Part I

., 1896, p. 467); D. R. Bhandarkar, Gurjaras (J. Bo. R.A.S. vol. xx.); and Epigraphic Notes (ibidem, vol. xxi.); and Professor Kielhorn's paper on the Gwalior Inscription of Mihira Bhoja in a German journal.

[119] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, Appendix B, The Gujars.

[120] The Khazars were known to the Chinese as Yetas, the beginning of Yeta-i-li-to, the name of their ruling family, and the nations of the west altered this to Hyatilah and Ephthalite. Campbell, ibidem.

[121] See article on Panwar Rajput, para. 1.

[122] Campbell, loc. cit. p. 495.

[123] Tribes and Castes, article Gujar, para. 12. The description is mainly taken from Elliott's History of India as told by its own Historians.

[124] Description of the Kangra Gujars by Mr. Barnes. Quoted in Ibbetson's Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 481.

[125] Census Report, para. 481.

[126] Cf. Krishna's epithet of Murlidhar or the flute-player, and the general association of the flute with herdsmen and shepherds in Greek and Roman mythology.

[127] Ibidem.

[128] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, para. 16.

[129] Nimar Settlement Report (1868).

[130] This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Abdus Subhan Khan, Tahsildar, Hinganghat, and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

[131] The trifoliate leaf of Aegle Marmelos.

[132] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xviii. p. 266.

[133] History of the Marathas, vol. i. p. 26, footnote.

[134] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. x. p. 119.

[135] Bombay Ethnographic Survey, Monograph on Gurao.

[136] Sesamum.

[137] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xix. p. 101.

[138] This article is compiled principally from a monograph by Munshi Kanhya Lal, Assistant Master, Raipur High School, and formerly of the Gazetteer Office; and also from papers by Mr. Panda Baijnath, Superintendent of Bastar State, and Mr. Gokul Prasad, Tahsildar of Dhamtari. The descriptions of marriage, funeral and birth customs are taken from Munshi Kanhya Lal's monograph.

[139] By the Rev. G. K. Gilder of the Methodist Episcopal Mission of Raipur.

[140] Chalki is said to have been a Brahman who gave shelter to the pregnant fugitive widow of a Raja; and her child was the ancestor of the Bastar dynasty. But the name may also be taken from the Chalukya Rajput clan.

[141] The Rawats or Ahirs are graziers, and the Bhatra, Parja and Muria are primitive tribes allied to the Gonds.

[142] Linguistic Survey, vol. vii. p. 331, and a note kindly furnished by Sir G. Grierson at the time of the census.

[143] Buchanania latifolia.

[144] Bassia latifolia. Both these trees are valued because the fruit of the first and the flowers of the second afford food.

[145] A black pulse.

[146] The Hindus number the days of each lunar fortnight separately.

[147] It is simply water in which gold has been dipped.

[148] Crooke, ii. 481.

[149] Brief View, p. 31.

[150] Buchanania latifolia.

[151] Based principally on the account of the Hatkars on p. 200 of Sir A. Lyall's Berar Gazetteer, with some notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal in Buldana.

[152] Colonel Meadows Taylor, Tara, p. 404.

[153] Ain-i-Akbari, quoted in Berar Gazetteer, p. 200.

[154] Berar Gazetteer.

[155] Partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhaya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[156] Muhammadans of Gujarat, by Khan Bahadur Fazalullah Lutfullah Faridi, pp. 21, 22.

[157] Rasmala, ii. p. 90.

[158] Faridi, ibidem.

[159] See article on Bhat.

[160] Acacia arabica.

[161] The late Mr. A. M. T. Jackson's notes, Ind. Ant., August 1912, p. 56.

[162] Laws of Manu, xi. p. 175, quoted in The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 476.

[163] Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 470.

[164] Ibidem, ii. p. 471.

[165] Ibidem, ii. pp. 481, 482.

[166] Ibidem, ii. pp. 487-489.

[167] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Babu Rao, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Seoni District.

[168] In this year only 33 Holias were returned as against more than 4000 in 1891; but, on the other hand, in 1901 the number of Golars was double that of the previous census.

[169] Mysore Census Report (1891), p. 254.

[170] Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 258.

[171] This article is principally based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lal in Bhandara.

[172] A corruption of Uika.

[173] See the articles Mahar and Kunbi.

[174] This article is partly based on a paper by Bihari Lal, Patwari, of Hoshangabad.

[175] Semaria is a common name of villages, and is of course as such derived from the semar tree, but the argument is that the Jadams took the name from the village and not from the tree. Totem is perhaps rather a strong word for the kind of veneration paid; the vernacular term used in Bombay is devak.

[176] This article is based on an account of the Jaduas by Mr. A. Knyvett, Superintendent of Police, Patna, and kindly communicated by Mr. C. W. C. Plowden, Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Bengal, through Mr. G. W. Gayer, in charge of the Central Provinces Criminal Investigation Department.

[177] Sherring, Castes and Tribes, iii. p. 123.

[178] The nut of Eleocarpus lanceolatus.

[179] Aegle marmelos.

[180] Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies, 1897 ed. p. 118.

[181] This article is partly based on information contributed by Mr. Debendra Nath Dutt, Pleader, Narsinghpur; Mr. Ganga Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Hoshangabad; and Mr. Aduram Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office. The correct pronunciation of the caste name is Jat, but in the Central Provinces it is always called Jat.

[182] Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 421.

[183] Early History of India.

[184] Mahabharata, viii. 2026, et seq., translated by Professor H. H. Wilson, and quoted in vol. i. pp. 260, 262 of Dr. J. Wilson's Indian Caste.

[185] Ibidem, paras. 422-424.

[186] Kashyap was a Rishi or saint, but he may probably have developed into an eponymous hero from Kachhap, a tortoise.

[187] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, p. 62.

[188] Aegle marmelos.

[189] Hoshangabad Settlement Report, loc. cit.

[190] This article is entirely based on an account of the caste furnished by Rai Bahadur Panda Baijnath, Superintendent, Bastar State.

[191] Bassia latifolia.

[192] Boswellia serrata.

[193] This has been fully demonstrated by Sir J. G. Frazer in The Golden Bough.

[194] Colebrooke's Essays.

[195] Quoting from Dr. George Smith's Life of Dr. Wilson, p. 74.

[196] Ibidem, pp. 13-15.

[197] Weber's Indian Literature, p. 239.

[198] Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap, lxiii.

[199] Republished in the Theosophist.

[200] Eastern India, ii. p. 756.

[201] Travels in the Mughal Empire, Constable's edition, p. 316.

[202] Rajasthan, ii. p. 19.

[203] Maclagan, l.c. p. 115.

[204] Ibidem, l.c.

[205] Maclagan, l.c.

[206] Crooke's Tribes and Castes, art. Kanphata.

[207] Crooke's Tribes and Castes, art. Jogi.

[208] Sleeman, Report on the Badhaks, pp. 332, 333.

[209] These proverbs are taken from Temple and Fallon's Hindustani Proverbs.

[210] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xxi. p. 184.

[211] Phaseolus radiatus.

[212] Newcomb's Astronomy for Everybody, p. 33.

[213] Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the sidereal year is not the same as the solar year, being about 20 minutes longer. That is, the sun passes a particular star a second time in a period of 365 days 6 hours and 9 minutes, while it passes the equatorial point in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 49 seconds, this latter period being the solar year. The difference is due to slight changes in the direction of the earth's axis, which change the position of the celestial equator and of the equinoctial point where the sun crosses it. It is not clear how the Hindus get over this difficulty, but the point does not affect the general account.

[214] The stars corresponding to the nakshatras and their symbols are mainly taken from Mr. L. D. Barnett's Antiquities of India, pp. 190, 191, compared with the list in Mr. W. Brennand's Hindu Astronomy, pp. 40, 42.

[215] Taken from Professor Newcomb's Astronomy for Everybody.

[216] The moon's orbit is really an ellipse like that of the earth and all the planets.

[217] Barnett, op. cit. p. 190.

[218] The Indian Calendar, by Messrs. Sewell and Dikshit, pp. 11 and 25.

[219] Brennand's Hindu Astronomy, p. 100.

[220] The Indian Calendar, Sewell and Dikshit, p. 28 and Table I.

[221] This seems to have been done by some ancient Indian astronomers.

[222] The Indian Calendar, p. 29.

[223] Taken from Brennand's Hindu Astronomy, p. 39.

[224] Barnett, Antiquities of India, p. 193.

[225] The above particulars regarding the measurement of time by the gharial are taken from 'An Account of the Hindustani Horometry' in Asiatic Researches, vol. v. p. 81, by John Gilchrist, Esq. The account appears to be to some extent controversial, and it is possible that the arrangement of the gharis may have varied in different localities.

[226] The information contained in this paragraph is taken from Captain Mackintosh's Report on the Ramosis, chap. iii. (India Office Library Tracts), in which a large variety of rules are given.

[227] Some of these names and also some of the women's names have been taken from Colonel Temple's Proper Names of the Punjabis.

[228] Punjab Ethnography, para. 612.

[229] This passage is taken from Sir G. Grierson's Peasant Life in Bihar, p. 64.

[230] This article is based on a paper by Mr. Pancham Lal, naib-tahsildar, Murwara, with extracts from the Central Provinces Monograph on Pottery and Glassware, by Mr. Jowers, and some information collected by Mr. Hira Lal.

[231] Dhal means a shield, and the ornament is of this shape.

[232] Crooke's Tribes and Castes, article Kachhi.

[233] Partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer office.

[234] Irvine, Army of the Mughals, pp. 158, 159.

[235] Boswellia serrata.

[236] Sesamum indicum.

[237] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Sarat Chandra Sanyal, Sessions Judge, Nagpur, and Mr. Abdul Samad, Tahsildar, Sohagpur.

[238] Eastern India, ii. 426.

[239] Ibidem, iii. pp. 119, 120.

[240] Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. 91.

[241] Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson, Crooke's edition, s.v. Boy.

[242] Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P., art. Kahar.

[243] Private Life of an Eastern King, p. 207.

[244] Ibidem, pp. 200, 202.

[245] Stevens, In India, p. 313.

[246] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kahar.

[247] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, ibidem.

[248] S.v. Boy.

[249] This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. G. Falconer Taylor, Forest Divisional Officer, and by Kanhya Lal, Clerk in the Gazetteer office.

[250] Berar Census Report (1881), p. 141.

[251] Hislop papers. Vocabulary.

[252] North Arcot Manual, p. 247.

[253] 1881, p. 141.

[254] Ibidem.

[255] Bombay Gazetteer (Campbell), vol. xii. p. 120.

[256] Bombay Gazetteer (Campbell), vol. xxi. p. 172.

[257] Berar Census Report (1881), p. 141.

[258] Some information for this article has been supplied by Babu Lal, Excise Sub-Inspector, Mr. Aduram Chaudhri, Tahsildar, and Sundar Lal Richaria, Sub-Inspector of Police.

[259] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kalar.

[260] Bassia latifolia, the tree from whose flowers fermented liquor is made.

[261] The headquarters of the Sanjari tahsil in Drug District.

[262] Phulbaba, lit. 'flower-father.'

[263] This story is only transplanted, a similar one being related by Colonel Tod in the Annals of the Bundi State (Rajasthan, ii. p. 441).

[264] Saccharum spontaneum.

[265] Settlement Report, p. 26.

[266] Mr. (Sir E.) Maclagan's Punjab Census Report (1891).

[267] Religions of India, p. 113.

[268] Apparently also called Sarcostemma viminalis.

[269] Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Guiarat, by Messrs. Nasarvanji Girvai and Behramji Patel, p. 228, footnote.

[270] Ibidem.

[271] Hopkins, loc. cit. p. 213.

[272] Rajendra Lal Mitra, Indo-Aryans, ii. p. 419.

[273] Deussen, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, p. 12.

[274] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 393.

[275] Ibidem, p. 396.

[276] Ibidem, p. 402.

[277] Indo-Aryans, i. p. 411.

[278] Garrett's Classical Dictionary, s.v. Varuni and Vishnu.

[279] The Golden Bough, 2nd edition, i. pp. 359, 360.

[280] Indo-Aryans, pp. 408, 409.

[281] Ibidem, pp. 404, 405.

[282] Indo-Aryans, pp. 405, 406.

[283] Bombay Gazetteer, Poona, p. 549.

[284] Cannabis sativa.

[285] A liquor made from the flowers of the hemp plant, commonly drunk in the hot weather.

[286] See Mr. E. Clodd's Myths and Dreams, under Dreams.

[287] A name of Siva or Mahadeo.

[288] 'Victory to Shankar.'

[289] A preparation of opium for smoking.

[290] T. H. Hendley, Account of the Bhils, J.A.S.B. xliv., 1875, p. 360.

[291] M. Salomon Reinach in Orphéus, p. 120.

[292] Sir James Frazer in Attis, Adonis, Osiris, ii. p. 241.

[293]