Chapter VI

.

Under conditions of stabilized defensive lines in Korea, the great offensive power of Marine tanks was somewhat limited. They were used extensively as direct fire weapons and supplemented the artillery regiment by firing deep H&I (harassing and interdiction) missions. In West Korea, it proved expedient to have friendly tanks positioned in defiladed assembly areas where they were on call and ready to move into MLR firing slots on short notice. They often provided close fire support to Marine patrols and outpost defense actions, sometimes being called in for fire missions before the direct support artillery.

Since tanks under enemy observation invariably drew retaliatory fire, they usually remained in firing positions on the MLR only long enough to complete their fire mission. Deployment of several M-46s in mutually supporting MLR positions, however, tended to reduce the volume of hostile fire. When operating forward of the MLR, it was important that the armored vehicles be protected by infantry from enemy tank-killer teams. Often the Marine artillery observer’s knowledge of the terrain and familiarity with objective targets upon which the tank could be effectively used was thus relayed to the tanker, particularly when such targets were themselves obscured to the tank gunner. In registering the target, however, the adjustment system used by the gunner differed from that of the artillery FOs. It was recommended that use of tank guns and lights be made part of the regular COP fire plan.

The Korean experience demonstrated in particular the need for better rehearsed tank-infantry patrols. It also showed the need for a reliable tank-mounted searchlight with a range up to 2,000 yards. Smoke and muzzle blast of the 90mm gun often reduced the effectiveness of the tank searchlight. When two tanks were employed as a team (one spotting targets and adjusting fire with the light, while the other zeroed in on the illuminated targets), the searchlight was markedly more effective.

Outpost warfare, which was predominantly night fighting, was thus characterized by patrolling and ambushes, artillery dueling, and sharp battles for contested terrain that would offer improved observation. In this stand-off period of positional warfare, ground defenses were developed to the point where “both sides were incomparably stronger than they had been in actual [moving] battle.”[776]

[776] Marshall, _Military History of Korean War_, p. 72.

Lessons from Korea dealt not only with modified battle tactics, but involved an evaluation of enemy performance and capabilities, as well as certain strategic considerations which had so markedly affected the course of the war. UNC forces in Korea faced an adversary who had vast resources of manpower and, accordingly, was wholly indifferent to the cost of victory in terms of personnel and time. In fact, the enemy believed that mass was the key to victory. In many instances Chinese commanders did not launch an offensive unless their attack force had a three-to-one superiority over the defending friendly unit.

Combat effectiveness of the CCF was evaluated as good to excellent. Chinese officers demonstrated good combat leadership. They were well schooled in both offensive and defensive military tactics. Some units had been trained for amphibious operations. During the long period of positional warfare, the CCF had built up their military capability (troops, artillery, AA guns) and resupplied their forward units. Maintaining a steady flow of supplies had been an earlier weakness of the CCF logistics system. During the last six months of the war Chinese stockpiles were adequate for 35 days of offensive operations; the enemy was capable of supporting a major offensive for a 17–24 day period.

By contrast, the North Korean soldier was considerably less effective. The larger number of NKPA prisoners taken and their greater desertion rate indicated poorer discipline and lower morale. NKPA units were rated from poor to good. After 1951, NKPA forces decreased in importance while the CCF assumed a greater role in the combat effort as well as in the truce negotiations.

Chinese weapons and equipment were characterized by a lack of standardization due to the absence of a central system of production or ordnance supply. Their weapons included a wide assortment of foreign manufacture--Japanese, U.S., German, Czechoslovakian, Soviet, and Chinese design. Because of a shortage of small arms, usually not more than a third of the personnel in their combat units were individually armed. Despite this fact the CCF soldier was convinced he was good and had “proved himself to be a formidable opponent in combat.”[777]

[777] 1st MAW PIR 127-53, Encl (1), p. 1.

Individually and as units, the CCF exhibited the traditional Oriental characteristics of extreme patience, passivity, and determination. Some authorities went so far as to declare that the Chinese ability to:

... remain quiet for a long period and to patrol stealthily are the main reasons for the success of his engagements. The enemy’s successes which have resulted from his patience and stealth show that our troops need more training in the same technique.[778]

[778] _PacFlt EvalRpt_ No. 6, p. 9-41.

The enemy’s tenacious determination to hold key terrain, regardless of the costs of lives, was well known. Another evaluation concluded:

The Chinese [is] well and courageously led at the small unit level. He is thoroughly disciplined. He is an industrious digger. His conduct of the defense is accomplished in spite of UN superiority in the air, his inferior communications equipment and his hodgepodge of weapons and equipment.[779]

[779] _Ibid._, No. 5, p. 8-31.

Battlefront lightweightness and mobility, particularly in Korean winter operations, was another important object lesson from the enemy. Marine cold weather clothing, including thermal boot and body armor which had saved so many lives, was of excellent design and quality. Despite this, some authorities felt that during the Korean War the Marine was “placed at a disadvantage when he met the CCF soldier,”[780] because of bulky cold-weather clothing that hindered freedom of movement. The weight of some of the Marine infantryman’s weapons, such as the 16½ lb. BAR (plus magazines) and the 9½ lb. M-1 rifle, was felt to contribute further to this lack of mobility. In contrast, “the CCF soldier dressed in his quilted uniform and armed with a ‘burp’ [submachine] gun, moved freely and quietly over the roughest of terrain, thereby gaining a not inconsiderable advantage over his heavily burdened adversary.”[781]

[780] _PacFlt EvalRpt_ No. 6, p. 9-82.

[781] _Ibid._

This superior mobility led to the related advantage of tactical surprise. Since CCF units were unencumbered by heavy weapons they could readily use primitive routes of approach in the darkness. Their movements through disputed terrain were typically so furtive that often there was no preliminary warning until the CCF were virtually within grenade-throwing distance of friendly patrols or installations. The enemy practice of hiding by day and moving by night also concealed their presence from UN air reconnaissance.

One observer of the Korean scene, both in the early battles of 1950 and again in 1953, has compared the CCF development of military skills during this period, as follows:

In 1950, the Red Chinese were a crude lot, given more to pell-mell attacks and diehard stands than to deception and protection. But they stayed and they learned as they went along. When they entered the war, apart from their exceptional skill and persistence with the machine gun, they were not accurate users of hand weapons ... by 1953, few of the old signs remained. They had become as tenacious and as earth-seeking as ants, and in that lay a great part of their success. Two and one-half years of war in Korea were a bonanza for Communist China. On that training ground her armies became as skilled as any in the world in the techniques of hitting, evading and surviving.[782]

[782] Marshall, _Pork Chop Hill_, pp. 20–21.

The most telling characteristic of the Chinese Communist soldier, who essentially was a guerrilla fighter, may thus be his ready capacity to learn from experience, particularly the fine art of deception.

As important as any of the lessons from the battlefield was the experience of dealing with the Communists at the truce table. Cease-fire talks dragged on interminably over a period of 2 years and 17 days. Some 158 meetings were held, with more than 18 million words recorded, most of these dealing with the prisoner exchange that had been the major stumbling block since early 1952. During the two years of the truce talks, from July 1951-July 1953, an additional 56,000 Americans had been killed or wounded, bringing total U.S. combat losses to more than 136,000.[783] (U.S. forces suffered some 80,000 casualties in the first year of the war.) And in the end, the final solution to the POW problem was substantially that first proposed by the UNC in April 1952.

[783] Marshall, _Military History of Korean War_, pp. 77, 78.

Commenting on the Communist strategem that opened the truce talks in July 1951, U.S. government officials observed at the time the negotiations began:

The suggestion was received with caution since the free people of the world have learned that Communist words and Communist intent seldom coincide. Regardless, our leaders initiated action for preliminary ceasefire talks with the hope that the Communists were acting in good faith.[784]

[784] Semianl Rpt SecNav (1 Jan-30 Jun), 1951, p. 187.

Despite this early realistic appraisal of the enemy, the degree to which the Communists were to employ truce negotiations as simply an extension of the battlefield was not immediately evident.

A key factor is involved here. The proverbial Chinese quality of passivity and seemingly endless patience, both on the individual and national level, was fully utilized to their advantage. In contrast, the Western people, particularly Americans, are characteristically impatient to complete a task once it is started. As Admiral C. Turner Joy, USN, who initially headed the UNC delegation to the Korean Armistice Conference, commented, “We are a people who like to get things _done_.... The Communist negotiating method recognizes and seeks to gain advantage by aggravating our American tendency to impatience through the imposition of endless delays.”[785] The American attitude is to feel that a deadlocked issue should be resolved by mutual concessions, which puts the enemy on favorable ground in employing his delaying tactics. The Communist view is that by deliberately slowing the progress toward completion of the armistice the position of their opponent will gradually be undermined. Thus, Communists regard any concession made by their opponents as a sign of weakness. Whereas Westerners often feel that to accept part of a negotiating proposal will encourage the Communists to respond in kind, such an action is apt to lead to an even more unyielding position on their part.

[785] Joy, _Truce Negotiations_, p. 39.

* * * * *

The armistice effort in Korea also taught the following lessons:

Never weaken your pressure when the enemy sues for [an] armistice. Increase it.

Armistice conferences should be brief ... to allow ... talks to become protracted is to indicate weakness on your part. This encourages your Communist opponents.

The site at which armistice talks are held should be outside the area of conflict.

Never concede anything to the Communists for nothing, merely to make progress.[786]

[786] _Ibid._, pp. 166–173, _passim_.

Possibly no one had more first-hand experience in negotiating with the enemy in the Korean War than Colonel James C. Murray, the Marine Corps staff officer who was involved in the truce talks from 8 July 1951 to 27 July 1953. In these two years he served as liaison officer between the delegations of the two sides and participated actively in meetings. On three different occasions he negotiated the truce line which was to separate UNC and Communist forces. In July 1953, as Senior Liaison Officer, he was in charge of the UNC staff group that determined the final line of demarcation. He has noted that Communist rationalizations readily disregard whatever facts or logic which do not fit their purpose, no matter how inconsistent.

While customarily ignoring all restrictions of the Geneva Convention in dealing with prisoners, for example, when it was expedient to their interests the Communists would then argue for an incredibly narrow interpretation of the Convention’s provisions. Declared Colonel Murray: “Having come to the conference table only because they were near defeat, the Communists were prepared from the very first to make the most of the negotiations to create ... a ‘climate of victory’.”[787] This accounts for their concern with even the smallest detail of “stage setting,” for maintaining “face,” and for practical advantages from negotiating conditions, such as the physical setting of the truce talk site.

[787] Col J. C. Murray, “Prisoner Issue in the Korean Armistice Negotiations,” _Marine Corps Gazette_, v. 39, no. 9 (Sep 55), p. 30.

* * * * *

As the Marine officer further observed:

A fundamental objective of the Communists in respect to the truce was the appearance of the Communist victory in Korea.... An armistice, no less than war, could be looked upon only as a means to an end ... to this end they negotiate patiently and skillfully ... temporary inconveniences must be borne for ... the attainment of long-range political objectives.[788]

[788] _Ibid._, p. 29.

Certainly, the close interaction between Communist military operations and truce negotiations, a key factor since 1951, was particularly apparent during April-July 1953 as the war drew to an end.

In addition to Communist China which had emerged stronger and with considerably more prestige from the war, the other Asian nation to have undergone marked military growth was the Republic of Korea. In June 1950, the ROK army had numbered approximately 98,000 inadequately trained troops, armed chiefly with hand-carried weapons such as rifles and carbines, ill-prepared to hold back a determined enemy attack. The ROK army was little more than a constabulary force organized by KMAG (Korean Military Advisory Group) for internal police duty. Only 65,000 men had actually received unit combat training. ROK armed forces during the three years of the war had increased six-fold and by July 1953 totaled nearly 600,000 men.

Training and equipment had steadily improved the ROK battle efficiency which, in the 1950–1951 period, had been handicapped by lack of heavy tanks, mortars, artillery, antitank mines and shells, and other heavy weapons. By the spring of 1951 the ROK army was being transformed into an effective fighting force, due largely to the determination of General Van Fleet, then EUSAK commander. In 1952 the ROK army had been enlarged to 12 divisions and the ROK Marine forces had been similarly expanded. Gradual augmentation resulted in a total of 16 ROK divisions, most of these with organic artillery; by July 1953 ROK troops had assumed responsibility for the majority of the UN line.

Marine Corps experience with its ROK counterpart had been instructive and generally encouraging.[789] Organized in 1949 by the Republic of Korea with assistance from KMAG, the 1st Korean Marine Corps Regiment had taken part in antiguerrilla operations until the NKPA invasion. With the outbreak of hostilities, the KMCs engaged in UN delaying

## actions in southwest Korea until September 1950 when the Korean

regiment of nearly 3,000 men was attached to the 5th Marines as part of the Inchon assault force. Later the KMCs were involved in defense of Wonsan and the Hamhung-Hungnam beachhead as well as the Pohang patrol. After serving as a maneuver element with the ROK forces in early 1951, the 1st KMC Regiment was attached permanently to the 1st Marine Division in March of that year, participating in the Hwachon Reservoir fighting and performing valuable service in the interrogation of POWs.

[789] See “1stMarDiv, 1st KMC Regt. and Its Relationship to the 1stMarDiv,” “SAR” File (Korea), Type “C” Rpt.

The KMCs modeled themselves after U.S. Marines, particularly emulating the traditional offensive Marine _esprit de corps_ and overriding goal to “close with the enemy and seize the objective” regardless of strong resistance. The combat courage and determination of the KMCs was cited by CG, 1st Marine Division, on several occasions.

During the 1952–1953 period, the KMC/RCT provided the Marine division with nearly a quarter of its combat strength and became the fourth regiment of the division. The ROK Marine Corps also consisted of the 2d KMC Regiment, which furnished personnel for the WCIDU/ECIDU island security forces, and the 5th KMC Battalion, attached to the Marine division in 1952. Classes in infantry tactics for KMC officer and enlisted personnel were conducted at the Korean Marine Corps Training Center at Chinhae. This was patterned after U.S. Marine Corps recruit and officers’ basic schools, under supervision of USMC staff personnel. Coupled with an offensive spirit and desire to attain U.S. Marine Corps standards and combat performance, the Korean Marines largely overcame early major problems resulting from the language barrier, translation of U.S. basic training materials, and the insufficient number of qualified and experienced Korean military instructors. One early recruit class possibly established a record for brevity in training when its members, after only a few weeks, were ordered to participate in the Inchon assault which was the Korean Marines’ first specialized amphibious operation.

Many of the hard lessons of Korea--as well as some of its unique problems--resulted from the fact that this was America’s first major experience in a modern, undeclared, and limited war. Accustomed to the tradition of hard-hitting, all-out war and decisive victory, both the fighting man at the front and Nation tended to view the conflict as well as its ultimate accomplishments as inconclusive.[790]

[790] The course of the war, particularly its protracted and static nature, had led to growing national apathy and opposition, particularly on the U.S. home front. In late 1950, national opinion polls found that 80 percent of the people were in favor of the war and seven months later that 67 percent were against it. On the Korean front lines, morale was generally highest during heavy ground

## actions or large scale air attacks. _Washington Post_,

dtd 12 Jul 70, p. A-17; _PacFlt EvalRpt_ No. 6, p. 1-16.

Most importantly, immediate collective security action by the UNC had prevented another small country from being subdued by direct, armed aggression. And the Communists had failed to attain their objective: the forced unification of Korea, not as a free nation but as a Russian satellite, as was North Korea. The balance sheet for UNC military intervention showed that 22 nations (including the ROK) had provided assistance, either personnel or materiel in defense of South Korea. Many of these countries had supplied token units of battalion-size or less and several had furnished noncombat medical facilities. Despite the fact these detachments from other Allied countries totalled “only 44,000 men they were disproportionately valuable in emphasizing the collective, coalition nature of the Korean war effort.”[791] Major losses, however, had been borne by ROK and American troops.

[791] Rees, _Korea_, p. 33.

UNC casualties numbered 996,937 killed, wounded, and missing. U.S. losses were 136,937, of which 33,629 represented battle deaths and 103,308 wounded in action. A measure of the role that ground forces played in Korea “may be judged from the fact that, of the total United States battle casualties for the entire conflict, the Army and Marines accounted for 97 percent.”[792] Casualties of other UNC countries, exclusive of the U.S. and ROK, totaled approximately 17,000 although no other Allied nation lost as many as 1,000 dead. ROK casualties were listed at 850,000. Communist losses were estimated at 1,420,000 (CCF: 900,000 killed and wounded; NKPA: 520,000 killed and wounded).

[792] Ridgway, _Korean War_, p. viii.

For the Republic of South Korea, the end of the war in some respects represented a _status quo ante bellum_. Korea still remained politically partitioned and geographically divided. Whereas the 38th Parallel had been the territorial boundary prior to the Communist attack of 25 June 1950, the cease-fire line dividing North and South Korea in 1953 was the point of contact between ground forces at the time the armistice was signed. This demarcation line, however, “represented a stronger defense than the 38th Parallel as it possessed a geographical basis all along its approximately 155-mile length.”[793] The new boundary ran above the KANSAS Line, the commanding ground north of the 38th Parallel.

[793] Rees, _Korea_, p. 431. In the three years of war, North Korea had gained 850 square miles of territory southwest of the Parallel, while the ROK acquired 2,350 square miles north of the original June 1950 boundary.

Possibly the single, most important lesson to be drawn from the Korean War is that many of our nation’s military assumptions--and resulting tactical decisions--tended to be based on a lack of appreciation of enemy capabilities. In many instances intelligence evaluations focused on “probable intentions of the enemy rather than on his capabilities.”[794]

[794] Collins, _War in Peacetime_, p. 175.

While America put great military value and reliance on its massive destructive air power, for example, we were confronted by an enemy who practically never employed his own air capability, but instead moved freely at night and hid by day and was thus little deterred by our aerial harassment. And while our own battle summaries regularly cited kill ratios of 1 USMC to 3.75 CCF and substantial Communist losses,[795] we seemed to ignore an enemy mind that thought in terms of numerical superiority and was little concerned about the high human cost of holding key terrain or annexing a desired position. In the last month of the war alone, Eighth Army estimated that CCF casualties numbered 72,000, with more than 25,000 killed.

[795] Official records show that the 1stMarDiv inflicted approximately 59,805 CCF casualties (11,957 KIA; 15,111 estimated WIA or KIA; 32,643 estimated WIA; and 94 POWs) during the Apr 52-Jul 53 period on the western front. For the same time, Marine infantry casualties were approximately 13,000 plus some 2,500 for its 1st KMC/RCT.

In both battlefield tactics and high-level strategy, the Korean War revealed a strong tendency on the part of the UNC to predict enemy action by values and ideology largely reflecting our own. Whether because of wishful thinking, basic mistakes in judgment, or international _naiveté_, the 1950–1953 experience repeatedly indicated a need on the part of Allied nations for considerably more hard-headed realism in dealing with a Communist adversary. The original UNC military objective of halting Communist aggression in Korea had been successfully accomplished, without enlarging the conflict into a nuclear war. At the same time, Korea had also provided a sobering lesson. It demonstrated how, in a limited war, overriding political considerations may permit the enemy to operate from a privileged sanctuary and allow him to seize and, in many respects, retain the initiative.

The Korean War had made America more aware of the threat of world Communism and had resulted in the strengthening of our national defense commitments in the Far East as well as in Europe. It had also validated the concept of a balanced defense force. In contrast to the emphasis on air capability and atomic power that had dominated the strategic thinking in the post-World War II era, the Korean hostilities pointed to the requirement for a balanced, diversified military force of sufficient strength and readiness to cope effectively and on short notice with any emergency. Korea had underscored how severe peacetime budgetary cut-backs had led to unpreparedness. The Korean experience had also shown the need for flexibility in mobilization planning. Previously, this had been projected for an all-out, general war, based on America’s role in World War II. The Nation’s post-Korean policy thus sought, for the first time, a military strategy that would effectively deter either a major war or local aggression.

Korean hostilities illustrated another important lesson. South Korea had been attacked by an act of direct aggression, in flagrant violation of the Cairo Declaration and U.N. Charter. It was apparent that, despite the defense treaties and mutual aid pacts which the United States had signed during and after World War II, “any number of alliances, if not supported by strong military preparedness, would never restrain aggression.”[796] It had taken the Korean War to drive home the harsh reality that military preparedness, possession of superior power, and _the willingness to use that power_ were the only deterrent to enemy aggression throughout the world.

[796] Marshall, _Military History of Korean War_, p. 2.

The Korean War also caused the Communists to modify their strategy from one of overt aggression to more insidious means of gaining their political and economic objectives. As the Marine Corps Commandant, General Shepherd, warned: “Their tactic is to use war by proxy, war by satellite, war by threat and subversion.”[797] And, although it was not fully apparent at the time, the Korean attack “was to prove to be one of the first in a series of ‘wars of liberation’”[798] that the world would be witness to.

[797] Anl Rpt of the CMC to SecNav, FY 1955, p. 3.

[798] Collins, _War in Peacetime_, pp. 3–4.

In the final analysis, the Korean War evolved into a prolonged battle of position and attrition in which the Communists, operating close to their base of supply, were fought to a standstill by United Nations forces under unfavorable conditions of climate and logistics. In countering the enemy threat in Korea, the American units committed there initially suffered from the effects of peacetime apathy that had followed the rapid demobilization following World War II. As the Korean War, originally visualized as a “police action” of brief duration, ground on into a major effort spanning a period of three years and one month, loud voices were raised on the home front to protest the expenditure of lives and materiel in a venture that was not always clearly understood by all Americans.

Among the U.S. forces committed on this far flung battlefront, it was once again the Marine Corps component that stood out in its sacrifice, military skills, and devotion to duty. When rushed into the battle during the first desperate weeks and months of the war, the quickly-augmented Marine units helped to restore stability to the shattered EUSAK front line. During the daringly conceived and executed operation at Inchon, Marines accomplished this incredibly complex amphibious operation with their customary spirit and precision. Never was their courage and tenacity more conspicuous than during those bitter days of the Chosin Reservoir campaign following the Chinese Communist intervention.

In the static, or positional, warfare that marked the final operations in Korea, the 1st Marine Division and 1st Marine Aircraft Wing executed their respective missions with professional skill and dispatch, regardless of tactical problems and the dreary monotony that characterized a large part of the Korean War. U.S. Marines had seen combat throughout much of the Korean peninsula. The fighting had taken them from Pusan to Inchon and Seoul, to the Chosin, to Inje and the Hwachon Reservoir in the Punchbowl area, and finally, in 1952–1953, to the critical 35-mile front in West Korea near Panmunjom. In Korea, as in past wars, Marines demonstrated the versatility, aggressiveness, and readiness which has always been a tradition of the Corps.

Marine courage and combat performance went far toward removing the image of Western softness and decadence which the Communists had so mistakenly construed in their own minds. It is a record of which all Americans and the Free World can be proud.

APPENDIX A

Glossary of Technical Terms and Abbreviations

AAA--Antiaircraft Artillery

AA--Antiaircraft

AD--Douglas “Skyraider” Single-Engine Attack Aircraft

ADC--Assistant Division Commander

ANGLICO--Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company

AO--Aerial Observer

ASP--Ammunition Supply Point

AT--Antitank

AU--Attack model of Vought F4U “Corsair”

BAR--Browning Automatic Rifle

BLT--Battalion Landing Team

Bn--Battalion

Brig--Brigade

Btry--Battery

CAS--Close Air Support

CCF--Chinese Communist Forces

CG--Commanding General

CinCFE--Commander in Chief, Far East

CinCUNC--Commander in Chief, United Nations Command

CinCPacFlt--Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet

CMC--Commandant of the Marine Corps

CNO--Chief of Naval Operations

Co--Company

CO--Commanding Officer

ComdD--Command Diary (also called Historical Diary, or War Diary)

ComNavFE--Commander, Naval Forces, Far East

ComServPac--Commander, Service Force, Pacific

CONUS--Continental United States

COP--Combat Outpost

CP--Command Post

CPX--Command Post Exercise

CSG--Combat Service Group

CTE--Commander Task Element

CTF--Commander Task Force

CTG--Commander Task Group

CVE--Escort Aircraft Carrier

CVL--Light Aircraft Carrier

Div--Division

DMZ--Demilitarized Zone

DOW--Died of Wounds

Dtd--Dated

DUKW--Marine Amphibious Truck

ECIDE(U)--East Coast Island Defense Element (Unit)

ECM--Electronic Countermeasures

Engr--Engineer

EUSAK--Eighth United States Army in Korea

F2H-2P--McDonnell “Banshee” Two-Engine Jet Fighter (photo model)

F3D-2--Douglas “Skyknight” Two-Engine Jet Fighter

F4U--Vought “Corsair” Single-Engine Fighter

F7F-3N--Grumman “Tigercat” Twin-Engine Night Fighter

F9F-2,4,5--Grumman “Panther” Single-Engine Jet Fighter

F-80--Air Force “Shooting Star” Fighter Aircraft

F-84--Air Force “Thunderjet” Fighter Aircraft

FAC--Forward Air Controller

FAF--Fifth Air Force

FASRon--Fleet Air Service Squadron

FDC--Fire Direction Center

FEAF--Far East Air Forces

FECOM--Far East Command

FMFLant--Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic

FMFPac--Fleet Marine Force, Pacific

FO--Forward Observer (artillery)

FY--Fiscal Year

HE--High Explosive

Hedron--Headquarters Squadron

H&I--Harassing & Interdiction

HMR--Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron

H03S-1--Sikorsky Three-Place Observation Helicopter

Hq--Headquarters

HQMC--Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps

HRS-1--Sikorsky Single-Engine Helicopter

H&S--Headquarters and Service

HTL-4--Bell Two-Place Helicopter

Interv--Interview

JCS--Joint Chiefs of Staff

JOC--Joint Operations Center

KCOMZ--Korean Communication Zone (sometimes KComZ)

KIA--Killed in Action

KMAG--Korean Military Advisory Group

KMC--Korean Marine Corps

KMC/RCT--Korean Marine Corps Regimental Combat Team

KPR--Kimpo Provisional Regiment

KSC--Korean Service Corps

LogCom--Logistical Command

Ltr--Letter

LST--Landing Ship, Tank

LVT--Landing Vehicle, Tracked

M4A3E8--Flame Tank, Medium

M-46--Medium Tank

MAC--Military Armistice Commission

MACG--Marine Air Control Group

MAG--Marine Aircraft Group

Mar--Marine(s)

MARLEX--Marine Landing Exercise

MASRT--Marine Air Support Radar Team

MAW--Marine Aircraft Wing

MBP--Main Battle Position

MDL--Military Demarcation Line

MGCIS--Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron

MIA--Missing in Action

MIG--Russian Single-Seat Jet Fighter-Interceptor

MLR--Main Line of Resistance

MOH--Medal of Honor

MOS--Military Occupation Specialty

Mosquito--Single Engine Plane used as Airborne FAC and for Target Spotting

MP--Military Police

MPQ--Ground Radar-Controlled Bombing

MS--Manuscript

Msg--Message

MSR--Main Supply Route

MTACS--Marine Tactical Air Control Squadron

MT--Motor Transport

NCAS--Night Close Air Support

NCO--Noncommissioned Officer

NGF--Naval Gunfire

NKPA--North Korean People’s Army

N.d.--Date not given

NNRC--Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission

NNSC--Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission

N.t.--Title not given

OCMH--Office of the Chief of Military History (USA)

OE-1--Cessna Single-Engine Light Observation Plane

OOB--Order of Battle

OP--Observation Post (Sometimes used to refer to an Outpost)

OPLR--Outpost Line of Resistance

OY--Consolidated-Vultee Light Observation Plane

PIR--Periodic Intelligence Report

PO-2--Russian Trainer Aircraft

POW--Prisoner of War

PPSH--Soviet-made 7.62mm Sub-machine (“Burp”) Gun

Prov--Provisional

PUC--Presidential Unit Citation

R4D--Douglas Twin-Engine Transport (Navy and Marine Corps designation of C-47)

R5D--Douglas Four-Engine Transport (Navy and Marine Corps designation of C-54)

RCT--Regimental Combat Team

ROK--Republic of Korea

SAR--Special Action Report

SecDef--Secretary of Defense

SecNav--Secretary of Navy

Serv--Service

Sig--Signal

SOP--Standing Operating Procedure

TACC--Tactical Air Coordination Center

TADC--Tactical Air Direction Center

TAFC--Turkish Armed Forces Command

TAO--Tactical Air Observer

TE--Task Element

T/E--Table of Equipment

TF--Task Force

TG--Task Group

Tk--Tank

T/O--Table of Organization

TOT--Time on Target Fuze

TU--Task Unit

UN--United Nations

UNC--United Nations Command

USA--United States Army

USAF--United States Air Force

USMC--United States Marine Corps

USN--United States Navy

VMA--Marine Attack Squadron

VMC--Marine Composite Squadron

VMF--Marine Fighter Squadron

VMF(N)--Marine Night (All-Weather) Fighter Squadron

VMJ--Marine Photographic Squadron

VMO--Marine Observation Squadron

VMR--Marine Transport Squadron

VT--Variable Time Fuze

WCIDE(U)--West Coast Island Defense Element (Unit)

WIA--Wounded in Action

WP--White Phosphorous Shell

YAK--Russian Fighter Aircraft

APPENDIX B

Korean War Chronology

_1950_

25 Jun North Korean People’s Army, with 60,000 troops and 100 Russian tanks, crosses 38th Parallel to invade South Korea.

25 Jun United Nations Security Council calls for end of aggression and withdrawal of NKPA troops.

27 Jun UN, adopting a U.S. resolution, proclaims NKPA attack a breach of world peace. Asks member nations to assist ROK in repelling invasion.

27 Jun Pres Truman orders U.S. air-sea units to support ROK and for U.S. Seventh Fleet to neutralize Formosan Strait.

28 Jun NKPA captures Seoul, South Korean capital.

29 Jun Pres Truman orders naval blockade of Korean coast; authorizes Far East Commander, Gen MacArthur, to send U.S. ground troops into Korea.

30 Jun Pres Truman receives Congressional authorization to order into active service any or all reserve components of Armed Forces, for a period of 21 months.

2 Jul CNO directs that Marine reinforced regiment with supporting air be prepared for assignment to Far East.

2 Jul CinCFE requests Marine RCT-air unit for Far East. This was inception of 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, formed less than a week later.

3 Jul Inchon captured by North Koreans.

5 Jul-4 Aug UNC fights series of delaying actions in Korea.

7 Jul U.N. Security Council authorizes formation of a United Nations Command as counterforce against NKPA aggression.

7 Jul 1st ProvMarBrig activated at Camp Pendleton, under BGen Edward A. Craig. Basic elements of 6,534-man Brigade are 5th Marines and MAG-33.

8 Jul Gen MacArthur named Commander, UNC.

10 Jul CinCUNC asks Joint Chiefs of Staff to authorize expansion of Marine Brigade to full war-strength division.

12–14 Jul 1st ProvMarBrig embarks for Korean theater.

12 Jul LtGen Walton H. Walker named CG, Eighth U.S. Army in Korea.

19 Jul CinCUNC makes 2d request for Marine division.

19 Jul Pres Truman authorizes Defense Dept to call up reserve units and individuals.

19 Jul CMC alerts Marine Corps organized reserve units for call to active duty following Presidential announcement.

20 Jul CMC, Gen Clifton B. Cates, orders to duty Organized Marine Corps ground reserve units, consisting of 22 units and 4,830 personnel. Partial callup for 6,000 air reservists in 30 Marine VMF and 12 MGCI squadrons.

20 Jul Taejon, temporary ROK capital, captured.

21 Jul CinCUNC makes 3d request for Marine division.

25 Jul UNC defense at Pusan deteriorates. CinCUNC orders 1st ProvMarBrig directly to Korea.

25 Jul JCS directs Marine Corps to build 1stMarDiv to war-strength.

31 Jul Masan and Chinju fall to enemy.

2–3 Aug 1st ProvMarBrig arrives Pusan. Moves to bivouac area near Masan.

3 Aug First Marine air strike launched by VMF-214.

4 Aug Pusan Perimeter established by UNC in southeastern end of Korea.

4 Aug First evacuation of casualties from Pusan by Marine VMO-6 helicopters.

6 Aug First air mission flown by VMF-323.

6–8 Aug CinCUNC confers with U.S. military-diplomatic officials about proposed Inchon amphibious landing.

7–13 Aug Marine Brigade engaged in first combat operations at Chinju.

10 Aug First Marine helicopter rescue made by VMO-6 to recover downed pilot.

10–24 Aug 1stMarDiv units embark for Korea.

16 Aug EUSAK X Corps activated for coming Inchon-Seoul operation. Principal elements are 1stMarDiv and Army 7thInfDiv.

17 Aug Marine Brigade opens battle for Obong-ni (“No Name”) Ridge, leading way to destruction of enemy bridgehead at Naktong and first UNC victory in Korea.

17 Aug 7th Marines activated at Camp Pendleton and on 1 Sep embarks for Far East, arriving 21 Sep.

1–5 Sep NKPA launches all-out offensive to break UNC perimeter defense at Pusan. In Second Naktong Battle, Brigade contains enemy at Yongsan.

13 Sep 1st ProvMarBrig deactivated and absorbed by 1stMarDiv for Inchon operation.

15 Sep D-Day, Inchon amphibious assault, spearheaded by 1stMarDiv.

17 Sep 1stMarDiv (5th Marines) recaptures Kimpo Airfield.

19–25 Sep Enemy resistance at Pusan begins to collapse. NKPA troops in retreat north from Pusan.

27 Sep 1stMarDiv recaptures Seoul. ROK Capital officially liberated 29 Sep.

30 Sep Communist China Foreign Minister Chou En-lai warns: “The Chinese people will not supinely tolerate seeing their neighbors being savagely invaded by the imperialists.”

30 Sep-1 Oct ROK 3d Div crosses 38th Parallel in pursuit of retreating NKPA.

7 Oct UN General Assembly authorizes UNC forces to cross 38th Parallel to defeat NKPA.

10 Oct Wonsan, east coast port at 39th Parallel, captured by ROK troops.

10 Oct Chinese repeat warning of intervention in Korean conflict.

16 Oct First Chinese Communist troops secretly enter Korea from Manchuria.

19 Oct Pyongyang, North Korean Capital at 39th Parallel, captured by EUSAK.

26 Oct Chinese troops attack ROK units at Yalu River and points south of Sino-Korean border.

26 Oct 1stMarDiv lands at Wonsan, establishes security for port, and drives north.

1 Nov UNC forward elements reach positions along Yalu. First Russian-built MIG appears along Yalu to attack U.S. aircraft.

2 Nov Strong Chinese and NKPA forces attack EUSAK at Unsan, causing withdrawal across Chongchon River. First identification of Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) in Korea.

3–7 Nov Initial Marine encounter with CCF. 7th Marines units defeat major elements of 124th CCF Division.

6 Nov MacArthur warns JCS that movement of CCF across Yalu threatens UNC position.

15 Nov Marine units reach Chosin Reservoir area in X Corps drive north.

24 Nov MacArthur announced “win the war” offensive. EUSAK begins advance toward Yalu.

26–27 Nov CCF, 200,000-strong, attack EUSAK troops forcing withdrawal. 1stMarDiv isolated at Yudam-ni, west of Chosin. MSR cut.

28 Nov-3 Dec 1stMarDiv turns back CCF attacks. Prepares to move south. Regroups at Hagaru-ri for drive to Hungnam.

4 Dec Pyongyang recaptured by enemy.

5–7 Dec 1stMarDiv evacuates wounded by air and fights through to Koto-ri.

6 Dec Innovation of using airborne TADC as tactical CP to control air support.

10 Dec First Marine jet squadron to fly in combat, VMF-311, begins operations.

11 Dec 1stMarDiv completes fighting breakout from Chosin entrapment. Begins march to join rest of X Corps at Hungnam.

15 Dec 1stMarDiv deployed from Hungnam to Pusan.

15 Dec UNC establishes new defensive line at 38th Parallel.

18 Dec-27 Jan Marine division routs enemy guerrilla forces in Masan-Pohang-Sondong-Andong area.

23 Dec EUSAK CG Walker killed in jeep accident. Gen Matthew B. Ridgway named to succeed him.

24 Dec Hungnam evacuation completed by X Corps.

29 Dec Large enemy buildup reported north of 38th Parallel, preparing for new attack.

_1951_

31 Dec-1 Jan Enemy launches all-out offensive against UNC across 38th Parallel, pushing EUSAK back 10–12 miles.

4 Jan Seoul recaptured by Communists.

7–15 Jan Enemy offensive halted, UNC sets up new defense line along Pyongtaek-Wonju axis, at 37th Parallel.

25 Jan UNC reassumes offensive. Operation THUNDERBOLT launched by I and IX Corps to regain territory south of Han River.

Jan-Feb 1stMarDiv continues antiguerrilla operations in Masan area.

7 Feb Communists forced north of Han River. UNC retakes Inchon peninsula.

mid-Feb 1stMarDiv reassigned from X to IX Corps.

21 Feb Operation KILLER, a general limited objective advance by U.S. IX and X Corps, ordered by Gen Ridgway. 1stMarDiv reenters frontlines for operation.

7 Mar Operation RIPPER begins in central and eastern zones, with advance across Han by IX and X Corps.

14 Mar Seoul retaken by U.S. Eighth Army for second time.

27–31 Mar 1stMarDiv occupies 28,000-meter sector north of Hongchon. UNC elements reach 38th Parallel.

1–21 Apr 1stMarDiv in general advance north to the Hwachon Reservoir.

8 Apr Operation RIPPER clears enemy troops from South Korea east of Imjin River.

11 Apr Pres Truman relieves Gen MacArthur as CinCUNC, replacing him by Gen Ridgway, CG, EUSAK. LtGen James A. Van Fleet named Commander, EUSAK.

15 Apr UNC establishes defensive line along 38th Parallel, or KANSAS Line. Enemy heavily emplaced in Chorwon-Kumhwa-Pyonggang (“The Iron Triangle”) assembly area.

22 Apr-8 Jul CCF launches all-out “Spring Offensive.”

23–27 Apr 1stMarDiv halts CCF left flank breakthrough of IX Corps, establishes defense line in Chunchon vicinity.

30 Apr UNC completes withdrawal to new defense line north of Seoul. Intelligence reports indicate CCF plans renewed attack.

1 May 1stMarDiv reassigned to X Corps.

9 May 1st MAW squadrons participate in FAF 300-plane strike on Sinuiju, near Yalu. Biggest raid of war to date.

16 May Second phase of enemy offensive begins. CCF drives south from Iron Triangle area, making penetrations 15–20 miles deep along the front.

20 May FAF launches Operation STRANGLE, massive all-out interdiction effort.

21 May UNC launches counter offensive, pushes enemy north of 38th Parallel again. 1stMarDiv drives toward Yanggu at eastern end of Hwachon Reservoir.

30 May Eighth Army back on KANSAS Line again.

1–16 Jun 1stMarDiv advances northeast from Hwachon Reservoir to Punchbowl. Claws out daily gains of 1,000–2,000 meters, reaching objective despite heavy NKPA fire.

mid-Jun UNC forces consolidate positions at 38th Parallel. UNC front approximately the same line as when Communist spring offensive began.

23 Jun UN Soviet delegate, Jacob Malik, proposes cease-fire discussions.

30 Jun UN notifies enemy of its readiness to discuss an armistice.

10 Jul Truce talks begin at Kaesong and fighting dies down along front. UN delegation led by U.S. Vice Admiral C. Turner Joy. Communists represented by LtGen Nam Il, NKPA.

26 Jul Negotiators at Kaesong agree on preliminary agenda.

5 Aug UNC suspends truce talks because of armed enemy troops in neutral area. Cease-fire talks resumed 10 Aug.

22 Aug Communists halt cease-fire talks, charge UN aircraft has violated neutrality zone.

31 Aug In final UNC offensive action of war, 1stMarDiv opens assault at Punchbowl. UN launches limited attacks to straighten line.

5 Sep 1stMarDiv gains initial objectives in Punchbowl area, new ridgeline to become part of Line MINNESOTA, EUSAK defensive line. Heavy attacks by IX Corps at Heartbreak and Bloody Ridge.

13 Sep HMR-161 effects first Marine mass helicopter combat resupply maneuver, Operation WINDMILL I.

18 Sep Marines advance to Soyang River, north of Punchbowl.

21 Sep Operation SUMMIT, first helicopter deployment of a combat unit, lands 224 fully-equipped troops and 17,772 lbs of cargo in Punchbowl area.

25 Oct Following two weeks of discussion between liaison officers, truce talks resumed at new site, Panmunjom.

28 Oct Cease-fire line agreed upon as present line of contact.

11 Nov HMR-161 conducts first frontline relief of a Marine battalion, in Operation SWITCH.

12 Nov Gen Ridgway, CinCUNC, orders EUSAK Commander, Gen Van Fleet to cease offensive operations and begin active defense of UN front.

Nov-Dec General stalemate along Korean battlefront during truce discussions.

18 Dec Prisoner of war lists exchanged by UN and Communists.

_1952_

2 Jan UNC proposes principle of “voluntary repatriation” in POW exchange.

3 Jan UNC proposal violently rejected by Communists.

Jan-Apr Disorders in UNC prison camps as screening of prisoners begins.

22 Feb Communist Korean Foreign Affairs Minister charges America with renewed bacteriological warfare attacks in North Korea. Chinese Communist Foreign Minister Chou En-Lai, issues similar statement on 8 Mar, alleging U.S. flyers participate in “germ warfare.”

17 Mar 1stMarDiv reassigned from X Corps eastern-Korea position to I Corps far western end of EUSAK line. Takes over approximately 35 miles of Line JAMESTOWN on 24 Mar.

28 Apr Adm Joy presents UN “final offer,” insists on voluntary repatriation principle.

7–11 May Rioting prisoners at Koje-do camp seize Gen Dodd and hold him hostage, until order restored.

12 May Gen Mark W. Clark succeeds Ridgway as CinCUNC, upon latter’s departure to assume NATO command from Gen Eisenhower.

22 May MajGen William K. Harrison succeeds Adm Joy as chief of UN delegation at Panmunjom.

Jun-Oct General stalemate along battlefront while truce talks deadlocked on POW repatriation question. Sharp limited objective attacks made by enemy against UNC defensive line.

9–16 Aug First major Marine ground action in western Korea, Battle of Bunker Hill (1st Marines).

19–20 Aug HMR-161 Operation RIPPLE introduces tactical innovation of transporting 4.5-inch rocket battery weapons and personnel to new firing position.

29 Aug Largest one-day FAF air assault of entire war, “All United Nations Air Effort” sends 1,403 sorties against North Korean Capital, Pyongyang.

22–26 Sep First resupply of MLR regiment by helicopter in Operation HAYLIGHT.

8 Oct UNC adjourns armistice talks “indefinitely”; complete deadlock on POW question.

26–28 Oct Battle of the Hook (7th Marines).

4 Nov Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President.

17 Nov India introduces compromise truce plan at United Nations.

2 Dec President-elect Eisenhower begins three-day tour of Korea.

3 Dec UN General Assembly adopts compromise Indian resolution by 54 to 5 vote. _1953_

Jan-Feb Winter lull in fighting. Cease-fire talks remain suspended.

2 Feb President Eisenhower, in State of Union message, ends “neutralization” of Formosa Strait.

11 Feb Gen Maxwell D. Taylor assumes EUSAK command from Gen Van Fleet.

22 Feb UNC proposes exchange of sick and wounded POWs, as preliminary step in full exchange of prisoners.

5 Mar Premier Joseph Stalin of Russia dies. Georgi Malenkov named to succeed him.

26–30 Mar 1stMarDiv combat outposts Vegas-Reno-Carson (5th Marines) under heavy attack.

28 Mar Communists accept UN proposal to discuss exchange of sick and wounded POWs.

30 Mar Chou En-lai indicates Communists will accept Indian UN compromise proposal. Truce talks to be resumed.

12 Apr 1st MAW flies first night CAS missions, using intersecting searchlight beams to mark enemy targets.

20–26 Apr Exchange of sick and wounded POWs, “Operation LITTLE SWITCH,” takes place at Panmunjom, under direction of Munsan-ni Provisional Command.

26 Apr Truce talks resumed at Panmunjom.

5 May 1stMarDiv relieved by U.S. 25thInfDiv; 1st Division assigned mission of I Corps Reserve.

7 May Communists accept UN proposal that prisoners unwilling to be repatriated be kept in neutral custody within Korea, rather than be removed elsewhere to a neutral nation.

28–30 May Savage fighting while truce details worked out by negotiators. CCF launches regimental-strength attack against I Corps sector. Heavy action in Nevada Cities and Hook area outposts. Marine tanks and artillery in support of defending 25thInfDiv line units.

6 Jun ROK national Assembly demands freedom for anti-Communist North Koreans held in South Korean POW camps. Civilian demonstrations break out in various EUSAK and I Corps localities.

8 Jun Agreement reached on POW question. POW nonrepatriates to be turned over to five-member neutral commission to decide disposition of POW cases. Pres Rhee declares armistice terms unacceptable to South Korea.

9 Jun ROK National Assembly unanimously rejects truce terms.

10–17 Jun Communists launch heaviest offensive in two years against ROK II Corps sector in Kumsong area. Heavy penetrations, with ROK II Corps pushed 4000 yards south to new MLR.

18 Jun Breakout of 25,000 North Korean anti-Communist prisoners from South Korean POW camps, assisted by ROK guards. Release ordered by Pres Rhee as protest against proposed armistice.

18–20 Jun Communists accuse UNC of complicity in freeing prisoners; truce talks suspended.

23–25 Jun Pres Rhee continues opposition to truce terms. Walter Robinson, U.S. Asst. Sec. of State for Far East and Gen Mark Clark start confidential talks with Rhee.

7–8 Jul COPs Berlin-East Berlin (7th Marines right regimental sector) under attack during Marine relief of 25thInfDiv.

8 Jul 1stMarDiv assumes operational control of its former MLR sector, relieving 25thInfDiv.

8 Jul Communists agree to resume armistice negotiations; talks reconvened 10 July.

11 Jul Robertson announces that Pres Rhee will no longer oppose truce terms.

11 Jul Maj John F. Bolt, VMF-115, becomes first Marine jet ace with kill of his fifth and sixth MIGs.

13–20 Jul CCF launches even larger offensive than June attack along central Korean front. IX and ROK II Corps MLR reestablished south of Kumsong River.

19 Jul Negotiators at Panmunjom reach agreement on truce.

19 Jul Marine outposts Berlin-East Berlin overrun; I Corps decrees positions should not be retaken.

24–27 Jul Heavy enemy attack in Berlin Complex (“Boulder City”) area held by 7th and 1st Marines.

27 Jul Cease-fire agreement signed at Panmunjom at 1000. Fighting ends. Armistice effective at 2200.

5 Aug-6 Sep Final exchange of prisoners in Operation BIG SWITCH, at Panmunjom.

APPENDIX C

Command and Staff List

1ST MARINE DIVISION (REINFORCED) AND 1ST MARINE AIRCRAFT WING MARCH 1952-JULY 1953

_1st Marine Division_

Commanding General MajGen John T. Selden (to 28 Aug 1952) MajGen Edwin A. Pollock (from 29 Aug) MajGen Randolph McC. Pate (from 16 Jun 1953) Asst Division Commander BGen William J. Whaling (to 23 Mar 1952) BGen Merrill B. Twining (from 24 Mar) BGen Robert O. Bare (from 13 Jun) BGen Joseph C. Burger (from 31 Mar 1953) Chief of Staff Col Austin R. Brunelli (to 10 Oct 1952) Col Henry W. Buse, Jr. (from 11 Oct) Col Lewis W. Walt (from 15 Jun 1953) G-1 Col Walter N. Flournoy (to 31 Mar 1952) Col John F. Dunlap (from 1 Apr) Col Sidney M. Kelly (from 11 Sep) Col Albert F. Metze (from 1 Jun 1953) Col Wendell H. Duplantis (from 20 Jul) G-2 LtCol James H. Tinsley (to 9 Apr 1952) Col Sidney S. Wade (from 10 Apr) LtCol William R. Watson, Jr. (from 24 Apr) Col Clarence A. Barninger, Jr. (from 11 Oct) Col William F. Prickett (from 20 Dec) Col Loren E. Haffner (from 1 Apr 1953) Col James E. Mills (from 10 Jul) G-3 LtCol Gordon D. Gayle (to 22 Apr 1952) LtCol James H. Tinsley (from 24 Apr) Col Russell E. Honsowetz (from 15 Jun) Col Eustace R. Smoak (from 16 Dec) Col Lewis W. Walt (from 18 Apr 1953) LtCol Jess P. Ferrill, Jr. (from 15 Jun) G-4 Col Robert A. McGill (to 27 Aug 1952) Col Thomas A. Culhane (from 28 Aug) Col Kenneth A. King (from 12 Nov) Col Richard H. Crockett (from 15 Dec) Col Thomas S. Ivey (from 15 May 1953)

_Special Staff_

Adjutant Maj James K. Young (to 5 May 1952) Maj Charles T. Lamb (from 6 May) Maj Clyde W. Shealy (from 24 Feb 1953) Maj George K. Acker (from 1 Jun) Air Officer LtCol Edward V. Finn (to 14 Mar 1952) LtCol Walter F. Cornnell (from 15 Mar) LtCol William E. Abblitt (from 12 Feb 1953) Anti-Tank Officer Maj Harold C. Howard (to 4 Aug 1952) Maj Herbert E. L. Zastrow (from 5 Aug) LtCol Earl W. Gardner (from 18 Nov) Maj Marshall Salvaggio (from 10 Jan 1953) Capt William F. Doehler (from 6 Apr) Amphibian Tractor Officer LtCol Michiel Dobervich (to 1 Aug 1952) LtCol Edwin B. Wheeler (from 2 Aug) LtCol George S. Saussy, Jr. (from 7 Nov) LtCol Frank R. Wilkinson, Jr. (from 16 Mar 1953) Maj John McN. Rosebush (from 16 Jun) Armored Amphibian Officer LtCol John T. O’Neill (to 5 Aug 1952) Maj James L. Jones (from 6 Aug) LtCol Henry G. Lawrence, Jr. (from 12 Aug) LtCol Fenlon A. Durand (from 4 Dec) Maj Ralph J. Parker, Jr. (from 16 May 1953) LtCol Maurice C. Goodpasture (from 15 Jul) Artillery Officer Col Frederick P. Henderson (to 20 Sep 1952) Col Harry N. Shea (from 21 Sep) Col James E. Mills (from 22 Feb 1953) Col Manley L. Curry (from 5 Jul) Chaplain Cdr Walter S. Peck, Jr., USN (to 16 Apr 1952) Cdr Edward A. Slattery, USN (from 17 Apr) Cdr Lonnie W. Meachum, USN (from 28 Dec) Chemical Warfare and Radiological Defense Officer Maj Harold C. Howard (to 4 Aug 1952) Maj Herbert E. L. Zastrow (from 5 Aug) LtCol Earl W. Gardner (from 18 Nov) Maj Marshall Salvaggio (from 10 Jan 1953) Capt Gerald W. Gibson (from 30 Jan) Dental Officer Capt Francis C. Snyder, USN (to 26 Apr 1952) Cdr Clifford H. Rice, USN (from 27 Apr) Capt William M. Fowler, USN (from 26 May) Capt James R. Justice, USN (from 12 Mar 1953) Embarkation Officer LtCol John H. Papurca (to 1 Mar 1952) LtCol James F. Coady (from 2 Mar) LtCol Richard S. Johnson (from 5 Sep) Maj Edwin J. St. Peter (from 6 Nov) LtCol John N. Rentz (from 24 Nov) LtCol Sidney F. Jenkins (from 12 May 1953) Engineer Officer Col August L. Vogt (to 5 Jul 1952) (None listed for 6–16 July) Col Robert E. Fojt (from 17 Jul) LtCol Harry D. Clarke (from 1 Feb 1953) Col Walter R. Lytz (from 1 Apr) Exchange Officer Capt Benjamin Reed (to 28 Nov 1952) Capt John H. Thomas (from 29 Nov) Food Director 1stLt Herbert E. McNabb (to 15 Jun 1952) Maj Louis P. Penny (from 16 Jun) Maj Francis K. Bernardini (from 23 Apr 1953) Historical Officer 2dLt Francis X. Goss (to 22 Mar 1952) Capt Robert F. Seward (from 23 Mar) Capt William R. Smith (from 16 Jul) 1stLt Virgil S. Price (from 8 Nov) 2dLt John J. Creamer, Jr. (from 7 Dec) Capt Verle E. Ludwig (from 6 Apr 1953) 2dLt Thomas A. MacCalla (from 22 Jul) Inspector Col William K. Davenport, Jr. (to 17 Mar 1952) Col Thomas C. Moore (from 18 Mar) Col Eustace R. Smoak (from 18 Jul) Col Clayton O. Totman (from 9 Aug) Col Wallace M. Nelson (from 5 Dec) Col Albert F. Metze (from 29 Apr 1953) Col Manley L. Curry (from 1 Jun) Col Edwin C. Ferguson (from 13 Jul) Legal Officer LCdr Arnold W. Eggen, USN (to 12 Jan 1953) Cdr Earl C. Collins, USN (from 13 Jan) LtCol Raymond G. Coyne (from 8 Jul) Motor Transport Officer Maj Walter R. O Quinn (to 14 May 1952) LtCol Kenneth E. Martin (from 15 May) LtCol Hugh J. Chapman (from 12 Mar 1953) LtCol Jack F. McCollum (from 29 Jun) Naval Gunfire Officer Maj John V. Downs (to 5 Aug 1952) LtCol William P. Pala (from 6 Aug) LtCol Robert D. Shaffer (from 16 Sep) LtCol Henry H. Reichner, Jr. (from 20 Dec) LtCol Robert D. Shaffer (from 26 Apr 1953) Capt Robert J. Daeschler (from 15 Jul) Ordnance Officer Maj Harold C. Borth (to 5 May 1952) LtCol William F. Pulver (from 6 May) Maj Joseph O. Weist (from 4 Jun) Maj Stanley Tesko (from 21 Oct) LtCol Marshall R. Pilcher (from 1 Apr 1953) LtCol Samuel L. Grigsby (from 1 Jun) Postal Officer CWO George C. Hunter (to 25 Jun 1952) 2dLt Frederick T. McNamara, Jr. (from 26 Jun) 2dLt Rudolph R. Hendrick (from 18 May 1953) CWO Emerson R. Murrell (from 2 Jun) Provost Marshal LtCol William F. Pulver (to 31 Mar 1952) LtCol Sidney J. Altman (from 1 Apr) LtCol Frederick R. Findtner (from 15 Aug) LtCol Jess P. Ferrill (from 12 Jan 1953) LtCol Harold R. Warner, Jr. (from 18 Apr) Maj Walter L. Williams (from 23 Jul) Public Information Officer 1stLt Robert S. Gray (to 5 May 1952) 1stLt Robert F. Coll (from 6 May) Maj Charles F. McKiever (from 5 Jul) Capt Bem Price (from 7 Nov) Capt Verle E. Ludwig (from 21 Jul 1953) Shore Party Officer LtCol Warren S. Sivertsen (to 26 Jul 1952) Col William G. Robb (from 27 Jul) LtCol Russell Duncan (from 2 Oct) Col Glenn C. Funk (from 3 Dec) Col William H. Barba (from 21 Mar 1953) Signal Officer LtCol Jino J. D’Allessandro (to 5 Apr 1952) LtCol John E. Morris (from 6 Apr) LtCol Eugene A. Dueber (from 18 Aug) LtCol Ralph M. Wismer (from 14 Nov) LtCol Frank G. Casserly (from 27 Jul 1953) Supply Officer Col Chester R. Allen (to 27 Apr 1952) Col Hawley C. Waterman (from 28 Apr) Col LeRoy Hauser (from 1 Feb 1953) Special Services Officer LtCol John E. Gorman (to 23 Jul 1952) Maj Alfred A. Tillmann (from 24 Jul) Maj William J. Kohler (from 8 Nov) Capt Don H. Blanchard (from 20 Apr 1953) Surgeon Capt Louis P. Kirkpatrick, USN (to 18 Jun 1952) Capt Lawrence E. Bach, USN (from 19 Jun) Capt Walter R. Miller, USN (from 25 Apr 1953) Tank Officer Maj Walter E. Reynolds, Jr. (to 20 May 1952) LtCol John I. Williamson, Jr. (from 21 May) LtCol Charles W. McCoy (from 16 Apr 1953)

_Headquarters Battalion_

Commanding Officer Col Robert T. Stivers, Jr. (to 5 Jul 1952) Maj Anthony R. Frankiewicz (from 6 Jul) LtCol Oscar F. Peatross (from 12 Jul) LtCol John F. Corbett (from 11 Sep) Col Alexander W. Gentleman (from 21 Nov) LtCol John C. Landrun (from 16 May 1953) Executive Officer Maj Corbin L. West (to 16 Mar 1952) Maj Anthony R. Frankiewicz (from 17 Mar) Maj Charles F. McKiever (from 10 Nov) Maj John K. Hogan (from 31 Jan 1953) (None listed for 29Feb-14May) Capt Joseph Hornstein (from 15 May) Commanding Officer, Headquarters Company Capt “J” E. Hancey (to 9 Mar 1952) Capt Robert J. McKay (from 10 Mar) 1stLt George C. Schatteman (from 6 May) Maj Louis A. Cortright (from 1 Jul) 2dLt Neil O. Snepp (from 17 Jul) Maj Val Price, Jr. (from 29 Aug) Capt Joseph Hornstein (from 15 Jan 1953) Capt Robert A. Hohmann (from 15 May) Capt Martin S. Hauge (from 28 May) Commanding Officer, Military Police Company LtCol William F. Pulver (to 31 Mar 1952) LtCol Sidney J. Altman (from 1 Apr) LtCol Frederick R. Findtner (from 15 Aug) LtCol Jess P. Ferrill, Jr. (from 12 Jan 1953) LtCol Harold B. Warner, Jr. (from 18 Apr) Maj Walter L. Williams (from 23 Jul) Commanding Officer, Reconnaissance Company Maj Ephraim Kirby-Smith (to 10 Jun 1952) Capt James O. Webb (from 11 Jun) Capt James H. A. Flood (from 11 Sep) Maj Dermott H. MacDonnell (from 3 Dec) Maj Marvin D. Perskie (from 21 Jun 1953)

_1st Marines_

Commanding Officer Col Sidney S. Wade (to 9 Apr 1952) Col Walter N. Flournoy (from 10 Apr) Col Walter F. Layer (from 25 Jul) Col Hewitt D. Adams (from 21 Nov) Col Wallace M. Nelson (from 1 May 1953) Executive Officer LtCol Clifford F. Quilici (to 26 Mar 1952) Col Clarence A. Barninger, Jr. (from 27 Mar) LtCol Carlo A. Rovetta (from 2 May) LtCol Glenn R. Long (from 16 Sep) LtCol Sidney F. Jenkins (from 4 Feb 1953) LtCol Lowell E. English (from 8 May) LtCol Harold C. Boehm (from 2 Jul)

_1st Battalion, 1st Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol John H. Papurca (to 2 Aug 1952) LtCol Louis N. King (from 3 Aug) LtCol Max H. LaGrone (from 13 Sep) Col Frederick R. Findtner (from 14 Jan 1953) LtCol Stanley M. Adams (from 5 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Ralph “C” Rosacker (to 5 Apr 1952) Maj Leo V. Gross (from 6 Apr) Maj John K. Logan (from 14 Jul) Maj William C. Chip (from 20 Aug) Maj John K. Hogan (from 30 Dec) Maj Marvin D. Perskie (from 4 Feb 1953) Maj Roger D. Peterson (from 19 Jun)

_2d Battalion, 1st Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Thell H. Fisher (to 1 Apr 1952) LtCol Clifford F. Quilici (from 2 Apr) LtCol Roy J. Batterton, Jr. (from 23 Jun) LtCol Charles E. Warren (from 18 Oct) LtCol George A. Gililland (from 9 Feb 1953) LtCol Frank A. Long (from 1 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Frank J. Harte (to 5 May 1952) Maj Fletcher R. Wycoff (from 6 May) Maj John N. Rentz (from 29 Jul) Maj John P. McNeill (from 21 Aug) Maj Horace C. Reifel (from 9 Mar 1953) Maj John B. Bristow (from 20 Apr) Maj Albert S. Dooley, Jr. (from 1 Jul)

_3d Battalion, 1st Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Spencer H. Pratt (to 11 Apr 1952) LtCol Carlo A. Rovetta (from 12 Apr) LtCol Gerard T. Armitage (from 2 May) LtCol Sidney J. Altman (from 20 Aug) LtCol Ernest G. Atkin, Jr. (from 6 Dec) LtCol Lowell E. English (from 1 Apr 1953) LtCol Roy D. Miller (from 6 May) Executive Officer Maj Robert V. Perkins (to 2 Jul 1952) Maj Wesley R. Christie (from 3 Jul) Maj Charles S. Robertson (from 27 Oct) Maj Norman C. Smyle (from 3 Jan 1953) Maj Robert D. Thurston (from 26 Mar) Maj Walter L. Williams (from 20 May) Maj John T. Quinn (from 2 Jul)

_5th Marines_

Commanding Officer Col Thomas A. Culhane, Jr. (to 15 Aug 1952) Col Eustace R. Smoak (from 16 Aug) Col Lewis W. Walt (from 10 Dec) Col Harvey C. Tschirgi (from 14 Apr 1953) Executive Officer LtCol John A. Saxten (to 1 Jun 1952) LtCol Franklin B. Nihart (from 2 Jun) LtCol William S. McLaughlin (from 20 Jul) LtCol Jess P. Ferrill, Jr. (from 21 Aug) LtCol Edwin B. Wheeler (from 2 Jan 1953) LtCol James H. Finch (from 23 May) LtCol James Taul (from 18 Jul)

_1st Battalion, 5th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Franklin B. Nihart (to 24 May 1952) Maj Paul H. Bratten, Jr. (from 25 May) LtCol Alexander W. Gentleman (from 15 Jul) LtCol Edwin B. Wheeler (from 11 Nov) LtCol Jonas M. Platt (from 26 Dec) LtCol Jackson B. Butterfield (from 29 Apr 1953) Executive Officer Maj Hildeburn R. Martin (to 4 May 1952) Maj Lyle K. London (from 5 May) Maj Robert H. Twisdale (from 29 Aug) Maj William C. Doty, Jr. (from 25 Jan 1953) Maj Thomas W. Pearson (from 2 Apr) Maj George R. Burke (from 11 Jun) Maj Charles E. McPartlin, Jr. (from 22 Jun)

_2d Battalion, 5th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol William H. Cushing (to 10 Jun 1952) LtCol Thomas J. Cross (from 11 Jun) LtCol William S. McLaughlin (from 20 Aug) LtCol Oscar F. Peatross (from 11 Sep) LtCol James H. Finch (from 27 Feb 1953) LtCol Andrew C. Geer (from 14 May) Executive Officer Maj Robert S. Hudson (to 10 Jun 1952) Maj John C. Lundrigan (from 11 Jun) Maj Philip H. McArdle (from 16 Jul) Maj Paul C. Scofield (from 19 Dec) Maj Thomas M. Fields (from 26 Jun 1953)

_3d Battalion, 5th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol William S. McLaughlin (to 15 Jul 1952) LtCol Oscar T. Jensen, Jr. (from 16 Jul) LtCol Robert J. Oddy (from 16 Nov) LtCol John T. Hill (from 11 Apr 1953) Executive Officer Maj Paul H. Bratten, Jr. (to 22 May 1952) Maj Clifford J. Robichaud, Jr. (from 23 May) Maj Joseph A. Bruder, Jr. (from 7 Jul) Maj Vernon Burtman (from 1 Nov) Maj Joseph S. Buntin (from 7 Feb 1953)

_7th Marines_

Commanding Officer Col Russell E. Honsowetz (to 10 Jun 1952) Col Thomas C. Moore, Jr. (from 11 Jun) Col Loren E. Haffner (from 5 Nov) Col Glenn C. Funk (from 27 Mar 1953) Executive Officer LtCol John D. Wiggins (to 17 Jul 1952) LtCol Fenlon A. Durand (from 18 Jul) LtCol Richard D. Strickler (from 24 Nov) LtCol Robert S. Howell (from 22 Mar 1953) LtCol Russell Duncan (from 26 May) LtCol Stanley J. Nelson (from 31 Jul)

_1st Battalion, 7th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol George W. E. Daughtry (to 2 Aug 1952) LtCol Leo J. Dulacki (from 3 Aug) LtCol James C. Short (from 22 Nov) LtCol Henry G. Lawrence, Jr. (from 28 Dec) LtCol Harry A. Hadd (from 18 May 1953) Executive Officer Maj Henry V. Joslin (to 14 Jul 1952) Maj Theodore R. Cathey (from 15 Jul) Maj James C. Short (from 23 Jul) Maj Floyd M. Johnson, Jr. (from 2 Aug) Maj Roy H. Thompson (from 1 Dec) Maj Glenn E. Ferguson (from 3 Jun 1953) Maj Joseph R. Motelewski (from 25 Jun)

_2d Battalion, 7th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Noel C. Gregory (to 18 Jul 1952) LtCol Anthony Caputo (from 19 Jul) LtCol Richard S. Johnson (from 12 Nov) LtCol Alexander D. Cereghino (from 19 Mar 1953) LtCol Joseph C. Missar (from 21 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Erwin Madsen (to 19 Apr 1952) Maj William J. Zaro (from 20 Apr) Maj James C. Fetters (from 8 Jun) Maj Richard H. Mickle (from 24 Oct) Maj Littleton K. Smith (from 16 Apr 1953) Maj Ralph E. June (from 17 Jun) Maj Don P. Wyckoff (from 17 Jul)

_3d Battalion, 7th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Houston Stiff (to 26 Apr 1952) Maj Franklin C. Bacon (from 27 Apr) LtCol Gerald F. Russell (from 17 Jun) LtCol Charles D. Barrett, Jr. (from 13 Oct) LtCol Russell Duncan (from 14 Mar 1953) LtCol Paul M. Jones (from 26 May) Executive Officer Maj Franklin C. Bacon (to 26 Apr 1952) Maj Richard M. Remington (from 27 Apr) Maj Harold T. Clemens (from 28 Aug) Maj Guy L. Wade (from 13 Oct) Maj Alfred A. Tillman (from 23 Oct) Maj John Mesko (from 25 May 1953)

_11th Marines_

Commanding Officer Col Frederick P. Henderson (to 20 Sep 1952) Col Harry N. Shea (from 21 Sep) Col James E. Mills (from 22 Feb 1953) Col Manly L. Curry (from 5 Jul) Executive Officer LtCol Lewis A. Jones (to 4 Jun 1952) LtCol Robert F. Steidtmann (from 5 Jun) LtCol Earl W. Gardner (from 16 Jan 1953) LtCol Robert D. Heinl, Jr. (from 6 May) Maj Joseph E. Fogg (from 6 Jul) LtCol Wade H. Hitt (from 9 Jul) _1st Battalion, 11th Marines_ Commanding Officer LtCol James R. Haynes (to 24 Jun 1952) LtCol David S. Randall (from 25 Jun) LtCol Olin W. Jones, Jr. (from 2 Nov) LtCol Earl W. Gardner (from 8 May 1953) Executive Officer Maj Harold E. Nelson (to 21 Jun 1952) Maj Herbert E. L. Zastrow (from 22 Jun) Maj Lee P. Vance (from 26 Jul) Maj Harry L. Sherwood, Jr. (from 14 Nov) Maj Thomas L. Randall (from 17 Dec) Maj John J. Jarvis, Jr. (from 25 Mar 1953)

_2d Battalion, 11th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol George B. Thomas (to 2 May 1952) LtCol William P. Pala (from 3 May) LtCol Bert Davis, Jr. (from 6 Aug) LtCol Arthur J. Bachhuber (from 17 Nov) LtCol William H. Atkinson (from 10 Feb 1953) Maj Max Berueffy, Jr. (from 21 May) LtCol Gordon H. West (from 18 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Morris R. Snead (to 10 Jun 1952) Maj Edward L. Fossum (from 11 Jun) LtCol Bert Davis, Jr. (from 1 Jul) Maj Roy E. Moffett (from 10 Aug) Maj Max Berueffy, Jr. (from 2 Sep) Maj Joseph F. Donahoe, Jr. (from 24 May 1953) Maj Herman Poggemeyer, Jr. (from 13 Jul)

_3d Battalion, 11th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol Henry E. W. Barnes (to 13 Jul 1952) LtCol Charles O. Rogers (from 14 Jul) LtCol Daniel S. Pregnall (from 27 Nov) LtCol Alfred L. Owens (from 25 Mar 1953) Maj Dale D. Meyers (from 28 Jul) Executive Officer LtCol Charles A. Lipot (to 5 Jul 1952) Maj Joseph S. Gardner (from 6 Jul) Maj William J. Kohler (from 27 Jul) Maj Lawrence L. Graham (from 17 Nov) Maj Robert M. Jenkins (from 15 Dec) Maj Adoph J. Honeycutt (from 28 Mar 1953) Maj Robert C. Hilliard (from 7 May) Maj Leslie L. Page (from 12 Jun to 26 Jul)

_4th Battalion, 11th Marines_

Commanding Officer LtCol William M. Gilliam (to 11 Apr 1952) LtCol Bruce F. Hillam (from 12 Apr) Maj Carl A. Nielsen (from 16 Jun) LtCol Raymond D. Wright (from 16 Jul) Maj William J. Sullivan (from 18 Dec) LtCol Robert D. Shaffer (from 20 Dec) Maj David L. Moberly (from 23 Apr 1953) LtCol Henry H. Reichner, Jr. (from 27 Apr) Executive Officer LtCol Bruce F. Hillam (to 16 Apr 1952) Maj Richard H. Jeschke, Jr. (from 17 Apr) Maj Carl A. Nielsen (from 11 Jun) Maj Edward E. Davis (from 16 Jun) Maj William J. Sullivan (from 17 Oct) Maj David L. Moberly (from 22 Feb 1953) Maj Johnny Jennings (from 2 May) Maj George W. Carrington, Jr. (from 13 Jun)

_7th Motor Transport Battalion_

Commanding Officer Maj Herbert E. Pierce (to 1 Jul 1952) LtCol Robert B. McBroom (from 2 Jul) Maj John H. Faggart (from 27 Jul) Maj Robert S. Anderson (from 16 Jun 1953) Executive Officer Maj Ben Sutts (to 5 May 1952) Maj John J. Howe (from 16 Aug) Maj Joseph P. Cushing (from 20 Nov) Maj Alfred G. McCormick (from 26 Apr 1953)

_1st Ordnance Battalion_

Commanding Officer Maj Harold C. Borth (to 5 May 1952) LtCol William F. Pulver (from 6 May) Maj Marshall R. Pilcher (from 26 Aug) Maj Maurice C. Pulliam (from 25 Mar 1953) Executive Officer Capt Frederick V. Osborn (to 5 May 1952) Maj Harold C. Borth (from 6 May) Maj Marshall R. Pilcher (from 16 Jul) Maj Frederick V. Osborn (from 26 Aug) Maj Allen F. Stockdale (from 1 Sep) Maj Frederick V. Osborn (from 15 Sep) Maj Stanley P. Bulkowski (from 4 Nov) Maj Maurice C. Pulliam (from 21 Dec) Maj Stanley P. Bulkowski (from 25 Mar 1953) Maj Jack G. Fitzgerald (from 4 Jul)

_1st Service Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol Bernard W. McLean (to 18 May 1952) LtCol Charles E. Warren (from 19 May) LtCol Edwin A. Law (from 1 Oct) LtCol Hugh J. Chapman (from 5 Jul 1953) Executive Officer Maj George E. Allison (to 27 Oct 1952) Maj James C. Fetters (from 28 Oct) Maj Robert “J” Vroegindewey (from 19 Mar 1953)

_1st Tank Battalion_

Commanding Officer Maj Walter E. Reynolds, Jr. (to 20 May 1952) LtCol John I. Williamson (from 21 May) LtCol Charles W. McCoy (from 16 Apr 1953) Executive Officer Maj Edward C. Nelson, Jr. (to 15 Jun 1952) Maj Robert B. Jeter (from 16 Jun) Maj William W. Day (from 21 Feb 1953) Maj Francis C. Hogan (from 6 May)

_1st Armored Amphibian Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol John T. O’Neill (to 5 Aug 1952) Maj James L. Jones (from 6 Aug) LtCol Henry G. Lawrence, Jr. (from 12 Aug) LtCol Fenlon A. Durand (from 4 Dec) Maj Ralph J. Parker, Jr. (from 16 May 1953) LtCol Maurice C. Goodpasture (from 15 Jul) Executive Officer Maj James L. Jones (to 5 Aug 1952) Maj David Young (from 6 Aug) Maj James L. Jones (from 12 Aug) Maj Ralph J. Parker, Jr. (from 21 Nov) Maj Robert S. Wilson (from 16 May 1953)

_1st Motor Transport Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol Howard E. Wertman (to 15 May 1952) Maj Walter R. O’Quinn (from 16 May) LtCol Robert B. McBroom (from 27 Jul) LtCol Robert E. McCook (from 24 Mar 1953) Executive Officer Maj Raymond L. Luckel (to 2 Aug 1952) Maj Marvin D. Grush (from 3 Aug) Maj Joseph P. Cushing (from 6 Sep) Maj Gobe Smith, Jr. (from 4 Oct) Maj Robert C. McNab, Jr. (from 17 Feb 1953)

_1st Combat Service Group_

Commanding Officer Col Russell N. Jordahl (to 29 Jun 1952) Col Kenneth A. King (from 30 Jun) LtCol Sidney F. Jenkins (from 8 Nov) Col James T. Wilbur (from 8 Dec) Col Edwin C. Ferguson (from 8 Feb 1953) Col James A. Moreau (from 8 Jul) Executive Officer LtCol James G. Kelly (to 20 May 1952) Col Frank M. Reinecke (from 21 May) LtCol William H. Cushing (from 11 Jun) LtCol Sidney F. Jenkins (from 8 Dec) LtCol Max H. LaGrone (from 28 Jan 1953) LtCol Tillman N. Peters (from 15 Mar) Maj Harvey B. Atkins (from 11 May)

_1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol Michiel Dobervich (to 1 Aug 1952) LtCol Edwin B. Wheeler (from 2 Aug) LtCol George S. Saussy, Jr. (from 7 Nov) LtCol Frank R. Wilkinson, Jr. (from 16 Mar 1953) Maj John McN. Rosebush (from 16 Jun) Executive Officer Maj William L. Eubank (to 3 Jun 1952) Maj George S. Saussy, Jr. (from 4 Jun) Maj William E. Lunn (from 7 Nov) Maj John McN. Rosebush (from 24 Mar 1953) Maj John J. DePalma (from 20 Jun)

_1st Shore Party Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol Warren S. Sivertsen (to 26 Jul 1952) Col William G. Robb (from 27 Jul) LtCol Russell Duncan (from 2 Oct) Col Glenn C. Funk (from 3 Dec) Col William H. Barba (from 21 Mar 1953) Executive Officer Maj Frederick F. Draper (to 3 Jun 1952) Maj William E. Buron (from 4 Jun) LtCol Clyde P. Ford (from 12 Aug) LtCol Francis X. Witt, Jr. (from 3 Mar 1953) LtCol Eugene A. Dueber, Jr. (from 18 Apr) LtCol James M. Joyner (from 8 Jul)

_1st Engineer Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol John V. Kelsey (to 5 May 1952) LtCol Harry D. Clarke (from 6 May) LtCol Francis W. Augustine (from 1 Dec) LtCol Francis X. Witt, Jr. (from 20 Apr 1953) Executive Officer Maj Grover C. Williams, Jr. (to 5 Jun 1952) Maj Francis W. Augustine (from 6 Jun) Maj George W. Torbert (from 1 Dec) Maj Donald V. Nahrgang (from 26 Jun 1953)

_1st Medical Battalion_

Commanding Officer Cdr Richard Lawrence, Jr., USN (to 31 Aug 1952) Cdr William W. Ayres, USN (from 1 Sep) Executive Officer Cdr James C. Luce, USN (to 12 May 1952) (none listed from 13 May to 8 Jun) LCdr James A. McLaughlin, USN (from 9 Jun) Cdr Roald N. Grant, USN (from 24 Aug to 21 Sep) (none listed from 22 Sep to 25 Apr 1953) Lt Roger D. Williams, USN (from 26 Apr)

_1st Signal Battalion_

Commanding Officer LtCol John E. Morris (to 3 Apr 1952) LtCol Alton L. Hicks (from 4 Apr) LtCol Jacob E. Glick (from 3 Aug) LtCol Eugene A. Dueber, Jr. (from 16 Feb 1953 to 22 Apr 1953) Executive Officer Maj Ernest C. Bennett (to 4 Apr 1952) Maj Bolish J. Kozak (from 5 Apr) Maj Mauro J. Padalino (from 12 Jul) Maj Frederick J. Cramer (from 30 Dec) Maj John J. Reber (from 8 Feb 1953 to 22 Apr 1953)

(This battalion was disbanded on 22 Apr 1953.)

_1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW)_

Commanding General MajGen Christian F. Schilt (to 11 Apr 1952) MajGen Clayton C. Jerome (from 12 Apr 1952) MajGen Vernon E. Megee (from 9 Jan 1953) Asst Commanding General BGen Frank H. Lamson-Scribner (to 30 Aug 1952) BGen Alexander W. Kreiser, Jr. (from 31 Aug) Chief of Staff Col Arthur F. Binney (to 30 Apr 1952) Col Frank H. Schwable (from 1 May) Col John Wehle (from 9 Jul) Col Samuel S. Jack (from 8 Sep) Col John C. Munn (from 8 May 1953) Asst Chief of Staff, G-1 Col Robert O. Bisson (to 7 Sep 1952) Col Lewis H. Delano, Jr. (from 8 Sep) LtCol William M. Frash (from 11 May 1953) Col Lawrence B. Clark (from 29 May) Asst Chief of Staff, G-2 Col John W. Stage (to 14 May 1952) LtCol Chester A. Henry, Sr. (from 15 May) Maj Donald E. Kramer (from 22 Jul) LtCol Harold Granger (from 16 Sep) Col Arthur R. Stacy (from 25 Jul 1953) Asst Chief of Staff, G-3 Col Stanley W. Trachta (to 8 Apr 1952) Col William R. Wendt (from 9 Apr) Col Louis B. Robertshaw (from 2 Sep) Col Charles H. Hayes (from 29 Sep) Col William D. Roberson (from 30 May 1953) Col Frank H. Wirsig (from 5 Jul) Asst Chief of Staff, G-4 Col Elmer T. Dorsey (to 24 Mar 1952) Col Robert E. Galer (from 25 Mar) Col Robert W. Clark (from 24 May) Col Richard D. Hughes (from 11 Feb 1953) Col Richard M. Baker (from 4 Jul)

_Headquarters Squadron, 1st MAW_

Commanding Officer Maj Earl C. Miles (to 29 May 1952) Maj David R. Moak (from 30 May) Maj Charles H. Woodley (from 1 Sep) Maj Lionel D. Hastings (from 26 Sep) Maj Charles W. Boggs, Jr. (from 1 Mar 1953) Maj Fred J. Gilhuly (from 1 Jul)

_Marine Wing Service Squadron 1 (MWSS-1)_ (Decommissioned 1 Jul 1953) and _Marine Wing Service Group 17 (MWSG-17)_ (Commissioned 1 Jul 1953)

Commanding Officer Col John Wehle (to 8 Apr 1952) LtCol Birney B. Truitt (from 9 Apr) LtCol Donald D. Blue (from 17 Jul) Col Lyle H. Meyer (from 21 Sep) LtCol Francis K. Coss (from 11 May 1953) Col Robert J. Johnson (from 30 Jun) Executive Officer LtCol Birney B. Truitt (to 8 Apr 1952) Maj William L. Woodruff (from 9 Apr) Maj Edward L. Schnettler (from 4 Jun) Maj Franklin L. Kemper (from 26 Aug) LtCol William G. Voss (from 20 Dec) LtCol Francis K. Coss (from 21 Apr 1953) Maj Elswin P. Dunn (from 11 May) LtCol Charles J. Prall (from 6 Jul)

_Headquarters Squadron, MWSG-17_ (Commissioned 1 Jul 1953)

Commanding Officer Capt James D. Ireland (from 1 Jul 1953)

_Marine Air Base Squadron 17 (MABS-17)_ (Activated 1 Jul 1953)

Commanding Officer Maj Bryce Howerton (from 1 Jul 1953)

_Marine Aircraft Repair Squadron 17 (MARS-17)_ (Activated 1 Jul 1953)

Commanding Officer Maj Vincent Franano (from 1 Jul 1953) Maj James G. Fox (from 29 Jul)

_Marine Air Control Group 2 (MACG-2)_

Commanding Officer Col Frederick R. Payne (to 18 May 1952) Col John W. Stage (from 19 May) Col Jack R. Cram (from 11 Jul) Col Kenneth D. Kerby (from 16 Feb 1953) Executive Officer LtCol Russell D. Rupp (to 1 May 1952) LtCol Philip “L” Crawford (from 2 May) LtCol William A. Houston, Jr. (from 20 Jun) LtCol Harold L. Lantz (from 11 Aug) LtCol Lawrence F. Fox (from 24 Feb 1953) LtCol Randolph C. Berkeley, Jr. (from 23 May) LtCol John S. Flickinger (from 10 Jun) LtCol Morris E. Flater (from 21 Jun)

_Marine Tactical Air Control Squadron 2 (MTACS-2)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Hensley Williams (to 2 Jun 1952) Maj Clinton E. Jones (from 3 Jun) LtCol William H. Whitaker, Jr. (from 1 Aug) LtCol Frederick M. Rauschenbach (from 21 Aug) LtCol Arthur C. Lowell (from 28 Jan 1953) Col Joseph A. Gerath, Jr. (from 20 Feb) LtCol Randolph C. Berkeley, Jr. (from 11 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Clinton E. Jones (to 2 Jun 1952) Capt John F. Driftmier (from 3 Jun) Maj George C. Henshaw (from 28 Aug) Maj Thomas H. Hughes, Jr. (from 25 Sep) LtCol Arthur C. Lowell (from 20 Feb 1953) (none listed from 15 Mar to 9 Jul) Capt Robert L. Dietrichson (from 10 Jul)

_Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 1 (MGCIS-1)_

Commanding Officer Maj Fred A. Steele (to 15 Aug 1952) Maj Henry W. Hise (from 16 Aug) Maj Wallace G. Wethe (from 16 Oct) LtCol Joseph F. Wagner, Jr. (from 3 Feb 1953) Maj Randal A. Yarberry (from 1 Jun) LtCol Harold F. Brown (from 23 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Marvin R. Bridges, Jr (to 11 Apr 1952) Capt William J. Wachsler (from 12 Apr) Capt Francis K. McManus (from 22 May) Maj William Sloane (from 1 Aug) Maj Romeo F. Bordigon (from 4 Oct) Maj Tolbert T. Gentry (from 2 Nov) Maj Francis F. Rotter (from 8 Jan 1953) Capt John E. Dixon (from 31 May) Maj Randal A. Yarberry (from 23 Jun)

_Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron 3 (MGCIS-3)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Owen M. Hines (to 20 May 1952) Maj James H. Foster (from 21 May) LtCol Robert J. Hoey (from 14 Jun) LtCol Kenneth D. Frazier (from 16 Aug) LtCol John B. Maas, Jr. (from 3 Feb 1953) Maj Nathan B. Peevey, Jr. (from 19 May) Maj James E. Lovin, Jr. (from 1 Jul) LtCol Lowell D. Grow (from 27 Jul) Executive Officer Maj James H. Foster (to 1 Jun 1952) Capt Lee B. Swindall (from 2 Jun) Maj Roy A. Thorson (from 21 Jun) Maj Raleigh E. Fletcher (from 5 Sep) Maj Francis E. Lee, Jr. (from 29 Oct) Maj Nathan B. Peevey, Jr. (from 4 Feb 1953) Capt William K. Lebo (from 19 May) Maj Thomas E. Archer (from 20 Jun) Maj James E. Lovin, Jr. (from 27 Jul)

_Marine Composite Squadron 1 (VMC-1)_ (Activated 15 Sep 1952)

Commanding Officer LtCol Lawrence F. Fox (to 24 Jan 1953) LtCol Ernest C. Fusan (from 25 Jan) LtCol Thomas “H” Mann, Jr. (from 16 Mar) Maj George H. Linnemeier (from 6 Apr) LtCol Wilbur A. Free (from 1 Jun)

_Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12)_

Commanding Officer Col Elmer T. Dorsey (to 24 May 1952) Col Robert E. Galer (from 25 May) Col John P. Condon (from 10 Aug) Col George S. Bowman, Jr. (from 13 Jan 1953) Col Edward B. Carney (from 1 Apr) Executive Officer LtCol Robert J. Hoey (to 5 Jun 1952) LtCol Joseph A. Gray (from 6 Jun) Col George S. Bowman, Jr. (from 17 Aug) LtCol Barnette Robinson (from 20 Feb 1953) Col Robert J. Johnson (from 19 Mar) Col William F. Hausman (from 30 Jun)

_Headquarters Squadron, MAG-12_

Commanding Officer Capt George Byers, Jr. (to 22 Apr 1952) 1stLt Daniel F. McConnell (from 24 Apr) Maj Godfrey Muller (from 1 Jul) Capt William M. Crooks (from 18 Sep) Capt Edgar F. Remington (from 21 Dec) Capt Bradford N. Slenning (from 15 May 1953)

_Marine Air Base Squadron 12 (MABS-12)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Carl M. Longley (to 31 Mar 1952) Maj Sumner H. Whitten (from 1 Apr) LtCol Graham H. Benson (from 25 Aug) LtCol Barnette Robinson (from 11 Oct) LtCol Eystein J. Nelson (from 1 Jan 1953) LtCol Richard M. Huizenga (from 1 Mar) LtCol Rufus D. Sams (from 1 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Robert A. Collett (to 31 Mar 1952) Maj LeRoy T. Frey (from 1 Apr) Maj Oscar C. Hauge, Jr. (from 26 May) Maj Sumner H. Whitten (from 18 Aug) LtCol Barnette Robinson (from 18 Sep) Maj Frank Hick (from 11 Oct) Maj Harry J. Anderson (from 20 Jan 1953) LtCol Rufus D. Sams (from 14 Apr) Maj Donald A. McMillan (from 11 Jul)

_Marine Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 12 (MAMS-12)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Joseph A. Gray (to 31 May 1952) Maj James G. G. Taylor (from 1 Jun) Maj William M. Johnston, Jr. (from 19 Aug) Maj Leonard I. Beatty (from 29 Dec) LtCol Walter E. Gregory (from 20 Feb 1953) LtCol Clarence H. Moore (from 27 Jun) Maj Mervin L. Taylor (from 18 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Robert E. Will (to 26 Apr 1952) Maj James G. G. Taylor (from 27 Apr) Capt Robert T. Kinsey (from 1 Jun) Maj James G. G. Taylor (from 19 Aug) Maj Warren L. MacQuarrie (from 1 Sep) Maj John R. Hyneman (from 15 Dec) Maj Leonard I. Beatty (from 20 Feb 1953) Maj Alexander Gagyi (from 15 Apr) Maj Mervin L. Taylor (from 12 Jul)

_Marine Attack Squadron 121 (VMA-121)_

Commanding Officer LtCol William Q. Houston, Jr. (to 19 Jun 1952) LtCol Philip “L” Crawford (from 20 Jun) LtCol Wayne M. Cargill (from 11 Sep) LtCol Richard M. Huizenga (from 7 Dec) LtCol John E. Hughes (from 1 Mar 1953) Maj Richard L. Braun (from 21 Apr) LtCol Harold B. Penne (from 16 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Henry W. Horst (to 31 May 1952) Maj Robert H. Brumley (from 1 Jun) Maj Julius B. Griffin (from 30 Jul) LtCol Donald D. Blue (from 2 Nov) LtCol Roy R. Hewitt (from 11 Dec) LtCol John E. Hughes (from 17 Jan 1953) Maj Mervin L. Taylor (from 1 Mar) Maj Robert C. Woten (from 16 Jul)

_Marine Fighter Squadron 212 (VMF-212)_ redesignated _Marine Attack Squadron 212 (VMA-212)_ on 10 Jun 1952

Commanding Officer LtCol Robert L. Bryson (to 9 Jun 1952) LtCol Graham H. Benson (from 10 Jun) LtCol Maurice W. Fletcher (from 5 Sep) LtCol Charles E. Dobson, Jr. (from 25 Oct) LtCol Barnette Robinson (from 1 Jan 1953) LtCol Louis R. Smunk (from 20 Feb) Maj Edward C. Kicklighter (from 1 Jun) LtCol James R. Wallace (from 19 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Richard B. Elliott (to 29 Feb 1952) Maj Roy A. Thorson (from 8 Mar) Maj Leslie C. Reed (from 10 Jun) LtCol Walter E. Gregory (from 25 Oct) Maj Norman O’Bryan (from 20 Feb 1953) Maj Edward C. Kicklighter (from 7 Mar) Maj Donald A. McMillan (from 1 Jun) Maj Edward C. Kicklighter (from 19 Jun) Maj Boris J. Frankovic (from 20 Jul)

_Marine Fighter Squadron 323 (VMF-323)_ redesignated _Marine Attack Squadron 323 (VMA-323)_ on 30 Jun 1952 (Transferred from operational control of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing on 7 Jul 1953)

Commanding Officer LtCol Richard L. Blume (to 25 Apr 1952) Maj William A. Weir (from 26 Apr) LtCol Henry S. Miller (from 1 Jun) LtCol Kenneth R. Chamberlain (from 1 Sep) LtCol Williard C. Lemke (from 20 Nov) LtCol William M. Frash (from 13 Jan 1953) LtCol Clarence H. Moore (from 11 Apr to 26 Jun) Executive Officer Maj William A. Weir (to 8 Jun 1952) Maj Richard E. Pryor (from 9 Jun) Maj Eystein J. Nelson (from 1 Sep) Maj Thomas M. Forsyth, Jr. (from 20 Nov) LtCol Clarence H. Moore (from 2 Jan 1953) LtCol Frederick M. Rauschenbach (from 29 Jan) Maj Robert C. Woten (from 3 May to 26 Jun)

_Marine Attack Squadron 332 (VMA-332)_ (Came under the operational control of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing on 29 May 1953)

Commanding Officer LtCol John B. Berteling (from 29 May 1953). Executive Officer Maj Gordon L. Allen (from 29 May 1953)

_Marine Attack Squadron (VMA-251)_ attached to _1st Marine Aircraft Wing_ on 9 Jun 1953

Commanding Officer LtCol Harold A. Harwood (from 9 Jun 1953) Executive Officer Maj James W. Merritt (from 9 Jun 1953)

_Marine Night-Fighter Squadron 513 (VMF(N)-513)_

Commanding Officer LtCol John R. Burnett (to 11 Jun 1952) Col Peter D. Lambrecht (from 12 Jun) LtCol Jack C. Scott (from 19 Jun) LtCol Homer G. Hutchinson, Jr. (from 9 Sep) LtCol Robert F. Conley (from 20 Jan 1953) LtCol Ross S. Mickey (from 6 May) LtCol Robert L. Conrad (from 10 Jul) Executive Officer Maj Frank H. Simonds (to 19 Apr 1952) Maj William D. Patterson, Jr. (from 23 Apr) LtCol Jack C. Scott (from 15 Aug) Maj Gorden E. Gray (from 20 Aug) LtCol Jack C. Scott (from 8 Sep) LtCol Jack B. Winters (from 14 Sep) Maj Dave E. Severance (from 20 Jan 1953) Maj Richard M. Hunt (from 9 Jun) LtCol Robert L. Conrad (from 24 Jun) Maj Richard M. Hunt (from 10 Jul)

_Marine Aircraft Group 33 (MAG-33)_

Commanding Officer Col Martin A. Severson (to 23 May 1952) Col John P. Condon (from 24 May) Col Herbert H. Williamson (from 11 Aug) Col Louis B. Robertshaw (from 22 Oct) Col Arthur R. Stacy (from 10 May 1953) Col John L. Smith (from 24 Jul) Executive Officer LtCol Vernon O. Ullman (to 13 May 1952) LtCol Graham H. Benson (from 14 May) Col Herbert H. Williamson (from 26 Jul) LtCol Darrell D. Irwin (from 11 Aug) Col John P. Coursey (from 17 Aug) Col Arthur R. Stacy (from 25 Mar 1953) LtCol James K. Dill (from 11 May) LtCol Thomas V. Murto, Jr. (from 26 Jul)

_Headquarters Squadron, MAG-33_

Commanding Officer Capt Allen R. Schutter (to 30 May 1952) Maj Guy M. Cloud (from 1 Jun) Maj Richard J. Collins (from 21 Jul) Maj Reuel H. Pietz (from 1 Nov) Maj Thomas J. Cushman, Jr. (from 14 Apr 1953) Capt Jerry N. Hendershot (from 26 May)

_Marine Air Base Squadron 33 (MABS-33)_

Commanding Officer Maj Frank P. Barker, Jr. (to 9 Jun 1952) Maj John W. Zuber (from 10 Jun) Maj William D. Patterson, Jr. (from 6 Aug) Maj Kenneth B. Nelson (from 9 Dec) LtCol Bernard McShane (from 21 Apr 1953) LtCol Arthur M. Moran (from 1 Jun) LtCol Jack Cosley (from 26 Jul) Executive Officer Maj George K. Harshberger (to 1 May 1952) Maj Summerfield M. Taylor, Jr. (from 2 May) Capt Frederic T. Watts, Jr. (from 11 Aug) Maj Harold N. McLaffey (from 2 Oct) Maj Darwin P. Glaese (from 23 Dec) Capt George J. Collins (from 22 May 1953)

_Marine Aircraft Maintenance Squadron 33 (MAMS-33)_

Commanding Officer Maj Zadik Collier (to 1 Sep 1952) Maj William N. Case (from 2 Sep) Maj Patrick Harrison (from 5 Feb 1953) Maj Julian P. Craigmiles (from 29 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Alton C. Bennett (from 1 Aug 1952) Maj John L. Herndon (from 12 Aug) Maj James Aldworth (from 2 Dec) Capt Marshall S. Austin (from 22 April 1953)

_Marine Fighter Squadron 115 (VMF-115)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Thomas M. Coles (to 20 May 1952) Maj John W. Zuber (from 21 May) LtCol Robert C. Armstead (from 5 Jun) Maj Wallace G. Wethe (from 17 Jul) LtCol Royce W. Coln (from 18 Aug) LtCol John B. Maas, Jr. (from 29 Sep) LtCol Stoddard G. Cortelyou (from 1 Feb 1953) LtCol Joe L. Warren (from 31 Mar) LtCol Lynn H. Stewart (from 5 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Conrad G. Winter (to 26 Apr 1952) Maj John W. Zuber (from 27 Apr) Maj Griffith B. Doyle (from 21 May) Maj Wallace G. Wethe (from 10 Jun) Maj Arthur N. Nehf, Jr. (from 5 Aug) LtCol Joseph F. Wagner, Jr. (from 19 Nov) LtCol Joe L. Warren (from 2 Feb 1953) Maj Carol Bernard (from 31 Mar) Maj James H. Phillips (from 25 Jun)

_Marine Fighter Squadron 311 (VMF-311)_

Commanding Officer LtCol Darrell D. Irwin (to 2 Jun 1952) Maj Henry W. Hise (from 3 Jun) Maj Kenneth D. Frazier (from 10 Jun) Maj William J. Sims (from 26 Jun) LtCol Arthur H. Adams (from 1 Oct) LtCol Francis K. Coss (from 1 Feb 1953) LtCol Arthur M. Moran (from 21 Apr) LtCol Bernard McShane (from 1 Jun) Executive Officer Maj Jay E. McDonald (to 27 Mar 1952) Maj Henry W. Hise (from 28 Mar) Maj Kenneth D. Frazier (from 26 Jun) Maj Harold A. Langstaff, Jr. (from 22 Aug) Maj Williams J. Sims (from 1 Oct) LtCol Walter R. Bartosh (from 12 Oct) LtCol Arthur M. Moran (from 20 Jan 1953) Maj John Skinner, Jr. (from 21 Apr) Maj William D. Heier (from 3 Jul)

_Marine Attack Squadron (VMA-312)_ (On 16 Jun 1953, this squadron was reassigned to the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing.)

Commanding Officer LtCol Joe H. McGlothlin, Jr. (to 8 Apr 1952) LtCol Robert E. Smith, Jr. (from 9 Apr) LtCol George C. Axtell, Jr. (from 11 Jul) LtCol Robert E. Cameron (from 4 Oct) LtCol Winston E. Jewson (from 25 Jan to 15 Jun 1953) Executive Officer Maj Alexander S. Walker, Jr. (to 7 Apr 1952) Maj Edmond P. Hartsock (from 9 Apr) Maj Walter D. Persons (from 11 Jul) Maj Marshall C. Gregory (from 1 Sep) Maj James W. Baker (from 13 Jan 1953) Maj Grover R. Betzer (from 2 Feb) Maj James L. Cooper (from 4 May to 10 Jun)

_Marine Photographic Squadron 1 (VMJ-1)_

Commanding Officer Maj Robert R. Read (to 13 May 1952) LtCol Vernon O. Ullman (from 14 May) LtCol William H. Whitaker (from 11 Sep) LtCol Howard L. Walter (from 1 Nov) LtCol William M. Ritchey (from 16 Feb 1953) LtCol Leslie T. Bryan, Jr. (from 15 May) Executive Officer Maj Albert E. James (to 3 Jun 1952) Maj Marion B. Bowers (from 4 Jun) Maj Grant W. McCombs (from 18 Jul) LtCol William H. Whitaker (from 28 Aug) Maj Grant W. McCombs (from 11 Sep) Maj Howard L. Walter (from 2 Oct) Maj Louis Conti (from 6 Nov) LtCol Grant W. McCombs (from 14 Dec) Maj Louis Conti (from 5 Feb 1953) Maj John E. Worlund (from 1 Apr)

_Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 161 (HMR-161)_

Commanding Officer Col Keith B. McCutcheon (to 7 Aug 1952) LtCol John F. Carey (from 8 Aug) Col Owen A. Chambers (from 15 Mar 1953) Executive Officer Maj James R. Dyer (to 10 May 1952) Maj Zigmund J. Radolinski (from 11 May) LtCol David M. Danser (from 28 May) LtCol Russel R. Riley (from 1 Sep) Maj Gilbert Percy (from 3 Jun 1953) LtCol John H. King, Jr. (from 1 Jul)

_Marine Observation Squadron 6 (VMO-6)_

Commanding Officer LtCol William H. Herring (to 10 May 1952) Maj Wallace J. Slappey, Jr. (from 11 May) LtCol Elkin S. Dew (from 11 Sep) LtCol William A. Cloman, Jr. (from 2 Feb 1953) LtCol Earl E. Anderson (from 1 Jul) Executive Officer Maj William G. MacLean, Jr. (from 1 Jul) Maj Lynn E. Midkiff (from 26 Jun) Maj Alton W. McCully (from 5 Feb 1953) Maj John A. Hood (from 15 May)

_1st 90mm AAA Gun Battalion_

Battalion Commander Col Max C. Chapman (to 22 Nov 1952) Col Edgar O. Price (from 23 Nov) LtCol Henry S. Massie (from 7 Apr 1953) Executive Officer LtCol Kenneth P. Dunkle (to 30 Apr 1952) Maj Thomas J. Matthews (from 1 May) Maj Robert H. Twisdale (from 15 Mar 1953) Maj Henry V. Leasure (from 9 Jun)

APPENDIX D

Effective Strength

1ST MARINE DIVISION AND 1ST MARINE AIRCRAFT WING[799]

Listed below are selected dates and figures which represent the effective strength of 1stMarDiv and 1st MAW throughout the 1952–1953 period.

-------------------------------------------------------- Date Officers Enlisted Total -------------------------------------------------------- 31 Mar 52 2,238 30,790 33,028 ground (1,412) (24,811) (26,223) aviation ( 826) ( 5,979) ( 6,805) 30 June 52 2,560 34,509 37,069 ground (1,684) (28,549) (30,233) aviation ( 876) ( 5,960) ( 6,836) 31 Oct 52 2,403 33,726 36,129 ground (1,423) (26,795) (28,218) aviation ( 980) ( 6,931) ( 7,911) 31 Jan 53 2,329 32,976 35,305 ground (1,352) (26,766) (28,118) aviation ( 977) ( 6,210) ( 7,187) 30 Apr 53 2,307 33,995 36,302 ground (1,370) (28,172) (29,542) aviation ( 937) ( 5,823) ( 6,760) 31 Jul 53 2,335 31,881 34,216[800] ground (1,412) (25,299) (26,711) aviation ( 923) ( 6,582) ( 7,505) --------------------------------------------------------

[799] Personnel figures file, Statistics Br., HQMC, 31 May 1950–31 Jan 1955.

[800] In addition, the 1stMarDiv was reinforced throughout this period by other indigenous military and civilian personnel.

APPENDIX E

Marine Corps Casualties

(Ground and Air)

KOREAN WAR 1950–1953[801]

--------------------------------------------------------------- Date KIA[802] Killed WIA Cumulative non-Battle Total --------------------------------------------------------------- Aug-Dec 1950 1,526 30 6,229 7,785

Jan-Dec 1951 960 82 7,924 8,966

Jan-Mar 1952 87 19 600 706 ------------------------------------------- Aug 1950-Mar 1952 2,573 131 14,753 17,457

Apr-Dec 1952 960 66 6,815 7,841

Jan-Jul 1953 729 47 4,470 5,246 ------------------------------------------- Apr 1952-Jul 1953 1,689 113 11,285 13,087

TOTAL:

Aug 1950 to Jul 1953 4,262 244 26,038 30,544 ---------------------------------------------------------------

[801] Abstracted from U. S. Marine Corps Strength in Korea vs Korean Casualties by Month, 25 Jun 1950–27 Jul 1953, based on Korean Operation Report, Statistics Br., HQMC and Log Sheet, dtd 21 Aug 1967.

[802] KIA includes DOW, Captured and Died, and Missing In

## Action, Presumed Dead.

APPENDIX F

Marine Pilots and Enemy Aircraft Downed in Korean War

21Apr51 1stLt Harold D. Daigh (VMF-312, F4U-4, USS _Bataan_) 1 YAK

21Apr51 Capt Phillip C. DeLong (VMF-312, F4U-4, USS _Bataan_) 2 YAKs

30Jun51 [A]Capt Edwin B. Long (VMF(N)-513, F7F-3N) 1 PO-2

12Jul51 Capt Donald L. Fenton (VMF(N)-513, F4U-5NL) 1 PO-2

23Sep51 Maj Eugene A. Van Gundy (VMF(N)-513, F7F-3N) 1 PO-2

4Nov51 [B]Maj William F. Guss (VMF-311) 1 MIG

5Mar52 [B]Capt Vincent J. Marzello (VMF-311) 1 MIG

16Mar52 [B]LtCol John S. Payne (1st MAW) 1 MIG

7June52 1stLt John W. Andre (VMF(N)-513, F4U-5NL) 1 YAK-9

10Sep52 Capt Jesse G. Folmar (VMA-312, F4U, USS _Sicily_) 1 MIG

15Sep52 [B]Maj Alexander J. Gillis (VMF-311) 1 MIG

28Sep52 [B]Maj Alexander J. Gillis (VMF-311) 2 MIGs

3Nov52 [C]Maj William T. Stratton, Jr. (VMF(N)-513, F3D-2) 1 YAK-15

8Nov52 Capt Oliver R. Davis (VMF(N)-513, F3D-2) 1 MIG

10Dec52 [D]1stLt Joseph A. Corvi (VMF(K)-513, F3D-2) 1 PO-2

12Jan53 Maj Elswin P. Dunn (VMF(N)-513, F3D-2) 1 MIG

20Jan53 [B]Capt Robert Wade (MAG-33) 1 MIG

28Jan53 Capt James R. Weaver (VMF(N)-513, F3D-2) 1 MIG

31Jan53 LtCol Robert F. Conley (VMF(N)-513, F3D-2) 1 MIG

7Apr53 [B]Maj Roy L. Reed (VMF 115) 1 MIG

12Apr53 [B]Maj Roy L. Reed (VMF 115) 1 MIG

16May53 [B]Maj John F. Bolt (VMF-115) 1 MIG

18May53 [B]Capt Harvey L. Jensen (VMF 115) 1 MIG

22Jun53 [B]Maj John F. Bolt (VMF 115) 1 MIG

24Jun53 [B]Maj John F. Bolt (VMF 115) 1 MIG

30Jun53 [B]Maj John F. Bolt (VMF 115) 1 MIG

11Jul53 [B]Maj John F. Bolt (VMF-115) 2 MIGs

12Jul53 [B]Maj John H. Glenn (VMF-311) 1 MIG

19Jul53 [B]Maj John H. Glenn (VMF-311) 1 MIG

20Jul53 [B]Maj Thomas M. Sellers (VMF-115) 2 MIGs

22Jul53 [B]Maj John H. Glenn (VMF-311) 1 MIG

[A] Marines on temporary exchange duty with Fifth Air Force.

[B] First enemy aircraft destroyed at night by UNC.

[C] First enemy jet aircraft destroyed through use of airborne intercept radar equipped fighter.

[D] First enemy aircraft destroyed by means of lock-on radar gear.

APPENDIX G

Unit Citations[803]

[803] For text of previous awards to 1stMarDiv, 1st MAW, and 1st ProvMarBrig, see earlier volumes of this series.

PRESIDENTAL UNIT CITATION _The President of the Republic of Korea takes profound pleasure in citing for outstanding and superior performance of duty during the period 26 October 1950 to 27 July 1953_[804] THE FIRST UNITED STATES MARINE DIVISION (REINFORCED) _for the award of_ PRESIDENTAL UNIT CITATION

Landing at Wonsan on 26 October 1950 the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced) advanced to Yudam-ni where they engaged the Chinese Communist Forces. The heroic and courageous fighting of the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced), which was outnumbered but never outfought by the Chinese Communist Forces; coupled with its fight against the terrible winter weather in this return to Hungnam, has added another glorious page to the brilliant history of the United States Marines. After regrouping and retraining, the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced) rejoined the United Nations Forces and began the attack to the north which drove the aggressors relentlessly before them. The enemy spring offensive during April 1951 which threatened to nullify the recent United Nations gains was successfully repulsed by the First Marine Division (Reinforced) and when other Republic of Korea Forces were heavily pressed and fighting for survival the timely offensive by this Division gave heart to the peoples of Korea. In March 1952 the First Marine Division (Reinforced) assumed responsibility of defending the western flank of the Eighth Army. In carrying out the responsibilities of this assignment the Marines won everlasting glory at Bunker Hill. Continuing active operations against the Communist enemy until the Armistice, the First Marine Division (Reinforced) inflicted heavy losses upon the aggressors and successfully repulsed their assaults upon strong point Vegas and Reno during March 1953, and during July 1953, just prior to the signing of the Armistice, again threw back the enemy in several days of severe fighting at strong points Berlin and East Berlin. Although suffering heavy losses during these engagements the First Marine Division (Reinforced) was at all times successful in maintaining the integrity of the United Nations’ positions within their assigned sector. The First United States Marine Division (Reinforced), by its unparalleled fighting courage and steadfast devotion to duty, has won the undying affection and gratitude of the Korean people. During its entire campaign the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced) remained true to its motto of “Semper Fidelis”. In keeping faith with the highest traditions of its own country the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced) kindled new hope in the breasts of all free men and women in the Republic of Korea. This Citation carries with it the right to wear the Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon by each individual member of the First United States Marine Division (Reinforced) who served in Korea during the stated period.

/S/ SYNGMAN RHEE _President_

[804] The Korean PUC, for the period 26 Oct 50 to 15 Feb 53, was presented to the 1stMarDiv in March 1953. Later, President Syngman Rhee furnished a second citation extending the period to include 16 Feb-27 Jul 53. The division was thus cited for the overall period 26 Oct 50 to 27 Jul 53, and the entire period is considered one award. Decorations & Medals Br., HQMC.

PRESIDENTIAL UNIT CITATION _The President of the Republic of Korea takes profound pleasure in citing for outstanding and superior performance of duty_ THE FIRST MARINE AIRCRAFT WING UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

The First Marine Aircraft Wing has distinguished itself in support of United Nations Forces in Korea from 27 February 1951 to 11 June 1953. During this period, Marine Aircraft flew over 80,000 combat sorties braving intense opposition to strike enemy fortifications, weapons and logistical installations throughout North Korea. These extensive combat operations, often conducted in hazardous weather, have provided United Nations’ ground forces with unparalleled close air support and have inflicted heavy casualties and tremendous damage on enemy forces. Flying from forward Korean bases and from naval aircraft carriers, Marine aircraft have continually harassed enemy communication and transportation systems, successfully curtailing the resupply of hostile front line troops. The exceptional achievements of the officers and men of the First Marine Aircraft Wing have materially assisted the Republic of Korea in its fight for freedom. Their outstanding performance of duty reflects great credit upon themselves and is in accord with the highest traditions of military service.

The citation carries with it the right to wear the Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon by each individual member of the First Marine Aircraft Wing who served in Korea during the stated period.

/S/ SYNGMAN RHEE _President_

PRESIDENTAL UNIT CITATION _The President of the Republic of Korea takes pleasure in citing_ THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ADVISORY COMPONENT United States Naval Advisory Group

for outstanding service to the people of Korea and for aid in the development of the Korean Marine Corps during the period February 1953 to 27 July 1954.

While attached to the Republic of Korea Marine Corps the United States Marine Advisory Component performed commendable service by giving valuable advice and guidance thus enabling the Korean Marine Corps to attain a ready status for any emergency.

By their initiative and constant attention the officers and men have contributed materially to the effective operation of all offices and departments of the Korean Marine Corps. Their thorough knowledge of techniques and military matters has helped in the practical routine training and in the fitting of the Korean Marine Corps for effective combat duty.

By exemplary conduct and indomitable spirit the United States Marine Corps Advisory Component has left a permanent imprint on the Korean Marine Corps which will assist in the accomplishment of the missions assigned to it in the future.

The outstanding service of the officers and men of the United States Marine Corps Advisory Component is in the best tradition of the United States Naval Service and this Presidential Unit Citation is given in recognition of their significant contribution to the welfare of the Republic of Korea.

/S/ SYNGMAN RHEE _President_

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

WASHINGTON

The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending the

FIRST MARINE DIVISION, REINFORCED

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

“For exceptionally meritorious service during operations against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from 11 August 1952 to 5 May 1953 and from 7 to 27 July 1953. During these periods the First Marine Division, Reinforced, maintained the integrity of over thirty-five miles of defense line in Panmunjom Truce Area against the constant aggressions of the enemy. During the time the Division was in the lines, it was under fire and attack by a resolute, well-equipped and fanatical hostile force. The Division maintained an raiding defense and constantly kept the enemy off balance by continuously patrolling, probing and raiding enemy positions, accompanied by the full weight of artillery and air support. Commencing in August 1952, and frequently thereafter, during the months of October 1952, March 1953, and July 1953, the enemy launched a series of large scale attacks to capture certain terrain features critical to the defense of friendly lines. The outposts and main defensive positions called Bunker Hill, The Hook, Reno, Carson, Vegas, Berlin and East Berlin, along with certain smaller outposts, gave title to battles of unsurpassed ferocity in which the full effort of the Marine Division was required to hurl back the attackers at heavy cost to both the Division and the enemy. That the lines in the Division sector remained firm and unbreached at the cessation of hostilities on 27 July 1953 gave eloquent tribute to the resourcefulness, courage, professional acumen and stamina of the members of the First Marine Division, Reinforced. Their inspiring and unyielding devotion to the fulfillment of their vital mission reflects the highest credit upon themselves and the United States Naval Service.”

All personnel attached to and serving with the First Marine Division, Reinforced, during the periods 11 August 1952 to 5 May 1953 and 7 to 27 July 1953, or any part thereof, are hereby authorized to wear the NAVY UNIT COMMENDATION RIBBON. This includes all organic units of the Division and the following reinforcing units:

FLEET MARINE FORCE UNITS AND DETACHMENTS: 1st 4.5 Rocket Battery; 1st Combat Service Group; 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion; 7th Motor Transport Battalion; 1st Armored Amphibian Battalion; 1st Amphibian Truck Company; Team #1, 1st Provisional Historical Platoon; 1st Fumigation and Bath Platoon; 1st Air Delivery Platoon; Radio Relay Team, 1st Signal Operations Company; Detachment, 1st Explosive Ordnance Disposal Company; 2nd Platoon, Auto Field Maintenance Company; 1st Provisional Truck Company; Detachment, 1st Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company.

UNITED STATES ARMY UNITS: (For such periods not included in Army Unit Awards) 1st Bn, 32nd Regt, 7th Inf Div; 7th Inf Div; 74th Truck Co.; 513th Truck Co; 3rd Plt, 86th Engr Searchlight Co (passed to operational control of 11th Marines); 558th Trans Truck Co (Amphibious, was attached to 7th MT Bn, FMF); 196th Field Arty Bn; 92nd Army Engr Searchlight Plt; 181st CIC Det USA; 163rd MIS Det USA (Unit redesignated 1 Sep 1952 to MIS Plt); TLO Det USA; UNMACK Civil Affairs Team USA; 61st Engr Co; 159th Field Arty Bn (155 Howitzer); 623rd Field Arty Bn; 17th Field Arty Bn “C” Btry; 204th Field Arty Bn “B” Btry; 84th Engr Construction Bn; 1st Bn, 15th US Inf Regt; 1st Bn, 65th US Inf Regt; 1st Bn, 9th Regt, 2nd US Div (attached to KPR); Recon Co, 7th US Inf Div; 461st Inf Bn; Heavy Mortars, 7th Inf Div; 204th Field Arty Bn “A” Btry; 69th Field Arty Bn; 64th Field Arty Bn; 8th Field Arty Bn; 90th Field Arty Bn; 21st AAA-AW Bn; 89th Tank Bn; 441st CIC Det, USA; Prov Bn, USA (Dets 31st and 32nd RCTS); Co D, 10th Engr (C) Bn, USA; Tank Co, 31st Inf, USA; Hqr Co, 31st Inf, USA; 2nd Bn, 31st Inf, USA (less Co E); 185th Engr (C) Bn, USA (less Co A); Co B, 1st Bn, 31st Inf, USA.

CHARLES S. THOMAS _Secretary of the Navy_

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

WASHINGTON

The Secretary of the Navy takes pleasure in commending the

FIRST MARINE AIRCRAFT WING, REINFORCED

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

“For exceptionally meritorious service during operations against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from 1 August 1952 to 27 July 1953. Flying more than 45,000 combat sorties against determined opposition during this period, the First Marine Aircraft Wing, Reinforced, struck repeatedly and effectively at enemy troops, fortifications, logistical installations and lines of communication throughout North Korea. These extensive combat operations provided friendly ground forces with decisive close air support during such battles as Bunker Hill, The Hook, Reno, Carson, Vegas, Berlin and East Berlin, and inflicted heavy casualties and tremendous damage upon the enemy. Operating from naval aircraft carriers and from forward Korean bases, Marine aircraft continually harassed enemy communication and transportation systems, curtailing the movement of hostile troops to the front lines, and provided the air defense of South Korea. The notable record achieved by the First Marine Aircraft Wing, Reinforced, is an eloquent tribute to the resourcefulness, courage and stamina of all her gallant officers and men. Their inspiring and unyielding devotion to duty in the fulfillment of these vital tasks reflect the highest credit upon themselves and the United States Naval Service.”

All personnel attached to and serving with the First Marine Aircraft Wing, Reinforced, during the above period, or any part thereof, are hereby authorized to wear the NAVY UNIT COMMENDATION RIBBON. This includes all organic units and the following reinforcing units: Construction Battalion Maintenance Unit 1; 1st 90mm Anti-Aircraft Artillery Gun Battalion; and Ground Control Approach Unit 41M.

CHARLES S. THOMAS _Secretary of the Navy_

EXTRACT

GENERAL ORDERS NO. 16 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

_Washington 25, D.C., 3 March 1954_

DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATION--Citation of Unit--Section 1

1--DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATION.--As authorized by Executive Order 9396 (sec. I, WD Bul, 22, 1943), superseding Executive Order 9075 (sec. III, WD Bul 11, 1942), the following unit is cited under AR 220-315 in the name of the President of the United States as public evidence of deserved honor and distinction. The citation reads as follows:

1. The Third Turkish Brigade, Turkish Armed Forces Command, and the following attached units: The Turkish Liaison Detachment, 8215th Army Unit; Company B, 1st Marine Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Division; and Company C, 1st Marine Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Division, are cited for outstanding performance of duty and extraordinary heroism in action against the enemy near Munsan-ni, Korea, during the period 28 to 29 May 1953. On the night of 28 May, an assault, supported by a heavy barrage, was launched by a powerful enemy force, determined to wrest outposts “Elko,” “Carson,” and “Vegas” from friendly hands. The valiant troops occupying these positions were soon surrounded and hand-to-hand combat ensued. With great tenacity and courage, the friendly troops fought on until, with only three of them still standing on outpost “Carson,” the first position fell. Despite the tremendous number of casualties they had suffered, the foe intensified the attack on the two remaining terrain features, rushing repeatedly up the slopes only to be hurled back by the gallant defenders. Friendly reinforcements arrived together with concentrated artillery support. All fire power was brought to bear on the charging enemy, as the defending troops fought desperately to hold. The foe came on in seemingly endless numbers and friendly tanks moved into highly vulnerable positions to fire at close range. Friendly casualties were heavy, but the toll of enemy dead was enormous. The determined foe paid apparently no attention to their thousands of casualties and appeared prepared to sacrifice thousands more to gain their objectives. Realizing that these friendly outposts could not hope to stand in the face of the endless waves of hostile troops, the friendly command ordered the outpost defenders to withdraw to the main line of resistance. The extraordinary heroism, singleness of purpose, and magnificent fighting spirit exhibited by the members of the Third Turkish Brigade, Turkish Armed Forces Command, and attached units throughout this crucial battle, resulted in the frustration of enemy plans to breach the main line of resistance, thus reflecting the greatest credit on themselves and the military profession.

By order of the Secretary of the Army:

OFFICIAL: WM. E. BERGIN Major General, USA The Adjutant General

M. B. RIDGWAY General, United States Army Chief of Staff

THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY

WASHINGTON

The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the PRESIDENTIAL UNIT CITATION to

MARINE OBSERVATION SQUADRON SIX

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

“For extraordinary heroism in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from August 1950 to 27 July 1953. Pioneering in the development of frontline helicopter evacuation of casualties, Marine Observation Squadron Six skillfully carried out unprecedented low-altitude evacuation flights during all hours of the day and night over rugged mountainous terrain in the face of enemy fire and extremely adverse weather, thereby saving untold lives and lessening the suffering of wounded marines. In addition, this valiant squadron completed thousands of day and night artillery spotting, reconnaissance and tactical air control missions, contributing materially to the extensive damage inflicted upon enemy positions, supply lines and troop concentrations. The splendid record achieved by Marine Observation Squadron Six attests to the courage, determination and esprit de corps of the officers and men of this unit and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.”

For the President, CHARLES S. THOMAS _Secretary of the Navy_

APPENDIX H

Armistice Agreement

_Volume I_

TEXT OF AGREEMENT

_Agreement between the Commander in Chief, United Nations Command, on the one hand, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, on the other hand, concerning a military armistice in Korea._

PREAMBLE

The undersigned, the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, on the one hand, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, on the other hand, in the interest of stopping the Korean conflict, with its great toll of suffering and bloodshed on both sides, and with the objective of establishing an armistice which will insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved, do individually, collectively, and mutually agree to accept and to be bound and governed by the conditions and terms of armistice set forth in the following Articles and Paragraphs, which said conditions and terms are intended to be purely military in character and to pertain solely to the belligerents in Korea.

_Article I_

MILITARY DEMARCATION LINE AND DEMILITARIZED ZONE

1. A Military Demarcation Line shall be fixed and both sides shall withdraw two (2) kilometers from this line so as to establish a Demilitarized Zone between the opposing forces. A Demilitarized Zone shall be established as a buffer zone to prevent the occurrence of incidents which might lead to a resumption of hostilities.

2. The Military Demarcation Line is located as indicated on the attached map.

3. The Demilitarized Zone is defined by a northern and a southern boundary as indicated on the attached map.

4. The Military Demarcation Line shall be plainly marked as directed by the Military Armistice Commission hereinafter established. The Commanders of the opposing sides shall have suitable markers erected along the boundary between the Demilitarized Zone and their respective areas. The Military Armistice Commission shall supervise the erection of all markers placed along the Military Demarcation Line and along the boundaries of the Demilitarized Zone.

5. The waters of the Han River Estuary shall be open to civil shipping of both sides wherever one bank is controlled by one side and the other bank is controlled by the other side. The Military Armistice Commission shall prescribe rules for the shipping in that part of the Han River Estuary indicated on the attached map. Civil shipping of each side shall have unrestricted access to the land under the military control of that side.

6. Neither side shall execute any hostile act within, from, or against the Demilitarized Zone.

7. No person, military or civilian, shall be permitted to cross the Military Demarcation Line unless specifically authorized to do so by the Military Armistice Commission.

8. No person, military or civilian, in the Demilitarized Zone shall be permitted to enter the territory under the military control of either side unless specifically authorized to do so by the Commander into whose territory entry is sought.

9. No person, military or civilian shall be permitted to enter the Demilitarized Zone except persons concerned with the conduct of civil administration and relief and persons specifically authorized to enter by the Military Armistice Commission.

10. Civil administration and relief in that part of the Demilitarized Zone which is south of the Military Demarcation Line shall be the responsibility of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command; and civil administration and relief in that part of the Demilitarized Zone which is north of the Military Demarcation Line shall be the joint responsibility of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. The number of persons, military or civilian, from each side who are permitted to enter the Demilitarized Zone for the conduct of civil administration and relief shall be as determined by the respective Commanders, but in no case shall the total number authorized by either side exceed one thousand (1,000) persons at any one time. The number of civil police and the arms to be carried by them shall be as prescribed by the Military Armistice Commission. Other personnel shall not carry arms unless specifically authorized to do so by the Military Armistice Commission.

11. Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed to prevent the complete freedom of movement to, from, and within the Demilitarized Zone by the Military Armistice Commission, its assistants, its Joint Observer Teams with their assistants, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission hereinafter established, its assistants, its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams with their assistants, and of any other persons, materials, and equipment specifically authorized to enter the Demilitarized Zone by the Military Armistice Commission. Convenience of movement shall be permitted through the territory under the military control of either side over any route necessary to move between points within the Demilitarized Zone where such points are not connected by roads lying completely within the Demilitarized Zone.

_Article II_

CONCRETE ARRANGEMENTS FOR CEASE-FIRE AND ARMISTICE

A. _General_

12. The Commanders of the opposing sides shall order and enforce a complete cessation of all hostilities in Korea by all armed forces under their control, including all units and personnel of the ground, naval, and air forces, effective twelve (12) hours after this Armistice Agreement is signed. (See Paragraph 63 hereof for effective date and hour of the remaining provisions of this Armistice Agreement.)

13. In order to insure the stability of the Military Armistice so as to facilitate the attainment of a peaceful settlement through the holding by both sides of a political conference of a higher level, the Commanders of the opposing sides shall:

a. Within seventy-two (72) hours after this Armistice becomes effective, withdraw all of their military forces, supplies, and equipment from the Demilitarized Zone except as otherwise provided herein. All demolitions, minefields, wire entanglements, and other hazards to the safe movement of personnel of the Military Armistice Commission or its Joint Observer Teams, known to exist within the Demilitarized Zone after the withdrawal of military forces therefrom, together with lanes known to be free of all hazards, shall be reported to the Military Armistice Commission by the Commander of the side whose forces emplaced such hazards. Subsequently, additional safe lanes shall be cleared; and eventually, within forty-five (45) days after the termination of the seventy-two (72) hour period, all such hazards shall be removed from the Demilitarized Zone as directed by and under the supervision of the Military Armistice Commission. At the termination of the seventy-two (72) hour period, except for unarmed troops authorized a forty-five (45) day period to complete salvage operations under Military Armistice Commission supervision, such units of a police nature as may be specifically requested by the Military Armistice Commission and agreed to by the Commanders of the opposing sides, and personnel authorized under Paragraphs 10 and 11 hereof, no personnel of either side shall be permitted to enter the Demilitarized Zone.

b. Within ten (10) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, withdraw all of their military forces, supplies and equipment from the rear and the coastal islands and waters of Korea of the other side. If such military forces are not withdrawn within the stated time limit, and there is no mutually agreed and valid reason for the delay, the other side shall have the right to take any action which it deems necessary for the maintenance of security and order. The term “coastal islands,” as used above, refers to those islands which, though occupied by one side at the time when this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, were controlled by the other side on 24 June 1950; provided, however, that all the islands lying to the north and west of the provincial boundary line between HWANGHAE-DO and KYONGGI-DO shall be under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers except the island groups of PAENGYONG-DO (37°58´N, 124°40´E), TAECHONG-DO (37°50´N, 124°42´E), SOCHONG-DO (37°46´N, 124°46´E), YONPYONG-DO (37°38´N, 125°40´E), and U-DO (37°36´N, 125°58´E), which shall remain under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command. All the islands on the west coast of Korea lying south of the above-mentioned boundary line shall remain under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command.

c. Cease the introduction into Korea of reinforcing military personnel; provided, however, that the rotation of units and personnel, the arrival in Korea of personnel on a temporary duty basis, and the return to Korea of personnel after short periods of leave or temporary duty outside of Korea shall be permitted within the scope prescribed below. “Rotation” is defined as the replacement of units or personnel by other units or personnel who are commencing a tour of duty in Korea. Rotation personnel shall be introduced into and evacuated from Korea only through the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof. Rotation shall be conducted on a man-for-man basis; provided, however, that no more than thirty-five thousand (35,000) persons in the military service shall be admitted into Korea by either side in any calendar month under the rotation policy. No military personnel of either side shall be introduced into Korea if the introduction of such personnel will cause the aggregate of the military personnel of that side admitted into Korea since the effective date of this Armistice Agreement to exceed the cumulative total of the military personnel of that side who have departed from Korea since that date. Reports concerning arrivals in and departures from Korea of military personnel shall be made daily to the Military Armistice Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, such reports shall include places of arrival and departure and the number of persons arriving at or departing from each such place. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, through its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, shall conduct supervision and inspection of the rotation of units and personnel authorized above, at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof.

d. Cease the introduction into Korea of reinforcing combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition; provided, however, that combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition which are destroyed, damaged, worn out, or used up during the period of the armistice may be replaced on the basis of piece-for-piece of the same effectiveness and the same type. Such combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition shall be introduced into Korea only through the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof. In order to justify the requirement for combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition to be introduced into Korea for replacement purposes, reports concerning every incoming shipment of these items shall be made to the Military Armistice Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission; such reports shall include statements regarding the disposition of the items being replaced. Items to be replaced which are removed from Korea shall be removed only through the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, through its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall conduct supervision and inspection of the replacement of combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition authorized above, at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof.

e. Insure that personnel of their respective commands who violate any of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement are adequately punished.

f. In those cases where places of burial are a matter of record and graves are actually found to exist, permit graves registration personnel of the other side to enter, within a definite time limit after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the territory of Korea under their Military control, for the purpose of proceeding to such graves to recover and evacuate the bodies of the deceased military personnel of that side, including deceased prisoners of war. The specific procedures and the time limit for the performance of the above task shall be determined by the Military Armistice Commission. The Commanders of the opposing sides shall furnish to the other side all available information pertaining to the places of burial of the deceased military personnel of the other side.

g. Afford full protection and all possible assistance and cooperation to the Military Armistice Commission, its Joint Observer Teams, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, and its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, in the carrying out of their functions and responsibilities hereinafter assigned; and accord to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, and to its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, full convenience of movement between the headquarters of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof over main lines of communication agreed upon by both sides, and between the headquarters of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and the places where violations of this Armistice Agreement have been reported to have occurred. In order to prevent unnecessary delays, the use of alternate routes and means of transportation will be permitted whenever the main lines of communication are closed or impassable.

h. Provide such logistic support, including communications and transportation facilities, as may be required by the Military Armistice Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and their Teams.

i. Each construct, operate, and maintain a suitable airfield in their respective ports of the Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of the headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission, for such uses as the Commission may determine.

j. Insure that all members and other personnel of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission hereinafter established shall enjoy the freedom and facilities necessary for the proper exercise of their function, including privileges, treatment, and immunities equivalent to those ordinarily enjoyed by accredited diplomatic personnel under international usage.

14. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing ground forces under the military control of either side, which ground forces shall respect the Demilitarized Zone and the area of Korea under the military control of the opposing side.

15. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing naval forces, which naval forces shall respect the waters contiguous to the Demilitarized Zone and to the land area of Korea under the military control of the opposing side, and shall not engage in blockade of any kind of Korea.

16. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing air forces, which air forces shall respect the air space over the Demilitarized Zone and over the area of Korea under the military control of the opposing side, and over the waters contiguous to both.

17. Responsibility for compliance with and enforcement of the terms and provisions of this Armistice Agreement is that of the signatories hereto and their successors in command. The Commanders of the opposing sides shall establish within their respective commands all measures and procedures necessary to insure complete compliance with all of the provisions hereof by all elements of their commands. They shall

## actively cooperate with one another and with the Military Armistice

Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in requiring observance of both the letter and the spirit of all of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement.

18. The costs of the operations of the Military Armistice Commission and of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and of their Teams shall be shared equally by the two opposing sides.

B. _Military Armistice Commission_

1. Composition

19. A Military Armistice Commission is hereby established.

20. The Military Armistice Commission shall be composed of ten (10) senior officers, five (5) of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and five (5) of whom shall be appointed jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Of the ten members, three (3) from each side shall be of general or flag rank. The two (2) remaining members on each side may be major generals, brigadier generals, colonels, or their equivalents.

21. Members of the Military Armistice Commission shall be permitted to use staff assistants as required.

22. The Military Armistice Commission shall be provided with the necessary administrative personnel to establish a Secretariat charged with assisting the Commission by performing record-keeping, secretarial, interpreting, and such other functions as the Commission may assign to it. Each side shall appoint to the Secretariat a Secretary and an Assistant Secretary and such clerical and specialized personnel as required by the Secretariat. Records shall be kept in English, Korean, and Chinese, all of which shall be equally authentic.

23. a. The Military Armistice Commission shall be initially provided with and assisted by ten (10) Joint Observer Teams, which number may be reduced by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Military Armistice Commission.

b. Each Joint Observer Team shall be composed of not less than four (4) nor more than six (6) officers of field grade, half of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and half of whom shall be appointed jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks, and interpreters shall be furnished by each side as required for the functioning of the Joint Observer Teams.

2. Functions and Authority

24. The general mission of the Military Armistice Commission shall be to supervise the implementation of this Armistice Agreement and to settle through negotiations any violations of this Armistice Agreement.

25. The Military Armistice Commission shall:

a. Locate its headquarters in the vicinity of PANMUNJOM (37°57´29´´ N, 126°40´00´´ E). The Military Armistice Commission may relocate its headquarters at another point within the Demilitarized Zone by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Commission.

b. Operate as a joint organization without a chairman.

c. Adopt such rules of procedure as it may, from time to time, deem necessary.

d. Supervise the carrying out of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement pertaining to the Demilitarized Zone and to the Han River Estuary.

e. Direct the operations of the Joint Observer Teams.

f. Settle through negotiations any violations of this Armistice Agreement.

g. Transmit immediately to the Commanders of the opposing sides all reports of investigations of violations of this Armistice Agreement and all other reports and records of proceedings received from the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission.

h. Give general supervision and direction to the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War and the Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians, hereinafter established.

i. Act as an intermediary in transmitting communications between the Commanders of the opposing sides; provided however, that the foregoing shall not be construed to preclude the Commanders of both sides from communicating with each other by any other means which they may desire to employ.

j. Provide credentials and distinctive insignia for its staff and its Joint Observer Teams, and a distinctive marking for all vehicles, aircraft, and vessels, used in the performance of its mission.

26. The mission of the Joint Observer Teams shall be to assist the Military Armistice Commission in supervising the carrying out of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement to the Demilitarized Zone and to the Han River Estuary.

27. The Military Armistice Commission, or the senior member of either side thereof, is authorized to dispatch Joint Observer Teams to investigate violations of this Armistice Agreement reported to have occurred in the Demilitarized Zone or in the Han River Estuary; provided, however, that not more than one half of the Joint Observer Teams which have not been dispatched by the Military Armistice Commission may be dispatched at any one time by the senior member of either side on the Commission.

28. The Military Armistice Commission, or the senior member of either side thereof, is authorized to request the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission to conduct special observations and inspections at places outside the Demilitarized Zone where violations of this Armistice Agreement have been reported to have occurred.

29. When the Military Armistice Commission determines that a violation of this Armistice Agreement has occurred, it shall immediately report such violation to the Commanders of the opposing sides.

30. When the Military Armistice Commission determines that a violation of this Armistice Agreement has been corrected to its satisfaction, it shall so report to the Commanders of the opposing sides.

3. General

31. The Military Armistice Commission shall meet daily. Recesses of not to exceed seven (7) days may be agreed upon by the senior members of both sides; provided, that such recesses may be terminated on twenty-four (24) hour notice by the senior member of either side.

32. Copies of the record of the proceedings of all meetings of the Military Armistice Commission shall be forwarded to the Commanders of the opposing sides as soon as possible after each meeting.

33. The Joint Observer Teams shall make periodic reports to the Military Armistice Commission as required by the Commission and, in addition, shall make such special reports as may be deemed necessary by them, or as may be required by the Commission.

34. The Military Armistice Commission shall maintain duplicate files of the reports and records of proceedings required by this Armistice Agreement. The Commission is authorized to maintain duplicate files of such other reports, records, etc., as may be necessary in the conduct of its business. Upon eventual dissolution of the Commission, one set of the above files shall be turned over to each side.

35. The Military Armistice Commission may make recommendations to the Commanders of the opposing sides with respect to amendments or additions to this Armistice Agreement. Such recommended changes should generally be those designed to insure a more effective armistice.

C. _Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission_

1. Composition

36. A Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission is hereby established.

37. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be composed of four (4) senior officers, two (2) of whom shall be appointed by neutral nations nominated by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, namely, SWEDEN and SWITZERLAND, and two (2) of whom shall be appointed by neutral nations nominated jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, namely, POLAND and CZECHOSLOVAKIA. The term “neutral nations” as herein used is defined as those nations whose combatant forces have not participated in the hostilities in Korea. Members appointed to the Commission may be from the armed forces of the appointing nations. Each member shall designate an alternate member to attend those meetings which for any reason the principal member is unable to attend. Such alternate members shall be of the same nationality as their principals. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission may take action whenever the number of members present from the neutral nations nominated by one side is equal to the number of members present from the neutral nations nominated by the other side.

38. Members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be permitted to use staff assistants furnished by the neutral nations as required. These staff assistants may be appointed as alternate members of the Commission.

39. The neutral nations shall be requested to furnish the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission with the necessary administrative personnel to establish a Secretariat charged with assisting the Commission by performing necessary record-keeping, secretarial, interpreting, and such other functions as the Commission may assign to it.

40. a. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be initially provided with, and assisted by, twenty (20) Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, which number may be reduced by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Military Armistice Commission. The Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be responsible to, shall report to, and shall be subject to the direction of, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission only.

b. Each Neutral Nations Inspection Team shall be composed of not less than four (4) officers, preferably of field grade, half of whom shall be from the neutral nations nominated by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and half of whom shall be from the neutral nations nominated jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Members appointed to the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams may be from the armed forces of the appointing nations. In order to facilitate the functioning of the Teams, sub-teams composed of not less than two (2) members, one of whom shall be from a neutral nation nominated by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and one of whom shall be from a neutral nation nominated by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, may be formed as circumstances require. Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks, interpreters, and communications personnel, and such equipment as may be required by the Teams to perform their missions, shall be furnished by the Commander of each side, as required, in the Demilitarized Zone and in the territory under his military control. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission may provide itself and the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams with such of the above personnel and equipment of its own as it may desire; provided, however, that such personnel shall be personnel of the same neutral nations of which the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission is composed.

2. Functions and Authority

41. The mission of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be to carry out the functions of supervision, observation, inspection, and investigation, as stipulated in Subparagraphs 13c and 13d and Paragraph 28 hereof, and to report the results of such supervision, observation, inspection, and investigation to the Military Armistice Commission.

42. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall:

a. Locate its headquarters in proximity to the headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission.

b. Adopt such rules of procedure as it may, from time to time, deem necessary.

c. Conduct, through its members and its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, the supervision and inspection provided for in Sub-paragraphs 13c and 13d of this Armistice Agreement at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof, and the special observations and inspections provided for in Paragraph 28 hereof at those places where violations of this Armistice Agreement have been reported to have occurred. The inspection of combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition by the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be such as to enable them to properly insure that reinforcing combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition are not being introduced into Korea; but this shall not be construed as authorizing inspections or examinations of any secret designs or characteristics of any combat aircraft, armored vehicle, weapon, or ammunition.

d. Direct and supervise the operations of the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams.

e. Station five (5) Neutral Nations Inspection Teams at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof located in the territory under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command; and five (5) Neutral Nations Inspection Teams at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof located in the territory under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers; and establish initially ten (10) mobile neutral Nations Inspection Teams in reserve, stationed in the general vicinity of the headquarters of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, which number may be reduced by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Military Armistice Commission. Not more than half of the mobile Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be dispatched at any one time in accordance with requests of the senior member of either side on the Military Armistice Commission.

f. Subject to the provisions of the preceding Sub-paragraph, conduct without delay investigations of reported violations of this Armistice Agreement, including such investigations of reported violations of this Armistice Agreement as may be requested by the Military Armistice Commission or by the senior member of either-side on the Commission.

g. Provide credentials and distinctive insignia for its staff and its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, and a distinctive marking for all vehicles, aircraft, and vessels, used in the performance of its mission.

43. Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be stationed at the following ports of entry:

Territory under the military control of the United Nations command

INCHON (37°28´N, 126°38´E) TAEGU (35°52´N, 128°36´E) PUSAN (35°06´N, 129°02´E) KANGNUNG (37°45´N, 128°54´E) KUNSAN (35°59´N, 126°43´E)

Territory under the military control of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteers

SINUIJU (40°´N, 124°24´E) CHONGJIN (41°46´N, 129°49´E) HUNGNAM (39°50´N, 127°37´E) MANPO (41°09´N, 126°18´E) SINANJU (39°36´N, 125°36´E)

These Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be accorded full convenience of movement within the areas and over the routes of communication set forth on the attached map.

3. General

44. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall meet daily. Recesses of not to exceed seven (7) days may be agreed upon by the members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission; provided, that such recesses may be terminated on twenty-four (24) hour notice by any member.

45. Copies of the record of the proceedings of all meetings of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be forwarded to the Military Armistice Commission as soon as possible after each meeting. Records shall be kept in English, Korean, and Chinese.

46. The Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall make periodic reports concerning the results of their supervision, observations, inspections, and investigations to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission as required by the Commission and, in addition, shall make such special reports as may be deemed necessary by them, or may be required by the Commission. Reports shall be submitted by a Team as a whole, but may also be submitted by one or more individual members thereof; provided, that the reports submitted by one or more individual members thereof shall be considered as informational only.

47. Copies of the reports made by the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be forwarded to the Military Armistice Commission by the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission without delay and in the language in which received. They shall not be delayed by the process of translation or evaluation. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall evaluate such reports at the earliest practicable time and shall forward their findings to the Military Armistice Commission as a matter of priority. The Military Armistice Commission shall not take final

## action with regard to any such report until the evaluation thereof has

been received from the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. Members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and of its Teams shall be subject to appearance before the Military Armistice Commission, at the request of the senior member of either side on the Military Armistice Commission, for clarification of any report submitted.

48. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall maintain duplicate files of the reports and records of proceedings required by this Armistice Agreement. The Commission is authorized to maintain duplicate files of such other reports, records, etc., as may be necessary in the conduct of its business. Upon eventual dissolution of the Commission, one set of the above files shall be turned over to each side.

49. The Neutral Supervisory Commission may make recommendations to the Military Armistice Commission with respect to amendments or additions to this Armistice Agreement. Such recommended changes should generally be those designed to insure a more effective armistice.

50. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, or any member thereof, shall be authorized to communicate with any member of the Military Armistice Commission.

_Article III_

ARRANGEMENTS RELATING TO PRISONERS OF WAR

51. The release and repatriation of all prisoners of war held in the custody of each side at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective shall be effected in conformity with the following provisions agreed upon by both sides prior to the signing of this Armistice Agreement.

a. Within sixty (60) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, each side shall, without offering any hindrance, directly repatriate and hand over in groups all those prisoners of war in its custody who insist on repatriation to the side to which they belonged at the time of capture. Repatriation shall be accomplished in accordance with the related provisions of this Article. In order to expedite the repatriation process of such personnel, each side shall, prior to the signing of the Armistice Agreement, exchange the total numbers, by nationalities, of personnel to be directly repatriated. Each group of prisoners of war delivered to the other side shall be accompanied by rosters, prepared by nationality, to include name, rank (if any) and internment or military serial number.

b. Each side shall release all those remaining prisoners of war, who are not directly repatriated, from its military control and from its custody and hand them over to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission for disposition in accordance with the provisions in the Annex hereto: “Terms of Reference for Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.”

c. So that there may be no misunderstanding owing to the equal use of three languages, the act of delivery of a prisoner of war by one side to the other side shall, for the purposes of this Armistice Agreement, be called “repatriation” in English, “song hwan” in Korean, and “ch’ien fan” in Chinese, notwithstanding the nationality or place of residence of such prisoner of war.

52. Each side insures that it will not employ in acts of war in the Korean conflict any prisoner of war released and repatriated incident to the coming into effect of this Armistice Agreement.

53. All the sick and injured prisoners of war who insist upon repatriation shall be repatriated with priority. Insofar as possible, there shall be captured medical personnel repatriated concurrently with the sick and injured prisoners of war, so as to provide medical care and attendance en route.

54. The repatriation of all the prisoners of war required by Sub-paragraph 51a hereof shall be completed within a time limit of sixty (60) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective. Within this time limit each side undertakes to complete the repatriation of the above-mentioned prisoners of war in its custody at the earliest practicable time.

55. PANMUNJOM is designated as the place where prisoners of war will be delivered and received by both sides. Additional place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war in the Demilitarized Zone may be designated, if necessary, by the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War.

56. a. A Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War is hereby established. It shall be composed of six (6) officers of field grade, three (3) of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and three (3) of whom shall be appointed jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This Committee shall, under the general supervision and direction of the Military Armistice Commission, be responsible for coordinating the specific plans of both sides for the repatriation of prisoners of war and for supervising the execution by both sides of all of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement relating to the repatriation of prisoners of war. It shall be the duty of this Committee to coordinate the timing of the arrival of prisoners of war at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war from the prisoner of war camps of both sides; to make, when necessary, such special arrangements as may be required with regard to the transportation and welfare of sick and injured prisoners of war; to coordinate the work of the joint Red Cross teams, established in Paragraph 57 hereof, in assisting in the repatriation of prisoners of war; to supervise the implementation of the arrangements for the actual repatriation or prisoners of war stipulated in Paragraphs 53 and 54 hereof; to select, when necessary, additional place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war, and to carry out such other related functions as are required for the repatriation of prisoners of war.

b. When unable to reach agreement on any matter relating to its responsibilities, the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War shall immediately refer such matter to the Military Armistice Commission for decision. The Commission for Repatriation of Prisoners of War shall maintain its headquarters in proximity to the headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission.

c. The Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War shall be dissolved by the Military Armistice Commission upon completion of the program of repatriation of prisoners of war.

57. a. Immediately after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, joint Red Cross teams composed of representatives of the national Red Cross Societies of the countries contributing forces to the United Nations Command on the one hand, and representatives of the Red Cross Society of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and representatives of the Red Cross Society of the People’s Republic of China on the other hand, shall be established. The joint Red Cross teams shall assist in the execution by both sides of those provisions of this Armistice Agreement relating to the repatriation of all the prisoners of war specified in Sub-paragraph 51a hereof, who insist upon repatriation, by the performance of such humanitarian services as are necessary and desirable for the welfare of the prisoners of war. To accomplish this task, the joint Red Cross teams shall provide assistance in the delivering and receiving of prisoners of war by both sides at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war, and shall visit the prisoner of war camps of both sides to comfort the prisoners of war and to bring in and distribute gift articles for the comfort and welfare of the prisoners of war. The joint Red Cross teams may provide services to prisoners of war while en route from prisoner of war camps to the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war.

b. The Joint Red Cross teams shall be organized as set forth below:

(1) One team shall be composed of twenty (20) members, namely, ten (10) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each side, to assist in the delivering and receiving of prisoners of war by both sides at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war. The chairmanship of this team shall alternate daily between representatives from the Red Cross Societies of the two sides. The work and services of this team shall be coordinated by the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War.

(2) One team shall be composed of sixty (60) members, namely, thirty (30) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each side, to visit the prisoners of war camps under the administration of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This team may provide services to prisoners of war while en route from the prisoner of war camps to the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war. A representative of the Red Cross Society of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or of the Red Cross Society of the People’s Republic of China shall serve as chairman of this team.

(3) One team shall be composed of sixty (60) members, namely, thirty (30) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each side, to visit the prisoner of war camps under the administration of the United Nations Command. This team may provide services to prisoners of war while en route from the prisoner of war camps to the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war. A representative of a Red Cross Society of a nation contributing forces to the United Nations Command shall serve as chairman of this team.

(4) In order to facilitate the functioning of each joint Red Cross team, sub-teams composed of not less than two (2) members from the team, with an equal number of representatives from each side, may be formed as circumstances require.

(5) Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks, and interpreters, and such equipment as may be required by the joint Red Cross teams to perform their missions, shall be furnished by the Commander of each side to the team operating in the territory under his military control.

(6) Whenever jointly agreed upon by the representatives of both sides or any joint Red Cross team, the size of such team may be increased or decreased, subject to confirmation by the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War.

c. The Commander of each side shall cooperate fully with the joint Red Cross teams in the performance of their functions, and undertakes to insure the security of the personnel of the joint Red Cross team in the area under his military control. The Commander of each side shall provide such logistic, administrative, and communications facilities as may be required by the team operating in the territory under his military control.

d. The joint Red Cross teams shall be dissolved upon completion of the program of repatriation of all the prisoners of war specified in Sub-paragraph 51a hereof, who insist upon repatriation.

58. a. The Commander of each side shall furnish to the Commander of the other side as soon as practicable, but not later than ten (10) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the following information concerning prisoners of war:

(1) Complete data pertaining to the prisoners of war who escaped since the effective date of the data last exchanged.

(2) Insofar as practicable, information regarding name, nationality, rank, and other identification data, date and cause of death, and place of burial, of those prisoners of war who died while in his custody.

b. If any prisoners of war escape or die after the effective date of the supplementary information specified above, the detaining side shall furnish to the other side, through the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War, the data pertaining thereto in accordance with the provisions of Sub-paragraph 58a hereof. Such data shall be furnished at ten-day intervals until the completion of the program of delivery and reception of prisoners of war.

c. Any escaped prisoner of war who returns to the custody of the detaining side after the completion of the program of delivery and reception of prisoners of war shall be delivered to the Military Armistice Commission for disposition.

59. a. All civilians who, at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and who, on 24 June 1950, resided north of the Military Demarcation Line established in this Armistice Agreement shall, if they desire to return home, be permitted and assisted by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, to return to the area north of the Military Demarcation Line; and all civilians, who, at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, and who, on 24 June 1950, resided south of the Military Demarcation Line established in this Armistice Agreement shall, if they desire to return home, be permitted and assisted by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers to return to the area south of the Military Demarcation Line. The Commander of each side shall be responsible for publicizing widely throughout territory under his military control the contents of the provisions of this Sub-paragraph, and for calling upon the appropriate civil authorities to give necessary guidance and assistance to all such civilians who desire to return home.

b. All civilians of foreign nationality who, at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers shall, if they desire to proceed to territory under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, be permitted and assisted to do so; all civilians of foreign nationality who, at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, shall, if they desire to proceed to territory under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, be permitted and assisted to do so. The Commander of each side shall be responsible for publicizing widely throughout the territory under his military control the contents of the provisions of this Sub-paragraph, and for calling upon the appropriate civil authorities to give necessary guidance and assistance to all such civilians of foreign nationality who desire to proceed to territory under the military control of the Commander of the other side.

c. Measures to assist in the return of civilians provided for in Sub-paragraph 59a hereof and the movement of civilians provided for in Sub-paragraph 59b hereof shall be commenced by both sides as soon as possible after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective.

d. (1) A Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians is hereby established. It shall be composed of four (4) officers of field grade, two (2) of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and two (2) of whom shall be appointed jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This Committee shall, under the general supervision and direction of the Military Armistice Commission, be responsible for coordinating the specific plans of both sides for assistance to the return of the above-mentioned civilians, and for supervising the execution of both sides of all of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement relating to the return of the above-mentioned civilians. It shall be the duty of this Committee to make necessary arrangements, including those of transportation, for expediting and coordinating the movement of the above-mentioned civilians; to select the crossing point(s) through which the above-mentioned civilians will cross the Military Demarcation Line; to arrange for security at the crossing points; and to carry out such other functions as are required to accomplish the return of the above-mentioned civilians.

(2) When unable to reach agreement on any matter relating to its responsibilities, the Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians shall immediately refer such matter to the Military Armistice Commission for decision. The Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians shall maintain its headquarters in proximity to the headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission.

(3) The Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians shall be dissolved by the Military Armistice Commission upon fulfillment of its mission.

_Article IV_

RECOMMENDATION TO THE GOVERNMENTS CONCERNED ON BOTH SIDES

60. In order to insure the peaceful settlement of the Korean question, the military Commanders of both sides hereby recommend to the governments of the countries concerned on both sides that, within three (3) months after the Armistice Agreement is signed and becomes effective, a political conference of a higher level of both sides be held by representatives appointed respectively to settle through negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea, the peaceful settlement of the Korean question, etc.

_Article V_

MISCELLANEOUS

61. Amendments and additions to this Armistice Agreement must be mutually agreed to by the Commanders of the opposing sides.

62. The Articles and Paragraphs of this Armistice Agreement shall remain in effect until expressly superseded either by mutually acceptable amendments and additions or by provision in an appropriate agreement for a peaceful settlement at a political level between both sides.

63. All of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement, other than Paragraph 12, shall become effective at 2200 hours on 27 July 1953.

Done at Panmunjom, Korea, at 1000 hours on the 27th day of July 1953, in English, Korean, and Chinese, all texts being equally authentic.

KIM IL SUNG Marshall, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Supreme Commander, Korean People’s Army

PENG TEH-HUAI Commander, Chinese People’s Volunteers

MARK W. CLARK General, United States Army Commander-in-Chief United Nations Command

PRESENT

NAM IL General, Korean People’s Army Senior Delegate, Delegation of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteers

WILLIAM K. HARRISON, JR. Lieutenant General, United States Army Senior Delegate, United Nations Command Delegation

ANNEX

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR NEUTRAL NATIONS REPATRIATION COMMISSION

(_See Sub-paragraph 51b_)

1. In order to ensure that all prisoners of war have the opportunity to exercise their right to be repatriated following an armistice, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia and India shall each be requested by both sides to appoint a member to a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission which shall be established to take custody in Korea of those prisoners of war who, while in the custody of the detaining powers, have not exercised their right to be repatriated. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall establish its headquarters within the Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of Panmunjom, and shall station subordinate bodies of the same composition as the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission at those locations at which the Repatriation Commission assumes custody of prisoners of war. Representatives of both sides shall be permitted to observe the operations of the Repatriation Commission and its subordinate bodies to include explanations and interviews.

2. Sufficient armed forces and any other operating personnel required to assist the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission in carrying out its functions and responsibilities shall be provided exclusively by India, whose representative shall be the umpire in accordance with the provisions of Article 132 of the Geneva Convention and shall also be chairman and executive agent of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. Representatives from each of the other four powers shall be allowed staff assistants in equal number not to exceed fifty (50) each. When any of the representatives of the neutral nations is absent for some reason, that representative shall designate an alternate representative of his own nationality to exercise his functions and authority. The arms of all personnel provided for in this Paragraph shall be limited to military police type small arms.

3. No force or threat of force shall be used against the prisoners of war specified in Paragraph 1 above to prevent or effect their repatriation, and no violence to their persons or affront to their dignity or self-respect shall be permitted in any manner for any purpose whatsoever (but see Paragraph 7 below). This duty is enjoined on and entrusted to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. This Commission shall ensure that prisoners of war shall at all times be treated humanely in accordance with the specific provisions of the Geneva Convention, and with the general spirit of that Convention.

_II_

CUSTODY OF PRISONERS OF WAR

4. All prisoners of war who have not exercised their right of repatriation following the effective date of the Armistice Agreement shall be released from the military control and from the custody of the detaining side as soon as practicable, and, in all cases, within sixty (60) days subsequent to the effective date of the Armistice Agreement to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission at locations in Korea to be designated by the detaining side.

5. At the time the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission assumes control of the prisoner of war installations, the military forces of the detaining side shall be withdrawn therefrom, so that the locations specified in the preceding Paragraph shall be taken over completely by the armed forces of India.

6. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph 5 above, the detaining side shall have the responsibility for maintaining and ensuring security and order in the areas around the locations where the prisoners of war are in custody and for preventing and restraining any armed forces (including irregular armed forces) in the area under its control from any acts of disturbance and intrusion against the locations where the prisoners of war are in custody.

7. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph 3 above, nothing in this agreement shall be construed as derogating from the authority of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to exercise its legitimate functions and responsibilities for the control of the prisoners of war under its temporary jurisdiction.

_III_

EXPLANATION

8. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, after having received and taken into custody all those prisoners of war who have not exercised their right to be repatriated, shall immediately make arrangements so that within ninety (90) days after the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission takes over the custody, the nations to which the prisoners of war belong shall have freedom and facilities to send representatives to locations where such prisoners of war are in custody to explain to all the prisoners of war depending upon these nations their rights and to inform them of any matters relating to their return to their homelands, particularly of their full freedom to return home to lead a peaceful life, under the following provisions:

a. The number of such explaining representatives shall not exceed seven (7) per thousand prisoners of war held in custody by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission; and the minimum authorized shall not be less than a total of five (5);

b. The hours during which the explaining representatives shall have access to the prisoners shall be as determined by the Neutral Repatriation Commission, and generally in accord with Article 53 of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War;

c. All explanations and interviews shall be conducted in the presence of a representative of each member nation of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and a representative from the detaining side;

d. Additional provisions governing the explanation work shall be prescribed by the Neutral Repatriation Commission, and will be designed to employ the principles enumerated in Paragraph 3 above and in this Paragraph;

e. The explaining representatives, while engaging in their work, shall be allowed to bring with them necessary facilities and personnel for wireless communications. The number of communications personnel shall be limited to one team per location at which explaining representatives are in residence, except in the event all prisoners of war are concentrated in one location, in which case, two (2) teams shall be permitted. Each team shall consist of not more than six (6) communications personnel.

9. Prisoners of war in its custody shall have freedom and facilities to make representations and communications to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and to representatives and subordinate bodies of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and to inform them of their desires on any matter concerning the prisoners of war themselves, in accordance with arrangements made for the purpose by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.

_IV_

DISPOSITION OF PRISONERS OF WAR

10. Any prisoner of war who, while in the custody of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, decides to exercise the right of repatriation, shall make an application requesting repatriation to a body consisting of a representative of each member nation of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. Once such an application is made, it shall be considered immediately by majority vote the validity of such application. Once such an application is made to and validated by the Commission or one of its subordinate bodies, the prisoner of war concerned shall immediately be transferred to and accommodated in the tents set up for those who are ready to be repatriated. Thereafter, he shall, while still in the custody of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, be delivered forthwith to the prisoner of war exchange point at Panmunjom for repatriation under the procedure prescribed in the Armistice Agreement.

11. At the expiration of ninety (90) days after the transfer of custody of the prisoners of war to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, access of representatives to captured personnel as provided for in Paragraph 8 above, shall terminate, and the question of disposition of the prisoners of war who have not exercised their right to be repatriated shall be submitted to the Political Conference recommended to be convened in Paragraph 60, Draft Armistice Agreement, which shall endeavor to settle this question within thirty (30) days, during which period the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall continue to retain custody of those prisoners of war. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall declare the relief from the prisoners of war status to civilian status of any prisoners of war who have not exercised their right to be repatriated and for whom no other disposition has been agreed to by the Political Conference within one hundred and twenty (120) days after the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission has assumed their custody. Thereafter, according to the application of each individual, and those who choose to go to neutral nations shall be assisted by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and the Red Cross Society of India. This operation shall be completed within thirty (30) days, and upon its completion, the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall immediately cease its functions and declare its dissolution. After the dissolution of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, whenever and wherever any of those above-mentioned civilians who have been relieved from the prisoner of war status desire to return to their fatherlands, the authorities of the localities where they are shall be responsible for assisting them in returning to their fatherlands.

_V_

RED CROSS VISITATION

12. Essential Red Cross service for prisoners of war in custody of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall be provided by India in accordance with regulations issued by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.

_VI_

PRESS COVERAGE

13. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall insure freedom of the press and other news media in observing the entire operation as enumerated herein, in accordance with procedures to be established by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.

_VII_

LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR PRISONERS OF WAR

14. Each side shall provide logistical support for the prisoners of war in the area under its military control, delivering required support to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission at an agreed delivery point in the vicinity of each prisoner of war installation.

15. The cost of repatriating prisoners to the exchange point at Panmunjom shall be borne by the detaining side and the cost from the exchange point by the side on which said prisoners depend in accordance with Article 118 of the Geneva Convention.

16. The Red Cross Society of India shall be responsible for providing such general service personnel in the prisoner of war installations as required by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.

17. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall provide medical support for the prisoners of war as may be practicable. The detaining side shall provide medical support as practicable upon the request of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and specifically for those cases requiring extensive treatment or hospitalization. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall maintain custody of prisoners of war during such hospitalization. The detaining side shall facilitate such custody. Upon completion of treatment, prisoners of war shall be returned to a prisoners of war installation as specified in Paragraph 4 above.

18. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission is entitled to obtain from both sides such legitimate assistance as it may require in carrying out its duties and tasks, but both sides shall not under any name and in any form interfere or exert influence.

_VIII_

LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR THE NEUTRAL NATIONS REPATRIATION COMMISSION

19. Each side shall be responsible for providing logistical support for the personnel of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission stationed in the area under its military control, and both sides shall contribute on an equal basis to such support within the Demilitarized Zone. The precise arrangements shall be subject to determination between the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and the detaining side in each case.

20. Each of the detaining sides shall be responsible for protecting the explaining representatives from the other side while in transit over lines of communication within its area, as set forth in Paragraph 23 for the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, to a place of residence and while in residence in the vicinity of but not within each of the locations where the prisoners of war are in custody. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall be responsible for the security of such representatives within the actual limits of the locations where the prisoners of war are in custody.

21. Each of the detaining sides shall provide transportation, housing, communication, and other agreed logistical support to the explaining representatives of the other side while they are in the area under its military control. Such services shall be provided on a reimbursable basis.

_IX_

PUBLICATION

22. After the Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the terms of this agreement shall be made known to all prisoners of war who, while in the custody of the detaining side, have not exercised their right to be repatriated.

_X_

MOVEMENT

23. The movement of the personnel of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and repatriated prisoners of war shall be over lines of communication, as determined by the command(s) of the opposing side and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. A map showing these lines of communication shall be furnished the command of the opposing side and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. Movement of such personnel, except within locations as designated in Paragraph 4 above, shall be under the control of, and escorted by, personnel of the side in whose area the travel is being undertaken; however, such movement shall not be subject to any obstruction and coercion.

_XI_

PROCEDURAL MATTERS

24. The interpretation of this agreement shall rest with the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. The Neutral Repatriation Commission, and/or any subordinate bodies to which functions are designed or assigned by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, shall operate on the basis of majority vote.

25. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall submit a weekly report to the opposing Commanders on the status of prisoners of war in its custody, indicating the numbers repatriated and remaining at the end of each week.

26. When this agreement has been acceded to by both sides and by the five powers named herein, it shall become effective upon the date the Armistice becomes effective.

Done at Panmunjom, Korea, at 1400 hours on the 8th day of June 1953, in English, Korean, and Chinese, all texts being equally authentic.

NAM IL General, Korean People’s Army Senior Delegate, Delegation of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteers

WILLIAM K. HARRISON, JR. Lieutenant General, United States Army Senior Delegate, United Nations Command Delegation

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Rees, David. _Korea: The Limited War._ New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964.

Ridgway, Matthew B., Gen, USA (Ret). _The Korean War._ Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1967.

Robinson, C. A., Capt, USMC, and Cellers, D, L., Sgt, USMC. “Land of the Morning Calm,” _Midwest Reporter_, pp. 2–5 (July 1968).

Russ, Martin. _The Last Parallel: A Marine’s War Journal._ New York: Rinehart and Company, 1957.

Sarokin, Paul, MSgt, USMC. “DMZ Marines,” _Leatherneck_, v. 37, no. 10:22-30 (October 1954).

Sherrod, Robert. _History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II._ Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1952.

U.S. Marine Corps. Marine Corps Historical Reference Series, _Marine Corps Aircraft, 1913–1960_. Washington: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, HQMC, 1964.

U.S. Military Academy. _Operations in Korea._ West Point: Department of Military Art and Engineering, U.S. Military Academy, 1956.

_A Volunteer Soldier’s Day: Recollections by Men of the Chinese People’s Volunteers in the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea._ Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961.

_Washington Post_, issues 27–31 March, 19–21 April, 5 August-6 September 1953.

Wood, Herbert F., LtCol. _Strange Battleground: The Operations in Korea and Their Effects on the Defense Policy of Canada._ Ottawa: The Army Historical Section, Canadian Forces Headquarters, 1966.

Index

Acar, BGen Sirri, 329

Adams, LtCol Arthur H., 194

Adams, Col Hewitt D., 233, 268, 300, 323, 328_n_

Air activities Communist, 18, 34, 52, 59, 99, 170, 178, 354–355, 516 United Nations, 52, 62, 70, 77, 132–133, 170–172, 224–225, 242, 244, 257, 291, 295–296, 307, 341, 345, 347, 349, 350_n_, 351, 374–375, 379_n_, 389, 413–414, 416, 418, 483, 488–489, 491–492, 514, 516_n_, 520, 526, 531. _See also_ Helicopters. Air lift, 138–139, 139_n_, 408, 479, 496–497 Air control, 132, 257_n_, 488_n_, 490–491 Air drops, 487, 511_n_ Bombing, 62, 133, 170, 172, 294–295, 299, 309, 489–490 Escort, 490 Evacuation, 495_n_ Flaredrop, 140, 140_n_ Interdiction, 53, 63–64, 70, 170, 350, 350_n_, 352, 357, 375–376, 413, 485, 488–489, 492_n_, 493, 514–515 Liaison, 72, 517_n_ Mapping, 174, 178 Observation, 76–77, 85, 126, 136, 190, 291, 302–304, 338, 370–371, 379, 414, 512, 519 Patrolling, 66, 241, 376, 414 Photography, 43, 69, 136_n_, 172, 174, 348–349, 397, 485, 491, 512 Reconnaissance, 42, 141, 397, 412–413, 430, 465, 485–486, 491, 512, 522 Search and Rescue, 53, 485 Strikes, 61–62, 65, 70–72, 77, 81, 132–134, 158, 170, 176, 196, 208, 224–226, 231, 238, 240, 258, 260, 271, 291, 295, 297, 306, 310, 325, 337, 339, 347–348, 379, 485–486, 512, 513_n_, 516 Support, 28, 38, 61–62, 64–65, 103–104, 131, 133, 158, 196, 207, 225, 234, 240, 243–244, 291, 297, 325, 341, 345, 346_n_, 349–352, 368, 374, 374_n_, 375, 375_n_, 383, 389, 397, 485, 486_n_, 488, 488_n_, 489, 491–492, 492_n_, 493, 514, 514_n_, 516–517. _See also_ Close air support.

Aircraft Communist, 30, 68–69, 96, 170, 173–174, 241, 347, 376, 464 United Nations, 7, 42, 61, 61_n_, 132–133, 171, 224, 241, 347, 347_n_, 375, 418, 428, 431, 488, 490, 492, 511, 511_n_, 516, 519. _See also_ Helicopters. Types AD (Skyraider), 65, 70, 132–133, 207–208, 270, 292, 295, 299, 306, 325, 341, 379, 385, 469 AU (Corsair), 66, 181, 196, 295, 299, 304, 306, 325, 381 C-47, 487 C-119, 487 F2H-2P (Banshee), 43, 397, 490–491 F3D (Skyknight), 134_n_, 139, 181, 240–242, 291, 346–348, 469, 490 F4U (Corsair), 27, 65–66, 66_n_, 77, 133, 173, 176, 196, 208, 270, 294–295, 299, 341, 347, 350_n_, 357, 374, 397, 420, 485, 489, 491_n_ F7F (Tigercat), 133, 202, 345–348, 490 F9F (Panther), 65, 112, 132–133, 177, 194, 242–244, 270, 291, 299, 325, 350, 368, 375, 397, 434, 471, 488–489 F-80 (Shooting Star), 112, 132 F-84 (Thunderjet), 132, 177, 291, 306 F-86 (Sabrejet), 174, 376, 491 Observation planes, 345, 369–370, 488–490 OE-1, 42, 235, 271, 414 OY, 235 R4D, 487 R4Q (Fairchild Packet), 472 R5D, 28, 49, 139, 181, 485, 488

Aircraft losses Communist, 490 United Nations, 64, 66, 69–72, 134, 134_n_, 243, 352, 376, 376_n_, 413_n_, 490, 492

Air doctrine, 492, 513

Airfields Communist, 397, 489 United Nations, 24, 24_n_, 26, 28, 53, 59, 68, 202, 241, 348, 355, 469, 487, 489 K-2 (Taegu), 177, 178_n_, 469 K-3 (Pohang), 27–28, 43, 47–48, 68–69, 100, 177, 231, 299, 345, 352_n_, 469 K-6 (Pyontaek), 28_n_, 69, 175, 178, 257_n_, 270, 299, 376, 469, 473 K-8 (Kunsan), 28, 69, 202, 270, 348, 469 K-14 (Kimpo), 4, 18–19, 249, 469, 478, 486 K-16, 12, 319, 332, 469

Air Force-Army close air support system, 178, 517. _See also_ Close air support.

Air Force, U.S., 26, 42, 62, 62_n_, 64, 68, 132–133, 152, 170, 174, 237, 243, 245, 291, 306, 347, 376, 428, 473, 487–488, 490, 490_n_, 491, 496–497, 512, 515 Units Far East Air Forces (FEAF), 26, 43, 63–64, 224–225, 237, 239, 241, 350_n_, 352, 470, 473, 514 Fifth Air Force (FAF), 7, 21, 26–28, 42–43, 52, 61, 61_n_, 62–64, 67–70, 88, 97, 132, 170_n_, 179, 224–226, 236–240, 271, 306, 309, 345, 348, 351–352, 376, 385, 468–469, 470–474, 493, 507, 510–511, 511_n_, 512–514, 515–517 Tactical Air Command, 174_n_ Fifth Air Force Reconnaissance Wing, 512 19th Bomber Group, 347_n_ 4th Fighter Group, 174 51st Fighter-Interceptor Group, 376 335th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 174 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 69

Air observers. _See_ Air activities, United Nations.

Air support. _See_ Air activities, United Nations.

Alexandria, Va., 287, 287_n_

Altman, LtCol Sidney J., 149, 200

American Civil War, 143_n_

American Revolutionary War, 143_n_

Ammunition Communist, 93, 140, 190, 212–213, 246, 286, 293, 409 Artillery, 30, 34, 37, 52, 103, 112, 121, 128–129, 140, 146, 246, 248, 286, 293, 306, 356–357, 368, 382, 389, 396, 396_n_ Duds, 396_n_ Dumps, 244, 306–307 Expenditure, 337_n_ Mortar, 30, 34, 37, 112, 129, 140, 292–293, 297, 326, 357, 389, 392 Rockets, 104 Small arms, 92, 140, 246, 286, 293, 409 Supply, 140, 190 United Nations, 134, 137, 192, 192_n_, 247, 275, 285, 308, 376, 386, 451–452, 466, 470 Artillery, 74, 93, 127, 134–137, 140, 192, 195, 203–207, 221, 231, 253, 280, 284, 303, 324_n_, 346, 369, 379, 379_n_, 388–389, 392, 397, 530 Bombs, 62, 132–133, 202, 208, 244, 297, 299, 304, 307, 325, 350, 352, 381, 385, 397, 486, 489, 491, 520 Expenditure, 337_n_, 339 Fuzes, 74–75, 168, 199, 281, 283, 283_n_, 286, 300, 346 Mortar, 124, 280, 300 Restrictions, 389_n_ Resupply, 44, 247_n_, 273, 331, 497 Rockets, 124, 124_n_, 135 Shortages, 117, 192–193, 246 Small arms, 137, 257, 280, 300, 367, 369–370, 379, 388–389, 392 White phosphorus, 105, 283, 379, 389

Amphibious Assault, 86, 483, 493, 499 Combat operation, 244 Large-scale landing, 483 Maneuver, 484 Operation, 46, 488_n_, 531, 535 Readiness, 508_n_ Retraining program, 333 Strike, 13_n_ Training, 12, 333_n_, 334 Warfare, 482

Anderson, LtGen Samuel E., 351

Andre, Lt John W., 173

Anglican chaplain, 426

Armagost, Capt William I., 397

Armed Forces of the United States, 64, 441

Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952, 505–506

Armistice, 95, 321, 356, 359, 381, 389, 394, 396_n_, 397, 400, 405, 449, 456, 458_n_, 468, 470, 528–529, 532 Agreement, 64, 228_n_, 360, 377_n_, 391, 393–394, 408, 445–446, 448, 448_n_, 457, 460, 465, 469–470 Conferences, 528 Negotiations, 228, 314, 322, 433_n_, 448, 480, 528 Post-armistice period, 475 Projected plan, 322

Armitage, LtCol Gerald T., 71, 108, 108_n_, 119, 121, 126, 131, 134–135, 149_n_

Armor, 114, 325, 327, 367, 379

Army, U.S., Chaplain School, 440_n_

Army, U.S., Doctrine, 508

Army, U.S., Quartermaster General, 484

Army, U.S., Supply Agency, 60

Army, U.S., Training Test, 336

Army, U.S., Units Far East Command, 321, 470–472, 473_n_, 504_n_ Army Forces, Far East, 245 Army Service Command, 4_n_ 2d Logistical Command, 44, 47 Munsan-ni Provisional Command, 314 Eighth U.S. Army in Korea, 1, 3, 5–8, 10–11, 28, 44, 47, 51–52, 64, 69, 72, 85–86, 93, 101, 105, 132, 141, 148, 170_n_, 192, 222–226, 232, 234, 236, 238–239, 267, 315, 327, 327_n_, 333_n_, 335–336, 341–342, 344_n_, 351, 359_n_, 360, 372, 377, 393–394, 396, 445, 454, 460, 472–474, 477–479, 481, 483, 491–493, 496, 507, 509–511, 514_n_, 515–516, 518, 533, 535 I Corps, 1, 11, 16–17, 21–22, 24, 38–40, 46, 51–52, 61, 73, 84–88, 92–93, 93_n_, 101, 135, 170_n_, 182_n_, 186, 191_n_, 214, 222–223, 243, 251, 264–265, 267, 270, 311, 323–324, 326–328, 331–333, 336, 338–342, 344, 350_n_, 351, 360, 363, 368–369, 371, 378, 378_n_, 379_n_, 388, 393–394, 446, 455–458, 460–461, 468, 481, 483, 508–512 IX Corps, 6, 51–52, 222–223, 326, 342, 350, 385, 393, 412–413, 437, 480, 483, 507 X Corps, 2, 5–6, 10, 45, 52, 222, 326, 342, 351, 409, 412–413, 416, 477–479, 481, 483–484, 487–488 2d Infantry Division, 222–223, 267, 267_n_, 299, 412 3d Infantry Division, 96–97, 350, 350_n_ 7th Infantry Division, 5, 51, 222–224, 267_n_, 307, 309, 333, 350, 350_n_, 393, 412, 460, 479 25th Infantry Division, 52, 176, 326–327, 329, 331, 333, 337_n_, 338–341, 344, 351, 361, 363–364, 367–368, 370, 385, 388, 463, 522 40th Infantry Division, 51, 222 45th Infantry Division, 51–52, 100 5th Infantry Regiment, 327 14th Infantry Regiment, 328, 334, 339–340, 364, 367 23d Infantry Regiment, 486 24th Infantry Regiment, 404, 473 27th Infantry Regiment, 329, 332 35th Infantry Regiment, 328–329, 331–332, 338, 364 38th Infantry Regiment, 267 461st Infantry Regiment, 304, 306 21st Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons Battalion, 328 8th Field Artillery Battalion, 328 17th Field Artillery Battalion, 136, 191, 270, 281, 304, 379 64th Field Artillery Battalion, 328 69th Field Artillery Battalion, 328 90th Field Artillery Battalion, 328 158th Field Artillery Battalion, 270 159th Field Artillery Battalion, 191, 270, 379 204th Field Artillery Battalion, 192, 270, 281 424th Field Artillery Battalion, 304 623d Field Artillery Battalion, 191, 191_n_, 270, 281, 301–302 89th Tank Battalion, 329 181st Counterintelligence Corps, 18 61st Engineer Searchlight Company, 18 11th Evacuation Hospital, 401–402 61st Field Artillery Battery, 305 163d Military Intelligence Service Detachment, 18 45th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 316

Arnold, TSgt Richard E., 404

Artillery Communist, 3, 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 45, 52, 56, 59, 67, 69, 73–74, 79–82, 87, 89, 91, 93–94, 104, 111–112, 116–119, 121, 123–130, 132–134, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 145–147, 149–150, 152–153, 155–156, 158, 160, 162–168, 188, 188_n_, 190, 193–194, 196–197, 199–200, 202, 205–206, 209–210, 212–214, 218, 220–221, 225, 230, 248–249, 253, 255, 255_n_, 259–261, 284, 290–291, 293–294, 297, 301–303, 306, 308–309, 324, 326, 337–338, 340, 355, 358, 365–367, 369, 371, 377, 385, 385_n_, 386–387, 389, 392, 396, 464, 482, 482_n_, 491–492, 510–511, 525 United Nations, 21, 33, 37–38, 45, 52, 69, 69_n_, 70–71, 71_n_, 72–75, 79–80, 82, 87, 90, 98, 112, 114, 121, 126–127, 129, 131, 134–137, 142, 142_n_, 143, 146, 153, 158, 160, 162, 165–168, 178, 191–192, 195, 199, 202, 205, 207_n_, 209–210, 220–222, 225, 230–232, 239, 248, 255–257, 259, 281, 283, 285, 287, 290–292, 296–297, 300–302, 304–306, 308–309, 324–325, 327–328, 331, 340, 346, 354, 356, 361, 363, 367–369, 372, 377–379, 379_n_, 386, 389, 389_n_, 391–392, 396, 464, 482, 491–492, 509, 511, 511_n_, 520–524, 530

Ascom City, 4, 4_n_, 18, 24, 44, 44_n_, 251, 329, 332, 360, 463

Atkin, LtCol Ernest G., 268

Atomic age warfare, 483, 513_n_

Atsugi, Japan, 471

Attorney General, U.S., 227

Augustine, LtCol Francis W., 316_n_

Austin-Roberts-West, MajGen M. M., 187, 231

Australians, 318_n_

Ava Gate, 373

Aviators, 317, 351, 375, 397, 405, 413, 420, 487. _See also_ Air activities.

Aviles, PFC Pedron E., 403

Axis powers, 411

Azores, 26

Babson, 2dLt John, Jr., 199

Bach, Capt Lawrence E., 139

_Badoeng Strait_, USS, 355, 374_n_, 486

Baez, Pvt Alberto P., 317

Baird, Capt Robert, 173_n_

_Bairoko_, USS, 27, 58, 58_n_, 347

Barber, Maj Stewart C., 409

Barcus, MajGen Glenn O., 88, 233, 236–240, 242–243, 352, 496

Bare, BGen Robert O., 88

Barlow, Capt Carl F., 376

Barnett, PFC Richard E., 412, 412_n_

Barninger, Col Clarence A., 194

Barrett, LtCol Charles D., 187, 187_n_, 259

Bartos, Lt Joseph S., Jr., 58

Bartosh, LtCol Walter R., 243

_Bataan_, USS, 27, 99, 175, 347_n_, 355

Bates, 2dLt William H., 387, 392

Batterton, LtCol Roy J., Jr., 107_n_, 108, 112, 114, 123, 159

Becker, MSgt Robert P., 242

Beggs, Col Raymond W., 315

Belants, Capt Bernard B., 205, 205_n_, 206

Bell, 1stLt Richard, 405

Benfold, HM3 Edward C., 152_n_

Benson, Capt Carl H., 136

Benson, LtCol Graham H., 175

Berteling, LtCol John B., 347

Berueffy, Maj Max, Jr., 340

Beswick, Capt Byron H., 437–438

Binney, MajGen Arthur F., 413_n_

Blair, Cpl William S., 437

Blanchard, Capt Don H., 256

Bley, Maj Roy H., 430

Blume, LtCol Richard L., 28_n_

Bolt, Maj John F., 350, 376

Booker, Capt Jesse V., 405, 412

Bookhart, LtCol Hoyt U., Jr., 359

Bordelon, Lt Guy P., 376

Bourgeois, 1stLt Alvin R., 177

Bowman, Col George S., Jr., 234, 297, 348_n_

Bradley, Gen Omar, 227, 483_n_

Braun, Maj Richard L., 349, 379_n_

Bridges, 16, 31, 101–102, 157, 335–336 Freedom Gate, 31, 102, 155, 218, 259, 370, 371_n_, 463 Honker, 101–103, 148, 464 Libby, 364, 371_n_, 464 Sinanju Complex, 347_n_ Spoonbill, 270, 364, 371, 464 Widgeon, 31, 102–103, 148 X-Ray, 31, 102, 364

Brier, Capt George R., 176

Briscoe, VAdm Robert P., 88, 336

British, 318_n_, 356, 389_n_, 410, 420

Broomhead, Ens Marvin, 414

Brown, LtCol Gerald, 421, 441

Brown, 2dLt James M., 134_n_

Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 227

Brunelli, Col Austin R., 86_n_; BGen, 86_n_

Bryan, LtCol Leslie T., Jr., 349

Bryson, LtCol Robert L., 28_n_

Buntin, Maj Joseph S., 303, 305

Burger, BGen Joseph C., 319, 405

Burnett, LtCol John R., 28

Byrum, Capt Paul B., 165_n_, 195, 205, 211_n_

Cain, MSgt John T., 429, 432–435, 442

Cairo Declaration, 2, 534

Campbell, Capt George W., 116

Camp Casey, 326–329, 332, 334, 336

Camp Indianhead, 327–329, 335, 344, 364

Camp Lejeune, 148, 336, 476, 494, 498, 500

Camp Pendleton, 3, 88, 98, 139, 471, 473, 476, 500 Training and Replacement Command, 98

Camp Rose, 202, 267, 310, 328

Caputo, LtCol Anthony, 108_n_, 167, 186, 202, 205

Carey, LtCol John F., 179, 247, 247_n_

Cargill, LtCol Wayne M., 177, 207–208; Col, 259_n_

Carney, Col Edward B., 348_n_, 375, 472

Carriers. _See_ Ships.

Cassels, MajGen A. J. H., 93_n_

Cates, Gen Clifton B., 499

Casualties Communist, 6, 10, 32–34, 36–37, 61, 73, 75–77, 80–81, 83, 89, 92–93, 95, 103, 106, 106_n_, 125–130, 138, 141, 143, 146, 149–150, 152–153, 155, 158–159, 163–166, 169, 171, 176, 208, 210–212, 212_n_, 221–224, 257, 258_n_, 259, 264, 288–289, 296, 300, 304–305, 307, 324–325, 337, 340–342, 346_n_, 370, 372–373, 379, 381, 381_n_, 387, 389, 392–393, 451, 482_n_, 507, 522, 532–533, 533_n_ United Nations, 22, 32–34, 36, 49, 59, 75–77, 79–81, 83, 87–89, 91–92, 95–97, 103, 111–113, 118–119, 121, 123, 126–127, 129–131, 133, 136, 138–140, 142, 142_n_, 146, 150, 152–153, 155–156, 158–160, 163–167, 169, 197, 209, 209_n_, 210, 212, 214, 214_n_, 218, 227, 239, 246, 256–257, 260, 264, 285, 288, 288_n_, 289, 306–307, 324, 340–342, 357, 359, 366, 370–374, 374_n_, 379_n_, 381, 381_n_, 386–387, 391, 391_n_, 392, 396, 398, 410–411, 411_n_, 450, 480, 482, 482_n_, 484, 495, 495_n_, 510, 514_n_, 521, 527, 531–532, 533, 533_n_

Casualty evacuation, 127, 140, 234, 271, 287–288, 293, 486–488, 494, 521

CAT Line, 327

Cease-fire, 321–322, 341, 361, 393–394, 396–397, 399, 445–447, 451, 484 Agreement, 2, 454 Line, 391, 532

Cereghino, LtCol Alexander D., 291, 365; Col, 366_n_

Chamberlin, LtCol Kenneth R., 176, 207

Chambers, Col Owen A., 247_n_

Champagne, Cpl David B., 83_n_

Chapman, Col Max C., 28

Charette, HM3C William R., 294, 294_n_, 299

Checklou, Capt Henry A., 275_n_, 278_n_

Cheek, Capt Leon C., Jr., 202

Cherry Point, 486, 498

Chiang Kai-shek, 2_n_

China, 2, 2_n_, 5, 58, 64, 88, 377, 350_n_, 357, 427, 513, 525, 529

Chinese Communist Forces (CCF), 3, 5, 7, 7_n_, 17, 24, 26, 28–34, 36–39, 45–46, 52–53, 53_n_, 55, 59, 61, 69, 73–74, 79–80, 82–83, 85, 87–89, 92–95, 97, 101–102, 104–106, 108, 111–113, 116–119, 122–127, 129–130, 136, 140–141, 147–148, 157–158, 187–188, 203, 207–208, 217–218, 220, 223, 227–230, 242, 257_n_, 259–261, 263–264, 264_n_, 279, 283–292, 294–305, 307, 309, 311, 315–316, 321, 321_n_, 322, 324–326, 337–342, 346, 351–352, 357–358, 364–365, 367–374, 377–379, 381, 383, 385–389, 391–393, 393_n_, 394, 397–399, 403–404, 406–408, 410–411, 413–414, 416, 418–431, 433–442, 445, 451, 454, 457–460, 463–466, 469–470, 478, 478_n_, 479–481, 482_n_, 509, 511–514, 517–520, 525–527, 529. _See also_ Air

## activities; Artillery; Defenses; Supplies; Weapons.

Amphibious operations, 59, 249 Antiaircraft defenses, 64, 69, 71, 71_n_, 170, 174, 240, 243, 283, 346, 411, 414, 433, 492, 514 Assembly areas, 24, 292, 295, 297, 305, 519 Attacks, 6, 18, 31, 34, 73, 106_n_, 121, 130, 163, 186, 220–221, 223, 231, 241, 249, 253, 261, 264, 264_n_, 265, 294, 298, 301, 303–304, 308–309, 326, 335, 340–342, 351, 353, 367, 377, 386, 388–389, 391–392, 396, 413, 415, 424, 481, 482_n_, 518, 522, 529 Bases, 507 Capabilities, 85, 464, 524, 532 Cargo carriers, 200 Choke points, 136 Combat efficiency, 108, 525–526 Combat techniques, 519 Command posts, 133, 385 Counterattacks, 82, 105, 112, 119, 256, 297, 300–301, 307, 379_n_ Counterbattery fire, 136, 166, 179, 291, 339, 375, 392, 394 Counterintelligence efforts, 522 Defensive efforts, 117, 341, 514 Employment of weapons, 85 Encroachment efforts, 351 Equipment, 170 Espionage agents, 249, 251 Explainers, 459 Flags, 408 Ground defenses, 7, 87, 94, 104, 117, 170, 218, 230, 243, 256, 265, 273, 287, 293–294, 296, 298, 324_n_, 338, 341, 365, 369–370, 372, 392, 394, 483, 519, 523 Guerrillas, 6, 527 Harassment, 59, 325, 355, 357, 359, 422, 425 Hierarchy, 314 Infiltration, 249, 251, 387 Junks, 354 Leaders, 7, 313–314 Observation posts, 73, 95, 133, 258, 519 Offensives, 5–6, 32, 263, 342, 514–515, 518, 525 Officials, 421_n_, 422, 425 Order of battle, 85–86, 248_n_ Outposts, 133–134, 137–138 Plans, 306, 322 Propaganda, 7_n_, 469 Psychological efforts, 188, 190, 325, 373, 425, 522 Reinforcements, 33, 300–301, 340, 368, 378 Reserves, 225, 511 Shore defenses, 56, 357–358 Slogans, 408 Strategy, 534 Strength, 188, 248, 309, 350 Units 9th Army Group, 479–480 40th Army, 96, 108, 141, 188, 199, 297 46th Army, 280, 298, 366 60th Army, 342 63d Army, 29, 96 65th Army, 29, 96, 108, 248_n_ 68th Army, 342 1st Armored Division, 29 118th Division, 96, 108, 141 119th Division, 188, 199 120th Division, 280, 338, 338_n_ 124th Division, 479 136th Division, 366 188th Division, 29 189th Division, 96 193d Division, 29, 96, 248_n_ 194th Division, 29, 96, 108 195th Division, 29, 96, 248_n_ 352d Regiment, 108 356th Regiment, 188 357th Regiment, 188, 196, 199 358th Regiment, 297–298, 307 388th Regiment, 280 407th Regiment, 366 408th Regiment, 387 580th Regiment, 108 581st Regiment, 220 582d Regiment, 220 584th Regiment, 220 585th Regiment, 220

Chinhae, 531

Chinhung-ni, 488

Chinju, 327, 476, 486

Chinnampo, 173, 242, 354

Cho-do Island, 55–56, 59, 173, 353–356

Chogum-ni, 285

Chongsong River, 243, 418, 421–422

Chormyon, 463

Chorwon Kumwha, 223, 420, 436

Chosin Reservoir, 5, 410, 412, 475, 479–480, 487–488, 494, 502, 535

Chunchon, 436, 497

Church, Capt John Jr., 175

Churchill, Winston S., 427

Clark, Gen Mark W., 64, 88, 170–171, 171_n_, 172, 226–227, 229, 231, 314, 319, 321–322, 336, 340, 378_n_, 401, 405, 405_n_, 446

Clarke, LtGen Bruce C., 332, 332_n_, 379_n_

Clarke, LtCol Harry D., 101; Col, 101_n_

Clarke, VAdm Joseph J., 225, 231, 352, 376, 515

Close air support, 4, 7, 21, 27–28, 42, 61–62, 71–72, 79, 84, 132–134, 136, 170, 170_n_, 172, 177, 207_n_, 208, 224–225, 234_n_, 238–240, 243, 256, 257_n_, 299, 307, 310, 325, 326_n_, 339–340, 345, 347–352, 375–376, 379, 386, 413, 473, 477_n_, 485–486, 488–489, 491–492, 492_n_, 493, 511, 513–517. _See also_ Air activities, United Nations.

Clothing Communist, 318, 526 United Nations, 245, 319–320, 401, 405 Body armor, 8, 140, 140_n_, 246, 294, 451 Boots, 8, 245–246, 484, 526 Cold weather gear, 526

Coffee, Sgt Robert J., 403

Cold, 1stLt Frank E., 436, 436_n_

Coln, LtCol Royce W., 177, 242

Combat outposts, 106, 106_n_, 509, 518–519, 523–524. _See also_ Hills; Outposts. 1, 268 2, 118, 126, 232, 268, 268_n_, 316_n_, 323, 338, 371 2A, 519 19, 365 19A, 365 21, 299, 304 31, 217, 220, 220_n_, 221 33, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221, 259 36, 169, 218 37, 169, 218 39, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221 51, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221 86, 169, 218 Ava, 267, 451 Berlin, 367_n_ Bruce (Hill 148), 157, 157_n_ Bunker Hill (Hill 122), 300, 306, 451, 481, 515, 519 Camel, 397 Carson (Hill 27), 260, 278, 280, 286 Corine, 306 Dagmar, 261, 306 Detroit (Hill 15), 163, 414 Esther, 260–261, 372, 451 Frisco (Hill 13), 163, 414 Green, 94 Hedy (Hill 124), 259–261, 264, 306 Hook, 186–187, 187_n_, 188, 188_n_, 191–193, 193_n_, 194–196, 196_n_, 197, 197_n_, 199–200, 202–203, 205–207, 207_n_, 208–211, 211_n_, 212–214, 215_n_, 222, 230–231, 246, 255_n_, 263, 338–339, 351, 414, 508 Ingrid, 268 Kate, 268 Marilyn, 268 Nevada, 267, 290 Reno (Hill 25), 211–212, 230, 265, 273, 275–276, 278–283 Reno Block, 273 Ronson, 187, 211, 414 Seattle, 163, 187–188, 207 Vegas (Hill 21), 230, 260, 276, 278, 280, 283, 294–295, 302, 305–307, 311, 326, 338 Verdun, 163, 163_n_, 187 Warsaw, 163, 163_n_, 187–188, 202, 211, 414 White, 91 Yoke, 259–260

Commandant of the Marine Corps, 88, 98, 138–139, 139_n_, 158–159, 231, 310, 332, 345, 396, 409–410, 423, 471–472, 499, 501, 504–505, 534

Commander, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, 478_n_

Commander in Chief, Far East, 3, 359, 476, 478, 499, 514

Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, 332, 352_n_, 353, 474

Commander in Chief, United Nations Command, 4, 52, 64, 84, 170, 226, 231, 314, 322, 401, 405, 408, 446, 448, 457, 477, 481, 483, 496, 500, 522

Commander, Naval Forces, Far East, 47, 98, 320, 336, 408, 469, 488_n_

Commander, Seventh Fleet, 351–352, 376, 515

Commanding General, Eighth U. S. Army in Korea, 13_n_, 44, 51_n_, 62, 86, 314, 319, 336, 378, 405, 413, 480–481, 491, 497, 530

Commanding General, I Corps, 156, 332, 336, 340, 361, 378, 405, 456

Commanding General, 1st Marine Division, 2, 11, 13_n_, 18, 148, 310, 319, 334, 336, 345, 365, 378_n_, 501, 514_n_, 522, 530

Commanding General, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, 24, 43, 68, 233, 236, 348, 376, 469, 472, 474, 488, 493, 513, 515–516

Commanding General, Fifth Air Force, 237, 242, 348, 515

Communications Communist, 63, 69, 514, 522 United Nations, 134_n_, 167–168, 280, 289, 339_n_, 354, 373, 438, 449, 464, 517, 517_n_, 521 Armored vehicle, 81 Difficulties, 21, 284, 291 Failures, 75_n_, 285, 367, 488 Installations, 18 Interservice, 487 Lines, 193, 339_n_, 494 Makeshift rigs, 494 Nets, 182, 366 Radio, 6, 67, 75_n_, 81, 85, 119, 123, 168, 182_n_, 235, 273, 284, 316_n_, 339_n_, 358, 388, 464, 488, 493 Trench, 287 Wire, 46, 193, 273, 275, 278, 391, 494

Communism, 404, 426–427, 435, 442, 527–529, 531–535

Condon, Col John J., 65, 176, 239; MajGen, 65_n_

Congress, United States, 440, 502, 504, 506, 515, 517_n_

Conley, LtCol Robert F., 242, 291, 347_n_, 349

Connolly, Capt Howard J., 119, 124–125, 135

Connolly, Capt Thomas P., 302

Conrad, LtCol Robert L., 349

_Consolation_, USS, 288, 319, 495

Cooley, MajGen Albert D., 474_n_

Cortelyou, LtCol Stoddard G., 291

Corvi, 1stLt Joseph A., 242

Coss, LtCol Francis K., 291, 349

Craig, BGen Edward A., 3, 8; LtGen, 475_n_, 477

Cram, Col Jack R., 233, 345

Crawford, LtCol Philip “L”, 132, 177

Crockett, Col Richard H., 249_n_

Cross, LtCol Thomas J., 89, 146_n_

Culhane, Col Thomas A., Jr., 12_n_, 20, 37, 77, 84, 114, 150_n_

Curry, Col Manly L., 368; BGen, 397_n_

Cushing, LtCol William H., 20

Cushman, BGen Thomas J., 7_n_, 485

Czechoslovakia, 458_n_, 459, 525

D-Day, 258, 334–335

Daly, Maj Jack M., 320

Damopoulos, Cpl C. N., 475_n_

Daniel, RAdm John C., 315, 318

Daniels, Lt Willie L., 173

Daughtry, LtCol George W. E., 20, 82–83, 93

Davenport, Col William K., 56, 58, 59_n_

Davies, Capt Samuel J., 426, 427_n_

Davis, LtCol Bert, Jr., 165, 191, 195, 202

Davis, Capt Oliver R., 241

Dawson, BGen Marion L., 474_n_

Day, QMSgt James, 423

Dean, MajGen William F., 406, 411_n_, 426, 431

Declaration of war, 506

Defense, Department of, 64, 174_n_, 430 Secretary, 227, 500

Defenses Communist, 16, 166, 230, 256, 296–297, 299, 368, 379, 389, 509, 520, 526

## Active weapons positions, 519

Air-raid shelters, 106–107 Antiaircraft, 413 Antitank, 257 Artillery emplacements, 24, 338 Artillery preparation, 289 Automatic weapons site, 381 Bivouac, 73 Bunkers, 33, 62, 75, 77, 81, 83, 90, 93, 104, 136, 141, 160, 190, 195–196, 200, 207–208, 257, 291–292, 299, 304, 307, 368, 379, 385, 519–520 Camouflage, 519 Caves, 195, 208, 257, 299, 356, 379, 519, 520 Counterbattery efforts, 309 Dugouts, 32 Emplacements, 232, 325, 375 Field fortifications, 92, 106–107, 519 Firing positions, 138 Flank security, 138 Flares, 159 Fortifications, 302, 375, 378, 520 Ground, 519–520 Guns, 357 Emplacements, 46, 207 Positions, 71, 74, 385 Installations, 389 Living quarters, 100 Machine gun positions, 95, 289 Mess halls, 106 Mortar positions, 73, 381, 385 Mortar preparation, 289 Observation posts, 136, 356 Positions, 33, 72, 90, 93, 136, 379, 520 Revetments, 33 Secondary line, 520 Shelter, 106 Storage spaces, 106 Strong points, 207, 381 Tactical wire, 33 Trenches, 10, 32, 89, 93, 104, 136, 160, 168, 195, 196_n_, 200, 206–207, 259, 292–293, 295, 299, 302, 304, 307, 368, 379, 385, 388, 520 Trenchlines, 95, 188, 206, 210, 267, 296, 374, 379, 388 Trenchworks, 75, 379, 389, 519 Tunnels, 106, 257, 519–520 Underground earthworks, 106 Weapons emplacements, 136, 283, 295, 379 Weapons positions, 133, 136, 307, 337 Works, 520 Korea, Republic of, 160, 162, 220 United Nations All-round, 519 Ambushes, 8, 203, 524 Ammunition holes, 467 Antiaircraft defense, 67 Antiguerrilla activities, 412 Artillery box traffic, 190 Artillery fire, 258, 289 Artillery firepower, 309 Attacks, 53_n_, 109 Automatic weapons sites, 303, 467 Barbed wire obstacle, 258 Box-me-ins, 75, 75_n_, 89, 121, 124, 127, 129, 134, 150, 281, 289, 301, 304, 325, 369, 518_n_, 519 Bunkers, 22, 34, 75, 89, 100–101, 107–108, 108_n_, 118, 148, 152–153, 193–194, 197, 199, 205–206, 207_n_, 210–211, 213, 213_n_, 214–215, 273, 283, 303, 323, 388, 467–468, 520–521 Camp facilities, 32 Caves, 273, 283, 285, 521 Combat outposts slope defenses, 255 Command posts, bunkered, 467–468 Counterattacks, 134, 206, 308 Counterbattery, 117, 117_n_, 207, 256, 291–292 Countermortar, 256, 281, 286, 291 Defense-in-depth concept, 509 Defensive boxes, 378 Emplacements, 253 Field fortifications, 215 Fighting holes, 299, 303, 521 Fighting light, 18-inch, 114 Fighting positions, 253 Fires, 127, 324, 354, 369, 373, 379, 387, 389, 519 Fire support, 21, 309, 357 Flames, 392 Flares, 160 Fortifications, 32, 121, 397, 448, 452, 509, 518 Foxholes, 302–303 Ground, 1, 8, 391 Gun emplacements, 32, 253, 304, 339 Hill defenses, 391 Individual shelter, 214 Installations, 107 Linear defense, 465 Listening posts, 273 Marine, U.S., 82, 84, 127 4.2-inch mortar positions, 466 81mm mortar positions, 466 Outpost, 75 Positions, 34, 106, 203, 253, 467–468 Preparations, 121 Protective boxes, 281 Protective wire, 324 Reconnaissance, motorized, 465 Sandbags, 520 Searchlight, 114 Stabilized lines, 523 Stabilized situation, 466 Strongpoint, 465 Tactics, 518 Tank slots, 467–468 Timbers, 107, 448 Trenches, 148, 153, 193–194, 197_n_, 209, 214, 253, 273, 283–285, 299, 303–304, 323–324, 387, 398, 467, 520, 522 Trenchline, 211, 214, 257, 273, 275–276, 366, 386–387, 389, 468, 509 Trenchworks, 32, 121, 387 Weapon Dugouts, 303 Emplacements, 22 Positions, 299 Wire, 300, 309, 368, 379, 494

_DeHaven_, USS, 347

Demarcation line, 458, 529, 532

Demars, Cpl George C., 305

Demas, Capt John G., 126–127, 129

Demers, Maj Raymond E., 177

Demilitarized Zone, 322, 377_n_, 394, 399, 408, 445–450, 453–456, 456_n_, 457–461, 463–467, 469 Police companies, 456, 456_n_, 457, 459

Deputy Director of Logistic Plans, 337

Detroit, 147_n_

Dewey, Cpl Duane E., 37_n_

Dickerson, Sgt Charles W., 436_n_

Dion, 2dLt James W., 118

Diplomatic maneuverings, 313

Director of the Marine Corps Educational Center, 337

Distinguished Service Medal, 233, 336

Division of Reserve, 337

Dobervich, LtCol Michiel, 39, 250

Dobson, LtCol Charles E., 207, 243

Donahue, 2dLt John J., 82–83

Donk, 2dLt Terry K., 95

Dorney, Col Harvey C., 347_n_

Dorsey, Col Elmer T., 28, 28_n_

Doyle, RAdm James H., 478, 478_n_

Dragon Lady, 371

Dufford, Maj John M., 175

Dulacki, LtCol Leo J., 165, 167, 187, 193, 195, 197, 197_n_, 199, 208–211, 214; Col, 163_n_

Dulles, John Foster, 427

DULUTH Line, 327

Dunis, MSgt Gust H., 436_n_, 437

Dunlap, Col John F., 320

Dunn, Maj Elswin P. 242

Dyer, RAdm George C., 58

East Coast Island Defense Command. _See_ Marine Units.

Edenton, 471

Edwards, LtCol Harry W., 20_n_

Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D., 64_n_, 227, 227_n_; President, 37_n_, 147_n_, 314, 321

Electronic countermeasures, 177, 492. _See also_ Air Activities, United Nations.

El Toro, 233, 374, 472, 485, 498, 500

English language, 317, 445

Equipment Communist, 90, 93, 225, 511, 525–526 United Nations, 5, 8, 10, 10_n_, 11, 44, 60, 63, 101, 241, 250, 309, 316, 359, 401, 448, 451–452, 480, 509, 512_n_

Estess, Sgt Morris L., 436_n_

Estey, Capt Ralph F., 293, 295–296

European Campaigns, 88 Command, 504_n_ Theater of Operations, 493

Evans, Capt Dexter E., 195

Evans, Capt G. L. G., RN, 60_n_

Everest, LtGen Frank F., 43, 88, 515

Executive Order on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity, 504_n_

Exercises, 86, 232, 249, 323–324, 334–336, 360, 400, 497, 508. _See also_ MARLEX exercises.

Far East, 471, 474, 476–477, 499–500, 500_n_, 501, 533

Farthest Point of Advance, 374

Fascist, 427

Ferranto, 1stLt Felix L., 433

Filipinos, 318_n_

Finch, LtCol James H., 268, 323

Findtner, Col Frederick R., 268

Fink, Capt Gerald, 420, 431–433

Fire direction center, 72. _See also_ Artillery.

Fisher, LtCol Thell H., 19, 320, 408

Fitzmaurice, Maj Charles W., 250

Flares, 67, 75, 140, 398

Fleps, LtCol Carl J., 471–472

Fletcher, LtCol Maurice W., 177, 207_n_

Fliers, 132, 375, 385, 405, 511. _See also_ Air activities.

Flores, Capt James R., 203

Flournoy, Col Walter N., 38, 38_n_, 70, 108

Flynn, Capt John P., 406, 430, 433, 433_n_, 442

Foley, Lt Kenneth S., 69

Folmar, Capt Jesse G., 173

Formosa, 427

Forrestal, James V., 495_n_

Fortin, MSgt Lawrence J., 242

Forty-first Parallel, 55

Forward air controllers, 56, 70–72, 99, 172, 257_n_, 488, 516, 517_n_. _See also_ Air Activities, United Nations.

Forward observers, 72, 105, 202, 232, 250, 273, 275, 299, 302, 369, 464. _See also_ Artillery.

Foster, Capt William J., Jr., 397

Fourth of July, 90, 92–93

Fox, LtCol Lawrence F., 177

Franz, 2dLt Edgar R., 297

Frease, 1stLt William A., 377

Freedom Gate, 400

Freedom Village, 316–319, 327, 400–406, 408, 459

Free World, 314, 535

Fressler, WO Dramus F., 241

Frier, Capt Donald G., 191

Fuel, 67, 235, 246, 260_n_, 341, 472_n_

Fuller, LtCol Regan, 320

Funk, Col Glenn C., 268_n_, 323, 335, 363, 369

Fuson, Capt Harold C., 89

Futrell, Dr. Robert C., 62_n_

Galer, Col Robert E., 65–67

Galliher, 2dLt Robert E., 100

Garcia, PFC Fernando L., 152

Gayle, LtCol Gordon D., 13_n_

General Classification Test, 457–458

Geneva, 229, 424 Convention, 442, 539

Gentleman, LtCol Alexander W., 150_n_

George, MSgt D. R., 242

Gerding, Jules E., 83

German manufacture, 525

Gifu, 471

Gililland, LtCol George A., 268

Gillette, 1stLt Robert J., 433, 438

Gillis, Maj Alexander J., 174

Gingrich, RAdm John E., 355

Givens, Maj Donald F., 177

Glenview, 499

Glick, LtCol Jacob E., 182_n_

_Glory_, HMS, 355

Gocke, Maj Charles E., 316

Goich, Capt Samuel G., 457

Gold Star, 88, 337, 376, 442

GOP mission, 467

Graham, PFC Alfred P., Jr., 403, 438

Graham, Capt Leland, 77

Gray, Capt Carl R., 261

Gray, 1stLt John S., 302

Great Britain, 2

Greek, 318_n_

Gregory, LtCol Noel C., 20

Griffith, Sgt Donald M., 437, 441

Grindle, PFC Richard R., 437

Ground Control Intercept, 490. _See also_ Air Activities, United Nations.

Guadalcanal, 26, 148, 267_n_, 298, 327_n_, 337

Hadd, LtCol Harry A., 383

Haeju-Chinnampo, 27, 27_n_

Haffner, Col Loren, 233, 268, 268_n_

Hagaru, 412, 480, 487–488

Haiti, 2, 477

Hamhung, 65, 488

Hamhung-Hungnam area, 480, 488, 530

Hammon, HM Francis C., 287, 287_n_

Haneda Air Force Base, 319

Han River, 4, 15, 18, 32, 39–41, 96, 105, 234, 248–250, 398, 463, 508

Hanshin Air Force Base, 472

Haring, PFC John A., 436_n_

Harlan, Capt Murry V., Jr., 209–210

Harper, Capt Esmond E., 391

Harris, MajGen Field, 7, 7_n_, 485

Harris Maj Walter R., 406, 423, 439, 442

Harrison, SSgt Charles L., 434, 436_n_, 437, 441

Harrison, Maj Thomas D., 433, 435

Harrison, BGen William K., 228, 322, 433

Harshberger, Col John D., 471

Hart, LtGen Franklin A., 98, 139_n_, 214, 215_n_

Hausman, Col William F., 472

_Haven_, USS, 288, 319

Harwood, LtCol Harold A., 374_n_

Hawaii, 320, 337

Hawkins, Cpl Clifford R., 436_n_

Hayton, Cpl Ernest E., 436_n_

Heinl, LtCol Robert D., Jr., 187, 359; Col 327_n_, 358

Helicopters, 8, 12, 22, 40–41, 66, 66_n_, 67, 67_n_, 77, 86, 118, 127, 140, 180, 215_n_, 235–236, 246–247_n_, 271, 288, 307, 316_n_, 319, 333–334, 336, 370, 402, 408, 414, 455, 459, 481, 484, 493–494, 494_n_, 495–498. _See also_ Air

## Activities, United Nations and Aircraft, United Nations.

Casualty evacuation, 8, 42, 49, 139–140, 234–236, 236_n_, 271, 307, 370, 402, 459, 494–495, 497 Liaison, 494 Lifts, 8, 31, 335, 495–496 Reconnaissance, 494 Rescue, 67, 174 Resupply, 8, 101, 246, 481, 495–497 Types HO3S, 414 HO3S-1, 42_n_, 488, 493 HO5S, 181, 235 HO5S-1, 180, 271 HRS-2, 235, 472 HTL, 235 HTL-4, 42_n_, 180, 271

Hemphill, Col Bruce T., 21

Henderson, Col Frederick P., 21, 21_n_, 46, 71–72, 136; BGen, 46, 46_n_, 135_n_, 179_n_

Henry, 1stLt Kenneth W., 414, 429

Herring, LtCol William T., 24, 42

Hicks, LtCol Alton L., 182_n_

Hilburn, PFC Theron L., 436_n_

Hill, 2dLt John W., Jr., 177

Hill 13 (Frisco), 280

Hill 15 (Detroit), 258, 280

Hill 21B, 286, 292, 304

Hill 25A (Hill 150), 273, 280–281, 298–299, 304

Hill 27 (Carson), 273

Hill 29, 280, 286

Hill 31, 255, 273, 275, 285, 301

Hill 31A, 255, 260, 273, 279

Hill 31D, 285

Hill 33, 279

Hill 34, 75

Hill 35, 279

Hill 35A, 259

Hill 36, 157

Hill 37, 157

Hill 40, 279

Hill 44, 279, 289, 300

Hill 45, 286

Hill 47, 273, 285, 309

Hill 48A (Stromboli), 122–126, 132–134, 136–137, 139, 141, 150, 157

Hill 52, 109

Hill 56, 157

Hill 56A (Samoa), 109, 113, 116

Hill 57, 276

Hill 57A, 281, 291, 294, 297

Hill 58A (Siberia), 109, 111–114, 116, 118, 118_n_, 128, 131–132, 134, 136, 138–139, 141

Hill 67 (Arrowhead), 36, 79, 273, 275, 286, 301

Hill 86, 157, 160, 162

Hill 90, 259, 372

Hill 98, 280, 291

Hill 101, 265

Hill 104, 82–83, 122, 133, 150, 256

Hill 108, 289

Hill 110, 111, 113, 116

Hill 111, 383, 385–386, 388–389, 391, 450

Hill 114, 289, 300

Hill 116, 289

Hill 119, 381, 383, 385–386, 388, 388_n_, 389, 391, 450

Hill 120, 109, 111, 129, 132, 134

Hill 122, (Bunker Hill), 109, 113–114, 118–119, 121–122, 124–133, 135–139, 141, 143, 145, 149, 159

Hill 123, 119, 134

Hill 124, 109, 119, 121–122, 129, 145, 159–160, 162, 259

Hill 126, 276, 369, 383, 391, 464

Hill 134, 232

Hill 139, 293, 377, 385

Hill 140, 279

Hill 146, 186, 205–206

Hill 150 (Hill 25A), 275–276, 297

Hill 153, 273, 276, 278, 292, 297, 301, 303–304

Hill 155 (Hill 167), 155, 217–218, 221, 281, 298, 464–465

Hill 159 (Yoke), 89, 91

Hill 163, 464

Hill 167. _See_ Hill 155.

Hill 181, 276, 464

Hill 190, 265, 273, 276, 280–281, 291, 293, 297, 365

Hill 190.5, 298

Hill 191, 223

Hill 201, 109

Hill 229, 104, 109, 276, 464

Hill 240, 259

Hill 255, 223

Hill 266, 224

Hill 355, 223

Hill Bunker (Hill 122), 102, 108–109, 111, 113–114, 117–118, 118_n_, 119, 121–122, 124–143, 145–147, 149–150, 156, 159–160, 162, 172, 179, 185, 250, 265, 308, 452

Hill Detroit (Hill 15), 258, 294

Hill Fox, 412

Hill Frisco, 294

Hill Kumgok, 256–257

Hill Nevada, 286

Hill Old Baldy, 223–224, 299, 309

Hill Paekhak, 104

Hill Pork Chop, 223

Hill Red, 256–257

Hill Sahon, 122

Hill T, 80

Hill, Tumae-ri, 297

Hill Ungok, 255–257, 259–260, 271, 275, 291

Hill Z, 77

Hillam, LtCol Bruce F., 74_n_

Hines, LtCol Owen M., 69

Hippocratic tradition, 294

Hogaboom, MajGen Robert E., 473_n_

Hoglind, MSgt H. C., 241

Holben, Maj Raymond C., 175

Holcomb, Cpl Frederick G., 436_n_

Hollinger, PFC Bernard R., 403

Holt, Capt Edward Y., Jr., 152

Holy Communion, 232

Hongchon area, 412

Honshu, 28

Honsowetz, Col Russell E., 20, 62_n_, 81, 91_n_, 117_n_, 197_n_

Hudson, Capt Floyd G., 292

Hughes, LtCol John E., 349

Hungnam, 5–6, 357

Hunter, Capt Clyde W., 195, 257, 281, 293; Col, 257_n_

Hutchinson, LtCol Homer G., Jr., 241

Hwachon Reservoir, 530, 535

Hwangto-do Island, 55, 356, 358

Hyan, MajGen Zoon Shin, 310

Il, BGen Lee, 58

Il, Gen Nam, 228

Imjin River, 15–16, 31–32, 41, 44, 50, 101–103, 105, 148, 187, 202, 234, 249, 251, 263, 268, 270, 339, 364, 371, 381, 391, 394, 447, 450, 453, 461, 463–464, 508

Inchon, 4, 4_n_, 5, 10_n_, 13, 15, 18, 56, 86, 270, 288, 319, 323, 334, 354, 402, 408, 474, 477–479, 483, 486–487, 494, 499, 502, 530–531, 535

Inchon-Seoul, 4, 12, 475, 478–479, 486, 502, 512_n_

India, 228, 314, 321_n_, 408

Indian Resolution, 228–229

Indians, 408

Inje, 484, 535

Insco, PFC Bernard W., 437

Intelligence Communist, 58, 74, 85, 123, 228, 425, 522 United Nations, 29–30, 36, 45, 53, 58–59, 69, 81, 85, 93, 96, 128, 141, 193, 237, 264_n_, 319, 320, 335, 346, 348, 353–354, 357, 371, 388, 392, 512, 514, 520–521, 532

International Red Cross inspection teams, 319

Irvin, Maj William H., Jr., 175

Itami Air Force Base, 28, 47, 49, 210, 470, 472, 486

ITEM raid, 260, 279, 291

Iwakuni, 474

Iwo Jima, 148, 233, 337, 474

Jack, Col Samuel S., 170_n_; BGen, 474, 474_n_; MajGen, 139_n_, 178_n_, 181_n_

JAMESTOWN Line, 11–12, 15–17, 19–20, 22, 31, 37–39, 45, 49, 74, 76, 81–82, 84, 87–88, 92, 96, 100, 104, 106–107, 109, 111, 121–123, 125, 130, 132, 148–149, 152–153, 157, 165–170, 172, 186, 200, 207, 218, 231–232, 261, 265, 267–268, 301, 323, 327, 451, 466, 497

Japan, 2–3, 6_n_, 44, 47–48, 56, 97, 183, 235, 320, 374, 402, 433_n_, 469, 471, 473–474, 476, 485, 491

Japanese, 4_n_, 88, 106, 434, 485, 525

Jensen, LtCol Oscar T., Jr., 152

Jerome, Col Clayton C., 43; BGen, 43, 61, 61_n_, 62; MajGen, 159, 177, 179, 181, 231, 233; LtGen, 43_n_

Jersey Ridge, 364

Jewson, LtCol Winston E., 347

Jobusch, Lt Wallace E., 59

Johnson, PFC Richard D., 404

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 229, 337, 476–477, 500–501, 505, 505_n_ Chairman, 352_n_, 483

Joint Observer Teams, 458

Joint Operations Center, Korea, 26–27, 68, 170_n_, 238, 350, 376, 469, 472, 474, 488_n_, 515–516

Jones, LtCol Olin W., Jr., 281

Jones, LtCol Paul M., 366, 378

Jordahl, Col Russell N., 44

Joy, VAdm C. Turner, 7_n_, 88, 228, 528

Judson, Capt Robert W., 112

Kaesong, 7, 13, 15–16, 22, 75, 104, 175, 318, 350_n_, 401, 405, 413, 480, 489, 511, 511_n_

Kaesong-Munsan road, 24

Kaesong-Panmunjom restricted territory, 511

Kaneohe, 471

Kang, Maj Shin Ho, 220_n_

Kanggye, 415–416, 437

Kanghwa-do Island, 15, 248_n_, 354

KANSAS Line, 20, 22, 39, 100, 103, 232, 248, 250–251, 253, 268, 323, 339, 396, 450, 461, 468, 532

KANSAS SWITCH Line, 461

Kapaun, Capt Emil J., 427_n_

Kapaun High School, Father, 433_n_

Kaylor, PFC Charles M., 436_n_

Keck, 1stLt Frank L., Jr., 376

Keller, Maj Robert P., 485

Kelly, Maj George E., 305

Kelly, PFC John D., 83_n_

Kelso, Pvt Jack W., 164_n_

Kendall, MajGen Paul W., 88, 156, 182_n_, 227, 332_n_

Kennedy, Cpl Gethern, Jr., 403

Keun, 1stLt No Won, 33

Kicklighter, Maj Edward C., 349

Kidd, Cpl Harold J., 437

Kilmer, HM John E., 127

Kilmer, Joyce, 127

Kim, Col Dong Ha, 19

Kim, 2dLt Young Ha, 75

Kim-Peng offer, 314

Kimpo, 12–13, 13_n_, 15, 17–18, 34, 481, 484, 486–487

Kimpo Peninsula, 4, 11–12, 15, 17–18, 32, 38, 40, 96, 248, 248_n_, 249

King, Col Kenneth A., 60, 60_n_

King, LtCol Louis N., 112, 145

Kirby, Col Kenneth D., 233

Kirby-Smith, Maj Ephraim, 39

Knudson, Maj Curtis E., 175

Kobe, 44, 471

Kohus, PFC Francis E., Jr., 403

Kojo, 55, 178, 226–227

Kongnung River, 15

Korea, 2–4, 4_n_, 5, 6_n_, 7_n_, 24, 24_n_, 26–27, 29, 38, 43–45, 48–49, 51_n_, 52, 56, 62, 62_n_, 83, 86, 88, 96–100, 105, 108, 127, 135, 139, 143, 188, 225–227, 233, 235–236, 244–246, 263, 270, 309, 314, 319, 321, 327, 345, 347_n_, 349, 356, 374_n_, 375, 379, 391, 393–394, 398, 408–411, 414, 420_n_, 426–427, 429–430, 438, 441–442, 448, 469–473, 476–482, 484–487, 491, 493–497, 499–504, 506–508, 512–513, 513_n_, 514_n_, 517, 520, 523–524, 527–535 East, 1, 5–6, 17, 53, 56, 59, 70, 205, 342, 351, 353, 356, 409, 475, 487, 507, 512 North (People’s Republic), 3–7, 27_n_, 28_n_, 53, 55, 65–66, 170–171, 224, 241, 321, 353, 403, 412_n_, 413_n_, 415–416, 419–420, 425, 428, 432–434, 438–439, 470, 479, 481, 513, 516, 531–532, 532_n_ Hydroelectric plants, 63–65, 513 North Korean People’s Army, 3–5, 17, 20, 26, 58, 67, 229, 314, 355_n_, 350–359, 402, 410, 411_n_, 412, 425, 430, 459, 475, 474–479, 525, 530 Units I Corps, 358 23d Brigade, 355 Tank and Infantry School, 244

South (Republic of Korea), 3–6, 15, 28, 31, 43, 51, 67–68, 100, 106, 224, 318, 321–322, 355, 360, 478, 480, 529–532, 532_n_, 534 Army, 20, 51–52, 100, 155, 223, 314, 321, 323, 342, 344, 351–352, 359_n_, 360, 372, 375, 393–394, 400, 476, 483, 497, 517, 529–530 I Corps, 52, 175, 222, 393, 460 II Corps, 52, 342, 351, 385, 393, 517 Capital Division, 52 1st Division, 11, 51–52, 222, 257_n_, 333, 342, 479 3d Division, 52 5th Division, 52, 222 6th Division, 52 7th Division, 52 8th Division, 10, 52 9th Division, 51, 342 11th Division, 52 20th Division, 342 15th Regiment, 11 13th Security Battalion, 17–18 Marine Corps, 6, 11, 32–34, 39, 41, 45, 55–56, 59, 87, 90, 122, 136, 185, 188, 190, 196, 217–218, 220–221, 248, 259–260, 268, 280, 303, 310, 328, 335–336, 353–354, 356, 359_n_, 448, 455, 461, 463, 483, 529–531 1st Regiment, 4, 6, 6_n_, 10–12, 17, 19, 19_n_, 29, 31–32, 37–39, 75–76, 96, 148, 155–162, 169, 176, 187, 190, 217, 222, 261, 265, 267_n_, 270, 300, 325, 327–329, 331, 344, 370, 373, 447, 461, 463, 481, 508, 512_n_, 530 1st Battalion, 19, 31–33, 75, 90 2d Battalion, 19, 32, 75 3d Battalion, 19, 31, 37, 220_n_, 344 5th Battalion, 17–18, 217, 22_n_, 335, 530 2d Regiment, 353, 530 1st Artillery Battalion, 11, 270, 328, 331 1st Engineer Company, 328 Tank Company, 331 Navy, 359_n_ Service Corps, 100, 100_n_, 117, 182, 188, 193, 278, 288, 329, 454, 454_n_, 509 103d Regiment, 100, 454_n_ West, 10–11, 13, 13_n_, 16–17, 22, 32, 53, 92, 143, 203, 261, 264–265, 335, 353, 391, 409, 463, 474–475, 507–509, 523, 535

Korean Armistice Commission, 7_n_, 528

Korean Communication Zone, 100

Korean Defense Minister, 310

Korean Military Advisory Group, 529–530

Korean National Police, 249, 251

Korean Presidential Unit Citation Streamer, 310, 352, 352_n_, 492

Koto-ri, 412, 487

Kreiser, BGen Alexander W., Jr., 472

Ksycewski, Capt Casimir C., 113, 145

Kumgok, 279

Kumsong, 342, 393, 517

Kung Dong, 420–421

Kunsan, 202, 270, 335

Kurth, Capt Harold D., Jr., 258

Kwak, 2dLt Sang In, 90

Kyu, LtCol Kim Yong, 155_n_

Lafleur, 2dLt Carl R., 177

_Lake Champlain_, USS, 346

Lambrecht, Col Peter D., 133–134

Lamson-Scribner, BGen Frank H., 71; MajGen 71_n_

Lawrence, LtCol Henry C., Jr., 324

Layer, Col Walter F., 108, 113, 121–122, 126, 137–138, 146, 159, 162, 233

League of Red Cross Societies, 229

Lee, Maj Benjamin G., 297–298, 301–302

Lee, Lt Ernest S., 76–77

Lee, MajGen Sang Cho, 315

Legion of Merit, 88, 233, 337, 442

Lehner, Dr. Otto, 319

Leopard (Korean guerrillas), 354

Letter of Commendation, 442

_Lexington_, USS, 2

Li, Yo-Yang, 106

Liberty Village, 402, 404

Little Swap, 317

Logistics, Communist, 224, 478, 513, 525 United Nations, 11–12, 16, 18, 24, 44, 46–49, 60_n_, 62, 100, 140, 244–245, 263, 355, 469, 485, 487, 493, 497, 534

Long, LtCol Frank A., 383

Long, Col Glenn R., 236_n_

Lorence, Capt Herbert M., 293, 296–297, 299

Los Angeles, 500

Lund, Maj Arnold A., 374_n_

Lundquist, 2dLt Carl R., 420

Lutz, 2dLt Theodore J., Jr., 392

MacArthur, General of the Army Douglas, 3–5, 6_n_, 427, 476–478, 496, 499–500

MacDonald, Maj James A., Jr., 212_n_, 440

MacLean, Maj William G., 472

Madam-ni, 15

Maddell, Cpl James E., 405

Maffioli, Cpl Leonard J., 436_n_

Main Battle Position, 445–447, 453–454, 460–461, 468

Main Line of Resistance, 11–12, 15–16, 19–20, 22, 30–33, 36, 38, 40, 45, 51, 61, 73–74, 76, 81–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92, 95–96, 101, 104–105, 109, 111, 113–114, 116–117, 119, 121–123, 125–127, 130, 135, 137, 143, 145, 147, 149, 152, 163, 165–167, 169, 185–187, 193–195, 197_n_, 199–200, 202–203, 205–206, 207_n_, 209–210, 217, 221, 225, 230, 231_n_, 232, 239, 247–248, 251, 253, 253_n_, 256–257, 259, 261, 264–265, 267, 270, 273, 276, 278–281, 283–289, 292–294, 297–300, 304–307, 309, 323–324, 327–329, 331–332, 339–341, 345, 361, 363–366, 367_n_, 369, 369_n_, 371, 373–374, 377–379, 379_n_, 381, 383, 385–388, 393, 396, 414, 445, 447–448, 450–452, 454–455, 465–466, 480, 496–497, 508–509, 511, 516, 518–520, 524

Main Supply Route Communist, 5, 202, 514 United Nations, 114, 207, 467, 479

Maizlish, 2dLt Irvin B., 305

Majon-ni, 436

Malik, Jacob, 7

_Manchester_, USS, 414

Manchurian border, 415, 513

Mangrum, LtGen Richard C., 515

Manor, Sgt Paul M., 436_n_

Mantel, Maj Samuel J., Jr. 350

Marine Corps, U. S., 8, 13, 26, 37_n_, 39, 44, 55, 61, 86, 239, 323, 333–334, 359_n_, 409–411, 423, 430, 440–441, 471, 474–479, 482–484, 493–495, 497–502, 504–505, 505_n_, 506–508, 512, 523, 528, 530–531, 534–535 Air Reserve Training Command, 499 Basic School, 143_n_ Equipment Board, 49_n_ Fleet Marine Force, 10, 55, 139_n_, 244–245, 320, 482, 488_n_, 501 Headquarters, 148, 503 Study, 503 Reserve, 336, 499–502, 503_n_, 504–506 Units Air. _See also_ Air activities, United Nations. AirFMFPac, 233 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, 4, 7, 24, 26–28, 42–43, 47, 60, 60_n_, 65, 68–70, 72, 98–100, 104, 132, 159, 170_n_, 172, 175, 181, 207, 231, 233–240, 243–245, 257_n_, 270–271, 294–295, 299, 307, 310, 310_n_, 320, 326_n_, 344, 348–349, 351–352, 352_n_, 370, 374–375, 375_n_, 376, 397–398, 405–406, 411, 413, 467–472, 474, 485, 487, 488_n_, 489, 490–493, 495, 500–501, 503–504, 507, 512, 515, 515_n_, 516, 535 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, 486, 498 Marine Air Control Group 2, 28, 49, 99, 233, 270, 345, 489, 492, 505 Marine Aircraft Group 11, 26, 471, 473 Marine Aircraft Group 12, 26–28, 42, 49, 61, 65–67, 72, 132–133, 158, 175–176, 187, 208, 234, 242–243, 256, 257_n_, 270, 294, 297, 299, 306–307, 325, 347, 347_n_, 348, 348_n_, 350–352, 374, 374_n_, 375, 375_n_, 376, 379, 469, 472–473, 486, 489, 491, 515 Marine Aircraft Group 13, 375 Marine Aircraft Group 16, 471–472 Marine Aircraft Group 32, 43 Marine Aircraft Group 33, 26–27, 39_n_, 42, 47–48, 65, 68–69, 71_n_, 132–133, 175–178, 234, 239, 242–244, 250_n_, 270, 292, 299, 307, 325, 347–348, 350–352, 352_n_, 374–375, 375_n_, 376, 385, 469, 472–473, 476, 485–486, 489, 491, 500, 516 Air Base Squadron 16, 472 Air Maintenance Squadron 16, 472 Ground Control Intercept Squadron 1, 69, 485, 487, 502 Ground Control Intercept Squadron 3, 69, 472 Headquarters Squadron 1, 405 Headquarters Squadron 12, 487 Headquarters Squadron 33, 413, 485 Tactical Air Control Squadron 2, 332, 485, 487 Wing Service Squadron 1, 270, 348 HMR-161, 24, 40–41, 49, 179–181, 234–236, 236_n_, 246–247, 247_n_, 271, 288, 334–336, 351, 370, 402, 408, 486, 495–497 HMR-163, 472 HMX-1, 493 VMA-121, 27, 132, 158, 177, 207–208, 242–243, 292, 295–296, 299, 306, 310, 325, 339, 349, 353, 379, 381, 385, 406, 413, 413_n_, 491 VMA-212, 158, 181, 207, 295, 325, 349, 486 VMA-233, 491 VMA-251, 374, 374_n_, 385_n_, 397, 469, 491 VMA-312, 27, 27_n_, 42, 58, 173, 175, 178, 240, 347, 347_n_, 348–349, 350_n_, 351_n_, 413, 415, 420, 486, 488, 491, 503 VMA-323, 158, 176, 196, 207–208, 243, 293–296, 299, 304, 306, 310, 325, 339, 349, 374, 374_n_ VMA-332, 347, 375_n_, 491, 503 VMC-1, 177, 238, 469, 492 VMF-115, 27, 65, 177, 242–243, 291–292, 299, 310, 325, 334, 341, 349–350, 350_n_, 375–376, 385, 491 VMF-121, 435 VMF-212, 26, 28_n_, 42, 175, 177, 208, 242–243, 294, 299, 304, 306, 310, 339, 376, 379, 381, 414, 487, 491 VMF-214, 374_n_, 485, 491 VMF-222, 471 VMF-224, 471 VMF-253, 471 VMF-311, 27, 65, 174, 176, 194, 243, 291–292, 299, 325, 334, 339, 341, 349–350, 350_n_, 368, 375–376, 385, 389, 397, 405, 413, 415, 434, 488, 491 VMF-312, 487 VMF-314, 471 VMF-323, 26, 28_n_, 42, 175, 374_n_, 403, 413, 415, 420, 437, 486–488, 491 VMF(N)-513, 26–28, 42, 69, 133, 139, 173, 181, 202, 240–243, 291, 294, 310, 325, 345–347, 347_n_, 349, 376, 406, 413, 429, 433, 438, 469, 485–487, 490–491, 503_n_ VMF(N)-542, 486–487 VMJ-1, 27, 42–43, 174, 238, 270, 348, 348_n_, 349, 397, 490–491, 512 VMO-2, 471–472 VMO-6, 24, 42, 49, 179–181, 234–236, 271, 288, 290, 332, 334, 345, 351_n_, 370, 377, 413, 415, 430, 485–488, 490, 493–495, 497, 503_n_, 512 VMR-152, 28, 49, 181, 472, 485, 488 VMR-253, 471 VMR-352, 485 Air Support Radar Team 1, 332, 346, 364, 489 1st Marine Aeronautical Company, 26 Ground 1st Marine Division, 1–2, 4, 4_n_, 5–6, 6_n_, 7, 10, 10_n_, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 19_n_, 21–22, 24, 27, 28_n_, 29–33, 37–39, 42, 46, 49, 51–52, 55, 61, 72, 74, 81, 84–85, 88, 91–92, 96–97, 100, 100_n_, 102–108, 111, 117, 119, 125–127, 131–132, 136–141, 169–170, 170_n_, 185, 188, 192–193, 203, 212, 215, 217–218, 221–222, 231, 234, 234_n_, 240, 243–245, 247_n_, 251, 255, 257_n_, 258–259, 261, 263, 264_n_, 265, 267, 267_n_, 270–271, 281, 290, 304, 306, 310, 310_n_, 314, 317, 319–320, 326, 326_n_, 328–329, 333, 333_n_, 334, 336, 339, 345, 351, 351_n_, 360–361, 363–364, 368, 370–371, 375, 378_n_, 383, 385, 385_n_, 388, 391–394, 396–403, 405–406, 409–413, 436, 436_n_, 437, 445–446, 453, 455, 457, 459–461, 468, 470, 472–473, 473_n_, 475–477, 477_n_, 478–481, 481_n_, 482, 482_n_, 483–484, 487–488, 490–491, 495, 498–499, 499_n_, 500, 500_n_, 501–504, 507–508, 508_n_, 509, 511–512, 512_n_, 514_n_, 515, 515_n_, 516, 518, 521, 523, 530, 533_n_, 535 2d Marine Division, 148, 336, 476–477, 498, 499_n_, 500–501 3d Marine Division, 139, 471–472, 474 1st Provisional Marine Air-Ground Task Force, 471, 471_n_ 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, 310_n_, 327, 411–412, 471_n_, 476–477, 488_n_, 491, 494, 499, 501 1st Marines, 4–5, 10–12, 19–20, 22, 30, 34, 38, 71, 82, 87, 96, 108–109, 112–114, 119, 121–122, 125–129, 131–138, 140–142, 145–146, 150, 159, 162, 185, 230–233, 236, 250, 257, 260–261, 264, 267–268, 276, 289, 300, 306, 308, 316_n_, 323, 325, 328, 328_n_, 329, 332, 339, 341, 363–364, 381, 381_n_, 383, 385–386, 388–389, 391–392, 396, 400, 415, 447, 450, 453, 455, 461, 463, 467, 479, 489 1st Battalion, 19, 96, 112, 121–122, 128, 131, 143, 145, 230, 268, 268_n_, 332, 450, 455 2d Battalion, 19, 34, 38, 89, 108–109, 112, 114, 117–118, 118_n_, 123, 128, 133, 145–146, 149, 159, 188, 230, 268, 268_n_, 383, 388, 390–391, 496 3d Battalion, 19, 32, 71, 86, 108–109, 118, 118_n_, 121–122, 124–128, 130–131, 135, 140, 142, 149_n_, 156, 162, 200, 208–209, 209_n_, 210, 211_n_, 230, 260, 268, 289, 300, 332, 385–386, 388–389, 392, 403–404 4th Marines, 471 5th Marines, 2, 4–5, 10–12, 19–20, 30, 33–34, 38–39, 74, 76, 79, 81, 84, 87, 92, 96, 103, 105, 114, 116, 122, 125, 140_n_, 141, 146, 150, 152–153, 157_n_, 164, 185, 233, 247, 250_n_, 255–256, 258–261, 264, 267, 267_n_, 268, 270, 279–281, 286, 290–291, 297, 304–306, 308, 310, 323, 323_n_, 324_n_, 327–328, 334, 363–364, 367, 371–373, 374_n_, 377, 383, 387–388, 392, 394, 415, 436_n_, 446–447, 449–450, 453–457, 459, 461, 463–465, 467, 476, 479, 530 1st Battalion, 20, 34, 76–77, 79, 84, 92, 105, 105_n_, 150, 247, 256, 258, 260, 264, 267, 275, 278–280, 283–288, 288_n_, 291, 447, 464, 466–467 2d Battalion, 11, 20, 34, 36, 77, 87–89, 92, 146–147, 147_n_, 150_n_, 254, 258, 267_n_, 268, 280, 284–288, 291–293, 295–299, 302–306, 323, 323_n_, 336, 372, 451, 447, 450, 455, 459, 464, 466–467 3d Battalion, 20, 86–87, 150, 152–153, 259, 267, 267_n_, 268, 276, 278–281, 285, 287–288, 288_n_, 289, 292, 297, 303, 305, 323, 392, 403, 438, 447, 451, 453, 464 6th Marines, 501 3d Battalion, 501 7th Marines, 4_n_, 5, 10, 12, 20, 41, 45, 79, 81–82, 84, 87, 91–92, 96, 103, 121, 157_n_, 160, 164–166, 168–169, 180, 183, 185–188, 188_n_, 190–191, 193, 195, 199–200, 202, 211–212, 212_n_, 231–233, 236, 246–247, 255_n_, 259–260, 267–268, 268_n_, 270, 308, 310, 323–325, 327–329, 329_n_, 334–335, 344, 344_n_, 345, 363–364, 366_n_, 367–368, 369_n_, 370–371, 373, 375, 378, 381_n_, 383, 385, 385_n_, 387–389, 389_n_, 392, 396, 414–415, 436_n_, 446, 453, 461, 479, 489, 501, 508 1st Battalion, 20, 81–82, 82_n_, 83, 83_n_, 94–95, 165, 165_n_, 166, 166_n_, 186–187, 194–196, 197_n_, 199–200, 202–203, 205, 208–211, 211_n_, 214, 231, 259, 268, 268_n_, 324, 329_n_, 364, 367, 383, 403, 437, 449, 473 2d Battalion, 12, 18, 20, 40, 74, 81, 91, 108, 108_n_, 121, 126, 165_n_, 166, 186, 202–203, 205, 287–288, 291, 293–298, 302–303, 305–306, 324, 329, 329_n_, 332, 364–366, 366_n_, 367, 377, 377_n_, 378, 383, 388, 390, 390_n_, 392, 436_n_, 457 3d Battalion, 20, 91, 108, 108_n_, 119, 121, 125–127, 130, 163_n_, 165, 165_n_, 166, 166_n_, 167–168, 168_n_, 186, 187_n_, 200, 205, 205_n_, 206–207, 211_n_, 259, 317, 329_n_, 332, 364, 366, 368, 370, 377, 377_n_, 378–379, 381, 383, 385, 389–390 9th Marines, 471 11th Marines, 10, 18, 21, 30, 46, 71–74, 93, 98, 111, 124, 131, 134–136, 182_n_, 188, 190, 192, 194, 207, 209, 231–233, 268_n_, 268, 270, 281, 290, 302, 308, 331, 334, 337_n_, 338–339, 341, 367–370, 372, 378–379, 386, 388–389, 389_n_, 392, 396, 415, 436_n_, 455, 461, 491, 509, 512_n_ 1st Battalion, 11, 39, 79, 191, 256, 268, 281, 286, 290, 295, 301–302, 304, 306, 308, 323–324, 334, 337, 372, 378 2d Battalion, 82, 165, 191, 194–195, 202, 207, 207_n_, 208, 281, 295, 301, 324, 337, 340, 366, 366_n_, 367, 369, 373, 378, 387, 392, 396_n_, 437 3d Battalion, 134–135, 268, 281, 300, 308, 336–337, 367, 369, 372, 377, 387 4th Battalion, 79, 191, 195, 195_n_, 207, 268, 270, 281, 295, 301–302, 324, 331, 337, 366, 378 Kimpo Provisional Regiment, 17–19, 19_n_, 20, 29, 32, 39_n_, 44, 96, 248–249, 249_n_, 250, 265, 332, 360, 369–370, 398_n_, 463, 508 1st Combat Service Group, 10, 44, 47, 60, 245 Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division, 250, 512_n_ 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 18–19, 19_n_, 39, 39_n_, 47, 96, 105, 239, 248, 250, 250_n_, 251, 265, 324, 360, 370, 463, 508 1st Armored Amphibian Battalion, 17–18, 335 1st Engineer Battalion, 101, 107, 316, 328, 334–335, 448, 451 1st Medical Battalion, 18, 182, 288, 335 1st Motor Transport Battalion, 44, 482 7th Motor Transport Battalion, 182, 436_n_, 512_n_ 1st 90mm Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, 28, 68–69, 413_n_, 438, 489 1st Ordnance Battalion, 308 1st Service Battalion, 434, 436_n_ 1st Shore Party Battalion, 18, 44, 268_n_, 316, 328, 335 1st Signal Battalion, 18, 182, 403, 433, 436_n_ 1st Tank Battalion, 40, 45, 73, 94, 136–137, 195, 195_n_, 207, 256–257, 270, 316_n_, 331, 331_n_, 334, 337–339, 360, 364_n_, 369, 370, 436_n_, 453, 512_n_ East Coast Island Defense Command, 53_n_, 55–56, 59, 353, 356–359, 397, 530 West Coast Island Defense Command, 53, 55–56, 58–60, 323, 353–356, 359, 397, 530 1st Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, 18, 56, 345, 359 1st Amphibian Truck Company, 47 1st Provisional Antiaircraft Artillery-Automatic Weapons Battery, 270, 305 1st 4.5-inch Rocket Battery, 79, 93, 135, 179, 208, 301–302, 308, 331, 338, 344, 367, 379, 497 Military Police Company, 1st Marine Division, 401, 434, 436_n_ 1st Provisional Casual Company, 55 1st Provisional Demilitarized Zone Police Company, 457–458, 460 Reconnaissance Company, 1st Marine Division, 18, 39, 250, 327, 339, 360, 369–370, 403

Marino, 1stLt Charles, 377

MARLEX operations, 332–333, 333_n_, 334, 334_n_, 335, 467, 508 MARLEX I, 334 MARLEX II, 335, 335_n_ MARLEX III, 335–336 MARLEX IV, 473 MARLEX XX, 323, 323_n_

Martelli, Capt Paul L., 403_n_, 420, 439

Martin, LtCol Kenneth E., 182

Marxism-Leninism, 418, 426–427

Masan, 6, 44

Mass, LtCol John B., Jr., 242

Matthews, Capt Charles C., 34

Matthews, Sgt Daniel P., 296

May, LtCol Charles W., 413_n_

Mayer, Maj William F., 440

McCain, Capt Gene M., 136

McCaul, BGen Verne J., 405, 472, 474_n_

McCool, WO Felix J., 434

McCoy, LtCol Charles W., 331_n_

McCutcheon, Col Keith B., 24, 41, 49; MajGen, 24_n_

McDaniel, 2dLt Roland L., 419

McGill, Col Robert A., 61_n_

McGlothlin, LtCol Joe H., 27_n_

McLaughlin, PFC Alford L., 152

McLaughlin, Capt Frederick G, 165_n_, 199, 205

McLaughlin, Maj John H., 406, 419, 421–422, 424, 438–439, 442; MajGen, 425_n_

McLaughlin, LtCol Williams S., 20, 146_n_, 258_n_

McShane, LtCol Bernard, 349, 368

Medal of Honor, 26, 37_n_, 65, 83, 92, 92_n_, 127, 147_n_, 152, 164_n_, 168_n_, 206, 207_n_, 287, 294_n_, 296_n_, 308, 398

Medical, United Nations Aid Stations, 77, 118, 127–128, 139, 288, 495 Blood, 140, 451 Care, 139 Corpsmen, 127, 140 Doctors, 127 Evacuation, 139, 182, 495 Facilities, 138–139, 236, 273, 531 Frostbite, 484 Heat casualties, 128, 139–140 Hospitals, 140, 495 Problems, 49 Stretcher bearers, 127 Stretchers, 139 Supplies, 139, 355 Support, 118, 139–140 Tents, 402 Treatment, 108

Mediterranean duty, 501

Megee, Maj Vernon E., 233; Col, 233; BGen, 233, 236–238, 310, 336, 348–349, 352, 376, 397, 405; MajGen, 233, 474_n_, 493_n_, 516_n_

Meikle, 2dLt John W., 200

Melancon, Capt Byron J., 119_n_

Melvin, Capt John B., 292

Metze, Col Albert F., 400–401, 405

Metzger, MajGen Louis, 398_n_

Michelson, Maj Laural M., 202

Michener, James A., 441

Mickey, LtCol Ross S., 349

Mildner, Capt Theodore J., 260

Military Armistice Commission, 449, 456–458

Military Demarcation Line, 445, 451, 459, 464

Miller, LtCol Henry S., 175

Miller, LtCol Roy D., 383

Mills, Col James E., 233, 268, 338

Mines, 22, 32, 77, 84, 92, 256, 359, 371, 379_n_, 394, 396, 451, 487, 522. _See also_ Weapons.

MINNESOTA Line, 8, 49, 327

MISSOURI Line, 327

Mitchener, Col Harold J., 472

Moak, Capt Stanley T., 128, 149

Mo-do Island, 55, 356

Moody, Capt Clarence G., Jr., 122–123, 146

_Moore_, USS, 357

Moore, LtCol Clarence H., 349

Moore, Lt Edwin C., 414

Moore, Col Luther S., 26

Moore, Col Thomas C., 90–91, 160, 180, 186, 188, 190–191, 193–194, 195_n_, 199–200, 203, 205, 273

Moran, LtCol Arthur M., 349

Morris, LtCol John E., 182

Muccio, Honorable John J., 43

Munsan-ni, 12, 16, 22, 24, 40, 44–45, 264, 314–316, 316_n_, 319, 329, 331–332, 400–402, 463, 511

Munsan-ni-Kaesong rail line, 122, 155

Munsan-ni Provisional Command, 360, 400, 402, 461

Murphy, 2dLt Rowland M., 439

Murray, 2dLt Benjamin H., 289

Murray, Col James C., 528–529, 529_n_

Murto, Lt Robert E., 139

Nagoya, 474

Naktong, 472, 476–477, 486, 494

Nan-do Island, 55

Napalm, 112, 116, 132–133, 207–208, 232, 307, 352, 486, 520

Nara, 471

Nash, SSgt James B., 436_n_

National Anthem, 423

Naval Academy, 88, 442

Naval gunfire, 21, 56, 178, 353–357, 418

Navy and Marine Corps Medal, 442

Navy Cross, 148, 267_n_, 308, 374, 376, 392

Navy, Secretary of the, 481, 495_n_, 505_n_

Navy, Surgeon General of the, 140

Navy, U.S., 47, 56, 65, 140, 226, 432. _See also_ Task Organizations. Units Amphibious Force Far East, 334_n_ Amphibious Group Western Pacific, 334_n_ Pacific Fleet, 478_n_ Seventh Fleet, 225–226, 357, 358_n_, 493 Fleet Logistic Wing, 432 Composite Squadron 3, 376 Fleet Air Service Squadron 11, 47 Naval Construction Battalion Unit 1804, 47

Negro Marines, 504, 504_n_

Nelson, Col Wallace M., 315, 328_n_, 364, 381, 389

Neutral corridor, 318

Neutral custody, 321

Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, 321_n_, 322

Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, 458, 458_n_

Neutral observers, 425

Neutrality zone, 7

New Britain, 2

_New Jersey_, USS, 356

Nihart, LtCol Franklin B., 20, 70, 77, 81, 105; Col, 8_n_

No-Fire-Line, 511

No-Fly Line, 459, 468–469, 511

No-Man’s-Land, 87, 108, 157, 190, 223, 264, 300, 371, 509

No-Pass Fence, 445, 456

No-Pass Line, 399, 445–446, 461, 463, 465

Nordell, Capt Robert I., 376

Normandy, 88

North Korea. _See_ Korea.

Oakland, 500

Objective 1, 82–83

Objective 2, 82

Objective S, 77, 80

Objective V, 77, 79–80

Objective X, 77, 79–80

Objective Y, 79–80

Obong-ni, 486

O’Brien, 2dLt George H., 206

_Ocean_, HMS, 60, 355

O’Daniel, LtGen John W., 24, 39, 88

Oddy, LtCol Robert J., 268

Okinawa, 26, 88, 233, 337, 474

Operation AMAZON, 101

Operation BACK DOOR, 473

Operation BIG SWITCH. _See_ Prisoners of War, Exchanges.

Operation BIMBO, 232

Operation CAT WHISKER, 250

Operation CHARLIE, 258, 258_n_, 259

Operation CIRCUS, 41

Operation CLAMBAKE, 255–257, 257_n_, 258–260

Operation CLAM-UP, 8, 10

Operation CLOBBER, 73

Operation FIRECRACKER, 93

Operation HAYLIFT, 180, 246

Operation HAYLIFT I, 247

Operation HAYLIFT II, 246–247, 497

Operation KILLER, 480, 489

Operation LEAPFROG, 41

Operation LITTLE SWITCH. _See_ Prisoners of War, Exchanges.

Operation MIXMASTER, 10–11, 45

Operation PANDORA, 356

Operation PARALYSIS, 243

Operation PRESSURE, 64, 224

Operation PRESSURE PUMP, 170–172

Operation PRONTO, 40

Operation RAINBOW, 316

Operation RIDDLE, 179

Operation RIPPER, 412, 480

Operation SPYGLASS, 473

Operation STRANGLE, 63, 224, 489, 514–515

Operation SWITCH, 496

Operation TIMBER, 100

Operation WINDMILL I, 496

Order of Military Merit, Taiguk, Korean, 43, 148, 159, 336

Ordnance, 70, 136, 196_n_, 225, 247, 350, 352–353, 368, 375, 448, 451, 516, 520, 525

Osan-ni, 474

Osborne, BGen Ralph M., 400

O’Shea, BGen George J., 403_n_

O’Shea, 1stLt Robert J., 403_n_

Otsu, 55, 471

Outposts Communist, 111, 519 United Nations, 34, 36, 75, 122, 348, 447, 519. _See also_ Combat Outposts; Hills. 2, 36, 40 3, 34, 36, 76–77, 79 31, 157 33, 157 36, 155–156, 158, 161, 176, 300 37, 155–156, 161, 300 67, 155 86, 161 Allen, 150, 152, 157, 264 Arrowhead, 275, 280, 295, 324 Ava, 267, 267_n_, 365, 397 Berlin, 186, 264, 268, 276, 280–281, 289–290, 305, 329, 337–338, 341, 365–370, 372, 375, 377–378, 378_n_, 379, 381, 383, 385, 388–389, 391–392, 463 Berlin Gate, 386 Boulder City, 381, 385, 387–388, 388_n_, 389, 391, 394, 396, 396_n_, 404, 446, 464, 481, 509 Bruce, 150, 152–153, 264 Bunker, 268, 280, 289, 300 Bunker Hill, 463 Carson, 157_n_, 167, 186, 196_n_, 202, 261, 264–265, 267, 273, 275, 279–280, 283, 283_n_, 284, 290, 301, 309, 310_n_, 324–325, 336–341, 364–365, 463 Clarence, 150, 152, 157, 264 Corinne, 268 Dagmar, 268, 280, 289, 300, 308, 377, 383, 387 Detroit, 157_n_, 163, 167–169, 377 Donald, 150 East Berlin, 186, 268, 280–281, 289, 329, 337–338, 341, 365–369, 375, 377–378, 378_n_, 379, 381, 386, 391–392, 463 Elko, 309, 324–325, 336–338, 340–341, 364–365, 372 Elmer, 146–147 Esther, 268, 280, 289, 300, 387–388, 392 Felix, 150, 157 Frisco, 163, 165, 167–168, 168_n_, 169, 208, 317, 369 Gary, 150 Ginger, 268 Hedy, 268, 280, 289, 290, 300, 383, 451–452 Hilda, 146–147 Hill, 119, 388 Hook, 195, 195_n_, 464, 481 Ingrid, 377 Irene, 146–147, 207 Jamestown, 210 Jersey, 377 Jersey Ridge, 386 Jill, 157 Kate, 300, 464 Marilyn, 464 Nevada, 264–265, 338, 340, 342 Nevada Cities, 261, 264–265, 273, 307, 309, 329, 338 Old Baldy, 309 Reno, 158_n_, 167, 186, 196_n_, 202–203, 261, 264–265, 267, 273, 275–276, 279–281, 283, 283_n_, 284–288, 288_n_, 289–292, 294, 297–299, 301–304, 306, 309, 310_n_, 324, 364, 367, 463 Reno Block, 265, 284–287 Rome, 207 Ronson, 193, 193_n_, 195, 197, 199, 210, 338 Seattle, 157_n_, 163, 165–166, 169, 207 Stromboli, 124 Three Cities, 267 Ungok, 275, 279–280, 374 Vegas, 157_n_, 186, 196_n_, 202, 261, 264–265, 267, 273, 275, 278–281, 283, 283_n_, 284–288, 288_n_, 289–299, 301–310, 310_n_, 311, 320, 323, 325, 336–338, 338_n_, 339–341, 364–367, 369, 379, 463, 481, 521 Verdun, 163, 163_n_, 166 Warsaw, 163, 165–167, 193, 193_n_, 195, 195_n_, 197, 199–200, 202, 209–210 Yoke, 89, 91, 94–95, 463

Outpost Line of Observation, 37–38

Outpost Line of Resistance Communist, 104, 109, 111, 116, 172 United Nations, 22, 24, 31–34, 36–39, 46, 74, 76, 76_n_, 81–82, 218, 461, 463–466, 509

Owens, LtCol Alfred L., 300

Owens, Capt Robert A., 94–95

Pacific, 3, 88, 471, 473, 476, 485, 493

Pacific Fleet Medical Officer, 49

Paengyong-do Island, 55–56, 58, 353–355

Pak, Maj, 420

Pala, Col. William P., 10_n_

Pangburn, 2dLt Charles I., 176

Panmunjom, 13, 22, 40, 81, 90, 104, 228, 230, 232, 264, 268_n_, 313, 315–316, 316_n_, 317–319, 321–322, 324–325, 328, 350_n_, 360, 372, 377_n_, 391, 393, 400–402, 405, 407–408, 467, 481, 511, 511_n_, 535 Bargaining table, 264 Corridor, 243 Exchange site, 317 Liaison officer, 229 Negotiations, 314 Neutral zone, 316_n_ Peace corridor, 21, 126, 218, 268, 316, 323, 464, 511, 519 Receiving center, 318 Receiving tents, 318 Rescue force, 118 Truce meetings, 322 Truce tents, 313

Papurca, LtCol John H., 19

Pardue, Bishop Austin, 232

Paris talks, 425_n_

Pate, MajGen Randolph McC., 336–337, 365, 378_n_, 394, 405, 473_n_

Patrols Communist, 169, 190, 259, 309, 414 United Nations, 30, 32–33, 39, 84–87, 90, 109, 185, 203, 232, 249–250, 259–260, 326, 371–373, 374_n_, 413, 414, 437, 464–465, 469, 481, 482_n_, 509, 519, 524

Payne, Col Frederick R., Jr., 28

Peace Corridor, 259, 402

Peace negotiations, 7–8, 510

Peace pagoda, 401

Peace talks, 313, 325, 372

Peatross, LtCol Oscar F., 258, 258_n_

Peeler, 2dLt John J., 289

Peiping, 429

Peleliu, 2, 26, 88, 267_n_, 337

Peng, Gen Teh Huai, 229, 421

Penne, LtCol Harold B., 379

Pepper, MajGen Robert H., 471, 473_n_

Perry, Capt Jack E., 434

Peruvian Minister of Aviation, 233

Philadelphia, 321

Phillips, PFC Paul J., 436_n_

Phoenix, 500

Pilots, 29, 61, 99, 132, 140, 174, 234, 291, 304, 347_n_, 349, 351, 371, 375–377, 379, 397, 405–406, 411–415, 420, 424, 429, 433, 436, 438, 485, 487, 489, 491–492, 492_n_, 493–495, 515. _See also_ Air Activities, United Nations.

Pittsburgh Diocese, 232

Plans, United Nations, 11, 20, 40, 82, 93, 125, 258, 323, 333–334, 335_n_, 363, 468, 479

Platt, LtCol Jonas M., 256–257, 267

Poage, Capt Jay V., 230

Poe, 1stLt William A., 175

Pohang, 6, 39_n_, 43, 47, 69, 177, 250, 250_n_, 375, 473, 530

Pohang University, 99

Poland, 458_n_

Polish members of the Neutral Nations Commission, 459

Pollock, MajGen Edwin A., 148, 157–158, 169, 172, 176, 181, 190, 194, 200, 208, 214, 227, 231, 240, 243, 245, 290, 310, 319, 334, 336

Post, Capt Robert J., 339; LtCol, 331_n_, 339_n_

Post-truce orders, 499

Postwar airlift program, 472

Postwar situation, 470

Potsdam Conference, 2

Potsdam Declaration, 2_n_

Pratt, LtCol Spencer H., 19, 32

Pregnall, LtCol Daniel S., 300

President (U.S.), 423, 505–506

President elect, 227

Presidential election, 276

Prisoners of War American, 81, 212–213, 297–298, 305, 307, 317, 319–320, 354, 381_n_, 399, 399_n_, 405–408, 411–415, 415_n_, 416, 420_n_, 421–424, 425_n_, 426, 431, 437, 440–443, 480, 512 Communist, 34, 79, 104, 106, 206, 227, 287, 298, 307, 315, 317–319, 407–408, 426, 467, 512, 512_n_, 524 Nonrepatriates, 314, 321, 321_n_, 322, 408, 457, 459, 463, 466–467 Repatriates, 316, 319, 321–322, 336, 396, 400–402, 407, 442 Exchanges, 229, 311, 313–319, 321, 360, 400, 406–407, 411, 414, 461, 527 Operation BIG SWITCH, 321, 336, 399–401, 404, 406–407, 409, 415, 435, 439, 459 Operation LITTLE SWITCH, 314, 316–317, 318_n_, 321, 360, 400, 405_n_, 407–409, 421_n_ Interrogation Communist, 418, 420, 425, 428–430, 432–433 United Nations, 85, 87, 136, 297–298, 408, 530 United Nations, 106, 314, 316–318, 318_n_, 319–321, 350_n_, 401–403, 407, 409, 416, 418–419, 421–422, 424–426, 431, 435, 439, 443

Propaganda, Communist, 105, 249, 326, 355, 372, 406, 408, 419, 422–424, 426, 428–430, 441, 511, 511_n_

Public Law 416, 504–505

Pugh, RAdm Lamont, 140

Pukhan River, 342

Pumphrey, Pvt Louis A., 319

Punchbowl, 7, 17, 52, 413, 480

Punchbowl area, 342, 413, 484, 495, 514_n_, 535

Purple Heart, 298

Pusan, 4–6, 8, 53, 227, 318, 477, 486, 488, 488_n_, 494, 535

Pusan Perimeter, 4, 411_n_, 412, 475–476

Pyongtaek, 270, 376

Pyongyang, 139, 170–172, 174, 177, 241, 244, 420, 423, 479

Quantico, 143, 337, 493–494

Quilali, 26

Quiring, PFC Charles E., 436_n_

R-Day, 335

Radar, United Nations, 53, 63, 68, 134, 241, 291, 325, 385, 487, 489–490, 492 AN/MPQ-2, 62_n_ MPQ-14, 81, 132, 134, 202, 244, 294, 299, 306, 325, 339, 345–346, 368, 375, 385, 385_n_, 389, 489

Radford, Adm Arthur W., 332, 352_n_

Randall, LtCol David S., 191

Raymond, Sgt Theodore J., 392

Read, Maj Robert R., 27

Reconnaissance, 27, 42, 45, 56, 59, 86, 95, 105, 256

Red Cross, 229, 314, 320

Reinecke, Col Frank M., 56; BGen, 58

Report of Special Subcommittee on Tactical Air Support of the Committee on Armed Services, 517_n_

_Repose_, USS, 495

Rhee, President Syngman, 3, 43, 148, 159, 321–322, 342, 352_n_, 360, 408

Rich, Capt Richard V., 320

Richardson, Maj Judcon C., 429, 432

Ricketts, Brigadier A. H. G., 197_n_

Ridgway, Gen Matthew B., 63–64, 88, 480–481, 486, 496, 496_n_, 515

Riseley, BGen James P., 471

Ritchey, LtCol William M., 349

Roads, 10, 21, 45, 480, 519

Robertshaw, Col Louis B., 243–244, 299

Robinson, LtCol Barnette, 243

Roe, Maj Murray O., 290

Rogers, LtCol Charles O., 134–135

Roth, 2dLt Richard L., 177

Royal Marine-USMC-Army convoy, 410

Russell, LtCol Gerald F., 108_n_, 167, 187

Russo-American Commission, 3

Sachon, 327

Sachon-Chinju area, 486

Sachon River, 15, 33, 75, 90, 105, 157–158, 161–162, 169, 259

Sachon Valley, 218

St. Denis, 2dLt Thomas R., 345

_Samaritan_, USS, 495_n_

Samichon River, 15, 92, 186, 188, 208, 463

Samichon Valley, 186–187, 194

Samichon Village, 92

San Diego, 476

San Francisco, 408, 500

Santo Domingo, 337

Sariwon, 177

Sartor, Capt Louis J., 388

Saussy, Maj George S., Jr., 250, 250_n_

Schilt, 1stLt Christian F., 26; MajGen, 43, 336

Secretary of Defense Advisory Committee on Prisoners of War, 420_n_, 440–441

Schlichter, Sgt Charles B., 407

Schwable, Col Frank H., 407, 430–431, 442

Scott, MSgt James M., 242

Scranton, Capt Sereno S., Jr., 117, 119, 130–131

Schroeder, Maj Charles L., 345

Seal, 2dLt Kenneth A., 83; Maj, 82_n_

Sea of Japan, 52, 376, 398

Selden, LtCol John T., 2; BGen, 2; MajGen, 2, 12, 13_n_, 17, 20–22, 38–39, 43, 46, 50, 61–62, 71, 84, 86, 93, 93_n_, 96–98, 101, 103, 121, 126, 138–139, 141, 142_n_, 148

Sellers, Maj Thomas M., 376

Seoul, 1, 4, 6, 12–13, 15–16, 18, 26, 28, 31, 69, 187, 265, 270, 273, 275, 280, 319, 324, 326_n_, 474, 478–479, 481, 482_n_, 494, 535

Severson, Col Martin A., 26–27

Seymour, 2dLt Rufus A., 287

Sharpe, 2dLt Whitlock N., 176

Shea, Col Harry N., 192, 233, 355

Shepherd, Gen Lemuel C., Jr., 98, 138–139, 141, 142_n_, 310, 332, 409, 505, 534

Sherwood, Capt James H., 339

Shimamura, Cpl Saburo, 436

Ships, United Nations, 5, 56, 67, 358, 397 Carriers, 10, 485, 487, 491 Cruisers, 414 CVEs, 491 Hospital, 140, 402, 495, 495_n_ LSDs, 10_n_ Minesweepers, 226

Shoden, Capt John C., 71

Shuck, SSgt William E., Jr., 91–92, 92_n_

_Sicily_, USS, 173, 179, 485

Siers, 2dLt Howard L., 82

Sikorsky, Igor, 499

Silver Star, 298, 376

Simanek, PFC Robert E., 147_n_

Sims, Maj William J., 176

Sinanju, 174, 243

Sin-do Island, 55

Sinuiju, 376, 416

Skinner, 2dLt Sherwood E., 207_n_

Skotnicki, Capt Anthony J., 119_n_

Smith, Col John L., 375_n_, 472

Smith, MajGen Oliver P., 477, 498, 501

Smith, LtCol Robert E., Jr., 27_n_

Smoak, Col Eustace R., 150, 233

Smunk, LtCol Louis R., 299, 349

So-Do Island, 55

Sokcho-ri, 10_n_

Sok-to Island, 55–56, 58–59, 353–356

Solomon Islands, 26, 43

Songjin, 55–56, 357

South African, 318_n_

South Korea. _See_ Korea.

Soyang River, 1, 413, 480, 496

Spangler, 2dLt Donald E., 308

Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 231

Spurlock, 2dLt Stuart L., Jr., 175

Staab, Col Edward M., Jr., 18–19, 249_n_

Stacy, Col Arthur R., 375, 375_n_, 472

Stalin, Premier Joseph, 230, 314

Standing Operating Procedure, 71–72, 257_n_, 279

STAYBACK Line, 50

Steege, PFC Leonard E., 405

Steel, Maj Fred A., 69

Steigerwald, SSgt Robert S., 294

Stell, PFC Robert C., 319

Stevens, Robert T., 405

Stewart, LtCol Lynn H., 349

Stewart, PFC Roy L., 374_n_

Stiff, LtCol Houston, 20

Still, 2dLt Richard L., 438–439

Stockholm Peace Appeal, 427

Stratton, Maj William T., Jr., 241

Stumpges, MSgt Frederick J., 434

Sudong, 479

Suez Canal, 501

Suiho, 64

Suiho Reservoir, 491

Sung, Kim Il, 3, 229

Supplies Communist, 4, 7, 93, 169, 212, 225, 357, 396, 489, 519, 525 Areas, 66, 171, 339, 385, 513 Buildup, 342, 511 Dumps, 136, 225, 351, 486 Installations, 63, 513 Lines, 489 Points, 294, 306, 378, 397 Resupply, 290, 297, 299, 303, 525 Routes, 30, 265, 295, 298, 305 Shelter, 242 Stockpiles, 224, 451, 525 United Nations, 10, 16, 19, 40, 44, 47, 60, 60_n_, 62, 67, 72, 80, 100, 121, 127, 140, 142, 181_n_, 199, 211, 245, 247, 331, 355, 358–359, 370, 396–397, 455, 497 Areas, 45, 253, 288, 308 Class I, 180, 246, 400 Class II, 180 Class III, 180, 246, 400 Class IV, 180 Class V, 180, 246 Dumps, 68, 448, 451, 455 Island defense, 60 Resupply, 16, 21, 59, 245–247, 371_n_, 379_n_ Routes, 6, 391

Sweden, 458_n_

Swenceski, Col Alexander B., 356

Swigert, 1stLt Oral R., Jr., 385, 392

Swinson, Maj James D., 320

Switzerland, 458_n_

Tables of Equipment, 245, 461

Tables of Organization, 244–245

Tactical Air Control Parties, 493, 517. _See also_ Air activities, United Nations.

Tactical Air Coordination Center, 68–69. _See also_ Air activities, United Nations.

Tactical Air Direction Center, 68, 487–488. _See also_ Air activities, United Nations.

Tactical Liaison Officers, 85

Tactics Communist, 104–106, 192–193, 213, 224, 264, 309, 511, 519, 523 United Nations, 11, 24, 62, 70, 81, 86, 333, 381, 418, 484, 490_n_, 507, 512, 517, 524, 530, 532–533

Taechong-do Island, 55–56, 353

Tae-do Island, 55, 346, 359

Taedok-san, 109

Taedong-san, 109

Taedong River, 243

Taegu, 177

Taejon, 406

Taft, 1stLt Kenneth E., Jr., 288

Tai, Yung Shin, 310

Tanks Communist, 3, 70, 96, 155, 158, 218, 511 United Nations, 33, 38–39, 45, 73, 80–82, 94–95, 98, 101, 114, 116, 121, 124, 128–129, 131, 136–137, 146, 160–161, 194–195, 202, 207–208, 231, 243, 256–259, 270, 281, 283, 286, 290–293, 295–296, 300, 302, 307–308, 323–325, 331, 331_n_, 339, 339_n_, 341, 363, 367, 369, 378, 386–388, 388_n_, 392, 436, 468, 523–524, 530

Task organizations Forces Drysdale, 212, 410, 412 Track, 329, 332 77, 357 90, 334 95, 53, 55, 99, 226, 354–355, 357, 359 Groups 95, 358 95.1, 55 95.2, 55 Elements 90, 85, 334, 334_n_ 95.15, 56, 58, 353 95.23, 56, 353 Units 95.1.3, 353 95.2.3, 353, 356

Taylor, LtGen Maxwell D., 319, 327_n_, 378_n_, 393, 405, 497

Terrain, 5–6, 13, 15–17, 24, 33, 61, 66–67, 77, 79, 82, 84, 103, 109, 122, 129, 133, 138, 143, 143_n_, 186–187, 206, 239, 248, 253, 253_n_, 263–264, 275–276, 279, 292, 306, 345, 367, 369, 387, 391, 398, 452, 461, 463–465, 467–468, 481, 494–495, 509, 517–520, 523–524, 526, 533

Texas, 206

Thirty-sixth Parallel, 68

Thirty-seventh Parallel, 55, 68

Thirty-eighth Parallel, 2–7, 15, 19, 27_n_, 30, 53, 55–56, 65, 264, 356, 397, 412, 436, 448_n_, 479–480, 489, 507, 532, 532_n_

Thirty-ninth Parallel, 27_n_, 55, 66, 173, 178, 226, 353, 357, 489, 514

Thistlethwaite, Capt Lote, 376

Thomas, MajGen Gerald C., 2, 514_n_

Thomas, Capt John H., 165, 205_n_

Thompson, Capt Earl W., 82, 94–95

Thompson, 2dLt James S., 175

Thorin, Chief Duane, 441

Thorpe, Capt Jesse F., 111

Thrash, LtCol William G., 406, 413_n_, 422, 438, 442

Thurston, Maj Robert D., 389, 391

Time on target, 92–93, 305, 346, 367

Tinsley, Col James H., 13_n_

Tipps, Lt Ross L., 79

Tokchok-to Island, 55–56, 86, 323, 333, 353, 473

Toktong Pass, 412

Tokyo, 26, 314, 320, 360, 403, 408, 471

Tokyo Army Hospital Annex, 320

Tompkins, Col Rathvon McC., 464

T’ongch’on, 351

Tongduchon-ni, 332

Tonggang-ni, 33

Toryom, 186

Transportation Communist, 42, 53, 224, 243, 357, 397, 486, 514 United Nations, 10, 16, 45, 75, 100–101, 248–249, 264, 314, 332, 514

Travis Air Force Base, 320

Truce, 227, 264, 314, 341, 529 Agreement, 322, 361, 372, 377_n_, 404, 458, 469, 513 Corridor, 371 Line, 322, 464, 528 Negotiations, 7–8, 13, 22, 53, 95, 156, 228, 264, 311, 313–316, 321, 323, 328, 338, 360, 377_n_, 393, 410_n_, 413, 446, 480–481, 489, 510–511, 525, 527–529 Restrictions, 469 Talks, 264, 315, 321, 323, 328, 338, 360, 410_n_, 480–481, 489, 510–511, 527–528

Truman, President Harry S., 3–4, 427, 499, 504_n_

Tschirgi, Col Harvey C., 249, 249_n_, 324_n_, 328, 334, 364

Tuckman, Robert D., 326_n_

Tumae-ri Ridge, 82

Turner, 1stLt Kenneth E., 377

Twining, BGen Merrill B., 37, 88, 105; MajGen, 473, 473_n_; LtGen, 37_n_

Ullman, LtCol Vernon O., 174–175

Ung-do Island, 55

Ungok, 114, 265, 325

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 2–3, 427, 525 Soviet manufacture, 525 Soviet soldiers, 3

United Kingdom, 2

United Nations, 3–4, 7–8, 27, 39, 51, 170–172, 228–229, 311, 322, 424, 426–427, 429, 458–459, 469 Charter, 534 Civil Assistance Command, 355 Command, 3–5, 7–8, 17–18, 52, 55, 88, 100, 100_n_, 222–224, 226–229, 315, 317, 321–322, 337–338, 340, 342, 351–352, 357, 372, 375, 391, 399, 401, 405, 413, 429, 459, 469–470, 476, 478, 480, 507, 513, 521, 527, 531, 533 General Assembly, 229 Military Armistice Commission, 469. _See also_ Truce. Personnel and Medical Processing Unit, 315, 328_n_, 360, 400–401 Provisional Command Receipt and Control Section, 401 Secretariat, 458_n_ Security Council, 3–4 Units. _See also_ Army; Air Force; Marine Corps; Navy; Korea. British 1st Commonwealth Division, 11, 13, 15, 19, 38, 51, 93, 97, 102, 164, 186–187, 192, 197, 222–223, 231, 253_n_, 323–324, 333, 336, 338–339, 341–342, 344, 351, 363, 381, 383, 388, 389_n_, 393, 460, 483 29th Infantry Brigade, 197_n_ Black Watch Regiment, 222, 231 Gloucestershire Regiment, 426 Royal Marines, 415, 421, 423, 480 Canadian 25th Infantry Brigade, 19, 38 1st Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, 258_n_ Columbian Battalion, 233, 318_n_, 440 Ethiopian Battalion, 222 Turkish Armed Forces Command, 327–329, 329_n_, 331, 332_n_, 337–340, 351, 364, 366–368, 369_n_ 1st Battalion, 329, 332, 378_n_ 2d Battalion, 332_n_ 3d Battalion, 332 Field Artillery Battalion, 328, 337, 367, 378 4.2-inch Mortar Company, 332, 364

United States, 2–4, 43, 64_n_, 93, 97–98, 226, 227_n_, 229, 231, 235, 239, 320, 344_n_, 348_n_, 349, 375, 402, 405_n_, 419, 424, 433_n_, 442, 474, 477, 497, 501, 513_n_, 527, 531, 534

United States Senate, 64, 440

United States State Department, 229

Universal Military Training and Service Act, 505–506

Valentine’s Day bombardment, 357

_Valley Forge_, USS, 412

Valley Forge Hospital, 320

Vance, Maj Johnnie C., 176

Van Fleet, Gen James A., 11, 13_n_, 51, 51_n_, 192, 222, 227, 413, 481, 530

Vanzuyen, Capt William M., 125

Vegetation. _See_ Terrain.

Vehicles. _See also_ Tanks. Communist Ambulance, 318, 402 Jeeps, 402 Trucks, 402, 433, 489, 519 United Nations Ambulance Jeeps, 118, 127, 402 Amphibian tractors, 47, 81, 86, 323 Amphibian trucks. _See_ DUKWs. Amphibian vehicles, 4, 48 Armored amphibians, 323 Armored personnel carriers, 81, 118, 139, 331 Armored utility vehicles, 341 Armored vehicles, 232, 257, 259, 331, 369, 379, 388–389, 470 Artillery dozers, 46 Bulldozers, 316 DUKWs, 10, 47 Flame vehicles, 114, 116 Jeeps, 10, 77 Jeep trailer, 10 Radio jeeps, 488 Tracked vehicles, 10_n_, 81, 137, 251 Tractors, 250–251 Trailers, one-ton, 63 Trucks, 10, 40, 46, 139, 370, 455

Very Important Persons, 108

Vicar for Catholic Chaplains of the Armed Forces, 231

Wade, Col Sidney S., 19–20, 22_n_, 38_n_

Wagner, Capt Arthur, 433

Wake Island, 434

WAKEUP Raid, 230, 257

Wallace, LtCol James R., 349, 381

Walt, Col Lewis W., 233, 256, 258, 261, 267, 267_n_, 268, 285, 324; LtGen, 287_n_

Walter, Sgt Stephen C., 374_n_

Walz, Capt Ralph L., 286, 302

War Crimes Exhibit, 429

Warren, LtCol Charles, 230, 349

Warren, LtCol Joe L., 350

Washington, D. C., 322, 486, 513

Watkins, SSgt Lewis G., 168_n_

Watson, 2dLt Theodore H., 74–75

Watson, Col William R., Jr., 106_n_

Weapons. _See also_ Artillery; Tanks. Communist, 90, 132, 136, 207, 218, 257, 292, 324–325, 368, 373, 378, 389, 525–526 Antiaircraft, 30, 64, 69, 170, 525 Artillery, 62, 81, 117, 149, 190, 279, 281 Self-propelled, 73, 96, 104, 260 57mm, 29_n_ 75mm, 29, 188_n_ 76mm, 188_n_, 207, 220, 280, 283, 285, 385 105mm, 520 122mm, 29_n_, 188_n_, 220, 292_n_ 152mm, 188_n_, 190 155mm, 29 Automatic weapons, 30, 36–37, 90, 130–131, 133, 136, 149, 155, 230, 289, 292, 301, 305, 373, 376 Bangalore torpedoes, 36, 213 Bazookas, 302 Carbines, 33 Grenades, 36, 37_n_, 83_n_, 89, 91, 105, 112, 117, 122, 130, 146, 147_n_, 149–150, 152, 155–156, 165, 168_n_, 203, 210, 259, 260_n_, 293–294, 296, 298, 305, 325, 373 Machine guns, 30, 33, 83, 89, 91, 112, 123–124, 128, 150, 153, 164, 205, 260, 279, 293–294, 296, 298, 364, 372, 374, 414, 527 Mortars, 32, 36, 45, 52, 62, 76–77, 80–81, 81_n_, 82, 87, 89–91, 93–94, 111, 116–119, 121, 123–127, 129–134, 136, 140–143, 145–147, 149–150, 153, 155, 158, 162, 164, 166, 193–194, 196–197, 199–200, 205–206, 209–210, 212, 214, 218, 221, 230, 232, 248, 255_n_, 259, 261, 279, 281, 284, 286–287, 290, 292–293, 293_n_, 294–295, 297, 299, 301–304, 306, 308–309, 324, 337, 340, 364–367, 371–373, 377, 379, 385–387, 388_n_, 389, 392, 451, 519 4.2-inch, 324 60mm, 111, 280, 283, 292_n_, 324, 385, 519 81mm, 324 82mm, 131, 141, 280, 283, 285, 385, 397, 519 120mm, 36, 292_n_, 302, 385 122mm, 285 United Nations, 108, 143, 214, 276, 418, 466, 470 Antiaircraft, 64, 71 Atomic, 210 Automatic, 68, 76, 105, 122, 143, 256, 300, 465–466 Bangalore torpedoes, 256 Bayonets, 82, 199, 283 Bazookas, 278 Cannons, 20mm, 241, 486 Carbines, 90, 152, 206, 273, 275, 292, 529 Flamethrowers, 90, 160, 256, 259, 260_n_, 273, 275, 278, 387–388 Grenade launchers, 273, 374 Grenades, 79, 127, 130, 152, 193, 193_n_, 206, 207_n_, 210, 246, 256, 285, 292, 295, 374 Guns, 95, 268, 275, 295, 300, 530 Tank, 358, 384, 524 75mm, 270 90mm, 45, 94, 114, 116, 125, 128, 354, 356, 369, 378, 524 155mm, 192 Howitzers, 80, 192, 246, 258, 268, 281, 301, 339 8-inch, 191, 270, 281, 304, 379 105mm, 46, 114, 192, 268, 295, 509 155mm, 46, 191–192, 270, 295, 301–302, 509 240mm, 379 Knives, 283 Machine guns, 37, 76, 80, 90–91, 107, 116, 121, 129, 137, 152, 193, 232, 253, 256, 273, 275, 278, 283, 300, 303, 305, 325, 327, 366, 378, 387, 465–466, 523 Mortars, 73, 79–90, 90, 106_n_, 112, 124, 127, 129, 150, 166, 194, 199, 202, 210, 239, 259, 289–291, 295–297, 300–304, 367, 372, 386, 389, 521 4.2-inch, 39, 79, 121, 135–136, 306, 325, 366, 369, 378, 387 60mm, 121, 135, 273, 281, 366, 378 81mm, 89, 121, 135, 140, 162, 193, 193_n_, 273, 276, 281, 325, 366, 369, 378, 387 Pistols, 199, 273, 275, 278, 485 Rifles, 37, 79, 90–91, 118, 129, 145, 199, 210, 214, 283, 296, 372, 529 Automatic, 168_n_, 245 BARs, 273, 275, 292, 300, 303, 372, 526 M-1, 32, 273, 275, 292, 451, 458, 526 Rockets, 79–80, 124, 132–133, 179, 283, 290, 301, 303–304, 328, 340, 344, 367, 379, 385–386 Launchers, 124, 124_n_, 179 3.5-inch, 48, 256, 273, 388 4.5-inch, 46, 121, 124, 124_n_, 196, 215, 215_n_ 5-inch HVAR, 486 Satchel charges, 256 Searchlights, 101_n_, 128, 305, 345, 490, 524 Small arms, 75–76, 80, 106, 117, 122, 127, 149, 259, 273, 278, 300, 378, 391, 521

Weather, 8, 10, 16, 30, 48–49, 52, 102–104, 128, 130, 137, 139, 148, 211, 235, 263, 303, 323, 335, 349, 351, 355, 358, 364, 368, 370–371, 371_n_, 374–375, 385–386, 415, 418–419, 422, 450, 454, 467, 478, 480–481, 484, 487, 489, 494, 496–497, 520

Weaver, Capt James R., 242

Webb, PFC Billy J., 251

Weir, Maj William A., 175

Welcome Gate to Freedom, 318. _See also_ Freedom Gate.

West, Col Gordon H., 392_n_

Westbrook, SSgt W. H., 376

Weyland, LtGen Otto P., 43, 233

Whalen, 1stLt Robert A., 409

Wheeler, LtCol Edwin B., 250, 250_n_

Wheeler, Cpl Theodore R., 436_n_

Whitbeck, Capt William R., Jr., 156

White House, 37_n_

Whitemore, Capt Lyle S., Jr., 94

Wichita, 433_n_

Wilkinson, LtCol Frank R., Jr., 250_n_

Williams, Cpl Calvin W., 436_n_

Williams, 1stLt Duke, Jr., 414

Williams, SSgt John J., 297

Williams, BGen Samuel T., 176; MajGen, 326, 340

Williamson, Capt Edward C., 192_n_

Williamson, Col Herbert H., 176, 234

Williamson, LtCol John I., 137, 270, 331_n_

Wilson, Charles E., 227

Wilson, Col Nelson, 339

Witt, LtCol Francis “X,” Jr., 316_n_

Wiwon, 423

Wolff, Dr. Harold G., 441

Wonju, 6, 412

Wonsan, 5, 53, 55–56, 66–67, 226, 353, 356–358, 397, 479, 487, 492, 502, 530, 538_n_

Wood, LtCol William A., 409

Woon, VAdm Il Sohn, 310

World Peace Camp, 427

World War, I, 2, 7, 26, 143, 193, 413, 431, 520

World War II, 2, 4_n_, 26, 28, 48, 65, 88, 98, 106, 114, 148, 172, 173_n_, 176, 213_n_, 233, 267_n_, 298, 327_n_, 336, 401, 411, 427_n_, 431, 433_n_, 434, 442, 477_n_, 483–485, 493, 495_n_, 504, 506, 510, 513_n_, 533–534 Post-World War II, 476, 533

World War III, 513

Woten, Maj Robert C., 349, 374_n_

Wright, LtCol Raymond D., 191

WYOMING Line, 20, 22, 100, 232, 268, 461, 468

WYOMING FORWARD Line, 39, 41

Yalu Reservoir, 418

Yalu River, 53, 55, 64, 174, 321, 416, 418, 423, 479, 489, 491

Yang-do Island, 55, 359

Yanggu, 480

Yellow Sea, 15, 134, 174, 241, 355, 398, 508

Yesong River, 480

Yo-do Island, 55, 59, 356–359, 359_n_

Yokosuka, 320

Yom River, 15, 19, 248_n_, 250

Yongji-ri, 332, 463

Yongjong-ni, 334–335

Yongmi-dong, 243

Yongpyong-do Island, 55–56, 353

Yonpo, 488

Yudam-ni, 412, 479, 480

✩ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 O-427-555

[Illustration: THE FAR EAST]

[Illustration: U. S. MARINE GROUND OPERATIONS KOREAN WAR 1950–1953]

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Frequent, simple typographical errors were silently corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The index was not systematically checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references; some minor errors or omissions were silently corrected.

Page 62: Two lines of text near the top of the page were in the wrong order and have been swapped back to the correct order.

Photo sections: Some of the photo credit numbers may be incomplete, as the right-hand sides of some pages were clipped in all available images of the pages of the original publication.

Page 579: “Presidental” was printed that way, and retained here as it may have been printed that way in the original Citation.