Part II

--Vol. IV

Kumhar (_Potter_) 3 Kunbi (_Cultivator_) 16 Kunjra (_Greengrocer_) 50 Kuramwar (_Shepherd_) 52 Kurmi (_Cultivator_) 55 Lakhera (_Worker in lac_) 104 Lodhi (_Landowner and cultivator_) 112 Lohar (_Blacksmith_) 120 Lorha (_Growers of_ san-_hemp_) 126 Mahar (_Weaver and labourer_) 129 Mahli (_Forest tribe_) 146 Majhwar (_Forest tribe_) 149 Mal (_Forest tribe_) 153 Mala (_Cotton-weaver and labourer_) 156 Mali (_Gardener and vegetable-grower_) 159 Mallah (_Boatman and fisherman_) 171 Mana (_Forest tribe, cultivator_) 172 Manbhao (_Religious mendicant_) 176 Mang (_Labourer and village musician_) 184 Mang-Garori (_Criminal caste_) 189 Manihar (_Pedlar_) 193 Mannewar (_Forest tribe_) 195 Maratha (_Soldier, cultivator and service_) 198 Mehtar (_Sweeper and scavenger_) 215 Meo (_Tribe_) 233 Mina or Deswali (_Non-Aryan tribe, cultivator_) 235 Mirasi (_Bard and genealogist_) 242 Mochi (_Shoemaker_) 244 Mowar (_Cultivator_) 250 Murha (_Digger and navvy_) 252 Nagasia (_Forest tribe_) 257 Nahal (_Forest tribe_) 259 Nai (Barber) 262 Naoda (_Boatman and fisherman_) 283 Nat (_Acrobat_) 286 Nunia (_Salt-refiner, digger and navvy_) 294 Ojha (_Augur and soothsayer_) 296 Oraon (_Forest tribe_) 299 Paik (_Soldier, cultivator_) 321 Panka (_Labourer and village watchman_) 324 Panwar Rajput (_Landowner and cultivator_) 330 Pardhan (_Minstrel and priest_) 352 Pardhi (_Hunter and fowler_) 359 Parja (_Forest tribe_) 371 Pasi (_Toddy-drawer and labourer_) 380 Patwa (_Maker of silk braid and thread_) 385 Pindari (_Freebooter_) 388 Prabhu (_Writer and clerk_) 399 Raghuvansi (_Cultivator_) 403 Rajjhar (_Agricultural labourer_) 405 Rajput (_Soldier and landowner_) 410

Rajput Clans

Baghel. Bagri. Bais. Baksaria. Banaphar. Bhadauria. Bisen. Bundela. Chandel. Chauban. Dhakar. Gaharwar. Gaur. Haihaya. Huna. Kachhwaha. Nagvansi. Nikumbh. Paik. Parihar. Rathor. Sesodia. Solankhi. Somvansi. Surajvansi. Tomara. Yadu.

Rajwar (_Forest tribe_) 470 Ramosi (_Village watchmen and labourers, formerly thieves_) 472 Rangrez (_Dyer_) 477 Rautia (_Forest tribe and cultivators, formerly soldiers_) 479 Sanaurhia (_Criminal thieving caste_) 483 Sansia (_Vagrant criminal tribe_) 488 Sansia (Uria) (_Mason and digger_) 496 Savar (_Forest tribe_) 500 Sonjhara (_Gold-washer_) 509 Sudh (_Cultivator_) 514 Sunar (_Goldsmith and silversmith_) 517 Sundi (_Liquor distiller_) 534 Tamera (_Coppersmith_) 536 Taonla (_Soldier and labourer_) 539 Teli (_Oilman_) 542 Thug (_Criminal community of murderers by strangulation_) 558 Turi (_Bamboo-worker_) 588 Velama (_Cultivator_) 593 Vidur (_Village accountant, clerk and writer_) 596 Waghya (_Religious mendicant_) 603 Yerukala (_Criminal thieving caste_) 606

Note.--The Gonds are the most important of the non-Aryan or primitive tribes, and their social customs are described in detail. The Baiga, Bhil, Kawar, Khond, Kol, Korku and Korwa are other important tribes. The two representative cultivating castes are the Kurmis and Kunbis, and the articles on them include detailed descriptions of Hindu social customs, and some information on villages, houses, dress, food and manner of life. Articles in which subjects of general interest are treated are Darzi (clothes), Sunar (ornaments), Kachera and Lakhera (bangles), Nai (hair), Kalar (veneration of alcoholic liquor), Bania (moneylending and interest), Kasai (worship and sacrifice of domestic animals), Joshi (the Hindu calendar and personal names), Bhat (suicide), Dahait (significance of the umbrella), and Kanjar (connection of Indian and European gipsies). The articles on Badhak, Sansia and Thug are compiled from Sir William Sleeman's reports on these communities of dacoits and murderers, whose suppression he achieved. For further information the Subject Index may be consulted.

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Maps

Map of India _Frontispiece_ Map of the Central Provinces Map of the Central Provinces, showing principal linguistic or racial divisions 6

Illustrations

Volume I

1. Hindu temple of the god Siva 16 2. Hindu sculptures 26 3. Peasant's hut 40 4. Group of religious mendicants 56 5. Drawing water from the village well 72 6. Gayatri or sacred verse personified as a goddess 108 7. Image of the god Jagannath, a form of Vishnu 118 8. The god Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, with attendant deities 144 9. Hindu bathing party 158 10. Pilgrims carrying Ganges water 184 11. A meeting of the Arya Samaj for investing boys with the sacred thread 202 12. Jain temples at Muktagiri, Betul 220 13. Jain ascetics with cloth before mouth and sweeping-brush 224 14. Jain gods in attitude of contemplation 228 15. Jain temple in Seoni 230 16. Kabir 232 17. Beggar on artificial horse at the Muharram festival 248 18. Carrying the horse-shoe at the Muharram festival 252 19. Tazia or tombs of Hussain at the Muharram festival 256 20. Famous Tazia at Khandwa 260 21. Representing a tiger at the Muharram festival 272 22. Temple of Siva at Bandakpur, near Damoh 302 23. Images of Siva and his consort Devi, or Parvati, with the bull and tiger 304 24. Devotees, possessed, embracing each other, while supported on tridents, at Siva's fair at Pachmarhi 306 25. Image of the prophet Swami Narayan in the Teli temple at Burhanpur 326 26. Images of Rama, Lachman and Sita, with attendants 330 27. Image of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth, the consort of Vishnu, with attendant 332 28. Image of the boar incarnation of Vishnu 334 29. Bahrupia impersonating the goddess Kali 344 30. Dasari religious mendicant with discus and conch-shell of Vishnu 406

Volume II

31. Aghori mendicant 14 32. Ahirs decorated with cowries for the Stick Dance at Diwali 18 33. Image of Krishna as Murlidhar or the flute-player, with attendant deities 28 34. Ahir dancers in Diwali costume 32 35. Pinjara cleaning cotton 72 36. Baiga village, Balaghat District 88 37. Hindu mendicants with sect-marks 94 38. Anchorite sitting on iron nails 98 39. Pilgrims carrying water of the river Nerbudda 100 40. _Coloured Plate_: Examples of Tilaks or sect-marks worn on the forehead 102 41. Group of Marwari Bania women 112 42. Image of the god Ganpati carried in procession 116 43. The elephant-headed god Ganpati. His conveyance is a rat, which can be seen as a little blob between his feet 120 44. Mud images made and worshipped at the Holi festival 126 45. Bania's shop 128 46. Banjara women with the _singh_ or horn 184 47. Group of Banjara women 188 48. Basors making baskets of bamboo 210 49. Bhat with his _putla_ or doll 256 50. Group of Bhils 278 51. Tantia Bhil, a famous dacoit 282 52. Group of Bohras at Burhanpur (Nimar) 346 53. Brahman worshipping his household gods 380 54. Brahman bathing party 384 55. Brahman Pujaris or priests 390 56. Group of Maratha Brahman men 392 57. Group of Naramdeo Brahman women 396 58. Group of Naramdeo Brahman men 398 59. Chamars tanning and working in leather 416 60. Chamars cutting leather and making shoes 418 61. Chhipa or calico-printer at work 430 62. Dhimar or fisherman's hut 502 63. Fishermen in dug-outs or hollowed tree trunks 506 64. Group of Gurujwale Fakirs 538

Volume III

65. Gond women grinding corn 42 66. Palace of the Gond kings of Garha-Mandla at Ramnagar 46 67. Gonds on a journey 62 68. Killing of Rawan, the demon king of Ceylon, from whom the Gonds are supposed to be descended 114 69. Woman about to be swung round the post called Meghnath 116 70. Climbing the pole for a bag of sugar 118 71. Gonds with their bamboo carts at market 122 72. Gond women, showing tattooing on backs of legs 126 73. Maria Gonds in dancing costume 136 74. Gondhali musicians and dancers 144 75. Gosain mendicant 150 76. Alakhwale Gosains with faces covered with ashes 152 77. Gosain mendicants with long hair 154 78. Famous Gosain Mahant. Photograph taken after death 156 79. Gujar village proprietress and her land agent 168 80. Guraos with figures made at the Holi festival called Gangour 176 81. Group of Gurao musicians with their instruments 180 82. Ploughing with cows and buffaloes in Chhattisgarh 182 83. Halwai or confectioner's shop 202 84. Jogi mendicants of the Kanphata sect 244 85. Jogi musicians with _sarangi_ or fiddle 250 86. Kaikaris making baskets 298 87. Kanjars making ropes 332 88. A group of Kasars or brass-workers 370 89. Dancing girls and musicians 374 90. Girl in full dress and ornaments 378 91. Old type of sugarcane mill 494 92. Group of Kol women 512 93. Group of Kolams 520 94. Korkus of the Melghat hills 550 95. Korku women in full dress 556 96. Koshti men dancing a figure, holding strings and beating sticks 582

Volume IV

97. Potter at his wheel 4 98. Group of Kunbis 16 99. Figures of animals made for Pola festival 40 100. Hindu boys on stilts 42 101. Throwing stilts into the water at the Pola festival 46 102. Carrying out the dead 48 103. Pounding rice 60 104. Sowing 84 105. Threshing 86 106. Winnowing 88 107. Women grinding wheat and husking rice 90 108. Group of women in Hindustani dress 92 109. _Coloured Plate_: Examples of spangles worn by women on the forehead 106 110. Weaving: sizing the warp 142 111. Winding thread 144 112. Bride and bridegroom with marriage crowns 166 113. Bullocks drawing water with _mot_ 170 114. Mang musicians with drums 186 115. Statue of Maratha leader, Bimbaji Bhonsla, in armour 200 116. Image of the god Vishnu as Vithoba 248 117. Coolie women with babies slung at the side 256 118. Hindu men showing the _choti_ or scalp-lock 272 119. Snake-charmer with cobras 292 120. Transplanting rice 340 121. Group of Pardhans 350 122. Little girls playing 400 123. Gujarati girls doing figures with strings and sticks 402 124. Ornaments 524 125. Teli's oil-press 544 126. The Goddess Kali 574 127. Waghya mendicants 604

PRONUNCIATION

_a_ has the sound of _u_ in _but_ or _murmur_. _a_ has the sound of _a_ in _bath_ or _tar_. _e_ has the sound of _é_ in _écarté_ or _ai_ in _maid_. _i_ has the sound of _i_ in _bit_, or (as a final letter) of _y_ in _sulky_ _i_ has the sound of _ee_ in _beet_. _o_ has the sound of _o_ in _bore_ or _bowl_. _u_ has the sound of _u_ in _put_ or _bull_. _u_ has the sound of _oo_ in _poor_ or _boot_.

The plural of caste names and a few common Hindustani words is formed by adding _s_ in the English manner according to ordinary usage, though this is not, of course, the Hindustani plural.

Note.--The rupee contains 16 annas, and an anna is of the same value as a penny. A pice is a quarter of an anna, or a farthing. Rs. 1-8 signifies one rupee and eight annas. A lakh is a hundred thousand, and a krore ten million.

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