CHAPTER XI

PEACE

Fortitude in misfortune is more common than composure in the hour of victory. The bitter medicine of defeat, however unpalatable, is usually extremely sobering, but the strong new wine of success generally sets the heads of poor humanity spinning, and leads often to worse results than folly. The capture of Cornwallis was enough to have turned the strongest head, for the moment at least, but it had no apparent effect upon the man who had brought it to pass, and who, more than any one else, knew what it meant. Unshaken and undismayed in the New Jersey winter, and among the complicated miseries of Valley Forge, Washington turned from the spectacle of a powerful British army laying down their arms as coolly as if he had merely fought a successful skirmish, or repelled a dangerous raid. He had that rare gift, the attribute of the strongest minds, of leaving the past to take care of itself. He never fretted over what could not be undone, nor dallied among pleasant memories while aught still remained to do. He wrote to Congress in words of quiet congratulation, through which pierced the devout and solemn sense of the great deed accomplished, and then, while the salvos of artillery were still booming in his ears, and the shouts of victory were still rising about him, he set himself, after his fashion, to care for the future and provide for the immediate completion of his work.

He wrote to De Grasse, urging him to join in an immediate movement against Charleston, such as he had already suggested, and he presented in the strongest terms the opportunities now offered for the sudden and complete ending of the struggle. But the French admiral was by no means imbued with the tireless and determined spirit of Washington. He had had his fill even of victory, and was so eager to get back to the West Indies, where he was to fall a victim to Rodney, that he would not even transport troops to Wilmington. Thus deprived of the force which alone made comprehensive and extended movements possible, Washington returned, as he had done so often before, to making the best of cramped circumstances and straitened means. He sent all the troops he could spare to Greene, to help him in wresting the southern States from the enemy, the work to which he had in vain summoned De Grasse. This done, he prepared to go north. On his way he was stopped at Eltham by the illness and death of his wife's son, John Custis, a blow which he felt severely, and which saddened the great victory he had just achieved. Still the business of the State could not wait on private grief. He left the house of mourning, and, pausing for an instant only at Mount Vernon, hastened on to Philadelphia. At the very moment of victory, and while honorable members were shaking each other's hands and congratulating each other that the war was now really over, the commander-in-chief had fallen again to writing them letters in the old strain, and was once more urging them to keep up the army, while he himself gave his personal attention to securing a naval force for the ensuing year, through the medium of Lafayette. Nothing was ever finished with Washington until it was really complete throughout, and he had as little time for rejoicing as he had for despondency or despair, while a British force still remained in the country. He probably felt that this was as untoward a time as he had ever met in a pretty large experience of unsuitable occasions, for offering sound advice, but he was not deterred thereby from doing it. This time, however, he was destined to an agreeable disappointment, for on his arrival at Philadelphia he found an excellent spirit prevailing in Congress. That body was acting cheerfully on his advice, it had filled the departments of the government, and set on foot such measures as it could to keep up the army. So Washington remained for some time at Philadelphia, helping and counseling Congress in its work, and writing to the States vigorous letters, demanding pay and clothing for the soldiers, ever uppermost in his thoughts.

But although Congress was compliant, Washington could not convince the country of the justice of his views, and of the continued need of energetic exertion. The steady relaxation of tone, which the strain of a long and trying war had produced, was accelerated by the brilliant victory of Yorktown. Washington for his own part had but little trust in the sense or the knowledge of his enemy. He felt that Yorktown was decisive, but he also thought that Great Britain would still struggle on, and that her talk of peace was very probably a mere blind, to enable her to gain time, and, by taking advantage of our relaxed and feeble condition, to strike again in hope of winning back all that had been lost. He therefore continued his appeals in behalf of the army, and reiterated everywhere the necessity for fresh and ample preparations.

As late as May 4 he wrote sharply to the States for men and money, saying that the change of ministry was likely to be adverse to peace, and that we were being lulled into a false and fatal sense of security. A few days later, on receiving information from Sir Guy Carleton of the address of the Commons to the king for peace, Washington wrote to Congress: "For my own part, I view our situation as such that, instead of relaxing, we ought to improve the present moment as the most favorable to our wishes. The British nation appear to me to be staggered, and almost ready to sink beneath the accumulating weight of debt and misfortune. If we follow the blow with vigor and energy, I think the game is our own."

Again he wrote in July: "Sir Guy Carleton is using every art to soothe and lull our people into a state of security. Admiral Digby is capturing all our vessels, and suffocating as fast as possible in prison-ships all our seamen who will not enlist into the service of his Britannic Majesty; and Haldimand, with his savage allies, is scalping and burning on the frontiers." Facts always were the object of Washington's first regard, and while gentlemen on all sides were talking of peace, war was going on, and he could not understand the supineness which would permit our seamen to be suffocated, and our borderers scalped, because some people thought the war ought to be and practically was over. While the other side was fighting, he wished to be fighting too. A month later he wrote to Greene: "From the former infatuation, duplicity, and perverse system of British policy, I confess I am induced to doubt everything, to suspect everything." He could say heartily with the Trojan priest, "Quicquid id est timeo Danaos et dona ferentes." Yet again, a month later still, when the negotiations were really going forward in Paris, he wrote to McHenry: "If we are wise, let us prepare for the worst. There is nothing which will so soon produce a speedy and honorable peace as a state of preparation for war; and we must either do this, or lay our account to patch up an inglorious peace, after all the toil, blood, and treasure we have spent."

No man had done and given so much as Washington, and at the same time no other man had his love of thoroughness, and his indomitable fighting temper. He found few sympathizers, his words fell upon deaf ears, and he was left to struggle on and maintain his ground as best he might, without any substantial backing. As it turned out, England was more severely wounded than he dared to hope, and her desire for peace was real. But Washington's distrust and the active policy which he urged were, in the conditions of the moment, perfectly sound, both in a military and a political point of view. It made no real difference, however, whether he was right or wrong in his opinion. He could not get what he wanted, and he was obliged to drag through another year, fettered in his military movements, and oppressed with anxiety for the future. He longed to drive the British from New York, and was forced to content himself, as so often before, with keeping his army in existence. It was a trying time, and fruitful in nothing but anxious forebodings. All the fighting was confined to skirmishes of outposts, and his days were consumed in vain efforts to obtain help from the States, while he watched with painful eagerness the current of events in Europe, down which the fortunes of his country were feebly drifting.

Among the petty incidents of the year there was one which, in its effects, gained an international importance, which has left a deep stain upon the English arms, and which touched Washington deeply. Captain Huddy, an American officer, was captured in a skirmish and carried to New York, where he was placed in confinement. Thence he was taken on April 12 by a party of Tories in the British service, commanded by Captain Lippencott, and hanged in the broad light of day on the heights near Middletown. Testimony and affidavits to the fact, which was never questioned, were duly gathered and laid before Washington. The deed was one of wanton barbarity, for which it would be difficult to find a parallel in the annals of modern warfare. The authors of this brutal murder, to our shame be it said, were of American birth, but they were fighting for the crown and wore the British uniform. England, which for generations has deafened the world with paeans of praise for her own love of fair play and for her generous humanity, stepped in here and threw the mantle of her protection over these cowardly hangmen. It has not been uncommon for wild North American savages to deliver up criminals to the vengeance of the law, but English ministers and officers condoned the murder of Huddy, and sheltered his murderers.

When the case was laid before Washington it stirred him to the deepest wrath. He submitted the facts to twenty-five of his general officers, who unanimously advised what he was himself determined upon, instant retaliation. He wrote at once to Sir Guy Carleton, and informed him that unless the murderers were given up he should be compelled to retaliate. Carleton replied that a court-martial was ordered, and some attempt was made to recriminate; but Washington pressed on in the path he had marked out, and had an English officer selected by lot and held in close confinement to await the action of the enemy. These sharp measures brought the British, as nothing else could have done, to some sense of the enormity of the crime that had been committed. Sir Guy Carleton wrote in remonstrance, and Washington replied: "Ever since the commencement of this unnatural war my conduct has borne invariable testimony against those inhuman excesses, which, in too many instances, have marked its progress. With respect to a late transaction, to which I presume your excellency alludes, I have already expressed my resolution, a resolution formed on the most mature deliberation, and from which I shall not recede." The affair dragged along, purposely protracted by the British, and the court-martial on a technical point acquitted Lippencott. Sir Guy Carleton, however, who really was deeply indignant at the outrage, wrote, expressing his abhorrence, disavowed Lippencott, and promised a further inquiry. This placed Washington in a very trying position, more especially as his humanity was touched by the situation of the unlucky hostage. The fatal lot had fallen upon a mere boy, Captain Asgill, who was both amiable and popular, and Washington was beset with appeals in his behalf, for Lady Asgill moved heaven and earth to save her son. She interested the French court, and Vergennes made a special request that Asgill should be released. Even Washington's own officers, notably Hamilton, sought to influence him, and begged him to recede. In these difficult circumstances, which were enhanced by the fact that contrary to his orders to select an unconditional prisoner, the lot had fallen on a Yorktown prisoner protected by the terms of the capitulation,[1] he hesitated, and asked instructions from Congress. He wrote to Duane in September: "While retaliation was apparently necessary, however disagreeable in itself, I had no repugnance to the measure. But when the end proposed by it is answered by a disavowal of the act, by a dissolution of the board of refugees, and by a promise (whether with or without meaning to comply with it, I shall not determine) that further inquisition should be made into the matter, I thought it incumbent upon me, before I proceeded any farther in the matter, to have the sense of Congress, who had most explicitly approved and impliedly indeed ordered retaliation to take place. To this hour I am held in darkness."

[Footnote 1: MS, letter to Lincoln.]

He did not long remain in doubt. The fact was that the public, as is commonly the case, had forgotten the original crime and saw only the misery of the man who was to pay the just penalty, and who was, in this instance, an innocent and vicarious sufferer. It was difficult to refuse Vergennes, and Congress, glad of the excuse and anxious to oblige their allies, ordered the release of Asgill. That Washington, touched by the unhappy condition of his prisoner, did not feel relieved by the result, it would be absurd to suppose. But he was by no means satisfied, for the murderous wrong that had been done rankled in his breast. He wrote to Vergennes: "Captain Asgill has been released, and is at perfect liberty to return to the arms of an affectionate parent, whose pathetic address to your Excellency could not fail of interesting every feeling heart in her behalf. I have no right to assume any particular merit from the lenient manner in which this disagreeable affair has terminated."

There is a perfect honesty about this which is very wholesome. He had been freely charged with cruelty, and had regarded the accusation with indifference. Now, when it was easy for him to have taken the glory of mercy by simply keeping silent, he took pains to avow that the leniency was not due to him. He was not satisfied, and no one should believe that he was, even if the admission seemed to justify the charge of cruelty. If he erred at all it was in not executing some British officer at the very start, unless Lippencott had been given up within a limited time. As it was, after delay was once permitted, it is hard to see how he could have acted otherwise than he did, but Washington was not in the habit of receding from a fixed purpose, and being obliged to do so in this case troubled him, for he knew that he did well to be angry. But the frankness of the avowal to Vergennes is a good example of his entire honesty and absolute moral fearlessness.

The matter, however, which most filled his heart and mind during these weary days of waiting and doubt was the condition and the future of his soldiers. To those persons who have suspected or suggested that Washington was cold-blooded and unmindful of others, the letters he wrote in regard to the soldiers may be commended. The man whose heart was wrung by the sufferings of the poor people on the Virginian frontier, in the days of the old French war, never in fact changed his nature. Fierce in fight, passionate and hot when his anger was stirred, his love and sympathy were keen and strong toward his army. His heart went out to the brave men who had followed him, loved him, and never swerved in their loyalty to him and to their country. Washington's affection for his men, and their devotion to him, had saved the cause of American independence more often than strategy or daring. Now, when the war was practically over, his influence with both officers and soldiers was destined to be put to its severest tests.

The people of the American colonies were self-governing in the extremest sense, that is, they were accustomed to very little government interference of any sort. They were also poor and entirely unused to war. Suddenly they found themselves plunged into a bitter and protracted conflict with the most powerful of civilized nations. In the first flush of excitement, patriotic enthusiasm supplied many defects; but as time wore on, and year after year passed, and the whole social and political fabric was shaken, the moral tone of the people relaxed. In such a struggle, coming upon an unprepared people of the habits and in the circumstances of the colonists, this relaxation was inevitable. It was likewise inevitable that, as the war continued, there should be in both national and state governments, and in all directions, many shortcomings and many lamentable errors. But for the treatment accorded the army, no such excuse can be made, and no sufficient explanation can be offered. There was throughout the colonies an inborn and a carefully cultivated dread of standing armies and military power. But this very natural feeling was turned most unreasonably against our own army, and carried in that direction to the verge of insanity. This jealousy of military power indeed pursued Washington from the beginning to the end of the Revolution. It cropped out as soon as he was appointed, and came up in one form or another whenever he was obliged to take strong measures. Even at the very end, after he had borne the cause through to triumph, Congress was driven almost to frenzy because Vergennes proposed to commit the disposition of a French subsidy to the commander-in-chief.

If this feeling could show itself toward Washington, it is easy to imagine that it was not restrained toward his officers and men, and the treatment of the soldiers by Congress and by the States was not only ungrateful to the last degree, but was utterly unpardonable. Again and again the menace of immediate ruin and the stern demands of Washington alone extorted the most grudging concessions, and saved the army from dissolution. The soldiers had every reason to think that nothing but personal fear could obtain the barest consideration from the civil power. In this frame of mind, they saw the war which they had fought and won drawing to a close with no prospect of either provision or reward for them, and every indication that they would be disbanded when they were no longer needed, and left in many cases to beggary and want. In the inaction consequent upon the victory at Yorktown, they had ample time to reflect upon these facts, and their reflections were of such a nature that the situation soon became dangerous. Washington, who had struggled in season and out of season for justice to the soldiers, labored more zealously than ever during all this period, aided vigorously by Hamilton, who was now in Congress. Still nothing was done, and in October, 1782, he wrote to the Secretary of War in words warm with indignant feeling: "While I premise that no one I have seen or heard of appears opposed to the principle of reducing the army as circumstances may require, yet I cannot help fearing the result of the measure in contemplation, under present circumstances, when I see such a number of men, goaded by a thousand stings of reflection on the past and of anticipation on the future, about to be turned into the world, soured by penury and what they call the ingratitude of the public, involved in debts, without one farthing of money to carry them home after having spent the flower of their days, and many of them their patrimonies, in establishing the freedom and independence of their country, and suffered everything that human nature is capable of enduring on this side of death.... You may rely upon it, the patriotism and long-suffering of this army are almost exhausted, and that there never was so great a spirit of discontent as at this instant. While in the field I think it may be kept from breaking into acts of outrage; but when we retire into winter-quarters, unless the storm is previously dissipated, I cannot be at ease respecting the consequences. It is high time for a peace."

These were grave words, coming from such a man as Washington, but they passed unheeded. Congress and the States went blandly along as if everything was all right, and as if the army had no grievances. But the soldiers thought differently. "Dissatisfactions rose to a great and alarming height, and combinations among officers to resign at given periods in a body were beginning to take place." The outlook was so threatening that Washington, who had intended to go to Mount Vernon, remained in camp, and by management and tact thwarted these combinations and converted these dangerous movements into an address to Congress from the officers, asking for half-pay, arrearages, and some other equally proper concessions. Still Congress did not stir. Some indefinite resolutions were passed, but nothing was done as to the commutation of half-pay into a fixed sum, and after such a display of indifference the dissatisfaction increased rapidly, and the army became more and more restless. In March a call was issued for a meeting of officers, and an anonymous address, written with much skill,--the work, as afterwards appeared, of Major John Armstrong,--was published at the same time. The address was well calculated to inflame the passions of the troops; it advised a resort to force, and was scattered broadcast through the camp. The army was now in a ferment, and the situation was full of peril. A weak man would have held his peace; a rash one would have tried to suppress the meeting. Washington did neither, but quietly took control of the whole movement himself. In general orders he censured the call and the address as irregular, and then appointed a time and place for the meeting. Another anonymous address thereupon appeared, quieter in tone, but congratulating the army on the recognition accorded by the commander-in-chief.

When the officers assembled, Washington arose with a manuscript in his hand, and as he took out his glasses said, simply, "You see, gentlemen, I have grown both blind and gray in your service." His address was brief, calm, and strong. The clear, vigorous sentences were charged with meaning and with deep feeling. He exhorted them one and all, both officers and men, to remain loyal and obedient, true to their glorious past and to their country. He appealed to their patriotism, and promised them that which they had always had, his own earnest support in obtaining justice from Congress. When he had finished he quietly withdrew. The officers were deeply moved by his words, and his influence prevailed. Resolutions were passed, reiterating the demands of the army, but professing entire faith in the government. This time Congress listened, and the measures granting half-pay in commutation and certain other requests were passed. Thus this very serious danger was averted, not by the reluctant action of Congress, but by the wisdom and strength of the general, who was loved by his soldiers after a fashion that few conquerors could boast.

Underlying all these general discontents, there was, besides, a well-defined movement, which saw a solution of all difficulties and a redress of all wrongs in a radical change of the form of government, and in the elevation of Washington to supreme power. This party was satisfied that the existing system was a failure, and that it was not and could not be made either strong, honest, or respectable. The obvious relief was in some kind of monarchy, with a large infusion of the one-man power; and it followed, as a matter of course, that the one man could be no other than the commander-in-chief. In May, 1782, when the feeling in the army had risen very high, this party of reform brought their ideas before Washington through an old and respected friend of his, Colonel Nicola. The colonel set forth very clearly the failure and shortcomings of the existing government, argued in favor of the substitution of something much stronger, and wound up by hinting very plainly that his correspondent was the man for the crisis and the proper savior of society. The letter was forcible and well written, and Colonel Nicola was a man of character and standing. It could not be passed over lightly or in silence, and Washington replied as follows:--

"With a mixture of surprise and astonishment, I have read with attention the sentiments you have submitted to my perusal. Be assured, sir, no occurrence in the course of the war has given me more painful sensations than your information of there being such ideas existing in the army as you have expressed, and [which] I must view with abhorrence and reprehend with severity. For the present, the communication of them will rest in my own bosom, unless some further agitation of the matter shall make a disclosure necessary. I am much at a loss to conceive what part of my conduct could have given encouragement to an address which seems to me big with the greatest mischiefs that can befall my country. If I am not deceived in the knowledge of myself, you could not have found a person to whom your schemes are more disagreeable. At the same time, in justice to my own feelings, I must add that no man possesses a more sincere wish to see justice done to the army than I do; and as far as my power and influence in a constitutional way extend, they shall be employed to the utmost of my abilities to effect it, should there be any occasion. Let me conjure you, then, if you have any regard for your country, concern for yourself or posterity, or respect for me, to banish these thoughts from your mind, and never communicate, as from yourself or any one else, a sentiment of the like nature."

This simple but exceedingly plain letter checked the whole movement at once; but the feeling of hostility to the existing system of government and of confidence in Washington increased steadily through the summer and winter. When the next spring had come round, and the "Newburgh addresses" had been published, the excitement was at fever heat. All the army needed was a leader. It was as easy for Washington to have grasped supreme power then, as it would have been for Cæsar to have taken the crown from Antony upon the Lupercal. He repelled Nicola's suggestion with quiet reproof, and took the actual movement, when it reared its head, into his own hands and turned it into other channels. This incident has been passed over altogether too carelessly by historians and biographers. It has generally been used merely to show the general nobility of Washington's sentiments, and no proper stress has been laid upon the facts of the time which gave birth to such an idea and such a proposition. It would have been a perfectly feasible thing at that particular moment to have altered the frame of government and placed the successful soldier in possession of supreme power. The notion of kingly government was, of course, entirely familiar to everybody, and had in itself nothing repulsive. The confederation was disintegrated, the States were demoralized, and the whole social and political life was weakened. The army was the one coherent, active, and thoroughly organized body in the country. Six years of war had turned them from militia into seasoned veterans, and they stood armed and angry, ready to respond to the call of the great leader to whom they were entirely devoted. When the English troops were once withdrawn, there was nothing on the continent that could have stood against them. If they had moved, they would have been everywhere supported by their old comrades who had returned to the ranks of civil life, by all the large class who wanted peace and order in the quickest and surest way, and by the timid and tired generally. There would have been in fact no serious opposition, probably because there would have been no means of sustaining it.

The absolute feebleness of the general government was shown a few weeks later, when a recently recruited regiment of Pennsylvania troops mutinied, and obliged Congress to leave Philadelphia, unable either to defend themselves or procure defense from the State. This mutiny was put down suddenly and effectively by Washington, very wroth at the insubordination of raw troops, who had neither fought nor suffered. Yet even such mutineers as these would have succeeded in a large measure, had it not been for Washington, and one can easily imagine from this incident the result of disciplined and well-planned action on the part of the army led by their great chief. In that hour of debility and relaxation, a military seizure of the government and the erection of some form of monarchy would not have been difficult. Whether such a change would have lasted is another question, but there is no reason to doubt that at the moment it might have been effected. Washington, however, not only refused to have anything to do with the scheme, but he used the personal loyalty which might have raised him to supreme power to check all dangerous movements and put in motion the splendid and unselfish patriotism for which the army was conspicuous, and which underlay all their irritations and discontents.

The obvious view of Washington's action in this crisis as a remarkable exhibition of patriotism is at best somewhat superficial. In a man in any way less great, the letter of refusal to Nicola and the treatment of the opportunity presented at the time of the Newburgh addresses would have been fine in a high degree. In Washington they were not so extraordinary, for the situation offered him no temptation. Carlyle was led to think slightingly of Washington, one may believe, because he did not seize the tottering government with a strong hand, and bring order out of chaos on the instant. But this is a woeful misunderstanding of the man. To put aside a crown for love of country is noble, but to look down upon such an opportunity indicates a much greater loftiness and strength of mind. Washington was wholly free from the vulgar ambition of the usurper, and the desire of mere personal aggrandizement found no place in his nature. His ruling passion was the passion for success, and for thorough and complete success. What he could not bear was the least shadow of failure. To have fought such a war to a victorious finish, and then turned it to his own advantage, would have been to him failure of the meanest kind. He fought to free the colonies from England, and make them independent, not to play the part of a Cæsar or a Cromwell in the wreck and confusion of civil war. He flung aside the suggestion of supreme power, not simply as dishonorable and unpatriotic, but because such a result would have defeated the one great and noble object at which he aimed. Nor did he act in this way through any indolent shrinking from the great task of making what he had won worth winning, by crushing the forces of anarchy and separation, and bringing order and unity out of confusion. From the surrender of Yorktown to the day of his retirement from the Presidency, he worked unceasingly to establish union and strong government in the country he had made independent. He accomplished this great labor more successfully by honest and lawful methods than if he had taken the path of the strong-handed savior of society, and his work in this field did more for the welfare of his country than all his battles. To have restored order at the head of the army was much easier than to effect it in the slow and law-abiding fashion which he adopted. To have refused supreme rule, and then to have effected in the spirit and under the forms of free government all and more than the most brilliant of military chiefs could have achieved by absolute power, is a glory which belongs to Washington alone.

Nevertheless, at that particular juncture it was, as he himself had said, "high time for a peace." The danger at Newburgh had been averted by his commanding influence and the patriotic conduct of the army. But it had been averted only, not removed. The snake was scotched, not killed. The finishing stroke was still needed in the form of an end to hostilities, and it was therefore fortunate for the United States that a fortnight later, on March 23, news came that a general treaty of peace had been signed. This final consummation of his work, in addition to the passage by Congress of the half-pay commutation and the settlement of the army accounts, filled Washington with deep rejoicing. He felt that in a short time, a few weeks at most, he would be free to withdraw to the quiet life at Mount Vernon for which he longed. But public bodies move slowly, and one delay after another occurred to keep him still in the harness. He chafed under the postponement, but it was not possible to him to remain idle even when he awaited in almost daily expectation the hour of dismissal. He saw with the instinctive glance of statesmanship that the dangerous point in the treaty of peace was in the provisions as to the western posts on the one side, and those relating to British debts on the other. A month therefore had not passed before he brought to the attention of Congress the importance of getting immediate possession of those posts, and a little later he succeeded in having Steuben sent out as a special envoy to obtain their surrender. The mission was vain, as he had feared. He was not destined to extract this thorn for many years, and then only after many trials and troubles. Soon afterward he made a journey with Governor Clinton to Ticonderoga, and along the valley of the Mohawk, "to wear away the time," as he wrote to Congress. He wore away time to more purpose than most people, for where he traveled he observed closely, and his observations were lessons which he never forgot. On this trip he had the western posts and the Indians always in mind, and familiarized himself with the conditions of a part of the country where these matters were of great importance.

On his return he went to Princeton, where Congress had been sitting since their flight from the mutiny which he had recently suppressed, and where a house had been provided for his use. He remained there two months, aiding Congress in their work. During the spring he had been engaged on the matter of a peace establishment, and he now gave Congress elaborate and well-matured advice on that question, and on those of public lands, western settlement, and the best Indian policy. In all these directions his views were clear, far-sighted, and wise. He saw that in these questions was involved much of the future development and wellbeing of the country, and he treated them with a precision and an easy mastery which showed the thought he had given to the new problems which now were coming to the front. Unluckily, he was so far ahead, both in knowledge and perception, of the body with which he dealt, that he could get little or nothing done, and in September he wrote in plain but guarded terms of the incapacity of the lawmakers. The people were not yet ripe for his measures, and he was forced to bide his time, and see the injuries caused by indifference and short-sightedness work themselves out. Gradually, however, the absolutely necessary business was brought to an end. Then Washington issued a circular letter to the governors of the States, which was one of the ablest he ever wrote, and full of the profoundest statesmanship, and he also sent out a touching address of farewell to the army, eloquent with wisdom and with patriotism.

From Princeton he went to West Point, where the army that still remained in service was stationed. Thence he moved to Harlem, and on November 25 the British army departed, and Washington, with his troops, accompanied by Governor Clinton and some regiments of local militia, marched in and took possession. This was the outward sign that the war was over, and that American independence had been won. Carleton feared that the entry of the American army might be the signal for confusion and violence, in which the Tory inhabitants would suffer; but everything passed off with perfect tranquillity and good order, and in the evening Governor Clinton gave a public dinner to the commander-in-chief and the officers of the army.

All was now over, and Washington prepared to go to Annapolis and lay down his commission. On December 4 his officers assembled in Fraunces' Tavern to bid him farewell. As he looked about on his faithful friends, his usual self-command deserted him, and he could not control his voice. Taking a glass of wine, he lifted it up, and said simply, "With a heart full of love and gratitude I now take my leave of you, most devoutly wishing that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable." The toast was drunk in silence, and then Washington added, "I cannot come to each of you and take my leave, but shall be obliged if you will come and take me by the hand." One by one they approached, and Washington grasped the hand of each man and embraced him. His eyes were full of tears, and he could not trust himself to speak. In silence he bade each and all farewell, and then, accompanied by his officers, walked to Whitehall Ferry. Entering his barge, the word was given, and as the oars struck the water he stood up and lifted his hat. In solemn silence his officers returned the salute, and watched the noble and gracious figure of their beloved chief until the boat disappeared from sight behind the point of the Battery.

At Philadelphia he stopped a few days and adjusted his accounts, which he had in characteristic fashion kept himself in the neatest and most methodical way. He had drawn no pay, and had expended considerable sums from his private fortune, which he had omitted to charge to the government. The gross amount of his expenses was about 15,000 pounds sterling, including secret service and other incidental outlays. In these days of wild money-hunting, there is something worth pondering in this simple business settlement between a great general and his government, at the close of eight years of war. This done, he started again on his journey. From Philadelphia he proceeded to Annapolis, greeted with addresses and hailed with shouts at every town and village on his route, and having reached his destination, he addressed a letter to Congress on December 20, asking when it would be agreeable to them to receive him. The 23d was appointed, and on that day, at noon, he appeared before Congress.

The following year a French orator and "maître avocat," in an oration delivered at Toulouse upon the American Revolution, described this

## scene in these words: "On the day when Washington resigned his

commission in the hall of Congress, a crown decked with jewels was placed upon the Book of the Constitutions. Suddenly Washington seizes it, breaks it, and flings the pieces to the assembled people. How small ambitious Cæsar seems beside the hero of America." It is worth while to recall this contemporary French description, because its theatrical and dramatic untruth gives such point by contrast to the plain and dignified reality. The scene was the hall of Congress. The members representing the sovereign power were seated and covered, while all the space about was filled by the governor and state officers of Maryland, by military officers, and by the ladies and gentlemen of the neighborhood, who stood in respectful silence with uncovered heads. Washington was introduced by the Secretary of Congress, and took a chair which had been assigned to him. There was a brief pause, and then the president said that "the United States in Congress assembled were prepared to receive his communication." Washington rose, and replied as follows:--

"Mr. President: The great events, on which my resignation depended, having at length taken place, I have now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country.

"Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appointment I accepted with diffidence; a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task, which, however, was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. The successful termination of the war has verified the most sanguine expectations; and my gratitude for the interposition of Providence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, increases with every review of the momentous contest." Then, after a word of gratitude to the army and to his staff, he concluded as follows: "I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them to his holy keeping.

"Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of action; and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life."

In singularly graceful and eloquent words his old opponent, Thomas Mifflin, the president, replied, the simple ceremony ended, and Washington left the room a private citizen.

The great master of English fiction, touching this scene with skillful hand, has said: "Which was the most splendid spectacle ever witnessed, the opening feast of Prince George in London, or the resignation of Washington? Which is the noble character for after ages to admire,--yon fribble dancing in lace and spangles, or yonder hero who sheathes his sword after a life of spotless honor, a purity unreproached, a courage indomitable, and a consummate victory?"

There is no need to say more. Comment or criticism on such a farewell, from such a man, at the close of a long civil war, would be not only superfluous but impertinent. The contemporary newspaper, in its meagre account, said that the occasion was deeply solemn and affecting, and that many persons shed tears. Well indeed might those then present have been thus affected, for they had witnessed a scene memorable forever in the annals of all that is best and noblest in human nature. They had listened to a speech which was not equaled in meaning and spirit in American history until, eighty years later, Abraham Lincoln stood upon the slopes of Gettysburg and uttered his immortal words upon those who died that the country might live.

INDEX for Volumes I & II

ACKERSON, DAVID, describes Washington's personal appearance, ii. 386-388.

Adams, Abigail, on Washington's appearance in 1775, i. 137.

Adams, John, moves appointment of Washington as commander-in-chief, i. 134; on political necessity for his appointment, 135; and objections to it, 135; statement as to Washington's difficulties, 163; over-sanguine as to American prospects, 171; finds fault with Washington, 214, 215; one of few national statesmen, 252; on Washington's opinion of titles, ii. 52; advocates ceremony, 54; returns to United States, 137; attacked by Jefferson as a monarchist, 226; praised by Democrats as superior to Washington, 251; his administration upheld by Washington, 259; advised by Washington, 260; his inauguration, 276; sends special mission to France, 284; urges Washington to take command of provisional army, 285; wishes to make Knox senior to Hamilton, 286; censured by Washington, gives way, 287; lack of sympathy with Washington, 287; his nomination of Murray disapproved by Washington, 292, 293; letter of Washington to, on immigration, 326.

Adams, J.Q., on weights and measures, ii. 81.

Adams, Samuel, not sympathized with by Washington in working for independence, i. 131; his inability to sympathize with Washington, 204; an enemy of Constitution, ii. 71; a genuine American, 309.

Alcudia, Duke de, interviews with Pinckney, ii. 166.

Alexander, Philip, hunts with Washington, i. 115.

Alien and Sedition Laws, approved by Washington and Federalists, ii. 290, 297.

Ames, Fisher, speech on behalf of administration in Jay treaty affair, ii. 210.

André, Major, meets Arnold, i. 282; announces capture to Arnold, 284; confesses, 284; condemned and executed, 287; justice of the sentence, 287, 288; Washington's opinion of, 288, ii. 357.

Armstrong, John, Major, writes Newburg address, i. 335.

Army of the Revolution, at Boston, adopted by Congress, i. 134; its organization and character, 136-143; sectional jealousies in, at New York, 162; goes to pieces after defeat, 167, 175, 176; condition in winter of 1777, 186; difficulties between officers, 189; with foreign officers, 190-192; improvement as shown by condition after Brandywine and Germantown, 200, 201; hard winter at Valley Forge, 228; maintained alive only by Washington, 227, 228, 232; improved morale at Monmouth, 239; mutinies for lack of pay, 258; suffers during 1779, 270; bad condition in 1780, 279; again mutinies for pay, 291, 292, 295; conduct of troops, 292, 293; jealousy of people towards, 332; badly treated by States and by Congress, 333; grows mutinous, 334; adopts Newburg addresses, 335, 336; ready for a military dictatorship, 338, 340; farewell of Washington to, 345.

Arnold, Benedict, sent by Washington to attack Quebec, i. 144; sent against Burgoyne, 210; plans treason, 281; shows loyalist letter to Washington, 282; meets André, 282; receives news of André's capture, 284; escapes, 284, 285; previous benefits from Washington, 286; Washington's opinion of, 288; ravages Virginia, 303; sent back to New York, 303; one of the few men who deceived Washington, ii. 336.

Arnold, Mrs., entertains Washington at time of her husband's treachery, i. 284, 285.

Articles of Confederation, their inadequacy early seen by Washington, i. 297, 298; ii. 17.

Asgill, Capt., selected for retaliation for murder of Huddy, i. 328; efforts for his release, 329; release ordered by Congress, 330.

BACHE, B.F., publishes Jay treaty in "Aurora," ii. 185; joins in attack on Washington, 238, 244; rejoices over his retirement, 256.

Baker,----, works out a pedigree for Washington, i. 31.

Ball, Joseph, advises against sending Washington to sea, i. 49, 50.

Barbadoes, Washington's description of, i. 64.

Beckley, John, accuses Washington of embezzling, ii. 245.

Bernard, John, his conversation with Washington referred to, i. 58, 107; describes encounter with Washington, ii. 281-283; his description of Washington's conversation, 343-348.

Blackwell, Rev. Dr., calls on Washington with Dr. Logan, ii. 264.

Blair, John, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 73.

Bland, Mary, "Lowland Beauty," admired by Washington, i. 95, 96.

Blount, Governor, pacifies Cherokees, ii. 94.

Boston, visit of Washington to, i. 97, 99; political troubles in, 120; British measures against condemned by Virginia, 122, 123; appeals to colonies, 124; protests against Jay treaty, ii. 186; answered by Washington, 190.

Botetourt, Lord, Governor of Virginia, quarrels with Assembly, i. 121; manages to calm dissension, 122; on friendly terms with Washington, 122.

Braddock, General Edward, arrives in Virginia, i. 82; invites Washington to serve on his staff, 82; respects him, 83; his character and unfitness for his position, 83; despises provincials, 83; accepts Washington's advice as to dividing force, 84; rebukes Washington for warning against ambush, 85; insists on fighting by rule, 85; defeated and mortally wounded, 85; death and burial, 87.

Bradford, William, succeeds Randolph, ii. 246.

Brandywine, battle of, i. 196-198.

Bunker Hill, question of Washington regarding battle of, i. 136.

Burgoyne, General John, junction of Howe with, feared by Washington, i. 194, 195, 205, 206; significance of his defeat, 202; danger of his invasion foreseen by Washington, 203-206; captures Ticonderoga, 207; outnumbered and defeated, 210; surrenders, 211.

Burke, Edmund, understands significance of Washington's leadership, i. 202; unsettled by French Revolution, ii. 294.

CABOT, GEORGE, entertains Lafayette's son, ii. 366.

Cadwalader, General, fails to cross Delaware to help Washington, i. 180; duel with Conway, 226.

Calvert, Eleanor, misgivings of Washington over her marriage to John Custis, i. 111.

Camden, battle of, i. 281.

Canada, captured by Wolfe, i. 94; expedition of Montgomery against, 143, 144; project of Conway cabal against, 222; 253; project of Lafayette to attack, 254; plan considered dangerous by Washington, 254, 255; not undertaken by France, 256.

Carleton, Sir Guy, informs Washington of address of Commons for peace, i. 324; suspected by Washington, 325; remonstrates against retaliation by Washington for murder of Huddy, 328; disavows Lippencott, 328; fears plunder of New York city, 345; urges Indians to attack the United States, ii. 102, 175.

Carlisle, Earl of, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Carlyle, Thomas, sneers at Washington, i. 4, 14; calls him "a bloodless Cromwell," i. 69, ii. 332; fails to understand his reticence, i. 70; despises him for not seizing power, 341.

Carmichael, William, minister at Madrid, ii. 165; on commission regarding the Mississippi, 166.

Carrington, Paul, letter of Washington to, ii. 208; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Cary, Mary, early love affair of Washington with, i. 96.

Chamberlayne, Major, entertains Washington at Williams' Ferry, i. 101.

Charleston, siege and capture of, i. 273, 274, 276.

Chastellux, Marquis de, Washington's friendship for and letter to, ii. 351; on Washington's training of horses, 380.

Cherokees, beaten by Sevier, ii. 89; pacified by Blount, 94,101.

Chester, Colonel, researches on Washington pedigree, i. 31.

Chickasaws, desert from St. Clair, ii. 96.

China, honors Washington, i. 6.

Choctaws, peaceable in 1788, ii. 89.

Cincinnati, Society of the, Washington's connection with, ii. 4.

Clarke, Governor, thinks Washington is invading popular rights, i. 215.

Cleaveland, Rev.----, complimented by Washington, ii. 359.

Clinton, George, appealed to by Washington to attack Burgoyne, i. 210; journey with Washington to Ticonderoga, 343; enters New York city, 345; letter of Washington to, ii. 1; meets Washington on journey to inauguration, 45; opponent of the Constitution, 71; orders seizure of French privateers, 153.

Clinton, Sir Henry, fails to help Burgoyne, i. 210; replaces Howe at Philadelphia, his character, 232; tries to cut off Lafayette, 233; leaves Philadelphia, 234; defeats Lee at Monmouth, 236; retreats to New York, 238; withdraws from Newport, 248; makes a raid, 265; fortifies Stony Point, 268; his aimless warfare, 269, 270; after capturing Charleston returns to New York, 276; tries to save André, 287; alarmed at attacks on New York, 306; jealous of Cornwallis, refuses to send reinforcements, 308; deceived by Washington, 311; sends Graves to relieve Cornwallis, 312.

Congress, Continental, Washington's journey to, i. 128; its character and ability, 129; its state papers, 129; adjourns, 132; in second session, resolves to petition the king, 133; adopts Massachusetts army and makes Washington commander, 134; reasons for his choice, 135; adheres to short-term enlistments, 149; influenced to declare independence by Washington, 160; hampers Washington in campaign of New York, 167; letters of Washington to, 170, 179, 212, 225, 229, 266, 278, 295, 321, 323, 333; takes steps to make army permanent, 171; its over-confidence, 171; insists on holding Forts Washington and Lee, 174; dissatisfied with Washington's inactivity, 187; criticises his proclamation requiring oath of allegiance, 189; makes unwise appointments of officers, 189; especially of foreigners, 190-192; 248, 249; applauds Washington's efforts at Germantown, 200; deposes Schuyler and St. Clair, 208; appoints Gates, 210; irritation against Washington, 212-215; falls under guidance of Conway cabal, 221, 222; discovers incompetence of cabal, 223; meddles with prisoners and officers, 231; rejects English peace offers, 233; makes alliance with France, 241; suppresses protests of officers against D'Estaing, 244; decline in its character, 257; becomes feeble, 258; improvement urged by Washington, 259, 266; appoints Gates to command in South, 268; loses interest in war, 278; asks Washington to name general for the South, 295; considers reduction of army, 313; elated by Yorktown, 323; its unfair treatment of army, 333, 335; driven from Philadelphia by Pennsylvania troops, 340; passes half-pay act, 342; receives commission of Washington, 347-349; disbands army, ii. 6; indifferent to Western expansion, 15; continues to decline, 22; merit of its Indian policy, 88.

Congress, Federal, establishes departments, ii. 64; opened by Washington, 78, 79; ceremonial abolished by Jefferson, 79; recommendations made to by Washington, 81-83; acts upon them, 81-83; creates commission to treat with Creeks, 90; increases army, 94, 99; fails to solve financial problems, 106; debates Hamilton's report on credit, 107, 108; establishes national bank, 109; establishes protective revenue duties, 113; imposes an excise tax, 123; prepares for retaliation on Great Britain, 176; Senate ratifies Jay treaty conditionally, 184; House demands papers, 207; debates over its right to concur in treaty, 208-210; refuses to adjourn on Washington's birthday, 247; prepares for war with France, 285; passes Alien and Sedition Laws, 296.

Constitution, Federal, necessity of, foreseen by Washington, ii. 17-18, 23, 24; the Annapolis Convention, 23-29; the Federal Convention, 30-36; Washington's attitude in, 31,34; his influence, 36; campaign for ratification, 38-41.

Contrecoeur, Captain, leader of French and Indians in Virginia, i. 75.

"Conway cabal," elements of in Congress, i. 214, 215; in the army, 215; organized by Conway, 217; discovered by Washington, 220; gets control of Board of War, 221; tries to make Washington resign, 222, 224; fails to invade Canada or provide supplies, 222, 223; harassed by Washington's letters, 223,226; breaks down, 226.

Conway, Moncure D., his life of Randolph, ii. 65, note, 196; his defense of Randolph in Fauchet letter affair, 196; on Washington's motives, 200; on his unfair treatment of Randolph, 201, 202.

Conway, Thomas, demand for higher rank refused by Washington, i. 216; plots against him, 217; his letter discovered by Washington, 221; made inspector-general, 221, 222; complains to Congress of his reception at camp, 225; resigns, has duel with Cadwalader, 226; apologizes to Washington and leaves country, 226.

Cooke, Governor, remonstrated with by Washington for raising state troops, i. 186.

Cornwallis, Lord, pursues Washington in New Jersey, i. 175; repulsed at Assunpink, 181; outgeneraled by Washington, 182; surprises Sullivan at Brandywine, 197; defeats Lee at Monmouth, 236; pursues Greene in vain, 302; wins battle of Guilford Court House, 302; retreats into Virginia, 302; joins British troops in Virginia, 303; his dangerous position, 304; urged by Clinton to return troops to New York, 306; plunders Virginia, 307; defeats Lafayette and Wayne, 307; wishes to retreat South, 307; ordered by ministry to stay on the Chesapeake, 307; abandoned by Clinton, 308; establishes himself at Yorktown, 308; withdraws into town, 315; besieged, 316, 317; surrenders, 317; outgeneraled by Washington, 319, 320.

Cowpens, battle of, i. 301.

Craik, Dr., attends Washington in last illness, ii. 300-302; Washington's friendship with, 363.

Creeks, their relations with Spaniards, ii. 89, 90; quarrel with Georgia, 90; agree to treaty with United States, 91; stirred up by Spain, 101.

Curwen, Samuel, on Washington's appearance, i. 137.

Cushing, Caleb, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 72.

Custis, Daniel Parke, first husband of Martha Washington, i. 101.

Custis, G.W.P., tells mythical story of Washington and the colt, i. 45; Washington's care for, ii. 369.

Custis, John, Washington's tenderness toward, i. 111; care for his education and marriage, 111; hunts with Washington, 141; death of, 322.

Custis, Nellie, marriage with Washington's nephew, ii. 281, 369; letter of Washington to, 377.

DAGWORTHY, CAPTAIN, claims to outrank Washington in Virginia army, i. 91, 97.

Dallas, Alexander, protests to Genet against sailing of Little Sarah, ii. 155.

Dalton, Senator, entertains Washington at Newburyport, ii. 359.

Deane, Silas, promises commissions to foreign military adventurers, i. 190.

De Barras, jealous of De Grasse, decides not to aid him, i. 310; persuaded to do so by Washington and Rochambeau, 311; reaches Chesapeake, 312.

De Grasse, Comte, announces intention of coming to Washington, i. 305; warned by Washington not to come to New York, 305; sails to Chesapeake, 306; asked to meet Washington there, 308; reaches Chesapeake, 312; repulses British fleet, 312; wishes to return to West Indies, 315; persuaded to remain by Washington, 315; refuses to join Washington in attack on Charleston, 322; returns to West Indies, 322.

De Guichen,----, commander of French fleet in West Indies, i. 280; appealed to for aid by Washington, 281; returns home, 282.

Delancey, Oliver, escapes American attack, i. 306.

Democratic party, its formation as a French party, ii. 225; furnished with catch-words by Jefferson, 226; with a newspaper organ, 227; not ready to oppose Washington for president in 1792, 235; organized against treasury measure, 236; stimulated by French Revolution, 238; supports Genet, 237; begins to attack Washington, 238; his opinion of it, 239, 240, 258, 261, 267, 268; forms clubs on French model, 241; Washington's opinion of, 242, 243; continues to abuse him, 244, 245, 250, 252; exults at his retirement, 256; prints slanders, 257.

Demont, William, betrays plans of Fort Washington to Howe, i. 175.

D'Estaing, Admiral, reaches America, i. 242; welcomed by Washington, 243; fails to cut off Howe and goes to Newport, 243; after battle with Howe goes to Boston, 244; letter of Washington to, 246; sails to West Indies, 246; second letter of Washington to, 247; attacks Savannah, 248; withdraws, 248.

De Rochambeau, Comte, arrives at Newport, i. 277; ordered to await second division of army, 278; refuses to attack New York, 280; wishes a conference with Washington, 282; meets him at Hartford, 282; disapproves attacking Florida, 301; joins Washington before New York, 306; persuades De Barras to join De Grasse, 311; accompanies Washington to Yorktown, 314.

Dickinson, John, commands scouts at Monmouth, i. 326.

Digby, Admiral, bitter comments of Washington on, i. 325.

Dinwiddie, Governor, remonstrates against French encroachments, i. 66; sends Washington on mission to French, 66; quarrels with the Virginia Assembly, 71; letter of Washington to, 73; wishes Washington to attack French, 79; tries to quiet discussions between regular and provincial troops, 80; military schemes condemned by Washington, 91; prevents his getting a royal commission, 93.

Diplomatic History: refusal by Washington of special privileges to French minister, ii. 59-61; slow growth of idea of non-intervention, 132, 133; difficulties owing to French Revolution, 134; to English retention of frontier posts, 135; attitude of Spain, 135; relations with Barbary States, 136; mission of Gouverneur Morris to sound English feeling, 137; assertion by Washington of non-intervention policy toward Europe, 145, 146; issue of neutrality proclamation, 147, 148; its importance, 148; mission of Genet, 148-162; guarded attitude of Washington toward émigrés, 151; excesses of Genet, 151; neutrality enforced, 153, 154; the Little Sarah episode, 154-157; recall of Genet demanded, 158; futile missions of Carmichael and Short to Spain, 165, 166; successful treaty of Thomas Pinckney, 166-168; question as to binding nature of French treaty of commerce, 169-171; irritating relations with England, 173-176; Jay's mission, 177-184; the questions at issue, 180, 181; terms of the treaty agreed upon, 182; good and bad points, 183; ratified by Senate, 184; signing delayed by renewal of provision order, 185; war with England prevented by signing, 205; difficulties with France over Morris and Monroe, 211-214; doings of Monroe, 212, 213; United States compromised by him, 213, 214; Monroe replaced by Pinckney, 214; review of Washington's foreign policy, 216-219; mission of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to France, 284; the X.Y.Z. affair, 285.

Donop, Count, drives Griffin out of New Jersey, i. 180; killed at Fort Mercer, 217.

Dorchester, Lord. See Carleton.

Duane, James, letters of Washington to, i. 294, 329.

Dumas, Comte, describes enthusiasm of people for Washington, i. 288.

Dunbar, Colonel, connection with Braddock's expedition, i. 84, 87.

Dunmore, Lord, arrives in Virginia as governor, i. 122; on friendly terms with Washington, 122, 123; dissolves assembly, 123.

Duplaine, French consul, exequatur of revoked, ii. 159.

EDEN, WILLIAM, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Edwards, Jonathan, a typical New England American, ii. 309.

Emerson, Rev. Dr., describes Washington's reforms in army before Boston, i. 140.

Emigrés, Washington's treatment of, ii. 151, 253.

England, honors Washington, i. 20; arrogant behavior toward colonists, 80, 81, 82, 148; its policy towards Boston condemned by Virginia, 119, 121, 123, 126; by Washington, 124, 125,126; sends incompetent officers to America, 155, 201, 202, 233; stupidity of its operations, 203, 205, 206, 265; sincerity of its desire for peace doubted by Washington, 324, 325; arrogant conduct of toward the United States after peace, ii. 24, 25; stirs up the Six Nations and Northwestern Indians, 92, 94, 101; folly of her policy, 102; sends Hammond as minister, 169; its opportunity to win United States as ally against France, 171, 172; adopts contrary policy of opposition, 172, 173; adopts "provision order," 174; incites Indians against United States, 175; indignation of America against, 176; receives Jay well, but refuses to yield points at issue, 180; insists on monopoly of West India trade, 180; and on impressment, 181; later history of, 181; renews provision order, 185; danger of war with, 193; avoided by Jay treaty, 205; Washington said to sympathize with England, 252; his real hostility toward, 254; Washington's opinion of liberty in, 344.

Ewing, General James, fails to help Washington at Trenton, i. 180.

FAIRFAX, BRYAN, hunts with Washington, i. 115; remonstrates with Washington against violence of patriots, 124; Washington's replies to, 124, 126, 127; letter of Washington to in Revolution, ii. 366.

Fairfax, George, married to Miss Cary, i. 55; accompanies Washington on surveying expedition, 58; letter of Washington to, 133.

Fairfax, Mrs.----, letter of Washington to, ii. 367.

Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, his career in England, i. 55; comes to his Virginia estates, 55; his character, 55; his friendship for Washington, 56; sends him to survey estates, 56; plans a manor across the Blue Ridge, 59; secures for Washington position as public surveyor, 60; probably influential in securing his appointment as envoy to French, 66; hunts with Washington, 115; his death remembered by Washington, ii. 366.

Fairlie, Major, amuses Washington, ii. 374.

Farewell Address, ii. 248, 249.

Fauchet, M.,----, letter of, incriminating Randolph, ii. 195,196, 202.

Fauntleroy, Betsy, love affair of Washington with, i. 97.

Fauquier, Francis, Governor, at Washington's wedding, i. 101.

Federal courts, suggested by Washington, i. 150.

"Federalist," circulated by Washington, ii. 40.

Federalist party, begun by Hamilton's controversy with Jefferson, ii. 230; supports Washington for reëlection, 235; organized in support of financial measures, 236; Washington looked upon by Democrats as its head, 244, 247; only its members trusted by Washington, 246, 247, 259, 260, 261; becomes a British party, 255; Washington considers himself a member of, 269-274; the only American party until 1800, 273; strengthened by X, Y, Z affair, 285; dissensions in, over army appointments, 286-290; its horror at French Revolution, 294, 295; attempts of Washington to heal divisions in, 298.

Fenno's newspaper, used by Hamilton against the "National Gazette," ii. 230.

Finances of the Revolution, effect of paper money on war, i. 258, 262; difficulties in paying troops, 258; labors of Robert Morris, 259, 264, 312; connection of Washington with, 263; continued collapse, 280, 290, 312.

Financial History, bad condition in 1789, ii. 105; decay of credit, paper, and revenue, 106; futile propositions, 106; Hamilton's report on credit, 107; debate over assumption of state debt, 107; bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; establishment of bank, 109; other measures adopted, 112; protection in the first Congress, 112-115; the excise tax imposed, 123; opposition to, 123-127; "Whiskey Rebellion," 127-128.

Fishbourn, Benjamin, nomination rejected by Senate, ii. 63.

Fontanes, M. de, delivers funeral oration on Washington, i. 1.

Forbes, General, renews attack on French in Ohio, i. 93.

Forman, Major, describes impressiveness of Washington, ii. 389.

Fox, Charles James, understands significance of Washington's leadership, i. 202.

France, pays honors to Washington, i. I, 6; war with England, see French and Indian war; takes possession of Ohio, 65; considers Jumonville assassinated by Washington, 74; importance of alliance with foreseen by Washington, 191; impressed by battle of Germantown, 200; makes treaty of alliance with United States, 241; sends D'Estaing, 243; declines to attack Canada, 256; sends army and fleet, 274, 277; relations of French to Washington, 318, 319; absolute necessity of their naval aid, 318, 319; Revolution in, applauded by America, ii. 138, 139, 142; real character understood by Washington and others, 139-142, 295; debate over in America, 142; question of relations with United States, 143, 144; warned by Washington, 144, 145; neutrality toward declared, 147; tries to drive United States into alliance, 149; terms of the treaty with, 169; latter held to be no longer binding, 169-171; abrogates it, 171; demands recall of Morris, 211; mission of Monroe to, 211-214; makes vague promises, 212, 213; Washington's fairness toward, 253; tries to bully or corrupt American ministers, 284; the X, Y, Z affair, 285; war with not expected by Washington, 291; danger of concession to, 292, 293; progress of Revolution in, 294.

Franklin, Benjamin, gets wagons for Braddock's expedition, i. 84; remark on Howe in Philadelphia, 219; national, like Washington, 252, ii. 8; despairs of success of Constitutional Convention, 35; his unquestioned Americanism, 309; respect of Washington for, 344, 346, 364.

Frederick II., the Great, his opinion of Trenton campaign, i. 183; of Monmouth campaign, 239.

French and Indian war, i. 64-94; inevitable conflict, 65; efforts to negotiate, 66, 67; hostilities begun, 72; the Jumonville affair, 74; defeat of Washington, 76; Braddock's campaign, 82-88; ravages in Virginia, 90; carried to a favorable conclusion by Pitt, 93, 94.

Freneau, Philip, brought to Philadelphia and given clerkship by Jefferson, ii. 227; attacks Adams, Hamilton, and Washington in "National Gazette," 227; makes conflicting statements as to Jefferson's share in the paper, 227, 228; the first to attack Washington, 238.

Fry, Colonel, commands a Virginia regiment against French and Indians, i. 71; dies, leaving Washington in command, 75.

GAGE, GENERAL THOMAS, conduct at Boston condemned by Washington, i. 126; his treatment of prisoners protested against by Washington, 145; sends an arrogant reply, 147; second letter of Washington to, 147, 156.

Gallatin, Albert, connection with Whiskey Rebellion, ii. 129.

Gates, Horatio, visits Mt. Vernon, his character, i. 132; refuses to cooperate with Washington at Trenton, 180; his appointment as commander against Burgoyne urged, 208; chosen by Congress, 209; his part in defeating Burgoyne, 210; neglects to inform Washington, 211; loses his head and wishes to supplant Washington, 215; forced to send troops South, 216, 217; his attitude discovered by Washington, 221; makes feeble efforts at opposition, 221, 223; correspondence with Washington, 221, 223, 226; becomes head of board of war, 221; quarrels with Wilkinson, 223; sent to his command, 226; fears attack of British on Boston, 265; sent by Congress to command in South, 268; defeated at Camden, 281, 294; loses support of Congress, 294.

Genet, Edmond Charles, arrives as French minister, ii. 148; his character, 149; violates neutrality, 151; his journey to Philadelphia, 151; reception by Washington, 152; complains of it, 153; makes demands upon State Department, 153; protests at seizure of privateers, 153; insists on sailing of Little Sarah, 155; succeeds in getting vessel away, 157; his recall demanded, 158; reproaches Jefferson, 158; remains in America, 158; threatens to appeal from Washington to Massachusetts, 159; demands denial from Washington of Jay's statements, 159; loses popular support, 160; tries to raise a force to invade Southwest, 161; prevented by state and federal authorities, 162; his arrival the signal for divisions of parties, 237; hurts Democratic party by his excesses, 241; suggests clubs, 241.

George IV., Washington's opinion of, ii. 346.

Georgia, quarrels with Creeks, asks aid of United States, ii. 90; becomes dissatisfied with treaty, 91; disregards treaties of the United States, 103.

Gerard, M., notifies Washington of return of D'Estaing, i. 246.

Germantown, battle of, i. 199.

Gerry, Elbridge, on special mission to France, ii. 284; disliked by Washington, 292.

Giles, W.B., attacks Washington in Congress, ii. 251, 252.

Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington on his mission to French, i. 66; wishes to shoot French Indians, 68.

Gordon,----, letter of Washington to, i. 227.

Graves, Admiral, sent to relieve Cornwallis, i. 312; defeated by De Grasse, 312.

Grayson, William, hunts with Washington, i. 115; letter to, ii. 22.

Green Springs, battle of, i. 307.

Greene, General Nathanael, commands at Long Island, ill with fever, i. 164; wishes forts on Hudson held, 174; late in attacking at Germantown, 199; conducts retreat, 200; succeeds Mifflin as quartermaster-general, 232; selected by Washington to command in South, 268; commands army at New York in absence of Washington, 282; appointed to command Southern army, 295; retreats from Cornwallis, 302; fights battle of Guilford Court House, 302; clears Southern States of enemy, 302; strong position, 304; reinforced by Washington, 322; letter to, 325; his military capacity early recognized by Washington, ii. 334; amuses Washington, 374.

Greene, Mrs.----, dances three hours with Washington, ii. 380.

Grenville, Lord, denies that ministry has incited Indians against United States, ii. 175; receives Jay, 180; declines to grant United States trade with West Indies, 181.

Griffin, David, commissioner to treat with Creeks, ii. 90.

Griffin,----, fails to help Washington at Trenton, i. 180.

Grymes, Lucy, the "Lowland Beauty," love affair of Washington with, i. 95; marries Henry Lee, 96.

HALDIMAND, SIR FREDERICK, leads Indians against colonists, i. 325.

Hale, Nathan, compared with André, i. 288.

Half-King, kept to English alliance by Washington, i. 68; his criticism of Washington's first campaign, 76.

Hamilton, Alexander, forces Gates to send back troops to Washington, i. 216, 217; remark on councils of war before Monmouth, 234; informs Washington of Arnold's treason, 284; sent to intercept Arnold, 285; writes letters on government and finance, 298; leads attack at Yorktown, i. 316; requests release of Asgill, 329; aids Washington in Congress, 333; only man beside Washington and Franklin to realize American future, ii. 7; letters of Washington to on necessity of a strong government, 17, 18; writes letters to Duane and Morris, 19; speech in Federal Convention and departure, 35; counseled by Washington, 39; consulted by Washington as to etiquette, 54; made secretary of treasury, 66; his character, 67; his report on the mint, 81; on the public credit, 107; upheld by Washington, 107, 108; his arrangement with Jefferson, 108; argument on the bank, 110; his success largely due to Washington, 112; his report on manufactures, 112, 114, 116; advocates an excise, 122; fails to realize its unpopularity, 123; accompanies expedition to suppress Whiskey Rebellion, 128; comprehends French Revolution, 139; frames questions to cabinet on neutrality, 147; urges decisive measures against Genet, 154; argues against United States being bound by French treaty, 169; selected for English mission, but withdraws, 177; not likely to have done better than Jay, 183; mobbed in defending Jay treaty, 187; writes Camillus letters in favor of Jay treaty, 206; intrigued against by Monroe, 212; causes for his breach with Jefferson, 224; his aristocratic tendencies, 225; attacked by Jefferson and his friends, 228, 229; disposes of the charges, 229; retorts in newspapers with effect, 230; ceases at Washington's request, 230, 234; resigns from the cabinet, 234; desires Washington's reëlection, 235; selected by Washing, ton as senior general, 286; appeals to Washington against Adams's reversal of rank, 286; fails to soothe Knox's anger, 288; report on army organization, 290; letter of Washington to, condemning Adams's French mission, 293; fears anarchy from Democratic success, 295; approves Alien and Sedition Acts, 296; his scheme of a military academy approved by Washington, 299; Washington's affection for, 317, 362; his ability early recognized by Washington, 334, 335; aids Washington in literary points, 340; takes care of Lafayette's son, 366.

Hammond, George, protests against violations of neutrality, ii. 151; his arrival as British minister, 169; his offensive tone, 173; does not disavow Lord Dorchester's speech to Indians, 176; gives Fauchet letters to Wolcott, 195; intrigues with American public men, 200.

Hampden, John, compared with Washington, ii. 312, 313.

Hancock, John, disappointed at Washington's receiving command of army, i. 135; his character, ii. 74; refuses to call first on Washington as President, 75; apologizes and calls, 75, 76.

Hardin, Colonel, twice surprised and defeated by Indians, ii. 93.

Harmar, Colonel, invades Indian country, ii. 92; attacks the Miamis, 93; sends out unsuccessful expeditions and retreats, 93; court-martialed and resigns, 93.

Harrison, Benjamin, letters of Washington to, i. 259, 261; ii. 10.

Hartley, Mrs.----, admired by Washington, i. 95.

Heard, Sir Isaac, Garter King at Arms, makes out a pedigree for Washington, i. 30, 31.

Heath, General, checks Howe at Frog's Point, i. 173; left in command at New York, 311.

Henry, Patrick, his resolutions supported by Washington, i. 119; accompanies him to Philadelphia, 128; his tribute to Washington's influence, 130; ready for war, 132; letters of Conway cabal to against Washington, 222; letter of Washington to, 225; appealed to by Washington on behalf of Constitution, ii. 38; an opponent of the Constitution, 71; urged by Washington to oppose Virginia resolutions, 266-268, 293; a genuine American, 309; offered secretaryship of state, 324; friendship of Washington for, 362.

Hertburn, Sir William de, ancestor of Washington family, i. 31, 33.

Hessians, in Revolution, i. 194.

Hickey, Thomas, hanged for plotting to murder Washington, i. 160.

Hobby,----, a sexton, Washington's earliest teacher, i. 48.

Hopkinson, Francis, letter of Washington to, ii. 3.

Houdon, J.A., sculptor, on Washington's appearance, ii. 386.

Howe, Lord, arrives at New York with power to negotiate and pardon, i. 161; refuses to give Washington his title, 161; tries to negotiate with Congress, 167; escapes D'Estaing at Delaware, 244; attacks D'Estaing off Newport, 244.

Howe, Sir William, has controversy with Washington over treatment of prisoners, i. 148; checked at Frog's Point, 173; attacks cautiously at Chatterton Hill, 173; retreats and attacks forts on Hudson, 174; takes Fort Washington, 175; goes into winter quarters in New York, 177, 186; suspected of purpose to meet Burgoyne, 194, 195; baffled in advance across New Jersey by Washington, 194; goes by sea, 195; arrives at Head of Elk, 196; defeats Washington at Brandywine, 197; camps at Germantown, 199; withdraws after Germantown into Philadelphia, 201; folly of his failure to meet Burgoyne, 205, 206; offers battle in vain to Washington, 218; replaced by Clinton, 232; tries to cut off Lafayette, 233.

Huddy, Captain, captured by English, hanged by Tories, i. 327.

Humphreys, Colonel, letters of Washington to, ii. 13, 339; at opening of Congress, 78; commissioner to treat with Creeks, 90; anecdote of, 375.

Huntington, Lady, asks Washington's aid in Christianizing Indians, ii. 4.

IMPRESSMENT, right of, maintained by England, ii. 181.

Independence, not wished, but foreseen, by Washington, i. 131, 156; declared by Congress, possibly through Washington's influence, 160.

Indians, wars with in Virginia, i. 37, 38; in French and Indian war, 67,68; desert English, 76; in Braddock's defeat, 85, 86, 88; restless before Revolution, 122; in War of Revolution, 266, 270; punished by Sullivan, 269; policy toward, early suggested by Washington, 344; recommendations relative to in Washington's address to Congress, ii. 82; the "Indian problem" under Washington's administration, 83-105; erroneous popular ideas of, 84, 85; real character and military ability, 85-87; understood by Washington, 87, 88; a real danger in 1788, 88; situation in the Northwest, 89; difficulties with Cherokees and Creeks, 89, 90; influence of Spanish intrigue, 90; successful treaty with Creeks, 90, 91; wisdom of this policy, 92; warfare in the Northwest, 92; defeats of Harmar and Hardin, 93; causes for the failure, 93, 94; intrigues of England, 92, 94, 175, 178; expedition and defeat of St. Clair, 95-97; results, 99; expedition of Wayne, 100, 102; his victory, 103; success of Washington's policy toward, 104, 105.

Iredell, James, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 73.

JACKSON, MAJOR, accompanies Washington to opening of Congress, ii. 78.

Jameson, Colonel, forwards Andrews letter to Arnold, i. 284; receives orders from Washington, 285.

Jay, John, on opposition in Congress, to Washington, i. 222; consulted by Washington as to etiquette, ii. 54; appointed chief justice, 72; publishes card against Genet, 159; appointed on special mission to England, 177; his character, 177; instructions from Washington, 179; his reception in England, 180; difficulties in negotiating, 181; concludes treaty, 182; burnt in effigy while absent, 186; execrated after news of treaty, 187; hampered by Monroe in France, 213.

Jay treaty, ii. 180-184; opposition to and debate over signing, 184-201; reasons of Washington for signing, 205.

Jefferson, Thomas, his flight from Cornwallis, i. 307; discusses with Washington needs of government, ii. 9; adopts French democratic phraseology, 27; contrast with Washington, 27, 28, 69; criticises Washington's manners, 56; made secretary of state, 68; his previous relations with Washington, 68; his character, 69; supposed to be a friend of the Constitution, 72; his objections to President's opening Congress, 79; on weights and measures, 81; letter of Washington to on assumption of state debts, 107; makes bargain with Hamilton, 108; opposes a bank, 110; asked to prepare neutrality instructions, 146; upholds Genet, 153; argues against him publicly, supports him privately, 154; notified of French privateer Little Sarah, 155; allows it to sail, 155; retires to country and is censured by Washington, 156; assures Washington that vessel will wait his decision, 156; his un-American attitude, 157; wishes to make terms of note demanding Genet's recall mild, 158; argues that United States is bound by French treaty, 170, 171; begs Madison to answer Hamilton's "Camillus" letters, 206; his attitude upon first entering cabinet, 223; causes for his breach with Hamilton, 224; jealousy, incompatibility of temper, 224; his democratic opinions, 225; skill in creating party catch-words, 225; prints "Rights of Man" with note against Adams, 226; attacks him further in letter to Washington, 226; brings Freneau to Philadelphia and gives him an office, 227; denies any connection with Freneau's newspaper, 227; his real responsibility, 228; his purpose to undermine Hamilton, 228; causes his friends to attack him, 229; writes a letter to Washington attacking Hamilton's treasury measures, 229; fails to produce any effect, 230; winces under Hamilton's counter attacks, 230; reiterates charges and asserts devotion to Constitution, 231; continues attacks and resigns, 234; wishes reëlection of Washington, 235; his charge of British sympathies resented by Washington, 252; plain letter of Washington to, 259; Washington's opinion of, 259; suggests Logan's mission to France, 262, 265; takes oath as vice-president, 276; regarded as a Jacobin by Federalists, 294; jealous of Washington, 306; accuses him of senility, 307; a genuine American, 309.

Johnson, William, Tory leader in New York, i. 143.

Johnstone, Governor, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Jumonville, De, French leader, declared to have been assassinated by Washington, i. 74,79; really a scout and spy, 75.

KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, condemned by Washington, ii. 266-268.

King, Clarence, his opinion that Washington was not American, ii. 308.

King, Rufus, publishes card exposing Genet, ii. 159.

King's Bridge, fight at, i. 170.

Kip's Landing, fight at, i. 168.

Kirkland, Rev. Samuel, negotiates with Six Nations, ii. 101.

Knox, Henry, brings artillery to Boston from Ticonderoga, i. 152; accompanies Washington to meet De Rochambeau, 283; at West Point, 285; sent by Washington to confer with governors of States, 295; urged by Washington to establish Western posts, ii. 7; letters of Washington to, 30, 39; made secretary of war, 65; his character, 65; a Federalist, 71; deals with Creeks, 91; urges decisive measure against Genet, 154, 155; letters of Washington to, 260; selected by Washington as third major-general, 286; given first place by Adams, 286; angry at Hamilton's higher rank, 288; refuses the office, 289; his offer to serve on Washington's staff refused, 289; Washington's affection for, 317, 362.

LAFAYETTE, Madame de, aided by Washington, ii. 366; letter of Washington to, 377.

Lafayette, Marquis de, Washington's regard for, i. 192; his opinion of Continental troops, 196; sent on fruitless journey to the lakes by cabal, 222, 253; encouraged by Washington, 225; narrowly escapes being cut off by Clinton, 233; appointed to attack British rear, 235; superseded by Lee, 235; urges Washington to come, 235; letter of Washington to, regarding quarrel between D'Estaing and Sullivan, 245; regard of Washington for, 249; desires to conquer Canada, 254; his plan not supported in France, 256; works to get a French army sent, 264; brings news of French army and fleet, 274; tries to get De Rochambeau to attack New York, 280; accompanies Washington to meet De Rochambeau, 283; told by Washington of Arnold's treachery, 285; on court to try André, 287; opinion of Continental soldiers, 293; harasses Cornwallis, 307; defeated at Green Springs, 307; watches Cornwallis at Yorktown, 308; reinforced by De Grasse, 312; persuades him to remain, 315; sends Washington French wolf-hounds, ii. 2; letters of Washington to, 23, 26, 118, 144, 165, 222, 261; his son not received by Washington, 253; later taken care of, 277, 281, 366; his worth, early seen by Washington, 334; Washington's affection for, 365; sends key of Bastile to Mt. Vernon, 365; helped by Washington, 365,366.

Laurens, Henry, letter of Conway cabal to, making attack on Washington, i. 222; letters of Washington to, 254, 288; sent to Paris to get loans, 299.

Lauzun, Duc de, repulses Tarleton at Yorktown, i. 317.

Lear, Tobias, Washington's secretary, ii. 263; his account of Washington's last illness, 299-303, 385; letters to, 361, 382.

Lee, Arthur, example of Virginia gentleman educated abroad, i. 23.

Lee, Charles, visits Mt. Vernon, his character, i. 132; accompanies Washington to Boston, 136; aids Washington in organizing army, 140; disobeys orders and is captured, 175; objects to attacking Clinton, 234; first refuses, then claims command of van, 235; disobeys orders and retreats, 236; rebuked by Washington, 236, 237; court martial of and dismissal from army, 237; his witty remark on taking oath of allegiance, ii. 375.

Lee, Henry, marries Lucy Grymes, Washington's "Lowland Beauty," i. 96.

Lee, Henry, son of Lucy Grymes, Washington's "Lowland Beauty," i. 96; ii. 362; captures Paulus Hook, i. 269; letters of Washington to, ii. 23, 26, 149, 235, 239, 242, 252; considered for command against Indians, 100; commands troops to suppress Whiskey Rebellion, 127; Washington's affection for, 362.

Lee, Richard Henry, unfriendly to Washington, i. 214; letter of Washington to, ii. 160.

Lewis, Lawrence, at opening of Congress, ii. 78; takes social duties at Mt. Vernon, 280.

Liancourt, Duc de, refused reception by Washington, ii. 253.

Lincoln, Abraham, compared with Washington, i. 349; ii. 308-313.

Lincoln, Benjamin, sent by Washington against Burgoyne, i. 210; fails to understand Washington's policy and tries to hold Charleston, 273, 274; captured, 276; commissioner to treat with Creeks, ii. 90.

Lippencott, Captain, orders hanging of Huddy, i. 327; acquitted by English court martial, 328.

Little Sarah, the affair of, 155-157.

Livingston, Chancellor, administers oath at Washington's inauguration, ii. 46.

Livingston, Edward, moves call for papers relating to Jay treaty, ii. 207.

Logan, Dr. George, goes on volunteer mission to France, ii. 262; ridiculed by Federalists, publishes defense, 263; calls upon Washington, 263; mercilessly snubbed, 263-265.

Long Island, battle of, i. 164,165.

London, Lord, disappoints Washington by his inefficiency, i. 91.

Lovell, James, follows the Adamses in opposing Washington, i. 214; wishes to supplant him by Gates, 215; writes hostile letters, 222.

MACKENZIE, CAPTAIN, letter of Washington to, i. 130.

Madison, James, begins to desire a stronger government, ii. 19, 29; letters of Washington to, 30, 39, 53; chosen for French mission, but does not go, 211.

Magaw, Colonel, betrayed at Fort Washington, i. 175.

"Magnolia," Washington's pet colt, beaten in a race, i. 99, 113; ii. 381.

Marshall, John, Chief Justice, on special commission to France, ii. 284; tells anecdote of Washington's anger at cowardice, 392.

Maryland, the Washington family in, i.36.

Mason, George, discusses political outlook with Washington, i. 119; letter of Washington to, 263; an opponent of the Constitution, ii. 71; friendship of Washington for, 362; debates with Washington the site of Pohick Church, 381.

Mason, S.T., communicates Jay treaty to Bache, ii. 185.

Massey, Rev. Lee, rector of Pohick Church, i. 44.

Mathews, George, letter of Washington to, i. 294.

Matthews, Edward, makes raids in Virginia, i. 269.

Mawhood, General, defeated at Princeton, i. 182.

McGillivray, Alexander, chief of the Creeks, ii. 90; his journey to New York and interview with Washington, 91.

McHenry, James, at West Point, i. 284; letters to, 325, ii. 22, 278, 287, 384; becomes secretary of war, 246; advised by Washington not to appoint Democrats, 260, 261.

McKean, Thomas, given letters to Dr. Logan, ii. 265.

McMaster, John B., calls Washington "an unknown man," i. 7, ii. 304; calls him cold, 332, 352; and avaricious in small ways, 352.

Meade, Colonel Richard, Washington's opinion of, ii. 335.

Mercer, Hugh, killed at Princeton, i. 182.

Merlin,----, president of Directory, interview with Dr. Logan, ii. 265.

Mifflin, Thomas, wishes to supplant Washington by Gates, i. 216; member of board of war, 221; put under Washington's orders, 226; replies to Washington's surrender of commission, 349; meets Washington on journey to inauguration, ii. 44; notified of the Little Sarah, French privateer, 154; orders its seizure, 155.

Militia, abandon Continental army, i. 167; cowardice of, 168; despised by Washington, 169; leave army again, 175; assist in defeat of Burgoyne, 211.

Mischianza, i. 232.

Monmouth, battle of, i. 235-239.

Monroe, James, appointed minister to France, ii. 211; his character, 212; intrigues against Hamilton, 212; effusively received in Paris, 212; acts foolishly, 213; tries to interfere with Jay, 213; upheld, then condemned and recalled by Washington, 213, 214; writes a vindication, 215; Washington's opinion of him, 215, 216; his selection one of Washington's few mistakes, 334.

Montgomery, General Richard, sent by Washington to invade Canada, i. 143.

Morgan, Daniel, sent against Burgoyne by Washington, i. 208; at Saratoga, 210; wins battle of Cowpens, joins Greene, 301.

Morris, Gouverneur, letters of Washington to, i. 248, 263; efforts towards financial reform, 264; quotes speech of Washington at Federal convention in his eulogy, ii. 31; discussion as to his value as an authority, 32, note; goes to England on unofficial mission, 137; balked by English insolence, 137; comprehends French Revolution, 139; letters of Washington to, on the Revolution, 140,142,145; recall demanded by France, 211; letter of Washington to, 217,240, 254; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Morris, Robert, letter of Washington to, i. 187; helps Washington to pay troops, 259; efforts towards financial reform, 264; difficulty in helping Washington in 1781, 309, 312; considered for secretary of treasury, ii. 66; his bank policy approved by Washington, 110; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Moustier, demands private access to Washington, ii. 59; refused, 59, 60.

Murray, Vans, minister in Holland, interview with Dr. Logan, ii. 264; nominated for French mission by Adams, 292; written to by Washington, 292.

Muse, Adjutant, trains Washington in tactics and art of war, i. 65.

NAPOLEON, orders public mourning for Washington's death, i. 1.

Nelson, General, letter of Washington to, i. 257.

Newburgh, addresses, ii. 335.

New England, character of people, i. 138; attitude toward Washington, 138, 139; troops disliked by Washington, 152; later praised by him, 152, 317, 344; threatened by Burgoyne's invasion, 204; its delegates in Congress demand appointment of Gates, 208; and oppose Washington, 214; welcomes Washington on tour as President, ii. 74; more democratic than other colonies before Revolution, 315; disliked by Washington for this reason, 316.

Newenham, Sir Edward, letter of Washington to on American foreign policy, ii. 133.

New York, Washington's first visit to, i. 99, 100; defense of, in Revolution, 159-169; abandoned by Washington, 169; Howe establishes himself in, 177; reoccupied by Clinton, 264; Washington's journey to, ii. 44; inauguration in, 46; rioting in, against Jay treaty, 187.

Nicholas, John, letter of Washington to, ii. 259.

Nicola, Col., urges Washington to establish a despotism, i. 337.

Noailles, Vicomte de, French émigré, referred to State Department, ii. 151, 253.

O'FLINN, CAPTAIN, Washington's friendship with, ii. 318.

Organization of the national government, absence of materials to work with, ii. 51; debate over title of President, 52; over his communications with Senate, 53; over presidential etiquette, 53-56; appointment of officials to cabinet offices established by Congress, 64-71; appointment of supreme court judges, 72.

Orme,----, letter of Washington to, i. 84.

PAINE, THOMAS, his "Rights of Man" reprinted by Jefferson, ii. 226.

Parkinson, Richard, says Washington was harsh to slaves, i. 105; contradicts statement elsewhere, 106; tells stories of Washington's pecuniary exactness, ii. 353, 354, 382; his character, 355; his high opinion of Washington, 356.

Parton, James, considers Washington as good but commonplace, ii. 330, 374.

Peachey, Captain, letter of Washington to, i. 92.

Pendleton, Edmund, Virginia delegate to Continental Congress, i. 128.

Pennsylvania, refuses to fight the French, i. 72,83; fails to help Washington, 225; remonstrates against his going into winter quarters, 229; condemned by Washington, 229; compromises with mutineers, 292.

Philipse, Mary, brief love-affair of Washington with, i. 99, 100.

Phillips, General, commands British troops in Virginia, i. 303; death of, 303.

Pickering, Colonel, quiets Six Nations, ii. 94.

Pickering, Timothy, letter of Washington to, on French Revolution, ii. 140; on failure of Spanish negotiations, 166; recalls Washington to Philadelphia to receive Fauchet letter, 195; succeeds Randolph, 246; letters of Washington to, on party government, 247; appeals to Washington against Adams's reversal of Hamilton's rank, 286; letters of Washington to, 292, 324; criticises Washington as a commonplace person, 307.

Pinckney, Charles C., letter of Washington to, ii. 90; appointed to succeed Monroe as minister to France, 214; refused reception, 284; sent on special commission, 284; named by Washington as general, 286; accepts without complaint of Hamilton's higher rank, 290; Washington's friendship with, 363.

Pinckney, Thomas, sent on special mission to Spain, ii. 166; unsuccessful at first, 166; succeeds in making a good treaty, 167; credit of his exploit, 168; letter of Washington to, 325.

Pitt, William, his conduct of French war, i. 93, 94.

Princeton, battle of, i. 181-3.

Privateers, sent out by Washington, i. 150.

"Protection" favored in the first Congress, ii. 113-115; arguments of Hamilton for, 114, 115; of Washington, 116-122.

Provincialism, of Americans, i. 193; with regard to foreign officers, 193, 234, 250-252; with regard to foreign politics, ii. 131, 132, 163, 237, 255.

Putnam, Israel, escapes with difficulty from New York, i. 169; fails to help Washington at Trenton, 180; warned to defend the Hudson, 195; tells Washington of Burgoyne's surrender, 211; rebuked by Washington, 217; amuses Washington, ii. 374.

RAHL, COLONEL, defeated and killed at Trenton, i. 181.

Randolph, Edmund, letter of Washington to, ii. 30, 39; relations with Washington, 64; appointed attorney-general, 64; his character, 64, 65; a friend of the Constitution, 71; opposes a bank, 110; letter of Washington to, on protective bounties, 118; drafts neutrality proclamation, 147; vacillates with regard to Genet, 154; argues that United States is bound by French alliance, 170; succeeds Jefferson as secretary of state, 184; directed to prepare a remonstrance against English "provision order," 185; opposed to Jay treaty, 188; letter of Washington to, on conditional ratification, 189, 191, 192, 194; guilty, apparently, from Fauchet letter, of corrupt practices, 196; his position not a cause for Washington's signing treaty, 196-200; receives Fauchet letter, resigns, 201; his personal honesty, 201; his discreditable carelessness, 202; fairly treated by Washington, 203, 204; his complaints against Washington, 203; letter of Washington to, concerning Monroe, 213; at first a Federalist, 246.

Randolph, John, on early disappearance of Virginia colonial society, i. 15.

Rawdon, Lord, commands British forces in South, too distant to help Cornwallis, i. 304.

Reed, Joseph, letters of Washington to, i. 151, 260.

Revolution, War of, foreseen by Washington, i. 120, 122; Lexington and Concord, 133; Bunker Hill, 136; siege of Boston, 137-154; organization of army, 139-142; operations in New York, 143; invasion of Canada, 143, 144; question as to treatment of prisoners, 145-148; causes of British defeat, 154, 155; campaign near New York, 161-177; causes for attempted defense of Brooklyn, 163, 164; battle of Long Island, 164-165; escape of Americans, 166; affair at Kip's Bay, 168; at King's Bridge, 170; at Frog's Point, 173; battle of White Plains, 173; at Chatterton Hill, 174; capture of Forts Washington and Lee, 174, 175; pursuit of Washington into New Jersey, 175-177; retirement of Howe to New York, 177; battle of Trenton, 180, 181; campaign of Princeton, 181-183; its brilliancy, 183; Philadelphia campaign, 194-202; British march across New Jersey prevented by Washington, 194; sea voyage to Delaware, 195; battle of the Brandywine, 196-198; causes for defeat, 198; defeat of Wayne, 198; Philadelphia taken by Howe, 199; battle of Germantown, 199; its significance, 200, 201; Burgoyne's invasion, 203-211; Washington's preparations for, 204-206; Howe's error in neglecting to cooperate, 205; capture of Ticonderoga, 207; battles of Bennington, Oriskany, Fort Schuyler, 210; battle of Saratoga, 211; British repulse at Fort Mercer, 217; destruction of the forts, 217; fruitless skirmishing before Philadelphia, 218; Valley Forge, 228-232; evacuation of Philadelphia, 234; battle of Monmouth, 235-239; its effect, 239; cruise and failure of D'Estaing at Newport, 243, 244; failure of D'Estaing at Savannah, 247, 248; storming of Stony Point, 268, 269; Tory raids near New York, 269; standstill in 1780, 272; siege and capture of Charleston, 273, 274, 276; operations of French and Americans near Newport, 277, 278; battle of Camden, 281; treason of Arnold, 281-289; battle of Cowpens, 301; retreat of Greene before Cornwallis, 302; battle of Guilford Court House, 302; successful operations of Greene, 302, 303; Southern campaign planned by Washington, 304-311; feints against Clinton, 306; operations of Cornwallis and Lafayette in Virginia, 307; naval supremacy secured by Washington, 310, 311; battle of De Grasse and Graves off Chesapeake, 312; transport of American army to Virginia, 311-313; siege and capture of Yorktown, 315-318; masterly character of campaign, 318-320; petty operations before New York, 326; treaty of peace, 342.

Rives, on Washington's doubts of constitutionality of Bank, ii. 110.

Robinson, Beverly, speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses, his compliment to Washington, i. 102.

Robinson, Colonel, loyalist, i. 282.

Rumsey, James, the inventor, asks Washington's consideration of his steamboat, ii. 4.

Rush, Benjamin, describes Washington's impressiveness, ii. 389.

Rutledge, John, letter of Washington to, i. 281; nomination rejected by Senate, ii. 63; nominated to Supreme Court, 73.

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, removed after loss of Ticonderoga, i. 208; appointed to command against Indians, ii. 94; receives instructions and begins expedition, 95; defeated, 96; his character, 99; fair treatment by Washington, 99; popular execration of, 105.

St. Pierre, M. de, French governor in Ohio, i. 67.

St. Simon, Count, reinforces Lafayette, i. 312.

Sandwich, Lord, calls all Yankees cowards, i. 155.

Saratoga, anecdote concerning, i. 202.

Savage, Edward, characteristics of his portrait of Washington, i. 13.

Savannah, siege of, i. 247.

Scammel, Colonel, amuses Washington, ii. 374.

Schuyler, Philip, accompanies Washington to Boston, i. 136; appointed military head in New York, 136; directed by Washington how to meet Burgoyne, 204; fails to carry out directions, 207; removed, 208; value of his preparations, 209.

Scott, Charles, commands expedition against Indians, ii. 95.

Sea-power, its necessity seen by Washington, i. 283, 303, 304, 306, 310, 318, 319.

Sectional feeling, deplored by Washington, ii. 222.

Sharpe, Governor, offers Washington a company, i. 80; Washington's reply to, 81.

Shays's Rebellion, comments of Washington and Jefferson upon, ii. 26, 27.

Sherman, Roger, makes sarcastic remark about Wilkinson, i. 220.

Shirley, Governor William, adjusts matter of Washington's rank, i. 91, 97.

Short, William, minister to Holland, on commission regarding opening of Mississippi, ii. 166.

Six Nations, make satisfactory treaties, ii. 88; stirred up by English, 94; but pacified, 94, 101.

Slavery, in Virginia, i. 20; its evil effects, 104; Washington's attitude toward slaves, 105; his condemnation of the system, 106, 107; gradual emancipation favored, 107, 108.

Smith, Colonel, letter of Washington to, ii. 340.

Spain, instigates Indians to hostilities, ii. 89, 94, 101; blocks Mississippi, 135; makes treaty with Pinckney opening Mississippi, 167, 168; angered at Jay treaty, 210.

Sparks, Jared, his alterations of Washington's letters, ii. 337, 338.

Spotswood, Alexander, asks Washington's opinion of Alien and Sedition Acts, ii. 297.

Stamp Act, Washington's opinion of, i. 119, 120.

Stark, General, leads attack at Trenton, i. 181.

States, in the Revolutionary war, appeals of Washington to, i. 142, 186, 204, 259, 277, 295, 306, 323, 324, 326, 344; issue paper money, 258; grow tired of the war, 290; alarmed by mutinies, 294; try to appease soldiers, 295, 296; their selfishness condemned by Washington, 333; ii. 21, 23; thwart Indian policy of Congress, 88.

Stephen, Adam, late in attacking at Germantown, i. 199.

Steuben, Baron, Washington's appreciation of, i. 192, 249; drills the army at Valley Forge, 232; annoys Washington by wishing higher command, 249; sent on mission to demand surrender of Western posts, 343; his worth recognized by Washington, ii. 334.

Stirling, Lord, defeated and captured at Long Island, i. 165.

Stockton, Mrs., letter of Washington to, ii. 349.

Stone, General, tells stories of Washington's closeness, ii. 353, 354.

Stuart, David, letters of Washington to, ii. 107, 221, 222, 258.

Stuart, Gilbert, his portrait of Washington contrasted with Savage's, i. 13.

Sullivan, John, General, surprised at Long Island, i. 165; attacks at Trenton, 180; surprised and crushed at Brandywine, 197, 198; unites with D'Estaing to attack Newport, 243; angry at D'Estaing's desertion, 244; soothed by Washington, 244; sent against Indians, 266, 269.

Supreme Court, appointed by Washington, ii. 72.

TAFT,----, kindness of Washington toward, ii. 367.

Talleyrand, eulogistic report to Napoleon on death of Washington, i. 1, note; remark on Hamilton, ii. 139; refused reception by Washington, 253.

Tarleton, Sir Banastre, tries to escape at Yorktown, i. 317.

Thatcher, Dr., on Washington's appearance when taking command of army, i. 137.

Thomson, Charles, complimented by Washington on retiring from secretary-ship of Continental Congress, ii. 350.

Tories, hated by Washington, i. 156; his reasons, 157;

## active in New York, 158;

suppressed by Washington, 159; in Philadelphia, impressed by Continental army, 196; make raids on frontier, 266; strong in Southern States, 267; raids under Tryon, 269.

Trent, Captain, his incompetence in dealing with Indians and French, i. 72.

Trenton, campaign of, i. 180-183.

Trumbull, Governor, letter of Washington to, refusing to stand for a third term, ii. 269-271; other letters, 298.

Trumbull, John, on New England army before Boston, i. 139.

Trumbull, Jonathan, his message on better government praised by Washington, ii. 21; letters to, 42; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Tryon, Governor, Tory leader in New York, i. 143; his intrigues stopped by Washington, 158, 159; conspires to murder Washington, 160; makes raids in Connecticut, 269.

VALLEY FORGE, Continental Army at, i. 228-232.

Van Braam, Jacob, friend of Lawrence Washington, trains George in fencing, i. 65; accompanies him on mission to French, 66.

Vergennes, requests release of Asgill, i. 329, 330; letter of Washington to, 330; proposes to submit disposition of a subsidy to Washington, 332.

Virginia, society in, before the Revolution, i. 15-29; its entire change since then, 15, 16; population, distribution, and numbers, 17, 18; absence of towns, 18; and town life, 19; trade and travel in, 19; social classes, 20-24; slaves and poor whites, 20; clergy, 21; planters and their estates, 22; their life, 22; education, 23; habits of governing, 24; luxury and extravagance, 25; apparent wealth, 26; agreeableness of life, 27; aristocratic ideals, 28; vigor of stock, 29; unwilling to fight French, 71; quarrels with Dinwiddie, 71; thanks Washington after his French campaign, 79; terrified at Braddock's defeat, 88; gives Washington command, 89; fails to support him, 89, 90, 93; bad economic conditions in, 104,105; local government in, 117; condemns Stamp Act, 119; adopts non-importation, 121; condemns Boston Port Bill, 123; asks opinion of counties, 124; chooses delegates to a congress, 127; prepares for war, 132; British campaign in, 307, 315-318; ratifies Constitution, ii. 40; evil effect of free trade upon, 116, 117; nullification resolutions, 266; strength of its aristocracy, 315.

WADE, COLONEL, in command at West Point after Arnold's flight, i. 285.

Walker, Benjamin, letter of Washington to, ii. 257.

Warren, James, letters of Washington to, i. 262, ii. 118.

Washington, ancestry, i. 30-40; early genealogical researches concerning, 30-32; pedigree finally established, 32; origin of family, 33; various members during middle ages, 34; on royalist side in English civil war, 34, 36; character of family, 35; emigration to Virginia, 35, 36; career of Washingtons in Maryland, 37; in Virginia history, 38; their estates, 39.

Washington, Augustine, father of George Washington, birth, i. 35; death, 39; character, 39; his estate, 41; ridiculous part played by in Weems's anecdotes, 44, 47.

Washington, Augustine, half brother of George Washington, keeps him after his father's death, i. 48.

Washington, Bushrod, refused appointment as attorney by Washington, ii. 62; educated by him, 370.

Washington, George, honors to his memory in France, i. 1; in England, 2; grief in America, 3, 4; general admission of his greatness, 4; its significance, 5, 6; tributes from England, 6; from other countries, 6, 7; yet an "unknown" man, 7; minuteness of knowledge concerning, 8; has become subject of myths, 9; development of the Weems myth about, 10, 11; necessity of a new treatment of, 12; significant difference of real and ideal portraits of, 13; his silence regarding himself, 14; underlying traits, 14.

_Early Life_. Ancestry, 30-41; birth, 39; origin of Weems's anecdotes about, 41-44; their absurdity and evil results, 45-48; early schooling, 48; plan to send him to sea, 49, 50; studies to be a surveyor, 51; his rules of behavior, 52; his family connections with Fairfaxes, 54, 55; his friendship with Lord Fairfax, 56; surveys Fairfax's estate, 57, 58, 59; made public surveyor, 60; his life at the time, 60, 61; influenced by Fairfax's cultivation, 62; goes to West Indies with his brother, 62; has the small-pox, 63; observations on the voyage, 63, 64; returns to Virginia, 64; becomes guardian of his brother's daughter, 64.

_Service against the French and Indians_. Receives military training, 65; a military appointment, 66; goes on expedition to treat with French, 66; meets Indians, 67; deals with French, 67; dangers of journey, 68; his impersonal account, 69, 70; appointed to command force against French, 71, 72; his anger at neglect of Virginia Assembly, 73; attacks and defeats force of Jumonville, 74; called murderer by the French, 74; surrounded by French at Great Meadows, 76; surrenders, 76; recklessness of his expedition, 77, 78; effect of experience upon, 79; gains a European notoriety, 79; thanked by Virginia, 79; protests against Dinwiddie's organization of soldiers, 80; refuses to serve when ranked by British officers, 81; accepts position on Braddock's staff, 82; his treatment there, 82; advises Braddock, 84; rebuked for warning against surprise, 85; his bravery in the battle, 86; conducts retreat, 86, 87; effect of experience on him, 87; declines to solicit command of Virginia troops, 88; accepts it when offered, 88; his difficulties with Assembly, 89; and with troops, 90; settles question of rank, 91; writes freely in criticism of government, 91, 92; retires for rest to Mt. Vernon, 93; offers services to General Forbes, 93; irritated at slowness of English, 93, 94; his love affairs, 95, 96; journey to Boston, 97-101; at festivities in New York and Philadelphia, 99; meets Martha Custis, 101; his wedding, 101, 102; elected to House of Burgesses, 102; confused at being thanked by Assembly, 102; his local position, 103; tries to farm his estate, 104; his management of slaves, 105, 106, 108, 109; cares for interests of old soldiers, 109; rebukes a coward, 110; cares for education of stepson, 111; his furnishing of house, 112; hunting habits, 113-115; punishes a poacher, 116;

## participates in colonial and local government, 117;

enters into society, 117, 118.

_Congressional delegate from Virginia_. His influence in Assembly, 119; discusses Stamp Act with Mason, 119; foresees result to be independence, 119; rejoices at its repeal, but notes Declaratory Act, 120; ready to use force to defend colonial rights, 120; presents non-importation resolutions to Burgesses, 121; abstains from English products, 121; notes ominous movements among Indians, 122; on good terms with royal governors, 122, 123; observes fast on account of Boston Port Bill, 123; has controversy with Bryan Fairfax over Parliamentary policy, 124, 125, 126; presides at Fairfax County meeting, 126; declares himself ready for action, 126; at convention of counties, offers to march to relief of Boston, 127; elected to Continental Congress, 127; his journey, 128; silent in Congress, 129; writes to a British officer that independence is not desired, but war is certain, 130, 131; returns to Virginia, 132; aids in military preparations, 132; his opinion after Concord, 133; at second Continental Congress, wears uniform, 134; made commander-in-chief, 134; his modesty and courage in accepting position, 134, 135; political motives for his choice, 135; his popularity, 136; his journey to Boston, 136, 137; receives news of Bunker Hill, 136; is received by Massachusetts Provincial Assembly, 137.

_Commander of the Army_. Takes command at Cambridge, 137; his impression upon people, 137, 138, 139; begins reorganization of army, 139; secures number of troops, 140; enforces discipline, his difficulties, 140, 141; forced to lead Congress, 142; to arrange rank of officers, 142; organizes privateers, 142; discovers lack of powder, 143; plans campaigns in Canada and elsewhere, 143, 144; his plans of attack on Boston overruled by council of war, 144; writes to Gage urging that captives be treated as prisoners of war, 145; skill of his letter, 146; retorts to Gage's reply, 147; continues dispute with Howe, 148; annoyed by insufficiency of provisions, 149; and by desertions, 149; stops quarrel between Virginia and Marblehead soldiers, 149; suggests admiralty committees, 150; annoyed by army contractors, 150; and criticism, 151; letter to Joseph Reed, 151; occupies Dorchester Heights, 152; begins to like New England men better, 152; rejoices at prospect of a fight, 153; departure of British due to his leadership, 154; sends troops immediately to New York, 155; enters Boston, 156; expects a hard war, 156; urges upon Congress the necessity of preparing for a long struggle, 156; his growing hatred of Tories, 156, 157; goes to New York, 157, 158; difficulties of the situation, 158; suppresses Tories, 159; urges Congress to declare independence, 159, 160; discovers and punishes a conspiracy to assassinate, 160; insists on his title in correspondence with Howe, 161; justice of his position, 162; quiets sectional jealousies in army, 162; his military inferiority to British, 163; obliged by political considerations to attempt defense of New York, 163, 164; assumes command on Long Island, 164; sees defeat of his troops, 165; sees plan of British fleet to cut off retreat, 166; secures retreat of army, 167; explains his policy of avoiding a pitched battle, 167; anger at flight of militia at Kip's Bay, 168; again secures safe retreat, 169; secures slight advantage in a skirmish, 170; continues to urge Congress to action, 170, 171; success of his letters in securing a permanent army, 171; surprised by advance of British fleet, 172; moves to White Plains, 173; blocks British advance, 174; advises abandonment of American forts, 174; blames himself for their capture, 175; leads diminishing army through New Jersey, 175; makes vain appeals for aid, 176; resolves to take the offensive, 177; desperateness of his situation, 178; pledges his estate and private fortune to raise men, 179; orders disregarded by officers, 180; crosses Delaware and captures Hessians, 180, 181; has difficulty in retaining soldiers, 181; repulses Cornwallis at Assunpink, 181; outwits Cornwallis and wins battle at Princeton, 182; excellence of his strategy, 183; effect of this campaign in saving Revolution, 183, 184; withdraws to Morristown, 185; fluctuations in size of army, 186; his determination to keep the field, 186, 187; criticised by Congress for not fighting, 187; hampered by Congressional interference, 188; issues proclamation requiring oath of allegiance, 188; attacked in Congress for so doing, 189; annoyed by Congressional alterations of rank, 189; and by foreign military adventurers, 191; value of his services in suppressing them, 192; his American feelings, 191, 193; warns Congress in vain that Howe means to attack Philadelphia, 193; baffles Howe's advance across New Jersey, 195; learning of his sailing, marches to defend Philadelphia, 195; offers battle at Brandywine, 196, 197; out-generaled and beaten, 197; rallies army and prepares to fight again, 198; prevented by storm, 199; attacks British at Germantown, 199; defeated, 200; exposes himself in battle, 200; real success of his action, 201; despised by English, 202; foresees danger of Burgoyne's invasion, 203; sends instructions to Schuyler, 204; urges use of New England and New York militia, 304; dreads northern advance of Howe, 205; determines to hold him at all hazards, 206, 207; not cast down by loss of Ticonderoga, 207; urges New England to rise, 208; sends all possible troops, 208; refuses to appoint a commander for Northern army, 208; his probable reasons, 209; continues to send suggestions, 210; slighted by Gates after Burgoyne's surrender, 211; rise of opposition in Congress, 212; arouses ill-feeling by his frankness, 212, 213; distrusted by Samuel and John Adams, 214; by others, 214, 215; formation of a plan to supplant him by Gates, 215; opposed by Gates, Mifflin, and Conway, 215, 216; angers Conway by preventing his increase in rank, 216; is refused troops by Gates, 217; defends and loses Delaware forts, 217; refuses to attack Howe, 218; propriety of his action, 219; becomes aware of cabal, 220; alarms them by showing extent of his knowledge, 221; attacked bitterly in Congress, 222; insulted by Gates, 223; refuses to resign, 224; refuses to notice cabal publicly, 224; complains privately of slight support from Pennsylvania, 225; continues to push Gates for explanations, 226; regains complete control after collapse of cabal, 226, 227; withdraws to Valley Forge, 227; desperation of his situation, 228; criticised by Pennsylvania legislature for going into winter quarters, 229; his bitter reply, 229; his unbending resolution, 230; continues to urge improvements in army organization, 231; manages to hold army together, 232; sends Lafayette to watch Philadelphia, 233; determines to fight, 234; checked by Lee, 234; pursues Clinton, 235; orders Lee to attack British rearguard, 235; discovers his force retreating, 236; rebukes Lee and punishes him, 236, 237; takes command and stops retreat, 237; repulses British and assumes offensive, 238; success due to his work at Valley Forge, 239; celebrates French alliance, 241; has to confront difficulty of managing allies, 241, 242; welcomes D'Estaing, 243; obliged to quiet recrimination after Newport failure, 244; his letter to Sullivan, 244; to Lafayette, 245; to D'Estaing, 246; tact and good effect of his letters, 246; offers to cooperate in an attack on New York, 247; furnishes admirable suggestions to D'Estaing, 247; not dazzled by French, 248; objects to giving rank to foreign officers, 248, 249; opposes transfer of Steuben from inspectorship to the line, 249; his thoroughly American position, 250; absence of provinciality, 251, 252; a national leader, 252; opposes invasion of Canada, 253; foresees danger of its recapture by France, 254, 255; his clear understanding of French motives, 255, 256; rejoices in condition of patriot cause, 257; foresees ruin to army in financial troubles, 258; has to appease mutinies among unpaid troops, 258; appeals to Congress, 259; urges election of better delegates to Congress, 259; angry with speculators, 260, 261; futility of his efforts, 261, 262; his increasing alarm at social demoralization, 263; effect of his exertions, 264; conceals his doubts of the French, 264; watches New York, 264; keeps dreading an English campaign, 265; labors with Congress to form a navy, 266; plans expedition to chastise Indians, 266; realizes that things are at a standstill in the North, 267; sees danger to lie in the South, but determines to remain himself near New York, 267; not consulted by Congress in naming general for Southern army, 268; plans attack on Stony Point, 268; hatred of ravaging methods of British warfare, 270; again has great difficulties in winter quarters, 270; unable to act on offensive in the spring, 270, 272; unable to help South, 272; advises abandonment of Charleston, 273; learns of arrival of French army, 274; plans a number of enterprises with it, 275, 276; refuses, even after loss of Charleston, to abandon Hudson, 276; welcomes Rochambeau, 277; writes to Congress against too optimistic feelings, 278, 279; has extreme difficulty in holding army together, 280; urges French to attack New York, 280; sends Maryland troops South after Camden, 281; arranges meeting with Rochambeau at Hartford, 282; popular enthusiasm over him, 283; goes to West Point, 284; surprised at Arnold's absence, 284; learns of his treachery, 284, 285; his cool behavior, 285; his real feelings, 286; his conduct toward André, 287; its justice, 287, 288; his opinion of Arnold, 288, 289; his responsibility in the general breakdown of the Congress and army, 290; obliged to quell food mutinies in army, 291, 292; difficulty of situation, 292; his influence the salvation of army, 293; his greatness best shown in this way, 293; rebukes Congress, 294; appoints Greene to command Southern army, 295; sends Knox to confer with state governors, 296; secures temporary relief for army, 296; sees the real defect is in weak government, 296; urges adoption of Articles of Confederation, 297; works for improvements in executive, 298,299; still keeps a Southern movement in mind, 301; unable to do anything through lack of naval power, 303; rebukes Lund Washington for entertaining British at Mt. Vernon, 303; still unable to fight, 304; tries to frighten Clinton into remaining in New York, 305; succeeds with aid of Rochambeau, 306; explains his plan to French and to Congress, 306; learns of De Grasse's approach, prepares to move South, 306; writes to De Grasse to meet him in Chesapeake, 308; fears a premature peace, 308; pecuniary difficulties, 309; absolute need of command of sea, 310; persuades De Barras to join De Grasse, 311; starts on march for Chesapeake, 311; hampered by lack of supplies, 312; and by threat of Congress to reduce army, 313; passes through Mt. Vernon, 314; succeeds in persuading De Grasse not to abandon him, 315; besieges Cornwallis, 315; sees capture of redoubts, 316; receives surrender of Cornwallis, 317; admirable strategy and management of campaign, 318; his personal influence the cause of success, 318; especially his use of the fleet, 319; his management of Cornwallis through Lafayette, 319; his boldness in transferring army away from New York, 320; does not lose his head over victory, 321; urges De Grasse to repeat success against Charleston, 322; returns north, 322; saddened by death of Custis, 322; continues to urge Congress to action, 323; writes letters to the States, 323; does not expect English surrender, 324; urges renewed vigor, 324; points out that war actually continues, 325; urges not to give up army until peace is actually secured, 325; failure of his appeals, 326; reduced to inactivity, 326; angered at murder of Huddy, 327; threatens Carleton with retaliation, 328; releases Asgill at request of Vergennes and order of Congress, 329, 330; disclaims credit, 330; justification of his behavior, 330; his tenderness toward the soldiers, 331; jealousy of Congress toward him, 332; warns Congress of danger of further neglect of army, 333, 334; takes control of mutinous movement, 335; his address to the soldiers, 336; its effect, 336; movement among soldiers to make him dictator, 337; replies to revolutionary proposals, 337; reality of the danger, 339; causes for his behaviour, 340, 341; a friend of strong government, but devoid of personal ambition, 342; chafes under delay to disband army, 343; tries to secure Western posts, 343; makes a journey through New York, 343; gives Congress excellent but futile advice, 344; issues circular letter to governors, 344; and farewell address to army, 345; enters New York after departure of British, 345; his farewell to his officers, 345; adjusts his accounts, 346; appears before Congress, 347; French account of his action, 347; makes speech resigning commission, 348, 349.

_In Retirement_. Returns to Mt. Vernon, ii. I; tries to resume old life, 2; gives up hunting, 2; pursued by lion-hunters and artists, 3; overwhelmed with correspondence, 3; receives letters from Europe, 4; from cranks, 4; from officers, 4; his share in Society of Cincinnati, 4; manages his estate, 5; visits Western lands, 5; family cares, 5, 6; continues to have interest in public affairs, 6; advises Congress regarding peace establishment, 6; urges acquisition of Western posts, 7; his broad national views, 7; alone in realizing future greatness of country, 7, 8; appreciates importance of the West, 8; urges development of inland navigation, 9; asks Jefferson's aid, 9, 10; lays canal scheme before Virginia legislature, 10; his arguments, 10; troubled by offer of stock, 11; uses it to endow two schools, 12; significance of his scheme, 12, 13; his political purposes in binding West to East, 13; willing to leave Mississippi closed for this purpose, 14, 15, 16; feels need of firmer union during Revolution, 17; his arguments, 18, 19; his influence starts movement for reform, 20; continues to urge it during retirement, 21; foresees disasters of confederation, 21; urges impost scheme, 22; condemns action of States, 22, 23, 25; favours commercial agreement between Maryland and Virginia, 23; stung by contempt of foreign powers, 24; his arguments for a national government, 24; points out designs of England, 25; works against paper money craze in States, 26; his opinion of Shays's rebellion, 26; his position contrasted with Jefferson's, 27; influence of his letters, 28, 29; shrinks from participating in Federal convention, 29; elected unanimously, 30; refuses to go to a feeble convention, 30, 31; finally makes up his mind, 31.

_In the Federal Convention_. Speech attributed to Washington by Morris on duties of delegates, 31, 32; chosen to preside, 33; takes no part in debate, 34; his influence in convention, 34, 35; despairs of success, 35; signs the Constitution, 36; words attributed to him, 36; silent as to his thoughts, 36, 37; sees clearly danger of failure to ratify, 37; tries at first to act indifferently, 38; begins to work for ratification, 38; writes letters to various people, 38, 39; circulates copies of "Federalist," 40; saves ratification in Virginia, 40; urges election of Federalists to Congress, 41; receives general request to accept presidency, 41; his objections, 41, 42; dreads failure and responsibility, 42; elected, 42; his journey to New York, 42-46; speech at Alexandria, 43; popular reception at all points, 44, 45; his feelings, 46; his inauguration, 46.

_President_. His speech to Congress, 48; urges no specific policy, 48, 49; his solemn feelings, 49; his sober view of necessities of situation, 50; question of his title, 52; arranges to communicate with Senate by writing, 52, 53; discusses social etiquette, 53; takes middle ground, 54; wisdom of his action, 55; criticisms by Democrats, 55, 56; accused of monarchical leanings, 56, 57; familiarizes himself with work already accomplished under Confederation, 58; his business habits, 58; refuses special privileges to French minister, 59, 60; skill of his reply, 60, 61; solicited for office, 61; his views on appointment, 62; favors friends of Constitution and old soldiers, 62; success of his appointments, 63; selects a cabinet, 64; his regard for Knox 65; for Morris, 66; his skill in choosing, 66; his appreciation of Hamilton, 67; his grounds for choosing Jefferson, 68; his contrast with Jefferson, 69; his choice a mistake in policy, 70; his partisan characteristics, 70, 71; excludes anti-Federalists, 71; nominates justices of Supreme Court, 72; their party character, 73; illness, 73; visits the Eastern States, 73; his reasons, 74; stirs popular enthusiasm, 74; snubbed by Hancock in Massachusetts, 75; accepts Hancock's apology, 75; importance of his action, 76; success of journey, 76; opens Congress, 78, 79; his speech and its recommendations, 81; how far carried out, 81-83; national character of the speech, 83; his fitness to deal with Indians, 87; his policy, 88; appoints commission to treat with Creeks, 90; ascribes its failure to Spanish intrigue, 90; succeeds by a personal interview in making treaty, 91; wisdom of his policy, 92; orders an expedition against Western Indians, 93; angered at its failure, 94; and at conduct of frontiersmen, 94; prepares St. Clair's expedition, 95; warns against ambush, 95; hopes for decisive results, 97; learns of St. Clair's defeat, 97; his self-control, 97; his outburst of anger against St. Clair, 97, 98; masters his feelings, 98; treats St. Clair kindly, 99; determines on a second campaign, 100; selects Wayne and other officers, 100; tries to secure peace with tribes, 101; efforts prevented by English influence, 101, 102; and in South by conduct of Georgia, 103; general results of his Indian policy, 104; popular misunderstandings and criticism, 104, 105; favors assumption of state debts by the government, 107, 108; satisfied with bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; his respectful attitude toward Constitution, 109; asks opinions of cabinet on constitutionality of bank, 110; signs bill creating it, 110; reasons for his decision, 111; supports Hamilton's financial policy, 112; supports Hamilton's views on protection, 115, 116; appreciates evil economic condition of Virginia, 116, 117; sees necessity for self-sufficient industries in war time, 117; urges protection, 118, 119, 120; his purpose to build up national feeling, 121; approves national excise tax, 122, 123; does not realize unpopularity of method, 123; ready to modify but insists on obedience, 124, 125; issues proclamation against rioters, 125; since Pennsylvania frontier continues rebellious, issues second proclamation threatening to use force, 127; calls out the militia, 127; his advice to leaders and troops, 128; importance of Washington's firmness, 129; his good judgment and patience, 130; decides success of the central authority, 130; early advocacy of separation of United States from European politics, 133; studies situation, 134, 135; sees importance of binding West with Eastern States, 135; sees necessity of good relations with England, 137; authorizes Morris to sound England as to exchange of ministers and a commercial treaty, 137; not disturbed by British bad manners, 138; succeeds in establishing diplomatic relations, 138; early foresees danger of excess in French Revolution, 139, 140; states a policy of strict neutrality, 140, 142, 143; difficulties of his situation, 142; objects to action of National Assembly on tobacco and oil, 144; denies reported request by United States that England mediate with Indians, 145; announces neutrality in case of a European war, 146; instructs cabinet to prepare a neutrality proclamation, 147; importance of this step not understood at time, 148, 149; foresees coming difficulties, 149, 150; acts cautiously toward _émigrés_, 151; contrast with Genet, 152; greets him coldly, 152; orders steps taken to prevent violations of neutrality, 153, 154; retires to Mt. Vernon for rest, 154; on returning finds Jefferson has allowed Little Sarah to escape, 156; writes a sharp note to Jefferson, 156; anger at escape, 157; takes matters out of Jefferson's hands, 157; determines on asking recall of Genet, 158; revokes exequatur of Duplaine, French consul, 159; insulted by Genet, 159, 160; refuses to deny Jay's card, 160; upheld by popular feeling, 160; his annoyance at the episode, 160; obliged to teach American people self-respect, 162, 163; deals with troubles incited by Genet in the West, 162, 163; sympathizes with frontiersmen, 163; comprehends value of Mississippi, 164, 165; sends a commission to Madrid to negotiate about free navigation, 166; later sends Thomas Pinckney, 166; despairs of success, 166; apparent conflict between French treaties and neutrality, 169, 170; value of Washington's policy to England, 171; in spite of England's attitude, intends to keep peace, 177; wishes to send Hamilton as envoy, 177; after his refusal appoints Jay, 177; fears that England intends war, 178; determines to be prepared, 178; urges upon Jay the absolute necessity of England's giving up Western posts, 179; dissatisfied with Jay treaty but willing to sign it, 184; in doubt as to meaning of conditional ratification, 184; protests against English "provision order" and refuses signature, 185; meets uproar against treaty alone, 188; determines to sign, 189; answers resolutions of Boston town meeting, 190; refuses to abandon his judgment to popular outcry, 190; distinguishes temporary from permanent feeling, 191; fears effect of excitement upon French government, 192; his view of dangers of situation, 193, 194; recalled to Philadelphia by cabinet, 195; receives intercepted correspondence of Fauchet, 195, 196; his course of action already determined, 197, 198; not influenced by the Fauchet letter, 198; evidence of this, 199, 200; reasons for ratifying before showing letter to Randolph, 199, 200; signs treaty, 201; evidence that he did not sacrifice Randolph, 201, 202; fairness of his action, 203; refuses to reply to Randolph's attack, 204; reasons for signing treaty, 205; justified in course of time, 206; refuses on constitutional grounds the call of representatives for documents, 208; insists on independence of treaty-making by executive and Senate, 209; overcomes hostile majority in House, 210; wishes Madison to succeed Morris at Paris, 211; appoints Monroe, 216; his mistake in not appointing a political supporter, 212; disgusted at Monroe's behavior, 213, 214; recalls Monroe and appoints C.C. Pinckney, 214; angered at French policy, 214; his contempt for Monroe's self-justification, 215, 216; review of foreign policy, 216-219; his guiding principle national independence, 216; and abstention from European politics, 217; desires peace and time for growth, 217, 218; wishes development of the West, 218, 219; wisdom of his policy, 219; considers parties dangerous, 220; but chooses cabinet from Federalists, 220; prepared to undergo criticism, 221; willingness to bear it, 221; desires to learn public feeling, by travels, 221, 222; feels that body of people will support national government, 222; sees and deplores sectional feelings in the South, 222, 223; objects to utterances of newspapers, 223; attacked by "National Gazette," 227; receives attacks on Hamilton from Jefferson and his friends, 228, 229; sends charges to Hamilton, 229; made anxious by signs of party division, 229; urges both Hamilton and Jefferson to cease quarrel, 230, 231; dreads an open division in cabinet, 232; desirous to rule without party, 233; accomplishes feat of keeping both secretaries in cabinet, 233; keeps confidence in Hamilton, 234; urged by all parties to accept presidency again, 235; willing to be reelected, 235; pleased at unanimous vote, 235; his early immunity from attacks, 237; later attacked by Freneau and Bache, 238; regards opposition as dangerous to country, 239; asserts his intention to disregard them, 240; his success in Genet affair, 241; disgusted at "democratic" societies, 242; thinks they fomented Whiskey Rebellion, 242; denounces them to Congress, 243; effect of his remarks, 244; accused of tyranny after Jay treaty, 244; of embezzlement, 245; of aristocracy, 245; realizes that he must compose cabinet of sympathizers, 246; reconstructs it, 246; states determination to govern by party, 247; slighted by House, 247; refuses a third term, 248; publishes Farewell Address, 248; his justification for so doing, 248; his wise advice, 249; address Attacked by Democrats, 250, 251; assailed in Congress by Giles, 251; resents charge of being a British sympathizer, 252; his scrupulously fair conduct toward France, 253; his resentment at English policy, 254; his retirement celebrated by the opposition, 255; remarks of the "Aurora," 256; forged letters of British circulated, 257; he repudiates them, 257; his view of opposition, 259.

_In Retirement_. Regards Adams's administration as continuation of his own, 259; understands Jefferson's attitude, 259; wishes generals of provisional army to be Federalist, 260; doubts fidelity of opposition as soldiers, 260; dreads their poisoning mind of army, 261; his condemnation of Democrats, 261, 262; snubs Dr. Logan for assuming an unofficial mission to France, 263-265; alarmed at Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, 266; urges Henry to oppose Virginia resolutions, 267; condemns the French party as unpatriotic, 267; refuses request to stand again for presidency, 269; comments on partisanship of Democrats, 269; believes that he would be no better candidate than any other Federalist, 270, 271; error of statement that Washington was not a party man, 271, 272; slow to relinquish non-partisan position, 272; not the man to shrink from declaring his position, 273; becomes a member of Federalist party, 273, 274; eager for end of term of office, 275; his farewell dinner, 275; at Adams's inauguration, 276; popular enthusiasm at Philadelphia, 276; at Baltimore, 277; returns to Mt. Vernon, 279; describes his farm life, 278, 279; burdened by necessities of hospitality, 280; account of his meeting with Bernard, 281-283; continued interest in politics, 284; accepts command of provisional army, 285; selects Hamilton, Pinckney, and Knox as major-generals, 286; surprised at Adams's objection to Hamilton, 286; rebukes Adams for altering order of rank of generals, 286, 287; not influenced by intrigue, 287; annoyed by Adams's conduct, 288; tries to soothe Knox's irritation, 289; fails to pacify him, 289; carries out organization of army, 290; does not expect actual war, 291; disapproves of Gerry's conduct, 292; disapproves of Adams's nomination of Vans Murray, 292; his dread of French Revolution, 295; distrusts Adams's attempts at peace, 296; approves Alien and Sedition laws, 296; his defense of them, 297; distressed by dissensions among Federalists, 298; predicts their defeat, 298; his sudden illness, 299-302; death, 303.

_Character_, misunderstood, 304; extravagantly praised, 304; disliked on account of being called faultless, 305; bitterly attacked in lifetime, 306; sneered at by Jefferson, 306; by Pickering, 307; called an Englishman, not an American, 307, 308; difference of his type from that of Lincoln, 310; none the less American, 311, 312; compared with Hampden, 312; his manners those of the times elsewhere in America, 314; aristocratic, but of a non-English type, 314-316; less affected by Southern limitations than his neighbors, 316; early dislike of New England changed to respect, 316, 317; friendly with people of humble origin, 317, 318; never an enemy of democracy, 318; but opposes French excesses, 318; his self-directed and American training, 319, 320; early conception of a nation, 321; works toward national government during Revolution, 321; his interest in Western expansion, 321, 322; national character of his Indian policy, 322; of his desire to secure free Mississippi navigation, 322; of his opposition to war as a danger to Union, 323; his anger at accusation of foreign subservience, 323; continually asserts necessity for independent American policy, 324, 325; opposes foreign educational influences, 325, 326; favors foundation of a national university, 326; breadth and strength of his national feeling, 327; absence of boastfulness about country, 328; faith in it, 328; charge that he was merely a figure-head, 329; its injustice, 330; charged with commonplaceness of intellect, 330; incident of the deathbed explained, 330, 331; falsity of the charge, 331; inability of mere moral qualities to achieve what he did, 331; charged with dullness and coldness, 332; his seriousness, 333; responsibility from early youth, 333; his habits of keen observation, 333; power of judging men, 334; ability to use them for what they were worth, 335; anecdote of advice to Hamilton and Meade, 335; deceived only by Arnold, 336; imperfect education, 337; continual efforts to improve it, 337, 338; modest regarding his literary ability, 339, 340; interested in education, 339; character of his writing, 340; tastes in reading, 341; modest but effective in conversation, 342; his manner and interest described by Bernard, 343-347; attractiveness of the picture, 347, 348; his pleasure in society, 348; power of paying compliments, letter to Mrs. Stockton, 349; to Charles Thompson, 350; to De Chastellux, 351; his warmth of heart, 352; extreme exactness in pecuniary matters, 352; illustrative anecdotes, 353,354; favorable opinion of teller of anecdotes, 356; stern towards dishonesty or cowardice, 357; treatment of André and Asgill, 357, 358; sensitive to human suffering, 357, 358; kind and courteous to poor, 359; conversation with Cleaveland, 359; sense of dignity in public office, 360; hospitality at Mt. Vernon, 360, 361; his intimate friendships, 361,362; relations with Hamilton, Knox, Mason, Henry Lee, Craik, 362, 363; the officers of the army, 363; Trumbull, Robert and Gouverneur Morris, 363; regard for and courtesy toward Franklin, 364; love for Lafayette, 365; care for his family, 366; lasting regard for Fairfaxes, 366, 367; kindness to Taft family, 367, 368; destroys correspondence with his wife, 368; their devoted relationship, 368; care for his step-children and relatives, 369, 370; charged with lack of humor, 371; but never made himself ridiculous, 372; not joyous in temperament, 372; but had keen pleasure in sport, 373; enjoyed a joke, even during Revolution, 374; appreciates wit, 375; writes a humorous letter, 376-378; not devoid of worldly wisdom, 378, 379; enjoys cards, dancing, the theatre, 380; loves horses, 380; thorough in small affairs as well as great, 381; controversy over site of church, 381; his careful domestic economy, 382; love of method, 383; of excellence in dress and furniture, 383, 384; gives dignity to American cause, 385; his personal appearance, 385; statements of Houdon, 386; of Ackerson, 386, 387; his tremendous muscular strength, 388; great personal impressiveness, 389, 390; lacking in imagination, 391; strong passions, 391; fierce temper, 392; anecdotes of outbreaks, 392; his absence of self-love, 393; confident in judgment of posterity, 393; religious faith, 394; summary and conclusion, 394, 395.

_Characteristics of_. General view, ii. 304-395; general admiration for, i. 1-7; myths about, i. 9-12, ii. 307 ff.; comparisons with Jefferson, ii. 69; with Lincoln, ii. 310-312; with Hampden, ii. 312, 313; absence of self-seeking, i. 341; affectionateness, i. 111, 285,331,345, ii. 332, 362-371; agreeableness, ii. 344-347, 377; Americanism, ii. 307-328; aristocratic habits, ii. 314, 316; business ability, i. 105, 109, ii. 5, 352, 382; coldness on occasion, i. 223, 224, 263, ii. 318; courage, i. 77, 78, 86, 127, 168, 292; dignity, i. 81,161, ii. 52-57, 76; hospitality, ii. 360; impressiveness, i. 56, 83, 130, 138, 319, ii. 385; indomitableness, i. 177, 181, 227; judgments of men, i. 295, ii. 64, 86, 334, 335; justice and sternness, i. 287, 330, ii. 203, 352-358, 389; kindliness, ii. 349-356, 359; lack of education, i. 62, ii. 337; love of reading, i. 62, ii. 341, 342; love of sport, i. 56, 98, 113-116, 118, ii. 380; manners, ii. 282-283, 314; military ability, i. 154, 166, 174, 183, 197, 204, 207, 239, 247, 265, 267, 305-320, ii. 331; modesty, i. 102, 134; not a figure-head, ii. 329, 330; not a prig, i. 10-12, 41-47; not cold and inhuman, ii. 332, 342; not dull or commonplace, ii. 330, 332; not superhuman and distant, i. 9, 10, 12, ii. 304, 305; open-mindedness, ii. 317; passionateness, i. 58, 73, 90; personal appearance, i. 57, 136, 137, ii. 282, 343, 385-389; religious views, i. 321, ii. 393; romantic traits, i. 95-97; sense of humor, ii. 371-377; silence regarding self, i. 14, 69, 70, 116, 129, 285; ii. 37, 336; simplicity, i. 59, 69, 348; ii. 50, 340; sobriety, i. 49, 52, 134; ii. 43, 45, 333, 373; tact, i. 162, 243, 244-246; temper, i. 73, 92, 110, 168, 236, 237, 260; ii. 98, 392; thoroughness, i. 112, 323, 341, ii. 381.

_Political Opinions_. On Alien and Sedition Acts, ii. 196; American nationality, i. 191, 250, 251, 255, 262, 279, ii. 7, 61, 133, 145, 324, 325, 327, 328; Articles of Confederation, i. 297, ii. 17, 24; bank, ii. 110, 111; colonial rights, i. 120, 124-126, 130; Constitution, i. 38-41; democracy, ii. 317-319; Democratic party, ii. 214, 239, 240, 258, 261, 267, 268; disunion, ii. 22; duties of the executive, ii. 190; education, ii. 81, 326, 330; Federalist party, ii. 71, 246, 247, 259, 260, 261, 269-274, 298; finance, ii. 107, 108, 112, 122; foreign relations, ii. 25, 134, 142, 145, 147, 179, 217-219, 323; French Revolution, ii. 139, 140, 295, 318; independence of colonies, i. 131, 159, 160; Indian policy, ii. 82, 87, 88, 91, 92, 104, 105; Jay treaty, ii. 184-205; judiciary, i. 150; nominations to office, ii. 62; party, ii. 70, 222, 233, 249; protection, ii. 116-122; slavery, i. 106-108; Stamp Act, i. 119; strong government, i. 298, ii. 18, 24, 129, 130; treaty power, ii. 190, 207-210; Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, ii. 266, 267; Western expansion, ii. 6, 8-16, 135, 163-165, 218, 322.

Washington, George Steptoe, his sons educated by Washington, ii. 370.

Washington, John, brother of George, letter of Washington, to, i. 132.

Washington, Lawrence, brother of George Washington, educated in England, i. 54; has military career, 54; returns to Virginia and builds Mt. Vernon, 54; marries into Fairfax family, 54, 55; goes to West Indies for his health, 62; dies, leaving George guardian of his daughter, 64; chief manager of Ohio Company, 65; gives George military education, 65.

Washington, Lund, letter of Washington to, i. 152; rebuked by Washington for entertaining British, ii. 303.

Washington, Martha, widow of Daniel P. Custis, meets Washington, i. 101; courtship of, and marriage, 101, 102; hunts with her husband, 114; joins him at Boston, 151; holds levees as wife of President, ii. 54; during his last illness, 300; her correspondence destroyed, 368; her relations with her husband, 368, 369.

Washington, Mary, married to Augustine Washington, i. 39; mother of George Washington, 39; limited education but strong character, 40, 41; wishes George to earn a living, 49; opposes his going to sea, 49; letters to, 88; visited by her son, ii. 5.

Waters, Henry E., establishes Washington pedigree, i. 32.

Wayne, Anthony, defeated after Brandywine, i. 198; his opinion of Germantown, 199; at Monmouth urges Washington to come, 235; ready to attack Stony Point, 268; his successful exploit, 269; joins Lafayette in Virginia, 307; appointed to command against Indians, ii. 100; his character, 100; organizes his force, 101; his march, 102; defeats the Indians, 103.

Weems, Mason L., influence of his life of Washington on popular opinion, i. 10; originates idea of his priggishness, 11; his character, 41, 43; character of his book, 42; his mythical "rectorate" of Mt. Vernon, 43, 44; invents anecdotes of Washington's childhood, 44; folly of cherry-tree and other stories, 46; their evil influence, 47.

West, the, its importance realized by Washington, ii. 7-16; his influence counteracted by inertia of Congress, 8; forwards inland navigation, 9; desires to bind East to West, 9-11, 14; formation of companies, 11-13; on Mississippi navigation, 14-16, 164; projects of Genet in, 162; its attitude understood by Washington, 163, 164; Washington wishes peace in order to develop it, 218, 219, 321.

"Whiskey Rebellion," passage of excise law, ii. 123; outbreaks of violence in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, 124; proclamation issued warning rioters to desist, 125; renewed outbreaks in Pennsylvania, 125, 126; the militia called out, 127; suppression of the insurrection, 128; real danger of movement, 129; its suppression emphasizes national authority, 129, 130; supposed by Washington to have been stirred up by Democratic clubs, 242.

White Plains, battle at, i. 173.

Wilkinson, James, brings Gates's message to Washington at Trenton, i. 180; brings news of Saratoga to Congress, 220; nettled at Sherman's sarcasm, discloses Conway cabal, 220; quarrels with Gates, 223; resigns from board of war, 223, 226; leads expedition against Indians, ii. 95.

Willett, Colonel, commissioner to Creeks, his success, ii. 91.

William and Mary College, Washington Chancellor of, ii. 339.

Williams, Washington's teacher, i. 48, 51.

Willis, Lewis, story of Washington's school days, i. 95.

Wilson, James, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 72.

Wilson, James, "of England," hunts with Washington, i. 115.

Wolcott, Oliver, receives Fauchet letter, ii. 195; succeeds Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, 246.

Wooster, Mrs., letter of Washington to, ii. 61.

YORKTOWN, siege of, i. 315-318.

"Young Man's Companion," used by George Washington, origin of his rules of conduct, i. 52.

End of Project Gutenberg's George Washington, Vol. I, by Henry Cabot Lodge