III.

House Grease 185 " Palm Oil (unbleached) 309 " Soda Lye, 36deg. B. 309 " Water 391 " Soda Ash 70 " Sodium Silicate 60 " Corn Starch 10 "

These soaps are made in a crutcher by the usual process for cold-made soaps, crutched until smooth, dropped into a barrel and crutched by hand the next day or just before cooling.

As a settled soap for these operations the following charge is typical:

Palm Oil 34 parts Cottonseed foots or its equivalent in fatty acids 33 " Rosin 10 " House Grease 23 "

The method of boiling such a soap is the same as for any settled soap up to the strengthening change. When this stage is reached, sufficient lye is added to strengthen the kettle strongly. It is then boiled down with closed steam on salt brine or "pickle" until a sample of the lye taken from the bottom stands at 16deg.-22deg. B. The soap is then run into barrels and after standing therein for a day is hand crutched until cool to prevent streaking of the soap.

Besides a soap of this type a settled tallow chip soap is used.

WOOL THROWER'S SOAP.

Soaps for wool throwing are sometimes made from olive oil foots but these are often objected to because of the sulphur-like odor conveyed to the cloth due to the method by which this oil is extracted with carbon disulphide. A potash soap hardened somewhat with soda is also used. As a formula for a suitable soap of this type this may be given.

Olive Oil Foots 12 parts Corn Oil 46 " House Grease 20 " Soda Lye, 36deg. B. 3 " Potassium Carbonate (dry) 5-3/4 " Potassium Hydrate (solid) 23 "

This soap is made as a "run" soap by the general directions already given for a soap thus made. The kettle is boiled with open and closed steam, adding water very slowly and aiming to obtain a 220-225 per cent. yield or fatty acid content of the finished soap of 46 per cent. When the soap is finished a sample cooled on a plate of glass should be neither slippery or short, but should string slightly. The finished soap is run directly into barrels.

A soap for wool throwing by the semi-boiled process may be made from olive oil foots in a crutcher thus:

Olive Oil Foots 600 lbs. Potash Lye, 20deg. B. 660 "

The oil is heated to 180deg. F., the lye added and the mass stirred until it bunches, when it is dropped into barrels.

WORSTED FINISHING SOAPS.

For the finishing of worsted cloth soaps high in cocoanut oil or palm kernel oil are preferred. These soaps are finished very neutral, being made as settled soaps, but given an extra wash change after strengthening strongly. They are then finished as usual and run into barrels. If framed too hot, the high percentage of cocoanut oil causes mottling, which is prevented by crutching by hand until the temperature of the soap is 140deg.-145deg. F. Some typical charges, all of which are saponified with soda lye, follow:

Palm Kernel Oil 60 parts Corn Oil 40 "

Palm Kernel Oil 30 " Red Oil (single pressed) 70 "