Part 1
# Historic Jamaica ### By Cundall, Frank
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HISTORIC JAMAICA
Is it nature or by the error of fantasie that the seeing of places we know to have been frequented or inhabited by men whose memory is esteemed or mentioned in Stories, doth in some sort move and stirre us up as much or more than the hearing of their noble deeds or reading of their compositions?
_Montaigne_
The care which a nation devotes to the preservation of the monuments of its past may serve as a true measure of the degree of civilization to which it has attained.
_Les Archives Principales de Moscou du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Moscow, 1898._
[Illustration:
UP-PARK CAMP IN 1840
From a coloured lithograph by Joseph B. Kidd ]
HISTORIC JAMAICA
BY
FRANK CUNDALL, F.S.A.
SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN OF THE INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA
_WITH FIFTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS_
PUBLISHED FOR THE INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA BY THE WEST INDIA COMMITTEE LONDON 1915
PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. LTD. AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND
PREFACE
In the year 1900 the present writer published a small volume entitled “Studies in Jamaica History,” giving the records of certain historic sites in the colony.
In its issue of October 27, 1908, the Editor of the “West India Committee Circular,” commenting on the appointment of a Royal Commission to enumerate and report upon the historical monuments in England, drew attention to the need for the preservation of historic sites and buildings in the West Indies, and stated that a letter on the subject had been addressed by the West India Committee to the Colonial Office. On November 24 he was able to state that the Secretary of State for the Colonies (the Earl of Crewe) sympathised with the object of the West India Committee and had forwarded their representations to the governors of the various West Indian colonies, recommending them to their consideration.
In Jamaica the present writer, at the request of the Governor (Sir Sydney Olivier) and with the consent of the Board of Governors of the Institute of Jamaica, undertook to prepare a list, parish by parish, of historic sites, buildings and monuments, stating in each case the nature of its interest and the name of its owner. This list was published as a special supplement to the “Jamaica Gazette” on December 23, 1909; and in November 1912 it was reprinted as part of a report relating to the preservation of historic sites and ancient monuments and buildings in the West Indian colonies presented to Parliament.
In the meantime the present writer had commenced a series of articles in the “West India Committee Circular” dealing with historic sites and monuments in Jamaica, which appeared from October 1909 till October 1914.
At the suggestion of various persons interested in the subject it was decided to reprint these articles. In doing this it has been thought well to arrange them parish by parish and to add a few words of general history, taken in part from the writer’s contributions to the “Handbook of Jamaica,” and of descriptions of sites and monuments which have not been treated of individually.
It is hoped that the following notes may not only serve the double purpose of evoking interest in the history of the colony in the minds of its inhabitants and proving a source of information to visitors, but may be the means of steps being taken to preserve old buildings and other monuments alike from decay and the hand of man.
A list of works consulted in the compilation of the notes embodied in this volume would comprise almost all the books in the Jamaica section of the West India Library of the Institute of Jamaica, some 1400 in number.
My thanks are due to Mrs. Lionel Lee for making the illustrations and to Mr. Algernon E. Aspinall for kind assistance in seeing the work through the press.
F. C.
KINGSTON, JAMAICA. 1915.
CONTENTS
PAGE
LISTS OF OFFICIALS
Governors, Presidents of the Council, Speakers of the Assembly, Chief Justices, Attorney-Generals, Naval Commanders-in-chief at Jamaica, Agents for Jamaica in Great Britain xiii
INTRODUCTION
Aboriginal inhabitants, Arawâks: physical features, language, beliefs, habitations, implements, name of Jamaica, other Arawâk names: Spanish occupation, hatos, towns, buildings, names: English possession, ancient monuments, buildings, slavery, politics, forts, religion, agriculture, education, printing, maps, parishes, counties, place-names, Jamaica overseas 1
I. PORT ROYAL
The Point: Shirley: Jackson: Forts: Residence of the Governor: Church: Buccaneers: Myngs: Morgan: Earthquake of 1692: Spanish bell: Fire of 1703–4: Hurricane of 1722: Attempt on Cartagena, Ogle, Smollett: Rodney: Water-supply: Rodney’s Look-out: Fort Charles: Nelson’s Quarter-deck: Rodney’s victory over De Grasse: the Convoy: Prince William Henry: Lady Nugent: Gosse: Hill: _Urgent_ 45
II. ST. CATHERINE
Passage Fort: Jackson: Penn and Venables: Spanish-Town: Raymond and Tyson: Cathedral, monuments, plate, rectors, Earl of Effingham, Countess of Elgin: House of Assembly: Eagle House: Sir Hans Sloane’s House: King’s House: Rodney Memorial: St. John’s, Guanaboa Vale: Church of St. Dorothy: Colebeck Castle: Galdy’s Tomb: Ferry Inn: Fort Augusta: Rodney’s Look-out: Port Henderson 81
III. KINGSTON
Earthquake, site: Lilly, plan: Fire, 1780: Corporation: Fires, 1843, 1862, 1882: Earthquake, 1907: Names of streets: Parish church, Knight, Lewis, Hakewill, plate, rectors, records, Benbow, monuments: Scotch Church: Headquarters House: Thomas Hibbert: General officers: Old Mico: Blundell Hall: Institute of Jamaica: Arawâk pottery: Chancellor’s purse: maces: Monuments, Sir Charles Metcalfe, Queen Victoria, Edward Jordan, Dr. Bowerbank, Father Dupont, Rev. John Radcliffe, Rev. W. J. Gardner: Wharves 147
IV. ST. ANDREW
Liguanea: Halfway-Tree: Old Burial-Ground: Church of St. Andrew, records, monuments, rectors: Lundie’s pen: King’s House: Admiral’s Pen: Rock Fort: Fort Nugent: Constant Spring: Raymond Hall: Up-Park Camp: Berthaville: Mico College: Stony Hill Barracks: Garden House: Hope: Jamaica College: Lumb drinking-trough: Newcastle: Jewish Burial-Ground: Hunt’s Bay: Kitchen-middens: Norbrook: Hope: Long Mountain: Caves: Dallas Castle: Bloxburgh: Silver Hill: Cane River Falls: Hagley Gap: Catherine’s Peak: Gordon Town: Dallas Castle: Manning’s Hill: Salt Hill: Morce’s Gap: Hardwar Gap: Scarlett 197
V. ST. THOMAS
Name: Yallahs, church, plate: Luke Stokes: Stokes Hall: Stokesfield, Estate accounts: Morant Bay: Rebellion: Eyre, Gordon: Church, Bath, Spring, Court House: Botanical Gardens: Dr. Dancer: Belvedere: Lyssons, Sir John Taylor, Simon Taylor: Hordley, Monk Lewis: Albion: Arawâk remains at Cambridge Hill and Botany Bay: Cow Bay and Bull Bay 236
VI. PORTLAND
Name: Titchfield: Early settlement: School: St. George: Olivier Park: Carder Park: Moore Town: Muirton: Darlingford: Low Layton: Spring Garden: Modyford’s Gully: Balcarres Hill: Seaman’s Valley 254
VII. ST. MARY
Name: Gray’s Inn, Spanish remains: Decoy, Tomb of Sir Charles Price, Gardens: Sir Charles Price’s rat: Agualta Vale: Dryland: Fort Haldane: Prospect: Heywood Hall 259
VIII. ST. ANN
Historic interest: Liberty Hill: Arawâk remains: Dry Harbour: Landing of Columbus, 1494: Don Christopher’s Cove: Residence of Columbus, 1503–4: Mendes, rebellion of Porras, appeal to Hispaniola, bravery of Bartolommeo Columbus: Sevilla Nueva, Sloane’s account, Peter Martyr, Ocho Rios, Chireras: Doyley’s defeat of Sasi: Rio Nuevo in St. Mary, Final defeat of Sasi: Runaway Bay: Sevilla Nueva: Cardiff Hall: Edinburgh Castle, Hutchinson: Moneague Tavern: Forts, Mammee Bay, St. Ann’s Bay, Windsor Fort: Priory: Dixon Pen: Geddes: York Castle: Dry Harbour Caves: Walton, Jamaica Free School 267
IX. TRELAWNY
Falmouth: Martha Brae: Bryan Castle, Bryan Edwards and his writings: Fort Dundas: Hyde Hall: Kitchen-middens 306
X. ST. JAMES
Montego Bay: Close Harbour: Church, rectors: Mrs. Rosa Palmer: Maroons, Block House, Maroon Town, Accompong, War, Walpole, Treaty, Balcarres, Gillespie, Maroons in Nova Scotia: Duckett’s Spring, the Scarletts: Rose Hall: Arawâk Middens and Caves 319
XI. HANOVER
Lucea, church: Rusea: Shettlewood 343
XII. WESTMORELAND
Savanna-la-Mar, church: Bluefields and Gosse: Cornwall and Monk Lewis: Roaring River, Fort William and Williamsfield and Beckford 346
XIII. ST. ELIZABETH
Black River: Munro and Dickenson: Lacovia: Catadupa 369
XIV. MANCHESTER
Mandeville: Sir William Scarlett: Bridges 372
XV. CLARENDON
Carlisle Bay: Vere Church, rectors, monuments: Church of the White Cross: Morgan’s Valley: Chapelton Church: Halse Hall: Longville: Kellets 373
INDEX 398
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
_With the exception of the full page-plates and the two maps, the illustrations are from sketches by Mrs. Lionel Lee._
PAGE
Arawâk Bowl 1
Mealing-stone 2
Arawâk Pestle 3
Sketch Map of Jamaica, _circa_ 1661 7
Branding-iron 15
Sketch Map of Jamaica, _circa_ 1866 41
PORT ROYAL Nelson’s Quarter-deck 68
Kingston Harbour in 1774. _From an engraving in Long's "History of Jamaica"_ _facing_ 70
Figure-head of the _Aboukir_ 71
ST. CATHERINE Passage Fort 83
Cathedral, Spanish Town 90
King’s House, Spanish Town 104
Court House, Spanish Town 104
Rodney’s Statue, Spanish Town 105
House of Assembly, Spanish Town 105
The _Lady Juliana_ in tow of the _Pallas_ in 1782. _From an aquatint by Robert Dodd_ _facing_ 122
Colebeck Castle 134
The Ferry Inn 139
KINGSTON Kingston, Harbour Street in 1820. _From a coloured engraving in Hakewill’s “Picturesque Tour of Jamaica”_ _facing_ 150
The Parish Church 157
Date-Tree Hall in 1906 180
Statue of Sir Charles Metcalfe 187
Statue of Queen Victoria 194
ST. ANDREW Halfway-Tree Church in 1906 200
King Edward’s Clock Tower, Halfway-Tree 208
Admiral’s Pen 211
Rock Fort 212
Fort Nugent 215
Raymond Hall 219
Up-Park Camp in 1840. _From a coloured lithograph by Joseph B. Kidd_ (_Frontispiece_)
ST. THOMAS Stokes Hall 241
Albion Estate 252
PORTLAND Port Antonio in 1770. _From an engraving_ _facing_ 256
ST. MARY Tomb of Sir Charles Price 261
ST. ANN Dry Harbour 268
Don Christopher’s Cove 273
Rio Novo 285
Cardiff Hall 294
Moneague Tavern in 1844. _From a daguerreotype by Adolphe Duperly_ _facing_ 302
Slave Punishment Cell at Geddes 303
TRELAWNY Bryan Castle 307
ST. JAMES Block-house, Maroon Town 324
Rose Hall 341
WESTMORELAND Fort William, Aqueduct 360
Fort William Estate, from the site of old Great House 361
Roaring River Estate in 1774. _From an engraving by Thomas Vivares after a painting by George Robertson_ _facing_ 364
Savanna-la-Mar in 1840. _From a coloured lithograph by Joseph B. Kidd_ _facing_ 366
CLARENDON Carlisle Bay 375
Vere Parish Church, at the Alley 382
Morgan’s Valley 394
Halse Hall Great House 396
LIST OF OFFICIALS
The following tables are inserted for reference. The list of Governors is complete. The others are as complete as it has hitherto been found possible to make them. There are portraits in Jamaica History Gallery in the Institute of Jamaica of those to whom an * is suffixed.
GOVERNORS OF JAMAICA[1]
Footnote 1:
Administrations during temporary absences of Governors have not been included.
1661–62. General Edward Doyley. Governor. 1662. Thomas, Lord Windsor.* „ 1662–64. Sir Charles Lyttelton.* Dep.-Governor 1664. Colonel Edward Morgan. „ 1664. Colonel Thomas Lynch. President. 1664–71. Sir Thomas Modyford, Bt. Governor. 1671–74. Sir Thomas Lynch. Lieut.-Gov. 1674. Sir Henry Morgan.* „ „ 1675–78. John, Lord Vaughan.* Governor. 1678. Sir Henry Morgan. Lieut.-Gov. 1678–80. Charles, Earl of Carlisle.* Governor. 1680–82. Sir Henry Morgan. Lieut.-Gov. 1682–84. Sir Thomas Lynch. Governor. 1684–87. Colonel Hender Molesworth. Lieut.-Gov. 1687–88. Christopher, Duke of Albemarle.* Governor. 1688–90. Sir Francis Watson. President. 1690–92. William, Earl of Inchiquin.* Governor. 1691–92. John White. President. 1692–93. John Bourden. „ 1693–1700. Sir William Beeston. Lieut.-Gov. 1700–02. „ „ „ Governor. 1702. Maj.-Gen. William Selwyn. „ 1702. Peter Beckford.* Lieut.-Gov. 1702–04. Colonel Thomas Handasyd. Lieut.-Gov. 1704–11. Sir Thomas Handasyd. Governor. 1711–16. Lord Archibald Hamilton. „ 1716–18. Peter Heywood. „ 1718–22. Sir Nicholas Lawes. „ 1722–26. Henry, Duke of Portland. Governor. 1726–28. John Ayscough. President. 1728–34. Maj.-Gen. Robert Hunter. Governor. 1734–35. John Ayscough. President. 1735. John Gregory. „ 1735–36. Henry Cunningham. Governor. 1736–38. John Gregory. President. 1738–52. Edward Trelawny. Governor. 1752–56. Admiral Charles Knowles.* Governor. 1756–59. Henry Moore. Lieut.-Gov. 1759. General George Haldane. Governor. 1760–62. Henry Moore. Lieut.-Gov. 1762–66. William Henry Lyttelton. Governor. 1766–67. Roger Hope Elletson. Lieut.-Gov. 1767–72. Sir William Trelawny. Governor. 1772–74. Lieut.-Col. John Dalling. Lieut.-Gov. 1774–77. Sir Basil Keith. Governor. 1777–81. Colonel John Dalling. Lieut.-Gov. 1781–83. Maj.-Gen. Archibald Campbell.* „ „ 1783–84. „ „ „ Governor. 1784–90. Brig.-Gen. Alured Clarke.* Lieut.-Gov. 1790–91. Thomas, Earl of Effingham.* Governor. 1791–95. Maj.-Gen. Adam Williamson. Lieut.-Gov. 1795–01. Alexander, Earl of Balcarres.* „ „ 1801–06. Lieut.-Gen. George Nugent.* „ „ 1806–08. Sir Eyre Coote.* „ „ 1808–11. William, Duke of Manchester.* Governor. 1811–13. Lieut.-Gen. Edward Morrison. Lieut.-Gov. 1813–21. William, Duke of Manchester. Governor. 1821–22. Maj.-Gen. Henry Conran.* Lieut.-Gov. 1822–27. William, Duke of Manchester. Governor. 1827–29. Maj.-Gen. Sir John Keane.* Lieut.-Gov. 1829–32. Somerset, Earl of Belmore.* Governor. 1832. George Cuthbert. President. 1832–34. Constantine, Earl of Mulgrave.* Governor. 1834. George Cuthbert. President. 1834. Maj.-Gen. Sir Amos Norcot. Lieut.-Gov. 1834–36. Peter, Marquis of Sligo.* Governor. 1836–39. Sir Lionel Smith. „ 1839–42. Sir Charles Metcalfe.* „ 1842–46. James, Earl of Elgin.* „ 1846–47. Maj.-Gen. Sackville Berkeley. Lieut.-Gov. 1847–53. Sir Charles Edward Grey. Governor. 1853–56. Sir Henry Barkly.* „ 1856–57. Maj.-Gen. E. Wells Bell. Lieut.-Gov. 1857–62. Captain Charles Darling.* Governor. 1862–64. Edward John Eyre.* Lieut.-Gov. 1864–66. „ „ „ Governor. 1866. Sir Henry Storks.* Governor. 1866–74. Sir John Peter Grant.* „ 1874. W. A. Young. Administ. 1874–77. Sir William Grey.* Governor. 1877. Edward Rushworth. Lieut.-Gov. 1877. Maj.-Gen. Mann. Administ. 1877–80. Sir Anthony Musgrave.* Governor. 1879–80. Edward Newton. Lieut.-Gov. 1880–83. Sir Anthony Musgrave. Governor. 1883. Col. Somerset M. Wiseman Clarke. Administ. 1883. Maj.-Gen. Gamble. „ 1883–89. Sir Henry Norman.* Governor. 1889. Col. William Clive Justice. Administ. 1889–98. Sir Henry Arthur Blake. Governor. 1898. Maj.-Gen. Hallowes. Administ. 1898–04. Sir Augustus W. L. Hemming.* Governor. 1904. Sydney Olivier. Administ. 1904. Hugh Clarence Bourne. „ 1904–07. Sir James Alexander Swettenham. Governor. 1907. Hugh Clarence Bourne. Administ. 1907–13. Sir Sydney Olivier. Governor. 1913. Philip Clarke Cork. Administ. 1913– Sir William Henry Manning. Governor.
PRESIDENTS OF THE COUNCIL OF JAMAICA
1661. General Edward Doyley, _Governor and President_ 1664. Colonel Thomas Lynch 1671. Major-General James Bannister 1674. Colonel Hender Molesworth (_afterwards Baronet_). 1688. Sir Francis Watson 1691. John White 1692. John Bourden 1702. Peter Beckford Francis Rose 1722. John Ayscough 1735–51. John Gregory 1774. Archibald Sinclair 1775–96. Thomas Iredell 1797. John Palmer 1798. Thomas Wallen 1805. John Scott 1806. Nathaniel Beckford 1811. John Lewis 1821. George Pinnock 1825. George Cuthbert 1838. William Rowe 1840. James Gayleard 1856. John Salmon
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
1866–91. The governor for the time being 1892. Dr. J. C. Phillippo 1893 _et The governor for the time being seq._
PRIVY COUNCIL
1866 _et The governor for the time being seq._
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF JAMAICA
1664. Robert Freeman 1664. Sir Thomas Whetstone 1671. Samuel Long 1672–73. Major John Colebeck (_pro tem._) 1673. Samuel Long 1677. Lieut.-Col. William Beeston 1679–88. Samuel Bernard 1688. George Nedham (_pro tem._) 1688. Roger Hope Elletson „ Thomas Rives „ John Peeke 1691–92. Thomas Sutton 1693. Andrew Langley 1694. James Bradshaw 1698. Thomas Sutton 1701. Andrew Langley 1702. Francis Rose 1702–03. Andrew Langley 1704. Edward Stanton 1705. Matthew Gregory 1706. Hugh Totterdale „ John Peeke „ Matthew Gregory 1707–11. Peter Beckford, jun. 1711. William Brodrick „ Samuel Vassall (_pro tem._) 1711–13. Peter Beckford, jun. 1714. Hugh Totterdale 1715. John Blair 1716. Peter Beckford 1718. William Nedham 1719. Edmund Kelly 1721–22. George Modd 1722. William Nedham 1724. John Manley (_pro tem._) 1725. Francis Melling 1727–28. Thomas Beckford 1731. John Stewart 1733. William Nedham 1745. Charles Price [afterwards Sir Charles, Bt.] (_pro tem._) 1747. Richard Beckford (_pro tem._) 1751. „ „ 1755. Edward Manning 1756. Thomas Hibbert 1756. Charles Price 1763. Charles Price, jun. [afterwards 2nd Baronet] 1764. Thomas Fearon (_pro tem._) 1765. Charles Price, jun. 1766. William Nedham 1768. Edward Long „ Phillip Pinnock* 1770. Nicholas Bourke „ Charles Price, jun. 1775. Phillip Pinnock 1776. Sir Charles Price (2nd Baronet) 1778. Jasper Hall* 1778–93. Samuel Williams Haughton 1781. Thomas French (_pro tem._) 1782. William Pusey (_pro tem._) 1787. William Blake (_pro tem._) 1793. William Blake 1797. Donald Campbell 1798. Keane Osborn 1802. Philip Redwood 1809. James Lewis 1821. David Finlayson 1830. Richard Barrett 1832. Robert Allwood 1838. Richard Barrett 1839. Edward Panton 1842. Samuel Jackson Dallas* 1849. Charles McLarty Morales* 1861. Edward Jordon (_pro tem._)* 1864. Charles Hamilton Jackson*
CHIEF JUSTICES OF JAMAICA
1661. Philip Ward „ Samuel Barry 1663. William Mitchell 1664–65. Lynch 1671. John White 1675. Sir Thomas Modyford 1676–79. Samuel Long 1681. Robert Byndloss 1685. Samuel Bernard 1688. Robert Noell 1689. Roger Elletson „ Richard Lloyd 1695–98. Richard Lloyd 1698. Nicholas Lawes 1703. Peter Beckford „ Peter Heywood 1706. John Walters 1714–15. Peter Heywood 1716. Peter Bernard 1724. John Ayscough (_d._ 173 6) Edward Pennant 1733. Richard Mill 1733–35. John Gregory 1735. James Hay 1736–39. George Ellis 1739. John Gregory 1742. Dennis Kelly 1746. William Nedham 1749. John Hudson Guy 1751–56. John Palmer 1756–64. Thomas Fearon 1765. George Ellis 1766. Thomas Beach 1770. Peter Haywood 1776. Edward Webley 1779. Richard Welch 1780–83. Thomas French 1784–91. John Grant 1790. Thomas Harrison (_pro tem._) 1792. William Jackson 1801. John Henckell 1802. John Kirby 1808. John Lewis „ Philip Redwood 1818. Thomas Witter Jackson 1821. Sir William Anglin Scarlett* 1832. Sir Joshua Rowe* 1855. Sir Bryan Edwards* 1869. Sir John Lucie-Smith 1884. Sir Adam Gibb Ellis* 1895. Sir Henry James Burford-Hancock 1896. Sir Fielding Clarke 1910. Sir Anthony Coll
ATTORNEY-GENERALS OF JAMAICA
1671. Edmund Ducke 1688. Sir Richard Dereham 1686–91. Simon Musgrave 1693. William Brodrick 1698. Thomas Barrow 1698. Charles Brodrick 1703. Edward Haskins „ Robert Hotchkyn 1711–15. William Brodrick 1719. Edmund Kelly 1724. William Monk 1732. Alexander Henderson 1732. Thomas Howe 1732–44. Matthew Concanen 1744. Thomas Hill 1744–49. Robert Penny 1754. Henry Morgan Byndloss 1755. Richard Beckford 1760. Gilbert Ford 1760. Edward Penny 1766. Thomas Gordon 1766. Thomas Beach 1769. Thomas Harrison 1784. Robert Sewell 1796. George Crawford Ricketts 1802. William Ross 1806. Thomas Witter Jackson 1807. William Ross 1810. Thomas Witter Jackson 1818. William Burge 1829. Hugo James 1832. Fitz Herbert Batty 1833. Dowell O’Reilly 1857. Alexander Heslop* 1872. E. A. C. Schalch 1876. G. H. Barne 1877. E. L. O’Mally 1881. Sir Henry Hicks Hocking 1896. (Sir) Henry Rawlins Pipon Schooles 1906. Thomas Bancroft Oughton 1910. Ernest St. John Branch
NAVAL COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF AT JAMAICA
1655. Sir William Penn, Admiral and General-at-sea* 1655–57. Vice-Admiral William Goodsonn 1656–57. Vice-Admiral Christopher Myngs* 1662. Col. Mitchell, chief over the sea-officers 1662–64. Vice-Admiral Christopher Myngs 1663. Sir Thomas Whetstone, commanded a fleet at Jamaica 1669. Henry Morgan, “Commander-in Chief of all the ships of war” of Jamaica (commission from Governor) 1676. The Duke of York was Admiral of Jamaica and all other his Majesty’s Plantations and Dominions [1692. Commodore Wrenn, commanded in the West Indies 1692. Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Wheler, commanded in the West Indies] 1702. Vice-Admiral Benbow* [1703. Vice-Admiral John Graydon, commanded a fleet in the West Indies] 1703–05. Sir William Whetstone, Commander-in-Chief in the West Indies [1706. Commodore William Kerr, commanded a fleet in the West Indies 1706. Sir John Jennings, commanded a fleet in the West Indies] 1707–09. Rear-Admiral Charles Wager* 1710–12. Commodore James Littleton 1712. Rear-Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker 1720. Commodore Vernon, Commander-in-Chief of all his Majesty’s ships in the West Indies* [1726–27. Vice-Admiral Francis Hosier, commanded a squadron in the West Indies] 1727. Commodore Edward St. Lo, in command of West India Station 1728. Vice-Admiral Edward Hopson, in command of West India Station 1728–29. Rear-Admiral Edward St. Lo, in command of West India Station 1729. Commodore William Smith 1730–33. Rear-Admiral the Hon. Charles Stuart, in command of West India Station 1732. Commodore Richard Lestock 1732–39. Commodore Sir Chaloner Ogle* 1736–37. Captain Digby Dent [1739–42. Admiral Edward Vernon, commanded in the West Indies]* 1742–44. Rear-Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle. [1744. Vice-Admiral Thomas Davers, died at Jamaica] 1746. Captain Cornelius Mitchell 1747. Captain Digby Dent 1747–49. Rear-Admiral Charles Knowles 1749–52. Commodore the Hon. George Townshend 1755–57. Rear-Admiral the Hon. George Townshend 1757. Rear-Admiral Thomas Cotes 1760–61. Rear-Admiral Charles Holmes 1762. Commodore Sir James Douglas [1762. Admiral Sir George Pocock, Commander-in-Chief of expedition against Havana] 1762–64. Rear-Admiral Viscount Keppel 1764–66. Rear-Admiral Sir William Burnaby 1766–69. Rear-Admiral W. Parry 1769–70. Commodore Arthur Forrest* 1771–74. Rear-Admiral Sir George Rodney* 1774–78. Vice-Admiral Clarke Gayton 1778–82. Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker* [1779. Captain Horatio Nelson, commanded in Fort Charles, Port Royal]* 1782–83. Rear-Admiral Joshua Rowley 1783–84. Vice-Admiral James Gambier 1785. Commodore John Pakenham 1785. Captain Alan Gardner* 1786. Rear-Admiral Alexander Innes 1786–89. Commodore Alan (afterwards Lord) Gardner 1790–93. Rear-Admiral Philip Affleck 1793–95. Rear-Admiral John Ford 1796. Rear-Admiral William Parker 1796. Commodore Richard Rodney Bligh* 1796–1800. Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker* 1800–01. Vice-Admiral Lord Hugh Seymour* 1802. Rear-Admiral Robert Montague 1803–04. Vice-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth* 1804–08. Vice-Admiral James Richard Dacres* 1809–11. Vice-Admiral Bartholomew Samuel Rowley* 1811–13. Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Stirling, Bart. 1812. Vice-Admiral James Vashon 1813–14. Rear-Admiral William Brown* 1814–16. Vice-Admiral the Hon. Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane, K.B., Commander-in-Chief on the Jamaica Station, Windward and Leeward Islands, and Coast of North America 1816–17. Rear-Admiral John Erskine Douglas 1817–20. Rear-Admiral Sir Home Riggs Popham, K.C.B.* 1820–23. Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Rowley, K.C.B. 1823. Commodore E. W. C. R. Owen 1824–27. Vice-Admiral Sir Lawrence William Halstead, K.C.B. 1828–29. Vice-Admiral the Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming 1829–32. Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Griffith Colpoys, K.C.B. 1833. Commodore Sir Arthur Farquhar, C.B., K.C.H. K.S. 1833–36. Vice-Admiral Sir George Cockburn
COMMODORES ON JAMAICA DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AND WEST INDIAN STATION
1838. Sir John Strutt Peyton, K.C.H. 1839–41. Peter John Douglas 1843. Hon. Henry Dilkes Byng 1844–45. Alexander R. Sharpe, C.B. 1846. Daniel Pring 1849–51. Thomas Bennet 1855. Thomas Henderson 1860. Henry Kellet, C.B. 1861. Hugh Dunlop 1864–65. Peter Cracroft, C.B. 1865. A. M. De Horsey (acting) 1865–68. Sir Francis Leopold M’Clintock* 1869–70. Augustus Phillimore 1871–72. Richard W. Courtenay 1873–75. Algernon F. R. De Horsey 1875–78. Algernon McLennan Lyons 1878–80. William John Ward 1880–82. William S. Brown 1882. Edward White 1883–86. F. M. Prattent 1886–89. Henry Hand 1889–92. Rodney M. Lloyd 1892–95. T. S. Jackson 1895–98. H. W. Dowding 1898–99. William H. Henderson 1900–01. Edward H. M. Davis, C.M.G. 1901–03. D. Mc. N. Riddel 1903–05. (Sir) F. W. Fisher Dockyard close, March 1905
AGENTS FOR JAMAICA IN GREAT BRITAIN
1664–66. Sir James Modyford 1682. { Sir Charles Lyttelton { William Beeston 1688. Ralph Knight 1698–1713. { Sir Gilbert Heathcote { Sir Bartholomew Gracedieu 1714. F. Marsh 1725. Alexander Stephenson 1725–6. Edward Charlton 1728–1733. Charles de la Foy 1733. John Gregory 1733–1757. John Sharpe 1757–1762. Lovel Stanhope 1764–1795. Stephen Fuller 1795–1803. Robert Sewell 1803–1812. Edmund Pusey Lyon 1812–1831. George Hibbert 1831–1845. William Burge 1845, Dec Office abolished 8.
INTRODUCTION
Studies in Jamaica archæology and history naturally fall into three main groups: Aboriginal, Spanish and English.
Though, owing to the high form of civilization there attained, research has in Egypt revealed very full information concerning the condition of life in the Nile valley thousands of years before the Christian era, it has hitherto told us very little about the aborigines who inhabited Jamaica a little more than 400 years ago. How long they had been here when Columbus discovered the island no one can say for certain, though the thickness and extent of their middens, some thirty of which have been opened from time to time, offer evidence of value.
[Illustration:
ARAWÂK BOWL ]
As in Hispaniola, the natives of Jamaica were ruled over by caciques or chieftains. The estimates of historians of the number of inhabitants in the West Indian islands differ widely. Las Casas says that the islands abounded with inhabitants as an ant-hill with ants, and puts them down at 6,000,000. But Peter Martyr gives but 1,200,000 to Hispaniola and, taking this as a guide, there would probably have been about 600,000 in Jamaica—or, roughly speaking, three-quarters of its present population. Not many were left when the English took the island in 1655.
Judged by the English standard, Indians are short in stature. The Arawâks of Guiana to-day are described as being of a red cinnamon in colour. The hair on the scalp is thick, long, very straight and very black. The features of the face are strikingly like those familiarly known as Chinese (Mongolian), and the expression is decidedly gentle. Physically they are weak, and life hardly ever exceeds fifty years. The natives of Jamaica—as a few skulls found from time to time testify—possessed, in common with other West Indian tribes, the peculiarity of tying boards on to the foreheads of their children in such a way that the skulls assumed and permanently retained an extraordinarily flat shape.