CHAPTER I

. MUSIC OF THE EARLY AND MEDIÆVAL CHURCH AND EARLY SECULAR MUSIC 1

The music of the earliest Christian church as evolved from contemporary practices and systems; the alliance of the Roman liturgy with music; the _Schola Cantorum_--St. Ambrose and liturgical music; his hymns; Gregory the Great and his reforms; the Gregorian antiphonary; sequences and tropes--Progress in musical methods in the northern countries; Hucbald and _organum_; Guido of Arezzo; Franco of Cologne and measured music; growth of part-singing--Early secular music; the Troubadours and Trouvères; Adam de la Hâle; the Minnesingers and the Mastersingers; mediæval secular forms; The early madrigal and its precursors, the _chanson_ and _frottola_; ‘Sumer is icumen in’; relation of folk-music to art-music.

II. THE POLYPHONIC PERIOD 36

The Gallo-Belgic School; the Netherlanders; the mass and its liturgical significance; the use of secular subjects--Conditions that fostered continuity of development: the ‘Mass of Tournay’; Dufay and Okeghem; Hobrecht’s _Parce Domine_; Josquin des Près’ masses and motets; his expressive style--The motet as an extra-liturgical form; its development; its later characteristic style; distinction between sacred and secular music--Orlando di Lasso’s ‘Penitential Psalms’; his tendency toward a simpler style; his _Gustate et Videte_ and other compositions--Palestrina’s reforms, methods, and style; his masses, _Papæ Marcelli_, _Brevis_, and _Assumpta est Maria_; his motets and other compositions: Vittoria and others--Madrigal writers of the sixteenth century: Festa, Arcadelt, Willaert, Byrd, Morley, etc.

III. THE FIRST CENTURY OF PROTESTANT CHURCH MUSIC 76

Martin Luther; the chorale as the nucleus of German Protestant church music--Early Reformation composers: Walther, Eccard, Prætorius; influence of church choir schools in Germany during the Reformation period--English Protestant music, music of the Anglican liturgy: the anthem, its early history and style--The spread of congregational song; psalms and hymns.

## PART II. THE CANTATA AND OTHER SHORT FORMS

IV. THE EARLY ITALIAN SECULAR CANTATA, THE GERMAN CLASSICAL CANTATA, THE ENGLISH ANTHEM, AND OTHER SHORT CHORAL FORMS 99

The entrance of dramatic tendencies into music--Carissimi and the early cantata; Rossi, Cesti, and Legrenzi--A. Scarlatti, the culminating point in cantata-writing in Italy; later developments of the Italian cantata--The German church cantata and its relation to the Lutheran service; cantata-texts of Neumeister and others--Bach in the service of the church; his church cantatas--G. F. Handel; Joseph Haydn; W. A. Mozart--English church music in the eighteenth century; the anthem: Croft, Greene, Boyce, and others--Later history of this motet in England, Italy, and Germany; decadence of the madrigal; the glee, the part-song, the masque and the ode.

V. THE CANTATA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 142

Conflict of tradition and progress--Ludwig van Beethoven: ‘Ruins of Athens,’ ‘Glorious moment’; Andreas Romberg--C. M. von Weber; Franz Schubert; Ludwig Spohr--Mendelssohn: ‘First Walpurgis Night,’ etc.; 95th Psalm; _Lauda Sion_, etc.--Hector Berlioz: ‘Damnation of Faust’--Robert Schumann: ‘Paradise and the Peri’; ‘Pilgrimage of the Rose’; Miscellany--Ferdinand Hiller; Niels W. Gade: ‘Crusaders,’ ‘Erl-King’s Daughter,’ ‘Christmas Eve,’ ‘Comala,’ etc.--Félicien David: ‘The Desert’; Minor cantata writers in Germany and England: Benedict, Costa, Macfarren, Smart, Bennett--Anglican ritual-music and the German evangelical motet in the nineteenth century; the part-song.

VI. THE MODERN CANTATA 189

Wagner: ‘The Love Feast of the Apostles’; Liszt: ‘The Bells of Strassburg,’ ‘Prometheus’--Brahms: ‘Song of Triumph,’ ‘Song of Destiny’--Max Bruch: ‘Frithjof,’ ‘Fair Ellen,’ ‘The Cross of Fire,’ ‘The Lay of the Bell,’ etc.--Rheinberger; Dvořák; Hofmann; Goetz--Grieg; Gounod; Sullivan: ‘The Golden Legend’; Barnby’s Gaul; Stainer; Cowen--Parry; Mackenzie; Stanford--Elgar: ‘King Olaf’; ‘Caractacus’; ‘The Black Knight’-- Coleridge-Taylor: ‘Hiawatha’ cycle--Dudley Buck: ‘The Golden Legend’; ‘The Light of Asia’; Horatio Parker and other cantata writers in the United States.

## PART III. THE ORATORIO AND THE MASS

VII. Early and Classical Oratorios 223

Origin of oratorio in the sacred drama of Italy--Cavalieri: ‘The Representation of Soul and Body’--Carissimi: ‘Jephthah’--Scarlatti; Stradella; other early oratorio writers--Development of oratorio in Germany; Passion-music and its development; Schütz: ‘The Seven Last Words of Christ’; ‘The Passion Oratorio’; ‘The Resurrection’--J. S. Bach: ‘Christmas Oratorio’; ‘Passion according to St. Matthew’; Graun: ‘The Death of Jesus’; other writers of Passion-music-- Handel and the oratorio; ‘The Messiah’--‘Israel in Egypt’; ‘Judas Maccabæus’; ‘Samson,’ etc.--Haydn: ‘The Creation’; ‘The Seasons.‘

VIII. THE ORATORIO FROM BEETHOVEN TO BRAHMS 264

Beethoven: ‘The Mount of Olives’; Spohr: ‘The Last Judgment’ and ‘Calvary’--Mendelssohn: ‘St. Paul’--‘Elijah’ and ‘Hymn of Praise’--Liszt: ‘St. Elizabeth’ and ‘Christus’--Oratorio in England; Sterndale Bennett: ‘The Woman of Samaria’; Costa’s ‘Eli’--Oratorio in France; Lesueur; Berlioz’s _L’enfance du Christ_--Gounod: ‘The Redemption’; _Mors et Vita_.

IX. THE MODERN ORATORIO 292

Brahms: ‘German Requiem’; Dvořák: ‘St. Ludmila’--César Franck: ‘The Beatitudes’;--Tinel: ‘Franciscus’; Benoît: ‘Lucifer’--Saint-Saëns: ‘Christmas Oratorio’; ‘The Deluge’; Massenet: _Ève_; _Marie Madeleine_; Dubois: ‘Paradise Lost’--Oratorio in England; Mackenzie: ‘The Rose of Sharon’; ‘Bethlehem’; Parry: ‘Judith’; ‘Job’; ‘King Saul’--Stanford: ‘The Three Holy Children’; ‘Eden’; Sullivan: ‘The Prodigal Son’; ‘The Light of the World’; Cowen--Oratorio in America; Paine: ‘St. Peter’; Horatio Parker: _Hora Novissima_; ‘The Legend of St. Christopher.’

X. THE MODERN MASS 318

The adaptation of liturgical forms to extra-liturgical purposes; Mass; Requiem Mass--Stabat Mater; Magnificat; Te Deum--Musical masses and the Roman service--Bach: ‘B minor Mass’--Bach‘s ‘Magnificat in D’; Pergolesi‘s _Stabat Mater_; Handel‘s Te Deums; Graun‘s ‘Prague _Te Deum_’; Haydn’s church music--Mozart: the _Requiem_ and other masses--Cherubini: _Requiem_ and other masses; Schubert’s masses--Beethoven: _Missa Solemnis_; Weber’s masses--Berlioz: _Requiem_; _Te Deum_; Rossini’s _Stabat Mater_; Liszt: ‘Graner Mass’ and ‘Hungarian Coronation Mass’--Gounod: ‘St. Cecilia Mass’ and other masses; Dvořák: _Requiem_ and _Stabat Mater_; Verdi: ‘The Manzoni _Requiem_’--The masses of Rheinberger, Henschel and others.

## PART IV. MODERN CHORAL MUSIC

XI. CONTEMPORANEOUS CHORAL MUSIC IN GERMANY 347

Contemporaneous Choral Music in Germany--Richard Strauss: _Wanderers Sturmlied_; _Taillefer_; Motets--Taubmann: _Eine Deutsche Messe_; _Sängerweihe_; Georg Schumann: _Ruth_; _Totenklage_ and other works--Max Reger’s choral compositions; Schönberg: _Gurrelieder_; ‘Transfigured Night’; _Pierrot lunaire_--Other choral writers of the present; Felix Draeseke’s _Christus_; Wolfrum’s _Weihnachtsmysterium_; Albert Fuchs; Wilhelm Platz; August Bungert’s _Warum? Woher? Wohin?_ Felix Woyrsch: _Totentanz_ and other works; Wilhelm Berger’s _Totentanz_; Karl Ad. Lorenz: _Das Licht_; other contributors to modern German choral literature.

XII. CONTEMPORANEOUS CHORAL MUSIC IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA 359

Elgar: ‘The Light of Life’; ‘The Dream of Gerontius’; ‘The Apostles’; ‘The Kingdom’; ‘The Music Makers’;--Parry: ‘War and Peace’; ‘The Vision of Life’; ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’; Mackenzie; Cowen; Coleridge-Taylor--Bantock: ‘The Fire Worshippers’; ‘Omar Khayyam’ and other choral works--Holbrooke: ‘The Bells,’ ‘Byron’ and other works; Grainger and others; Walford Davies: ‘Everyman’; ‘The Temple’ and other works; minor English choral writers--Horatio Parker: ‘Morven and the Grail’ and smaller works; Chadwick: ‘Judith’ and ‘Noël’--Henry Hadley: ‘Merlin and Vivian’ and short works; F. S. Converse: ‘Job’; other American choral writers.

XIII. CONTEMPORARY CHORAL MUSIC IN FRANCE, ITALY, RUSSIA AND ELSEWHERE 386

Debussy: _L’enfant prodigue_, _La demoiselle élue_ and _Le martyre de Saint-Sébastien_; Reynaldo Hahn: _La pastorale de Noël_; Gabriel Pierné: _La croisade des enfants_; _Les enfants de Bethlehem_; _Les fioretti de Saint-François d’Assisi_--Florent Schmitt: Psalm XLVII; Vincent d’Indy: _Chant de la cloche_, etc.--Renaissance of oratorio in Italy; Perosi and his oratorios; Bossi: _Canticum canticorum_; _Il Paradiso perduto_; Wolf-Ferrari: _La Vita Nuova_ and other works--Scandinavia; choral music in Russia; Moussorgsky; Rimsky-Korsakoff; Glazounoff; Glière; Arensky and others; choral composition in Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, Spain.

## PART V. THE ORGAN AND ITS MUSIC

XIV. THE ORGAN FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT 397

The ancestor of the modern organ; pneumatic and hydraulic organs of classical antiquity--The organ in early mediæval times--The tenth and eleventh centuries: cloister and minster organs; the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: introduction of the ‘portative’ organ and balanced keys; the fourteenth century: chromatic keyboard; pedals; organ blowing--Fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; cathedral and church organs; the _Rückpositiv_; the Spanish _partida_; builders--The seventeenth century: mechanical development; tuning; union of manuals; the eighteenth century; the ‘Swell’; English builders; the Silbermanns--_Rococo_ adornment of cases; the nineteenth century and the birth of the modern instrument--Pneumatic action; electric action; the Universal Air Chest; duplex stop control; tonal improvements--the chamber organ; the concert organ.

XV. EARLY ORGAN MUSIC 415

The old Italian masters: Landino to Frescobaldi--Early German masters; the forerunners of Bach; Hassler, Pachelbel, Buxtehude--J. S. Bach: the toccatas, the preludes and fugues, the sonatas and other works--The early French composers: Couperin and Rameau; Spain and Portugal; the Netherlands--The early English masters; Tye, Tallis, Byrd, Bull, Gibbons, etc.--Purcell; Handel.

XVI. ORGAN MUSIC AFTER BACH AND HANDEL 456

The eclipse of organ music after Bach; Bach’s pupils and other organ masters of the classic period--Organ composers of the romantic period: Mendelssohn, Liszt, Rheinberger and others--Great French organists of the nineteenth century--English organists since Handel.

XVII. MODERN ORGAN MUSIC 479

Supremacy of modern French organ music; Saint-Saëns; Guilmant: sonatas and smaller works--Widor: organ symphonies; Dubois; Gigout and other French organ-writers--German organ composers; Piutti; Klose; Reger; chorale-fantasias; Karg-Elert and others--Organ music in Italy; Capocci; Bossi; Busoni and others--English organ composers since 1850--Organ music in the United States; early history; Dudley Buck; Frederick Archer and Clarence Eddy; contemporary American organ composers.

LITERATURE 503

INDEX 507

CHORAL AND CHURCH MUSIC

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