chapter I

. Manamah and Moharek 1 II. The Mounds of Ali 16 III. Our Visit to Rufa'a 30

MASKAT IV. Some Historical Facts about Oman 45 V. Maskat and the Outskirts 63

THE HADHRAMOUT VI. Makalla 71 VII. Our Departure into the Interior 81 VIII. The Akaba 88 IX. Through Wadi Kasr 98 X. Our Sojourn at Koton 111 XI. The Wadi Ser and Kabr Saleh 126 XII. The City of Shibahm 142 XIII. Farewell to the Sultan of Shibahm 162 XIV. Harassed by our Guides 177 XV. Retribution for our Foes 199 XVI. Coasting Eastward by Land 210 XVII. Coasting Westward by Sea 220

DHOFAR AND THE GARA MOUNTAINS XVIII. Merbat and Al Hafa 227 XIX. The Gara Tribe 244 XX. The Gara Mountains 256 XXI. The Identification of Abyssapolis 268 XXII. Sailing from Kosseir to Aden 277

AN AFRICAN INTERLUDE: THE EASTERN SOUDAN XXIII. Coasting along the Red Sea 287 XXIV. Halaib and Sawakin Kadim 298 XXV. Inland from Mersa Halaib 303 XXVI. Mohammed Gol 309 XXVII. 'Dancing on Tom Tiddler's Ground, Picking up Gold' 313 XXVIII. Behind the Jebel Erba 327

THE MAHRI ISLAND OF SOKOTRA XXIX. Kalenzia 343 XXX. Eriosh and Kadhoup 353 XXXI. Tamarida or Hadibo 361 XXXII. We Depart for the Land's End, _i.e._ Ras Momi 371 XXXIII. Mount Haghier and Fereghet 378 XXXIV. Back to the Ocean 390

BELED FADHLI AND BELED YAFEI XXXV. Experiences with the Yafei Sultan 399 XXXVI. Among the Fadhli 412 XXXVII. From the Plain of Mis'hal to the Sea 421

Appendices 431

Index 451

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abu'lfida Ismael ibn Ali Imad ed din, Prince or King of Hamar.--_Géographie d'Aboulfida_, traduite de l'Arabe et accompagnée de notes et d'éclaircissements par M. Reinaud, par M. S. Guyard. Paris, 1848-83.

Baros, João de.--_Dos feitos que os Portugueses fizeram_. 1778-80.

Binning, Robert.--_A Journal of Two Years' Travel in Persia, Ceylon, &c._ 1857.

Bunbury, Sir E. H.--_Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans_. 1879.

Cartas de Alfonzo de Albuquerque.--_Commentaries of Albuquerque_, Hakluyt Society, translated by W. de G. Birch. 1875.

Carter, Dr.--_Paper in the Journal of the Asiatic Society_. Bombay branch.

Chabas, Joseph.--_Les Inscriptions des Mines d'or_. 1862.

Correa, Gaspar.--_Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama_. Hakluyt Society, 1869.

Fernan Lopes de la Castanbeda.--_Historia do descubrimento e conquista da India pe los Portugueses_. Lisbon, 1833.

Glaser, Eduard.--_Skizze der Geschichte der Geographie Süd-Arabiens_. Berlin, 1890.

Goeje, J. de.--_Bibliotheca geographicorum Arabicorum_. 1870-85. _Mémoires d'histoire et de géographie orientales_. 2nd edition, 1886.

_Helps to the Study of the Bible_.

Hommel, Fritz--_Süd-Arabische Chrestomathie und Minæo-Sabäischen Grammatik_. München, 1893.

_India Directory_, Part I. 1874.

Miles, Colonel.--_Report of the Administration of the Persian Gulf Residency_, 1884-88. _Journey through Oman and Dhakrireh_. Blue Book, ccxx.

Muhamad ibn Muhamad, _Geographie d'Edrisi_.--Traduite de l'Arabe. Paris, 1836-40.

Muhammad ibn Abdallah, called Ibn Batuta.

Muhammad ibn Muhammad.--_Geographia Nubiensis_, 1619, 4º.

Müller, D. H.--_Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien_ (Denkschriften der K.K. Ak. der Wissenschaften Wien). _Phil. Hist._ Cl. 37, 1894. _Himyarische Studien_ (Z. D. M., § 30). 1870.

Palgrave, W. G.--_Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central Eastern Arabia_. 1865.

Pollak, Dr. J. E.--_Das Land und seine Bewohner_. 1865.

Sprenger Aloys.--_Bürger und Schlösser Süd-Arabiens. Die Alte Geographie Arabiens_.

Vincent, W.--_The Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean_. 1886.

Wellsted, Lieut.--_Visit to Dhofar in the 'Philomel.'_ 1883. _Rough notes of a visit to Nakhl and Jebel Akhdar_.

Ali Ibn al Husain, El Masudi, Abu al Hasan, Diodoros, Marco Polo, Sir John Maundeville, Pliny, the _Periplus_, Strabo, Ebn Said, Ptolemy, and others; but, as many of these names have been copied by me from rough notes of my husband's, I cannot be certain about the editions. I hope the imperfections of this bibliography will be excused.

ILLUSTRATIONS

A Mosque at Manamah, Bahrein _to face p._ 3

Theodore Bent Receiving Visitors at the Mounds, Bahrein 24 The Interior of Sheikh Saba's House at Rufa'a, Bahrein 34 The Castle of the Sultan of Shibahm at Al Koton 110 The Castle of the Sultan of Makalla at Shibahm 125 A Sabæan Altar 145 A Gara Forge 247 The Abyss of Abyssapolis, Dhofar 271 Elba Mountains From Shellal 304 Flute-Players in the Wadi Koukout, Soudan 337 The Plain of Eriosh, Sokotra 354 Theodore Bent making the Vocabulary at Fereghet 365 Vegetation in Sokotra 379 The Breakwater at Fereghet 383 Dragon's-Blood Trees at Yehazahaz 387 The Haghier Mountains from Suk 394 Castle at Kanfar 402 Dirgheg 408 Old Na'ab 413 Fadhli at Shariah, Wadi Reban, with Curious Sandal 418 Village of Mis'hal 421 Plain of Mis'hal and Aòdeli Tribe 425 Fragment of Alabasteroid Limestone 435 Sabæan Antiquities 436

MAPS

Arabia, showing the Routes of Mr. J. Theodore Bent _to face p._ xii Hadramut 70 Dhofar and the Gara-Range 226 Mount Erba and Surrounding Country 286 Sokotra 342 The Fadhli Country, South Arabia 400

[Illustration: Map of ARABIA

showing the routes of

M^r. J. THEODORE BENT.

Stanford's Geog.^l Estab.^t, London

London: Smith, Elder & Co.]

SOUTHERN ARABIA

##