark skin. Their origin is a mystery.

[70] Alfred Marche calls this the _Tragulus ranchil_, and says it is also to be found in Malacca, Cochin China, and Pulo Condor (_vide_ "Lucon et Palaouan," par A. Marche. Paris, 1887).

[71] By Royal Order of August 20, 1888, a concession of 12,000 to 14,000 hectares of land in Palauan was granted to Felipe Canga-Argueelles y Villalba, ex-Governor of Puerta Princesa, for the term of 20 years.

He could work mines, cut timber, and till the land so conceded under the law called "Ley de Colonias Agricolas," of September 4, 1884, which was little more than an extension to the Philippines of the Peninsula forest and agricultural law of June 3, 1868 (_vide Gaceta de Madrid_ of September 29, 1888). It appears, however, from the Colonial Minister's despatch No. 515, to the Gov.-General of the Colony, dated May 24, 1890, that the concessionaire had endeavoured to associate himself with foreigners for the working of the concession. I myself had received from him several letters on the subject. The wording of the despatch shows that suspicion was entertained of an eventual intention to declare territorial independence in Palauan. The Government, wishing to avoid the possibility of embroilment with a foreign nation, unfortunately felt constrained to impose such restrictions upon the concessionaire as to render his enterprise valueless.

[72] We have several modern instances of similar volcanic disturbances creating and demolishing land surface, on an infinitely lesser scale--e.g., the disappearance of Krakatoa and the entire town and busy port of Anger in 1883; the eruption which swallowed up the whole inhabited Japanese island Torii Shima; the appearance of an entirely new island, Nii Shima (about lat. 25 deg. N.), within the past twelve months; and, within the historical period, the apparition of the Kurile Islands.

[73] _Vide_ Chap. v. By way of retaliation for the expulsion of Spanish missionaries from Japan in the l7th century, all the male Japanese above ten years of age were ordered to leave their settlements up the Lake. Under this order over 20,000 of them were expelled from the Colony. There was a Japanese temple existing (though not in use as such) in the suburbs of Manila up to last century, when Gov.-General Norzagaray (1857-60) had it destroyed.

[74] The Spaniards must have been quite cognisant of these rites, seeing that the Moorish invasion of Spain lasted nearly eight centuries, namely from the year 711 up to 1492--only a couple of decades before Legaspi's generation.

[75] Based on this tradition, Don Jose Carvajal has written a very interesting play entitled _Ligaya_. It was produced at the National Theatre, Manila, in 1904.

[76] Possibly the people of Tondo (Manila) learnt from the Chinese the art of preparing that canine delicacy called _Cubang-aso_.

[77] Consequent on the American advent, wages steadily rose proportionately to the increased cost of everything. But when, later on, wages far exceeded the native's needs, he demanded more and actually went on strike to obtain it!

[78] With regard to this characteristic among the Chinese, Sir John Bowring (late Governor of Hong-Kong) affirms that the Chinese respect their writings and traditions, whilst they do not believe a lie to be a fault, and in some of their classical works it is especially recommended, in order to cheat and confuse foreign intruders (_vide_ "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring, LL.D., F.R.S. Manila, 1876 Spanish edition, p. 176).

[79] See the Army Regulations for the advantages granted to military men who married Philippine-born women (_vide_also p. 53).

[80] _Catapusan_ signifies in native dialect the gathering of friends, which terminates the festival connected with any event or ceremony, whether it be a wedding, a funeral, a baptism, or an election of local authorities, etc. The festivities after a burial last nine days, and on the last day of wailing, drinking, praying, and eating, the meeting is called the _Catapusan_.

[81] "Historia de Nuestra Senora La Virgen de Antipolo," by M. Romero. Published in Manila, 1886.

[82] He became a prelate twenty-one years afterwards, having been ordained Bishop of Nueva Segovia in 1671.

[83] A decree issued by Don Juan de Ozaeta, a magistrate of the Supreme Court, in his general visit of inspection to the provinces, dated May 26, 1696, enacts the following, viz.:--"That Chinese half-castes and headmen shall be compelled to go to church and attend Divine Service, and act according to the customs established in the villages." The penalty for an infraction of this mandate by a male was "20 lashes in the public highway and two months' labour in the Royal Rope Walk (in Taal), or in the Galleys of Cavite." If the delinquent was a female, the chastisement was "one month of public penance in the church." The _Alcalde_ or Governor of the Province who did not promptly inflict the punishment was to be mulcted in the sum of "P200, to be paid to the Royal Treasury."

[84] _Diario de Manila_, Saturday, July 28, 1888.

[85] _Vide p._ 54. According to Concepcion, there were headmen at the time of the Conquest who had as many as 300 slaves, and as a property they ranked next in value to gold (_vide_ "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, published in Manila in 1788, in 14 volumes).

[86] _Vide_ "Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias," Ley V. xiii., lib. i.

[87] Referring to Leprosy, the _Charity Record_, London, December 15, 1898, says:--"Reliable estimates place the number of lepers in India, China, and Japan at 1,000,000. About 500,000 probably would be a correct estimate for India only, although the official number is less, owing to the many who from being hidden, or homeless, or from other causes, escape enumeration."

[88] Navarrete's "Coleccion de los Viajes y Descubrimientos," tom. II., Nos. 12, 18. Madrid, 1825.

[89] In the turbulent ages, centuries ago, it was not an uncommon thing for a prince or nobleman to secure his domain against seizure or conquest by transferring it nominally to the Pope, from whom he thenceforth held it as a papal fief.

[90] Under the Spanish Government, the See of Manila comprised the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, Zambales, Cavite, La Laguna, Bataan, Island of Mindoro, and part of Tarlac. The other part of Tarlac was in the See of Nueva Segovia, which had (in 1896) ecclesiastical control over 997,629 Christians and 172,383 pagans. The See of Jaro is the one most recently created (1867).

[91] The Royal Decree setting forth the execution of this Brief was printed in Madrid in 1773. This politic-religious Order was banished from Portugal and Spain in 1767. In Madrid, on the night of March 31, the Royal Edict was read to the members of the Company of Jesus, who were allowed time to pack up their most necessary chattels and leave for the coast, where they were hurriedly embarked for Rome. The same Order was suppressed for ever in France in 1764.

[92] At the date of the Tagalog Rebellion (1896) the Jesuits in the Islands were as follows: In Manila, 24 priests, 25 lay brothers, and 13 teachers; in Mindanao, 62 priests and 43 lay brothers, making a total of 167 individuals. They were not allowed to possess real estate.

[93] _Vide_ "Catalogo de los Religiosos de N.S.P. San Agustin." Published in Manila, 1864.

[94] The Augustinian Order was founded in the 4th century; the Franciscan in 1210 and confirmed by Papal Bull in 1223; the Dominican in 1261; the Recoleto in 1602; the Benedictine in 530; the Capuchin in 1209 and the Paulist in 1625.

[95] For any further expense this might incur, 3 per cent, was deducted from the parish priests' emoluments.

[96] "Recopilacion de las Leyes de Indias."--Ley 46, tit. 14, lib. 1 deg., forbids priests and members of any religious body to take part in matters of Civil Government.

[97] In the early days of Mexican conquest, the conquered land was apportioned to the warriors under the name of _Repartimentos_, but such divisions included the absolute possession of the natives as slaves (_vide_ "La vida y escritos del P. Fray Bartolome de las Casas, Obispo de Chiapa," by Antonio Maria Fabie, Colonial Minister in the Canovas Cabinet of 1890 Madrid).

[98] Juan Salcedo, Legaspi's grandson (_vide_ Chaps. ii. and iv.) was rewarded with several _Encomiendas_ in the Ilocos provinces, on the west coast of Luzon, where he levied a tribute on the natives whom he subdued.

[99] Changed afterwards to Manila Province; now called Rizal Province (Morong district incorporated therein) since the American occupation.

[100] "Noticias de Filipinas," by Don Eusebio Mazorca. Inedited MS. dated 1840, in the Archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.

[101] The text reads thus:--"Para ser jefe de Provincia en estas Islas no se requiere carrera, conocimientos ni servicios determinados, todos son aptos y admisibles.... Es cosa bastante comun ver a un peluquero o lacayo de un gobernador, a un marinero y a un desertor transformado de repente en Alcalde-Mayor, sub-delegado y Capitan a guerra de una provincia populosa, sin otro consejero que su rudo entendimiento, ni mas guia que sus pasiones." Tomas de Comyn was an employee of the "_Real Compania de Filipinas_" (q.v.), and subsequently Spanish Consul-General in Lisbon.

[102] Transferred to Bais in January, 1889, in consequence of the rise of brigandage in the S.E. of Negros Island.

The brigands, under the leadership of a native named Camartin and another, who declared themselves prophets, plundered the planters along that coast, and committed such notorious crimes that troops had to be despatched there under the command of the famous Lieut.-Colonel Villa-Abrille. The Gov.-General Valeriano Weyler went to the Visayas Islands and personally directed the operations.

[103] From January 1, 1889, the Government Financial year was made concurrent with the year of the Calendar.

[104] The text reads thus:--"Cada Jefe de Provincia es un verdadero Sultan y cuando acaba su administracion solo se habla en la Capital de los miles de pesos que saco _limpios_ de su alcaldia."--"Noticias de Filipinas," by Don Eusebio Mazorca. Inedited MS. dated 1840. In the archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas.

[105] The text reads thus:--"Cobrando el Alcalde en palay el tributo, solo abona al indio dos reales plata por caban; introduce en cajas reales su importe en metalico y vende despues el palay en seis, ocho y a veces mas reales fuertes plata cada caban y le resulta con esta sencilla operacion un doscientos o trescientos por ciento de ganancia.... Ahora recientito esta acusado el Ministro Interventor de Zamboanga por el Gobernador de aquella plaza de haberse utilizado aquel de 15,000 a 16,000 pesos solo con el trocatinte de la medida.... Se cuenta al mismo interventor a que me refiero 50,000 a 60,000 pesos cuando el sueldo de su empleo--oficial 2 deg. de la Contaduria--es de 540 pesos al ano."--_Ibid_.

[106] The Audit Office was suppressed and revived, and again suppressed on January 1, 1889.

[107] There was also a tenth class _gratis_ for the clergy, army and navy forces, and convicts, and a "_privileged_" class _gratis_ for petty-governors and their wives, Barangay chiefs and their wives, and Barangay chiefs' assistants, called "primogenito" (primogenito means first born--perhaps it was anticipated that he Would "assist" his father in his gratuitous government service).

[108] This was not included in Army Estimates, but in Civil Government. Officers from Captain (inclusive) upwards "In expectation of Service" and "In excess of Active Service requirements," received only four-fifths of ordinary pay.

[109] In 1888 the "King's Regiment" was divided into two regiments, under new denominations, viz.:--"Castillo, No. 1" (April 3), and "Espana, No. 1" (June 18).

[110] This gentleman is at present residing in the county of Essex, England.

[111] Under British law, a litigant is not allowed to bring and conduct an action _in forma pauperis_ until it is proved that he is not worth L5 after his debts are paid; and, moreover, he must obtain a certificate from a barrister that he has _good cause of action_.

[112] According to Zuniga ("Hist. de Philipinas"), the ancient inhabitants of Luzon Island had a kind of shell-money--the _Siguey_ shell. _Siguey_ shells are so plentiful at the present day that they are used by children to play at _Sunca_.

[113] _Situado_ is not literally "Subsidy," but it was tantamount to that.

[114] The values of shipments by law established were little regarded.

[115] The _Obras Pias_ (i.e., Pious Works) funds were legacies left exclusively by Spaniards, chiefly pious persons, for separate beneficent objects. Two-thirds of the capital were to be lent at interest, to stimulate trade abroad, and one-third was to be a reserve against possible losses. When the accumulated interest on the original capital had reached a certain amount, it was to be applied to the payment of masses for the repose of the donors' souls.

The peculations of the Gov.-General Pedro Manuel de Arandia (1754-59) permitted him to amass a fortune of a quarter of a million pesos in less than five years' service, which sum he left to pious works. On the secession of Mexico (in 1819) the Government took over the _Obras Pias_ funds, to control their administration. There is reason to believe that many of the donations were the fruits of the corrupt practices of high officials, the legacies being for their benefit hereafter.

The funds were severally administered by the four boards of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, the Recoletos and Santa Isabel, controlled by one general board of management. In 1850 the Spanish Government, in the exercise of its right (_Real patronato_) to intervene in all ecclesiastical administrative affairs, ordered these funds to be transferred to a banking establishment entitled the "Banco Espanol de Isabel II.," more generally known as the "Banco Espanol-Filipino" (q.v.). The _Obras Pias_ funds constituted the original capital of this bank. The board, presided over by the Archbishop, still continued to control the manipulation of these funds by the bank, the income derived from the original capital having to be paid out in accordance with the wills of the several founders of the fund. Up to the close of Spanish rule, money was lent out of this fund on mortgages in and near Manila, at six per cent. interest per annum.

[116] It happened at this date that the dues, etc., equalled 17 per cent. on the anticipated 1,000,000 pesos, but they were not computed by percentage. The Royal Dues were a fixed sum since about the year 1625, so that when the legal value of the shipments was much less, the dues and other expenses represented a much higher percentage. The charges were as follows, viz.:--

Royal Dues. P160,000 Port Dues at Acapulco. 2,000 Disbursements paid in Manila on the ship's departure. 7,500 Port and Anchorage Dues on arrival in Philippines. 500

P170,000

[117] "La Libertad del comercio de Filipinas," by Manuel Azcarraga.

[118] Mr. John B. Butler, who was born in 1800, resided many years in Manila, and married a native wife. He died on October 4, 1855, in London, whence his mortal remains were brought to Manila in 1860, at the instance of his widow, and interred in Saint Augustine's Church, near an altar on the left side of the nave. The site is marked by a marble inscribed slab.

[119] The Peace of Utrecht, signed in 1713, settled the succession of Philip, the French Dauphin, to the Spanish throne, whilst among the concessions which England gained for herself under this treaty was a convention with Spain, known as the _Asiento_ contract. This gave the British the right to send one shipload of merchandise yearly to the Spanish colonies of America. Nevertheless, many ships went instead of one. An armed contest ensued (1739-42), and although the Spaniards lost several galleons in naval combats undertaken by Admiral Vernon and Commodore Anson, the British losses were not inconsiderable.

So prejudicial to the vital interests of Spain was the abuse of the ceded right held to be that the earliest efforts of the first new Cabinet under Ferdinand VI. were engaged in a revision of the commercial differences between that country and England. England was persuaded to relinquish the _Asiento_ contract in exchange for advantages of greater consideration in another direction.

About a century ago England took over from Spain Nootka Sound, a station on the Pacific coast, where a nourishing fur trade was carried on by British settlers. The cession was accorded under a solemn promise not to trade thence with the Spanish colonies of South America.

[120] For example: _vide_ "Memoria leida por el Secretario de la Camara de Comercio de Manila, Don F. de P. Rodoreda, en 28 de Marzo de 1890," p. 6 (published in Manila by Diaz Puertas y Compania).

It remarks: "Jurado Mercantil--El expediente siguio la penosa perigrinacion de nuestro pesado y complicado engranaje administrativo y llevaba ya muy cerca de dos anos empleados en solo recorrer dos de los muchos Centros consultivos a que debia ser sometido, etc."

[121] The following is an extract from the text of the preamble to a Decree, dated March 19, 1886, relative to the organization of the Philippine Exhibition held in Madrid, signed by the Colonial Minister, Don German Gamazo:

"Con el se lograra que la gran masa de numerario que sale de la Metropoli para adquirir en paises extranjeros algodon, azucar, cacao, tabaco y otros productos vaya a nuestras posesiones de Oceania _donde comerciantes extranjeros los acaparan con dano evidente de los intereses materiales del pais."_

[122] (1) The "Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation," incorporated in 1867. Position on June 30, 1905: Capital all paid up, $10,000,000 (Mex.): sterling reserve, L1,000,000; silver reserve, $8,500,000 (Mex.); reserve liability of proprietors, $10,000,000 (Mex.). (2) The "Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China," incorporated in 1853. Position on December 31, 1904: Capital all paid up, L800,000; reserve fund, L875,000; reserve liability of proprietors, L800,000.

[123] "Banco Espanol-Filipino." Position on June 30, 1905: Capital, P1,500,000; reserve fund, P900,000. It has a branch in Yloilo.

[124] Chop dollars are those defaced by private Chinese marks.

[125] Yloilo had its "Gremio de Comerciantes" (Board of Trade), constituted by Philippine General-Government Decree of September 5, 1884, and Manila had Chamber of Commerce. Since the Revolution Yloilo has also a Chamber of Commerce, and Manila several of different nationalities.

[126] _Vide Board of Trade Journal_ (British) for February and April, 1891.

[127] Manila to Yap, 1,160 miles. Yap to Ponape, 1,270 miles. Ponape to Apra, 880 miles.

[128] "Vd cuidado de regatear," was the invitation to haggle.

[129] Weaving was taught to the natives by a Spanish priest about the year 1595.

[130] The extra delay was quite a year, and the cause having become common talk among the natives in the neighbourhood, many of them suggested that an evil spirit prevented the foundations of the bridge being built. They proposed to propitiate him by throwing live children into the river; consequently many mothers migrated with their infants until they heard that the difficulty was overcome.

[131] The sale of Alcohol was a Government monopoly until 1862. Molasses is sold by the _Tinaja_, an earthenware jar measuring 19 inches in height and 17 1/2 inches at the maximum diameter; it contains 16 _gantas_ (liquid measure) = say 11 gallons.

[132] British patents for paper-making from sugar-cane fibre were granted to Berry in 1838, Johnson in 1855, Jullion in 1855, Ruck and Touche (conjointly) in 1856, and Hook in 1857.

[133] Since about the year 1885 a weed has been observed to germinate spontaneously around the roots of the sugar-cane in the Laguna Province. The natives have given it the name of _Bulaclac ng tubo_ (Sugar-cane flower). It destroys the saccharine properties of the cane. The bitter juice of this weed has been found to be a useful palliative for certain diseases.

[134] Extract from a letter dated September 29, 1885, from H. Strachan, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm, Hyderabad, Sindh--and Extract from a letter dated February 13, 1886, from A. Stormont, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm, Khandesh (_vide_ "The Tropical Agriculturist," Colombo, June 1, 1886, p. 876 _et seq_.).

[135] The extremely fine muslin of delicate texture known in the Philippines as _Pina_ is made _exclusively_ of pine-apple _leaf_ fibre. When these fibres are woven together with the slender filament drawn from the edges of the hemp petiole, the manufactured article is called _Husi_.

[136] A British patent for Manila hemp-paper was granted to Newton in 1852.

[137] A large proportion of the product sent from Mauban to Manila as marketable hemp is really a wild hemp-fibre locally known by the name of _Alinsanay_. It is a worthless, brittle filament which has all the external appearance of marketable hemp. A sample of it broke as easily as silk thread between my fingers. Its maximum strength is calculated to be one-fourth of hemp fibre.

[138] _Vide_ Instructions _re_ Contraband from the Treasury Superintendent, Juan Manuel de la Matta, to the "Intendente de Visayas" in 1843.

[139] _Instruccion General para la Direccion, Administracion y Intervencion de las Rentas Estancadas_, 1849.

[140] Licensed depots for the sale of monopolized goods.

[141] "Hist. de Filipinas," by Gaspar de San Agustin. MS. in the Convento de San Agustin, Manila. The date of the introduction of cacao into these Islands is confirmed by Juan de la Concepcion in his "Hist. General de Philipinas," Vol. IX. p. 150. Published in 14 vols., Manila, 1788.

[142] The word chocolate is derived from the Mexican word _chocolatl_. The Mexicans, at the time of the conquest, used cacao-beans as money. The grandees of the Aztec Court ate chocolate made of the ground bean mixed with Indian corn and rocou (_vide_ W. H. Prescott's "Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico").

Chocolate was first used in Spain in 1520; in Italy in 1606; in England in 1657, and in Germany in 1700.

[143] _Tiangui_, from the Mexican word _Tianguez_, signifies "small market."

[144] Spanish, _Carroza_; Tagalog, _Hila_ or _Paragus_; Visaya, _Cangas_ or _Dagandan_.

[145] British patents for papermaking from cocoanut fibre were granted to Newton in 1852, and to Holt and Forster in 1854. A process for making paper from the cocoanut kernel was patented by Draper in 1854.

[146] _Vide The Tropical Agriculturist_, Colombo, August 2, 1886.

[147] Not to be confounded with _Banga_,--Tagalog for a terra-cotta water-pot.

[148] This company was formed in Hong-Kong and incorporated May 16, 1889, with a capital of P300,000 divided into 6,000 P50 shares, to take over and work the prosperous business of Mr. H. G. Brown. Its success continued under the three years' able management of Mr. Brown. During that period it paid an average yearly dividend of 8-1/3%, and in 1890 its shares were freely dealt in on the Hong-Kong market at 50% premium. On the retirement of Mr. Brown in March, 1891, the company gradually dwindled down to a complete wreck in 1894. It is still (year 1905) in liquidation.

[149] "Timber and Timber Trees," by Thomas Laslett (Timber Inspector to the Admiralty). London, 1875.

[150] The same writer also makes the following interesting remark:--"Y tal vez de aqui viene el olor (brea) como empireumatico muy notable de los excrementos en este tiempo!" _Vide_ "Flora de Filipinos," by Father Manuel Blanco, Vol. I., p. 228. Published in Manila in 4 vols., 1879.

[151] Clavigero's "Storia Antica del Messico."

[152] British patents for paper-making from banana fibre were granted to Berry in 1838; Lilly in 1854; Jullion in 1855; Burke in 1855; and Hook in 1857. In these Islands a cloth is woven from this fibre.

[153] To express juice from the small species of lemon, the fruit should be cut from the stalk end downwards. If cut otherwise the juice will not flow freely.

[154] "Flora de Filipinas," by Father Manuel Blanco. Published in Manila by the Augustine Order in 4 vols., 1879.

[155] For more ample details _vide_ "Rapida descripcion de la Isla de Cebu," by Enrique Abella y Casariega. Published by Royal Order in Madrid, 1886.

[156] Monsieur Jean Labedan, who had been the original proprietor of the "Restaurant de Paris" in La Escolta, Manila.

[157] "Hist. de la Provincia de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de Castro y Amades, 1790. Inedited MS. in the archives of Bauan Convent (Batangas).

[158] "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring, Spanish translation, p. 67. Manila, 1876.

[159] An effective cure for a centipede bite is a plaster of garlic mashed until the juice flows. The plaster must be renewed every hour.

[160] A good dish can be made of the rice-birds, known locally as _Maya_ (_Munia oryzivora_, Bonap.; _Estrelda amandava_, Gray) and the _Bato-Bato_ and _Punay_ pigeons (_Ptilinopus roseicollis_, Gray).

[161] According to Edouard Verreux, cited by Paul de la Gironniere in his "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines," p. 394 (Paris 1857), there were at that date 172 classified birds in this Archipelago.

[162] The city walls were undoubtedly a great safeguard for the Spaniards against the frequent threats of the Mindanao and Sulu pirates who ventured into the Bay of Manila up to within 58 years ago. Also, for more than a century, they were any day subject to hostilities from the Portuguese, whilst the aggressive foreign policy of the mother country during the 17th century exposed them to reprisals by the Dutch fleets, which in 1643 threatened the city of Manila. Formerly the drawbridges were raised, and the city was closed and under sentinels from 11 o'clock p.m. until 4 o'clock a.m. It continued so until 1852, when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed that the city should thenceforth remain open night and day. The walled city was officially styled the _Plaza de Manila_, its last Spanish military governor being General Rizzo, who left for Europe in December, 1898. The most modern drawbridge entrance was the _Puerta de Isabel II_, (1861), facing the Pasig River.

[163] The Cathedral has been destroyed four times by fire and earthquake, and rebuilt by successive archbishops.

[164] _Mariveles_.--Much historical interest is attached to this place. It was the chief port of the _Jurisdiction of Mariveles_ under the old territorial division which comprised the island now called Corregidor. Mariveles is now included in the Province of Bataan.

The first Spanish missionary who attempted to domesticate the natives of the Mariveles coast was stoned by them, and died in Manila in consequence. An insubordinate Archbishop was once banished to Mariveles. Through the narrow channel between this port and Corregidor Island, known as _Boca chica_, came swarms of Asiatic trading-junks every spring for over two centuries. Forming the extreme point of Manila Bay, here was naturally the watchguard for the safety of the capital. It was the point whence could be descried the movements of foreign enemies--Dutch, British, Mahometan, Chinese, etc.; it was the last refuge for ships about to venture from the Islands to foreign parts. Yet, with all these antecedents, it is, to-day, one of the poorest and most primitive villages of the Colony. From its aspect one could almost imagine it to be at the furthermost extremity of the Archipelago. Its ancient name was _Camaya_, and how it came to be called Mariveles is accounted for in the following interesting legend:--About the beginning of the 17th century one of the Mexican galleons brought to Manila a family named Velez, whose daughter was called Maria. When she was 17 years of age this girl took the veil in Santa Clara Convent (_vide_ p. 81), and there responded to the attentions of a Franciscan monk, who fell so desperately in love with her that they determined to elope to Camaya and wait there for the galleon which was to leave for Mexico in the following July. The girl, disguised in a monk's habit, fled from her convent, and the lovers arrived safely in Camaya in a hired canoe, tired out after the sea-passage under a scorching sun. The next day they went out to meet the galleon, which, however, had delayed her sailing. In the meantime the elopement had caused great scandal in Manila. A proclamation was published by the town-crier calling upon the inhabitants to give up the culprits, under severe penalties for disobedience. Nothing resulted, until the matter oozed out through a native who was aware of their departure. Then an alderman of the city set out in a prahu in pursuit of the amorous fugitives, accompanied by a notary and a dozen arquebusiers. After searching in vain all over the island now called Corregidor, they went to Camaya, and there found the young lady, Maria, on the beach in a most pitiable condition, with her dress torn to shreds, and by her side the holy friar, wearied and bleeding from the wounds he had received whilst fighting with the savage natives who disputed his possession of the fair maiden. The search-party found there a canoe, in which the friar was conveyed to Manila in custody, whilst the girl was taken charge of by the alderman in the prahu. From Manila the sinful priest was sent to teach religion and morality to the Visaya tribes; the romantic nun was sent back to the City of Mexico to suffer perpetual reclusion in a convent.

From these events, it is said, arose the names of _Corregidor_ (Alderman) Island, which lies between the rocks known as _Fraile_ (Friar) and _Monja_ (Nun), whilst the lovers' refuge thenceforth took the name of _Mariveles_ (Maria Velez).

Ships arriving from foreign or Philippine infected ports were quarantined off Mariveles, under Spanish regulations. During the great cholera epidemic of 1882 a Lazaretto was established here.

[165] The _abacus_ consists of a frame with a number of parallel wires on which counting-beads are strung. It is in common use in China.

[166] _Escolta_ (meaning Escort), the principal thoroughfare in the business quarter (Binondo), is said to have been so named during the British occupation (1762-63), when the British Commander-in-Chief passed through it daily with his escort.

[167] On the site of this last bridge the _Puente de Barcas_ (Pontoon Bridge) existed from 1632 to 1863, when it was destroyed by the great earthquake of that year. The new stone bridge was opened in 1875, and called the _Puente de Espana_.

[168] The burthen of a native play in the provinces was almost invariably founded on the contests between the Mahometans of the South and the Christian natives under Spanish dominion.

The Spaniards, in attaching the denomination of _Moros_ to the Mahometans of Sulu, associated them in name with the Mahometan Moors who held sway over a large part of Hispania for over seven centuries (711-1492). A "_Moro Moro"_ performance is usually a drama--occasionally a melodrama--in which the native actors, clad in all the glittering finery of Mahometan nobility and Christian chivalry, assemble in battle array before the Mahometan princesses, to settle their disputes under the combined inspirations of love and religious persuasion. The princesses, one after the other, pining under the dictates of the heart in defiance of their creed, leave their fate to be sealed by the outcome of deadly combat between the contending factions. Armed to the teeth, the cavaliers of the respective parties march to and fro, haranguing each other in monotonous tones. After a long-winded, wearisome challenge, they brandish their weapons and meet in a series of single combats which merge in a general _melee_ as the princes are vanquished and the hand of the disputed enchantress is won.

The dialogue is in the idiom of the district where the performance is given, and the whole play (lasting from four to six nights) is brief compared with Chinese melodrama, which often extends to a month of nights.

Judged from the standard of European histrionism, the plot is weak from the sameness and repetition of the theme. The declamation is unnatural, and void of vigour and emphasis. The same tone is maintained from beginning to end, whether it be in expression of expostulatory defiance, love, joy, or despair. But the masses were intensely amused; thus the full object was achieved. They seemed never to tire of gazing at the situations created and applauding vociferously the feigned defeat of their traditional arch-foes.

[169] The favourite game of the Tagalogs is _Panguingui_--of the Chinese _Chapdiki_.

[170] The Government House, located in the city, which was thrown down in the earthquake of 1863, has not been rebuilt. Its reconstruction was only commenced by the Spaniards in 1895. The Gov.-General therefore resided after 1863 at his suburban palace at Malacanan, on the river-side.

[171] "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines," par Paul de la Gironniere. Paris, 1875.

[172] _Vide_ "Terremotos de Nueva Vizcaya en 1881," by Enrique Abella y Casariega Published in Madrid.

[173] The _Katipunan League_ and _Freemasonry_ were not identical institutions. There were many Freemasons who were leaguers, but not _because_ they were Freemasons, as also there were thousands of leaguers who knew nothing of Freemasonry. There is little doubt that Freemasonry suggested the bare idea of that other secret society called _Katipunan_, whose signs and symbols were of masonic design, but whose aims were totally different. It is probable, too, that the liberty which Freemasons enjoyed to meet in secret session was taken advantage of by the leaguers. There were risings in the Islands long before the introduction of Freemasonry. This secret society was introduced into the Colony a little before the year 1850. In 1893 the first lodges of the Spanish Grand Orient were opened, and there were never more than 16 lodges of this Order up to the evacuation by the Spaniards. Each lodge had about 30 members, or, say, a total of 500. The Spanish deputy, Dr. Miguel Morayta, in his speech in the Spanish Congress in April, 1904, stated that General Ramon Blanco's reply to Father Mariano Gil (the discoverer of the _Katipunan_) was that the identity of Freemasonry with _Katipunan_ "existed only in the brains of the friars and fanatical Spaniards."

[174] By intermarriage and blood relationship Don Pedro P. Rojas is allied with several of the best Manila families. His grandfather, Don Domingo Rojas, a prominent citizen in his time, having become a victim of intrigue, was confined in the Fortress of Santiago, under sentence of death. The day prior to that fixed for his execution, he was visited by a friend, and the next morning when the executioner entered his cell, Don Domingo was found in a dying condition, apparently from the effect of poison. Don Domingo had a son Jose and a daughter Marguerita. On their father's death, they and Jose's son, the present Don Pedro P. Rojas, went to Spain, where Dona Marguerita espoused a Spaniard, Don Antonio de Ayala, and Don Jose obtained from the Spanish Government a declaration stating that whereas Don Domingo had been unjustly condemned to capital punishment, the Gov.-General was ordered to refund, out of his own pocket, to the Rojas family the costs of the trial. The Rojas and Ayala families then returned to the Philippines, where Don Antonio de Ayala made a considerable fortune in business and had two daughters, one of whom, Dona Carmen, married Don Pedro P. Rojas, and the other wedded Don Jacobo Zobel, an apothecary of large means and of German descent. Don Pedro P. Rojas, who was born in 1848, has two sons and two daughters. The three families belonged to the _elite_ of Manila society, whilst the Rojas and the Ayalas acquired a just reputation both for their enterprising spirit, which largely benefited the Colony, and for their charitable philanthropy towards all classes.

[175] _Aguinaldo_ is the Spanish for Christmas-box.

[176] Part of a conversation which I had with Emilio Aguinaldo at his house at Cauit (Cavite Viejo) on July 26, 1904.

[177] _Cauit_ signifies, in Tagalog, Fish-hook.

[178] _Sungay_ signifies, in Tagalog, Deer.

[179] _Imus_. The history of this place is interesting. In the 18th century a banished Spaniard of distinguished family settled there and supplied water to the natives for irrigation purposes. Some years afterwards, on the death of his wife, this gentleman returned to Spain and left the place in charge of a friar, Francisco de Santiago. As the owner never claimed the property, it fell definitely into the possession of the friars. A church was erected there at the people's expense. Later on the friar in charge extorted from the natives material and labour, without payment, for the building of a manor-house, but he was poisoned soon after it was finished. His successor was still bolder, and allowed escaped criminals to take sanctuary in his church to show his superiority to the civil law. After innumerable disputes and troubles with the natives, it developed into a fine property, comprising 27,500 acres of arable land, which the Recoletos claimed as theirs and rented it out to the natives. Its possession was the cause of the important risings of Paran and Camerino (_vide_ pp. 105, 106) and many other minor disturbances.

[180] "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," por el Dr. Antonio de Morga, anotada por Jose Rizal. Published in Paris by Garnier freres, 1890.

[181] "El Filibusterismo (continuacion del 'Noli me tangere')." Published in Ghent by F. Meyer-Van Loo, 1891.

[182] Father Mariano Gil died in Spain in the spring of 1904.

[183] Rizal's brother and sister were keeping (in 1904) the "_Dimas Alang_" restaurant, 62, _Calle Sacristia_, Binondo (Manila). It is so named after the pseudonym under which their distinguished brother often wrote patriotic articles.

One of the ten annual official holidays, or feast days, appointed by the Civil Commission is "Rizal Day," December 30.

The P2 banknote of the new Philippine currency bears a vignette of Dr. Rizal.

The Manila Province of Spanish times is now called Rizal Province and with it is incorporated what was formerly the Morong District. Probably one-third of the towns of the colony have either a _Plaza de Rizal_, or a _Calle de Rizal_; it is about as general as the _Piazza di Vittorio Emanuele_ throughout Italy.

A public subscription was open for about three years to defray the cost of a Rizal monument to be erected on the Luneta Esplanade (Ins. Gov. Act No. 243). By March 7, 1905, a total of P103,753.89 had been collected, including the sum of P30,000 voted by the Insular Government.

One is led to wonder what _role_ in Philippine affairs Rizal would have assumed had he outlived the rebellion.

[184] It is alleged that this copy was removed from the archives about April, 1898, for the defence of a certain general in Madrid.

[185] _Biac-na-bato _signifies, in Tagalog, Split Stone.

This was the third time, during the 19th century, that the Spanish Gov.-General had been constrained to conclude a treaty with native rebels. In 1835 a certain Feliciano Paran raised the standard of revolt against the friars' claim to the Imus estate (Cavite), and after many fruitless attempts to suppress him, and much bloodshed, the _Treaty of Malacanan_ was signed by the rebel chief and the Gov.-General. Paran was then appointed Colonel of Militia with the monthly pay of P50. He lived peacefully in _Calle San Marcelino_, Manila, until a fresh outbreak (led by another) occurred, when the Spaniards made this a pretext to seize Paran and deport him to the Ladrone Islands (_vide_ p. 105).

In 1870, during the command of General La Torre, a certain Camerino held the Province of Cavite for a long time against the Spaniards. Camerino's plan was to remain in ambush whilst the rank-and-file of the Spaniards advanced, and then pick off the officers. So many of them were killed that influence was brought to bear on the General, who consented to sign the _Treaty of Navotas_. Camerino was appointed Colonel of Militia and lived in Trozo (Manila) until the Cavite rising in 1872, when he and six others were executed for their past deeds (_vide_ p. 106).

[186] The original of the above document was read in public session of Congress in Madrid, on June 16, 1898, by the Deputy Senor Muro.

[187] _Vide_ Pedro A. Paterno's allusion to this at p. 399.

[188] Manuel Godoy, of obscure family, was originally a common soldier in the Guards. He became field-marshal, Duke of Alcudia, Grandee of Spain, Councillor of State, and Cavalier of the Golden Fleece. For his intervention in the Peace of Basilea he received the title of Principe de la Paz. Baldomero Espartero was a successful general, who brought the first Carlist war to a close and concluded the Treaty of Vergara (1839), for which (in 1840) he was granted the titles of Duque de la Victoria and Principe de Vergara.

[189] This steamer came into Manila flying the French ensign, and painted to resemble one of the Russian Volunteer Fleet, to avoid capture on the way.

[190] The precise terms of the treaty or agreement made between the representative of the Philippine Government and the rebel chiefs are hitherto enveloped in mystery; but even though all the personal testimony referred to in this chapter were impugned, there is convincing circumstantial evidence that Emilio Aguinaldo and his followers received a very considerable amount of money from the Philippine Treasury _conditionally_. In the Suit No. 6 of 1899 in the Supreme Court of Hong-Kong, T. Sandico and others _versus_ R. Wildman (all the original filed documents of which I have examined), sworn evidence was given to show that $200,000 Mexican of the sum received by Aguinaldo was deposited in his name in the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. It is not feasible to suppose that this sum was paid to or accepted by Aguinaldo _unconditionally_.

[191] On February 15, 1898, the U.S. man-of-war _Maine_, whilst lying in the harbour of Havana, was, accidentally or intentionally, blown up, causing the death of 266 of her crew. Public opinion in America attributed the disaster to Spanish malice. The Spaniards indignantly repudiated this charge and invited an official inquest. Again, at the Conference of December 6, 1898, the Spanish Commissioners of the Peace Commission at Paris proposed an additional article to the treaty "to appoint an International Commission to be entrusted with investigating the causes of, and responsibility for, the _Maine_ catastrophe," but the proposal was rejected by the American Commissioners.

[192] Mirs Bay has _since_ become British, being included in the extended Kowloon Concession on the mainland of China opposite Hong-Kong.

[193] The distance from Corregidor Island to Manila City is 27 miles.

[194] In July, 1904, I saw five rusty hulls--remnant of the Spanish fleet--afloat in Cavite harbour.

[195] Admiral Patricio Montojo, born in 1831, entered the navy at the age of 14. After the Battle of Cavite he left for Europe in October, 1898, and was committed to prison, March 3, 1899, pending the trial by court-martial which condemned him to compulsory retirement from the service. He died in 1902, aged 71 years.

[196] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, pp. 350-6. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[197] The _Macabebes_ who came so conspicuously into prominence during the Rebellion of 1896 are the inhabitants of the town of Macabebe and its dependent wards, situated in Lower Pampanga, near the Hagonoy River. They are the only Filipinos who have persistently and systematically opposed the revolutionary faction of their own free will, without bribe or extraneous influence. No one seems to be able to explain exactly why they should have adopted this course. They aided the Spaniards against the rebels, and also the Americans against the insurgents. All I have been able to learn of them in the locality is that they keep exclusively to themselves, and have little sympathy for, and no cordial intercourse with, the natives of other towns, either in their own province or elsewhere. A generation ago the Macabebes had a bad reputation for their petty piratical depredations around the north shore of Manila Bay and the several mouths of the Hagonoy River, and it is possible that their exclusiveness results from their consciousness of having been shunned by the more reputable inhabitants. The total population of Macabebe is about 14,000.

[198] The finding of the court says: "Pasara a la seccion de reserva del Estado Mayor General del Ejercito con incapacidad para obtener destinos y sin figurar en la escala de los de dicha categoria." Signed by Canuto Garcia de Polavieja, dated April 28, 1899, and published in the _Gaceta de Madrid_.

[199] It seems almost incredible that, even at this crisis, the Spaniards still counted on native auxiliaries to fight against their own kith and kin.

[200] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 282. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[201] Captain T. Bentley Mott, A.D.C to General Merritt, writing in _Scribner's Magazine_ (December, 1898) says: "Neither the fleet nor the army was, at this time, ready for a general engagement. The army did not have, all told, enough ammunition for more than _one day_ of hard fighting, and only a part of this was in the camp." Admiral Dewey had then been in possession of Manila bay and port three months and 12 days.

[202] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 491.

[203] "The Spanish Commander-in-Chief fled from the city shortly before it was attacked." Senate Document 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 146.

[204] Barasoain is another parish, but it is only separated from Malolos by a bridged river. It is only five minutes' walk from Malolos Church to Barasoain Church. Since the American advent the two parishes have been united.

[205] For want of space I am obliged to omit the summary of all the debates in the Revolutionary Congress of 1898, printed reports of which I have before me.

[206] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 371. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[207] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part I. of the 55th Congress, 3rd Session. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[208] The Treaty was ratified by the Senate by 57 votes to 27 on February 6, 1899.

[209] The Paco church was an ancient, imposing building; to-day there is not a stone left to show that it ever existed, and the plot is perfectly bare.

[210] General Diego de los Rios was remaining in Manila to negotiate with the insurgents the liberation of the Spanish prisoners (_vide_ p. 477).

[211] The decree says:--"Seeing that the Spanish garrison in Baler, consisting of a handful of men, isolated, without hope of succour, is, by its valour and constant heroism worthy of universal admiration, and in view of its defence, comparable only with the legendary valour of the sons of the Cid and of Pelayo, I render homage to military virtues, and, interpreting the sentiments of the Philippine Republic, on the proposal of my Secretary of War, and in agreement with my Council of State, I hereby decree as follows, viz.:--That the said forces shall no longer be considered our prisoners, but our friends, and consequently the necessary passes shall be furnished them enabling them to return to their country. Given in Tarlac on the 30th of June, 1899. The President of the Republic,--_Emilio Aguinaldo_."

[212] After the war I visited this former insurgent stronghold. Of the ancient church three walls and a quarter of the roof were left standing. There was nothing inside but shrubs, which had grown up to 3 feet high. In front of the church ruins stood an ironical emblem of the insurgents' power in the shape of an antiquated Spanish cannon on carriage, with the nozzle broken off. Judging from the numerous newly-erected dwellings in this little town, I surmise that three-fourths of it must have been destroyed during the war.

[213] A Chinese half-caste Pampango. I knew him intimately as a planter. He was deported to and died a prisoner in the Island of Guam in 1901.

[214] In 1905 one of the wealthiest men in the Colony was arrested and brought to trial on the charge of having paid, or caused to be paid, the sum of P 20 to an outlaw in Batangas Province. After putting the accused to a deal of expense and annoyance, the Government suddenly withdrew from the case, leaving the public in doubt as to the justice or injustice of the arraignment.

[215] A very intelligent man who was appointed Civil Governor of La Laguna Province when the war terminated.

[216] Early in 1905 the Court of Nueva Ecija passed sentence of imprisonment for life on this man for murder.

[217] Raymundo Melliza, a Visayan lawyer, who afterwards became Provincial Governor of Yloilo, is the son of Cornelio Melliza, of Molo, a man much respected both by natives and foreigners.

[218] A verbal statement made to me by ex-insurgent General Pablo Araneta, which I took down in writing at the time of the interview.

[219] When I asked ex-General Pablo Araneta the same question he naively explained to me that it was thought if the Americans came ashore and found the town in ruins they would relinquish their undertaking!

[220] The See of Jaro was created in 1867. The town was already rich with its trade in _pina_ and _jusi_ (_vide_ p. 283, footnote). Up to 1876 Yloilo town was merely a group of houses built for commercial convenience.

[221] _Vide_ p. 169. _Castila_ in the North; _Cachila_ in the South; signifying European, and said to be derived from the Spaniards' war-cry of _Viva Castilla!_

[222] "Water-cure" was a method adopted by the Americans. Water was poured down the throat of the victim until the stomach was distended to the full; then it was pressed out again and the operation repeated. The pretext for this mode of torture was to extort confession; but it was quite inefficacious; because the victim was usually disposed to say anything, true or false, for his own salvation. The "water-cure" operation, in vogue for awhile all over the Islands, proved fatal in many cases. It is now a penal offence (Phil. Com. Act 619, Sec. 2).

[223] Otong in olden times was a place of importance when the galleons put in there on their way to and from Mexico, taking the longer route in order to avoid the strong currents of the San Bernardino Straits.

Under the old territorial division, the Jurisdiction of Otong comprised all Panay Island (except a strip of land all along the north coast--formerly Panay Province, now called Capis) and a point here and there on the almost unexplored Negros coast. Galleons were sometimes built at Otong, which was on several occasions attacked by the Dutch. Yloilo at that time was an insignificant fishing-village.

[224] A half-caste Chinese family of large means and local influence.

[225] Esteban de la Rama is of the family of the late Isidro de la Rama, a well-known prosperous and enterprising Yloilo merchant. Pedro Regalado, personally known to me, is the son of my late friend Jose Regalado, at one time a wealthy middleman, who, however, lost his fortune in adverse speculations. Pedro Regalado and I were, at one time, together in Hong-Kong, where he learnt English. On the entry of the American troops into Yloilo he was imprisoned on a charge of disaffection, but shortly released and appointed a government interpreter.

[226] The protest contained the following significant clauses, viz: (1) "Ceder a tal exigencia en vista de la superioridad de las armas Americanas. (2) No tener poder, ni la provincia ni todos los habitantes juntos, de ejecutar actas como esta, prohibidas por el Presidente de la Republica, Senor Emilio Aguinaldo."--Extracts taken by myself from the official copy of the protest.

[227] The approximate number of prisoners was as follows, viz:--

Military Officers (including Gen. Leopoldo Garcia Pena) 200 Military Regular troops 8,000 Civil Servants and private Civilians and families 560 Ecclesiastics and Nuns (including Bishop Hevia Campomanes, of the diocese of Nueva Segovia 400

Total in long captivity, about 9,160

Taken prisoners and released voluntarily, or through personal influences, or escaped from the camps--about 1,840

Approximate Grand Total 11,000

[228] Baron Honore Frederic Adhemar Bourgeois du Marais, a Frenchman of noble birth and noble sentiments, was the son of Viscount Bourgeois du Marais. Born at Bourg Port, in the Algerian province of Constantina, in 1882 he left Europe with a party of gentlemen colonists in the s.s. _Nouvelle Bretagne_, intending to settle in Port Breton, in Australasia. The vessel having put into Manila, she was detained for debt, but escaped from port in the teeth of a hurricane. A Spanish gunboat went in pursuit and brought her back, and Baron Du Marais decided to remain in the Philippines. For several years he was associated with his countryman M. Daillard in the development of the Jalajala Estate (_vide_ p. 360). On M. Daillard's decease he became the representative of the "Compania Tabacalera" at their vast estate of Santa Lucia (Tarlac), which prospered under his able management. His wonderful tact in the handling of natives secured their attachment to him. After fifteen years' absence from home he went to Europe to recruit his health, returning to the Islands in November, 1898. After the ill-fated mission of humanity referred to above, his body lay hidden in the jungle for nearly two years, until November, 1900, when it was discovered and brought to Manila for interment at the Paco cemetery. The funeral, which took place on November 25, was one of the most imposing ceremonies of the kind ever witnessed in Manila. Monsignor Chapelle officiated at the _Requiem_ mass celebrated at the Cathedral in the presence of the chief American authorities, the French and Spanish Consuls-General and representatives of the foreign residents, Chambers of Commerce, the Army and Navy, the Clubs, the Press, and every important collectivity. The cortege was, moreover, escorted by a large body of troops to the last resting-place of this gallant hero.

[229] By Royal Decree of June, 1897, a _Philippine Loan_ was authorized, secured on Custom-house revenue and general guarantee of Spain. The Loan was for 200 millions of pesetas in hypothecary bonds of the Philippine Treasury, bearing 6 per cent, interest, redeemable at par in 40 years.

Series A. 250,000 Bonds of 500 pts. = 125 millions Series B. 750,000 Bonds of 100 pts. = 75 millions

First issue of 100 millions A at 92 per cent. was made on July 15, 1897.

[230] Born at Aliaga (Nueva Ecija) June 17, 1877, he raised a troop of rebels in his native town and joined General Llaneras. Appointed colonel in June, 1897, he was one of the chiefs who retired to Hong-Kong after the alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bato. He returned to the Islands with Aguinaldo, and became a general officer at the age of twenty-three years.

[231] At one time Cornelio Felizardo had an American in his gang. This degenerate, Luis A. Unselt, was fortunately captured and sentenced, on April 6, 1904, to twenty-five years' imprisonment as a deserter from the constabulary and bandit.

Previous to this event, the piracy of Johnston and Hermann in the southern islands caused much sensation at the time.

In September, 1905, it was rumoured that, in order to escape capture, Cornelio Felizardo had committed suicide.

One can judge of the ferocity of these men by Clause 3 of what Julian Montalon calls his Law No. 9. Dated April 10, 1904, it says:--

"The Filipino who serves the American Government as scout, constabulary or secret-service man, who does not sympathize with his native country, shall, if caught, immediately suffer the penalty of having the tendons of his feet cut, and the fingers of both hands crushed."

There were many cases of cutting off the lips; two victims of this atrocity were brought to Manila in 1905, during _El Renacimiento_ trial (_vide_ p. 550).

[232] This establishment was put up for sale by tender in 1904. The prospectus stated as follows:--

Revenue for one year gold $332,194.17 Disbursements for one year 198,338.93

Profit $133,855.24

Reserve price one million dollars gold. Conditions of payment one-third cash, and two-thirds in three annual payments with six per cent. interest per annum guaranteed by mortgage on the building and plant or other acceptable security. It was not stated whether the sale included a monopoly of army supply.

[233] _Sampaloc_ signifies _Tamarind_ in Tagalog.

[234] The first Philippine club was opened on November 6, 1898.

[235] The _carromata_ is a two-wheeled spring vehicle with a light roof to keep off the sun and rain. In Spanish times it was commonly used by the natives in Manila and by all classes in the provinces, being a light, strong, and useful conveyance.

[236] _Vide_ "Official Roster of the Officers and Employees in the Civil Service in the Philippine Islands." Manila, Bureau of Public Printing, 1904.

[237] Independent Offices, i.e., not under control of a Civil Commission Secretary.

[238] Under the "Cooper Bill," which came into operation on March 20, 1905, the Insular Government was authorized to increase the salaries of the Chief Justice and the associated judges to $10,500 and $10,000 gold respectively. Under the same Act, judges of First Instance can be called upon to serve in the Supreme Court when needed to form a quorum, for which service they are allowed ten pesos per day besides their travelling expenses from and to the place of their permanent appointments. By Philippine Commission Act No. 1,314, the salaries of the Chief Justice and associate judges were fixed at $10,000 each.

[239] "Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900." Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.

[240] Mr. William H. Taft, the first Civil Governor of the Philippines, was born at Cincinnati (Ohio) on September 15, 1857. His father was a jurist of repute, diplomat, and member of the Cabinet. After his preparatory schooling in his native town, W. H. Taft graduated at Yale University in 1878, studied law at Cincinnati and was called to the bar in 1880. Since then he held several legal appointments up to the year 1900, when he became a district judge, which post he resigned on being commissioned to the Philippine Islands.

[241] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 331, Part I., 57th Congress, 1st Session.

[242] Mr. Luke E. Wright, the second Civil Governor and first Gov.-General of the Philippines, was born in Tennessee in 1847, the son of Judge Archibald Wright. At the age of sixteen he took arms in the Confederate interest in the War of Secession. Called to the bar in 1868, he became a partner in his father's firm and held several important legal appointments. At the age of twenty-four he became Attorney-General, and held this post for eight years. A Democrat in politics, he is a strong character, as generous and courteous as he is personally courageous.

[243] "Should we wish the Filipino people to judge of Americans by the drunken, truculent American loafers who infest the small towns of the Islands, living on the fruits of the labour of Filipino women, and who give us more trouble than any other element in the Islands? Should we wish the Filipino people to judge of American standards of honesty by reading the humiliating list of American official and unofficial defaulters in these Islands?"--_Extract from Governor W. H. Taft's speech at the Union Reading College, Manila, in 1903, quoted in_ "Population of the Philippines," _Bulletin I, p. 9. Published by the Bureau of the Census, 1904_.

[244] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Adjutant-General, Colonel W. A. Simpson (Manila).

[245] A "contract" Surgeon or Dental Surgeon is a civilian who comes to the Islands on a three-years' contract. He is only temporarily an Army officer.

General Officers' pay is as follows; viz.:--

Lieut.-General, Active Service $11,000; retired $8,250 gold. Maj.-General, Active Service $7,500; retired $5,625 gold. Brig.-General, Active Service $5,500; retired $4,125 gold.

The monthly pay of a private serving in the Islands is $15.60 gold.

[246] _Hadji_ signifies Knight, a title which any Mahometan can assume after having made the pilgrimage to Mecca.

[247] The Americans occupied and the Spaniards evacuated Jolo on May 20, 1899.

[248] _Vide_ Report of the Secretary of War for 1902, p. 18.

[249] Camp Vicars is said to have an elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea. Lake Lanao is reputed to be 1,500 feet above sea-level.

[250] _Vide_ Captain J. J. Pershing's Report to the Adjutant-General in Manila, dated Camp Vicars, Mindanao, May 15, 1903.

[251] _Vide_ Brig.-General Sumner's Report to the Adjutant-General in Manila, dated Zamboanga, Mindanao, June 13, 1903.

[252] Maj.-General Leonard Wood, born October 9, 1860, was a doctor of medicine by profession. On the outbreak of war with Spain he was appointed Colonel of the First Volunteer Cavalry in Cuba, with Mr. Roosevelt (now the United States President) as Lieut.-Colonel. At the close of the war he was promoted to Brig.-General, and on December 13, 1899, received the appointment of Military Governor of Cuba, which he held until the government of that island was transferred to Senor Palma Estrada, the first President of the Cuban Republic. To his brilliant reputation for statesmanship gained in the Antilles, General Wood has now added the fame of a successful organizer of the Southern Philippines. Beloved by his subordinates, his large-hearted geniality wins him the admiration of all who know him, and even the respect of the savage whom he had to coerce.

[253] _Mindanao_, the name of this southern island, signifies "Man of the Lake."

[254] The limits and area of that portion of the Island under civil government are defined in Philippine Commission Acts Nos. 127 and 128, amended by Act No. 787. It is approximately all that land north of 8 deg. N. lat. and east of 123 deg. 34' E. long.

[255] Under the above-cited Act No. 787, any military officer, from the commander of the district downwards, holding concurrent civil office in the province receives his army pay, plus 20 per cent, of the same as remuneration for his civil service. The combined emolument of a major-general as military commander and provincial governor would, therefore, be $9,000 gold.

[256] Under Spanish rule the Moro country was divided thus:--Seven districts, namely, Zamboanga, Misamis, Surigao, Davao, Cottabato, Basilan, and Lanao, all under the Gov.-General of Mindanao. Jolo was ruled independently of Mindanao under another governor.

[257] Up to June 30, 1904, there was a total of 12 municipalities organized.

[258] Philippine Commission Act No. 787, Section 13, Clause II, provides that the Moro Government is to "vest in their local or tribe rulers as nearly as possible the same authority over the people as they now exercise." Clause L: "To enact laws for the abolition of slavery, and the suppression of all slave-hunting and slave trade."

[259] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Military and Provincial Governor, Maj.-General Leonard Wood, June, 1904.

[260] At Malabang about 500, at Parang-Parang 205, and at Jolo 744.

[261] _Kudarangan Cotta _was situated on the north bank of the Rio Grande. Datto Piang's fort stands at the junction of this river and the Bacat River. Fort Reina Regente, established in this neighbourhood, was the most inland Spanish stronghold in Mindanao, and was at one period in Spanish times garrisoned by 800 to 1,000 convict troops (_disciplinarios_).

[262] _Panglima_ signifies General, or Chief of Warriors.

[263] The father of Mr. J. Schueck was a German sea captain, who got into trouble with the Spaniards because he traded directly with the Sultan of Sulu. His ship and all he possessed were seized, and Captain Schueck decided to settle in the Island under the protection of the Sultan. He took a Mora wife, became a very prosperous planter, and the Spaniards were eventually only too glad to cultivate his friendship. He died in 1887, leaving three sons; one is the gentleman mentioned above, another is the military interpreter, and the third manages the fine property and trading interests of the family. Mr. J. Schueck's two sisters-in-law are Moras.

[264] _Vide_ Legislative Council Act No. 51, relative to the Pearl Fisheries, in which the Sultan claims hereditary right. Also "Annual Report of Maj.-General George W. Davis, 1903," containing Colonel W. M. Wallace's report to the Adjutant-General to the effect that at Cagayan de Jolo, on May 21, 1903, he gave instructions that the Sultan's emissaries were not to be allowed to collect the customary P5 per capita of tribute.

[265] _Vide_ Report of the Moro Province for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904.

[266] Under the _Homestead Law_, 39.54 acres of Government land may be acquired by any citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, and 2,530 acres by a corporation. The grant or sale of such land is subject to occupancy and cultivation of the acreage for a period of not less than five years, and during that period the purchaser or grantee cannot alienate or encumber the land or the title thereto. Six consecutive months' absence from the land, during the above period of five years, cancels the grant. The land granted under this Act cannot be seized for debt contracted prior to the grant. Many applications have already been made for land under this Act.

[267] "No teacher or other person shall teach or criticize the doctrine of any Church, religious sect, or denomination, or shall attempt to influence the pupils for or against any Church or religious sect in any public school established under this Act. If any teacher shall intentionally violate this section, he or she shall, after due hearing, be dismissed from the public service. _Provided, however_, that it shall be lawful for the priest, or minister of any church established in the town where a public school is situated ... to teach religion for one half an hour three times a week in the school building to those public school pupils whose parents or guardians desire it," etc.--Section 16 of the Public School Act, No. 74.

[268] Placido Louis Chapelle, Archbishop of New Orleans, was born in France in 1842, and, at the age of seventeen years, emigrated to America, where he entered the priesthood. In 1894 he received the mitre of Santa Fe, and in 1897 that of New Orleans. In 1898 he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. His mission ended, he returned to New Orleans, where he died of yellow fever in August, 1905.

[269] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 190, p. 62, 56th Congress, 2nd Session.

[270] _Ibid_., p. 221.

[271] At the outbreak of the Rebellion (1896) the total number of friars of the four Orders of Dominicans, Agustinians, Recoletos, and Franciscans in these Islands was 1,105, of whom about 40 were killed by the rebels. There were, moreover, 86 Jesuit priests, 81 Jesuit lay brothers and teachers, 10 Benedictines, and 49 Paulists; but all these were outside the "friar question."

[272] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 190, p. 2, 56th Congress, 2nd Session.

[273] Bernardino Nozaleda, a native of Asturias, Spain, of rustic parentage, was originally a professor in Manila, where he became Archbishop in 1889. In 1903 he was nominated for the archbishopric of Valencia, Spain, but the citizens absolutely refused to receive him, because of evil report concerning him.

[274] In May, 1904, Father Singson was appointed by His Holiness Domestic Prelate of the Pope, with the title of Monsignore.

[275] Report of the Secretary of War for 1902, p. 234. Published in Washington.

[276] I was in Italy during the whole of the negotiations. The Italian clerical press alluded to the outcome as a diplomatic victory for the Vatican.

[277] The Franciscan Order is not allowed by its rules to possess any property. It therefore had no agricultural lands, and no other property than dwelling-houses for members, two convents, and two infirmaries.

[278] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 112, p. 27, 56th Congress, 2nd Session; and Senate Document No. 331, p. 180 of Part I., 57th Congress, 1st Session. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington.

[279] _Vide_ speech of Gov.-General (then styled Civil Governor) Luke E. Wright on assuming office on February 1, 1904. Reported in the _Manila Official Gazette_, Vol. II., No. 5, dated February 3, 1904.

[280] This condition was termed "frailuno." In its application to the European it simply denoted "partisan of the regular clergy." Its popular signification when applied to the native was a total relinquishment of, or incapacity for, independent appreciation of the friars' dicta in mundane matters.

[281] Since the Treaty of Paris (1898) the Spanish friars are foreigners in these Islands. The Philippine clergy oppose a foreign monopoly of their Church. They declare themselves competent to undertake the cure of souls, and claim the fulfilment of the Council of Trent decrees which prohibit the regular clergy to hold benefices, except on two conditions, viz.:--(1) as missionaries to non-Christians, (2) as temporary parish priests in christian communities where qualified secular clergy cannot be found to take their places. The crux of the whole question is the competency or incompetency of the Philippine clergy. The Aglipayans allege that Pope Leo XIII., in the last years of his pontificate, issued a bull declaring the Filipinos to be incompetent for the cure of souls. They strongly resent this. Whether the bull exists or not, the unfitness of the Philippine clergy to take the place of the regular clergy was suggested by the Holy See in 1902 (_vide_ p. 599).

The Council of Trent was the 18th oecumenical council of the Church, assembled at Trent, a town in the Austrian Tyrol, and sat, with certain interruptions, from December 13, 1545, until December 4, 1563. Nearly every point of doubt or dispute within the Catholic Church was discussed at this Council. Its decrees were confirmed and published by Pope Pius IV. in 1564 by papal decree, being a brief summary of the doctrines known as the Profession of the Tridentine Faith, commonly called also the Creed of Pius IV.

[282] Monsignor Ambrogio Agius, born on September 17, 1856, of a distinguished Maltese family, entered on his novitiate at the Benedictine Monastery of Ramsgate, England, on September 8, 1871. Having finished his studies of philosophy and theology in Rome, he was ordained as priest on October 16, 1881, in the Cathedral of Santo Scolastico at Subiaco. He then returned to England, but in 1895 he was called to Rome, where for nine years he held several ecclesiastical offices. His ability was observed by Pope Leo XIII., and by his successor Pius X., who raised Ambrogio Agius to the dignity of titular Archbishop of Palmyra and appointed him Apostolic Delegate to the Philippine Islands in the year 1904, in succession to the late Monsignor Giovanni Guidi.

[283] The Census Report of 1903 shows the Civilized male population twenty-one years of age and over to be as follows: of Superior Education 50,140, Literate 489,609, and Illiterate 1,137,776.

[284] _Vide Official Gazette_, Vol. II., No. 4, dated January 27, 1904.

[285] Under the Act of Congress which authorized the taking of the census, dated July 1, 1902. it is provided (Section (6) that a Philippine Assembly shall be created two years after the publication of the Census Report. This publication, complete in four volumes, having been issued on March 27, 1905, the following day the Gov.-General at Manila notified by proclamation that "in case a condition of general and complete peace, with recognition of the authority of the United States, shall have continued in the territory of these Islands, not inhabited by Moros or non-christian tribes, and such facts shall have been certified to the President by the Philippine Commission, the President, upon being satisfied thereof, shall direct the Philippine Commission to call, and the Commission shall call, a general election for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly of the people of the said territory in the Philippine Islands, which shall be known as the _Philippine Assembly_, and which provides also that after the said Assembly shall have been convened and organized, all the legislative power heretofore conferred on the Philippine Commission in that part of these Islands not inhabited by Moros or other non-christian tribes shall be vested in a Legislature consisting of two Houses--the Philippine Commission and the Philippine Assembly. In witness whereof (etc., etc.) this 28th day of March, 1905."

[286] At Baguio, in the mountain region of the Benguet district, at an altitude of about 5,000 feet, the Insular Government has established a health-resort for the recreation of the members of the Civil Commission. The air is pure, and the temperature so low (max. 78 deg., min. 46 deg. Fahr.) that pine-forests exist in the neighbourhood, and potatoes (which are well known all over the Islands for many years past) are cultivated there. The distance from Manila to Baguio, in a straight line, would be about 130 miles. By this route--that is to say, by railway to Dagupan, 120 miles, and then by the 55-mile road (opened in the spring of 1905)--the travelling distance is 175 miles. The new road runs through a country half uninhabited, and leads to (commercially) nowhere. The amount originally appropriated for the making of this 55-mile road was $75,000 gold (Philippine Commission Act No. 61). Up to January, 1905, $2,400,000 gold had been expended on its construction. It is curious to note that this sum includes $366,260 gold taken from the Congressional Relief Fund (_vide_ p. 621). A further appropriation of $17,500 gold has been made for its improvement, with the prospect of large sums being yet needed for this undertaking, which is of no benefit whatever to the Filipinos. They need no sanatorium, and Europeans have lived in the Islands, up to 30 years, without one. The word _Baguio_ in Tagalog signifies Hurricane.

[287] _Vide_ "Population of the Philippines," Bulletin 1, published by the Department of Commerce and Labour. Bureau of the Census, 1904, Washington. Census taken in 1903 under the direction of General J. P. Sanger, U.S. Army.

[288] There are four separate official returns, each showing different figures.

[289] _Vide_ "Population of the Philippines," Bulletin 1, published by the Department of Commerce and Labour. Bureau of the Census, 1904, Washington.

[290] Under the provisions of Articles XII., XIII. and XIV., Immigration Regulations for the Philippine Islands of June 7, 1899.

[291] _Vide_, Report of the Municipal Board of Manila for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, p. 32.

[292] Report on the Commerce of the Philippine Islands, prepared in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, 1903.

[293] The Japanese Government is making an effort to produce cane sugar in Formosa sufficient for Japan's consumption.

[294] "Ever since the occupation of these Islands by the American army, four years ago, the price of labour has steadily increased.... It is needless to say that every industry will be profoundly affected by this." _Vide_ Notes in "Monthly Summary of Commerce of the Philippine Islands," May, 1903. Prepared in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington.

[295] _Vide_ statement of Governor W. H. Taft before the U.S. Senate, January 31, 1902, in Senate Document No. 331, Part I., 57th Congress, 1st Session, p. 258.

[296] _Vide_ Report of the Moro Province for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, p. 27.

[297] In the years 1888-97 the circulation of Mexican and Spanish-Philippine dollars (pesos) was computed at about 36,000,000.

[298] The "International Banking Corporation": Capital paid up, L820,000; reserve fund, L820,000. The "Guaranty Trust Company": Capital, reserves, and undivided profits, about $7,500,000 gold.

[299] Shipments to Hong-Kong are often goods in transit for United States.