CHAPTER XXXIX

CONCLUSION (1872-1900)

The union of Italy was so triumphant, the efforts which accomplished it so heroic, and the whole tone of Italian history throughout the Risorgimento so romantic and noble, that the period since of necessity looks flat and dull. The Italians themselves had imagined that the union of Italy would be followed by some career, political, moral, or intellectual, that would be comparable to the career of ancient Rome. A reaction was inevitable. No nation could continue at so enthusiastic a pitch. Moreover, the difficulties before it were great.

Chief of these difficulties was the persistent hostility of the Papacy. Pius IX, a kind, lovable, timid man, wholly inadequate to cope with a revolutionary situation, had passed from his early sympathy with the liberal movement to the opposite extreme, and hated it with the hatred of fear. His hatred of liberal ideas may be seen in his conduct with regard to ecclesiastical matters. He insisted upon the extremest conservative dogma, as if it were a shield to protect the Papacy, the papal city, the Papal States, and the whole Catholic world, from all assaults of Satan and his liberal crew. First he proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, next he published the "Syllabus," which is a condemnation of all those doctrines commonly embodied in Bills of Rights. Finally, he convoked the Vatican Council (1869-70), and procured a decree that the Pope is infallible in matters of faith and morals. This decree gave the death-blow to whatever remains of republicanism there were in the Church, and established the Pope as absolute monarch. An Ecumenical Council, representing the Church, had previously been the infallible head of the Church; now the Pope was substituted for the Council.

In this way the Church more and more assumed an attitude of irreconcilable hostility to the ideas that prevailed among the educated classes in Italy. After the occupation of Rome by the Italian government, Pius shut himself up in the Vatican palace and proclaimed himself a prisoner. He first advised and then commanded Catholics to stay away from the polls at national elections, and directed his foreign policy to the end of reestablishing his Temporal Power. This policy, judged by the popular belief in the divine right of nationality and of majorities, is of course wrong; judged by one who regards the interests of the Church as paramount, it may be defended as an attempt to adhere to the old ways under which the Catholic Church had played its extraordinary part in European history. After the occupation of Rome the Italian government passed the Law of Guarantees (May 10, 1871), which guaranteed to the Pope an annual subsidy of somewhat more than 3,000,000 lire a year, and also the personal and diplomatic rights of a sovereign, such as to maintain his court, to receive ambassadors, to have separate postal and telegraph service, to keep the Vatican and Lateran palaces, etc. Pius IX refused to accept the subsidy.

Another difficulty, which has confronted the government since the union, has been the discord between the North and South. The northern provinces, especially Lombardy and Piedmont, have been making progress in manufactures and in commerce; whereas, on the contrary, the South, very ignorant and very poor, and devoted to agriculture, wine, grain, lemons, oranges, etc., without facilities for manufacture and without capacity for commerce, has made doubtful advance. Special causes have hindered it. In Sicily, in consequence of long-continued poverty, ignorance, and misgovernment, the secret societies, known as the _Mafia_, have overrun great parts of the island. The original cause of the _Mafia_ was probably self-protection, the lower classes banding together to save themselves from the oppressions of the upper classes who clung to the remains of the feudal system. The landowners, for example, had used their control of the courts to maintain privileges and injustice. As a natural consequence, members of the _Mafia_ deemed it ignoble to revenge wrongs by judicial process, and still more ignoble to give any information to any officers of the government. They settled their own disputes and righted their own wrongs. With the grant of suffrage the _Mafia_ became a political power, and only permitted the election of such candidates as it approved.

In Naples there was also a power behind the scenes which resembled the _Mafia_, but in reality was totally distinct and individual. This Neapolitan power, a legacy from Bourbon times, was the _Camorra_, a society of criminals or ruffians on the edge of crime, organized for the purpose of levying tribute by blackmail; it was not unlike the worst municipal rings in this country, and gained its livelihood from the vicious, and from politicians who benefited by its support. Both _Camorra_ and _Mafia_ have been very great obstacles to social progress, and still exist.

The North, conscious of a higher standard of civilization, has wished to educate and reform the South, and also, perhaps, has not been unwilling to let taxation fall more heavily in proportion upon the agricultural produce of the South than on the manufactured products of the North. Resenting this assumption of superiority, and suspicious of unfair treatment, especially with regard to indirect taxation, the South has felt itself aggrieved; and so there have been continual misunderstanding and friction between it and the North.

In its foreign relations the country has also had hard problems. France and Italy ceased to be friends. Italy could not forget that the French had upheld the papal power in Rome, and had defeated Garibaldi at Mentana; and France was indignant that Italy had not come to her rescue in 1870. France also was jealous of a rival in the Mediterranean; while the Italians believed that France favoured a revival of the Temporal Power. This unfriendliness, fostered by the Italian clericals, constituted a most disturbing factor in Italy's foreign relations. The breach was increased by other causes, and Italy in alarm turned to find friends elsewhere. Austria and Germany, who had already made an alliance, were glad to have Italy join, as further security for the peace of Europe against any action by France or Russia. So the three joined and made the Triple Alliance (1882), which was renewed from time to time and still exists. This alliance has given Italy ample security against any attack by France, but has imposed upon her very heavy military burdens in order to keep her army at a certain standard of efficiency.

As time went on the actors of the great age dropped off one by one; Mazzini in 1872, Victor Emmanuel in 1878, Garibaldi in 1882. It is after their departure, their noble desires fulfilled, their noble tasks accomplished, that Italy looks little and inadequate. The parliamentary struggles have certainly been neither noble nor romantic. After the occupation of Rome, the Right, the conservative party, under Marco Minghetti, Quintino Sella, and others, was in power for half a dozen years, and by means of a burdensome taxation succeeded in making receipts equal expenses. But taxes and refusal to extend the suffrage led to its fall from power, and the Left, the progressive party, under Agostino Depretis, assumed the government. Depretis abolished an unpopular tax on grinding corn, made primary education compulsory, and extended the suffrage from 600,000 voters to 2,000,000. After these reforms the dominant party ceased to have a definite programme. There was general confusion, known as Transformism. The deputies split up into little groups under petty leaders and fell to log-rolling. The story is dreary and unimportant.

Depretis, who died in 1887, was succeeded by Francesco Crispi, the most striking political figure since Cavour. Crispi began life as an advocate at Palermo, and took part as a very young man in the early agitations for constitutional reforms. He was successful at the bar, and had moved to Naples to practise before the appellate tribunals there, when the events that led to the uprisings of '48 began to effervesce. Crispi took a leading part. After the uprisings had been suppressed, he lived in exile till the time was ripe to begin again. Then he returned to Sicily and plotted for the revolution which terminated in Garibaldi's expedition. He acquired great influence, took his seat in the Italian parliament, and soon became leader of the radical Left. In spite of vicissitudes and a not unattacked reputation, he was the chief parliamentary figure on the death of Depretis, and dominated Italian politics till 1896. In his youth Crispi had been a follower of Mazzini's republican theories; later, though still a republican in sympathy, he announced the opinion that "the Republic would divide us, the Monarchy unites us," and abandoned his old republican associates. For this reason among others he incurred the animosity of old friends and allies.

During the period of his ascendency the subdivision of the deputies into little groups made government difficult, and for a couple of years he was out of office. In that interval hard times, adding weight to republican and socialist propaganda, caused strikes, riots, and insurrections; and accompanying these disturbances came the "Bank Scandals." Sundry banks, conspicuously the important Banca Romana, had been violating the laws which regulated the government of banks, and had been engaged in most improper dealings with politicians, as, for instance, lending money to deputies on little or no security. These scandals, together with the strikes, wrecked the ministry, and the country called on Crispi, as the one strong man able to take control. He assumed office in December, 1893, and remained till 1896, when he fell with equal suddenness. The cause of his fall requires a separate paragraph.

About 1870 an Italian steamship company established a coaling station on the west coast of the Red Sea, and acquired a certain strip of land which it afterwards ceded to the government (1882). From this beginning the Italian government advanced, upon one pretext or another, to the establishment of a colonial dependency. It occupied Massawa, established the "Colonia Erithrea," and proclaimed a zone of influence along the east coast of Africa. Various battles were fought with the natives; and at last the government sent fifteen thousand men to perform some brilliant exploit for its own political benefit. The Italian troops were badly handled; they walked into a trap set by the Abyssinians, and suffered a terrible rout, losing half their numbers (1896). Crispi fell at once, and the new ministry under Di Rudini, in spite of cries for revenge, prudently abandoned the colonial policy, and made peace as best it could. Italy renounced her protectorate, and contented herself with a strip of coast by Massawa. Thus ended the scheme of colonial aggrandizement begun in ignorance and folly.

The fall of Crispi removed the last interesting figure of the Risorgimento, and left Italian politics in a confused medley. Since then, various leaders of no marked ability or individuality have struggled with the permanent difficulties of Church and State, North and South, capitalism and socialism, and the shifting difficulties of foreign relations. All this time is too near to present any definite pattern to the casual eye. The century closed sadly with the assassination of King Humbert (1878-1900) by an ignorant workman who called himself a nihilist. Humbert was not a good ruler, but he had a kind heart and many pleasant qualities, which endeared him to the Italian people. He was succeeded by his son Victor Emmanuel III, the present king.

The greatest Italian figure of the last decades of the nineteenth century was not to be found in the service of the State, but of the Church. In 1810 Gioacchino Pecci was born in Carpineto, a dead little village perched on a hillside near Anagni, the town where Boniface VIII was nearly murdered by Sciarra Colonna five hundred years before. His father, Count Lodovico Pecci, had served in Napoleon's army; his mother was said to be descended from Cola di Rienzo. The count was the seigneur of the place, and lived in a somewhat shabby palace which had seen better days. Gioacchino was educated at a Jesuit school in Rome. He soon gave evidence of marked ability, and was taken into the papal service and sent as apostolic delegate to Benevento. Banditti infested the neighbourhood, and the nobility of the town were little better than the banditti. Pecci displayed character. He was promoted, and at the age of thirty-three was sent as papal nuncio to Belgium, with the title of Archbishop of Damietta, an archbishopric that had been _in partibus infidelium_ since the days of St. Louis. In Belgium, where liberal ideas were jostling the old ecclesiastical system, Pecci distinguished himself for tact and address. From Belgium he went to Perugia as bishop, and governed the city for thirty-two years, during the trying time in which (largely at the expense of the Church) Italy was forcing her way to freedom. In 1860 his authority was overthrown by the Piedmontese soldiers, and many tales of brutality and wantonness charged upon the nationalists were brought to his troubled ears, and he unfortunately received a most unfavourable impression of liberals and liberalism. His reputation for ability, character, and diplomacy became so well established, that in the conclave on the death of Pius IX he had no serious competitor. Leo XIII (1878-1903) was already an old man when he was elected Pope, and had had the misfortune to receive his education and training in the narrow school of the old papal regime. Preceded by an incompetent Pope, he found himself confronted by the wreck of the Temporal Power, and by a liberalism which was not only triumphant in Italy, but in nearly all western Europe. He had not far to go to find thoughtful men who expected to see the Papacy collapse and die. Most difficult matters in Germany, in Ireland, in France, in the United States, required delicate and skilful management. It is not too much to say that Leo raised the Papacy higher in the world's regard than it had stood for two hundred years. Had he been a younger man, and trained in a more liberal school, he might, perhaps, have attempted the task of adjusting ecclesiastical conservatism and tradition to the needs of a fast changing world. But he was too old. With a few brilliant exceptions he accepted the conservative policy. He affected to deem himself a prisoner in the Vatican, and claimed the restoration of the Temporal Power; he declared Thomas Aquinas the best teacher for the priesthood, and stood firm on the dogmas of the Council of Trent. Nevertheless, his was a most impressive personality, and he stands in the long list of Popes in a rank inferior only to the highest.

In his old age, as he strolled in the Vatican gardens, meditating Latin verses, or thinking over his encyclical letters, "On the Condition of the Working Classes," "On Christian Democracy," "On the Holy Eucharist," or turning his emaciated, sweet, Voltairean face to the great dome of St. Peter's, he may well have let his mind wander in peace over the outside world, for never since Luther cast off his papal allegiance had the whole Christian world been so united in admiration for a Pope of Rome. All Christians could say amen to the prayer in his last poem, "Suprema Leonis Vota:"--

Expleat o clemens anxia vota Deus,

Scilicet ut tandem superis de civibus unus Divino aeternum lumine et ore fruar.[25]

We have now reached our goal, the end of the nineteenth century, and if we look back and contemplate the vicissitudes of Italy, such as no other nation ever experienced, twice on the throne of Europe, three times crowned with its crown,--Imperial, Ecclesiastical, Intellectual,--and resurvey the three centuries during which foreign tyrant and native priest joined hands to smother and quench the Italian fire, and then read in detail the heroic acts of the men who sacrificed themselves for Italian freedom, we shall feel sure that the dull colours of the present generation are but signs of a time of rest, and that the genius of Italy lives within and will again enrich the world with deeds of men sprung from the "gentle Latin blood."

FOOTNOTES:

[25]

Fulfil, O gracious God, my anxious prayer,

That, at the last, one among the citizens of Heaven I may enjoy Thy Light, Thy Face, forever.

APPENDIX

I

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF POPES AND EMPERORS

----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+---------- Year of | | |Year of Accession.| Popes. | Emperors. |Accession. ----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+---------- A. D. | | | A. D. 468 |Simplicius |Romulus Augustulus | 475 483 |Felix III |Anastasius I[1] | 491 492 |Gelasius I | | 496 |Anastasius II | | 498 |Symmachus | | 498 |Laurentius (Anti-pope) | | 514 |Hormisdas | | | |Justin I | 518 523 |John I | | 526 |Felix IV | | | |JUSTINIAN[2] | 527 530 |Boniface II | | 530 |Dioscorus (Anti-pope) | | 532 |John II | | 535 |Agapetus I | | 536 |Silverius | | 537 |Vigilius | | 555 |Pelagius I | | 560 |John III | | | |Justin II | 565 574 |Benedict I | | 578 |Pelagius II |Tiberius II | 578 | |Maurice | 582 590 |GREGORY I (THE GREAT)[2] | | | |Phocas | 602 604 |Sabinianus | | 607 |Boniface III | | 607 |Boniface IV | | | |HERACLIUS | 610 615 |Deusdedit | | 618 |Boniface V | | 625 |Honorius I | | 638 |Severinus | | 640 |John IV | | | |Constantine III } | | |Heracleonas, } | 641 | |Constans II } | 642 |Theodorus I | | 649 |Martin I | | 654 |Eugenius I | | 657 |Vitalianus | | | |Constantine IV (Pogonatus)| 668 672 |Adeodatus | | 676 |Domnus I | | 678 |Agatho | | 682 |Leo II | | 683? |Benedict II | | 685 |John V |Justinian II | 685 685? |Conon | | 687 |Sergius I | | 687 |Paschal (Anti-pope) | | 687 |Theodorus (Anti-pope) | | | |Leontius | 694 | |Tiberius Apsimar | 697 701 |John VI | | 705 |John VII |Justinian II restored | 705 708 |Sisinnius | | 708 |Constantine | | | |Philippicus Bardanes | 711 | |Anastasius II | 713 715 |Gregory II | | | |Theodosius III | 716 | |LEO III (THE ISAURIAN) | 718 731 |Gregory III | | 741 |Zacharias |Constantine V (Copronymus)| 741 752 |Stephen II | | 752 |Stephen III | | 757 |Paul I | | 768 |Stephen IV | | 772 |Hadrian I | | | |Leo IV | 775 | |Constantine VI | 780 795 |LEO III |Deposition of | | | Constantine VI by Irene | 797 | |CHARLEMAGNE }Carlovingian| 800 | | }Line. | | |Lewis I } | | | (the Pious)} | 814 816 |Stephen IV | } | 817 |Paschal I | } | 824 |Eugenius | } | 827 |Valentinus | } | 827 |Gregory IV | } | | |Lothair I } | 840 844 |Sergius II | } | 847 |Leo IV | } | 855 |Benedict III |Lewis II } | 855 855 |Anastasius (Anti-pope) | } | 858 |NICHOLAS I | } | 867 |Hadrian II | } | 872 |John VIII | } | | |Charles II } | | | (the Bald) } | 875 | |Charles III } | | | (the Fat) } | 881 882 |Martin II | | 884 |Hadrian III | | 885 |Stephen V | | 891 |Formosus |Guido }[3] Italians| 891 | |Lambert } | 894 896 |Boniface VI |Arnulf, German | 896 896 |Steven VI | | 897 |Romanus | | 897 |Theodore II | | 898 |John IX | | 900 |Benedict IV | | | |Lewis III (of Provence) | 901 903 |Leo V | | 903 |Christopher | | 904 |Sergius III | | 911 |Anastasius III | | 913 |Lando | | 914 |John X | | | |Berengar, Italian | 915 928 |Leo VI | | 929 |Stephen VII | | 931 |John XI | | 936 |Leo VII | | 939 |Stephen VIII | | 941 |Martin III | | 946 |Agapetus II | | 955 |John XII | | | |OTTO THE GREAT }Saxon | 962 963 |Leo VIII | }Line. | 964 |Benedict V (Anti-pope?) | } | 965 |John XIII | } | 972 |Benedict VI | } | | |Otto II } | 973 974 |Boniface VII (Anti-pope?) | } | 974 |Domnus II | } | 974 |Benedict VII | } | 983 |John XIV | Otto III } | 983 985 |John XV | | 996 |Gregory V | | 996 |John XVI (Anti-pope) | | 999 |SILVESTER II | | | |Henry II (of Bavaria) | 1002 1003 |John XVII | | 1003 |John XVIII | | 1009 |Sergius IV | | 1012 |Benedict VIII | | 1024 |John XIX |Conrad II }Franconian | 1024 1033 |Benedict IX | }Line. | | |HENRY III } | 1039 1044 |Silvester (Anti-pope) | } | 1045? |Gregory VI | } | 1046 |Clement II | } | 1048 |Damasus II | } | 1048 |Leo IX | } | 1054 |Victor II | } | | |HENRY IV } | 1056 1057 |Stephen IX | } | 1058 |Benedict X | } | 1059 |Nicholas II | } | 1061 |Alexander II | } | 1073 |GREGORY VII (Hildebrand) | } | 1080 |Clement (Anti-pope) | } | 1086 |Victor III | } | 1087 |Urban II | } | 1099 |Paschal II | } | | |Henry V } | 1106 1118 |Gelasius II | | 1118 |Gregory (Anti-pope) | | 1119 |Calixtus II | | 1121 |Celestine (Anti-pope) | | 1124 |Honorius II | | | |Lothair II (the Saxon) | 1125 1130 |Innocent II | | |(Anacletus, Anti-pope) | | | | Hohenstaufen| 1138 |Victor (Anti-pope) |[Conrad III][4] }Line.| 1138 1143 |Celestine II | } | 1144 |Lucius II | } | 1145 |Eugenius III | } | | |FREDERICK I } | 1152 | | (BARBAROSSA) } | 1153 |Anastasius IV | } | 1154 |Hadrian IV | } | 1159 |ALEXANDER III | } | 1159 |Victor (Anti-pope) | } | 1164 |Paschal (Anti-pope) | } | 1168 |Calixtus (Anti-pope) | } | 1181 |Lucius III | } | 1185 |Urban III | } | 1187 |Gregory VIII | } | 1187 |Clement III | } | | |HENRY VI } | 1190 1191 |Celestine III | {[Philip] } | 1198 1198 |INNOCENT III | {Otto IV of Brunswick | | |Otto IV | 1208 | |FREDERICK II }Hohenstaufen| 1212 1216 |Honorius III | } Line.| 1227 |GREGORY IX | } | 1241 |Celestine IV | } | 1241 |Vacancy | } | 1243 |Innocent IV | } | | |[Conrad IV]} } | 1250 | |[William] } | 1254 |Alexander IV |Interregnum | 1254 | |[Richard, Earl of } | | | Cornwall] } | | |[Alfonso, King of } | | | Castile] } | 1257 1261 |Urban IV | | 1265 |Clement IV | | 1269 |Vacancy | | 1271 |Gregory X | | | |[Rudolf I (of Hapsburg)] | 1272 1276 |Innocent V | | 1276 |Hadrian V | | 1276 |John XXI[5] | | 1277 |Nicholas III | | 1281 |Martin IV | | 1285 |Honorius IV | | 1289 |Nicholas IV | | 1292 |Vacancy |[Adolf (of Nassau)] | 1292 1294 |Celestine V | | 1294 |BONIFACE VIII | | | |[Albert I (of Hapsburg)] | 1298 1303 |Benedict XI | | 1305 |Clement V }Avignon,| | | }seat of |HENRY VII (of Luxemburg) | 1308 1314 |Vacancy }Papacy. |Lewis IV (of Bavaria) | 1314 1316 |John XXII } | | 1334 |Benedict XII } | | 1342 |Clement VI } | | 1352 |Innocent VI } |Charles IV (House of | 1347 1362 |Urban V } | Luxemburg) | 1370 |Gregory XI } | | 1378 |Urban VI, Clement }Great |[Wenzel (House of | 1378 | VII (Anti-pope) }Schism.| Luxemburg)] | 1389 |Boniface IX } | | 1394 |Benedict } | | | (Anti-pope) } |[Rupert (Count Palatine)] | 1400 1404 |Innocent VII } | | 1406 |Gregory XII } } | | 1409 |Alexander V } } | | 1410 |John XXIII } } |Sigismund (House of | | | Luxemburg) | 1410 1417 |Martin V | | 1431 |Eugene IV | | | |[Albert II (of Hapsburg)][6] 1438 1439 |Felix V (Anti-pope) | | | |Frederick III | 1440 |Popes of the Renaissance.}| | 1447 |NICHOLAS V }| | 1455 |Calixtus III }| | 1458 |Pius II }| | 1464 |Paul II }| | 1471 |SIXTUS IV }| | 1484 |Innocent VIII }| | 1493 |Alexander VI }|[Maximilian I] | 1493 1503 |Pius III }| | 1503 |JULIUS II }| | 1513 |LEO X }| | | |CHARLES V | 1519 1522 |Hadrian VI | | 1523 |Clement VII | | 1534 |Paul III } Council | | 1550 |Julius III } of Trent.| | 1555 |Marcellus II } | | 1555 |Paul IV } | | | } |[Ferdinand I][7] | 1558 1559 |PIUS IV } | | | |[Maximilian II] | 1564 1566 |Pius V | | 1572 |Gregory XIII | | | |[Rudolph II] | 1576 1585 |SIXTUS V | | 1590 |Urban VII | | 1590 |Gregory XIV | | 1591 |Innocent IX | | 1592 |Clement VIII | | 1605 |Leo XI | | 1605 |Paul V | | | |[Matthias] | 1612 | |[Ferdinand II] | 1619 1621 |Gregory XV | | 1623 |Urban VIII | | | |[Ferdinand III] | 1637 1644 |Innocent X | | 1655 |Alexander VII | | | |[Leopold I] | 1658 1667 |Clement IX | | 1670 |Clement X | | 1676 |Innocent XI | | 1689 |Alexander VIII | | 1691 |Innocent XII | | 1700 |Clement XI | | | |[Joseph I] | 1705 | |[Charles VI] | 1711 1720 |Innocent XIII | | 1724 |Benedict XIII | | 1740 |Benedict XIV | | | |[Charles VII] | 1742 | |[Francis I, husband of | | | Maria Theresa] | 1745 1758 |Clement XII | | | |[Joseph II] }House of | 1765 1769 |Clement XIII | }Hapsburg | 1775 |Pius VI | }through | | |[Leopold II] }Maria | 1790 | |[Francis II] }Theresa. | 1792 1800 |Pius VII | | | |Abdication of Francis II | 1806 1823 |Leo XII | | 1829 |Pius VIII | | 1831 |Gregory XVI | | 1846 |PIUS IX | | 1878 |LEO XIII | | 1903 |Pius X | | ----------+--------------------------+--------------------------+----------

1 All the Emperors between Romulus Augustulus and Charlemagne reigned at Constantinople.

2 Capitals distinguish the most eminent Popes and Emperors.

3 Two names bracketed together indicate rival claimants.

4 Those in brackets never received the Imperial crown.

5 This Pope skipped No. XX.

6 From 1438 to 1806, with the exception of Francis I of Lorraine, the House of Hapsburg was on the Imperial throne.

7 Ferdinand and his successors took the title Emperor Elect.

II

GENEALOGY OF THE MEDICI

Giovanni Bicci, d. 1429. | +---------------------------+---------------------------+ | | Cosimo, Pater Patriae, Lorenzo, d. 1440. d. 1464. | | Piero Francesco, 1467. Piero, d. 1469. | |------------------------------+ | | | | Lorenzo the Magnificent, Giuliano, Giovanni, m. Caterina d. 1492. d. 1478. Sforza, d. 1498. | | | +------------------+ | | | | | | Piero, d. 1503. Giovanni, Pope Giulio, Pope Clement | | Leo X, d. 1521. VII, d. 1534. | | | Lorenzo, Duke Giovanni, "delle of Urbino, bande nere," d. 1519. d. 1526. | | +-----------------+ | | | | Alessandro, Caterina, m. Henri II Cosimo I, Grand d. 1537. of France, d. 1589. Duke, d. 1574. | +-------------------------+ | | Francesco I, d. 1587. Ferdinand I, m. Joanna of Austria, also d. 1609. | Bianca Cappello. | | | Maria, m. Henri IV Cosimo II, d. 1621. of France. | Ferdinand II, d. 1670. | Cosimo III, d. 1723. | Giovanni Gastone, d. 1737.

III

SKELETON TABLE OF THE KINGS OF THE TWO SICILIES[26]

NAPLES KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES SICILY

NORMAN CONQUEST,

last half of eleventh century.

Roger, d. 1154. | +----------------+------------------+ | | William the Bad, d. 1166. Constance, d. 1198, | married William the Good, d. 1189. Henry VI, Emperor, d. 1197.} | } +----------------------------------+ } | } Frederick II, Emperor, d. 1250. } | }Hohenstaufen +----------------------+ }Line. | | } Conrad IV, d. 1254. Manfred, d. 1266. } | } Conradin, d. 1268. }

FRENCH CONQUEST, 1266.

Charles of Anjou, 1266-1282.

SICILIAN VESPERS, 1282. House of Anjou, 1266-1442. House of Aragon, 1282-1442.

Alfonso of Aragon, 1442-1448. | +-----------------+--------------+ | | House of Aragon, House of Aragon, illegitimate, legitimate, which, on 1448-1504. marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon with Isabella of Castile, became House of Spain. 1448-1504.

SPANISH CONQUEST, 1504.

Ferdinand the Catholic, 1504-1516. | Charles V, Emperor, 1516-1556. | Spanish Crown, 1556-1713.

TREATY OF UTRECHT, 1713.

Austria, 1713-1720. Savoy, 1713-1720.

WILL OF QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE, 1720.

Austria, 1720-1738.

PEACE OF VIENNA, 1738.

Spanish Bourbons, 1738-1798. [French invasion, 1798-1802.] Spanish Bourbons, 1802-1805. Joseph Bonaparte, 1806-1808. Joachim Murat, 1808-1815. Spanish Bourbons: Ferdinand I,1815-1825. Francis I, 1825-1830. Ferdinand II, 1830-1859. Francis II, 1859-1860.

FOOTNOTES:

[26] When the two kingdoms are united the names of the kings are put in the middle column, when separate in the side columns respectively.

IV

LIST OF BOOKS FOR GENERAL READING

_For the Middle Ages_

Italy and her Invaders Thomas Hodgkin.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon.

History of Latin Christianity Dean Milman.

Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the German by Mrs. G. W. Hamilon) F. Gregorovius.

Mediaeval Europe Ephraim Emerton.

Italian Chronicles of the Middle Ages Ugo Balzani.

Story of the Byzantine Empire C. W. C. Oman.

History of the Later Roman Empire J. Bury.

The Holy Roman Empire James Bryce.

Historical Documents of the Middle Ages Ernest F. Henderson.

The Papal Monarchy William Barry.

A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages H. C. Lea.

An Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church H. C. Lea.

History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church H. C. Lea.

History of Western Europe J. H. Robinson.

First Two Centuries of Florence (translated from the Italian by Linda Villari) Pasquale Villari.

Florence, Mediaeval Towns Series E. C. Gardner.

The History of Venice W. Carew Hazlitt.

A Short History of Venice W. R. Thayer.

Church Building in the Middle Ages Charles Eliot Norton.

The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard (translated from the French) Montalembert.

The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages H. O. Taylor.

Life of St. Francis of Assisi (translated from the French by L. S. Houghton) Paul Sabatier.

_For the Renaissance_

The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (translated from the German by S. G. C. Middlemore) Jakob Burckhardt.

The Cicerone Jakob Burckhardt.

Renaissance in Italy (The Age of the Despots, Revival of Learning, Fine Arts, Literature, Catholic Reaction) John Addington Symonds.

History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (translated from the French) S. de Sismondi.

History of the Popes of Rome (translated from the German by Sarah Austin) Leopold Ranke.

The Papacy during the Reformation M. Creighton.

The Renaissance Cambridge Mod. History.

History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages (translated from the German) L. Pastor.

The Council of Trent J. A. Froude.

Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters Robinson & Rolfe.

Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (translated from the Italian by Mrs. Foster) Giorgio Vasari.

Journal of Montaigne's Travels in Italy.

_For the Eighteenth Century_

Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy Vernon Lee.

Goldoni's Memoirs, translated by W. D. Howells.

Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi J. A. Symonds.

_For the Risorgimento_

The Liberation of Italy Evelyn M. Cesaresco.

Italian Characters of the Epoch of Unification Evelyn M. Cesaresco.

The Union of Italy (1815-1895) W. J. Stillman.

Life of Victor Emmanuel II G. S. Godkin.

The Dawn of Italian Independence W. R. Thayer.

Modern Italy, 1748-1898 (translated from the Italian by Alice Vialls) Pietro Orsi.

INDEX

Aachen, 59.

Abyssinians defeat Italians, 415.

Agnello, Father, 71, 72.

Aistulf, 49.

Alaric, 5.

Alberic, 76, 78.

Alberti, Leon Battista, 241.

Albinola, 370.

Albizzi, Maso degli, 230.

Alboin, 27, 29.

Albornoz, Cardinal, 218.

Alessi, Galeazzo, 306.

Alexander VI, Pope (Rodrigo Borgia), and Savonarola, 261; political course, 272, 273; private life, 275; death, 275; his apartments in Vatican, 288.

Alexander VII, Pope, 346.

Alfieri, Vittorio, 364.

Alfonso, of Aragon, King of Two Sicilies, 223; interest in humanism, 249; his death, 262.

Amalfi, 70, 73, 103.

Amati, 359.

Ammanati, 306.

Angelico, Fra, 233.

Antignati, 359.

Apollo Belvedere, 289.

Aragon, King of, swears allegiance to Innocent III, 122.

Arcadia, the, 353, 354.

Arians, 3; persecuted by Justinian, 18.

Ariosto, 283-285, 354.

Aristotle, 19, 178, 235, 242.

Arnold of Brescia, 109.

Arnolfo di Cambio, 188.

Arnulf, Emperor, 74; enters Rome, 75.

Arsenal, at Venice, 225.

Aspromonte, 406.

Assisi, heretics in, 125; description of, 127, 128; basilica of St. Francis, 132; taken by Milan temporarily, 227.

Athens, made a Latin fief, 119; captured by Venice, 338.

Athens, Duke of, see Walter of Brienne.

Attendolo, Muzio, see Sforza Attendolo.

Augustine, in England, 36.

Augustulus, see Romulus Augustulus.

Austria, supreme in Italy, 368; in Holy Alliance, 370; triumphant in 1848-49, 389, 390; war with France and Piedmont, 400, 401; war with Prussia and Italy, 407.

Avignon, 151; Petrarch at, 204; return of Popes to Rome from, 217; anti-popes of Great Schism at, 219.

Babylonish Captivity, 151; end of, 217, 218.

Baglioni, in Perugia, 198.

Bandinelli, 308.

Banditti, 325.

Bank scandals, 415.

Barbarians, their character, 1; their society, 3; habits, 4; intercourse with Rome, 5, 6; dismember Empire, 6; their problems in Italy, 10; described by Boethius, 19; so-called (foreigners), 253, 257.

Barbarossa, see Frederick I, Emperor.

Barberini, see Urban VIII, Pope.

Baroque, the, 307, 308, 350, 351.

Barozzi, Giacomo, see Vignola.

Basel, Council of, 268, 269.

Beccaria, 362.

Belisarius, 21.

Bellini, composer, 358, 378.

Bellini, Gentile, 312.

Bellini, Giovanni, 312.

Bellini, Jacopo, 312.

Bellotto, 352.

Bembo, 282, 283.

Benedetto da Maiano, 244.

Benedict, see St. Benedict.

Benevento, 28.

Bentivoglio, in Bologna, 198.

Berchet, 377.

Bergamo, annexed to Venice, 224.

Bernini, 351.

Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 234.

Black Death, see Plague of 1348.

Boboli garden, 306.

Boccaccio, 185; his account of Black Death, 209, 210.

Boethius, 19.

Boiardo, Matteo, 283.

Bologna, jurists of, 110; university of, 177, 178; poetry in, 184; Bentivogli in, 198; subject to Papacy, 218; seized by Visconti, 227; recovered by Papacy, 228; visited by Montaigne, 324; school of (painting), 351, 352.

Boniface VIII, Pope, 146; his character, 146; quarrel with the Colonna, 147; with Philip the Fair, 148; his papal theories, 148, 149; outraged, 150; death, 151.

Bonifazio, 312.

Bordone, Paris, 312.

Borghese, Camillo, see Paul V, Pope.

Borgia, Caesar, 272-275; employs Leonardo, 286; believed to have murdered his brother, 314; admired by Machiavelli, 314.

Borgia, Lucrezia, 275.

Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope.

Borgia, son to Rodrigo, see Duke of Gandia.

Botticelli, 245-247, 288.

Bourbon, High Constable, 279.

Bourbon, House of, 335, 339.

Bramante, 256, 283, 285; in Rome, 287; designs St. Peter's, 289, 290.

Brescia, captured by Henry VII, 157; annexed by Venice, 224; gallant defence of, 391.

Brienne, Walter of, Duke of Athens, 229.

Bronzino, 308, 309.

Brunelleschi, 233, 235-237; and Donatello, anecdote of, 238, 239.

Bruno, Giordano, 349.

Burckhardt, 304; on Bandinelli, 308.

Burgundy, 78.

Byron, Lord, 372-375.

Byzantine art, 188, 189.

Cacciaguida, 180.

Cambrai, League of, 224, 265, 266.

Cambrai, treaty of, 293.

Camorra, 294, 412.

Campanella, 349.

Canaletto, 352.

Can Grande, see under Scala della.

Canon law, see Church law.

Canossa, 99.

Cappello, Bianca, 327.

Caracci, the, 309, 352.

Caraffa, Cardinal, see Paul IV, Pope.

Caravaggio, 309, 352.

Carbonari, 369, 382.

Cardinals, made papal electors, 91.

Carducci, on Tasso, 310.

Carissimi, 358.

Carlo Alberto, 375, 376, 379, 380, 384, 385; war with Austria, 388; resigns his crown, 390.

Carlo Dolci, 352.

Carlo Felice, 375.

Carlovingians, the, 44, 57, 58.

Carlyle, on Mazzini, 382.

Carmagnola, 228.

Carnival, Roman, 330.

Carpaccio, 312.

Cassiodorus, 14.

Castiglione, 281-283.

Castillia, 370.

Castracane, Castruccio, 200.

Cateau-Cambresis, treaty of, 293, 296, 327.

Catholic Reaction, see Catholic Revival.

Catholic Revival, 297-302.

Cavalcanti, 184.

Cavaliere servente, 356.

Cavour, 386, 387; policy of Church and State, 398; policy in Piedmont, 398; as to Crimean War, 398, 399; and Napoleon III, 399, 400; resigns, 401; recalled, 402; interference in Naples, 404; death, 406.

Celibacy of clergy, 86.

Cellini, 308, 316, 317.

Certosa, at Pavia, 226, 227, 250.

Cervantes, 297.

Charlemagne, blessed by Pope, 45; marriage, 50; Donation of, 50; European conquests, 51; titles, 53; person and character, 53; judges Pope, 55; receives gifts from Caliph, 55; coronation, 56; his Empire, 57; crowns his son, 59.

Charles of Anjou, 144, 161, 162; visits Cimabue's studio, 189.

Charles of Durazzo, 222.

Charles V, Emperor, struggle with Francis I, 257; policy in Florence, 262, 263; marries daughter to Alessandro dei Medici, 263; inherits Two Sicilies, 264; crowned Emperor, 299; and Council of Trent, 300.

Charles VIII, King of France, 256, 257, 259.

Charles Martel, 44, 53.

Chigi, see Alexander VII, Pope.

Church, the (see also Papacy), causes of its rise, 8; orthodoxy, 10; relations with Empire, 16; during Lombard dominion, 31; imperial character, 32; sources of power, 32, 33.

Church law, 65.

Cicisbeismo, 356.

Cimabue, 189.

Cimarosa, 358.

Cinquecento, the, 304-318.

Ciompi, 229.

Clare, St., see St. Clare.

Classical revival, 201-208.

Clement V, Pope, 151; dealings with Henry VII, 156.

Clement VII, Pope, 262, 277, 278-280; crowns Charles V, 299.

Clement IX, Pope, 346.

Clergy, in Carlovingian times, 71.

Cluny, monastic reform of, 85; its creed, 86; its effect, 88.

Cola, di Rienzo, 206-208; dreams for Rome, 206; letter to Florentines, 207; his fall and death, 207.

Colleoni, statue of, 247, 311.

Colonia Erithrea, see Colony in Africa.

Colonna, the, 76; quarrel with Boniface VIII, 146; Pope Martin V, 220; custom in their palace, 277, 278.

Colonna, Sciarra, 150.

Colony in Africa, 415.

Columbanus, St., see St. Columbanus.

Commedia dell'Arte, 355.

Commines, Philippe de, on Venice, 265.

Communes, government of, 163-165; prosperity of, 166 (see also Lombardy).

Company, the Great, 212, 213.

Concordat of Worms, 100.

Condottieri, 212.

Confalonieri, 370.

Conradin, 143, 144.

Consolations of Philosophy, 19.

[Constance], wife of Henry VI, 113, 114, 117.

Constance, Council of, 220, 221, 268.

Constance, Peace of, 112.

Constantine, 45; legend of Donation, 46, 47.

Constantinople, 2, 25; captured by Crusaders, 118, 119; by Turks, 242, 243, 264.

Consuls, 165.

Conti, family, 135.

Coronation of Emperors, 80; last in Italy, 299.

Cosimo dei Medici, see under Medici.

Cosimo I, Grand Duke, see under Medici.

Counter-Reformation, see Catholic Revival.

Courtier, Book of the, 284, 285.

Cremona, 95; sacked by Henry VII, 157.

Crescimbeni, 353.

Crete, lost by Venice, 338.

Crispi, as a young patriot, 402; with Garibaldi in Sicily, 403; his career, 414; in parliament, 414, 415.

Crown of Lombardy, 80; assumed by Napoleon I, 365.

Custoza, battle of, 389.

Damian, see St. Peter Damian.

Dante, 19; on Boniface VIII, 146; Divine Comedy, 152; character, 152, 153; De Monarchia, 153, 154; views, 154; hails Henry VII, 155, 156; letter to Henry VII, 157-159; follows Thomas Aquinas, 179; importance in literature, 184; effect on Tuscan speech, 184; on the vernacular, 185; painted by Giotto, 190; celebrates Can Grande, 195; invectives against Roman Curia, 274.

D'Azeglio, Massimo, 382, 384.

Decameron, 274.

Decretals, Isidorian, 66.

Depretis, 413, 414.

Desiderius, 29, 49, 50.

Despotisms, 192-200; evils of, 214.

Despots, see Despotisms.

Di Rudini, 416.

Divine Comedy, 184.

Domenichino, 352.

Donatello, 237-240.

Donation of Charlemagne, 50.

Donation of Constantine, 46-48, 49, 65.

Donation of Pippin, 45, 47, 50.

Donizetti, 358.

Dossi, Dosso, 309.

Ducal palace, Venice, 226.

Duomo, Florence, 237.

Durante, 358.

Election of Emperors, 80.

Election of Popes, 91.

Emanuele Filiberto, 296.

Emo, Angelo, 339.

Empire, the, see the Roman Empire.

Empire, Eastern, 24; its policy, 25.

England, 36.

Enzio, 141; capture, 142; death, 143.

Este, D', Ercole, duke, 250.

Este, House of, 198, 282; move to Modena, 295.

Estensi, see House of Este.

Eugenius IV, Pope, 288.

Exarchs, 26, 36.

Ezzelino da Romano, 194.

Faliero, Marino, 225.

Farnese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope.

Farnese, Giulia, 275, 288.

Farnesi, in Parma, 295; in Piacenza, 305.

Ferdinand the Catholic, 263; conquers Naples, 263, 264.

Ferdinand I, of Two Sicilies, 368, 370.

Ferdinand II, of Two Sicilies (Bomba), 389, 390; death, 402.

Ferrara, 246; in High Renaissance, 283; taken by Papacy, 295; Tasso at, 310; visited by Montaigne, 324.

Feudalism, 102.

Ficino, Marsilio, 245.

Fiesole, library at, 233, 234, 251.

Fiesole, Mino da, 244.

Filicaia, 353.

Flagellants, 175.

Flemish painters, 243.

Florence, Guelf, 133; denounced by Dante, 158; shuts out Henry VII, 159; her guilds, 164; wool trade, 166; bankers, 167; impediments to trade, 167; receives back Ghibellines, 176; in 1283, 182, 183; democratic, 194; about 1300, 202; in Black Death, 210; takes Pisa, 227; under Duke of Athens, 229; revolt of Ciompi, 229; Salvestro dei Medici, 229; Michele di Lando, 229; the oligarchy, 230; in Early Renaissance, 231-241; interest in Plato, 243; under Lorenzo, 250; 1492-1537, 258-263; under Grand Dukes, 294, 295; close of Renaissance, 308, 309; visited by Montaigne, 326, 327.

Foligno, 332.

Foresti, 370.

Formosus, Pope, 68.

Foscari, Francesco, Doge, 224

Foscolo, Ugo, 377.

France, 58; bows to Innocent III, 122; vigorous monarchy, 145; invades Italy, 253, 254, 255; claims on Italy, 293; defeated by Spain, 293; sends army to Rome, 391, 392, 394; withdraws garrison from Rome, 407; relations with Italy, 412, 413.

Francesca, Piero della, 249.

Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 326, 327.

Francis I, King of France, 257.

Francis I, King of Two Sicilies, 378.

Francis II, King of Two Sicilies, 402, 404.

Francis, St., see St. Francis.

Franciscan Order, 129, 131-133; Gray Friars, 134.

Franks, 40; Kingdom of, 43; Catholicism of, 43.

Frederick I, Emperor (Barbarossa), 102; character, 102; theory of imperial rights, 103; wars with Lombard cities, 108; called to Italy, 108, 109; war with Milan, 109; diet at Roncaglia, 111; defeat at Legnano, 112; his son's marriage, 113; death, 113.

Frederick II, Emperor, 117; gratitude to Innocent III, 117; summons to Germany, 121; pledge to Innocent III, 121, 122; King of Germany, 122; character, 134; promises, 135; crowned emperor, 135; at Brindisi, 136; denounced by Gregory IX, 136, 137; excommunicated, 137; letter to King of England, 138, 139; recovers Jerusalem, 139; King of Jerusalem, 140; his habits, 140, 141; poetry, 141; war with Lombard cities, 142; excommunicated again, 142; defeat, 142; death, 143; times of, 180.

Galileo, 346, 349.

Gamba, Pietro, 373, 374.

Gandia, Duke of (a Borgia), murdered, 312.

Garibaldi, 382; in Rome, 392, 393; escapes, 394, 398; expedition to Two Sicilies, 402-405; attempt on Rome, 406; second attempt, Mentana, 407; death, 413.

Genoa, 70; prosperity, 105; war with Pisa, 169, 170; submits temporarily to Milan, 199; loss in Black Death, 210; war with Venice, 224; still a republic, 295; palaces in, 306; becomes Republic of Liguria, 365; given to Kingdom of Sardinia, 367.

Genseric, 5.

Germany, 58; its duchies, 77; part of Holy Roman Empire, 78; attitude towards its king, 96; in time of Innocent III, 120, 121.

Gesu, church, 305, 306.

Gesuati, 321.

Ghibellines, 155; trouble in Milan, 157; cause lost, 159; description of, 168, 169; described by Gregory X, 176; fictitious revival of, 325.

Ghiberti, 241.

Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 245, 288.

Gioberti, 383, 384.

Giocondo, Fra, 290.

Giorgione, 312.

Giotto, 189, 190.

Giulio Romano, 309.

Gladstone, on conditions in Naples, 395, 396.

Goethe, admires Palladio, 306, 307; admires I Promessi Sposi, 377.

Goldoni, 353-356.

Gonzaga, the, in Mantua, 198.

Goths, see Ostrogoths.

Gozzoli, Benozzo, 233, 244.

Gravina, 353, 359.

Great Council of Venice, 171, 172.

Greek, study of, 242, 243.

Greek Empire, overthrown by Crusaders, 119.

Gregory I (the Great), Pope, 35-37.

Gregory II, Pope, 42, 53.

Gregory III, Pope, 42, 53.

Gregory VII, Pope (Hildebrand), 89; character, 90; aims, 91; becomes Pope, 91; creed, 91, 92; claims, 92; allies, 92-96; denunciation of simony and lay investiture, 96; attempted deposition by Henry IV, 97; excommunicates Henry IV, 99; at Canossa, 99; his death, 100.

Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino), 135; anger at Frederick II, 136; letter on Frederick, 135-137; excommunicates Frederick, 137.

Gregory X, Pope, describes Ghibellines, 176.

Gregory XI, Pope, ends Babylonish Captivity, 217.

Gregory XIII, Pope, 328, 329.

Gregory XV, Pope, 345.

Gregory XVI, Pope, 383.

Grossi, Tommaso, 382.

Guardi, 352.

Guelfs, accept Henry VII, 156; trouble in Milan, 157; description of, 168, 169; fictitious revival of, 325.

Guercino, 352.

Guerrazzi, F. D., 382.

Guicciardini, on condition of Italy, 253, 254; modern historian, 281.

Guido Reni, 352, 360.

Guilds, 164.

Guinicelli, 184.

Hapsburg, House of, 335, 338.

Hawkwood, John, 213, 222.

Haynau, 391.

Henry IV, Emperor, 90; attempts to depose Gregory VII, 97; his letter to Gregory, 97-99; at Canossa, 99; death, 100.

Henry VI, Emperor, his Sicilian marriage, 113; character, 114; his acts, 115.

Henry VII, Emperor, 150; welcomed by Dante, 155, 156; enters Italy, 156; becomes Ghibelline chief, 157; receives letter from Dante, 157-159; death, 159; effect of, on fortunes of Can Grande and the Visconti, 198.

Henry IV, King of France (Henry of Navarre), 337, 338, 357.

Heresy, in Southern France, 123; in Italy, 125; in England and Bohemia, 220.

Hildebrand, see Gregory VII, Pope.

Hohenstaufens, 102, 113; their end, 143, 144.

Holy Alliance, 370.

Holy Roman Empire, beginning, 78; its extent, 79, 80; its power, 81; attitude toward Papacy, 84, 85, 89; concordat with Papacy, 100; death struggle with Papacy, 133; real end, 143; last flicker, 152-160; a shadow, 161; its petty bargainings, 217; extinguished by Napoleon, 365.

Honorius, Pope, 133; crowns Frederick II, 135; death, 135.

Humanists, 242, 244, 245.

Humbert of the White Hand, 173.

Humbert, King, 416.

Hungarians, raids of, 77.

Huss, John, 220, 221.

Iconoclasm, 41, 42.

Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 299.

Innocent III, Pope, his education, 115; doings in Italy, 116; in Tuscany and Two Sicilies, 117; at Constantinople, 119; in Germany, 120; excommunicates Otto IV, 121; his doings in Europe, 122; in England, 122; Albigensian crusade, 123; triumph, 123, 124; recognizes St. Francis, 126, 127; referred to by Frederick II, 138; and Dominicans, 299.

Innocent VIII, Pope, 286.

Innocent X, Pope, 346.

Innocent XI, Pope, 346.

Inquisition, 298, 299.

Investiture, lay, 86, 87, 89; settled between Empire and Papacy, 100.

Italian language, 80; influenced by Dante, 184; its dialects, 185.

Italy, condition of, middle of 6th century, 23, 24; under Byzantine rule, 26; on fall of Carlovingian Empire, 69; its divisions, 69; condition of people, 70; degradation, 67-78; condition under mercenary soldiers, 213, 214; condition prior to 1494, 252; during Catholic Revival, 302, 303; divisions of, at close of 16th century, 304; place for travellers, 319; as seen by Montaigne, 320-334; under Napoleon I, 365, 366; on Napoleon's fall, 366-368; unity of, 395-408; difficulties after unity, 411-413; relations with France, 412, 413; Triple Alliance, 413.

Isidorian Decretals, see Decretals.

Jerome, St., see St. Jerome.

Jerome of Prague, 220, 221.

Jerusalem, plan for reconquest of, 134; recovered by Frederick II, 139.

Jesuit style, 351.

Jesus, Order of, 299; suppressed, 347; restored in Papal States, 367.

Joan I, Queen of Naples, 222.

Joan II, Queen of Naples, 222.

John of Bologna, 308, 324.

John, Don, of Austria, 295.

John, King of England, 122, 138.

John XII, Pope, 78, 81; his trial, 82-84; deposition, 84.

Jommelli, 358.

Jubilee, first, 147.

Julius II, Pope, 270, 275-277, 288.

Justin, Emperor, 16.

Justinian, Emperor, 16-18.

Ladislaus, King of Naples, 222, 230.

Landini, 308.

Lando, Michele di, 229.

Landucci, Luca, diary of, 259-262.

Laocoon, the, discovery of, 291, 292.

Lateran palace, 45.

Legion, Garibaldi's, 393.

Legnano, battle of, 112.

Leo (composer), 358.

Leo, Emperor, the Isaurian, 41.

Leo I, Pope, the Great, 9.

Leo III, Pope, 54, 56.

Leo IV, Pope, 73, 74.

Leo X, Pope (Medici), 250, 251, 262, 276, 277; excommunicates Luther, 278; last of papal overlords of Europe, 292.

Leo XIII, Pope, 416-419.

Leonardo, see Vinci, Leonardo da.

Leopardi, Alessandro (sculptor), 311.

Leopardi, Giacomo (poet), 378.

Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 363.

Lippi, Filippino, 244.

Lombard cities, see Lombardy and Milan.

Lombardi (architects and sculptors), 311.

Lombards, the, 23; character, 27; conquests, 28; civilization, 28, 29; conversion to Catholicism, 29; political incompetence, 29; influence, 30; attempt to conquer all Italy, 43; defeated by Pippin, 45; by Charlemagne, 50.

Lombardy, espouses Hildebrand's side, 95; trade, 106; represented at diet of Roncaglia, 110; peace with Barbarossa, 112; condition prior to 1789, 362; crown of, assumed by Napoleon, 365; restored to Austria, 367; condition in 1820-21, 370, 371; in 1848, 387; united to Piedmont, 401.

Lorenzo the Magnificent, see under Medici.

Loreto, 332.

Lorraine, King of, 62.

Lothair, Emperor, 58, 59.

Lotto, Lorenzo, 312.

Louis I, Emperor, the Pious, 58, 59.

Louis II, Emperor, 58, 59, 62, 63.

Louis XII, King of France, 257; unites with Spain against Naples, 263.

Louis Napoleon, see Napoleon III.

Loyola, Ignatius, 299.

Lucca, 168; under Castruccio Castracane, 200; still a republic, 295; visited by Montaigne, 332; on Napoleon's fall, 367.

Lucca, Bagni di, 333.

Ludovisi, see Gregory XV, Pope.

Luini, 309.

Luther, Martin, 276, 278, 297.

Lutherans, do not attend Council of Trent, 298.

Lyons, Council of, 142.

Machiavelli, admires Castruccio Castracane, 200; also Caesar Borgia, 273; writes, 281; description of successful Prince, 314, 315; comedies, 354.

Mafia, 294, 364, 411, 412.

Magenta, battle of, 400.

Malatesta, in Rimini, 198.

Mameli, Goffredo, 393, 394.

Manfred, 141, 143; defeat and death, 144; his daughter, 162.

Manin, Daniele, 388, 394.

Mantegna, 288.

Mantua, the Gonzaga in, 198; duchy, 293; opera in, 357.

Manzoni, 377.

Marignano, 257.

Maroncelli, 370-372.

Marozia, 75, 76.

Martin V, Pope, 220, 268.

Masaccio, 240, 241.

Mastai-Ferretti, Cardinal, see Pius IX, Pope.

Matilda, Countess, 94; Donation to Papacy, 94.

Maximilian, Emperor, 265.

Mazzini, 376; letter to Carlo Alberto, 379-382; triumvir in Rome, 391-394, 398; death, 413.

Medici, dei, Alessandro, 263.

Medici, dei, Cosimo, Pater Patriae, 232; cultivation, 233; his tastes, 233; libraries, 233, 234; death, 235; anecdote of, with Donatello, 239; founds Platonic Academy, 243; and Nicholas V, 251.

Medici, dei, Cosimo I, Grand Duke, 263; marriage, 291; rule, 294, 295; descendants, 295; his architect, 306.

Medici, dei, Francesco I, Grand Duke, 326, 327.

Medici, dei, Giovanni, see Leo X, Pope.

Medici, dei, Giovanni, Angelo (not of Florentine family), see Pius IV, Pope.

Medici, dei, Giuliano, see Clement VII, Pope.

Medici, dei, Lorenzo, the Magnificent, 248-250, 286.

Medici, dei, Maria, 357.

Medici, dei, Piero, 244, 249.

Medici, dei, Salvestro, 229.

Mentana, battle of, 407.

Mercenary soldiers, 211-214.

Merovingians, 44.

Metastasio, 359, 360.

Metternich, 367.

Michelangelo, 263; sonnets, 285; goes to Rome, 289; plans dome of St. Peter's, 290; at discovery of Laocoon, 299; statues in Florence, 308.

Michelozzo, 233.

Milan, 107; classes in, 107, 108; war with Barbarossa, 109; receives Henry VII, 156; Visconti in, 198, 199; acquires Genoa temporarily, 199; under Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 226; becomes a dukedom, 226; cathedral, 226, 227; loss of dominion on Gian Galeazzo's death, 228; end of Visconti, 250; founding of Sforza line, 250; condition, 1466-1535, 254-258; captured by French, 257; by Spanish, 257; annexed to Spanish crown, 258; Leonardo there, 286; Bramante there, 287; under Spanish governors, 294; visited by Montaigne, 333; under Spanish rule, 339, 340; conveyed to Austria, 341; Five Days of, 387; jealous of Turin, 389.

Mille, i, 403.

Minghetti, 413.

Mino, da Fiesole, 244.

Modena, duchy, 293; seat of House of Este, 293; transfers, 341; reform in, 362; restoration of old order on Napoleon's fall, 367; in 1848, 388, 389, 397; united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.

Mohammed, 40, 41.

Monasteries, 34, 72.

Montaigne, diary of his travels in Italy, 320-334.

Monte Cassino, 34.

Montefeltri, in Urbino, 198.

Montefeltro, Federigo da, 249, 250.

Monteverdi, 357.

Montfort, 123.

Murat, 365, 366.

Naples, 21, 70, 73; House of Aragon reigning, 161; condition, about 1350, 201; loss in Black Death, 210; condition, 1350-1450, 222; conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, 223; no share in Renaissance, 249; passes to illegitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263; conquered by Spaniards, 263; annexed to Spanish crown, 264; under Spanish viceroys, 294; inquisition in, 299; conveyed to Austria and then to Spanish Bourbons, 341; condition, prior to 1789, 363; given to Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, 365; revolution of 1820, 369, 370; cruelty of Francis I, 378; in 1848, 386; takes part in war against Austria, 388; persecution of liberals, 391; persecution described by Gladstone, 395, 396; united with Kingdom of Italy, 404, 405.

Napoleon I, 365, 366.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), interferes in Rome, 391; plans of, 399; agreement with Cavour, 400; war with Austria, 400; peace, 400, 401.

Narses, 22, 26.

Niccolini, 382.

Nicholas I, Pope, 62-64.

Nicholas V, Pope, 251, 252, 269, 288.

Nogaret, 150.

Normans, in Southern Italy, 92; in Sicily, 93; become liegemen to the Popes, 93.

Novara, battle of, 390.

Odescalchi, see Innocent XI, Pope.

Odoacer, 7, 10, 11, 13.

Opera, the, 357, 358.

Oratorio, the, 358.

Order of St. Francis, see Franciscan Order.

Order of Jesus, see Jesus, Order of.

Orlando Furioso, 283, 284.

Orlando Innamorato, 283.

Orsini, the, 76, 150.

Ostrogoths, 12-22.

Otto I, Emperor, the Great, 77; marriage, 78; crowned Emperor, 78; his empire, 79, 80; tries and deposes Pope John XII, 82-84.

Otto IV, Emperor, 120; becomes Ghibelline, 120, 121; excommunicated by Innocent III, 121; deposition, 122.

Padua, 95; conquered by Venice, 224; visited by Montaigne, 322.

Paisiello, 358.

Palazzo Vecchio, 188; fountain in, 247; occupied by Grand Duke, 294.

Palermo, rising in, 402.

Palestrina, 357.

Palladio, 306, 307, 311.

Palma Vecchio, 312.

Palmerston, Lord, sends Gladstone's letter to European governments, 396.

Panfili, see Innocent X, Pope.

Paolo Veronese, 312.

Papacy, strengthened by monasticism, 33, 34; relations with Empire, 38; with Lombards, 39; with Franks, 40; split with Eastern Empire, 42; Donation of Pippin, 45; further relations with Franks, 49; Donation of Charlemagne, 50; attitude towards Charlemagne, 51; towards Roman Empire, 52; local weakness, 52; supported by Empire, 58; duel with Empire, 59; right to crown Emperors, 59, 60; anomalous nature of, 60; subjection to Empire, 61; struggle with Empire, 61, 62; added prestige, 62; cosmopolitan ambition, 64; degradation, 67, 68; revival of, 79; character of, in 10th century, 81; becomes suzerain to Southern Italy, 93; struggle with Empire over investitures, 89-101; its triumph, 114-124; its death grapple with Empire, 133-144; its decay and fall, 145-151; Babylonish Captivity, 151; an absentee, 161; return to Rome, 217; and Renaissance, 251; as head of culture, 252; its monarchy, 267-280; in High Renaissance, 288-292; its revival, 297-302; a purely Italian institution, 302; quarrel with Venice, 336, 337; in 17th and 18th centuries, 343-345; under Napoleon, 365; loss of Temporal Power, 407, 408; attitude towards Italian government, 410, 411; under Leo XIII, 418.

Papal Curia, see Roman Curia.

Papal States, 69; really founded by Innocent III, 120; confusion in, during Babylonish Captivity, 162; about 1350, 202; reduced to order, 218; firmly established, 267, 268; the Papal monarchy, 267-280; prior to 1789, 363; in Napoleon's time, 365; after Napoleon's fall, 367; in 1848, 390; in 1849, 391-394; invaded by Piedmontese army, 404; votes to join Kingdom of Italy, 405.

Parentucelli, see Nicholas V, Pope.

Paris, Congress of, 399.

Parma, a duchy, 295; taken by Farnesi, 295; conveyed to Spanish Bourbons, 341, 342; prior to 1789, 362, 363; on Napoleon's overthrow, 367; insurrection in, 379; in 1848, 388, 389, 397, 401; united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402.

Parthenon, blown up, 338.

Patarini, 95; heretics, 125.

Paul II, Pope, 288.

Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 275; in Parma, 295; a reformer, 300.

Paul IV, Pope (Caraffa), 299, 301.

Paul V, Pope, 345.

Pavia, 28, 50, 95, 107; Ghibelline, 133.

Pavia, battle of, 257, 293.

Peace of Westphalia, 346.

Pecci, see Leo XIII, Pope.

Pedro, of Aragon, King of Sicily, 162.

Pellico Silvio, 370-372.

Peretti, Felice, see Sixtus V, Pope.

Pergolesi, 358.

Perugia, 128; war with Assisi, 128; its flagellants, 175; Baglioni in, 198.

Perugino, 288.

Peruzzi, Baldassare, 290.

Pesaro, 245.

Pesaro, Marchesa di, and Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.

Petrarch, 185; leader of Classical Revival, 203, 204; coronation of, 204; great reputation, 205; enthusiasm for Cola di Rienzo, 206, 207; on the Black Death, 210; on mercenary soldiers, 213, 214; goes to Milan, 215; invectives against Roman Curia, 274.

Philip, Imperial claimant, 120.

Philip, the Fair, King of France, quarrel with Boniface VIII, 148-150.

Piacenza, 95; heretics in, 125; buildings in, 305; visited by Montaigne, 333.

Piazza Navona, 351.

Piccinni, 358.

Piccolomini, AEneas Sylvius, see Pius II, Pope.

Pico, della Mirandola, 245.

Piedmont, becomes important part of duchy of Savoy, 296; visited by Montaigne, 334; becomes chief part of duchy of Savoy, 343; prior to 1789, 361; takes action against France, 365; on restoration of king, 367; uprising in, 375, 376; in 1848, 386; war with Austria, 388; defeated, 389; also at Novara, 390; left alone to maintain Italian cause, 394; the hope of Italy, 397; in Crimean War, 399; war with Austria, 400.

Pier della Vigna, 141, 143.

Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.

Pilo, Rosalino, 402.

Pinturicchio, 288.

Pippin, King, deposes Merovingians, 44; crowned by Pope Zacharias, 45; and the Papacy, 49; death, 50.

Pippin, Donation of, 45, 50.

Pisa, 70; prosperity of, 104; Ghibelline, 133; loyal to Henry VII, 159; regulations concerning nobles, 168; war with Genoa, 169; crushing defeat by Genoa, 170; baptistery, 186; loss in Black Death, 210; seized by Milan, 227; by Florence, 228; Campo Santo, 244.

Pisa, Council of, 219.

Pisani, Vettor (Venetian admiral), 224.

Pisano, Giovanni, 187.

Pisano, Niccolo, 186; at Siena, 187.

Pitti Palace, designed by Brunelleschi, 236; occupied by Cosimo I, 294; picture gallery in, 295; opera in, 357.

Pius II, Pope, AEneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 288.

Pius IV, Pope (Giovanni Angelo Medici), founder of Modern Papacy, 301, 302.

Pius IX, Pope, 383, 384; takes part in war against Austria, 388; his scruples, 389; army captured, 389; flees from Rome, 390; reactionary, 396; bad government of, 397; and Temporal Power, 405; extreme conservatism, 409, 410; prisoner in Vatican, 410; refuses subsidy, 411.

Plague of 1348 (Black Death), 209-211.

Plato, 242, 243, 248.

Platonic Academy, 243.

Platonic ideas, 282, 283, 285.

Plutarch, 255.

Podesta, 165.

Poerio, Carlo, 395, 396.

Poetry, in Sicily, 141; in Bologna and Tuscany, 184.

Poggio a Caiano, 244, 309.

Polenta, da, the, in Ravenna, 198.

Poliziano, 245.

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 244.

Pontormo, 308, 309.

Pontremoli, 333.

Popes, see Papacy, Papal States, and individual Popes.

Pordenone, Giov. Ant. da, 312.

Portiuncula, 129-131, 306.

Pratolino, 326.

Prigioni, Le Mie (of Silvio Pellico), 370-372, 382.

Prince, The, by Machiavelli, 314, 315.

Promessi, Sposi, I, by Manzoni, 377.

Provence, Albigensian crusade, 123.

Prussia, war with Austria, 407; with France, 407.

Pulci, 245.

Quadrilateral, the, 388.

Radetzky, Field Marshal, 387-390, 394.

Raphael, 283, 285, 289; character, 290, 291; portrait of Julius II, 289; of Leo X, 292.

Rattazzi, 406.

Ravenna, 14, 21, 45, 71; Byzantine architecture in, 187; Malatesta in, 198; Lord Byron in, 372-375.

Reformation, the, premonitions of, 219-222; coming of, 297.

Reformation within the Church, see Catholic Revival.

Renaissance, 231-251, 281-292.

Renaissance, Early, 231-241.

Renaissance, High, 281-292; its close, 304.

Revolution, French (of 1789), 361, 364.

Revolution, French (of 1830), 379.

Ribera, 352.

Ricasoli, Bettino, 401, 406.

Riccardi palace, 233, 244.

Rienzi, see Cola di Rienzo.

Robbia, della, Andrea, 244.

Robbia, della, Luca, 241.

Romagna, the, 379.

Roman Curia (papal Curia), denounced by Frederick II, 138, 139; its venality, 219; policy, 221; difficulties and cleverness, 269-270; object of satire and invective, 274, 275; and art, 288.

Roman Empire (see also Holy Roman Empire, and Eastern Empire), its extent, 1; character, 2; luxurious life, 4; unity, 7; its condition while at Constantinople, 25; in popular imagination, 51, 52; relations with Papacy, 59; its revival by Pope Leo and Charlemagne, 56; end of Carlovingian revival, 58; revival by Otto the Great as the Holy Roman Empire, 77, 78.

Roman gentleman, life of, 4.

Roman people, antagonism to Papacy, 60; local politics of, 67; savageness, 68.

Rome, its splendour, 2; fall, 5; Christian, 9; Theodoric's visit, 14; relation to the Empire, 53;

## parties in, 133, 134;

no despotism in, 194; reduced to papal obedience, 268; sack by Bourbon's army, 279, 280; in High Renaissance, 288; visited by Montaigne, 328-331; compared with Venice as to freedom, 328, 329; riots in, 390; Republic declared, 390; defends itself against French, 391-394; Roman question, 405; occupied by Italian troops, 407; becomes seat of national government, 408.

Romulus Augustulus, 1.

Roncaglia, diet of, 110, 111.

Rospigliosi, see Clement IX, Pope.

Rosselli, 288.

Rossellino, Antonio, 244.

Rossetti, 377.

Rossi, Pellegrino, murdered, 390.

Rossini, 358.

Rovere, della, Francesco, see Sixtus IV, Pope.

Rovere, della, Giuliano, see Julius II, Pope.

Rovere, della, family, dukes of Urbino, 303.

Rovigo, visited by Montaigne, 323.

Rule of St. Benedict, 34.

Rule of St. Francis, 132.

Ruskin on Bronzino, 309.

St. Benedict, 33, 34.

St. Clare, 130.

St. Columbanus, 36, 37.

Sta. Croce, church of, 188.

St. Francis, 125-132.

St. Francis de Sales, 345.

St. Francis Xavier, 345.

St. Jerome on destruction of Rome, 5.

St. John Lateran, church of, in Innocent's dream, 126; Henry VII crowned in, 159.

Sta. Maria degli Angeli, 129, 306.

Sta. Maria del Carmine, 240, 248.

St. Paul, basilica of, sacked by Saracens, 73; in Jubilee of 1300, 147, 148.

St. Peter, basilica of, described, 55, 56; sacked by Saracens, 73; enclosed in walls, 74; in Jubilee, 147; held by the Guelfs, 159; plan to rebuild, 252; rebuilt, 289, 290; dome completed, 344; colonnade, 351.

St. Peter Damian on lay investiture, 87.

St. Sophia, church of, 38.

St. Theresa, 345.

St. Thomas Aquinas, 178, 179.

St. Zeno, church of, in Verona, 194.

Salerno, 70, 92, 104.

San Gallo, da, Antonio, the younger, 290.

San Gallo, da, Francesco, account of discovery of Laocoon, 291.

San Gallo, da, Giuliano, 244, 289, 290, 291.

Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, 306, 311.

Saracens, 40; conquests of, 41; in Sicily, 73; in Italy, 73.

Sardinia, conveyed to Savoy, 341; dukes of Savoy become kings of Sardinia, Kingdom of, see Piedmont.

Sarpi, Paolo, Fra, 337, 338.

Sassoferrato, 352.

Savonarola, 248, 258-262.

Savoy, 172 (see also Piedmont); its situation and princes, 173; becomes duchy, 229; during wars between Francis I and Charles V, 296; becomes an Italian state, 296; in 17th and 18th centuries, 343.

Savoy, House of, 173.

Scala, della, House of (the Scaligers), 194-198; burial place of, 196.

Scala, della, Can Grande, 195, 196; aided by Henry VII, 198.

Scala, della, Mastino, 196, 197; his defeat, 197, 198.

Scaligers, see Scala della, House of.

Scarlatti, Alessandro, 358.

Scarlatti, Domenico, 358.

Schism, the Great, 218-220.

Sebastiano del Piombo, 312.

Segnatura, Stanza della, 290.

Sella, Quintino, 413.

Sforza, House of, becomes extinct, 257, 258.

Sforza, Alessandro, lord of Pesaro, 250.

Sforza, Attendolo (Muzio Attendolo), 222.

Sforza, Francesco, 222; becomes Duke of Milan, 250; dealings with humanists, 250; death, 253.

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 254, 255.

Sforza, Lodovico, il Moro, 255-257, 281.

Sicilian Vespers, 162.

Sicily (see also Two Sicilies), practically Greek, 42; Norman conquest, 93; under Henry VI, 114; under Frederick II, 141, 142; under Charles of Anjou, 161, 162; Sicilian Vespers, 162; under House of Aragon, 162; about 1350, 201; appanage of Aragon, 223; no share in Renaissance, 249; under legitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263; under Spanish viceroys, 294; conveyed to Savoy, to Austria, to Spanish Bourbons, 341; prior to 1789, 364; loses its autonomy, 368; in 1848, 386, 390; revolution put down, 391; expedition of Garibaldi and Mille, 403.

Siena, conquered by Florence, 294; visited by Montaigne, 327.

Sigismund, Emperor, 220.

Signorelli, 288.

Silvester, Pope, legend of, 45-47.

Simony, movement against, 86.

Sistine Chapel, 288; Michelangelo's frescoes, 290.

Sixtus IV, Pope, 270, 271, 286.

Sixtus V, Pope, 344.

Sodoma, 309.

Solferino, 400.

Spain, 37; invasions by, 253, 254; acquires Milan, 257; Naples, 263, 264; predominant in Italy, 276; secure hold, 293; government in Milan, 294; in Naples and Sicily, 294.

Spanish Steps, the, in Rome, 351, 360.

Spielberg prison, 371.

Spoleto, a Lombard duchy, 28, 69; visited by Montaigne, 331.

Stradivarius, 359.

Strozzi palace, in Florence, 244, 245.

Summa Theologiae, of Thomas Aquinas, 178.

Tasso, Torquato, on the Book of the Courtier, 284; life, 309, 310; seen by Montaigne, 324.

Theodora, 75, 76.

Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 12; victory over Odoacer, 13; difficulties, 13; policy, 14; visit to Rome, 14; dealings with Empire, 15; with Church, 17; breach with Church, 20; death, 20.

Thomas Aquinas, see St. Thomas Aquinas.

Tiepolo, 352.

Tintoretto, 312.

Titian, 312.

Totila, 21, 22.

Trade, spirit of, 103; with North and East, 166, 167; impediments to, 167, 168.

Trent, Council of, 300-302.

Trevi, fountain of, 351, 360.

Turin, 334, 375.

Turks, capture Constantinople, 264; conquer parts of Venetian Empire, 297; wars with Venice, 338, 339.

Tuscany, 69; a marquisate, 94; a Grand Duchy, 303; visited by Montaigne, 325-327; passes to Austrian dukes on failure of Medicean line, 342; prior to 1739, 363; restoration in, after Napoleon's fall, 367; takes part in war against Austria, 388; defeated, 389; Grand Duke runs away, 390; returns, 391; subservient to Austria, 397; runs away again, 401; united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 401, 402.

Two Sicilies, Kingdom of (see also Sicily and Naples), 93; under Manfred, 143; conquered by Charles of Anjou, 144; absolute monarchy, 193, 194; united under Alfonso of Aragon, 223; fall apart on his death, 263; pass to Charles V, 264; 1494-1516, 263, 264; unites with Kingdom of Italy, 405.

Uffizi palace, in Florence, 294; picture gallery, 295.

Ugolino, see Gregory IX, Pope.

Universities, 177; of Bologna, 177, 178.

Urban VI, Pope, 218.

Urban VIII, Pope, 346.

Urbino, 249; library at, 251; society in, 282, 283; absorbed by Papacy, 295; visited by Montaigne, 332.

Utrecht, treaty of, 341.

Uzzano, Niccolo da, 230.

Vandals, 5, 21.

Vasari, on Brunelleschi, 235, 236; on Donatello, 238, 239; on Masaccio, 240; on Leonardo, 285, 286; on Raphael, 290, 291; himself, 306.

Vatican Council, 410.

Vatican library, 252.

Vatican palace, 252, 287, 288, 290.

Venice, 70; origin, 105; character, 105, 106; trade, 106, 107; Barbarossa and Alexander III at, 112; Fourth Crusade, 118, 119; isolation, 170; government, 171; patricians, 171; wars with Genoa, 172; Great Council, 172; oligarchy, 172; about 1350, 202; growth, 223; wars with Genoa, 224; four stages, 224; oligarchy in control, 225; tranquillity, 226; 1453-1508, 264-266; League of Cambrai, 265, 266; wars with Turks, 297; Lepanto, 297; the Carita, 307; fine arts, 310-313; visited by Montaigne, 322, 323; freedom compared with that in Rome, 328, 329; 1580-1789, 335-339; quarrel with Papacy, 336, 337; wars with Turks, 338, 339; conquers the Morea, 338; opera in, 357; music in, 359; prior to 1789, 362; extinction of Republic, 365; given to Austria, 367; in 1848, a Republic again, 387, 388; jealous of Piedmont, 389; surrenders to Austria, 394; united to Italy, 407.

Verona, emotional peace of, 176, 177; description of, 194; under Scaligers, 195-198; seized by Venice, 224; temporarily under Milan, 227; taken by Venice, 228; claimed by empire, 265; visited by Montaigne, 320.

Veronese, Paolo, 312.

Verrocchio, 244, 247; Leonardo's master, 286.

Vicenza, conquered by Can Grande, 195, 196; buildings in, 306, 307; visited by Goethe, 307; by Montaigne, 321.

Vico, 349, 350.

Victor Emmanuel, see Vittorio Emanuele II.

Vienna, Congress of, 366, 367.

Vienna, Peace of, 341.

Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 305, 306.

Villa Borghese, 351.

Villa di Papa Giulio, 306.

Villa Medici, 351.

Villani, Giovanni, on Boniface VIII, 146; on Dante, 152, 153; on Florence, 182, 183; death, 211.

Vinci, Leonardo da, 256, 285-287.

Visconti, House of, despots of Milan, 198, 199; aided by Henry VII, 198; their ambitions, 199; about 1350, 202; their despotism, 215, 216; end of, 250.

Visconti, Bernabo, 215, 216.

Visconti, Bianca Maria, 229.

Visconti, Filippo Maria, 228; death, 250.

Visconti, Galeazzo II, 216.

Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 216; career, 226; buildings, 226; death, 227.

Visconti, Giovanni (Archbishop), 215.

Visigoths, 5.

Vittorio Emanuele I, 375.

Vittorio Emanuele II, 390; character, 397, 398; French alliance and Austrian War, 400, 401; hailed King of Italy by Garibaldi, 404; alliance with Prussia, 407; war with Austria, 407; enters Venice, 407; takes possession of Rome, 407, 408; death, 413.

Vittorio Emanuele III, 416.

Volta, 362.

War of Polish Succession, 340, 341.

War of Spanish Succession, 340, 341.

Werner, duke, 213.

Worms, diet of, 278.

Wyclif, 220.

Young Italy, 381.

Zacharias, Pope, 44.

Zara, captured by Crusaders, 118.

Zeno, Carlo, 224.

+-----------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the | | original document have been preserved. | | | | Typographical errors corrected in the text: | | | | Page 290 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare | | Page 296 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare | | Page 332 Montefeltre changed to Montefeltro | | Page 350 lotos changed to lotus | | Page 439 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare | | Page 441 Pelegrino changed to Pellegrino | +-----------------------------------------------+

End of Project Gutenberg's A Short History of Italy, by Henry Dwight Sedgwick