Part 37

Footnote 1507:

See especially the speech of the consul Postumius in Livy 39. 15.

Footnote 1508:

See a paper by the author in _Classical Review_, vol. vii. p. 193 foll.

Footnote 1509:

Note for example the way in which Horace has contrived to introduce in combination the ideas of the fertility of crops and herbs, of marriage and the increase of population, of public morality and prosperity.

Footnote 1510:

It gives me pleasure to quote this passage from _Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire_ (p. 63) by my old friend Professor Dill.

Footnote 1511:

_Aen._ 5. 235.

Footnote 1512:

See Nettleship, _Essays in Latin Literature_, pp. 103, 104.

NOTES ON TWO COINS.

A. Denarius of P. Licinius Stolo (p. 42).

_Obv._ AVGVSTVS TR POT Augustus, laureate, on horse-back to r.

_Rev._ P. STOLO Helmet (apex) between two shields.

IIIVIR

[Illustration]

The forms of the helmet and shields are very archaic and interesting, appearing to point to a very early period. The helmet bears a marked likeness to that worn on Egyptian monuments by the Shardana, one of the races that invaded Egypt about the thirteenth century B.C. The shield seems to consist of two small round bosses connected by an oval boss. It is strikingly like the Mycenaean shield as shown on a number of monuments, and far earlier than the so-called Boeotian shield which was common in Greece from the sixth century onwards. The Roman writers themselves seem to have been puzzled by this shape (Marindin, article ‘Salii’ in Smith’s _Dict. Antiq._), and there can be little doubt that it came down from a time when the ‘Mycenaean’ civilization was common to Greece and Italy.

The figure on the coins of M. Sanquinius (Babelon, _Mon. de la Répub. Rom._ ii. 417), who wears a horned helmet and long tunic and carries a herald’s staff and round shield, has been identified by several authorities as one of the Salii. This, however, is certainly wrong. Both on this coin, and later coins of Domitian, the personage is closely connected with the Ludi Saeculares. Dr. Dressel, in the _Ephem. Epigr._ viii. 314, maintains him to be a herald proclaiming the festival. This would admirably suit the caduceus; but the decorations of the helmet seem to me to be not plumes, as Dr. Dressel thinks, but horns, like those on the headpiece of Juno Lanuvina. In any case the person is no Salius.

B. DENARIUS OF L. CAESIUS (p. 101).

_Obv._ Youthful bust l., hair disordered, striking with thunderbolt. Behind, a monogram.

[Illustration]

_Rev._ L. CAESI Two young male figures seated to r. Each has drapery wrapped round waist, and grasps a spear. Between them, a dog, which one of them caresses. In field, in monograms, LARE Above, head of Vulcan and pinchers (moneyer’s mark). The monogram of the obverse was read by Mommsen AP for Apollo; but the closed P was not at that time in use: the interpretation of Montagu (_Numismatic Chronicle_, 1895, p. 162) as Roma is therefore to be preferred. The head appears to be that of Vedius or Vejovis, whose statue at Rome carried in the hand a sheaf of arrows, which would naturally be confused with the Greek thunderbolt. Other heads of Vejovis on Roman coins, as those of the Gens Fonteia, are more Apolline in type, with long curls and laurel-wreath.

The two seated figures of the reverse are identified by the inscription as Lares. They are clearly assimilated to the Greek Dioscuri, early adopted at Rome. The dog, however, which sits between them is an attribute properly belonging to them. Dr. Wissowa in Roscher’s _Lexicon_ (p. 1872) says that they are clad in dogs’ skins; this, however, is certainly not the case, an ordinary cloak or chlamys falls over their knees.

This representation of the Lares stands by itself, the deities are frequently represented in later art, especially wall-paintings and bronze statuettes, but their type is that of boys who hold cornucopiae or drinking vessel, and are fully clad.

P. G.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Acca Larentia, 74, 93, 275, 276, 324.

Aedes Herculis: _see_ Forum Boarium.

Aedes Vestae: _see_ Vesta.

Aediles, plebeian, 75, 76, 92.

Aesculapius, 105, 191, 278; connexion with Vediovis, 122, 278; temple, 278, 340.

Agonia: December, 265, 281; January, 277, 280-2; March, 54, 281; May, 121, 281.

Agonus (or Agonalis), 323.

Agriculture: festivals, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335.

Alban Mount: Feriae Latinae held at, 95, 97, 227-8; temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 95-6, 228.

Ambarvalia, 114, 124-8, 154.

Ancilia, 38-9, 41-3, 45-6, 250; lustration, 57-9, 248, 250; moving, 39, 41, 43-4, 115

Ancillarum Feriae, 176-8.

Angerona, 274-5; goddess of Divalia, 274, 336.

Anna Perenna: festival, 44, 50-1, 53, 163; legends, 51-4, 60; popularity with lower classes, 44, 50-1; representative of year, 52-3.

Aphrodite: connexion with Venus, 69, 86.

Aplu, 181.

Apollo, 89, 191, 250; comparison with Mars, 39-40; connexion with Aesculapius, 278; with Vediovis, 122, 181, 225, 278; coupled with Latona, 181, 186, 200; festivals, 173, 179-81; functions, 180, 278; Medicus, 180; restoration of worship by Augustus, 180 (n. 4), 181-2; Soranus, 84, 181; temples, 180, 182; worship, 117, 179-82, 339.

April: character, 6, 9, 33, 66-7; connexion with Venus, 67, 69; festivals, 66-97; origin of name, 6, 33, 66; prevalence of female deities, 67.

Ara Maxima: _see_ Circus Maximus.

Argei: _see also_ Sacella Argeorum, 150, 151; explanations of custom, 114, 116-20; mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 112, 115, 119, 151; origin of name, 112-3; 118-9; puppets thrown into Tiber, 52, 57, 100, 111-20; substitution for human victims, 112, 115, 116-7, 119.

Armilustrium, 45, 58, 249, 250-1.

Army: importance of curiae, 303, 305; mustering, 133.

Artemis, 200.

Asylum, 122, 183 (n. 3), 327; connexion with Vediovis, 122.

Attalus, King of Pergamus, 69.

August: character, 189-90; festivals, 189-214.

Augustus, revival of religion, 19, 181-2, 190, 280, 342, 343-4, 349.

Aventine: plebeian quarter, 75-6, 199; temples, 59, 74-6, 101-5, 158, 198-200, 201, 206, 232, 267, 339.

Beans: harvest, 130, 255; use as food, 132-3; use in ritual, 83, 109-10, 131; religious character, 91, 110, 130-1.

Beating bounds, _see_ Lustrations; productive of fertility, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Bellona, 134-5.

Birds: used in augury, 139-40.

Bona Dea, 95; connexion with Damia, 105-6; with Maia, 99, 100, 123, 210; earth goddess, 71, 103, 104, 106; functions, 104-5, 106; men excluded from worship, 102-3, 142, 256; myrtle not allowed in temple, 103-4; temple, 101-5; women’s sacrifice, 255-6; worship, 102-6, 150.

Bouphonia, 176, 329.

Brutus, M. Junius, 130.

Caesar (Julius): birthday, 174; calendar, 4, 5-6, 11, 14-5.

Cakes: _see also_ Salt-cake; heads of animals decked with, 148, 242, 244; sacrifices, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304.

Calendar: _see also_ Year, 248-50; authorities on, 13-4, 16-9; divergences, 36, 45, 241, 265-6; Julian: _see_ Caesar; marks of days, 8-10; republican, 14-20; secrecy, 8-9, 11; surviving, 5-6, 11-4.

Campus Martius, 247-8; festivals, 50-1; races, 44-5, 208, 242, 249, 330; sacrifice of October-horse, 241-3, 247-9.

Capitolium, 129-30, 327; connexion with Saturnus, 269-70; temples, 43, 85, 129-30, 145, 157-8, 214, 216-7, 229, 291, 293, 326-7.

Caprotinae, Nonae: _see_ Nones.

Cardea: confusion with Carna, 131-2.

Caristia, 308-9.

Carmenta, 167, 291-3; festival, 277, 290-3; temple, 291, 293.

Carmentalia, 15, 277, 290-3.

Carmentes: _see_ Carmenta.

Carna, 130; confusion with Cardea, 131-2; festival, 130-3.

Castor and Pollux: _see_ Dioscuri.

Cerealia, 15, 72-3, 77-9, 92; foxes loosed in Circus Maximus, 77-9, 94; plebeian character, 70, 77, 92.

Ceres, 73-4, 295, 338; connexion with Demeter, 73, 74, 181; with plebeians, 74-7, 92; festival, 72-3, 77-9, 92, 294-6; goddess of crops, 67, 71, 73, 126; Greek influence on, 73, 75-6, 105; sacrifices, 103, 105, 295; temple, 74-6, 92.

Cernunnos: identification with Janus, 286.

Character of Romans, 65; influence of religion on, 344-9.

Charlton-on-Otmoor: lustration of fields, 128, 246.

Circus Flaminius: games, 217, 252, 253; temples, 134, 135, 180, 202, 211.

Circus Maximus, 190; altar of Consus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209; Ara Maxima, 138, 189, 190, 193-7; festivals, 77-8, 94; races, 208; temples, 92, 160, 202, 204.

Cnaeus Flavius, 11.

Coins, 350-2; heads on, 286-7, 351.

Comitia Curiata: meetings, 63, 64, 123, 305.

Comitium, 57-8.

Compitalia, 255, 277, 279-80, 294, 335, 338.

Consualia, 115, 178, 189, 206-9, 290; Vestal Virgins present, 115, 150; winter, 267-8.

Consuls: connexion with Feriae Latinae, 95, 96; entrance on office, 5, 95, 190, 278; laying down of office, 216.

Consus, 324, 338; altar in Circus Maximus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209; connexion with horses, 207-8; with Ops, 212-3; festivals, 115, 178, 206-9, 267-8; temple, 206, 267.

Corn: supply, 76; trade, 121; wolf: _see_ Corn-spirit.

Corn-spirit: animal representation, 78, 83, 90-1, 94, 244-5, 264; death and renewal of life, 83, 118, 246-7, 316-7; human representation, 177, 245; races in rites, 245-6, 330; rites to aid growth of corn, 41, 83-4; rites to propitiate, 90-1, 244-8.

Creek Indians: festivals of first-fruits, 152-3.

Cross-roads, 279-80.

Curiae, 16, 71, 303-4; festivals, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335; flamen, 304.

Curio Maximus, 303-4.

Curis, 303.

Damia: connexion with Bona Dea, 105-6.

Days: calendar marks in, 8-10; market, 8; number in months, 2-3.

Dead: ancestor worship, 161, 275-6, 300, 308-9; burial, 108, 109, 307; cult chiefly in February, 3, 6, 33, 107, 299, 300; festivals, 106-10, 131, 275-6, 306-10; offerings, 308; spirits: _see_ Ghosts.

Dea Dia, 71, 105; centre of ritual of Fratres Arvales, 74, 105; connexion with Ceres, 74.

December, 7; character, 255; festivals, 33, 255-76.

Deities: abstractions resolved into, 190-1, 341; chthonic, 207, 210, 211-2; dualism of male and female, 61-2, 212-3, 221; female, 67, 71, 74, 106; fluctuation between male and female, 67, 73, 80, 232-3; images: _see_ Images; impersonality, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 295, 311, 337; multiplicity, 144, 167, 241, 259-60, 291-3, 337; prayers: _see_ Prayers; symbols, 122, 139, 161, 169, 170, 230, 235; women’s: _see_ Women.

Delphi: Roman dealings with, 181.

Demeter, 103, 110; connexion with Ceres, 73, 74, 181.

Demons: _see_ Evil spirits.

Diana: connexion with Artemis, 200; coupled with Hercules, 181, 186; festival, 198-200; functions, 198, 200-1; Nemorensis, 183; temples, 198-200, 339.

Dionysus: connexion with Liber, 54-5, 74, 88; introduction of cult into Italy, 88, 342; sacrifice at Tenedos, 329.

Dioscuri, 296-7, 351; temples, 202, 296.

Dis Pater, 120, 212, 269.

Dius Fidius, 327; antiquity, 135-6; connexion with Genius Jovis, 142-5; with Hercules, 137-9, 142-4; with Jupiter, 138-41, 221; with Semo Sancus, 136-8, 144; temple, 135, 136, 141.

Divalia, 274-5.

Dogs: connexion with Lares praestites, 101, 351-2; sacrifices, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314.

Earth: deities, 67, 71, 74, 103, 104, 106, 256, 294-5; spiritualized as feminine, 103, 106.

Epulum Jovis: _see_ Jupiter.

Equirria, 44-6, 330-1.

Esquiline: cults, 228; divisions, 266; temples, 38.

Etruscans: influence on Roman religion, 171-2, 185-6, 200, 219-20, 222-3, 229, 234-5, 338-40; trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 239.

Evil spirits: expulsion, 40-1, 43, 107; human scapegoat, 40-1, 46-9.

Fairs, 253.

Fasti: _see_ Calendar; Ovid’s, _see_ Ovid.

Fauna, 103.

Faunalia, 255, 256-8.

Faunus, 103, 257-8; connexion with Lupercalia, 257-8, 262, 312-3; with Pan, 258, 259, 313; derivation of name, 258-9; festival, 256-8; functions, 80, 261-3, 278; multiplicity, 259-60, 313; origin, 257-8, 259, 261, 263-5; temples, 257-8, 278, 302; woodland character, 260-1.

Favonius, 258, 259, 264; Feb. 7th, 277, 299.

February, 3, 4, 6, 7; character, 6, 66, 299; festivals, 3, 6, 33, 298-331; origin of name, 6, 298.

Feralia, 10, 107, 306, 309-10.

Feretrius: _see_ Jupiter.

Feriae Latinae, 95-7, 227-8, 335.

Feriae Sementivae, 294-6.

Feronia, 199, 252-4; temple, 253.

Fertility: customs to produce, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Festivals, 15, 18-9, 44, 336; agricultural, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335; of curiae, 16, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335; domestic, 107, 306-10; harvest, 124-8, 145-54, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9, 212-4, 243-4, 294-6; marked in calendars, 15-6; men’s, 102-3, 142, 194; of montes, 16, 265-7, 335; moveable, 15, 95, 124, 255-6, 277, 279, 294, 303; pagi, 16, 257, 294-6, 335; pastoral, 96-7; patrician, 68 (n. 2), 70; plebeian, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253; of sacella, 16, 111-20, 335; survival of, 127-8, 312, 321; times of, 7, 59, 70, 169-70, 174, 189, 256, 290; transition from rustic to urban: _see_ Religion; women’s, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291.

Fetiales, 230-1; declaration of war, 134, 230; lapis silex, 230-1.

Fidenates: legends about, 174, 175, 177, 178.

Fides, 237; festival, 237-8.

Fig-tree of Rumina, 310, 334.

Fire: deities, 189, 209-10; sacred fire of Vesta: _see_ Vesta.

Firstfruits: gathering, 151-3; offering, 195, 211-2.

Fisovius Sancius: _see_ Fisus.

Fisus, 137, 139.

Flamines, 35, 288, 335, 342-3; antiquity of deity proved by, 92, 187, 201, 237; Flamen Carmentalis, 292; Flamen curiae, 304; Flamen Dialis, 86-8, 204, 221, 313; Flamen Floralis, 92; Flamen Furinalis, 187; Flamen Martialis, 237, 323; Flamen Palatualis, 267; Flamen Pomonalis, 201; Flamen Portunalis, 202; Flamen Quirinalis, 89, 209, 237, 276, 333, 334; Flamen Volcanalis, 123, 210; Flamen Volturnalis, 214; Flaminica Dialis, 56 (n. 5), 112, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153, 221; representative of sons of the family, 36, 147, 288, 334.

Flora, 92-3, 240, 324; festivals, 91-5 functions, 67, 93, 94; temples, 92, 202, 324.

Floralia, 91-5; hares and goats loosed in Circus Maximus, 94.

Fons (or Fontus), 240-1, 258; temple, 341.

Fontinalia, 240-1.

Fordicidia, 71-2, 83, 243; character, 66, 115, 150; share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115, 150.

Fornacalia, 302-6, 335.

Fors Fortuna: _see_ Fortuna.

Fortuna, 67; connexion with Jupiter, 166, 168, 223-5; with Nortia, 171-2; with Servius Tullius, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2; explained as dawn-goddess, 164-6; explained as moon-goddess, 168-9; explained as sun-goddess, 168-71; festivals, 67-9; 161-72; Fors, 124, 161-3, 340; functions, 167-8, 170-1; _huiusce diei_, 164-5, 343; origin of name, 163-4, 166-7; Primigenia, 72, 124, 165-6, 167-8, 223-4, 254; statues, 156-7, 339; symbols, 169, 170-1; temples, 68, 72, 124, 156-7, 161-2, 166, 339, 343; Virilis, 68; women especially worship, 167-8; worshipped at Praeneste, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223.

Forum: meeting of curiae in, 305, 306; temples, 271, 273-4, 296, 339.

Forum Boarium: Aedes Herculis, 193; temples, 154, 156-7, 339.

Forum Olitorium: temple, 302.

Foxes, 78; loosed at Cerealia, 77-9; 94.

Fratres Arvales, 42; Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 17, 125; calendar, 12; decline of, 184-5, 343; ritual of, 48, 74, 92-3, 105, 125, 127, 136, 240-1, 271, 282.

Freedwomen: worship of Feronia, 253.

Furiae: confusion with Furrina, 187, 188.

Furrina (or Furina), 187-8.

Furrinalia, 173, 187-8.

Gaia Caecilia, 141.

Games (ludi), 15, 50; Apollinares, 173, 179-80; Cereales, 72-3; compitales, 279-80; Florae, 91-5; horse races, 44-5, 58, 91, 180, 208, 242, 245-6, 248-9; Megalesiaci, 69-71; plebeii, 180, 217, 252, 253; Romani, 215, 216-7, 252; saeculares, 182.

Gates: _see_ Porta.

Geese: sacred to Juno, 129-30.

Genita Mana. 101.

Ghosts: purification of house from, 100, 109-10, 131; classification of, 108-9.

Gods: _see_ Deities.

Guilds, 62, 121; tibicines, 157-8.

Harawara, 84.

Hares: loosed at Floralia, 94.

Harvest, 154, 189; customs, 177-8, 245-6; festivals, 124-8, 153-4, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9.

Healing deities, 104-5, 180, 191, 278.

Heimdal: equation with Janus, 286.

Hephaestus, 123.

Hercules: connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 137-9, 142-4; with Genius, 143-4, 194-5, 196, 337; with Juno, 142-4; with Mars, 194-5, 196; coupled with Diana, 181, 186; Invictus, 201; legends, 102, 112, 138, 193, 196-7; representative of male principle, 103, 143, 194; temples, 135, 201; Victor, 138; worship, 193-7; worship confined to men, 102, 103, 142, 194.

Hermes, 120-1; connexion with Mercury, 121, 186.

Hirpi Sorani: rites at Soracte, 84, 317.

Horatius: legend, 238-9.

Horses: connexion of Consus with, 207-8; of Mars with, 330; decked with flowers, 207-8; heads decked with cakes, 242, 244.

Horta Quirini, 324.

Ides, 8; sacred to Jupiter, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241.

Iguvium: inscription found at, 17, 114, 127, 137, 139, 176, 221.

Images and statues of gods, 81, 141, 156-7, 200, 201, 218, 228, 239.

Indigitamenta, 71, 191, 192, 274, 341.

Indigites, 192.

Inuus, 312-3.

Isis worship, 252.

January, 5-7; character, 6, 33, 277; consuls enter office in, 5, 95, 278; festivals, 6, 277-97; origin of name, 6, 7, 33, 99.

Janus, 270; connexion with Cardea, 131-2; with January, 6, 33, 99; with Saturnus, 270; with tigillum sororium, 238-9; with Vesta, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5; cult-titles, 289-90; geminus, 286; god of entrances, 282-3, 286-9, 335, 337; origin of cult, 282-9; Rex sacrorum connected with worship of, 282, 288, 334-5; temples, 204, 270.

July, 2, 3, 173; festivals, 174-88.

June: character, 6, 33; festivals, 130-72; origin of name, 6, 99-100, 129-30.

Juno, 312; Caprotina, 178; connexion with Bona Dea, 142; with Hercules, 142-4; with June, 99-100, 129; with Jupiter, 134, 218, 221, 223-5; with Mars, 37-8, 133-4; with tigillum sororium, 238-9; cult at Praeneste, 166, 224; Curitis, 223, 239; festivals, 174, 178-9; Kalends sacred to, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241; Lucina, 38, 105, 156; Moneta, 129-30; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; representative of female principle, 38, 141, 143, 178, 221, 321 (n. 1), 337; Sospita, 302; temples, 38, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 302, 326-7.

Jupiter, 97, 220-1, 313; Capitolinus, 97, 158; cella Jovis, 217; connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 138-41, 221; with Fortuna, 166, 168, 223-5; with Juno, 134, 218, 221, 223-5; with Mercurius, 120; with Terminus, 326-7; with wine, 55, 88, 240; Elicius, 232, 233; epulum Jovis, 215, 216, 217-20, 233-4, 253; Fagutalis, 228; Feretrius, 229-30, 232, 334; festivals, 85-8, 157-9, 174, 216-20, 275, 338; Fulgur, 239; functions, 55, 88, 97, 141, 222, 229-30, 232, 326; Ides sacred to, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241; Indiges, 192; Invictus, 158; Latiaris, 97, 198, 227-8; Liber, 55, 88; Lucetius, 222; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; Puer, cult at Praeneste, 166, 224-7; stones connected with, 230-3, 234; temples, 95-6, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 228, 229, 232, 326-7, 339; Viminius, 229; worship in groves, 183, 227; worship in Italy, 221-3; worship on hills, 95, 222, 227, 234.

Juturna, 293; temple, 341.

Kalends, 8; sacred to Juno, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241.

Kings, 36, 63, 282; represented by Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288; represented by Rex sacrorum, 8, 213, 282, 288.

Lapis: _see_ Stones.

Larentalia, 275-6.

Larentia: _see_ Acca Larentia.

Lares, 136, 309, 337; compitales or domestici, 101, 338; praestites, 100-1, 335.

Latin Festival: _see_ Feriae Latinae.

Latins, common worship of Romans and, 95-7, 198-9, 335.

Latona, coupled with Apollo, 181, 186, 200.

Laurel, 83; sacred to Mars, 35-6.

Lectisternium, 180-1, 186, 200, 273; connexion with epulum Jovis, 218.

Lemuria, 100, 106-10, 131, 174, 290.

Leucothea, 154.

Liber, 312, 338; connexion with Dionysus, 54-5, 74, 88.

Libera, 74.

Liberalia, 54-6; cakes used at, 53-4, 55.

Litania Maior, 91, 127.

Lucaria, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174, 182-5, 186-7.

Luceres, 185.

Ludi: _see_ Games.

Lupercal, 310-1, 318.

Lupercalia, 298, 299, 310-21; deity of, 257-8, 262, 312-3; sacrifices at, 101, 311, 312-4; salt-cake used, 110, 115, 311; whipping to produce fertility, 104, 179, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.

Luperci, 311, 312-3, 319-20; derivation of name, 311, 317.

Lupercus, 311, 312.

Lupines, 94.

Lustrations, 68, 83-5, 298; aedes Vestae, 148-9, 151-4; Argei, 100, 113-4, 115, 119; arms, 58-9, 248-9, 250-1; bound-beating, 114, 125-8, 304, 319; crops, 100, 114, 124-8, 154; ghosts, 100; Lupercalia, 315-6, 319-21; people, 175-6; processions, 111, 113-4, 125-6, 335; rites, 299-302; sheep, 81; shields, 58-9, 248, 250; trumpets, 63-4, 123.

Magna Mater Idaea: festival, 67, 69-71; introduction into Rome, 67, 69-70, 102, 342; stone representing, 69-70, 342; temple, 70.

Maia, 98-100; connexion with Bona Dea, 99, 100, 123, 129; with Mercurius, 98-9, 120; with Volcanus, 123, 210.

Mamuralia, 45-50.

Mamurius: expulsion of Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9; festival, 44-50; smith, 39, 45-6; variant for Mars, 39, 41, 45.

Manes, 108, 300, 308.

March, 2, 3; beginning of year, 5, 33, 38; connexion with Mars, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99; festivals, 5, 35-65; New Year’s Day, 5, 35-43, 278; origin of name, 33, 99.

Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, 11.

Market days, 8.

Marriages, 293; customs, 142; ill-omened in March and May, 60, 67, 100, 109, 293; prohibited, 146, 308.

Mars, 53, 60, 313; birthday, 5, 36-8, 60; comparison with Apollo, 39-40; connexion with Hercules, 194-5, 196; with Juno, 37-8, 133-4; with March, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99; with Minerva, 53, 59-60, 62; with Nerio, 60-2, 186; with Quirinus, 322-3; with Robigus, 89, 324; with Romulus, 33, 37 (n. 3); with Silvanus, 55, 194; festivals, 44-6, 57-63, 123, 241-50, 290, 313, 330-1; functions, 34-5, 41, 43, 64-5, 89, 248-9, 250, 262; god of powers of vegetation and reproduction, 34-5; 41, 48-9, 64, 126-7, 196; Greek influence, 35, 37; laurel sacred to, 35-6; origin, 34-5, 64; priests: _see_ Salii; Sacrarium Martis, 39, 44, 324, 335; shields: _see_ Ancilia; temples, 133-4, 232; war-god, 126, 207, 248, 249.

Mater Larum, 240.

Mater Matuta, 154-6, 165.

Matralia, 154-6, 165.

Matronalia, 38.

May, 2, 3; character, 6, 33, 100; festivals, 33, 98-128; origin of name, 6, 33, 98-100.

Meals: _see also_ Epulum Jovis; sacrificial, 81, 96-7, 194, 218-20, 308, 309.

Meditrinalia, 236, 239-40.

Megalesia, 69-71.

Men: exclusion from cults, 102-3, 142, 256; oaths of, 138-9, 142.

Mens, 145.

Mercurius: connexion with Hermes, 121, 186; with Jupiter, 120; with Maia, 98-9, 120; coupled with Neptunus, 181, 186; god of trade, 121; temples, 121, 339.

Mildew: _see_ Rust.

Minerva: connexion with Mars, 53, 59-60, 62; with Nerio, 59-62; festivals, 59, 62, 158; goddess of trumpet players, 62, 158; nail driven into cella of, 234-5; one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339; temples, 59, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339.

Mola salsa: _see_ Salt-cake.

Montes, 266-7; festivals of, 16, 265-7, 335.

Months, 5-7, 33-4; divisions, 7-8; lunar, 7; names, 5-7, 33-4, 99-100; number of days, 2-3; solar, 1.

Mundus, 211-2; open, 211-2, 239, 252.

Myrtle, 68; excluded from temple of Bona Dea, 103-4.

Nails driven into temples, 172, 217, 234-5.

Nemesis, 170.

Neptunalia, 173, 185-7.

Neptunus, 185-7; connexion with Poseidon, 185, 186, 187; with Salacia, 186; coupled with Mercurius, 181, 186; functions, 185, 187.

Nerio, 134-5; connexion with Mars, 60-2, 186; with Minerva, 59-62.

Nerthus, 117.

New Year: _see_ March.

Nones, 7, 8; Nonae Caprotinae, 174, 175, 178-9.

Nortia, 235; connexion with Fortuna, 171-2.

November: character, 252; festivals, 252-4.

Numa: connexion with calendar, 4, 335-6; legends, 262-3, 278.

Numbers: lucky and unlucky, 3.

Oak of Jupiter Feretrius, 229, 232, 334.

Oaths, 138-9, 142, 231, 297, 327; Jupiter’s connexion with, 139, 229-30, 326; taken at Ara Maxima, 138-9.

Octaeteris cycle, 2-3.

October, 2, 3; character, 236-7; festivals, 237-51.

October-horse, 45, 58, 241-50; blood kept by Vestal Virgins, 83, 150, 243, 247; corn-spirit represented by, 83, 244-8; races, 45, 58, 242, 245-6; sacrifice of, 83, 241-2.

Opalia, 255, 273-4.

Opeconsivia, 115, 150, 189, 212-4, 290.

Ops, 74, 338; connexion with Consus, 212-3; with Saturnus, 212, 273-4; Consiva, 212; festival, 115, 150, 212-4, 273-4; Opifera, 210; temple, 273-4.

Oracles: Faunus, 262-3.

Oscilla: _see_ Puppets.

Ovid: Fasti, 6-7, 13, 14, 36-7, 173, 236-7.

Paganalia, 16, 294-6, 335, 338.

Pagus, 257, 294, 335; festivals, 16, 257, 294-6, 335, 338.

Palatine: divisions, 266; Lupercal: _see_ Lupercal; mundus: _see_ Mundus; rites celebrated, 276, 310-2, 318-9; temples, 70, 180 (n. 4), 182; union with Subura, 247.

Palatua, 267.

Pales, 67, 80, 267; festival, 79-85; offerings, 81, 103.

Pan: connexion with Faunus, 258, 259, 313.

Parentalia, 210, 276, 299, 300, 306-10, 335.

Parilia, 66, 79-85, 110, 243, 247; character, 66, 115, 150; share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115.

Penates, 337.

Persephone, 75.

Picumnus, 201.

Pinarii, 193.

Plebeians: festivals, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253; quarter, 75, 77; secession, 53, 75-7; temples, 75-6, 92, 199.

Pomona, 201.

Pons sublicius, Argei thrown from, 112, 113-4.

Pontifices, 114; decline, 342-3; growing importance, 339-41; influence on religion, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341; Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288; priestesses, 105-6; share in festivals, 112, 114, 276.

Poplifugia, 7, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174-6, 179, 183, 328.

Porta: Agonensis, 281; Capena, 133, 232; Carmentalis, 180 (n. 3), 290, 291, 293; Fontinalis, 240; Sanqualis, 135, 140; Trigemina, 201.

Portunalia, 189, 202-4.

Portunus, 202-4, 214,

Poseidon: connexion, with Neptunus, 185, 186, 187; Hippios, 208.

Potitii, 193.

Praeneste, 254; cult of Fortuna, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223-4, 254; cult of Jupiter Puer, 166, 224-7; foreign influence, 166, 227.

Prayers, 81-2, 89-90, 126-7, 133, 155, 184, 191, 295, 308, 346.

Presents given at festivals, 38, 272, 278.

Priests: _see_ Pontifices.

Primigenia: _see_ Fortuna.

Proserpina, 212.