Chapter 4 of 7 · 54938 words · ~275 min read

Part C

deals with aero-engines. It is mainly remarkable--in comparison

with past issues--for the large number of engines which have ceased to exist. It is probably still too ample; as a year hence quite half the makers still recorded are likely to disappear. The mere ability to construct motor car engines is no longer of value. The aeroplane engine designer needs to be a specialist. The absolutely ideal aero-engine no doubt yet remains to be produced; but meanwhile the tendency of users to concentrate upon fewer makes is increasingly evident, despite the fact that the best engine for one particular type of machine is not necessarily the best for some other type.

In conclusion I tender my most grateful thanks to all those who have so kindly collaborated with or for me in the various sections. The book is still some way from being near my ideal, but I have every hope that this edition will be generally considered a very considerable improvement upon previous issues.

FRED T. JANE.

_Bedhampton,_ _Hants.,_ _England._

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS, Etc.

Part A.

AEROPLANES & DIRIGIBLES.

ARRANGED BY NATIONALITIES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

Note.--Every nation is given in the following fixed order:--

List of Aerial Societies and Clubs, with addresses and Secretaries where possible. List of Aerial Journals, with addresses, price, and dates of publication.

List of Flying Grounds for aeroplanes, and hangars for dirigibles (if any).

List of Military and Naval Machines and aviators.

List of Private Aviators, total of machines, etc.

AEROPLANES in alphabetical order, _uniform scale_ plans, and

## particulars.

DIRIGIBLES: Military and private _uniform scale_ plans, and

## particulars.

Note.--The uniform scale of dirigible plans is a smaller scale than that used for aeroplanes.

ARGENTINE.

(Revised by J. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer and Librarian, Dutch R. Ae. C.)

~Aerial Societies~:--

Ae.C., Argentino, 561, S. Martin, Buenos Ayres.

~Aerial Journals~:--

Boletin del Ae.C., Argentino (Monthly).

~Flying Grounds~:--

~Aerodromo Villa Lugano~. (P. Castabert, Director.)

~Aerodromo del Palomar~. (Military).

~Military Aviation.~

At the end of 1912 there were 6 military aeroplanes (3 _Bleriot_, 1 _Castaibert_, 1 _Nieuport_, and 1 _H Farman_)--all 1912 models.

Marcel Paillette is director of the military flying ground at the Palomar Aerodrome.

More machines will be added and by the end of the present year it is probable that a very considerable air force will exist.

~Private Aviators.~

Bregi, Henri (A.C.F. 26) de Bruyn, A. (3) Castaibert, B. (1) Fels, T. (9) England, Gordon F.C. (British p.) Goffre, C.A. (4) Hentsch, H. (5) Mascias, A.R. (8) Melchior, E. (11) Newbury, G. (6) Origone, M.F. (10) Paillette, Marcel (French p.) Parravicini, F. (7) Roth, J.A. (2) Valleton A. (French p.)

PABLO CASTAIBERT. Monoplane.

Note. Both fly well. Description in _Boletin de Ae.C. Argentino_.

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN.

(By our Austrian Editor.)

~Aerial Societies:--~

Cesky Club Automobilistn. Aviatische Sektion. (Prague.)

Deutscher Luftfahrt-Verein in Boehmen (Teplitz-Schoenau).

Flugtechnischer Verein fuer Maehren (Brunn.).

Flugtechnischer Verein in Schlesien (Troppau).

Flugtechnischer Verein in Steiermark (Graz, Schmiedgasse 31).

K.k. Oesterreichischer Flugtechnischer Verein (Wienstrasse 31, Vienna).

Kaertner Automobil Club (Klagenfuert.)

Klub Awiata (Obertynska Str. 8, Lemburg, Galicia).

Magyar Automobil Club (Budapest).

Magyar Athletikai Club (Abt. fur Aviatik) Budapest.

Oberoesterreichischer Verein f.L. in Linz (Landstr. 119, Linz).

Oesterreichischer Aero Club (St. Annahoff, Vienna) (_formerly Wiener Aero Club_).

Oesterreichischer Flugsport Club (Breitegasse 7, Vienna VII).

K.k. Oesterreichischer Flugtechnischer Verein (Weinstrasse 31, Vienna).

Oesterreichischer Luftflotten-Verein (Vienna).

Oesterreichischer Wintersportklub (Vienna). _Glider club._

Verein fuer L. in Tirol (Innsbruck).

~Aerial Journals:--~

_Allgemeine Automobil Zeitung._ (Fleischmarkt 5, Vienna) weekly.

_Allgemeine Sport Zeitung._ (St. Annhoff, Vienna) weekly.

_H.P. Fachzeitung fuer Automobilismus und Flugtechnik._ (Vienna) weekly.

_Oesterreichische Flugzeitschrift._ (Aspernplatz, Wien I) fortnightly.

_Wiener Luftschiffer-Zeitung._ (St. Annahof, Vienna) fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:--~

_Military._

~Fischamend~ (Principal Army).

~Goerz.~

~Zaule b. Triest.~

_Naval._

~Pola.~

_Private._

~Aspern bei Wien~, Vienna.

~Rakos bei Budapest.~

~Wiener Neustadt.~

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN AEROPLANES.

~Military Aviation: General.~

In June, 1912, a central aeronautical committee was created, under the presidency of Prince Fuerstenberg, to deal with the creation of a national aerial fleet. One of the objects is the perfection of the Austrian machines and factories.

About the same date, Pola was selected as a naval aviation school, and two _Paulhan-Curtiss_ hydro-avions purchased.

In August the record making _Lohner_ was purchased for the Army.

During September Captain Odolek tested before the military authorities a parachute of his invention; and a number were ordered.

In October very strict regulations were issued as to aircraft flying over prohibited areas, a rule that any offenders would be shot at was subsequently modified.

In November a _Donnet-Lereque_ was purchased for the Navy and another ordered at the Whitehead Works, Fiume.

~Army Section.~

At the end of 1911 the Army possessed 4 monoplanes and one biplane (a _Lohner_), now available for school work.

During 1912 there were acquired:--

~20 monoplanes.~--1 _Bleriot_, 2 _Nieuport_, 15 _Etrich-Taube_, 1 _Etrich_ limousine, 1 _Deperdussin_.

~6 biplanes.~--4 _Lohner-Daimler_, 1 _Mars_, 1 _Klobucar_, (of the above the 2 _Nieuports_, 1 _Etrich_ limousine and the 4 _Lohners_ were the only ones built in Austria).

~Naval Section.~

~4 hydro-avions~ were acquired during 1912; 2 _Donnet-Leveque_ and 2 _Paulhan-Curtiss_.

~Military Pilots.~

Banfield, Ob. Leut. Blaschke, v. Ob. Leut. Eyb, Ob. Leut. Flassig, Leut. Holeka, Ob. Leut. Kenese, Ob. Leut. Klobucar, Ob. Leut. Miller, Ob. Leut. (5) Oelwein, Ob. Leut. Perini, Leut. Petroczy, Haupt. von. Riedlinger, Ob. Leut. von. Schindler, Leut. Schuenzel, Leut. Stohanzl, Ob. Leut. K (14) Umlauff, Major von. (10) Uzelac, Ob. Leut. Venczel, Leut. Welhelm, Ob. Leut. von

The military centre is at Goerz, the naval one at Pola.

Flying officers receive each a grant of 1,600 crowns; also 15 crowns a month for upkeep. Special certificate brings 2,000 crowns extra grant.

~Private Aviators.~

* = Superior brevet. + = Killed.

Auer, J. (6) Baar, R. Baboncse, K. Banfield, K. Bauer, Dr. V.R. von. Bernat, M. *Brier, H. (18) Blaschke von. Z.R. Booms, W. (9) Bratmann, J. Buchstaetter, A. Cejnek, J. Cihak, E. Ciszek, J. Czermak, J. Dworak, W. *Economo, C.F. von. (7) Fiedler, P. (19) *Flesch, J. (11) Friedmann, W. Haner, E. Hesse, M. Heyrowski, A. Hieronimus, O. Hinter, K. Hold, Hermann Huss, H. *Illner, K. Javor, J. Kaiserfeld, R. von. Kasulakow, W. Keck, Z. Kenese, W. Kiraly, K. Klobucar, V. Knirsch, A. Kolowrat, A. Graf. (15) Kreiner, E. Lagler, B.V. Latzel, J. Lettis, A. Libowitzky, A. Mandl. Mazuranic, B. +Mosen. Nemec, H.E. von. Nittner, E. Ockermueller, H. +Petrovics, A. von. (13) Pischof. A.R. von. (2) Rabis, M. Reisner, H. Riedlinger, E. v. Kastrenberg. Rosenthal, F. +Russjan. Sablatnig, J. (12) Schartner, H. Schindler, A. Schonowsky, B. Schoenpflug, F. Seidl, Franz. Simon, R. (4) Stanger, R. Steiner-Goeltl, E. v. A. Stiploschek, M. *Szekely, M. Tauszig, A. Teufl von. Ferland, R. Umlauff von F. Vlaicu, A. *Warchalowski, A. (1) Warchalowski, K. (8) Weiner, T. Widmer, J. +Wiesenbach, V. Wosecek, W.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, the total number of private aeroplanes in the country was about twenty.

ETRICH Monoplanes. Etrich Flieger Werke, Wiener Neustadt. Igo Etrich was a very early experimenter in conjunction with Wels. In 1909 he produced on his own account the first _Etrich_ monoplane, a characteristic machine, which except for detail improvement, varying dimensions, etc., has not been appreciably altered since. (See Historical Section.)

[Illustration: _Photo, C. Maleuit._]

-----------------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------+ | | ~VIII 1911-12.~ | ~1912-13.~ | Model and date. | ~VII 1911.~ | 2-seater | Limousine 2-seater. | -----------------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.) | 37 (11.30) | 30-3/4 (9.30) | 26-1/4 (8) | ~Span~ feet (m.) | 48 (14.60) | 42 (12.80) | 31-1/4 (9.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.) | 380 (35) | 323 (30) | 280 (26) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p. | 120 Daimler | 100 | 60 Daimler | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.) | ... | ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | 5 | 2 | 2 | -----------------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------+

Remarks.--A number of _VII_ & _VIII_ have been sold for military purposes to the Austrian, Russian, German, and other governments.

[Illustration: Etrich VIII. UAS.]

[Illustration: Etrich. Limousine. _Photo, Guld._]

LOHNER-DAIMLER. This firm is now amalgamated with Etrich.

[Illustration]

----------------------------------+------------------+-------------------- | | ~1912-13.~ | ~1911.~ | Lohner Daimler | | Pfeilflieger. ----------------------------------+------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.) | ... | 32 (9.70) ~Span~ feet (m.) | ... | 44-1/4 (13.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.) | ... | 450 (42) {total lbs. (kgs.) | ... | 926 (420) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs.(kgs.) | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p. | 60 Aust. Daimler | 125 Aust. Daimler ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.) | 50 (80) | 62 (100) Number built during 1912 | ? | 4 ----------------------------------+------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--Staggered and ~V~ shape. Late in 1911 one was purchased for the Austrian Army. In 1912 made a world's altitude. Passenger record, 4,530 metres (14,862 feet.)

MERCEP Monoplanes. Mihalis Mercep, Aeroplanwerkstatte, Agram, Hungary. Russjan was connected with this firm, which built 2 biplanes to his designs in 1909. Russjan was killed in the second of these. In 1911, a _Mercep_ was built.

----------------------------------------+-----------------+----------------- | ~1911.~ | ~1912-13.~ ----------------------------------------+-----------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.) | 29-1/2 (9) | 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.) | 34-1/3 (10.50) | 32-1/2 (10) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared) | ... | 204 (19) {machine, etc. lbs. (kgs.) | ... | 617 (280) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.) | ... | 661 (300) ~Motor~ h.p. | ... | 50 Gnome Number built | 1 | 1 ----------------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------

[Illustration: Mercep. 1912-13.]

WARCHALOWSKI, Biplane. Karl Warchalowski, Autoplan Werke, Odoakergasse 35, Vienna XVI.

[Illustration]

A machine generally on _M. Farman_ lines, but with different shaped ailerons and corners of the leading edge rounded.

WHITEHEAD. Whitehead & Co., Fiume, Austria. The Whitehead Torpedo Co. has laid down plant for the production of hydro-aeroplanes.

ZIEGLER Monoplane. Flugzengwerke Johann Ziegler, Vienna.

--------------------------------+----------------- | ~1912-13.~ --------------------------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.) | 59 (18) ~Span~ feet (m.) | 42-3/4 (13) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.) | 586 (55) { total | 1656 (750) ~Weight~ { | { useful | ... ~Motor~ h.p. | 100 Mercedes ~Speed~ m.p.h. (k.m.) | 50 (80) Number built during 1912 | 2 --------------------------------+-----------------

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN DIRIGIBLES.

~Military.~

-------+------------+-------------------+-------+----------+-------+-----------------+------------- Date | | | | Capacity | | Speed. | of | Name. | Make. | Type. | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (k.p.h.) | Remarks. order. | | | | | | | -------+------------+-------------------+-------+----------+-------+-----------------+------------- | | | | | | | 1909 | ~M 1~ | Parseval P.L. 4 | n.r. | 2300 | 70 | 27 (45) | 1909 | ~M 2~ | Lebaudy-Juillot 6 | s.r. | 4800 | 100 | 23 (37) | Wrecked 1911 | | | | | | | but repaired 1910 | ~M 3~ | Koerting (K.W. 1) | n.r. | 3600 | 150 | 30-1/2 (49) | 1912 | ~M 4~ | Zeppelin | | 22,000 | 450 | 47 (75) | _Building._ -------+------------+-------------------+-------+----------+-------+-----------------+-------------

Military Dirigible Pilots.

Cajanek, V. Grebenz, K. Hauswirth, J. Heller, S. Hofstaetter, E. Macher, M. Tauber, F. Tepser, G.E. von. Weiss, H.

~Private.~

------------------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------------------+---------- Date of | | | | Capacity | | Speed. | commencement. | Name. | Make. | Type. | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (k.p.h.) | Remarks. ------------------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------------------+---------- 1910 | ~MANNSBARTH-STAGL~ | Mann-Sl. | n.r. | 8200 | 300 | 40 (65) | 1912 | ~BOEMCHER II~ | Boemcher II | | 2750 | | 25 (40) | ------------------+-------------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+------------------+----------

Two _Renners_ and a _Boemcher I_ have ceased to exist.

Private Dirigible Pilots.

Adrario, K. Baumann, F. Becker, T. Berlepsch, F.F. von. Cassinone, A. Fuerst, A. Hoffory, W. Hinterstoisser, F. Kaiser, K. Mannsbarth, F. Nowy, V. Richter, von. B. Stagel, H. Stratmann, W. Wagner, E. von. F. Zborowski, J.

BOEMCHER II. (1912-13.) Non-rigid.

+------------------+ | | | _Building._ | | | +------------------+

~Length~, ? feet ( ? m.) ~diameter~, ? feet ( ? m.) ~volume~, 77,000 c. feet (2,750 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--25 m.p.h. (40 k.p.h.)

~Propeller.~--

LEBAUDY-JUILLOT 6=Military M II. (1910.) Semi-rigid.

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 229-3/4 feet (70 m.) ~diameter,~ 36 feet (11 m.) ~volume,~ 170,000 c. feet (4,800 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--Austro-American Rubber Co.

~Motor.~--100 h.p. Mercedes.

~Speed.~--27 m.p.h. (45 km.)

~Propellers.~--Two 2-bladed.

Remarks.--Built by the Austrian Daimler works to _Lebaudy-J._ designs. Sister to the Russian _Lebed_.

KOeRTING-WIMPASSING (K-WI). Non-rigid=Military. M III. (1911.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 213-1/4 feet (65 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 34-1/2 feet (10.50 m.) ~volume,~ 127,150 c. feet (3,600 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- lbs. ( kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--2 ballonets of 15,900 c. feet (450 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, of 75 h.p. each (= 150 h.p.)

~Speed.~--30-1/2 m.p.h. (49 km.) Made on trials March, 1911.

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.)

~Steering.~--_Parseval_ style. This ship is generally an adaptation of the _Parseval_ type. Accommodates 8 people. Completed 1911. Military airship.

Remarks.--

[Illustration: UDS.]

MANNSBARTH. Non-rigid (1911). _(Alias ~STAGL MANNSBARTH.~)_

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ ? feet ( ? m.) ~maximum diameter,~ ? feet ( ? m.) ~volume,~ 289,600 c. feet (8,200 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- ? lbs. ( ? kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Divided into 4 compartments. Ballonet in each.

~Motors.~--2 of 150 h.p. each (= 300 h.p.)

~Speed.~--40 m.p.h. (65 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--3. Diameter, 13 feet (4 m.) Also 1 helice.

~Steering.~--Helice used as elevator. Rudder aft. Forward and after ballonets also used as elevators, _Parseval_ style. Completed 1911.

Remarks.--Built for Government, but not taken over.

PARSEVAL P.L. 4. Non-rigid. = MILITARY M I. (1909.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 164 feet (50 m.) ~approx. diameter,~ 28-1/4 feet (8.60 m.) ~volume,~ ? c. feet (2,300 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--5,730 lbs. (2,600 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Rubbered fabric by Austrian American Rubber Co.

~Motor.~--70-100 h.p. Mercedes Daimler. 1,200 r.p.m. at 70 h.p.

~Speed.~--27 m.p.h. (45 km.) made on trials.

~Propellers.~--_Parseval_ type, semi-rigid, chain driven, 3-bladed. Diameter, 11-1/2 feet (3.50 m.)

~Steering.~--_Parseval_ system.

Remarks.--Built by the Austrian Motorluftschiff Gesellschaft to the _Parseval_ type C design (see Germany). Taken over by the Austro-Hungarian Army, December, 1909. Has flown 6-1/2 hours. Has risen to 1,150 metres and subsequently flown 1-1/2 hours. Carries 4 persons, _about_ 400 lbs. (180 kgs.) ballast, and fuel for 12 hours. _Station_: Fischamend.

BELGIAN.

(Revised by M. BRACKE, Aeronautical Engineer & Editor of "L'Aero Mecanique.")

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club Belgique.

Aero Club of Hainault.

La Ligue Nationale Belgique.

Delta Club (Kites).

Ae. C. de Flanders.

Ae. C. du Littoral.

Ae. C. de Liege-Spa.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_La Conquete de l'Air._ (214 Rue Royale, Brussels) bimonthly, 5 francs p.a.

_L'Aero Mecanique_ (Brussels edition). Chemin de St. Denis, Casteau, Mons., Belgium, 2.50 f.

_L'Aviation Industrielle et Commerciale_ (monthly), Chemin de St. Denis, Casteau, Mons., 1.50 f.

~Flying Grounds:~--

Berchem.

Brasschaet (Military).

Camp de Casteau. (Aviation Industrielle & Commerciale).

Etterbeek, near Brussels.

Kiewit.

St. Job (private property Baron de Caters.).

BELGIAN AEROPLANES.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1912 the military air force consisted of three 50 h.p. Gnome _H. Farman_ 1911 military, used for instructional purposes, and twenty-four 70 h.p. Gnome _H. Farmans_ (model 1912 military), for war work:

The military school is at Brasschaet, near Antwerp. Major Campion in command.

The course is as follows:

1. _Theoretical course._--Lectures on meteorology, structure of aeroplanes, aviation motors, etc.

2. _Practical._--This, in addition to flight, consists of dismounting and replacing parts of aeroplanes and aerial motors, all general repairs, erecting hangars and aerial photography.

The school possesses nine hangars, of which three are Bessonneau type, three wooden, and three metal.

For 1913 the sum of L20,000 is to be expended for purchase of aeroplanes and the establishment of aerial squadrons at Antwerp, Liege, and Brasschaet.

These are organised into six squadrons of four units each. The full complement of each squadron is eight aviators, fifteen to 20 mechanics, etc., and six citizen soldiers.

The question of hydro-avions for the Congo is under consideration.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. Belgique pilot certificate number.)

Military.

Broune, Lieut. (37) Cozic, R. (23) Dhanis, Lieut. (35) Heinter Poorten (47) Lebon, Lieut. (36) Moulin, E. (45) Movtens, Lieut. (19) Nelis, Lieut, (in command) (28) Robert, V. (47) Sarteel, Lieut. (26) Sournoy, J. (46) Tocy, Lieut.

Private.

Allard, E. (4) Armand, C. (22) Baugniet, Edmond (18) Boel Bracke, A. Camille, Amand (22) Christiaens, Joseph (7) Crombez (25) De Caters, Baron (1) De Heel, Emile (24) D'Hespel, Comte Joseph (15) De la Hault, Adhemar De Laet, E. (31) De Laminne, Chev (9) De Jonckeer (44) Depireux, Isidore (20) De Petrovsky, Alexandre (11) De Ridder, Alphonse (13) De Roy, W. (41) Descommines Deudeuner, A. (43) Dolphyn (40) Doneryos, J. (33) Duray, A. (3) Dutrieu, Mdlle. H. (27) Fischer, Jules (12) Frenay, Fernand (21) Hanciau, P. (34) Hanouilleo, P. (42) Hasen Lamblotte, F. (29) Lanser, Alfred (16) Lescart, F. (30) Mestagh, G. (39) Michez, S.R. (32) Olieslagers, Jan (5) Olieslagers, Max Orta, Jose Peeters Pickard Stellingwerff, J. (49) Tyck, Jules (8) Van den Born, Chas. (6) Verschaeve, Fernand (17) Verstraeten, Leon (14)

The following Belgian aviators have been killed:--

BEHUEGHE (Bron), in Herseun. Built in 1912. A monoplane that flew very well at camp of Casteau Aerodrome during May--October. ~Motor.~--25. h.p. type Morane. New designs in wing construction, landing chassis, etc.

A. BRACKE (formerly Bracke, Missyon & Co.), Casteau, Mons. In 1910, constructed the first aeroplane built by a Belgium firm--a monoplane with planes at 120. This machine has not been duplicated: but the firm have since built machines to private specifications. The only firm which has in Belgium the speciality of aeronautical patents.

DE BROUCKERE, 23 rue Joardens, Brussels. Biplane. H. Farman. type. Built in 1911, modified in 1912.

DE LA HAULT Adhemar de la Hault, 214 rue Royale, Brussels. In 1906, built a flapper of novel design. This was followed in 1910, by a machine on monoplane lines with one fixed plane and two flapping wings. This failed to fly, and in August, 1911, was altered into a biplane. It did not succeed, however. M. Hault is still pursuing the ornithopter question.

HAREL I. Biplane. ~Length.~--49-1/4 feet (15 m.) ~Surface.~--344-1/2 sq. feet (32 m squared.) ~Weight.~--771 lbs. (350 kgs.), flying order. Warping wings. Monoplane tail. ~Motor.~--50 h.p. Gnome, mounted just under and forward of the upper wing. ~Tractor.~--1 Chauviere. Elevator placed 1 in front and 1 in rear, _H. Farman_ style. Rudders, 2 in rear. Completed May, 1911. For further details see _Conquete de l'Air_, July 1st, 1911. Property of M. Van der Stegen.

WILLIAMS. Biplane. ~Motor.~--70 h.p. E.N.V. Generally of headless _Voisin_ type on a _Farman_ body. Completed 1911. Has flown fairly well.

BELGIAN DIRIGIBLES.

Military.

~1910.~

1. LA BELGIQUE II~ (late ~I~)_ 4,000 m cubed.

~1911.~

2. LA BELGIQUE III

Note.--_La Belgique I_ was built in 1909 and re-built 1910.

Private.

VILLE DE BRUXELLES 6,000 m cubed.

LA BELGIQUE II. (No. 1 rebuilt.) Military.

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 226 feet (64.8 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 35 feet (10.75 m.) ~capacity,~ 141,300 cubic feet (4,000 m cubed.) ~total lift,~ 9,921 lbs. (4,500 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Rubber proofed Continental fabric. Ballonet, filled by a separate motor giving 7.5 inches of water pressure. Warm air can be pumped in if required. Ballonet, 28,250 c. feet (800 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--2, each of 60 h.p., Vivinus, 4-cylinder, 112x130.

~Propellers.~--1 in front of the car. 285 revolutions per minute. Wood construction.

~Speed.~--25 miles per hour. 40 km. per hour.

~Planes.~--Horizontal: a gas tube bent horizontally round the tail. Vertical: vertical fins on the tail, and a long vertical keel under the gas bag.

~Car.~--A girder, square in section, tapered at both ends. Built of tubular steel. Length, 82 feet (25 m.)

~Miscellaneous.~--Built by L. Godard, France, 1909. Crew, 3 men. Accommodation for 1 passenger. Fuel for 10 hours. Greatest height attainable, 3,280 feet (1,000 m.)

~Table of weights.~-- Gas bag, complete with ballonet, valves, planes, lbs. kgs. suspension, etc 1,951 885 Propellers (2) 275-1/2 125 Blower 33 15 3 h.p. motor for blower 33 15 Motors (2) complete with gearing and shafting 1,410 640 Car 992 450 Fuel for 10 hours 738-1/2 335 Ballast 826-3/4 375 1 passenger (or ballast) 154 70 Crew (3) 463 210 Guide ropes, etc 220 100 Miscellaneous 88 40 ----- ----- _About_ 7,165 3,250

Remarks.--Reconstructed in the winter of 1909. There are two noteworthy innovations in connection with the ballonet. (1) The ballonet can be warmed by the motor. (2) In case of real emergency air can be pumped direct into the gas bag. Experiments of the utmost importance to all airships are in progress with a view to ridding the gas of this air cheaply and quickly.

LA BELGIQUE III. Military.

Presented 1910 to the Belgian Government by H.M. the King of the Belgians. 4,500 m cubed. Practically same as II, but has 3 propellers. ~Motors.~--Two 100 h.p. Germain.

VILLE DE BRUXELLES.

(Formerly known as LA FLANDRE.)

(Astra type.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 256 feet (78 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 41 feet (12.4 m.) ~volume,~ 212,000 c. feet (6,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--15,763 lbs. (7,150 kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Continental rubbered fabric, yellow. Ballonet, 16,146 c. feet (1,500 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--2 Pipe motors of 100 h.p. each, placed in line with each other in the fore and aft line, and with clutches and the necessary gearing in between them.

~Speed.~--35 m.p.h.

~Propellers.~--3, namely: one at the fore end, driven by the two motors when coupled together, and two placed above and on either side of the centre of the car, for use when only one motor is running. Chauviere propellers.

~Steering.~--Vertical steering by means of a large double aeroplane fixed above the car, about a third from the front. Horizontal steering by means of a double vertical rudder above the rear end of the car. Stability is secured by the usual Astra pear shaped stabilising gas bags, with fins of rubbered cloth spread between the inner edges of these shapes.

Remarks.--The distinctive feature of this ship is the arrangement of the propellers. Both motors can be coupled either on to the front propeller or on to the two rear propellers, or on to all three together, but they are actually intended only to drive the front one. On stopping either motor the other is connected to the two rear propellers, which are designed for a slower speed of translation than the front one, with the result that the running motor does not find itself overloaded as it would if the same propeller had to serve both for one and for two motors.

BRAZILIAN.

~AVIATORS.~

Garos, Queiroz, Robert, Henri, Santos-Dumont, Versepuiz.

There are possibly one to two aeroplanes in Brazil, but the well-known aviators live in France. Little or nothing seems doing in Brazil as yet.

BRITISH.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Royal Aero Club.

Aerial League.

Aeronautical Society. (Premier Society, founded 1866.)

Brooklands Aero Club.

There were once a great many local aero clubs, but the majority of these have ceased to exist and with one or two possible exceptions all the rest are moribund.

~Aerial Journals, etc.:~--

_Aeronautical Journal._ Quarterly. 53, Victoria St., London, S.W.

_Aeronautics._ 3d. monthly. 27, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.

_The Aero._ 6d. monthly. 20, Tudor St., London, E.C.

_Flight._ 3d. every Saturday. 44, St. Martins Lane, London, W.C. (Official organ of the R. Ae. C.)

_The Aeroplane._ 1d. weekly, 166, Piccadilly, London.

_All the World's Aircraft._ 21/-. Annual. 100, Southwark Street, London, S.E. and 5, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.

In addition, the _Car Illustrated_ and the _Motor_ devote considerable space to aerial matters.

~Principal Flying Grounds:~--

~Aldershot.~--Army school.

~Brighton,~ Shoreham Aerodrome. Aero school.

~Brooklands.~--Bristol school.

~Camber Sands,~ Rye, Sussex.--At low tide moderately hard sand and soft places. Area two miles by one mile.

~Dagenham~ (Aeronautical Society).

~Dartford Marsh.~--Vickers school.

~Dunstall Park,~ Wolverhampton.

~Eastbourne.~ Aerodrome School.

~Eastchurch,~ Sheppey.--(R. Ae. C.) 350 acres. Sheds. Members only. R. Naval school.

~Filey.~--Blackburn school.

~Hendon.~--Grahame-White, Blackburn, Bleriot, Deperdussin, Temple and Ewen schools.

~Lanark.~--Deperdussin school.

~Liverpool~ (Melly school).

~Llandudno & North Wales.~--Aerodrome.

~Mapplin Sands,~ Essex.--(Foulness). Very hard sand at low tide. Area ten miles by four miles. Property of War Office. Flying forbidden in winter.

~Salisbury Plain.~--Bristol school. Vast space available. Plenty of fairly smooth ground. Army school.

~Shoreham.~--(See Brighton).

~Upavon.~ Central flying school (R. Flying Corps.)

~BRITISH MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Royal Flying Corps.~

In 1912 the Royal Flying Corps was instituted. It consists of two wings, navy and army, with a central flying school at Upavon, Salisbury Plain.

The staff is as follows:--

_Commandant_: Paine, Capt. G.M., M.V.O., R.N.

_Secretary_: Lidderdale, Asst. Paymaster J.H., R.N.

_Medical Officer_: Lithgow, Capt. E.G.R., R.A.M.C.

_Quarter-Master_: Kirby, Hon. Lieut. (Qr.-Mr.), V.C.

_Instructor in Theory and Construction_: Cook, Lieut.-Col. H. R., R.A.

_Instructor in Meteorology_: Dobson, G., Esq.

_Instructors in Flying_:

Fulton, Capt. J. D. B., R.A.

Gerrard, Capt. E. L., R.M.

Shepherd, Lieut. P. A., R.N.

Trenchard, Mt. Maj. H. M., D.S.O., R. Sc. Fus.

Salmond, Capt. J. M., R. Lanc. R.

_Inspector of Engines:_ Randall, Eng.-Lieut. C. R. J., R.N.

~Royal Aircraft Factory.~

This is situated at Farnborough. Mervyn O'Gorman is superintendent. There are large sheds. Some _B E_ biplanes have been built here, but the principal object of the factory is understood to be repairs and maintenance.

~Naval Wing Royal Flying Corps, Aeroplane Section.~

There is a special Air Department at the Admiralty with Captain M. F. Sueter, as Director, Commander O. Schwann and Lieut. C. L'Estrange-Malone, as Assistants, Eng. Lieut. G. W. S. Aldwell, as Eng. Inspector.

Officers are graded Flying Officers, then Flight Commanders, thence to Squadron Commanders.

The flying school is at Eastchurch, Sheppey. Commander Sampson, S.C., in command. There are at present four air stations: (1) Isle of Grain, (2) Calshot, (3) Harwich, (4) Yarmouth.

At the end of March, 1913, the total number of aeroplanes including those on order, school machines, etc., was about 32; of which about 16 were effective for war purposes or available at short notice.

These machines were as follows:--

7 monoplanes (= 1 Bleriot, 2 Deperdussin, 1 Etrich, 1 Nieuport, 2 Short).

15 biplanes (= 1 Avro, 2 Bristol, 1 Breguet, 1 Caudron, 2 H. Farman, 1 M. Farman, 5 Short, 2 Sopwith).

10 hydro-avions (= 1 Astra, 1 Avro, 2 Borel, 1 Donnet-Leveque, 1 H. Farman, 1 M. Farman, 3 Short).

The _personnel_ is as follows (number after names is the R. Ae. C. brevet number):--

~Squadron Commanders.~

Gerrard, Capt. F. L., R. M. (76) Gordon, Capt., R. M. (161) Gregory, Lieut. (75) L'Estrange-Malone, Lieut. C. (195) Longmore, Lieut. Sampson, Com. C. R. (71) Shepherd, Lieut. P. A. (215)

~Flight Commanders.~

Courtney, Lieut. I. T. (R. M.) Grey, Lieut. Spencer (117) Risk, Capt. C. E., R. M. (303) Seddon, Lieut. J. W. (296)

~Flying Officers.~

Those marked * are under instruction, not yet graded.

*Agar, Lieut. A.W.S. Babington, Lieut. J.T. (408) Bigsworth, Lieut. A.W. (390) *Bobbett, Boatswain H.C. (334) Bowhill, Lieut. F.W. (397) *Brodribb, Lieut. F.G. (481) Courtney, Lieut. I.T., R.M. Courtney, Lieut. C.L. (328) *Davies, Lieut. R.B. (90) *Edmonds, Lieut. G.H.K. *Fawcett, Capt. H., R.M. *Gaskell, Lieut. A.B. *Hathorn, Lieut. G.H.V., R.M. Hewlett, Sub. Lieut., F.E.J. Kennedy, Lieut. J.B. *Maude, Lieut. C.E. *Noyes, Asst. Paymaster, C.R.F. Oliver, Lieut. E.A. (425) *Parker, Asst. Paymaster E.B. (415) Rathbone, Lieut., C.E., R.M. Ross, Lieut. R.P. (422) *Sitwell, Lieut. W.G. Travers, Lieut. J.L. Vernon, Lieut. H.D. (404) Wildman-Lushington, Lt. G.V., R.M.A.

The following R.N. officers and men are aviators employed in various duties at the Admiralty, at the Central Flying School or at Eastchurch:--

Aldwell, Eng. Lieut. G.W.S. Andrews, J.C. (372) Ashton, Ldg. Seaman Batemad, Able Seaman P.E. (446) Briggs, Eng. Lieut. E.F. Brownridge, Carp. Collins, Art. Eng. J.V. Cresswell, Lieut. T.S., R.M. (420) Deakin, A. (333) Gerrard, Capt., R.M. (76) L'Estrange-Malone, Lieut. C. (195) Lidderdale, Asst. Paymaster H.J. (402) O'Connor, Art. Eng. T. (280) Paine, Capt. G.M. (217) Randall, Eng. Lieut. (81) Schwann, Com. O. (203) Scarff, Art. Eng. F.W. Shaw, Shipwright D. (465) Shepherd, Lieut. P. (288) Susans, F. (380) Wells, Staff. Surg. H.V.

The following have privately secured pilot certificates in the years mentioned but are not employed in the R.F.C. for aeroplane work. Some of them, however (D), are employed in the airship section:--

~1911.~

Bower, Lieut. J.A. (161) Clark-Hall, Lieut. (127) Leveson-Gower, Com. Williamson, Lieut. (150) Williamson, Lieut. H.A. (160)

~Naval. 1912.~

Blatherwick, Lieut. G. (450) Brown, Com. A M.T. (345) Edwards, Lieut. C.H.H. D Freeman Williams, Lt. F.A.P.(202) Head, Lieut, G.G.W. (191) Hooper, Sub. Lt. C.W.W. (382) Johnson, Capt. C.D. D Masterman, Com. E.A.D. (Ae.C.F.) Prickett, Lieut. C.B. (381) Trewin, Asst. Paymaster (294) D Usborne, Lieut. N.F. (449) Wheeler, Mid. N.F. (370)

~Naval. 1913.~

D Boothby, Lieut. F.L.M. (Ae.C.F.) Brady, B.J.W. (394) Brown, Lieut. A.C.G. (398) Dobie, Lieut. W.F.R. (448) Fitzmaurice, Lieut. R. (447) Freeman, S.T. (393) Littleton, Sub. Lieut. H.A. (405) Picton-Warlow, Lieut. W. (451) Ross, Lieut. R.P. (422)

~Army Wing Royal Flying Corps, Aeroplane Section.~

The Army wing has its headquarters at S. Farnborough, its constitution being as follows:--

1st squadron (airships or kites) see Dirigible Section. 2nd " (aeroplanes) base at Montrose. 3rd " " " " Salisbury Plain. 4th " " " " S. Farnborough. (Four more aeroplane squadrons _pro._)

An aeroplane squadron nominally consists of 18 aeroplanes (9 in service, 9 remounts). At the end of March, 1913, the total number of aeroplanes, including those on order, school machines, etc., was about 110, of which about 50 (including some monoplanes not in use) were effective for war purposes or available at short notice.

The total of 110 was thus made up:--

22 monoplanes (= 2 Bleriot, 4 Bristol, 5 Deperdussin, 4 Howard-Flanders, 1 Martinsyde, 6 Nieuport).

86 biplanes (= 4 Avro, 22 B.E. type,[A] various makers), 2 Breguet, 2 Caudrons, 30 Farman (various types), 6 Short--and about 20 Avro or Farman or Short not delivered.

~Squadron Commanders.~

Brooke-Popham, Capt. H.R.M. (108) Burke, Capt, C.J. (46) (Ae.C.F. 260) Carden, Lt. A. D. (239) Cook, Lt.-Col. H. R. (42) Fulton, Major J. D. B. (27) Raleigh, Capt. G. H. (196) Trenchard, Major H. M. (270)

~Flight Commanders.~

Allen, Capt. C. R. W. (159) Beor, Lt. B. R. W. (R.A.) (185) Becke, Capt. J. H. W. (236) Connor, Lt. D. G. (54) Fox, Lt. A. G. (176) Higgins, Major J. F. A. (R.A.) (264) Longcroft, Lt. C. A. H. (192) Reynolds, Lt. H. R. P. (R.E.) Salmond, Capt. J. M. Webb-Bowen, Capt. T. I. (242)

~Flying Officers.~

Abercromby, 2nd Lt. R. O. (134) Allen, Lt. D. L. (318) Anderson, Lt. E. V. (247) Atkinson, Lt. K. P. (267) Barrington-Kennett, Lt. B. H. (Adjutant) (43) Beatty, Capt. W. D. (89) *Birch, Lt. W. C. K. (375) Board, Capt. A. G. S. (36) Boyle, Lt. the Hon. D. G. Burchardt-Ashton, Lt. A. E. Burroughs, Lt. J. E. G. Carmichael, Lt. G. I. (316) *Chinnery, Lt. E. F. (211) Cholmondeley, Lt. R. (271) *Christie, Lt. A. (R.A.) (245) Conran, Lt. E. L. (342) *Corbalis, Lt. E. R. L. Darbyshire, Capt. C. (257) Dawes, Lt. L. (228) Dawes, Capt. G. W. P. (17) *Gill, Lt. N. J. (174) Glanville, Lt. H. F. (307) Gould, 2nd Lt. C. G. S. (282) Harvey, Lt. E. G. *Harvey-Kelley, Lt. H. D. Herbert, Capt. P. L. W. (244) Holt, Lt. A. V. (312) Hubbard, 2nd Lt. T. O. B. (202) Hynes, Lt. G. B. (R.A.) (40) James, Lt. B. T. Joubert, de la F. Lt. P. B. (280) Lawrence, Lt. W. MacDonnell, Capt. H. C. (273) MacClean, Lt. A. C. H. *Mapplebeck, Lt. G. W. C. (386) Martyn, Lt. R. B. Mead, Sergt. J. (475) Mellor, Capt. C. (155) *Mills, Lt. R. P. (377) Moss, Bt.-Major L. B. (241) *Musgrave, Capt. H. (R.E.) *Mulcahy-Morgan, Lt. T. W. *Noel, Lt. M. W. (416) Pepper, Lt. J. W. (98) *Picton-Warlow, Lt. W. (451) Playfair, 2nd Lt. P. H. L. (283) *Pretyman, Lt. G. F. (341) Porter, Lt. G. T. (R.A.) (169) Pryce, Hon. Lt. W. J. D. (Qr.-mr.) *Read, Lt. A. M. (336) *Rodwell, Lt. R. M. Roupell, 2nd Lt N. S. (237) Shepherd, Capt. G. S. (215) Soames, Lt. A. H. L. Small, Lt. F. G. D. (429) *Small, Lt. R. G. (343) Smith-Barry, 2nd Lt. R. R. (161) Stopford. Lt. G. B. *Todd, Lt. E. (185) Thompson, Lt. A. B. Tucker, Capt. F. St. G. *Vaughan, 2nd Lt. R. M. Wadham, 2nd Lt. V. H. N. (243) Waldron, Lt. F. F. (260) Wanklyn, Lt. F. A. (284)

~Reserve.~

Ashmore, Major E. B. (281) Bell, 2nd Lt. C. G. (100) De Havilland, 2nd Lt. G. (53) Hartree. 2nd Lt. A. (214) Henderson, Col. D. (118) Marks, Lt. C. H. (83) Pizey, 2nd Lt. C. P. (61) Salmond, Capt. W. G. H. Smith, Lt. S. C. W. Unwin, Lt. E. F. Warter, 2nd Lt. H. de V. (107)

~Special Reserve.~ (_2nd Lieuts. on probation._)

Biard, H. C., de la F. (218) Busteed, H. R. (194) Charteris, R. L. (197) Cutler, H. D. (189) Davies, E. K. (22) *Fuller, E. N. (325) Fuller, H. C. (Ae. C. F.) Gibson. W. E. (129) Hammond, J. J. (32) Humphreys, G. N. (390) Lerwill, F. W. H. Metford, L. S. (146) Perry, E. W. C. (130) Rickards, G. B. (400) Sippe, S. V. (172) Spratt, N. C. (339) Ware, D. C. Wilson, C. D. (Ae. C. F. 136) *Wilson, C. W. (329) Young, D. G. (207)

The following have qualified privately, R. Ae. C. brevets, but are not at present employed in the Aeroplane Section:--

~1910.~

Gibb, Lt. (10) Snowden Smith, Lt. (29) Watkins, Lt. H. E. (25) Wood, Capt. H. F. (37)

~1911.~

Blacker, Lt. (12) Cross, Lt. (151) Dickson, Capt. (Ae. C. F. 260) Harford, Lt. (152) Harrison, Capt. (158) Hoare, Capt. (126) Hooper, Lt. (149) Hutchinson, Capt. Steele (143) Manisty, Lt. G. (135) Pitcher, Capt. (125) Sebag-Montefiore, Lt. (93) Smeaton, Lt.-Col. (115) Strover, Lt. E. J. (145)

~1912.~

Agnew, Capt. C. H. (240) Alston, Capt. R. C. W. (255) Ashton, Lt. A. E. B. (201) Bannerman, Major Sir A. (213) Boger, Capt. R. (335) Borton, Lt. A. E. (170) Boyle, Capt. M. (241) Brodigan, Lt. F. J. (200) Broke-Smith, Capt. D. W. (204) Bulkeley, Lt. H. T. (246) Carfrae, Lt. G. T. (188) Chamier, Capt. J. A. (340) Cordner, Capt. R. H. L. (277) Ellington, Capt. E. L. (305) Empsom, Lt. J. (387) Fielding, L. H. C. (212) Fletcher, Lt. (229) Hanlon, Lt. D. R. (311) Jones, Lt. B. T. (230) Lewis, Lt. D. (216) Mackay, Lt. M. E. (177) Mackworth, Lt. J. D. (209) Martin-Barry, Lt. (Ae. C. F.) McCudden, Capt. J. H. (269) Miller, Capt. G. R. (313) Murray, Lt. R. G. H. (320) Nicholas, Capt. C. P. (266) Penn-Gaskell, Lt. L. de C. (308) Percival, Lt. D. (226) Pollok, Lt. R. V. (379) Powell, Capt. D. W. (389) Price, Capt. C. L. (299) Rawson, Lt. K. (249) Reilly, Lt. H. L. (252) Ridd, Corporal F. (227) Roger, Capt. R. (335) Stott, Capt. J. N. J. (373) Styles, Lt. F. E. (338) Thomas, Staff-Sergt. (276) Trevenon, Lt. B. J. (230) Weeding, Capt. (182) Winfield-Smith, Lt. S. G. (187) Worthington-Wilmer, Lt. F. M. (254)

~1913.~

Archer, Lt. R. H. (434) Bayly, Lt. C. G. G. (441) Bruce, Sergt. W. R. (467) Bourke, Lt. U. J. D. (479) Cameron, Major N. J. (478) Chidson, Lt. M. R. (471) Crogan, Lt. F. J. L. (460) Harrison, Lt. Hawker, Lt. L. G. (435) Hordern, Lt. L. C. (440) Hosking, Lt. C. G. (472) Hunter, Sergt. Kemper, Sergt. K. (444) Lee, Lt. C. F. (431) Maclean, Lt. L. L. (427) Marshall, Lt. R. (470) McMullern, Lt. J. D. (436) Merrick, Major G. C. (484) Mitchell, Lt. W. G. S. (483) Read, Lt. W. R. (463) Rees, Lt. Col. W. B. (392) Stafford, Sergt. W. G. (438) Street, Sergt. E. J. (439) Thomas, Sergt. Major Vagg, Sergt. H. R. (443)

The above figures are mainly taken from _The Aeroplane,_ 1st May, 1913.

* = under instruction; not yet graded.

PRIVATE AVIATORS.

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the R. Ae. C. pilot certificate number).

_To end of_ ~1911.~

Abbott, C. R. (101) Aitken, A. H. (56) Anderson, J. A. (164) Archer, Ernest (Ae. C. F. 214) Ballard, F. M. (151) Barber, H. (30) Barnes, G. A. (16) Blackburn, H. (79) Bowens, R. G. (39) Boyle, Hon. Alan (13) Bretherton, John (136) Breton, J. (136) Brown, H. B. (109) Chataway, J. D. (167) Challenger, G. H. (58) Chambers, C. F. M. (168) Cockburn, G. B. (5) Cockerell, P. (132) Cody, S. F. (9) Conway-Jenkins, F. (74) Crawshay, R. (133) Colmore, G. C. (15) Dacre, G. B. (162) Darroch, G. R. S. (59) Dolphin, W. H. (82) Dunkinfield-Jones (138) Ducroq, M. (23) Dyott, G. M. (114) Driver, E. F. (110) Egerton, M. Hon. (11) England, Gordon (68) Esterre, C. R. (Ae. C. F. 259) Ewen, W. H. (63) Fleming, H. R. (69) George, A. E. (19) Graham-White, Claud (6) (Ae. C. F. 30) Gresswell, C. H. (26) Grey, W. H. de (107) Halse, E. (131) Hamel, Gustav (64) (Ae. C. F. 358) Harding, Howard (Ae. C. F. 213) Harrison, Eric (131) Hewlett, Mrs. (122) Higginbotham, Gerald (96) Hilliard, W. M. (102) Hubert, Charles (57) Hotchkiss, E. (87) Houdini, Harry Hucks, B. G. (91) Hunter, A. (137) Johnston, St. Croix, P. G. (41) Johnstone, W. Barnley (103) Kemp, R. C. (80) Keith-Davies, E. King Knight, Archibald (60) Lawrence, W. (113) Longstaffe, J. L. (140) Loraine, Robert (Ae. C. F. 126) Low, A. R. (34) Macdonald, L. F. (28) Maron, Louis (62) Martin, J. V. Mrs. (55) Macfie, R. (49) McArdle, W. E. (Ae. C. F.) M'Clean, F. K. (21) Mellersh, O. S. (155) Melly, H. G. (Ae. C. F.) Moorhouse, W. B. R. (147) Morrison, O. C. (46) Moore-Brabazon, J. (1) Noel, Louis (116) Ogilvie, A. (7) Pashley, Cecil L. (106) Pashley, E. C. (139) Paterson, C. E. (38) Paul, E. A. (Ae. C. F.) Percival, N. S. (111) Petre, H. A. (128) Philpott, R. W. (81) Pixton, H. (50) Prentice, W. R. (67) Radley, J. (12) Rawlinson, A. (3) Raynham, F. P. (85) Roe, A. V. (18) Salmet, H. (99) Sassoon, E. V. (52) Santoni, L. Singer, A. M. (8) (Ae. C. F. 24) Slack, R. B. (157) Smith, S. E. (33) Smith, W. W. (Ae. C. F.) Spencer, H. (124) Somers-Somerset (Ae. C. F. 151) Sopwith, T. (31) Stanley-Adams, H. (97) Stark (Ae. C. F. 110) Stocks, Mrs. C. de B. (153) Thomas, J. H. (51) Travers, J. L. (86) Turner, C. C. (70) Turner, L. W. F. (66) Valentine, J. (47) Watt, W. O. (112) Weir, J. D. (24) Weston, John (Ae. C. F.) Wickham, R. F. (20) Woodward, G. A. T. (A

_To end of_ ~1912.~

Barnwell, R. H. (278) Beech, A. C. (Ae. C. F.) Bendall, W. (180) Bettington, A. V. (326) Birch, E. (322) Brock, W. L. (285) Cheeseman, W. E. (293) Featherstone, W. (384) Fowler, F. H. (221) Gates, R. T. (225) Garne, T. (173) Geere, A. E. (310) Gill, R. W. R. (258) Hall, H. W. (332) Hall, J. L. (291) Hardman, W. L. (323) Harrison, W. J. (275) Hawker, H. G. (297) Hedley, W. S. (274) Hewitt, V. (302) Higginbotham, V. C. (317) Holyoake, R. G. (268) James, J. H. (315) James, H. H. (344) Kershaw, R. H. (248) Lister, R. A. (250) Nesham, H. P. (219) Nevill, M. R. (223) Manton, M. D. (231) Meredith, C. W. (193) Merriam, F. W. (179) Parr, S. (184) Payze, Arthur (337) Potet, A. (224) Prensiel, G. (198) Simms, R. H. (261) Stodart, Dr. D. E. (321) Summerfield, S. (292) Sutton, E. F. (295) Sweetman-Powell, H. (251) Taylor, V. P. (376) Tremlett, L. A. (208) Wood, V. G. (171) Wynne, A. M. (314) Wright, H. S. (331) Yates, V. (306)

~1913~ (Brevets from 400 onward).

Andreas, F. G. (477) Barron, J. C. (480) Hodgson, W. P. (433) Kehrmann, J. C. (420) King, R. A. (482) Lane, H. T. G. (418) Lawford, E. H. (442) Macandrew, H. E. W. (401) Macneill, W. (Ae. C. F.) McNamara, J. C. (445) Minchin, F. R. (419) Muller, P. M. (432) Temple, G. L. (424) Thompson, A. B. A. (452) Tower, H. C. (466) Rainey, T. H. (474) Russell, A. L. (406) Stewart, H. (473) Strain, L. H. (476)

The following British aviators have been killed:

BRITISH AEROPLANES

~A~

AIRCRAFT FACTORY. Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, near Aldershot. For a long time this establishment had been engaged in dirigible construction and repairs. In 1911 it was decided to expand it in connection with the Royal Flying Corps. Its precise functions are somewhat uncertain. Its nominal main purpose is the repair, etc., of Service Aircraft. During 1912, however, it turned out several machines to a design of its own, known as the _"B.E."_ This design was at one time regarded as confidential; but subsequently duplicates were built by private contractors, and the design illustrated below, published by the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

[Illustration: B.E. type. R.A.F. UAS.]

~Length,~ 29-1/2 feet (9 m.)

~Span.~--36-3/4 feet (11.20 m.)

~Area.~--374 sq. feet (34-3/4 m squared.)

~Weight.~--

~Motor.~--75 h.p. Renault and others.

~Speed.~--

AERO'S Ltd. St. James' Street, Norwich Union Buildings, Piccadilly, London, S.W. Established 1912 for the sale of all parts and accessories; also for the sale of second hand aeroplanes and motors of all makes. Does not construct at present.

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING Co., Ltd. 47, Victoria Street, London, S.W. Works: Hendon, London, N.W. This company established in 1912, holds all the British rights for the _H. & M. Farman_ types. It constructs in England all _Farman_ types at its own works. (See _Farman_, French).

AVRO. Aeroplanes. A. V. Roe & Co., Clifton Street, Miles Platting, Manchester; also Shoreham, Sussex. A. V. Roe designed his first machine, a biplane, in 1906. It was the first British machine to leave the ground. He then experimented with triplanes in Lea Marshes, where he managed to fly with only 9 h.p. in 1908-9. In August, 1910, built _Roe III_, and in September, _Roe IV_, also triplanes (see 1911 edition for full details). In 1911 he abandoned triplanes for the _Avro_ biplane. School: Shoreham.

[Illustration: Type D (1911). _Photo, Alan H. Burgoyne, Esq., M.P._]

----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------- | ~D 1911-12.~ | ~E 1912.~ | ~F 1912.~ | ~G 1912-13.~ | ~E 1912-13.~ Model. | 2-seater | 2-seater | Totally | Totally | Hydro-biplane. | biplane. | biplane. | enclosed | enclosed | | | | mono. | biplane. | ----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.) | 31 (9.45) | 29 (8.84) | 23 (7) | 29 (8.84) | 33 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.) | 31 (9.45) | 36 (11) | 28 (8.50) | 36 (11) | 47-1/2 (14.50) ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.) | 279 (26) | 335 (32) | 158 (14-1/2) | 335 (32) | 478 (34-1/2) {empty lbs. (kgs.) | 800 (363) | 900 (482) | 550 (249) | 1191 (540) | 1740 (789) ~Weight~ { | | | | | {fully loaded, lbs. (kgs.) | ... | 1300 (589) | 800 (363) | 1700 (771) | 2700 (1224) ~Motor~ h.p. | 35, any make | 50 Gnome | 40 Viale | 60 Green | 100 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.) | 48 (78) | 61 (97) | 65 (105) | 61.8 (100) | 55 (90) Number built during 1912 | several | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 ----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--Of the above, 4 of the 50 Gnome E type were purchased by the British Royal Flying Corps, and one by the Portuguese Government; the other went to Windermere on January, 1913, for hydro experiments. Climbing speed of this type is 440 feet per min. (134 m.) Dual control fitted. D type are no longer being built. Climbing speed of F type, 300 feet per min. (91.5 m.) Gliding angle, 1 in 6. G has a gliding angle 1 in 6.5. On October 24th, 1912, made British record to date, 7'31-1/2" (=450 miles). The hydro. was delivered to the British R.F.C. naval wing early in 1913.

[Illustration: Avro. Type D (1911-12). U.A.S.]

[Illustration: E type Standard 50 h.p. Avro Biplane.]

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | _No suitable photo available._ | | The machine is on usual lines. The first had a single float, but now | | two floats are used. | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ E type 100 h.p. Avro Hydro-biplane.

[Illustration: F type Enclosed Avro Mono.]

[Illustration: G type Enclosed Avro Biplane.]

~B~

BLACKBURN Aeroplanes. Blackburn Aeroplane Co., Balm Road, Leeds. Blackburn produced his first machine early in 1910 (see 1911 edition for details). In the latter part of that year he designed the machine which ultimately developed into the _Blackburn_ military. In 1911 other types were produced, all being fitted with the patent Blackburn triple control. School at Filey Hucks has been the principal _Blackburn_ flyer. The type has also been very successfully flown by naval officers. Capacity of works: about 24 a year.

Notes.--Petrol for 5 hours (higher endurances can be fitted). Specially designed for military work--all steel construction. All parts unwelded to admit of rapid displacement. Clear observation provided for.

~Fuselage.~--The fuselage is ~V~ shaped and constructed of weldless steel tubing in the form of a lattice girder. The main longitudinals are of round section; cross members, oval section. Connections are not welded but made with strong steel clips so that should any member become damaged a new one can be readily arranged. The front portion is covered with sheet metal giving additional strength and reducing the head resistance. Stream line form tapering towards the rear which is covered with fabric.

~Chassis.~--Two long skids connected up to fuselage by metal struts. Each skid borne by a pair of wheels, axle held down by elastic shock absorbers. On the axle of the wheels are fitted steel springs which take side thrust. Each pair of wheels held by radius rods forming a bogie.

~Control.~--Patent Blackburn triple, independent or simultaneous on hand wheel, but special foot control for rudder is fitted if desired.

In 1912, five machines were built, of which two were of the mil. model. Others, non-military models (see last edition.)

[Illustration: Military monoplane.]

[Illustration: BLACKBURN. Military Type. Two-seater. UAS]

[Illustration: BLACKBURN. Naval Type.]

BRISTOL. The British & Colonial Aeroplane Co., Ltd., Filton House, Bristol. Founded 1910. Capital (1913), ?. Have very extensive works (area. ? sq. feet) on the outskirts of Bristol, employing over 300 men, where they manufacture to their own designs practically every type of flying machine. Flying grounds: Salisbury Plain, Brooklands. 105 Royal Aero Club certificates won on _Bristol_ machines during 1912 (of which 86 were officers of His Majesty's Forces).

----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- | ~Military~ | ~Military~ | | | ~mono.~ | ~mono.~ | ~Tractor~ | ~School~ | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | ~biplane~ | ~mono.~ | 80 h.p. | 50 h.p. | ~1913.~ | Side by side. | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | ----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.) | 28-1/4 (8.60) | 23-2/3 (7.20) | 27-3/4 (8.47) | ~Span~ feet (m.) | 42-1/3 (12.90) | 39-1/3 (12) | 34-1/3 (10.44) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.) | 221 (20.6) | 226 (22) | 370 (34.4) | ~Total~ {machine, lbs. (kgs.) | 1719 (771) | 1323 (600) | 1764 (800) | ~weight~ {useful lbs. (kgs.) | 710 (322) | 551 (250) | 1200 (544) | ~Motor~ h.p. | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 70 Renault | 50 Gnome ~Speed~ {max. m.p.h. (km.) | 73 (118) | 62 (100) | 70 (112) | {min. m.p.h. (km.) | ... | ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs. | 4 | 3-4 | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

Notes.--~Monoplane:~ Box section fuselage convex on bottom side to minimise resistance. Mounted on 2 wheels and 2 skids with smaller wheels attached at the forward end. Bristol tractor. ~Biplane:~ Box section fuselage, convex on top and bottom sides. Mounted as monoplane. Bristol tractor. This machine is the latest production of the Bristol Co., and has proved an exceptionally successful flyer. Designed by M. Coanda.

[Illustration: 80 h.p. monoplane.]

[Illustration: 70 h.p. biplane. UAS.]

BLERIOT Aeronautics. Belfast Chambers, 156, Regent Street, London, W. School: Hendon. British office of the _Bleriot_ firm (see France).

BRITISH BREGUET CO., 1, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W. Works and offices: 5, Hythe Road, Cumberland Park, Willesden, London, N.W. Established 1912. Constructs in England _Breguet_ models, some of which are beginning to vary in detail from the originals (see France).

BRITISH CAUDRON. (See _Ewen_.)

BRITISH DEPERDUSSINS. British Deperdussin Aeroplane Co., Ltd., 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. School: Hendon.

Chairman: Admiral The Hon. Sir E. R. Freemantle, G.C.B., C.M.G.

Managing Directors: Lieut. J. C. Porte, R.N., D. Laurence Santoni.

Secretary: N. D. Thompson.

This firm handles the French models of _Deperdussins_, but has in addition a special hydro-aeroplane of its own, of which one was built in 1912. Details of this special machine are:--~Length,~ 27 feet 10 inches (8.50 m.) ~Span,~ 42 feet (12.80 m.) ~Area,~ 290 sq. feet (27 m squared.) ~Weight,~ total, 1,800 lbs. (816 kg.); useful, 1,250 lbs. (566 kg.) ~Motor,~ 100 h.p. Anzani. ~Speed,~ 67 m.p.h. (110 k.m.) Other models sold by the firm are of French type exactly (see France).

BRITISH DONNET-LEVEQUE. Handled by Aeros, Ltd., 39, St. James' Street, Piccadilly, London, S.W. Company forming March, 1913 (see France). Works and school at Shoreham.

BRITISH FARMANS. (See _Aircraft Co._)

BRITISH HANRIOTS. Hewlett & Blondeau, Omnia Works, Vardens Road, Clapham Junction, London, S.W. Construct all types of _Hanriot_ machines (see France), also build to private specifications, and deal in accessories generally.

BRITISH NIEUPORTS. Company forming 1913. Representative: M. Bonnier, 2, Goulders Green Crescent, London, N.W.

~C~

CODY. Cody flying school, Farnborough. Cody commenced experiments with kites in very early days on behalf of the British Admiralty. Subsequently built the first British Army dirigible, and an experimental Army aeroplane. In 1909, his direct connection with the Army ceased. A _Cody I_ was built in 1908. A _Cody II_ was completed June 1910. The _special features_ of both were: very strong construction, great size (_II_ had area of 857 sq. feet), ailerons. Later types, except that warping is substituted for ailerons, do not differ very materially except in minor details. All wood construction.

---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+------------------- | ~1911.~ | ~1913.~ | Model. | 4-seater | 4-seater | May, ~1912.~ | biplane. | biplane. | Monoplane. ---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 43 (13) | 43 (13) | 43-1/2 (13.25) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 484 (44-3/4) | 483 (44-3/4) | 260 (19) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1900 (862) | 1900 (862) | 2400 (1088) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1000 (453) | 1000 (453) | 700 ~Motor~ | 60 Green, later | 120 Aust. Daimler | 120 Aust. Daimler | a 100 Green | | {max m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) | 75 (120) | 83 (135) ~Speed~ { | | | {min m.p.h. (km.)| 47 (75) | 47 (75) | 58 (95) Number built to end of last year | 1 | 1 | 1 ---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--The 1911 is the famous _Cody_, which, as a 60 h.p., won both Michelin 1911 prizes, and completed the _Daily Mail_ circuit. As a 100 h.p. it won the 1912 Michelin cross-country. By the end of 1912 it is said to have flown a total of 7000 miles. The 1913 is practically a duplicate with a more powerful engine. _Special features_ of the biplanes, maximum camber to lower plane. Both planes equal span. Very strong landing gear. Propeller chain driven: 1-3/4 to 1 gearing. In February, 1913, four biplanes were ordered for the British Army.

Cody lists a mono. for 1913 a trifle longer than the above; also five variations on the biplane of from 35 to 160 h.p., which can be built if required.

[Illustration: Biplane.]

COVENTRY ORDNANCE. The Coventry Ordnance Works, Ltd., Coventry. London office: 28, Broadway, Westminster, S.W. Established 1912. Capacity: 50 machines a year without difficulty.

----------------------------+--------------+ | ~1912.~ | | Model 10. | ----------------------------+--------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 56 (17) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 630 (58) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1900 (861) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 800 (362) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Gnome | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (97) | ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | Number Built during 1912 | 2 | ----------------------------+--------------+

Remarks.--Experimental machines.

[Illustration]

~D~

DUNNE. The Blair Atholl Aeroplane Syndicate, Ltd., 1, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. School: Eastchurch. In 1906 Lieut. Dunne was employed by the British Army authorities for secret aeroplane experiments. He had at that time patented a monoplane of < type. In 1907 _Dunne I_ was tried on the Duke of Atholl's estate in Scotland, but failed to fly, being smashed on the starting apparatus. _Dunne III_, a glider, 1908, was experimented with successfully by Lieut. Gibbs. In the same year _Dunne IV_, a larger power driven edition made hops of 50 yards or so. Early in 1910 the War Office abandoned the experiments. _Dunne II_, a triplane of 1906 design, was, by consent of the War Office, assigned to Prof. Huntingdon, who made one or two short flights with it at Eastchurch in 1910. At the same time the above syndicate was formed, and _Dunne V_, built by Short Bros., was completed in June, 1910. In 1912-13 the Huntingdon, modified, was flying well.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | 50 Gnome. | | | | ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~ Model and Date. | single-seat | 2-seater | biplane. | biplane. | mono. | mono. | ~D 8.~ | ~D 9.~ | ~D 7.~ | ~D 7~ _bis._ | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| _not given_ | ... | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 35 (10.66) | 35 (10.66) | 46 (14) | 45 (13.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 200 (18.5) | 200 (18.5) | 552 (51) | 448 (42) {total lbs. (kgs.)|1050 (476) | 1200 (544) | 1700 (771) | 1693 (768) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 359 (161) | 528 (239) | 414 (187) | 509 (231) ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 60 Green | 80 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (95) | 60 (95) | 45 (70) | 50 (80) Number built during 1912 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 b'lding ('13) -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes.--Biplane _D 3_ is identical with the original pattern _Dunne V_, except that it has only one propeller instead of two. It has been flown completely uncontrolled in a 20 m.p.h. wind, carrying a R. Ae. C. observer as passenger.

[Illustration: DUNNE. Original Dunne biplane D5.]

~E~

EWEN. The W. H. Ewen Aviation Co., London Aerodrome: Hendon. Also works at Lanark, Scotland (opened February, 1913). Hold the British rights for and construct at their works _Caudron_ aeroplanes (see France).

~F~

FERGUSON. J. B. Ferguson, Ltd., Belfast.

[Illustration]

This machine first appeared in 1910. Owing to an accident to Mr. Ferguson it was laid up for a long time. About the end of 1912 it re-appeared. Principal details:--

~Span.~--40 feet (12.20 m.) ~Area.~--230 sq. feet (21 m squared.) H.P. 40.

~G~

GRAHAME-WHITE. The Grahame-White Aviation Co., Ltd., 166 Piccadilly, London, W. Works and Flying Ground: Hendon. Founded by C. Grahame-White, the well-known aviator, who in 1909 commenced operations with a school at Pau. Later this was removed to England, and a general agency for the sale of aeroplanes, etc., established. This developed, and early in 1911 the firm was handling a special British agency for the U.S. _Burgess_ type known as "The Baby." The Hendon Aerodrome was acquired, and a factory established, which has grown continually ever since. In April, 1912, a monoplane to special design was completed. By the close of the same year biplanes of advanced design were constructed. Capacity of the works, March, 1913, was equal to 150 machines a year if necessary.

----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------- | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | Military | "Popular" | "Popular" | Tractor | Monoplane. | biplane. | biplane. | biplane. | hydro-biplane | Type IX. | Type VI. | Type VII. | Type VII. | Type VIII | single-seat. | 2-seater. | 1-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | | | | | | ----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33-1/4 (10.10) | 20-5/6 (6.40) | 26-5/6 (8.22) | 25 (7.60) | 21 (6.40) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42 (12.80) | 29-1/6 (8.85) | 38 (11.60) | 42-1/2 (13) | 32 (9.75) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 435 (40-1/2) | 230 (21) | 475 (44) | 380 (35) | 208 (19) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2200 (997) | | | 850 (385) | ... ~Weight~ { | | ... | ... | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | | | 450 (204) | ... ~Motor~ | 120 Aust. Daimler | 50 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome {max. m.p.h (k.p.h.)| 70 (110) | 60 (95) | 50 (80) | 65 (105) | 65 (105) ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h (k.p.h.)| 55 (90) | 50 (80) | 40 (65) | 50 (80) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 Number built during 1912 | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | ... ----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------- | Also built with a | Also built | | Also built | Also built with | 90 Aust. Daimler. | with a 35 | | with a 60 | a 35 Anzani. | | | | | | Designed to carry | | | | Two main floats | a gun on the bow. | | | | with 12-1/2 ft. track. | | | | | Floats are 15 ft. | Very good view. | | | | long, 2 ft. wide, | | | | | 1 ft. 3 in. deep. | Very strong landing| | | | | carriage. | | | | ----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------

[Illustration: Military Type VI. UAS.]

[Illustration: "Popular" biplane. Type VII. UAS]

[Illustration: Hydro-biplane. Type VIII. UAS.]

~H~

HOWARD-FLANDERS. L. Howard-Flanders, Ltd., 31, Townsend Terrace, Richmond, Surrey. School: Brooklands. Established February, 1912, by Howard-Flanders, whose connection with aviation dates from the pioneer days. Richmond Works opened April, 1912. Capacity of the works at end of 1912 was sufficient to turn out from 25 to 35 machines a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~F 4 1912.~ | ~B 2 1912.~ | ~S 2 1913.~ | ~F 5 1913.~ | ~B 3 1913.~ | 2-seater | 2-seater | single-seat | 2-seater | 2-seater | military | biplane. | monoplane. | monoplane. | biplane. | monoplane. | | | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31-1/2 (9.50) | 31-1/2 (9.50) | 28 (8.50) | 31 (9.45) | 31 (9.45) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 40 (12) | 40 (12) | 35 (10.70) | 39 (11.90) | 40 (12) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| 240 (22) | 390 (36) | 190 (17-3/4) | 250 (23) | 390 (36) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1850 (839) | 1500 (680) | 1180 (535) | 1600 (726) | 1650 (748) ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 500 (227) | 450 (204) | 350 (159) | 600 (272) | 600 (272) ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 40 A.B.C. | 80 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 80 Gnome {max m.p.h. (km.)| 67 (108) | 56 (90) | 82 (132) | 70 (115) | 68 (110) ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min m.p.h. (km.)| 41 (66) | 38 (61) | 45 (73) | 42 (68) | 40 (65) Number built during 1912 | 4 | 1 | | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--_F 4_ climbing speed 1000 feet (305 m.) in 3-1/2 minutes, 1500 in 5-1/2 mins., 2000 in 8 mins. _B 2_ climbing speed 200 feet (61 m.) per minute. The four _F 4_ type were bought by the British Army during 1912.

[Illustration: Monoplane.]

[Illustration: Biplane.]

[Illustration: FLANDERS. UAS.]

HANDLEY-PAGE Monoplanes. Handley Page, 72, Victoria Street, S.W. Works: 110, Cricklewood Lane, N.W. Flying ground: Hendon. Established at the end of 1908. In June, 1909, it was turned into a Limited Liability Co. Since then it has been busily employed in producing its own machines, also others to inventor's specifications. About the end of 1911 the firm bought up and sold all the machines of the Aeronautical Syndicate--_Valkyrie_ and _Viking_ types. It is doubtful whether any of these V type still exist--in any case it does not matter. Four were presented to the R. Flying Corps. Of these one was smashed up, the others, one army and two navy, were used to teach mechanics to take down and re-assemble engines, etc. Handley-Page also bought up the _Radley-Moorhouse_ machines (Bleriot copies), and disposed of them.

The 1912-13 _Handley-Page_ type is as follows--a development along regular lines of the original H.P. machine:--

[Illustration: Handley-Page V.]

~Length,~ 27-1/2 feet (8.40 m.) ~span,~ 42-1/2 feet (12.95 m.) ~area,~ 240 sq. feet. (22-1/4 m squared.)

~Weight.~--Total, 1300 lbs. (590 kgs.) Empty, 800 lbs. (363 kgs.)

~Motor.~--50 h.p. Gnome. ~Speed.~ 55 m.p.h. (90 km.)

Remarks.--The fixed tail area is 32 sq. feet. Body is entirely enclosed, stream line form. The passenger sits behind the pilot. Mounted on wheels and one long skid forward. Full description and details, _Flight_, 26th October, 1912.

Principal pilots have been the late E. Petre (who made in it the only flight through London), the late Lieut. Parke, R.N., S. Pickles, and L. R. Whitehouse. The machine has been flown with two passengers, in addition to the pilot.

~Military work.~--During 1912 five biplanes of the _B.E._ type were ordered by the British War Office. Several monoplanes were ordered by foreign governments.

[Illustration: HANDLEY PAGE. UAS.]

~L~

LAKE FLYING Co. Windermere. Established 1911, by E. W. Wakefield, with a view to hydro-aeroplane experiments. The first machine was a _Curtiss_ type built by A. V. Roe, which flew in November, 1911. In 1912, a special biplane generally of _Farman_ type but with more camber to the planes, was built.

[Illustration: WATER HEN.]

~Length.~--36-1/2 feet (11 m.) ~Span.~--42 feet (12.80 m.) ~Area.~--270 sq. feet (25 m. squared) ~Motor.~--Gnome. ~Speed.~--45.33 m.p.h. (72.54 k.p.h.)

The single float is 6 feet wide, flexibly connected. Balancers mounted on a spring board. Water rudders for steering at slow speed. Fuller details see _Flight_, December 7th, 1912. Early in 1913, an _Avro_ was purchased for further experiments.

~M~

MARTINSYDE. Messrs. Martin & Handasyde, Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey. Output capacity: about 20 per annum.

----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Model and date. | Mono. 2-seater. | Mono. 2-seater. | ----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ~Length~ feet. (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.75) | 35 (10.65) | ~Span~ feet. (m.)| 42-1/2 (12.95) | 42-3/4 (13) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 290 (27) | 285 (26-1/2) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1212 (550) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 551 (250) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 65 Antoinette | 80 Laviator | {max m.p.h. (km.)| 63 (102) | 78 (125) | ~Speed~ { | | | {min m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes.--Wood construction. Landing: wheels and one skid. _Controls_: warping wings and rear elevator. Triangular body. The two models are very nearly identical.

[Illustration: MARTIN-HANDASYDE. UAS.]

~P~

PIGGOTT. Piggott Bros. & Co., Ltd., 220, 222 & 224, Bishopsgate, London, E.C. This well-known firm of shed makers built a novel biplane in May, 1910 (details _Flight_, May 21st, 1910), and in 1911 a monoplane with enclosed body (_Flight_, April 1st, 1911). In 1912, both were disposed of, and the firm is not proceeding with its experiments. It has, however, a staff of skilled mechanics and a great deal of floor space for the construction of aeroplanes to specifications.

PLANES. Planes, Ltd., 6, Lord Street, Liverpool. Works: Duke Street & Cleveland Street, Birkenhead. Not building at present. In October, 1910, the firm produced a biplane, designed by W. P. Thompson, fitted with a special pendulum stabilising device. This was followed a year or so later by a monoplane.

~R~

RADLEY-ENGLAND. This is not an aeroplane firm, but a special hydro built by two well-known aviators for the _Daily Mail_ competition. ~Length,~ 22 feet. ~Span,~ 50 feet. 2 floats, 15 feet long by 1 foot 5 inches wide. Pilot in starboard float. ~Weight,~ with petrol for 12 hours, 1,380 lbs. ~Motor,~ 150 h.p., made up of 3--50 h.p. Gnomes, but two Greens to be fitted for competition. One 4-bladed propeller in rear. ~Speed,~ 60 m.p.h., with 100 h.p.

~S~

SANDERS. This firm appears to have ceased to exist.

SHORT BROS. Works and flying grounds: Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent. London office: Queen's Circus, Battersea Park. Took up construction at a very early date. _Wright_ agents in 1909. Have built numerous biplanes and monoplanes to specifications. Produced their own first machine (see 1911 edition) in 1910.

----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ | ~S 41. 1913. Hydro Biplane.~ | ~S 45. 1913. Military Tractor~ | ~S 38. 1913.~ | ~S 34. Standard School.~ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1911-12.~ | | ~Biplane.~ | ~Military Nacelle Biplane.~ | | 1-seater, | Tandem +----------------+----------------+----------------|----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------+------------------+ mono. | tractor | 80 h.p. | 100 h.p. | 160 h.p. | 70 h.p. | 80 h.p. | 160 h.p. | 50 h.p. | 80 h.p. | 50 h.p. | 70 h.p. | | biplane. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | 4-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | 4-seater. | 2-seater. | 3-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | | ----------------------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------|----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 35 (10.67) | 39 (11.90) | 45 (13.70) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 40 (13.70) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 42 (12.85) | 42 (12.85) | 25 (7.60) | 35-1/2 (10.80) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 40 (13.70) | 50 (15.25) | 50 (15.25) | 42 (12.90) | 45 (13.70) | 50 (15.25) | 52 (15.85) | 52 (15.85) | 46-1/2 (14.20) | 46-1/2 (14.20) | 29-1/2 (9) | 42 (12.90) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 390 (36) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 186 (17) | ... {Machine lbs. (kg.)| 1200 (545) | 1700 (764) | 2000 (909) |1080 (490) | 1100 (500) | 1890 (860) | 950 (432) | 1050 (480) | 1100 (500) | 1150 (523) | ... | 850 (385) ~Weight~ { | | | | | | | | | | | | {Useful lbs. (kg.)| 771 (350) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 80 Gnome | 100 Gnome | 160 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 160 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 50 Gnome. | 70 Gnome. {max (m.p.h.)| 65 (105) | 60 (97) | 74 (120) | 60 (97) | 70 (113) | 74 (120) | 42 (68) | 58 (94) | 39 (63) | 48 (78) | ... | 58 (94) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | | | | | | | {min (m.p.h.)| 50 (80) | 50 (80) | 56 (90) | 50 (80) | 50 (80) | 56 (90) | 35 (57) | 39 (63) | 34 (55) | 38 (61) | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | | | | | | | | | | | | ----------------------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------ Remarks.--Floats are two long pontoons. Subsidiary floats at tips of |Tandem seats, pilot in front. |Specially designed for |Solely designed for |No longer built, but still lower plane. Small tail float with water rudder. W.-t. compartments |Fittings for maps, etc. |reconnaissance. Tandem |school work. |in existence. to floats. Tandem seated, pilot in front. The observer's seat can | |seats, pilot in front. An |Seats side by side. | accommodate two if necessary. | |extra passenger can be | | | |accommodated. | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------

[Illustration: Old 1911-12 Tractor biplane.]

[Illustration: Old 1911-12 mono.]

[Illustration: Short. Hydro. "Short" Hydro-Aeroplane type s 41. 100 FP TRACTOR BI-PLANE UAS.]

[Illustration: Short. S. 45 type. UAS.]

[Illustration: Short. S. 38 military. UAS.]

SOPWITH. Sopwith Aviation Co. Works: Canbury Park Road, Kingston-on-Thames. School: at Brooklands. Established by T. O. M. Sopwith, the well known aviator at Brooklands, Autumn of 1911, where during 1912, a 70 h.p. tractor biplane and a 40 h.p. biplane was turned out.

Floor area of the Kingston works in March, 1913, was 30,000 sq. feet with electric power plant. Works manager: F. Sigrist. General manager: R. O. Cary. Output capacity: at full pressure about 50 machines a year.

----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------- | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ Model and Date. | Bat boat | Tractor | School | Armoured | hydro | biplane | biplane. | warplane. | biplane. | 3-seater. | | ----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 30-1/3 (9.20) | 29 (8.85) | 29 (8.85) | 29' 7-1/2" (9) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41 (12.50) | 40 (12.20) | 40 (12.20) | 50 (15.25) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 422 (39) | 365 (34) | 400 (37) | 552 (51) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1700 (771) | 1750 (794) | 1200 (544) | 2000 (907) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 500 (227) | 750 (340) | 400 (181) | 800 (362) ~Motor~ h.p.| 90 Austro-Daimler | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 90 Austro-Daimler {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 65 (105) | 74 (125) | 48 (78) | 65 (105) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 42 (68) | 40 (65) | 35 (60) | 38 (61) ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... ----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------

Notes.--Wood construction. Carriage wheels and skids. _Control:_ balanced ailerons.

[Illustration: Sopwith. Flying boat.]

[Illustration: 1913. Tractor biplane.]

~V~

VICKERS. Vickers, Ltd., Vickers House, Broadway, Westminster. School: Brooklands. Seven pupils qualified during 1912.

-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+ | Monoplane. | Military | Model and date. | ~1912-13.~ | biplane. | | 2-seater. | ~1913.~ | -----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.60) | ... | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 40 (12.20) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 220 (20) | 385 (35) | {total, lbs. (kgs.)| 730 (331) | ... | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful, lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 80 Gnome | 80 Wolseley | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | -----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+

Notes.--Steel construction. Landing shock absorbing: 2 wheels and 1 skid. Rectangular enclosed body. _Controls_: warping and rear elevator.

~Monoplane~ climbs 300 feet a minute fully loaded.

~Biplane~ is armed with a Vickers R.C. automatic gun in the bow.

[Illustration: VICKERS. UAS.]

[Illustration: Vickers. Monoplane.]

+------------------------------+ | | | | | | +------------------------------+ Vickers. Armed biplane.

~W~

WHITE. J. Samuel White & Co., Ltd., shipbuilders and engineers, East Cowes, Isle of Wight. London office: 28, Victoria Street, S.W. This well-known firm of torpedo craft builders, etc., formally opened an aviation department on 1st January, 1913, with Howard T. Wright as general manager and designer.

----------------------------------+----------------+ | ~1913.~ | | Navy 'plane. | ----------------------------------+----------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 30 (9.15) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 44 (13.40) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 500 (46-1/2) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2000 (907) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 650 (295) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 160 Gnome | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) | ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 35 (57) | Number built | ... | ----------------------------------+----------------+

Remarks.--Hydro-biplane, with Howard T. Wright patent aeroplanes to give wide range of speed. Two patent hydro floats, 21 feet (m.) long, three steps on each.

[Illustration: UAS.]

BRITISH DIRIGIBLES.

~Navy.~ ~Army.~ /-------------------------^----------------------------------\ /------------------^--------------------\ --------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+--------------------- | | | | | ~III, & IV & V~ Name and date. | ~II Willows 3.~|~III Astra Torres 2.~| ~IV Parseval 18.~ | ~II BETA.~ | ~GAMMA, DELTA,~ | ~1911.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1909 (1910.)~ | ~EPSILON.~ | | | | | ~1910, 1912, 1913.~ --------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+--------------------- ~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed.)| 31,800 (900) | 222,500 (6,500) | 311,000 (8,800) | 21,000 (594) | 70,600 (2,000) ~Length~ feet (m.)| 120 (36.50) | ... | 276 (84) | 104 (31.70) | 152 (46) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 40 (12.20) | ... | 49-1/4 (15) | 25 (7.60) | 30 (9.10) {fabric | Spencer | Continental | Metzler | Gold beater skin | Continental ~Gasbags~ {compartments | _nil_ | 3 | _nil_ | _nil_ | _nil_ {ballonets | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 {total tons| about 1/2 | about 7 | about 10 | _about_ 3/4 | 2-1/5 ~Lift~ { | | | | | {useful, tons| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motors~ h.p.| 30 (=30) | 2--120 Chenu (=240) | 2--180 Maybach (=360) | 1--30 Green (=30) | 2--50 Green (=100) {number | 2 (swivel) | 2 | 2 (s.r.) steel | 1 | 2 (swivel) ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 {diameter feet (m.)| ... | ... | ... | 6 (1.82) | 8-5/6 ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 38 (63) | 42 (68) | 18 (29) | 28 (45) ~Endurance~ full speed| ... | ... | ... | ... | 4 hours ~Max. complement~ | 2 | 15-18 | 10-12 | 3 | 5 ~Station~ | Farnborough | ... | ... | Farnborough | Farnborough --------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------

Notes.--All the above are non-rigid. The military ones were all built at the Royal Aircraft Factory.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Boothby, Lieut. F. L. M. (_F.C._) Everett, Gunner F. Masterman, Comdr. E. A. D. (in command) Usborne, Lieut. N. F. (squad comdr.) Woodcock, Lieut. H. (_F.C._)

Undergoing Naval Aircraft Course:

Crocker, Lieut. W. R. Hicks, Lieut. W. C. Wilson, Lieut. R. A.

~Military Dirigible Pilots.~

~Squadron Commanders.~

Maitland, Capt. E. M.

~Flight Commanders.~

Waterlow, Lieut. C. M.

~Flying Officers.~

Brabazon, Capt. Honble. C. M. P. Fletcher, Lieut. J. N. (R.E.) Hetherington, Lieut. T. G. Mackworth, Lieut. J. D. Pigot, Capt. R.

The following hold dirigible pilot certificates, but are not at present employed:--

Broke Smith, Capt. P. Capper, Col. J. E. Fox, Lieut. A. G.

~Private Dirigibles.~

There are one _Willows_ (1912) (sister to the naval one) and a couple of _Spencers_ about the size of _Beta_.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Willows, E. T. (24-32, Villa Rd. Handsworth, Birmingham).

~BRITISH NAVAL DIRIGIBLES.~

[Illustration: Willows. The naval one is fitted with a boat-shaped car.]

[Illustration: Parseval. (photo of a sister ship.)]

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | ~New Construction.~ | | | | Messrs. Vickers have acquired the Parseval rights for the British | | Empire, and several airships of this type are likely to be put in | | hand by them shortly. | | | | Also reported that a big rigid is projected. | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

~BRITISH MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

[Illustration: Beta.]

[Illustration: BETA.]

[Illustration: Gamma (Delta the same, but a smaller and enclosed car).]

[Illustration: GAMMA.]

BRITISH COLONIAL AIRCRAFT.

~AUSTRALIAN.~

~Military Aviation.~

In January, 1913, the Australian Flying Corps was instituted, as a part of the citizen forces. During 1913, about L5,600 is to be spent.

The force is to consist ultimately of 4 officers, 7 warrant officers and sergeants, 32 mechanics.

The school is at Duntroon. Course includes--mechanics of the aeroplane, aerial motors, meteorology, aerial navigation by compass, aerial photography, signalling, etc. Mr. Harrison is in command with Lieut. H. Petre as assistant.

~Australian Aviators.~

Banks, R. C. Busteed, H. Duigan, J. R. Hammond, J. J. Harrison +Hart +Lindsay, C. Petre, H. Pickles Watts

+=killed.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

J. R. Duigan has built an aeroplane of his own design.

~NEW ZEALAND.~

Nothing doing worth mention. One _Bleriot,_ 80 h.p., presented 1913 by the _Standard,_ London.

~CANADIAN.~

~Aerial Societies.~

Aeronautical Society of Canada, c/o. M. P. Logan, 99 Gloucester Street, Toronto

McGill Aviation Club, McGill University, Montreal

Oshawa, Ontario Ae. C.

Note.--Owing to the fact that the late Aerial Experiment Association was half Canadian and half U.S.A., it is difficult to draw a very clear dividing line between Canadian and U.S. aviators or machines. Thus, one given here is partly U.S.A., while at least one U.S. machine may be claimed as "partially Canadian."

~AVIATORS.--Private.~

Bell, Dr. Graham McCurdy, J. A. D. (U.S.A. Ae. C. 18) McHardy Symonds, E. F. St. Henry R.

~Canadian Aeroplanes.~

GRAHAM-BELL II. Flights were made by Dr. Graham-Bell in a tetrahedal type, similar to one described in the 1911 edition.

McCURDY-WILLARD. Biplane.

~Maximum length,~ 26-1/4 feet (8 m.) ~maximum breadth,~ 31-1/3 feet (9.50 m.) ~supporting surface,~ ? sq. feet (? m squared.)

~Total weight.~--

~Body.~--Central skid in combination with 4 wheels. Triangular body, base of triangle on top. Fuselage entirely enclosed.

~Planes.~--Maximum span, 31-1/3 feet (9.50 m.) Chord, 3-1/2 feet (1 m.) Gap, 5 feet (1.50 m.) Ailerons at trailing edge of wing tips, 6 feet x 2 feet (1.80x0.60 m.)

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Tractor.~--Diameter, 7-3/4 feet (2.40 m.) Pitch, 6 feet (1.82 m.)

~Steering.~--Double elevator placed in rear of tail. _Control_, push and pull wheel. Rudder in rear. _Control_, wheel. Ailerons. _Control_, turning steering-wheel left or right.

Remarks.--See _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., August, 1911.

There has been also the _Baddeck_ and other early machines (see 1911 edition), but none of them seem to be in existence at the present time.

~INDIAN.~

~Military Aviation.~--A certain number of officers belonging to the Indian Army have qualified as pilots when home on leave, but there is no organised force. One is, however, proposed.

~Private Aviation.~--In the past two or three home-made machines appeared, and one or two were imported, but most or all are now extinct.

~SOUTH AFRICA.~

~Military Aviation.~--Non-existent.

~Private Aviation.~--J. Weston is a qualified pilot, but at the outside there are not more than two effective machines in the country.

BULGARIAN.

In the Balkan War, 1912-13, Bulgaria hastily organised an aviation corps. This, though necessarily lacking in military organisation, proved very useful on several occasions.

At the end of March, 1913, the aeroplanes effective included 6 _Bristol_ monos.; one 70 h.p. _Bleriot XXI_; 2 _Bleriot XI bis_ (captured from the Turks); also some half-dozen or more miscellaneous machines temporarily hired.

~Military Aviators.~--The principal are Lieuts. Milkoff, Taraxchieff and Petroff.

A number of other officers in various stages of training.

CENTRAL AMERICAN.

~General Note.~--Nicaragua and S. Domingo have both purchased one or two aeroplanes for their military forces: but nothing appears to have been done with them.

CHILIAN.

~Aviator.~--Edwards, Emilio. Sanchez Besa is a Chilian, but resides in Paris (see France).

~Military Aviation.~--In 1912, a commencement was made and one 80 h.p. _Deperdussin_ purchased. Other machines are now on order.

CHINESE.

~AVIATORS.~

Lee, Y. L. (British Ae.C. 148) Tsai Tao Prince

~Military Aviation.~

In March, 1913, orders were placed for six 80 h.p. _Caudrons_, also for six 50 h.p., and a decision arrived at gradually to acquire a force of 700 aeroplanes, but very little has actually been done to date.

DANISH.

~Aerial Societies~:--

Danske Aeronautiske Selskab, 34 Amaliegade, Copenhagen.

~Aerial Journals~:--

None; but Motor (3 Bredgade, Mezz, Copenhagen) deals with aerial matters.

~Flying Grounds~:--

Klampenburg, Copenhagen.

Skandinarisk Aerodrom.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

In 1911 there was an Antoinette. Nothing done since.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Ullitkz, Kapt.

Private.

Arntzen, Dr. Christiansen, S. Ellerhammer Folmes, Hansen Maltke, Count Nervoe, A. Svendsen, R. Thorup, K.

DUTCH.

(Revised by I. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer and Librarian of the Dutch Ae. C.)

~Aerial Societies:--~

Haagsche Proefvliegtuig Club (3e V.d. Boschstreet 20, The Hague).

Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Luchtvaart (Nassau Zuilensteintraat, 10, The Hague). (Ae. C.)

Rotterdamsche Model Aero Club (Rochussenstreet 229b, Rotterdam).

_Colonial:_

Nederlandsche Indische Vereeniging voor Luchtvaart.

~Aerial Journals:--~

_De Luchtvaart_ (Ged Onde-Gracht, 141, Haarlem). Fortnightly.

_Avia_, Wynbrugstraat 13, Rotterdam. Fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:--~

~Breda-Gilske-Rijen.~--6 hangars.

~Soesterberg.~--20 hangars.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

Up to the end of 1911 there were none, though some officers had their own private ones (_H. Farman's_ mostly).

At end of 1912.

2 monos. _Deperdussin_ (for Java). 1 biplane. _De Brouchere_ (for Java).

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated the Ae. C. Nederlandsche pilot certificate number.)

To end of ~1911~.

Military.

Bakker, H. Yandrig Labouchere, Lieut. J. Meel, Lieut. Van Poorton, Lieut. H. ter Versreegh, Lt, W. C. J.

Private.

Bahle, F. K. Boerlage, M. Burgh, Van der Fokker, A. H. G. Hilgers, J. W. E. L. Konings, L. Koolhoven (1) Kueller, G. P. (2) Lutge, F. (4) (323, F.) Mulder, A. Riemsdyk, Van F. (5) Ryk, Madame Bde. Wynmalen, H. (6) (208, F.)

The following Dutch aviator has been killed:

+------------------+ | 1911. | | Van Maasdyck, C. | | (130, Ae. C. F.) | +------------------+

DUTCH AEROPLANES.

DE BROUCKERE. Biplane. _H. Farman_ type. Details, _De Luchtvaart_, No. 8, 1911.

FOKKER. Monoplane. Anthony Fokker, of Haarlem. In early 1912 flew at Breda.

MONNIER-HARPER. Monoplane. (O.P.I.I.) Generally _Bleriot_ type. Built 1911.

VAN DEN BURG. Monoplane. Early in 1912 was flying at Johannisthal, Germany.

VREEDENBURGH. Monoplane. (O.P.I.I.) Blend of _Bleriot_ and _Antoinette_. Motor, 75 h.p. Miesse. Completed December, 1909.

[Illustration]

FOKKER. Monoplane. (See Germany for details.) Firm now established in Germany.

DUTCH DIRIGIBLES.

~Military.~

DUINDIGT. Non-rigid.

(Zodiac make.)

~Length~, 111-1/2 feet (34 m.) ~diameter~, 22-1/2 feet (60.80 m.) ~capacity~, 31,785 c. feet (900 m cubed.)

~Motor~.--18 h.p.

Remarks.--Small edition of _Zodiac III_. (See France.)

FRENCH.

(Special French Editor.)

~Aerial Societies:--~

Aero Club de France.

Academie Aeronautique de France.

Aeronautique Club de France.

Societe des Aeronautes du Siege.

Aero Club du Sud Ouest.

Aero Club du Rhone.

Aero Club du Nord.

La Ligue Aerienne du Sud.

Societe Francaise de Navigation Aerienne.

Societe d'encouragement a l'Aviation.

(_Full list of clubs next page._)

~Aerial Journals:--~

_L'Aerophile._

_L'Aero._

_L'Aeronaute._

_Aerostat (Bulletin Aeronautique)._

_Aerostat (Academie d'Aerostation)._

_Revue de l'Aerostation._

_Le Ballon._

_L'Aerostation._

_L'Aeronautique._

_Bulletin Aeronautique._

_Encyclopediede l'Aviation._

_La Ligue Nationale Aerienne._

_Revue de l'Aviation._

_L'Aeromecanique._

~Principal Flying Grounds:~

~Antibes.~--Hanriot school.

~Beauce.~

~Betheny.~--Sommer school. ~Deperdussin School.~

~Buc.~--M. Farman school.

~Buoy.~

~Chalons.~--Sommer school.

~Chalais-Mendon.~ (Military)

~Chatres.~--Savary school.

~Cran~, Marseilles.

~Crotoy.~--Caudron school.

~Croix d'Hins~, Bordeaux (Aer. Lig. du Sud.) Area 6 km. Track. Free sheds.

~Corbeaulieu~ pres. Compregne.--Doutre school.

~Etampes.~--Bleriot school. Farman school.

~Grand Camp, Lyons.~

~Issy les Moulineaux.~--Astra school

~Juan-le-Pias.~--Paulhan aquaplane school.

~Juvissy~, near Paris.--Aerodrome. Caudron school. Goupy school.

~La Brayelle~, Douai.--Breguet school.

~Da motte Brueil dans L'Oise.~

~Le Bourget~, Paris.--100 sheds.

~Le Mans.~

~Moisson.~

~Mourmelon.~--Voisin school.

~Napante.~

~Nice.~--Small and rough surface.

~Pau.~--Bleriot school.

~Reims.~--Aerodrome.

~St. Cyr.~

~Villacoublay~, Paris.--Breguet, Nieuport and Astra schools.

FRENCH AEROPLANES.

~Military Aviation.~

In February, 1912, the then total of 208 effective aeroplanes were divided into "squadrillas" consisting of eight aeroplanes; attached to these eleven or twelve motor cars, one traction car and one fast car, also a repairing car and repairing van.

It was then estimated that at the end of 1912, ~344~ aeroplanes would be available for service.

The estimated _personnel_ was provisionally fixed at 234 officer pilots, 210 scouts, 42 mechanics, 110 officers, 1,600 corporals or sappers and 550 privates.

Approximately L880,000 was spent in aviation during 1912, and L1,000,000 was estimated for future years.

The French military aviation centres are all upon somewhat the same footing as fortresses, and the greater part of the work comes under the head of "confidential." The principal school is at St. Cyr, which was specially selected because the ground is rough and mostly covered with small shrubs: it being held important to train officers from the first to rise and land on ground similar to that most likely to be found in war time. Each station is supplied with large portable wooden-framed hangars covered with canvas. These can be rapidly taken to pieces and re-erected. Each station is supplied with its own special motor transport.

All military machines are provided with a compass and map case in front of the pilot and sketching apparatus in front of the observer.

Although a few non-commissioned officers have been taught flying, the organization only contemplates the employment of commissioned officers as pilots. The age limit is 38.

On April 16th, 1913, the flying corps was modified. The principal features of the corps as now existing are as follows:--

~Establishments.~

1. Schools.

2. Special establishments, dealing with purchase, construction, and big repairs.

3. _Directions._ Administration of _material_.

4. Depots. A species of dockyards dealing with minor repairs, etc.

~Administration.~

There are three main groups, each commanded by a colonel. Each group consists of dirigibles and aeroplane "escadrilles," and is fully equipped with establishments, etc. The three centres are:--

1. Versailles.

2. Reims.

3. Lyon.

~General.~

All squadron units are made up of machines of the same make and power. Pilots are detailed as required to any particular unit, and liable to transfer from one to another, though in practice such transfers are rare.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

During 1912 nearly 500 machines were delivered to the Army, but a great many old machines have been scrapped. At the end of March, 1913, the force stood at 421 effective for war machines, plus an uncertain number of school machines and obsoletes.

About one-third or more of the effective aeroplanes were _Farmans_. The rest consisted of all leading French types, proportionated more or less to the productive capacity of these firms. Also certain other makes experimental.

~Navy Aviation.~

The Navy section of French military aviation is still in the "being formed" process. No data are yet available as to the ultimate force to be provided. At present the number of effective war machines is small. It is made up of hydro-avions of the following types:--_Astra_, _Borel_, _Breguet_, _Caudron_, _Deperdussin_, _Donnet-Leveque_, _Farman_, _Paulhan-Curtiss_, _Sanchez-Besa_, the total at end of March, 1913, being well under 20. There are also two special _Bleriot_ type fitted with floats, which carry 330 lbs of explosive, are fitted with wireless, have a speed of 140 km.p.h. (85 m.p.h.), and a radius of about 600 miles (1,000 km.)

~PRINCIPAL FRENCH ARMY AND NAVY AVIATORS.~

(In each case the number against each name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. French certificate pilot number.)

Army.

Abadie, Sous Officier Acevedo, Lieut. (740) Acquaviva, Lieut. Paul V. (68) Aiguillon, Lt. R.d' (308) Aubry, Lieut. Balensi, Capt. Albert (173) Bares, Capt. (543) Basset, Lieut. Paul (145) Battini, Lieut. G. (508) Baugnies, Lt. J. B. E. (193) Beatrix, Sous Officier Bellemois, Lieut. G. (546) Bellenger, Capt. M. (45) Berni, Lieut. (760) Biard, Capt. G. M. (261) Bihan, Lieut. Binda, Lieut. Louis (232) Blard, Lieut. (460) Bobillier, Lieut. Boerner, Lieut. Boissonas, Lieut. (443) Bon, Lieut. Boncour, Lieut. (478) Bonnier, Lieut. (478) Bonnier, General (137) Boucher, Lieut. Bousnuet, Lieut. P. (295) Breley, Lieut. Brenot, Capt. Brouchard, Lieut. Brugiere, Lt. Brule, Lieut. (436) Bruncher, Lieut. Burgeat, Capt. M. (44) Camerman, Lieut. F. (33) Camine, Capt. Campagne, Lieut. (782) Casse, Capt. (415) Chabert, Lieut. Charoux, Sous Officier Chavenac, Lieut. E. (551) Cheutin, Lt. E. J. (233) Chevreau, Lieut. R. (132) Clavenad, Lieut. P. (294) Clerc, Lieut. (465) Clolus, Commdt. G. (97) Couret, Lieut. Coville, Capt. D'Abrantes, Lieut. D'Aquillon, Lieut. De Beruis, Lieut. De Caumont, Capt. De Chanac Lanzac, Capt. De Geyer, Lieut. De Gorge, Lieut. (805) De Goys, Capt. De Lafargue (417) De L'Estrade, Lieut. De Rose, Lieut. P. (477) Destace, Capt. Destouches, Capt. Devarenne, Lieut. Devaulx, Lieut. R. (158) De Ville d'Avray, Lieut. Didier, Sous Officier (765) Do-Ird, Lieut. Drevet, Sous Officier (753) Duparquet, Capt. Duperron, Capt. (196) Dupin, Lieut. Eteve, Capt. A. (89) Erstorac, Capt. Felix, Capt. J. (270) Fequant, Lieut. A. (63) Fequant, Lieut. P. (340) Fierstein, Sous Officier Francezon, E. (410) Foirelline, Lieut. Garnier, Lieut. (305) Garnier, Lt. (826) Gastringer, Lieut. Gaubert, Lieut. E. (313) Germain, Lieut. Girard, Lieut. J. (197) Gironde, Lt. A. de Godefroy, Sous Officier (583) Gouin, Lt. M. E. R. (348) Gourlez, Lieut. (521) Grezaud, S.-Lt. P. (265) Grailly, Lieut. (399) Gronier, Lieut. J. (138) Grandjean, Sapper Guibart, Lieut. Guiton, Sous Officier Hable, Sous-Lt. A. L. (257) Hugoni, Capt. E. (165) Hanouille, Lieut. Henequin, Lieut. Henri, Lieut. (497) Herli, S.-Lt. (257) Hurard, Sous Officier Issartier (531) Jacquet, Lieut. Joly, Lieut. F. (341) Jost, Lieut. R. G. (264) Kass, Capt. Langardt, Lieut. Laurent, Sous Officier (246) Le Beau, Capt. Le Bleu, Lieut. Lelievre, Lieut. E. (522) Lemasson, Lieut. (506) Le Mauget, Capt. Letheux, Lieut. G. (142) Letort, Sapper (170) Letourneur, Lieut. Lucca, Lieut. D. (154) Ludmann, Lieut. G. (255) Lussigny, Lieut. Machin, Lieut. Mailfert, Lieut. F. (146) Maillois, Lieut. J. (131) Malherbe, Lt. de (334) Maneyrol, Lieut. Manoha, Lt. Marc, Lt. Marconnet, Capt. (90) Marie, Capt. Felix (80) Marlin, Lieut. Marmies, Lieut. Marty, Sous Officier (816) Massol, Lieut. Mauger, Lieut. Maurice, Lieut. Mazac, Lieut. (592) Migaud, Lieut. G. (501) Morel, Sous-Lt. P. (262) Morlaye, Lieut. la Mouchard, Lieut. Negre, Capt. Nicaud, Lieut. Nogues, Capt. (114) Normand, Lieut. F. (314) Pelloux, Sous-Lt. M. (346) Peraldi, Lieut. Peretti, Sous Officier Pierre, Lieut. Ponchet, Lieut. Prat, Lieut. Precardin, Lieut. Princetau, Lieut. Postulat, Sergt. Quennehen, Sous Officier Ragot, Lieut. Remy, Lieut. H. C. (143) Reynard, Lieut. (668) Rimbert, Lieut. Rocca-Serra, Lieut. Rochette, Lieut. J. (564) Rolland, Lieut. M. E. (545) Ronin, Lieut. Rougerie, Lieut. Sauleillon, Lt. A. (674) Saunier, Lieut. G. (153) Seguin, Sapper (528) Sevelle, Lieut. (747) Silvestre, Lieut. (599) Sido, Capt. Marie (65) Sourdeau, Lieut. A. (474) Soulielani, Lieut. Thomas, Lieut. (846) Thomas, R. (116) Touzet, E. (485) Tretane, Lieut. Tricornot de Rose, Lt. de (330) Vandamone, Lieut. (535) Van de Vaero, Lt. (491) Vandine, Lieut. Varcin, Lieut. Vaudein, Lieut. Verdier, Sous Officier (538) Vibra, Lieut. Vigne, Lt. Henri (315) Vinda, Lieut. Vitra-Rougerie, Lieut. Vocayeau, Lieut. Vogoya, Capt. Vuilliereme, Lt. L. (174) Watteau, Lieut. Willemenz, Lieut. (759) Yence, Lieut. R, (220)

Naval.

Byasson, Lt. de V. (175) Cayla, Lieut. (458) Conneau, Lieut. (322) "Beaumont" Davelny, Comdt. Delage, Lieut. G. (219) Fournier, Lieut. Hautefille, Lieut. (247) Lafon, Lt. (194) Leve, Lieut. (243) Parasa, Lieut. (179) Reymond, Lieut. (206)

~FRENCH AEROPLANES--PRIVATE.~

~Private Aeroplanes.~

The total number of machines built in France during 1912 has been estimated at about 1,500. This includes military as well as private machines, also machines exported, and appears to be unduly generous even so. The actual total of machines commenced and completed in 1912 is nearer 1,000.

The number of private aeroplanes--excluding demonstration and school machines is small.

~PRIVATE AVIATORS~ (brevets to end of 1911).

(In each case the number against each name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. French certificate pilot number.)

Algrin, Rene (252) Allard, M. (480) Alincourt (488) Andre, C. (192) Aubrun (21) Bachot, A. (271) Baeder, F. de (107) Bague, E. (337) Balliod, Louis (236) Balaye, A. (275) Balsan, Jacques (22) Baratoux, Marcel (49) Barbotte, Ernest (268) Barra, Franck (171) Barrier, A. (64) Banier, Rene (64) Bathiat, Georges (237) Bathiat, Leon (110) Beard, Pierre (276) Beaud, Edouard (150) Becue, Jean F. (263) Bellier, Albert (297) Bellot, Andre (317) Benoist, Jean (369) Bergognie, Charles (373) Bernard, A. (505) Berlot, Henri J. (450) Biard, Desire J. (460) Bielovucic, Jean (87) Bill, Henri (205) Blanchet, Georges (244) Bleriot, Louis (1) Blondeau, Gustave (101) Bobba, Andre (309) Boillot, Geo. (395) Boissounas, L. (443) Boise de Courcenay, Comte (283) Boivin, Albert (248) Bonzon, Maurice (355) Bouvier, Andre (120) Boyer, Louis (303) Bregi, Henry (26) Breguet, Louis (52) Bresson, Georges (280) Briancon, Lucien (277) Briey, F. de (492) Brindejonc des Moulinais (449) Bruneau de Laborie, E. (67) Bunau-Varilla, E. (16) Busson, Guillaume (121) Caille, Albert (200) Caramanlaki, A. (761) Carles, Fernand (362) Carlin, L. V. (554) Caudron, Rene (180) Cayla, P. (458) Chailliey, Henri (63) Challe, M. J. (523) Champel, Florentin (94) Chanteloup, P. (549) Chapelle, J. (547) Charpentier, Louis (286) Chassagne, Jean (160) Chausse, P. (519) Chaussier, Piere (384) Chatain, Marius L. (267) Chatain, L. M. L. (296) Chateau, Edouard (135) Chaunac-Lenzac de (394) Chemet, Geo. (159) Cheuret, Leon (62) Cherent, L. (62) Chevalier, J. (515) Chevalier, Louis (333) Chevillard, Maurice (385) Chioni, Basile (250) Clerc, Paul A. L. (465) Clement, M. (108) Collardeau, Geo. (393) Collieux, M. (85) Collin, Georges (279) Conard (647) Contard, Paul (351) Contenet, Henri (447) Contour, Ernest (371) Contre (657) Cordonnier, Robert (221) Corso, E. (529) Crochon, Andre (43) Cronier, Andre M. H. (352) Cugnet, Gaston (140) Cure, Gaston M. (242) Daillens, Jean (119) Dancourt, P. H. (520) Debener, M. (562) Deletang, Fernand (42) Delacroix, Maurice (452) Delagrange, Robert (366) De La Roche, Mde. (36) Deloche, R. D. (526) Denis, Auguste (380) Deroy, Francis (374) Derry, Leon (254) Deruissy, Andre (376) Despres, E. M. L. (527) Deschamps de Bois, Hebert (461) Didier, A. (77) Divetain, Pierre (466) Driancourt, M. L. (525) Dubonnet, Emile (47) Ducoweneau (456) Dufour, Jean M. R. (457) Dufour, Jean (96) Dufour, Louis (185) Duval, E. (118) Duval, Emile (118) Echeman, P. M. (466) Esnault-Pelterie, R. (4) Espanet, Dr. G. (532) Farman, Henry (5) Farman, Maurice (6) Fiorellimo, Louis (369) Florencie, Jean (201) Fournie, J. P. S. (502) Frantz, Joseph (363) Francq, Baron de (481) Frey, Alfred (48) Frey, Andre (93) Froussart, Ernest (350) Frugier, Leon (378) Gaget, Joseph (335) Gaillard, J. O. C. (504) Gallie, Fernand (343) Gardey, M. (482) Garros, Roland (147) Garsonnin, L. (555) Gastinger, Edouard M. (455) Gassnier, Rene (39) Gassier, Marcel (392) Gasnier, Pierre (391) Gaudart, Louis (228) Gaulard, Charles (302) Gautheron, Louis (449) Gaye, Georges (251) Gibert, Louis (92) Gilbert, Eugene (240) Giraud, Etienne (493) Glorieux, Leon (188) Gobe, Armand (102) Gobron, Jean (7) Goffin, Marcel (284) Gouguenheim, P. (388) Goux, Jules (398) Gournay, Henri (186) Goys de Mereyrac, Louis (354) Grandjean, E. C. H. (469) Grandseigne, R. (360) Granel, Marcel (117) Grellet, Alexis (370) Gressard, M. (725) Gue, Albert (216) Guerre, Henri (444) Guidard, V. P. (487) Guilband, C. J. (518) Guillemard, T. (445) Guillaume, C. (651) Hainaux, Marcel R. (239) Hanriot, Marcel R. (239) Hanriot, Rene (368) Herbster, Maurice (41) Herveu, Mlle. Jane (318) Hesne, Paul (113) Houlette, Andre (367) Jacquemart, G. C. (464) Jamblez, Paul A. (266) Janoir, L. (553) Joliot, Andre (202) Joly, C. E. M. (530) Julleriot, Henry (61) Junod, Auguste (253) Kauffman, Paul (198) Kergariou, Engard de (503) Kieffer, C. E. (372) Kummerling, A. (291) Koechlin, Jean P. (203) Kuhling, Paul L. (136) Labouchere, Rene (86) Labouret, Rene (222) Lacombe, P. (534) Ladougne, Emile (81) Lafarge, Henri (278) Lajous, Francois, A. (463) Lambert, Comte de (8) Langhe, Armand de (204) Lastours, H. R. de (552) Larfinty-Tholosan, Marquis Jules (468) Laroche, Mme. Raymonde (36) Latzel, J. (700) Leblanc, Alfred (17) Lecomte, Henri (320) Legagneux, Georges (55) Le Lasseur de Ranzay, G. (479) Lemartin, Theodore (249) Lenfant, Louis (386) Leouet, B. L. (485) Leprince, P. (494) Lesire, Eugene (176) Lesseps, Jacques de (27) Leyat, Marcel (364) Lieutard, H. (497) Liger, A. (573) Lombardi, Henri (241) Loridan, Marcel (224) Magnan, Leon (379) Magneval, Gabriel (359) Mahieu, Georges E. (123) Mallet, J. A. P. (490) Mamet, Julien (18) Marchal, Anselem (328) Maron, P. H. (495) Marquezy, Rene (238) Martin, Edouard (365) Martin, Xavier (162) Martinet, Robert (78) Marvingt, Marie (281) Mauvais, Jean (144) Metrot, Rene (19) Meyer, Jules M. (229) Mignot, Robert (76) Miltgen, Paul (339) Moineau, R. L. (554) Molla, Henri (172) Montalent, O. de (509) Montjou, Guy de (446) Mollien, Elie A. (57) Molon, Leon (25) Molon, Louis (234) Molon, Lucien (235) Montigny, Alfred de (69) Morane, Leon F. (54) Morelle, Edmond (35) Morel, P. F. (524) Morin, Roger (306) Mouthier, Louis (157) Mousnier, Yvon (454) Niel, Albert (104) Niel, Mme. Marthe (226) Nissole, Edouard (383) Noe, A. G. M. (498) Noel, Andre (122) Obre, Emile (148) Ors, Jean (382) Orus, Maurice (256) Osmon, Geo. (361) Paillette, Marcel (99) Paillole, E. C. L. (556) Palade, Antoine (387) Pallier, Mdlle. Parent, Francois (189) Paris-Leclerc, Max (190)

## Partiot, G. (516)

Pascal, Ferdinand (301) Paul, Ernest (91) Paulhan, Louis (10) Pequet, Henri (88) Perin, Albert (161) Perreyon, Edmond (311) Perrigot, J. (499) Picard, Pierre (174) Planchet, Edmond (319) Poillot (182) Pommier, Martin (400) Porcheron, L. A. (471) Pouleriguen, F. (349) Poumet (576) Pourpe, Marc Pourpe, M. M. E. A. (560) Prevost, M. (475) Prevoteau, G. (507) Prier, Pierre (169) Raoblt, Jean (386) Reimbert, Ernest (375) Reichert, Henri (377) Renaux, Eugene (139) Renaud de la Fregeoliere (396) Rey, P. A. P. (517) Reymond, Senator Richet, A. (537) Rigal, Victor (60) Rivolier, Jean (381) Robillard, G. de (184) Robinet, J. (476) Romance, F. de (288) Rougier, Henry (11) Ruby, F. L. (514) Ruchonnet (127) Sallard, H. (794) Sallenave, Henru (66) Savary, Robert (112) Schlumberger, M. (316) See, Raymond (187) Servies, Jules (218) Simon, Rene (177) Sommer, Roger (29) Tabateau, Maurice (128) Taurin, Andre (84) Tetard, Maurice (79) Thieulin, Joseph (459) Tissandier, Paul (13) Tixier, Henri (397) Toussin, Rene (56) Train, Emile Louis (167) Vallier, Edmond P. (269) Vallon, Rene (109) Van Gaver, Paul (338) Vasseur, Narcisse (282) Vedrines, Jules (312) Vendrines, E. (536) Verliac, Adrien (129) Vergmault, O. (561) Verrier, Pierre (390) Versepuy, Leon (149) Vialard, Charles (342) Vidart, Rene (133) Villeneuve Trans, Louis de (285) Vimard, E. (484) Visseaux, Henri (217) Vittoz-Gallet, G. (500) Wagner, Louis (83) Walleton, Louis (304) Weiss, H. (73) Wintrebert, Henri (300) Zens, Ernest (28)

The following French aviators have been killed:--

+-------------------------+ | 1909. | | Ferber, Capt. | | Lefebvre, E. | | | | 1910. | | Blanchard (215) | | Delagrange, Leon (3) | | Le Blon (38) | | Poillot (182) | | | | 1911. | | Byasson, Lt. | | Camine, Capt. | | Caumont, Lieut. (156) | | Carron, Capt. | | Chotard, Lieut. | | De Grailly, Lieut. | | Desparmet, J. (451) | | Dupuis, Lieut. | | Gaubert (59) | | Laffont, A. (111) | | Lautheaume, Lt. | | Level | | Liere, Louis | | Loder, Lt. | | Madiot, Capt. (106) | | Mommlin | | Nieuport, E. (105) | | Noel | | Princeteau, Lt. (331) | | Ruchonnet | | Tarron, Capt. | | Vallon, Rene | | Wachter, C. L. (53) | +-------------------------|

~FRENCH PRIVATE AVIATORS, 1912.~

Adam-Gironne (818) Arondel, P. (827) Andenis, C. (788) Badet (622) Balighant, G. (588) Barbarou, M. (702) Basano, F. (828) Baudrin, E. (609) Bedel, R. (668) Beatrix, C. (781) Benoit, O. (771) Benoist, G. (667) Bertin, L. (801) Blaignan (633) Bleu, Le (643) Boiteau, G. (833) Boerlage (666) Bordage, A. (650) Boncour (678) Boucher, F. (600) Borie, A. (803) Brocard, A. (770) Brodin, E. (838) Brouard, E. (807) Bruginere, A. (813) Cailleaux, A. (617) Carreard, G. (779) Castellan, E. (639) Cavalier, M. (764) Caye, M. (672) Cerantes, F. (611) Chabert, V. (631) Chandenier, L. (804) Coblyn, L. (735) Contre (657) Corsini, A. (654) Cornier, R. (605) Coville, F. (594) Couffin, L. (619) Dambricourt, J. (773) De Beausire de Seyssel (756) Debroutelle, P. (806) De Chabot, P. (783) De Gensac, A. (836) De Lareinty Tholozan, H. (822) Delacour, J. (602) Delaunay, P. M. (635) Deleraye, M. (790) De l'Escaille (791) Delmas, M. (837) De Marmies, R. (663) De Mazurkiewicz, W. C. (707) Denhaut, F. (690) Des Pres de la Morlais (636) De Pontac (596) De Reals, R. (686) De Ryk (Mme. B.) (652) De Segonac, R. (669) Desille, L. (581) De Vergnette, C. (792) De Villepin, O. (832) Do Huu, T. (649) Drouhet, F. (727) Dussot, A. (733) Dutertre, C. (748) Ecomand, G. (714) Ehrmann, L. (646) Escot, P. (624) Eymien, S. (726) Fassin, F. (844) Faucompre, L. (814) Fleiche, L. (729) Foudre, R. (808) Foulquier, M. (772) Francois, A. (665) Galon, S. (613) Garros, R. (811) Glaize, F. (845) Godot, J. (815) Grazzioli, A. (687) Grasset, A. (800) Greppo, J. (676) Guerre, P. (730) Guillaux, E. (749) Hanne, A. (681) Helen, E. (586) Hembert (662) Hurard, J. (757) Hustinx, C. (716) Irate, G. (655) Jacquin, A. (582) Jailler, L. (682) Jeannerod, H. (696) Jeansoulin, L. (703) Joachim, H. (610) Jourjon, R. (841) Junquet, P. (621) Kormann (789) Lambert, A. (618) Lanier, P. (684) Lantheaume, C. (616) Latzel, J. (700) Le Bleu, P. (643) Leclerc, P. (593) Lefebvre, L. (691) Lecontellec, H. (810) Lenfant, P. (731) Lemoine, A. (632) Leroy, J. (638) Lesne, M. (796) Levasseur, J. (743) Le Vassor, J. (704) Lewis, J. (642) Loubignac, L. (793) Lumiere, G. (840) Madon, G. (595) Magnin, L. (648) Maicon, A. (695) Mandelli, P. (762) Mauger, D. (750) Malecaze, J. (776) Mancarot (710) Mazier, L. (634) Melin, E. (699) Metairie, A. (689) Mouroux, J. (724) Navarre, A. (584) Noel, L. (656) Nove-Josseraud (825) Olivier, L. (556) Pasquier, Baron R. (728) Penet, H. (809) Pia, G. (829) Picard, F. (601) Poulet, E. (709) Radisson, V. (834) Raulet, F. (658) Richer, H. (607) Ridont, R. (817) Roussel, L. (659) Roux, H. (715) Saint-Michel Rivet (604) Sallard, H. (794) Sauson de Sausal (812) Schneegaus, C. (712) Senart, J. (661) Sensever, H. (580) Senougue, A. (823) Serant, L. (679) Seyrat, J. (830) Shigeno, K. (744) Soularis, M. (698) Soyer, H. (671) Testulat, P. (821) Thierry de Ville d'Avray (579) Thoret, J. (708) Tierch, M. (645) Tournier, A. (677) Trescartes, L. (842) Vallet, C. (734) Vaudelle, R. (785) Vandinck, A. (787) Vandal, P. (598) Ventre, L. (585) Vidal Soler, E. (686) Vogoyeau, A. (755) Whitehouse, W. (589) Zens, P. (675) Zorra, L. (653)

~Killed.~

FRENCH AEROPLANES.

~A~

AERIENNE. L'Aerienne, 25 Quai des Grands Agustins, Paris. Builds to specifications and supplies all parts.

ANTOINETTE. Company has ceased to exist.

ASTRA. "Astra" Soc. de Constructions Aeronautiques, (Anciens Etabs. Surcouf) Soc. An'yme 13 Rue Couchat, Billancourt (Seine). Works: 121-123 Rue de Bellevue, Billancourt. Flying grounds: Issy-les-Molineux Villacoublay (S-&-O). This old established balloon and dirigible firm first took up aviation as French agents for the _Wrights_ in 1909. For a time they built _Wrights_ with certain modifications, but by 1912, little save the Wright system of warping remained. Capacity: about 100 machines a year.

+------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- | Biplane, | Military | Biplane, | Mil. biplane, | Hydro-biplane, | type C. | biplane | Type C. | type C.M. | type C.M. | ~1912-13.~ | type C.M. | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | Wood. | ~1912-13.~ | Wood & steel. | Wood & steel. | Wood & steel | | Wood | | | -------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 34 (10.40) | 36 (10.97) | 34 (10.40) | 36 (10.97) | 32-3/4 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41 (12.50) | 40-1/2 (12.32) | 41 (12.50) | 40-1/2 (12.32) | 39-1/2 (12) ~Area.~ sq. feet (m squared)| 519 (48.2) | 519 (48.2) | 519 (48.2) | 519 (48.2) | 519 (48.2) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 1764 (800) | 2365 (1073) | ... | 1411 (640) | 1763 (800) ~Weight~ { | | | | | (unladen) {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 882 (400) | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Renault | 75 Renault | 50 Renault | 75 Renault | 100 Renault | | or 75 Chenu | | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 56 (90) | 56 (90) | 56 (90) | 56 (90) ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... -------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

Remarks.--The 1912-13 and 1913 types differ only in the adoption of metal in the 1913 models, which are consequently considerably lighter.

General features.--Warping wings. Fixed tail planes with two elevators in rear. Single rudder. Single tractor geared down 1 to 2. Type C carries 85 litres petrol; type C.M., 137 litres.

[Illustration: Astra. Military "C.M." 1913.]

[Illustration: Astra. Hydro-avion, 1913.]

~B~

BERTIN. L. Bertin, 23 rue de Rocroy, Paris. About 1908 Bertin began building helicopters. The machine below was exhibited in the 1913 Paris Salon.

[Illustration: Bertin. UAS.]

------------------------------+-------------+ | ~1913.~ | | Monoplane. | | 2-seater. | ------------------------------+-------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34 (10.40) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 226 (21) | {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 770 (350) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Bertin | ~Speed~ {max m.p.h. (km.)| 71 (115) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ------------------------------+-------------+

Remarks.--Wood and steel construction. On wheels only. _Controls:_ warping and rear elevator.

BESSON. Marcel Besson, 24 rue Marbeuf, Paris. Capacity: small. Besson first appeared in 1911 with a tail-first mono. In the Paris Salon, 1913, he exhibited an improved machine along similar lines.

------------------------------+-------------+ | ~1913~ | | _Canard_ | | 2-seater. | ------------------------------+-------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 22 (6.70) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 44 (13.40) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) | {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 730 (331.2) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | ~Speed~ m.p.h.(km.)| 59 (95) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ------------------------------+-------------+

Remarks.--All steel construction. On wheels and 2 skids. _Control:_ ailerons and front elevator.

BLERIOT Monoplanes. L. Bleriot, "Bleriot-Aeronautique," 39, Route de la Revolte, Paris-Levallois. Flying grounds: Buc Etampes and Pau.

L. Bleriot began to experiment in 1906, along Langley lines. By 1909 he was one of the leading French firms; and the first cross Channel flight was made by him.

Details of standard types:--

-----------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+------------ | | ~XXI.~ | ~XXVII.~ | | | | ~XI~ _bis._ | Military | Single seat | ~XXVIII.~ | ~XXVIII.~ | Monocoque | 2-seater mono. | side by side | mono. | Single seater | 2-seater | 2-seater |(~1911~ onward) | 2-seater mono. | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | | ~1912.~ | | | | -----------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+------------ ~Length~ feet (m)| 27-1/3 (8.40) | 27-1/4 (8.24) | 28 (8.50) | 25 (7.60) | 27 (8.20) | ... ~Span~ feet (m)| 36 (11) | 36 (11) | 29-1/2 (9) | 29 (8.80) | 32 (9.75) | 40 (12.25) ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 349 (33) | 268 (25) | 129 (12) | 162 (15) | 215 (20) | 270 (25) {unladen, lbs. (kgs)| ... | 727 (330) | 529 (240) | 530 (240) | 660 (300) | 830 (375) ~Weight~ { | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 286 (129) | 550 (250) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 56 (90) | 78 (125) | 62 (100) | 71 (115) | 75 (120) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... -----------------------------+----------------+----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+------------

Note.--The monos., as usual, are of wood construction; wheels only for landing. Rectangular section bodies. Warping wings, elevator in rear. Chauviere propeller. The monocoque has wood, steel and cork construction. Coque body. Skids to landing chassis. Levasseur propeller. Otherwise as the other monos.

Principal _Bleriot_ flyers are or have been:--Aubrun, Balsan, Bleriot, Busson, Chavez, Cordonnier, Delagrange, Drexel, Efimoff, Gibbs, Hubert, Hamel, Moissant, Paulhan, Prevetau, Prevot, Prier, Radley, Thorup, Tyck, Wienzciers, and many others.

[Illustration: Bleriot XI _bis._]

[Illustration: 1913 type of XI _bis._ UAS.]

[Illustration: Bleriot XXVII.]

[Illustration: BLERIOT XXI. UAS.

General standard type of _Bleriot_ 1912 & 1913.]

~Special types of Bleriots.~--In addition to the standard machines, Bleriot from time to time produces special machines, of which the best known is the _Limousine_, built for M. Deutsch de la Meurthe, built 1911 and still existing. One or two Canards have also been built, including an armoured military.

[Illustration: BLERIOT-LIMOUSINE. UAS.]

Early in 1913 a special experimental military machine was produced with considerable secrecy.

[Illustration: BLERIOT MILITARY. Special 1913 military. UAS.]

BOREL. G. Borel & Cie, 25 rue Brunel, Paris. Established 1910. Capacity: about 25 machines a year.

-----------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------- Model. | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | Monocoque Racer. | Hydro-mono. | | | 2-seater. -----------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------- ~Length~ | 22 feet (6.70 m.) | 19 feet (5.80 m.) | 27 feet (8.30 m.) ~Span~ | 30 feet (9.15 m.) | 26 feet (8.00 m.) | 37 feet (11.25 m.) ~Area~ | 152 sq. ft. (14 m squared.) | 116 sq. ft. (11 m squared.) | 237 sq. ft. (22 m squared.) {total | 530 lbs. (240 kgs.) | 608 lbs. (276 kgs.) | 880 lbs. (399 kgs.) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful | 287 lbs. (130 kgs.) | ... | ... ~Motor~ | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 80 Gnome ~Speed~ (p.h.)| 71 m. (115 km.) | 94 m. (150 km.) | 62 m. (100 km.) -----------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------

Note.--The monocoque is of wood and steel construction, the others wood only. The monocoque has coque body, the others ordinary rectangular section. Floats of the hydro as illustrated. For the rest the ordinary mono. is practically on the same lines as the 1912. The racer is somewhat on _Deperdussin_ lines, but the body is built up inside. No fixed tail. The hydro. is an enlarged edition of the mono. Floats display nothing very original, except that a float under tail is interconnected with the rudder, and that the two front floats are fitted for being rowed. Fitted with a self-starter.

[Illustration: 1913 Borel. Hydro-avion. _By favour of "Flight."_ UAS.]

[Illustration: Hydro-avion.]

There is also a Denhaut design, 1913, about the same as a _Donnet-Leveque_.

[Illustration: Borel. Monocoque. UAS.]

BREGUET. Soc. Anonyme des ateliers d'aviation, Louis Breguet, 16 Boulevard Vauban, Donai (Nord). Capacity: about 200 machines a year. Paris office: 25, Boulevard Jules Sandeau. Schools at La Brayelle, pris Douai, Velisy-Villacoublay, pris Paris.

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------ | | | | | Aerhydroplane | ~G2~ bis. | ~G3.~ | ~C-U1.~ | ~C-U2.~ | tandem ~1913 models.~ | 2 or 3-seater | 3-seater | 2-seater | 2-seater | mono. | biplane. | biplane. | biplane. | biplane. | 2-seater, | | | | | side by side. ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m)| 33 (10) | 29 (8.75) | 29 (8.75) | 29 (8.75) | 29 (8.75) ~Span~ feet (m)| 49 (15) | 45 (13.65) | 45 (13.65) | 45 (13.65) | 42 (12.80) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| 376 (35) | 377 (36) | 387 (36) | 387 (36) | 387 (36) {empty, lbs. (kgs.)| 1323 (600) | 1212 (550) | 1430 (649) | 1160 (522) | 1760 (798) ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 662 (300) | 882 (400) | 662 (300) | 882 (400) | 662 (300) ~Motor~ h.p.| 80 Gnome | 100 Gnome | 80 Canton Unme. | 110 Canton Unme. | 110 Canton Unme. {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 69 (110) | 62 (100) | 71 (115) | 87 (140) ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | 62 (100) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-1/2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 Number built during 1912 |A total of 41 sold| during 1912 for| military purposes.| | ... ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------

_In each case._--

~Construction.~--All steel.

~Landing chassis.~--C consists of three wheels each protected by skids. The two main wheels, placed on either side of the centre of gravity, are fitted with patent "Oleopneumatic" shock absorbers. The steering wheel and the front skid have a spring suspension.

~Military machines.~--The 1912 sales of these were:--32 to France; 5 British; 3 Italian; 1 Swedish.

~Steering.~--The patented control system consists of a wheel mounted on a pivoted lever. The backward and forward movement of the entire system operates the elevator: the sideway movement warps the rear edge of the upper wings, and the rotation of the wheel steers the machine. The latter operation also governs the front wheel of the landing chassis, so that when on the ground the machine can be steered like a motor car.

~Portability.~--The main planes can be folded alongside of the fuselage. The machine can then be towed on any ordinary road, or be housed in places such as farm buildings, stables, &c.

[Illustration: Aerhydroplane, 1913-14.]

[Illustration: BREGUET. Hydro. UAS]

[Illustration: BREGUET. Biplane. UAS]

[Illustration: BREGUET. 1912-13, G3 type 3-seater military. UAS]

CAUDRON. Caudron Freres, Rue (Somme). Schools: Crotoy and Juvissy. Capacity: about 100-250 a year.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+------------------------ | ~M2~ | ~N.~ | ~G.D.~ | || ~B.~ | ~E.~ || Monaco type, | Model and Date. | 1912-13 | 1912-13 | 1912-13 | ~1913~ || 1912-13 | 1912-13 || 1912 | ~1913~ | mono. | mono. | mono. | mono. || biplane. | biplane. || hydro-biplane. | hydro-biplane. -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+------------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 20 (6.10) | 19-3/4 (6) | 22 (6.75) | 19-1/4 (5.80) || 26-1/4 (8) | 23-1/2 (7.15) || 22 (6.75) | 32-3/4 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.40) | 26-1/3 (8) | 34 (10.30) | 27-1/3 (8.50) || 32-3/4 (10) | 35-1/2 (10.80) || 33 (10.10) | 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 151 (14) | 108 (10) | 268 (25) | 118 (11) || 431 (40) | 301 (28) || 268 (25) | 376 (35) ~Weight~ machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 518 (235) | 496 (225) | 386 (175) | 490 (225) || 683 (310) | 640 (295) || 772 (350) | 882 (400) ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Anzani or Gnome | 50 Anzani | Anzani or Gnome | 50 Gnome. || Anzani or Gnome | Gnome || Gnome | 70 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 71 (115) | 84 (135) | 75 (120) | 84 || 56 (90) | 56 (90) || 50 (80) | 50 (80) Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... || ... | ... || ... | ... -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+--------------------++--------------------+------------------------ || Lateral control, warping. Wood construction. Notes.--Lateral control, warping. Wood construction. On wheels. Enclosed body. || On wheels as well as || floats. (Special Caudron patent.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------++---------------------------------------------

[Illustration: 1912 hydro. _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS]

[Illustration: CAUDRON. UAS]

[Illustration: 1913 hydro. UAS]

[Illustration: CAUDRON. Mono. _By favour of "Flight."_ UAS]

CLEMENT-BAYARD. Usines Clement-Bayard, 33 quai Michelet, Levallois-Perret (Seine).

[Illustration]

----------------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | | Military 3-seater | Military single seater | | biplane. | monoplane. | ----------------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m)| 37 (11.20) | 24-2/3 (7.50) | {upper feet (m)| 52 (16) | 30 (9.20) | ~Span~ { | | | {lower feet (m)| 36 (11) | ... | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 533 (50) | 172 (16) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2425 (1100) | 1146 (520) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1014 (460) | 441 (200) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Gnome | 70 Gnome | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 53 (85) | 75 (120) | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ----------------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+

Notes.--_Control_: lateral, warping.

D'ARTOIS. Soc. Anonyme des Anciens Chantiers Tellier, Longuenesse, pres St. Omer. Re-established 1912. Capacity: small.

---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | ~1913~ model. | ~1913~ | Model and date. | "Aero torpille" | "Aero torpille" | | hydro-biplane. | biplane. | ---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 24-3/4 (7.50) | {| 36 (11) | 36 (11) | ~Span~ feet (m.){| | | {| 20 (6) | 20 (6) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 280 (26) | 280 (26) | ~Weight~ empty, lbs. (kgs.)| 772 (350) | 551 (250) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 50 Gnome | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 84 (135) | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

Notes.--Single long boat body, canoe-shape.

[Illustration: _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS]

DEPERDUSSIN. Armand Deperdussin, 19 rue des Entrepreneurs, Paris. School: Courey-Betheny (Marne). Established 1910. Capacity: about 150-200 machines a year.

----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~E 1912-13.~ | ~P 1912-13.~ | ~T 1912-13.~ | ~H 1912-13.~ | Monocoque | Mono. | school mono. | single seater | 2-seater | 3-seater | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | | mono. | mono. | mono. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m)| 24 (7.30) | 24 (7.30) | 24 (7.30) | 29 (8.80) | 19 (5.75) | ... ~Span~ feet (m)| 29 (8.85) | 28 (8.50) | 35 (10.65) | 41 (12.50) | 29-1/2 (8.95) | 36 (11) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | 162 (15) | ... | 310 (28) | 97 (9) | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 782 (355) | 1212 (550) | 2050 (930) | 882 (400) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 30 Anzani | 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 100 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) | 69 (110) | 65 (105) | 69 (110) | 113 (180) | 105 (170) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | 81 (130) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 3 | 2 | 1 ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Notes.--Wood construction. Lateral control by warping. Mounted on wheels without skids. Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

Principal _Deperdussin_ records: 1912 Gordon Bennett (Vedrines) and a number of world records for speed and distance.

Principal pilots include: Busson, Prevost, Vedrines, Vidart.

[Illustration: 50 h.p. monocoque.]

[Illustration: DEPERDUSSIN. 80 h.p. UAS]

[Illustration: The 80 h.p. mounted on floats as a hydro.]

DONNET-LEVEQUE.

---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~A 1912.~ | ~B 1912.~ | ~C 1912.~ | ~1913.~ | 2-seater | 2-seater | 3-seater | 2-seater | hydro-biplane | hydro-biplane | hydro-biplane | hydro-biplane ---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m)| 26 (7.80) | 27 (8.30) | 27 (8.30) | 34-1/2 (10.50) ~Span~ feet (m)| 29-1/2 (9) | 32-3/4 (10) | 34-1/2 (10.50) | 29-1/2 (9) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 194 (18) | 215 (20) | 237 (22) | 194 (18) ~Weight~ lbs. (kgs.)| 683 (310) | 772 (350) | 888 (380) | 888 (380) ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 75 (120) | ... | 50 (80) ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... ---------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Notes.--Lateral control by warping ailerons. Motor in gap just below upper plane: propeller in rear, direct driven. Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

Floats.--One large central boat 27 feet (8.20 m.) long--two small ones at each extremity of lower plane.

[Illustration: _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._]

[Illustration: UAS]

DOUTRE. Soc. Anonyme Doutre, 58, rue Talbot, Paris.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ Type. | Biplane 3-seater, | Biplane 2-seater, | | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 40 (12.25) | ... | {| 53 (16.10) | ... | ~Span~ feet (m.){| | | {| 43 (13) | ... | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 533 (50) | ... | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 1323 (600) | 1323 (600) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) | 992 (450) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 50 Renault | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h (km.)| 56 (90) | 56 (90) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ? | -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

Notes.--Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie. Both types fitted with the Doutre patent stabiliser, which automatically and instantaneously counteracts troubles due to sudden gusts or partial motor failures. Weight of the 1913 model stabiliser is only 44 lbs. (20 kgs.)

[Illustration: Model 1913 stabiliser.]

[Illustration: DOUTRE. UAS]

FARMAN. Henry and Maurice Farman, 167, Rue de Silly, Billancourt (Seine) Aerodromes: Buc, pres Versailles and Etampes. Depots: Camp de Chalons--Reims. Established by H. Farman in 1908. M. Farman established works a little later. In 1912 the two brothers combined. The present works were opened in January, 1912, and had an output capacity of at least 300 machines a year in March, 1913.

---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | _H. Farman._ | _H. Farman._ | _H. Farman._ | _H. Farman._ | _M. Farman._ | _M. Farman._ | _M. Farman._ | Military. | Single-seater. | 2-seater | 2-seater special | Military biplane. | Big military | Staggered | 2 or 3-seater. | Military. | monoplane. | hydro-biplane. | | biplane. | biplane. | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | | ~1913.~ | | | | Biplane. | Biplane. | | | | | ---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 24 (7.35) | 24-1/2 (7.50) | 26 (7.90) | 39-1/3 (12) | 46 (14) | 39 (11.90) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13.25) | 31-1/8 (9.50) | 32-3/4 (10) | 45 (13.70) | 50-3/4 (15.50) | 65-3/4 (20) | 36 (11) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 376 (35) | 161 (15) | 204 (19) | 344 (32) | 646 (60) | 861 (80) | 323 (30) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 793 (360) | 640 (295) | 628 (285) | 950 (431) | 1102 (500) | 1433 (650) | 882 (400) ~Weight~ { | | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 386 (175) | ... | ... | 617 (280) | 882 (400) | 551 (250) {| | | Designed for | | | | ~Motor~ h.p.{| 70-80 Gnome | 70-80 Gnome | Gnomes from | 50 Gnome | 70 Renault | 70 Renault | 70 Renault {| | | 40 up to 160 h.p. | | | | {max. m.p.h. (km)| 65 (105) | 71 (15) | ... | 52 (100) | 56 (90) | 44 (70) | 69 (110) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ---------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--The whole of the above can easily be converted into hydro-avions--two long narrow floats without steps. _H. Farmans_ are of wood and steel construction; _M. Farman_, wood. In all 1913 biplanes the ailerons are inter-connected. All 1913 machines designed to carry one or in some cases two mitrailleuse, and special attention is paid to facility for taking down for transport and re-assembling. The 1911-12 _H. Farmans_ had elevators forward, were a good deal longer, and had more surface than 1913 models. Ailerons not inter-connected. The _M. Farmans_ generally as now, except that all planes, etc., had rounded edges. On September 11th, 1912, Foury, in an _M. Farman_ military, made world's endurance record to date, 13 hrs. 22 min., covering 631 miles (1,017 km.) All models of this type, also the "big military," are fitted with the Doutre stabiliser. Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

~Latest Hydro.~--In March, 1913, a new hydro was produced experimentally. There is a boat body, without steps, carrying the motor which is chain connected with the propeller. Machine is fitted with wheels and skids as well.

[Illustration: H. Farman. 1912-13 military biplane.]

[Illustration: H. Farman. 1913 latest type military biplane.]

[Illustration: M. Farman. 1912-13 military biplane.]

[Illustration: M. Farman. 1912-13 staggered biplane. This is the type which has done best as a hydro-aeroplane.]

GOUPY. A. Goupy, 50, Avenue Marceau, Paris. School: Juvissy (Port Aviation). Capacity: about 30 machines a year.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | | | ~1913.~ Model and date. | ~1913 A.~ | ~1913 B.~ | Hydro-staggered | Staggered biplane. | Staggered biplane. | biplane. -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.50) | 26-1/4 (8) | 33 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 42-3/4 (13) | 42 (12.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| ... | ... | 480 (45) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | 992 (450) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | 661 (300) ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 80 or 100 Gnome | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 75 (120) | 75 (120) ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | 12 | 1 -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

[Illustration: Goupy. Hydro. _From "Flight."_ UAS]

[Illustration: Goupy. Hydro. _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS]

HANRIOT. Aeroplanes Hanriot & Cie., 145 rue de Neufchatel, Reims. Paris office: 69 boulevard Berthier, Paris. School: Antibes, Reims.

------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~1913~ models. | ~D I.~ | ~D II.~ | ~D III.~ | ~D IV.~ | ~D VII.~ ~Monoplanes.~ | Single seater. | 2 or 3-seater. | Racer. | Steel. | ------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 26-1/3 (8) | 21-3/4 (6.65) | 23 (7) | 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28-1/3 (8.70) | 42-3/4 (13) | 24 (7.30) | 28-1/3 (8.65) | 36 (10.95) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| 161 (15) | 226 (21) | 91 (8.50) | 161 (15) | 194 (18) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 937 (425) | 661 (300) | 661 (300) | 771 (350) ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 616 (280) | ... | 396 (180) | 364 (165) ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Anzani | 100 Gnome | 100 Gnome | 50 R. Peugeot | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 78 (125) | 106 (170) | 71 (115) | 71 (115) ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Notes.--There are also two school types 35 and 45 h.p. Records include 1912 world record for speed with passengers.

None of the above machines represent any very particular divergence from recognised _Hanriot_ practice. _D IV_ is all steel construction, the others wood and steel.

[Illustration]

MORANE-SAULNIER. Soc. de constructions aeronautiques, Morane-Saulnier. 206 Boulevard Pereire. Capital: 1,500,000 francs. School: Villacoublay. Output capacity: about 50 machines a year.

----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~Military, 1913.~ | ~2 places.~ | | ~Tandem.~ ----------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21 (6.38) | 21 (6.38) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 30-1/5 (9.20) | 33-1/2 (10.20) ~Surface~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 151 (14) | 172 (16) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 617 (280) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 h.p. | 80 h.p. ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 75 (120) | 75 (120) Number built during 1912 | ... | ... ----------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------

In each case ~body~ is of rectangular section, wood, mounted on wheels only, except for the ~military~ type which has skids also. Fabric: "Aviator" Ramie.

In all there is a rear elevator and a Chauviere tractor.

Note.--Flown in the European Circuit, 1911, by Vedrines, Gajet, Lesire, Morisson, Verept, Frey, Garnier and Dalgier.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: 1913. 100 h.p. Gnome engined.]

MOREAU. Moreau freres, Combs-la-Ville.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+ | ~1913.~ | Model and date. | 2-seater. | -----------------------------------+--------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/3 (12) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 258 (24) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | Number built during 1912 | 2 | -----------------------------------+--------------------+

Notes.--Fitted with a special stabilising device.

[Illustration: MOREAU. UAS]

NIEUPORT. Etablissements Nieuport, 9 rue de Seine, Suresnes (Seine). Established 1910 by the late Edouard Nieuport. Approximate capacity of works: about 100 machines a year. Chief designer during 1911 was Pagny, who has now joined the Hanriot firm.

----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- Model and date. | ~II N,~ | ~II G,~ | ~IV G, 1912-13.~ | ~IV M, 1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ ~Monoplanes.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | 2-seater. | 3-seater. | 2-seater. | 1-seater. | 1-seater. | Hydro 3-seater. ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23-2/3 (7.20) | 23-2/3 (7.20) | 25-2/3 (7.80) | 25-2/3 (7.80) | 26-1/4 (8) | 21-3/4 (6.60) | 23 (7) | 29 (8.80) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28-1/3 (8.65) | 28-1/3 (8.65) | 36 (10.90) | 39-1/3 (12.10) | 36 (11) | 28-1/3 (8.70) | 27-2/3 (8.40) | 40 (12.20) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | 231 (21-1/2) | 140 (13) | 156 (14-1/2) | 242 (22-1/2) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 529 (240) | 683 (310) | 771 (350) | 1058 (480) | 771 (350) | 573 (260) | 573 (260) | 1230 (558) ~Weight~ { | | | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 30 Nieuport | Gnome | Gnome | Gnome | Gnome | 50 Gnome | 30 Nieuport | 100 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 75 (120) | 87 (140) | 72 (117) | 72 (117) | 69 (110) | 78 (125) | 69 (110) | 72 (117) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 75 (120) | 69 (110) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Notes.--Early types had a _Hanriot_ style landing carriage; the 1913 models revert to a _Bleriot_ type. Warping wings. Fuselage entirely enclosed, rectilineal with rounded nose.

[Illustration: Nieuport. Hydro. _By favour of "Flight."_ UAS]

PAULHAN-CURTISS. Soc. anonyme d'aviation Paulhan, (S.A.P.) 71 boulevard Berthier, Paris. Flying ground: Bois d'Arcy par St. Ayr (S. et O.) Hydro school: Juan-les-Pins, par Antibes (Alpes Maritimes).

Founded by the well-known aviator, L. Paulhan. He first produced biplanes, then triplanes and finally a monoplane type, the _Tatin-Paulhan_ (1911). These are now all abandoned, and the firm devotes itself to building hydro-aeroplanes under Curtiss (U.S.A.) license. Principal type built are:--

------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | Flying boat. | Flying boat. | ~Biplanes.~ | Single-seater. | 2-seater. | ------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| ... | 27 (8.30) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | 37 (11.30) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | 290 (26-3/4) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 948 (430) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 75 Curtiss | 85 Curtiss | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | 2 | 8 | ------------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

PISCHOFF. Etablissements Autoplan, 4 rue Beranger, Boulogne sur Seine (Seine).

This firm has produced various types in the past, but at present, appears confined to constructing to specifications (See _Pischoff-Werner_ last edition).

[Illustration: Paulhan-Curtiss. Flying boat.]

R.E.P. Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Billancourt. School: Bue. One of the earliest established French firms. The first to go in for steel construction. Reported to have amalgamated with _Breguet_ in 1912, but this fell through.

-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ Model. | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~Steel monoplanes.~ | 1-seater. | 2-seater. | Military. | 2-seater. | Hydro-mono. | | | | 3-seater. | | 2-seater. | -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 25-1/3 (7.70) | 25-1/3 (7.70) | 25-1/3 (7.70) | 23 (7) | 25 (7.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 35 (10.70) | 38-1/3 (11.70) | 38-1/3 (11.70) | 36 (11) | 38-1/4 (11.60) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 215 (20) | 237 (22) | 323 (30) | 237 (22) | 323 (20) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 882 (400) | 661 (300) | 882 (400) | 595 (270) | ... | ~Weight~ { | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ make and h.p.| 60 Rep. | 66 Rep. | 90 Rep. | 95 Rep. | 80 Rep. | {max. mph. (km.)| 69 (110) | 69 (110) | 69 (110) | 78 (125) | 78 (125) | ~Speed~ { | | | | | | {min. mph. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | 62 (100) | 62 (100) | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

Remarks.--Steel construction. Pentagonal and triangular body. Mounted on wheels and skids. The hydro is on one very large central float.

[Illustration: _Flight._ UAS]

SANCHEZ BESA. 2 avenue de Villiers, Paris.

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | | Hydro-biplane. | Hydro-biplane. | Hydro-biplane. | | | | (amphibious) | ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 34 (10.40) | ... | 32-3/4 (10) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 54 (16.40) | 55-3/4 (17) | 54-3/4 (16.60) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 646 (60) | ... | 646 (60) | {avide lbs. (kgs.)| 1984 (900) | ... | 1102 (500) | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Renault | 70 Renault | 70 Renault | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... | 50 (80) | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5 | 5 | 6 | Number built during 1912 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--Wood and steel construction.

Controls.--Ailerons and rear elevators. Floats: The first has two and the second three floats. The 1913 model has a single boat body mounted on wheels.

[Illustration: 1913 hydro.]

SAVARY. Soc. anonyme des aeroplanes. Robert Savary, 31 rue Dunois, Paris. School: Chartres. Output capacity: 100 to 150 machines a year.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- Model and date. | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Biplane. |Military (3-seater.)| Biplane. -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 36 (11) | 33-1/2 (10.15) | 38-1/2 (11.70) ~Span~ {feet (m.)| 46 (14) | 49 (14.90) | 49-1/4 (15) {feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 37 (11.20) | 33 (10) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 510 (48) | 533 (50) | 550 (52) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 1132 (600) | ... | 1132 (600) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| various | 70 Labor | 75 Renault | | | (Gnome or Labor) {max m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... | 59 (96) ~Speed~ { | | | {min m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | 47 | ... -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Notes.--Wood and steel construction. _Control_: ailerons and rear elevator. Landing gear: wheels and skids. _Special features_: There are 4 rudders in the gap, and 2 tractors, chain driven. Aeroplatte fabric.

[Illustration: SAVARY. 1913. UAS]

SLOAN. "Bicurve." Sloan & Cie, 17 rue de Louvre, Paris. Works: 9 rue Victor Hugo, Charenton. Flying ground: Port Aviation. Output capacity: small.

------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31-1/3 (9.50) | 29 (8.70) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) | 42-1/2 (12.90) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| 527 (49) | 473 (44) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 1100 (500) | 662 (300) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Gnome | 120 Laviator | ~Speed~ {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 59 (95) | 65 (105) | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--Wood construction. Wheels and skids landing gear. _Control_: ailerons and rear elevator.

[Illustration: Sloan.]

SOMMER. Ateliers Roger Sommer, Mouzon, Ardennes. Flying grounds: Douzy, Mourmelon, Vidamme.

~Monoplanes.~ ~Biplanes.~ /-----------------^-----------------\ /-------------------------------------------^------------------------------------------------\ -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Model and date. | ~E 1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~K 1912.~ | ~R 1912.~ | ~S 1912.~ | ~L 1912.~ | ~R3 1913.~ | | | Single seater. | 2 or 3-seater | | | 2 or 3-seater -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 22 (6.70) | 23 (7) | 39-1/4 (12) | 36 (11) | 31 (9.50) | 29-1/2 (9) | 38-2/3 (11.70) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28-1/2 (8.70) | 26-1/4 (8) | 39-1/4 (12) | 51 (15.50) | 42 (12.80) | 39-1/4 (12) | 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 172 (16) | 215 (20) | 533 (50) | 350 (32) | ... | 575 (54) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 617 (280) | 617 (280) | 992 (450) | 597 (275) | 639 (290) | 882 (400) ~Weight~ { | | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Anzani | 50 Gnome | Various | Various | Various | Various | 70 Renault | or Gnome | | | | | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 84 (135) | 84 (135) | 61 (98) | 50 (80) | 57 (92) | 56 (90) | 56 (90) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 67 (108) | 65 (105) | 53 (85) | ... | 53 (84) | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4 | 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Wood and steel construction. Landing: carriage |Wood and steel construction. Landing: wheels and skids. wheels. _Control_: warping and rear elevator. |_Control_: ailerons and front rear elevator. Rectangular body. | -------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration: SOMMER. UAS]

TRAIN. E. Train, Buoy, Camp de Chalons (Marne).

-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | 1-seater. | 2-seater. | Hydro-mono. | ~Monoplanes.~ | | | | -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 30-3/4 (9.30) | 35 (10.66) | 42-1/2 (12.94) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 215 (20) | ... | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 573 (260) | 617 (280) | ... | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 30/60 Anzani | 70 Gnome | 80 Gnome | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 59 (95) | 65 (105) | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 47 (75) | ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | -----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--Steel construction. Landing: carriage wheels and skids. _Control_: warping and rear elevator. The hydro has one very large float which extends a considerable distance ahead of the tractor.

[Illustration: TRAIN. UAS]

TUBAVION. Ponche & Primaud, Long.

-----------------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | Monoplane. | | ~1913.~ | -----------------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.85) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 194 (18) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 772 (350) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 65 (105) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | -----------------------------------+------------------+

Notes.--Tubular steel construction. Landing: wheels and 2 very long skids. Propeller: amidships.

[Illustration: TUBAVION. UAS]

VINET. Gaston Vinet, 41-47 quai de Seine, Courbevoie: also 2-8 rue Larnac. Established for automobile work, 1893. Aeroplane output capacity: small.

-----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ Model and date. | Type ~D~ | ~1913.~ | | ~1912~ mono. | Mono. | -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-1/2 (6.60) | 21 (6.40) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28-1/2 (8.60) | 28 (8.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 162 (15) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 550 (250) | 440 (200) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 50 Gnome | ~Speed~ max m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 60 (95) | Number built during 1912 | 6 | ... | -----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

Notes.--Wood construction. Landing wheels and skids. _Control_: warping and rear elevator. Rectangular body. The two types are practically identical.

[Illustration: VINET. Type D. UAS]

VOISIN. Voisin Aeroplanes, Boulevard Gambetta, Issy le Molineux, (Seine). School: Mourmelon. Capital 1,000,000 francs. The oldest aeroplane firm in the world, founded by the Brothers Voisin in 1905. (See past editions).

Latest models are:

----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ | Military | | Military | Model and date. | biplane. | Hydro-biplane. | biplane. | | Model ~1912.~ | Model ~1912.~ | Model ~1913.~ | ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (11.50) | 36 (11) | 32-3/4 (10) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 55-3/4 (17) | 43-1/4 (13.50) | 45-1/3 (13.80) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 387 (36) | 376 (35) | 398 (37) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1367 (620) | 1212 (550) | 1102 (500) | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 772 (350) | 661 (300) | 794 (360) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 100 Gnome | 80 Gnome | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 62 (100) | 65 (105) | ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | 47 | 8 | ... | ----------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

[Illustration: Canard with floats. _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._]

ZODIAC. Societe Zodiac, 10 route du Havre, Puteaux _pres_ Paris (Seine). Aero park: St. Cyr l'Ecole _pres_ Versailles. Established 1896. Capital 850,000 francs.

-----------------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~S2.~ | | ~1913.~ | -----------------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 38-3/4 (11.75) | {feet (m.)| 49 (15) | ~Span~ { | | {feet (m.)| 36 (11) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 350 (32) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 1010 (460) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 551 (250) | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 59 (95) | Number built during 1912 | ... | -----------------------------------+------------------+

Notes.--Wood construction. _Control_: Ailerons and 1 rear elevator. Upper planes staggered 30 in advance of lower. Quadrilateral fuselage. Piloted passenger side by side. Landing carriage: 2 wheels and 1 skid. Aeroplatte fabric.

The 1912 model was practically the same.

[Illustration: ZODIAC. UAS]

[Illustration]

FRENCH DIRIGIBLES.

~Military.~ ---------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+-------------+------------------ | | | | Capacity | | Speed. | Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (K) | Notes. ---------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+-------------+------------------ 1909 | ~LIBERTE~ | Lebaudy | s.r. | 4800 | 120 | 28 (45) | | | | | | | | 1910 | ~COL. RENARD~ | Astra | n.r. | 4100 | 100 | 30 (50) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~ADJUTANT REAU~ | Astra 10 | n.r. | 8950 | 220 | 32 (53) | " | ~LIEUT. CHAURE~ | Astra 11 | n.r. | 8950 | 220 | 32 (53) | " | ~ADJ. VINCENNOT~ | C. Bayard 4 | n.r. | 7500 | 75 | 29 (48) | " | ~SELLE DE BEAUCHAMP~ | Lebaudy | s.r. | 8000 | 75 | 30 (50) | " | ~CAPT. MARECHAL~ | Lebaudy | s.r. | 7500 | 160 | | " | ~LE TEMPS~ | Zodiac 9 | n.r. | 2500 | 75 | 29 (48) | " | ~CAPT. FERBER~ | Zodiac 10 | n.r. | 6000 | 180 | 33 (54) | " | ~COMDT. COUTELLE~ | Zodiac 11 | n.r. | 9000 | 380 | 37 (60) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~SPIESS~ | Zodiac 12 | r. | 11000 | 400 | 40 (65) | " | ~FLEURUS~ | C. Bayard 5 | n.r. | 6500 | 150 | 36 (58) | " | ~ECLAIREUR CONTE~ | Astra 12 | n.r. | 6640 | 75 | 28 (46) | " | ~DUPUY DE LOME~ | C. Bayard 6 | n.r. | 9700 | 244 | 35-1/2 (58) | | | | | | | | _Building_ | _A_ | Astra |} | | | | | _B_ | C. Bayard 7 |} | | | | | _C_ | Lebaudy |} | 17000 | 1000 | 43-1/2 (70) | | _D_ | Zodiac 13 |} ? | | | | | | |} | | | | _Pro._ | _7 new_ 20,000 c.m. | |} | | | | ---------------+----------------------+-------------+-------+----------+------+-------------+------------------

~Military sheds~ at Belfert, Epinal, Maubenge, Reims, Toul, Verdun (2). --Total 7.

During the year 1912 the principal work done was as follows:--

-----------------+------------+---------------------+------------ | Hours out. | Distance travelled. | Gas used. Name. | | m. (km.) | m cubed -----------------+------------+---------------------+------------ _C. Ferber_ | 152 | 3540 (5900) | 45,500 _Adj. Reau_ | 105-1/2 | 2310 (3845) | 81,000 _Dupuy de Lome_ | 100 | 2655 (4424) | 66,500 _Adj. Vincennot_ | 55 | 1340 (2235) | 50,000 _Le Temps_ | 23 | 440 (700) | 9,000 _Fleurus_ | 3-3/4 | 100 (159) | 19,000 -----------------+------------+---------------------+------------

~Army Dirigible Pilots.~

Airault, F. Balny D'Avricourt Baudry, A. Bayard de Mendoca Clerget, P. Cohen, A. Herbster, M. Hirschaner, Col. Juchmes, G. Mugnier, Capt. Noe, Martial Perisse, Y. Renard, Col. P. Roussel, A. Schelcher, A.

Note.--There are no dirigibles attached to the Navy.

~Private.~ ------+--------------------+----------+-------+----------+------+-----------------+---------------- | | | | Capacity | | Speed. | Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (k.p.h.) | Remarks. ------+--------------------+----------+-------+----------+------+-----------------+---------------- 1909 | ~ASTRA~ | Astra 7 | n.r. | 4475 | 100 | 27 (43) | | | | | | | | 1909 | ~ZODIAC III~ | Zodiac 3 | n.r. | 1400 | 40 | 28 (45) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~ASTRA TORRES~ | Astra | n.r. | 1930 | 55 | 34 (56) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~TRANSAERIENNE II~ | Astra 13 | n.r. | 9000 | 350 | 34 (56) | ------+--------------------+----------+-------+----------+------+-----------------+----------------

~Private sheds~ at Chalons-s-Marre, Issy (2), Lamotte-Breuil, Meaux, Melun, Mousson, Reims, Pau, St. Cyr (2).--Total 11.

32 sheds are building or projected by the National Aviation Committee.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Capazza, Louis Godart, Louis Julliott, Henri Kapferer, Henri La Vaulx (de) Compte Santo-Dumont, Albert Surcouf, Edward

=ASTRA CLASS.=

Astra Societe de Constructions Aeronautique, 13, Rue Couchot, and 121, Rue de Bellevue, Billancourt.

This Society was founded by Surcouf for the production of ordinary balloons. The first dirigible work was building part of the old _Lebaudy_ in 1903, followed in 1906 by the _Ville de Paris_. The total number of dirigibles of this type completed by the end of 1912 stood at 14, one very large dirigible in hand for the French Army, and one small one for the British Navy, and another for the Russian Army.

Owing to changes in names, or owing to two names getting supplied to one ship, confusion frequently exists as to the names of the Astra dirigibles. The correct list is as follows:--

1. Part of the LEBAUDY 1903 2. VILLE DE PARIS 1906 3. VILLE DE BORDEAUX 1908 4. VILLE DE NANCY 1909 5. Russian Military dirigible, KOMMISSIONNY,} originally known as CLEMENT-BAYARD I} 1909 6. COLONEL RENARD 1909 7. ASTRA-TRANSAERIENNE-VILLE DE PAU-VILLE} DE LUCERNE[C] } 1909 8. ESPANA (Spanish Military) 1909 9. VILLE DE BRUXELLES 1910 10. LIEUT. CHAURE (French Military) 1911 11. ADJUTANT REAU (French Military) 1911 12. ECLAIREUR CONTE (French Military) 1912 13. TRANSAERIENNE II 1912 14. ASTRA-TORRES I 1911

The general features of the _Astra_ class are: Non-rigid, weights distributed by means of a long girder hung under the gas bags, a long nacelle, and inflated stabilising shapes at the rear end of the balloon.

The _Astra-Torres_ type are also non-rigid, but of trefoil section with a short nacelle.

The Compagnie Generale Transaerienne was first established in 1909 with _Transaerienne I_, and during the summers 1909, 1910 and 1911, this ship made a total of 273 ascents, carried 2590 passengers, and voyaged 7990 kilometres.

The Astra firm has dirigible hangers at Issy, Pau, Meaux, and Reims. Its constructional capacity is sufficient to build six dirigibles at any one time.

"ASTRA I-TRANSAERIEN-VILLE DE PAU-VILLE DE LUCERNE" (1909).

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 40 feet (12.20 m.) ~volume,~ 158,000 c. feet (4,475 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--Just over 7 tons=15,763 lbs. (7,150 kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Continental rubbered fabric, yellow.

~Motor.~--One 90-100 C. Bayard.

~Speed.~--27 m.p.h. (43 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--One.

[Illustration: SIDE ELEVATION]

COLONEL RENARD. Military (1909).

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 213 feet (65 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 35 feet (10.50 m.) ~volume,~ 145,000 c. feet (4,200 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--9,921 lbs. (4,500 kgs.)=about 4-1/2 tons.

~Gas bags.~--Yellow coloured rubber proofed Continental fabric.

~Motor.~--One 110 h.p. 4-cylinder Panhard.

~Speed.~--29 m.p.h.

~Propellers.~--1, at the front end of the car. "Integrale."

~Steering.~--Elevators.

Remarks.--The two side stabilising shapes are duplicated, as they were in the _Ville de Paris_. A webbing stretched on steel tubes is introduced between the inner edges of the 4 main stabilising shapes to provide extra stabilising surface.

[Illustration: COLONEL RENARD. UDS

Note.--An elevator aft has since been added.]

Improved _Col. Renard's_ are:--

LIEUT. CHAURE. Military (1911).

ADJUTANT REAU. Military (1911)

TRANSAERIEN II (1911).

## Particulars of these are as follows:--

Notes.--All have 1 propeller forward of 6 m. diameter, and 2 aft of 3.70 m. The _Lieut. Chaure's_ empeunage is by ballonets; in the other two a cellular system and automatic stabilisation are the special feature.

+----------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Appearance practically the same as for _Colonel Renard_. | | | +----------------------------------------------------------+

ECLAIREUR CONTE. Military. (1912)

Nominal volume, 6,500 m cubed.

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 213 feet (65 m.) ~diameter,~ 46 feet (14 m.) ~volume,~ 234,500 c. feet (6,640 m cubed.)

~Ballonets.~--Volume, 71,770 c. feet (2,032 m cubed) empeunage: cellular.

~Nacelle.~--Length, 115 feet (35 m.) Breadth, 5-1/2 feet (1.60 m.) Height _about_ 6 feet (2-1.50 m.)

~Motor.~--2 Chenu, 80 h.p. Hele-Shaw clutch.

~Speed.~--_About_ 28 m.p.h. (43-45 km.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--2 central aft, each of 4 m. (13 feet) diameter. 650 r.p.m.

~Empeunage.~--Cellular, Stabilisation automatic.

Notes.--In this type the usual Astra style, rear of gas bag, is entirely done away with. Surface of each elevator is 18m squared, of the rudder 33m squared. There are 2 petrol reservoirs, each of 180 litre capacity.

~Weights.~

lbs. (kgs.) Crew 838 (380) Details 1367 (620) Tools, etc. 220 (100) "Lest d'altitude" 2205 (1000) " securite 661 (300) ---- ------ Total 5291 (2400)

ASTRA-TORRES I.

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 157 feet (47.72 m.) ~diameter,~ 33 feet (10 m.) ~volume,~ 68,150 c. feet (1,930 m cubed.)

~Ballonets.~--Volume, 11,300 c. feet (320 m cubed.)

~Nacelle.~--Length, 18 feet (5.50 m.) Breadth, 5 feet (1.50 m.) Height, 6-1/2 feet (2 m.)

~Useful lift.~--1,219 lbs. (553 kgs.)

~Motor.~--1 Chenu, 55 h.p., at 1,380 r.p.m. Clutch, Ruban.

~Speed.~--31 m.p.h. (50 km.) ~Endurance~ _about_ 5 hours.

~Propeller.~--1 in rear of nacelle. Diameter, 14-3/4 feet (4.50 m.)

Notes.--The special feature of this type is that it is constructed in three lobes, two below and one above. This particular ship is merely experimental, and is known as a "Vedette." Three models of it are to be obtained, (1) this 55 h.p. of 1,930 m cubed. volume. (2) a 75 h.p. of 2,000 m cubed. nominal volume. (3) a 110 h.p. of from 3,000-3,500 m cubed. volume. This latter is designed to have two propellers instead of one.

Larger editions of the type are also projected as follows:--

~"Scouts:"~ 4500-6300 m cubed. of 200 h.p. (2 motors.) ~"Transaeriens:"~ 7,000-8,000 m cubed. of 400 h.p. (2 motors.) ~"Dreadnoughts:"~ 12,000 m cubed. or so, of 750 h.p. (4 motors.)

[Illustration: UDS]

=CLEMENT-BAYARD CLASS.=

Usines Clement-Bayard, 33, quai Michelet, Levallois-Perret (Seine).

These dirigibles closely resemble the _Astra_ class in some main

## particulars; but (excepting _I_) differ from them in the sharp sterns

and absence of stabilisers on stern.

The ships of this class are:--

1 CLEMENT-BAYARD I (Kommissionny) Russian Military 2 " II British Military (wrecked) 3 " 4 " IV (_Adjutant Vincennot_) French Military 5 " V (_Fleurus_) " 6 " VI Private 7 " VII French Military (_building_), To be of 17,000 m cubed.

ADJUTANT VINCENNOT. Military. (1911.) (Clement-Bayard IV.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 251 feet (76.50 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 43 feet (13.22 m.) ~volume,~ 7,500 m cubed.

~Total lift.~--Nearly 8 tons (8,000 kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ 2-3/4 tons (2717 kgs.)

~Gasbags.~--Continental rubbered fabric. Weight, 380 grammes per m squared. Strength 1,000 kg. per metre. Leakage under 10 litres per m squared per 24 hours.

~Motors.~--2 Clement motors, 4-cylinder, of 130 h.p., each placed on either side of the motor space.

~Speed.~--35 m.p.h. (56 km.)

~Propellers.~--2 Chauviere. Diameter, 19-3/4 feet (6 m.) Placed one on either side of the motors, well above the level.

~Steering.~--Vertical steering by means of a treble horizontal rudder over the rear end of the car. Horizontal steering by means of 2 vertical rudders placed one on each side of the rear horizontal rudder.

Remarks.--The feature of this _C.B._ type, which distinguishes it from the Astra ships of about the same size, is the arrangement of the propellers and the use of a 2 speed gear in connection with these. Normally each motor drives its own propeller through two sets of gearing connected by a Cardan shaft. On stopping one motor, the stopped motor is unclutched from its propeller shaft, which is then connected up by chain drive to the opposite shaft. The running motor is then put on to a "low gear," so that it can make the revolutions necessary for obtaining full power, while the propellers run slower than before. The ratio of "low gear" to "high" is 2 to 1, so that a single motor will be running under its best conditions when well throttled down.

A sister, _C. Bayard II_ was sold to the British Army, and wrecked or dismantled, 1911.

LIST OF WEIGHTS.

kgs. Gas bag 1,350 Valves (4) 45 Suspension 195 Girder (complete with fittings) Bow portion (6 m. long.) 128 Engine room (2.5 m.) 1,390 Bridge and passenger space (12 m.) 957 After part (18 m.) 182 Raised tail (4.5 m.) 63 2 Propeller brackets 378 2 Propellers 230 Rudders 150 Water 140 Trail ropes 75 ----- Total 5,283 Lift 8,000 ----- Balance, for ballast fuel, oil, crew 2,717

FLEURUS. Military. (C.B. V.) (1912.)

C. BAYARD VI. (Private.) (1913.)

These two are slightly smaller sisters of the _Adjutant Vincennot_.

=LEBAUDY CLASS.=

Ateliers Lebaudy Freres, Moisson, par La Roche-Guyon (Seine-et-Oise).

~DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS:~

The cars are short and suspended from a long keel which is suspended close up to the gas bag, and is mostly covered in with fireproof canvas.

The rear end of the keel is expanded into fixed vertical and horizontal fins, and carries a vertical and a horizontal rudder.

The rear end of the gas bag is fitted with thin fixed planes (compare with the pear shaped or tubular fins of the "Astra" class).

The cars are provided underneath with an extraordinarily strong conical structure, which takes the shock of striking the ground and distributes it over the whole car.

Aeroplanes are now fitted, one each side of the keel, well forward.

Ships of this class which have been built:--

~LEBAUDY I~ ~French Military Airship.~ Rebuilt 1909 into _Lebaudy II_. } now 1. ~LEBAUDY II~ " " Original _Lebaudy I_ rebuilt. ~Known as~ _Le Jaune_.} discarded 2. ~PATRIE~ Lost in a storm. 3. ~REPUBLIQUE~ ~French Military Airship.~ Wrecked Autumn, 1909. 4. ~LA RUSSIE~ ~Sold to Russian Government.~ Now _Lebed_. 5. ~LIBERTE~ ~French Military Airship.~ 6. ~CAPITAINE MARECHAL~ " " 7. ~"MORNING POST"~ ~British Military.~ (_Lebaudy III._) Wrecked 1911 8. ~LIEUT. SELLE DE BEAUCHAMP.~ ~French Military Airship.~ 9. New ship of 17,000 m cubed building. " "

To Lebaudy designs:--

~ONE~ ~Austrian Military Airship.~

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | | ~CAPITAINE~ | ~SELLE DE~ | New ship. Name | ~LIBERTE~ | ~MARECHAL.~ |~BEAUCHAMP.~ | _Building._ Date | ~1909.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1913-14.~ Service | Military. | Military. | Military. | Military. ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed)| 4800 | 7500 | 8000 | 17,000 ~Length~ feet (m.)| 220 (67) | 279 (85) | 292 (89) | ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | 42 (12.80) | 48 (14.00) | {fabric | Lebaudy | Lebaudy | Lebaudy | ~Gasbags~ { | | | | {ballonets | 1 | ... | ... | {total tons| 4-1/2 | ... | 9 | ~Lift~ { | | | | {useful tons| ... | ... | ... | ~Motors~ h.p.| 1--135 Panhard | 2--80 Panhard | 2--80 Panhard | {number | 2 wood | 2 wood | 2 wood | ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | {diam. feet (m.)| ... | 16-1/2 (5) | 16-1/2 (5) | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 31 (50) | 28 (45) | 28 (45) | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ~Complement~ | ... | ... | 5 | ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

[Illustration]

[Illustration: LIBERTE.]

[Illustration]

=ZODIAC CLASS.=

Societe francaise de ballons dirigeables et d'aviation, Zodiac, 10 route du Havre, Puteaux (Seine).

These dirigibles were intended primarily for private pleasure purposes. Consequently they are designed to fly when filled with coal gas if necessary.

Every effort is made to render them easily transportable; the long girder frame by which the weight is distributed is made to take to pieces.

It is held in France that numbers of this class of vessel would form an invaluable asset in time of war, as each could be transported in a single cart, filled with a very few bottles of hydrogen, and when so filled could man[oe]uvre for some 6 hours at a speed which compares favourably with that of the standard types.

When the service of reconnaissance was performed, the vessel could be packed up and sent out of harm's way in an hour, whereas this could scarcely be done with a larger vessel on account of the quantity of hydrogen that would be required if it had to be filled afresh for each service. The mooring of an airship in the open during war requires such an amount of preparation and attention as to be a serious drawback to the alternative plan of keeping such vessels unfilled, while the sending of an airship back to its distant shed on each occasion means doubling the work that the ship is called upon to perform.

Ships of class are:--

1. ZODIAC I (_Petit Journal_) 2. " II (_De la Vaulx_) 3 " III 4 " IV Dutch Military 5. " V South American (private) 6. " VI Sold to United States 7 " VII Sold to Russian Army 8. " VIII " " 9. " IX (_Le Temps_) French Army 10. " X (_Capitaine Ferber_) " 11. " XI (_Commandant Coutelle_) " 12. " XII (_Spiess_) " (rigid)

ZODIAC III.

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 134 feet (40.8 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 28 feet (8.5 m.) ~volume,~ 1,400 m cubed.

~Total lift.~--1-1/2 tons (1,540 kgs.) ~Useful lift,~ lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Light continental rubbered fabric.

~Motor.~--Ballot, 4-cylinder, 40-45 h.p., 1,200 r.p.m.

~Speed.~-- m.p.h. (45 km.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--Driven at 600 r.p.m. Integral type, 12-1/4 feet (3.75 m.) in diameter. Pitch, 6-1/2 feet (2 m.) in rear of the car.

~Steering.~--Vertical balanced rudder in rear of the vertical fin, under the rear of the gas bag. Double elevator above the fore end of the car. Horizontal fins of material spread on iron frames on either side of the rear end of the car.

Remarks.--The car consists of a 130 feet (40 m.) long wooden girder, which can be divided into 4 separate parts of 13 feet (4 m.) each. The suspension is by steel wires fitted with adjusting screws at the lower ends and toggles at the upper ends, by which they connect to the crows' feet which are sewn to the suspension strips.

[Illustration: ZODIAC III.]

DETAILED WEIGHTS OF _ZODIAC III._

kgs. lbs. Gas bag (_including_ ballonet) 330 727-1/2 Valves 12 26-1/2 Suspension wires and gear 15 33 Tail fins 24 53 Horizontal rudder 10 22 Vertical rudder 10 22 Girder car 168 370-1/4 Motor (_including_ pump, magneto, lubricating gear, etc.) 275 606-1/4 Motor bearer and gear 22 48-1/2 Petrol tank 10 22 Radiator 25 55 Reduction gearing 12 26-1/2 Shafting 15 33 Fan 9 20 Steering gear 5 11 Water 8 17-3/4 Petrol 20 44 Miscellaneous: 4 men 300 661 --- --- Total 1,270 2,800 _about_ Ballast 270 595 ----- ----- Total weight 1,540 Total lift 3,395

LE TEMPS. Military. (_Alias ~ZODIAC IX.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 164 feet (50.25 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 29-1/2 feet (9 m.) ~volume~, 81,250 cubic feet (2,300 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bag, etc.~--2 ballonets, each of 257 m cubed.

~Motor~.--Dansette-Gillet. 60 h.p.

~Propellers~.--2, chain driven, one on either side of car.

~Speed.~--

~Steering.~--Elevator in _nacelle_ amidships. Rudder aft.

Remarks.--

[Illustration: LE TEMPS. UDS.]

CAPITAINE FERBER. Military. (_Alias ~ZODIAC X.)

~Maximum length,~ 249-1/3 feet (76 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 40-1/2 feet (12.36 m.) ~volume,~ 6,000 m cubed.

This ship has 2 ballonets of 650 m cubed. each, and a car 35x13x2 m., made up of 5 sections. 2 ~motors~. Dansette-Gillette, 90 h.p., each actuating 2 propellers (4-bladed), geared to 500 r.p.m. Carries petrol for 15 hours work. Completed 1911.

[Illustration: _Photo, Branger._]

[Illustration: CAPITAINE FERBER. UDS.]

COMMANDANT COUTELLE. Military. (ZODIAC XI.)

+-------------------------------+ | | | (Enlarged _Captaine Ferber_.) | | _Building._ | | | +-------------------------------+

~Maximum length,~ 292 feet (89 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 46 feet (14 m.) ~volume,~ 9,000 m cubed.

~Gas bags, etc.~--2 ballonnets, each 45,900 c. feet (1,300 m cubed.)

~Nacelle.~--Nickel steel in 5 sections. Length, 131-1/4 (40 m.) Width, 4-1/2 feet (1.30 m.) Hung 16-1/2 feet (5 m.) below the balloon. Pilot in centre. Carries a total crew of six, petrol and oil for 15 hours' continuous work at full power.

~Motors.~--2, each of 190 h.p.=total of 380 h.p. Placed one at either end of the nacelle.

~Propellers.~--4, of 15 feet (4.50 m.) diameter. Two geared to each motor to half engine speed.

~Speed~ (expected).--37 m.p.h. (60 k.p.h.)

ZODIAC XII. Rigid. Military. (SPIESS.)

[Illustration: Spiess. _Building._ _Photo, Branger._]

~Maximum length,~ 341 feet (104 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 42-3/4 feet (13 m.) ~volume,~ 11,000 m cubed.

~Gas bags.~--Sections 11. Number of cylindrical sections 8. Number of sides to polygon 14.

~Motors.~--Two 6-cylinder 200 h.p. in each nacelle, each driving 2 propellers of 15 feet (4.50 m.) diameter.

~Speed.~ (expected)--40 m.p.h. (65 k.p.h.)

[Illustration]

GERMAN.

(By our special German editor.)

~Aerial Journals:--~

_Deutsche Luftfahrer Zeitschrift fur Luftschffahr_ Berlin, W. (Fortnightly).

_Allgemeine Automobil Zeitung_, Berlin (Weekly).

_Automobil Welt_, Berlin (Thrice Weekly).

_Das Deutsche Auto_, Munich (Weekly).

_Die Luftflotte_, Berlin (Monthly).

_Internationale Revue fuer Autowesen & Aviatik_, Leipzig (Fortnightly).

_Flugsport_, Frankfurt (Fortnightly).

_Motor_, Berlin (Monthly).

_Der Motorwagen_, Berlin (Thrice Monthly).

_Monatshefte der Reichsfliegerstiftung_, Charlottenburg (Monthly).

_Zeitschrift fuer Flugtechnik & Motorluftschiffahrt,_ Berlin (Fortnightly).

~Private Flying Grounds~ (Military see further on):--

~Adlershof,~ Teil des Flugfeldes Johannisthal (_Wright_ School).

~Bork,~ Post Brueck in der Mark (_Mars_ School).

~Burg bei Magdeburg~ (_Schulze_ School).

~Darmstadt~ (Truppenuebungsplatz).

~Dotzheim bei Wiesbaden.~

~Frankfurt a.M.~ (_August Euler_).

~Fuehlungen bei Koeln~ (Koelner Club fuer Flugsport).

~Garching b. Muenchen~ (_Hoffman-Harlan_).

~Griesheim b. Frankfurt a.M.~ (Frankfurter Flugsport-Club & Flugtechn. Verein).

~Habsheim b. Muelhausen i.E.~ (_Aviatik_).

~Hainberg b. Nuernberg~ (Flugtechn. Ges. Nuernberg-Fuerth).

~Hamburg~ (_Grade_).

~Holten. Niederrh. Verein f.L.~ (_Hilsmann_).

~Johannisthal b. Berlin~ Flugschule _Albatros, Dorner, Harlan, Fokker, Luftverkehrs-ges. m.b.H., _Rumpler & Wright_.

~Kitzingen in Bayern,~ 1911 (Hildebrand & Schroth).

~Lindenthal b. Leipzig.~ (School for Deutschen Flugzengwerke).

~Loddenheide b. Muenster.~

~Meerheimb b. Koeln.~

~Milbertshofen b. Muenchen~ (Dr. Wittenstein).

~Neuenlande b. Bremen~ (_Mueller-Aviatik_, Bremer v.t.L.)

~Niederwalluf,~ 1911 (_Goedecker_).

~Oberwiesenfeld bei Muenchen~ (_Gustav Otto_).

~Puchheim b. Muenchen.~

~Reichenberg-Boxdorf b. Dresden.~

~Schneverdingen~ (_Oertz_).

~Schulzendorf b. Berlin~ (_A.E.G._)

~Strassburg i.E.,~ "Polygon" (E.E.C. _Mathis_).

~Suechteln.~

~Teltow bei Berlin.~

~Velten bei Berlin~ (_A.E.G._)

~Wandsbek,~ Exerzierplatz, 1911 (_Rumpler_ und Jordan).

~Weimar~ (_Wright_).

~Wustenbrand b. Chemnitz~ (Flugtechn. Ges. in Chemnitz).

~Zahlbach b. Mainz~ (School for Aut. & Flugtechnik).

~Aerial Societies:--~

Aachener V. f. L. Aix la Chapelle.

Aero Club (Imperial), 3, Nollenderfplatz, Berlin. Sec.: H. Von Frankenberg und Ludwigsdorf.

Akademie fuer Aviatik, Munich.

Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil Club, Munich.

Anhaltischer V. f. L. (E. U.) M. Antoineatten str. 22a, Dessau.

Augsburger Verein fuer Luftschiffahrt, Augsburg.

Automobil-und Flugtechnische-Gesellschaft (E. V.) Nurnberger Platz 5, Haupyverein Berlin, Hochster Str. 1, Bezirksverein Frankfurt a. M, Neuer Wall 44, II, Hamburg.

Bayerischer A. K. Munich.

Berliner V. f. L., Berlin.

Bilterfeldt V. f. L., Bilterfeld.

Braunschweigische V. f. L.

Breisgau V. f. L., Freiburg.

Bremer V. f. L. (E. V.) N. W., Obernstr, 52/54 I, Bremen.

Bromberger V. f. L. (E. V.) O, Gasanstalt, Bromberg, Stadt.

Chemnitzner V. f. L.

Deutsche Touring Club, Munich.

Deutscher Luftflotten Verein, Mannheim.

Dusseldorfer Luftdahrer-Klub (E. V.) W. Dusseldorf, Breite Str. 25, I.

Erfurter V. f. L. (E. V.) M. Dalversweg 24, Erfurt.

Flugverein Neustadt a. d. Haardt, S. W., Neustadt, I.

Flugzeugkonvention des V. D. M. L., Potsdamer Str. 121 H, III, Berlin W.

Frankfuerter Flugsport-Club (E. V.) Neue Mainzer Str. 76, Frankfurt a. M.

Frankfurter Flugtechn, Verein (E. V.) Bahnhofplatz 8, Frankfurt a. M.

Frankfurter V. f. L. (E. V.) S. W. Kettenhofweg 136, Frankfurt, a. M.

Frankischer V. f. L. (E. V.) S. Kurschnerhof 6, Wursburg.

Hamburger V. f. L. (E. V.) N. W., 36, Colonnaden 17-19, Hamburg.

Hannoverscher V. f. L. (E. V.) N. W., Lortzingstr. 6, Hannover.

Hereforder Verein fur Lufthahrt, Bahnhofplatz, Alfermann, Herford.

Hildesheimer V. f. L., Hilkesheim, Lucienvorder str. 22.

Kaiserlicher Aero-Club, K. Nollendorfplatz 3, Berlin W.

Kaiserlicher Automobil-Club, K, 9 Leipzigerplatz 16, Berlin W.

Karlsruher Luftfahrt-Verein (E. V.) S. W., Bachstr, 28, Karlsruhe.

Kolner Club, f. L. (E. V.) W. Bischofsgartenstr. 22, Koln.

Koniglich Bayerischer Automobil-Club, B. Brienner str. 5 I, Munchen.

Koniglicher Sachsischer V. f. L. (E. V.) Sa, Ferdinandstr. I, Dresden.

Kurhessischer V. f. L. (E. V.) S. W., Physikalisches Institut, Marburg ad Lahn; Cassel Sektion, Kolnische str. 84, Cassel.

Leipziger V. f. L. (E. V.) Sa, Markt 1, Leipzig.

Lubecker V. f. L. (E. V.) N. W., Israeldorfer Allee 13a, Lubeck.

Luftshrverein Gotha (fruther Reichsflugverein Gotha), Gotha, I.

Luftfahrtverein Touring-Club, Pranner str. 24, I. Munchen.

Luftschiffahrt-Verein Munster fur Munster und das Munsterland (E. V.) N. W., Munster i. W, Klosterstr. 31-32.

Magdeburger V. f. L. (E. V.) M, Wetterwarte, Bahnhofstr. 17, Magdeburg.

Mannheimer V. f. L. "Zahringen" (E. V.) S. W., 7-8 Hansa-Haus, Mannheim.

Mecklenburgerischer Aero-Club, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Str. 85, II, I, Schwerin i. M.

Mindener Verein fur Luftfahrt, N. W., Grosser Domhof 1, L, Minden i. W.

Mitterheinischer V. f. L., S. W., Weisenauer, Str. 15, Mainz.

Munchener V. f. L. (E. V.) Residentzstr. 27 III, Munchen.

Niederrheinischer V. f. L. (E. V.) Wilhemstr. 11, Bonn, Wupperthal Sektion, Hauptfeuerwache, Barmen; Essen Sektion, Bachstr. 21, Essen-Ruhr; Bonn Sektion, Wilhelmstr. 11, Bonn.

Niedersachachsischer V. f. L. (E. V.) Hildesheimer Bank, Filiale Gottingen, Gottingen.

Niederschlesisch-Markischer Verein fur Luftfahrt, Grunberg i. Schl, I.

Nordmark-Verein fur Motorluftfahrt (E. V.) Dusternbrooker Weg 38, Kiel.

Obererzgebirgischer V. f. L. (E. V.) Sa, Geschaftsstelle, Schwarzenberg i. S., Erla im Erzgebirge.

Oberrheimischer V. f. L. (E. V.) S. W., Blauwolkengasse 21, Strassburg i. Els.

Oberschwabischer V. f. L. (E. V.) S, Promenade 17, Ulm a. D.

Osnabrucker V. f. L. (E. V.) N. W., Wittekindstr. 4, Osnabruck.

Ostdeutscher V. f. L. (E. V.) O, Courbierestr. 34, II. Graudenz.

Ostpreusischer V. f. L. (E. V.) O, Kneiphofische Langgasse 8 I, Konigsberg i. Pr.

Pfalzischer Luftfahrtverein Speyer, S. W., Speyer a. Rh. I.

Pommerscher V. f. L. (E. V.) Pasewalk (Stettin) F. 65.

Posener Luftfahrer-V. (E. V.) O, Posen, Kronprinzenstr, 101a.

Reichsflugverein (E. V.) Motztrs, 76, Berlin.

Rheinisch-Westfalische Motorluftschaff-Gesellsch. (E. V.) Bachstr. 21, Essen-Ruhr.

Saarbrucker Verein fur Luftfahrt, S. W. Saarbrucken, I.

Sachsisch-Thuringischer V. f. L. Belvedere-Allee 5, Weimar; Halle a. S. Sektion (E. V.) Halle a. Muhlweg 10 und Poststr. 6; Thuringische Sektion, Staaten; Belvederealle, 5, Weimar.

Schlesischer Aero-Club (E. V.) O, Schweidnitzerstr. 16-18 Breslau.

Schlesischer V. f. L. (E. V.) O, Schweidnitzerstr. 16-18 Breslau.

Schleswig-Holstein. Flieger-Club, N. W., Niemannsweg 81b, Kiel.

Seeoffizier-Luftclub (S.L.C.W.) N. W., Peterstr. 80 II, Wilhelmshaven.

Trierer Club. f. L. (E. V.) W., Nagelstr. 10, Trier.

V. D. Luftchiff-Industrieller, Kleiststr. 8, III, Berlin, W.

V. D. Motorfahrzeug-Industrieller, Potsdamerstr. 121b, Berlin, W.

V. f. Flugwesen in Mannheim, S. W., Lange Rotterstr. 106, I. Mannheim.

V. f. L. am Bodensee (E. V.) S. W., Zummsteinstr. 11, Schwedenchanze 3a, Konstanz.

V. f. L. Darmstadt, S. W., Darmstadt, I.

V. f. L. Gieben, S. W., Seltersweg 56, I., Gieben.

V. f. L. Kolmar (Posen), (E. V.) O. Privinzialbank, Kommanditgesellschaft a. A., Kolmar i. Pos.

V. f. L. Limbach (Sa, u. Umgegend) (E. V.) Postr. 5, Limbach (Sachsen).

V. f. L. in Mainz (E. V.) S. W., Grosse Bleiche 48, Mainz.

V. f. L. in Worms, S. W., Worms, I.

V. f. L. und Flugtechnik Nurnberg-Furth, Klaragasse 2 I, Nurnberg.

V. f. L. in Weimar (E. V.) Erfurter Str. 9, Weimar.

Vogtlandischer V. f. L. (E. V.) Sa, Plauen i. V, Furstenstr. 89.

Westfalisch-Lippischer Luftfahrverein (E. V.) N. W., Kavalleriestr, Petri, Bielefeld.

Westfalish-Markischer Luftfahrer-Verein, Herne, I.

Westpreussicher V. f. L. (E. V.) O., Dr. Waldmann, Abte-inng Schiffbau, Technische Hochschule, Danzig-Langfuhr.

Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fur Flugtechnik, Nollendorfplatz 3, Berlin W. 30.

Wurttenbergischer Flugsport-Club, S. Hegelstr. 4b, Stuttgart.

Wurtembergischer V. f. L. (E. V.) S. am Salzmannsweg 21, Stuttgart.

Zwickauer V. f. L. (E. V.) Sa, Hauptmarkt 20, Zwickau i. S.

~GERMAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Army General.~

The new Army law provides L400,000 (80 million marks) for Army aviation (including dirigibles), in addition to a considerable share of the L4,000,000 which is being spread over a period of five years.

The Army aerial force will be commanded by 2 inspector generals. The aviation force is put at 4 batallions.

_Headquarters_: Berlin. _Stations_: Aachen, Allenstein, Cologne, Darmstadt, Doebritz, Freiburg, Graudenz, Hannover, Insterburg, Jueterbog, Koenigsberg, Metz, Posen, Strassburg, Zeithain.

The scheme will be complete by the end of the year.

~Army Flying Schools.~

~Diedenhofen.~ ~Doeberitz.~ ~Metz.~ ~Oberwiesenfeld~ bei Muenchen (Bavarian). ~Saarburg.~ ~Sperenberg~ bei Jueterbog.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1912 the aeroplane force was as follows:--

Bought in 1911 10 monoplanes (2 Grade, 1 Schultze, 5 Rumpler). 25 biplanes (3 Albatross, 22 Farman type.) Bought in 1912 91 monoplanes (20 Bristol, 1 Dorner, 2 Etrich Taube, 2 Grade, 6 Harlan, 20 Mars, 40 Rumpler Taube). 144 biplanes (50 Albatros, 12 Aviatik, 30 Euler, 10 Otto, 2 L.V.G., 10 Mars, 6 Wrights). ---- Making a total of ~270~ of which number about 200 were war-effectives.

For ~1913~ there are ~200~ new aeroplanes building or provided for.

Under the new regulations, military machines must comply with the following conditions:--

1. Must be of entirely German manufacture, with ample and comfortable seating accommodation for pilot and passenger.

2. Design must permit of fitting bomb droppers and photographic apparatus.

3. Speed capabilities must not be less than 90 kilometres (56 m.p.h.)

4. Dimensions must not exceed 49 feet span (14.50 m.), 39 feet long (12 m.), 13 feet high (3.50 m.), and the motor not more than 100 h.p.

5. Minimum endurance, 4 hours.

~Army Aviators.~

Ackermann, Lt. K. Albrecht, Ob-Lt. K. Altrichter, Lt. K. v. Apell, Lt. K. Barends, Lt. von Beaulieu, Ob-Lt. W. Berlin, Ob-Lt. E. Blume, Lt. W. Boeder, Lt. O. Braun, Lt. Busch, Lt. H. v. Buttlar, Lt. W. Canter, Lt. Cipa, T. Coerper, W. Lt. von Detten, Lt. G. Demmel, Lt. M. Dransfield, Lt. E. Eich, H. von Eickstedt, Ob-Lt. V. Erhardt, Ob-Lt, R. (119) von Falkenhayn, Lt. F. E. Graf Finck von Finckenstein, Lt. L. Fisch, Lt. W. (107) von Freyberg-Eisenberg-Allmendingen, Lt. F. E. Funck, Lt. W. Geerdtz, F. H. (133) von Gersdorff, Ob-Lt. E. Geyer, Lt. H. Goebel, Ob-Lt. W. Grade, W. H. St. (20) von Hadeln, Lt. F. v. Hammacher, Lt. (49) von Hammerstein Gesmold, Ob-Lt. F.A. Hantelmann, Ob-Lt. M. von Helldorf, Ob-Lt. v. Hiddessen, F. Lt. (47) Hildebrand, Ob-Lt. F. Hofer, Ob-Lt. W. Hoepker, Lt. A. von Jagwitz, Lt. F. Joly, Lt. A. Justi, Lt. K. Kahl, H. Kastner, Lt. H. Keim, Lt. J. (127) Keller, Lt. G. Koch, Lt. W Kohr, Lt. R. Lauer, Lt. R. Lauterbach, Ob-Lt. F. von Lichtenfels, Lt. S. (51) von Liusingen, Lt. L. Ludewig, F. Ob-Lt. Meyer, Lt. W. (136) von Minkwitz, Lt. H. von Mirbach, Lt. K. Mudra, Lt. H. (95) Neumann, Ob-Lt. H. von Obernitz, Ob-Lt. W. Oelsner, Lt. W. von Oertzen, Ob-Lt. J. von Osterroht, Lt. P-H. Petri, Ob-Lt. F. (120) Pfeifer, Lt. L. Pirner, Lt. H. K. von Poser und Gross-Naedlitz, Ob-Lt. F. Pueschel, Ob-Lt. K. Rapmund, Lt. M. Reiche, Lt. A. v. Reichenberg-Wolfskeel, Graf. (93) Reinhardt, Lt. S. Reuss, Lt. W. Ritter, Lt. K. (121) Roser, H. H. (83) Schaefer, Ob-Lt. L. v. Scheele, Lt. A. Schlegel, Lt. O. Schneider, Lt. H. Schreyer, F. Schulz, Lt. J. Schwartzkopff, Lt. H. Serno, Lt. E. Sieber, Lt. H. Solmitz, F. Lt. Sommer, Lt. P. Steindorf, H. Steger, O. Lt. von Stoephasius, Lt. M. Striper, Lt. F. Suren, Lt. E. Suren, Lt. G. Suren, Lt. H. Taeufert, Lt. W. v. Tiedemann, Ob-Lt. R. (17) von Trotha, Ob-Lt. Vogt, Lt. v. Wedemeyer, Ob-Lt. E. Wendler, Lt. W. Weyer, Lt. G. Wiegandt, Lt. W. Wilberg, Ob-Lt. H. (26) Wildt, Lt. K. (43) Wirth, Ob-Lt. W. (92) Wulff, Lt. A. Zwickau, Lt. K.

~Navy General.~

The 1913 expenditure on naval aviation (including dirigibles) is L250,000 (50 million marks), plus a portion of the special expenditure.

~Naval Flying Schools.~

~Holminsel~ b. Danzig. ~Putzig~ b. Danzig.

~Naval Stations.~

~North Sea.~--Cuxhaven (staff to be 5 officers and 192 under officers and men), Emden and Hamburg.

~Baltic.~--Kiel, Putzig and Konigsberg.

~General Headquarters.~--Berlin.

Each station will ultimately consist of one dirigible and a number of hydro-aeroplanes.

~Navy Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1912 the total effective force was:--

~4 monoplanes~ (_Rumpler_ hydro.) ~10 biplanes~ (4 _Albatros_ hydro., 2 _Curtiss_ hydro., 4 _Euler_). -- Total ~14~

The _Curtiss_ were purchased towards the end of 1911, all the others in 1912.

All are or can be fitted with wireless, range 50 miles.

1913. Others on order, including _Ottos_ on floats (_A.G.O._), of which one was delivered in April.

~Navy Aviators.~

Bertram, Ob-Lt. (123) Coulmann, W. Francke, Ob-Lt. C. (142) Goltz, Kap-Lt. K. von Gorrissen, Lt. (4) Hartmann, R. Ob-Lt. (96) Hering, Kap-Lt. M. Janetzky, Kap-Lt. W. Langfield, Ob-Lt. W. Prinz Heinrich von Preussen (38) Schroeter, Ob-Lt. W. Stemmler, B.

~GERMAN PRIVATE AVIATION.~

To end of March, 1913.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At end of March, 1913, the number of private aeroplanes in Germany was about 80, of which most were school, etc., machines.

Abelmann, Carl Abramowitch, Wasewolod Albers, Wilhelm Alig, Ernst. Arntzen, Orla, Dr. jur. Schirrmeister, Hans Badowski, Ludwig Baierlein, Anton Basser, Gustav Beck, Otto Becker, Reinhold Beese, Frl. Behrend, Adolf Berliner, Rudolf v. Bieber, Harald, Dr. jur. Birkmaier, August Blattmann, Ernst Bohlig, Edmund Bosenius, Rudolf Bossin, Fritz Boutard, Charles Braselmann, Karl Breton, Raymond Arthur Brociner, Marco Brunnhuber, Simon Buechner, Bruno Charlett, Willi Clauberg, Fritz Cremer, Fritz Curdts, Carl De Waal, Bernard Dick, Fritz Donnevert, Willy Dorner, Hermann Duecker, Werner Eberhardt, Alfred Eckardt, Willy Eckelmann, Frank Engelhard, Paul Erblich, Heinz Euler, August Evers, Heinrich Eyring, Raymund (Dr. Huth) Falderbaum, Heinz Faller, Artur Faller, Otto Flegier, Th. v. Fokker, Anthony Fremery, Hemmann Friedrich, Alfred Gasser, Hermann Geiss, Franz Georgi, Johannes v. Gorrissen, Ellery Grade, Hans Griebel, Otto, Leutnant a D. Grulich, Karl Gruenberg, Arthur Haas, Heinrich Hansen, Hans Hanuschke, Bruno Hartmann, Alfred Hasenkamp, Emil Haeusler, Hugo Heim, Oskar Heirler, Paul Hennig, Alfred Hess, Robert Heydenreich, Fritz Hild, Luc. Hintner, Cornelius Hirrlinger, Albert Hirth, Helmuth Hoff, Wilhelm Hoffmann, Siegfr. Hoos, Josef, Dr. jur. Hormel, Walter Horn, Albin Hoesli, Gordian Ingold, Karl Jablonski, Bruno Jahnow, Reinhold, Leutn. d. Landw. Jaenisch, M. Jeannin, Emil Kahnt, Oswald Kammerer, K. F. Ludwig Kaniss, Gustav Kanitz, Willy Karsten, Otto Kaspar, Referendar Katzian, Artemy Keidel, Fridolin Kern, Willy Kiepert, Rudolf Kleinle, Josef Kober, Theodor Koehler, Erich Kohnert, Herbert Koenig, Benno Koenig, Martin Krastel, Heinz, Reimar Krieg, Friedrich Krieger, Karl Krueger, Leutnant a. D. Krueger, Arthur Krumsiek, Wilhelm Kuehne, Ernst Herbert Kunze, Ernst Kurtscheid, Nicolaus Ladewig, Heinz. Ladewig, Herbert, Leutnant, Inf.-Regt. Lagler, Fraeulein Bozena Laitsch, Felix Laemmlin, Charles Lange, Paul Langer, Bruno Lecomte, Ingenieur Lenk, Willy Lichte, Carl Lie, Christian Lindpaintner, Otto E. Linnekogel, Otto Lissauer, Walter Lochner, Erich Loew, Karl Luebbe, Fluglehrer Manhardt, Alfred Willy Mente, Willy, Oberleutnant a. D. Meybaum, Theodor Michaelis, G. A. Mischewsky, Bernard Mohns, Karl Moehring, Charlotte v. Mossner, Robert, Oberleutnant a. D. Muegge, Wilhelm, Kapitan d. Handelsmarine Mueller, B. C. Oscar Mueller, Friedrich Mueller, Karl Mueller, Kurt Munkelt, Kurt Muerau, Georg Netzow, Georg Niemela, Edmund, Leutnant a. D. Noelle, Max Oelerich, Heinrick Oster, Franz Ottenbacher, Ernst Otto, Gustav Paul, Alfred Pentz, Hermann Pietschker, Alfred Placzikowski, Udo von Platen, Horst Plochmann, Ernst Pokristev, Penn, Oberleutnant Poulain, Gabriel Reeb, Alfred Reichhardt, Otto Rentzel, Adolf Rode, Franz de le Roi, Wolfram Roempler, Oskar Rosenstein, Willy Roessler, Fritz Rost, Gottlieb v. Rottenburg, Otto Roever, Hans Rupp, Albert Ruetgers, August Schadt, Karl Schaefer, Otto Schakowskoy, Fuerstin Eugenie Schall, Karl Schauenburg, Theodor Schendel, Georg Scherff, Mauricio Schiedeck, Hermann v. Schimpf, Ernst, Dr. jur Schirrmeister, Hans Schlatter, Joseph Schlegel, Ernst Schlueter, Fritz Schmidt, Erich Schmidt, Richard Schmigulski, Hans Schoener, Georg Schultze, Gustav Schuepphaus, Heinrich Ernst Schwandt, Paul Schwarz, Erwin Sedlmayer, Gerhard Senge, Paul Seydler, Frank Siewert, Lotherm Steffen, Bruno Steinbeck, Hans Stiefvater, Otto Stoeffler, Victor Stoldt Stoephasius, Curt von Strack, Karl Strack, Peter Stueber, Joachim, Leutnant d. R. Suvelack, Josef Thelen, Robert Thiele, Erich Toepfer, Otto Trautwein, Max Treitschke, Friedrich Tybelski, Franz Tweer, Gustav Vollmoeller, Hans Wecsler, Rubin Weickert, Julius Artur Weinaug, Ernst Werntgen, Bruno Wertheim, Paul Weyl, Richard Wiencziers, Eugen Wieting, Werner Wirtz, Reinerm Witte, Gustav Wittenstein, Oskar, Dr. Witterstaetter, E. W. Wolter, Richard von Zastrow, Alexanderm

Note.--Abramowitch was a Russian by birth (killed April, 1913).

The following German aviators have been killed:--

GERMAN AEROPLANES.

~A~

ALBATROS. Albatroswerke G.m.b. H, Flugzeugfabr. u. Fliegerschule, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Established 1910. One of the largest constructors in Germany. Capacity: 150 machines a year.

[Illustration]

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | | 2-seat tractor | Military tractor | Military tractor | Hydro. | Mono. | biplane. | biplane. | | | ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.70) | 34-1/2 (10.5) | 42-1/2 (12.8) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 43-2/3 (13.30) | 52-1/2 (16) | 65-3/4 (20) | ... | ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 430 (40) | 576 (54) | 624 (58.5) | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1058 (480) | 1543 (700) | 1874 (850) | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 90 Mercedes or | 120 N.A.G. or | ... | ... | | 100 Argus | Aust. Daimler | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 59 (95) | 46 (75) | ... | ... ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 | 6 | 7-5 | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | about 40 | 70 | 30 | 4 | 2 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--In all the upper plane is slightly staggered. In all the control is duplicated.

[Illustration: ALBATROS. UAS.]

[Illustration: Albatros. Military hydro-biplane.]

[Illustration: Albatros. Monoplane.]

AVIATIK. Autemobil & Aviatik A.G., Muelhausen i.E. Established 1910. Capacity: 100 a year.

[Illustration: 1912 biplane.]

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1912-13.~ | Monoplane. | Biplane. | Racing biplane. | Hydro-biplane. ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/2 (8) | 36 (11) | 29-1/2 (9) | 36 (11) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39 (11.80) | 52-1/2 (16) | 52-1/2 (16) | 62-1/3 (19) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 258 (.24) | 517 (48) | 517 (48) | 597 (56) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1146 (520) | 1323 (600) | 1234 (560) |1653 (750) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 882 (400) | 882 (400) | 661 (300) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 100 Argus | 100 Argus | 100 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 68-1/2 (110) | 56 (90) | 62 (100) | 52 (80) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5 | 6-8 | 7-8 | 4-5 Number built during 1912 | 6 | 20 | 4 | 3 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The monoplanes are constructed under _Hanriot_ license.

[Illustration: 1913 tractor-biplane (racer).]

[Illustration: Monoplane.]

~D~

DELFOSSE. Ceased to construct.

[Illustration: Dorner]

DORNER III. Monoplane. ~Length.~--34-1/2 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span.~--39-1/3 feet (12 m.) ~Surface.~--280 sq. feet (126 m squared.) ~Weight.~--882 lbs. (400 kgs.)

Type II: ~Length.~--32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~Span.~--38 feet (11.60 m.) ~Surface.~--268-1/2 sq. feet (25 m squared.) ~Weight.~--661 lbs. (300 kgs.) See _Flugsport_, No. 5, 1911.

~E~

ETRICH. Etrich Fliegerwerke, G.m.b. H, Dittersbach b. Liebau (Schlesien). Capacity: 50 a year.

[Illustration]

------------------------------+------------------------------- | ~1913.~ | ~Etrich~ (original) _Taube._ | monoplane. ------------------------------+------------------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.5) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 47-1/2 (14.4) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 301 (28) {Total lbs. (kgs.)| 1323 (600) ~Weight~ { | {Useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Mercedes or Argus { max. m.p.h. (km.)| 71 to 75 (115 to 120) ~Speed~ { | { min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 ------------------------------+-------------------------------

Remarks.--

EULER. August Euler, Frankfurt a.M. In 1908 Euler secured _Voisin_ rights for Germany. In 1910 he took out a patent for a design of his own. In the summer of 1911 he built a successful monoplane, in the autumn of the same year a triplane. Existing models are as follows:--

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | | Triplane. | Monoplane. | Military biplane. ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | no data | no data ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | | ~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-4 | | Number built during 1912 | _about_ 70 | of various types | ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------

[Illustration: Euler. Triplane.]

[Illustration: Euler. Monoplane, 1912.]

[Illustration: Euler. Military biplane.]

~F~

FOKKER. Monoplanes. Fokker-Aeroplanbau, G. m. b. H., 18 Parkstrasse, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Capacity: 40.

---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~A.~ | ~B.~ | ~A.~ | ~B.~ | ~C.~ | Hydro-aeroplane. ---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-3/4 (8.25) | 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (11.50) | 39-1/3 (12) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 52-1/2 (16.20) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 226 (21) | 242 (22.50) | 280 (26) | 280 (26) | 280 (26) | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 838 (380) | 1036 (470) | 970 (440) | 1146 (520) | 1190 (540) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.{| 70 Argus | 100 Argus | 70 Argus | 100 Argus | 70 Renault | 100 Renault {| | | or Dixi | | | or Mercedes {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 68 (108) | 52 (83) | 60 (96) | 53 (85) | 59 (95) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | 43 (70) | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4-6 | 4-6 | 5-8 | 5-8 | 4-6 | 4 Number built during 1912 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 2 | ... ---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The _Fokker_ is a machine of Dutch origin. (See Dutch).

[Illustration: 1912-13 model.]

[Illustration: Hydro.]

FOHN. This firm ceased to exist January, 1913.

~G~

GRADE. Hans Grade Fliegerwerke, Bork, Post Bruck (Mark). Founded 1910 by H. Grade, who was the first man in Germany to fly with a German machine. During 1911 _Grades_ had a considerable vogue, but since then have not been prominent.

[Illustration: 1912 racer.]

-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------- Model and date. | Racer, ~1911.~ | Racer, ~1912.~ | Racer, ~1912.~ | ~C.~ | ~D.~ | ~E.~ -----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 21 (6.50) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/4 (12) | 34-1/2 (10.50) | 41 (12.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 480 (45) | 240 (22) | 360 (33) {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 375 (170) | 408 (185) | 595 (270) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ... | ... ... | ... ... ~Motor~ h.p.| various | ... ... | ... ... ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 71 (115) | 71 (115) Number built during 1912 | ? | 1 or 2 | ? -----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------

[Illustration: GRADE. UAS.]

GOEDECKER. J. Goedecker, Flugmaschinen-Werke, Niederwalluf a. Rh. Flying School: Flugplatz Grosser Sand bei Mainz.

[Illustration: GOEDECKER.]

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1911.~ | Monoplane | Monoplane | "Sturmvogel." | "Sturmvogel." ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 32-3/4 (10) | 29-1/2 (9) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 47-3/4 (14.5) | 47-3/4 (14.5) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 387 (36) | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (459) | 827 (375) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Dixi | 70 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... Number built during 1912 | 8 | 2 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------

~H~

HANSA-TAUBE. Heinrich Heitmann, Aviatik und Konstructions Werkstaetten, Altona.

[Illustration]

----------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | Monoplane. ----------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 24-3/4 (7.5) | 24-3/4 (7.5) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 36-3/4 (11.2) | 36-3/4 (11.2) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 237 (22) | 237 (22) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | 573 (260) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 75 or 100 Argus | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 to 62 (95 to 100)| 62 (100) Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 ----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------

Remarks.--

HARLAN. Harlan Werke, G. m. b. H., 21 Moltkestrasse, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Established 1909, turned into present Company, 1911. Output capacity about 50 machines a year.

[Illustration]

----------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | Military monoplane. | Military monoplane. ----------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 30 (9.10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/3 (12) | 45-1/2 (13.80) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 312 (29) | 312 (29) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1984 (900) ~Weight~{ | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1323 (600) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus or Mercedes | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 69 (110) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 7-8 | 7-8 Number built during 1912 | 20 | 15 ----------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

HANUSCHKE. Bruno Hanuschke, Flugzeugbau, Johannisthal b. Berlin. Capacity: small.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | "Typ populaire" | Typ II. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 24-3/4 (7.50) | 21 (6.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 183 (17) | 172 (16) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 716 (325) | 1102 (500) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 385 (175) | 600 (275) ~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 62 (100) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 | 2 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

~J~

JATHO. Jatho Flugzeugwerke, G. m. b. H., Stader Chaussee 32, Hannover. Karl Jatho built his first aeroplane in 1899, and has produced machines at intervals ever since. Capacity: small.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~1913.~ -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 49-1/4 (15) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 345 (32) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2116 (960) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 N.A.G. ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 75 (120) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 Number built during 1912 | 2 -----------------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

JEANNIN. Emile Jeannin, Flugzeugbau, G. m. b. H., Stahltauben & Renneindecker Fabrik, Johannisthal b. Berlin. Capacity: small.

[Illustration: 1912 "Taube."]

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | "Taube" monoplane. | Racing monoplane. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) | ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100-150 Argus | 150 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 68 (110) | 87 (140) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5-8 | 4-7 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 3 -----------------------------+--------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The 1913 was building only in March.

~K~

KAHNT. Oswald Kahnt, Flugzeugbau, Leipzig. Capacity: small.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~K. F. 1913.~ | "Falke." -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 27-3/4 (8.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 291 (27) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50-70 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) Number built during 1912 | new firm -----------------------------+------------------

KONDOR. Kondor Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H., Essen, Ruhr. Fabrik auf dem Flugplatz. Rotthausen. Capacity: 30 or so a year.

[Illustration: 1913 model. (1912 same appearance.)]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33-3/4 (10.30) | 27 (8.20) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 48-3/4 (14.80) | 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 258 (24) | 280 (26) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1543 (700) | 1328 (600) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 65 (105) | 70 (112) Number built during 1912 | 2 | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--Both models torpedo body, on 4 skids. Planes dart ~V~ form. Constructor: J. Suwelack.

KUeHLSTEIN. Kuehlstein Wagenbau, Karosseriefabrik, Salzufer 4, Charlottenburg. This old-established motor car firm commenced to build aeroplanes in 1911. Capacity: 20 a year.

[Illustration: 96 h.p.]

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | Torpedo monoplane. | Torpedo monoplane. | I. | II. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-3/4 (9.10) | 27 (8.2) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 40-3/4 (12.4) | 35-1/2 (10.8) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 291 (27) | 215 (20) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1984 (900) | 2204 (1000) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1322 (600) | 1543 (700) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 96 Mercedes {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 84 (135) | 87 (140) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 3 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 -----------------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--

~M~

MARS. Deutsche Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H., Lindenthal bei Leipzig. Established 1911. This is one of the most important and successful aviation works in Germany. Capacity: from 80 to 100 machines a year.

[Illustration: Mars. Monoplane.]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | Biplane. | Hydro-aeroplane. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.7) | 31 (9.7) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 55-1/4 (16.8) | 57 (17.8) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 376 (35) | 495 (46) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1234 (560) | 1434 (650) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1808 (820) | 2006 (910) | _Building._ ~Motor~ h.p.| 95 N.A.G. | 95 Mercedes | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 120 (75) | 115 (71) | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5-6 | 4-6 | Number built during 1912 | 6 | 16 | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

[Illustration: Mars. Biplane.]

MROZINSKI. Bernard Mrozinski, Berlin-Wilmersdorf. Established 1912.

[Illustration]

~Length~, 23 feet (7 m.) ~span~, 32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~area~, 215 sq. feet (20 m squared.)

~Weight.~--661 lbs. (300 kgs.)

~Motor.~--20 h.p. Anzani.

~Speed.~--50 m.p.h. (80 km.)

Remarks.--One machine only built in 1912.

~O~

OERTZ. Max Oertz, Yachtwerft, Reiherstieg b. Hamburg. Famous yacht builder. Commenced aeroplane construction in 1911. Existing models as below. Capacity about 25 machines a year.

[Illustration: 1912-13 model.]

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~M 1911-12.~ | ~M 1912-13.~ | Monoplane. | Monoplane. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 30-1/4 (9.2) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41-3/4 (12.75) | 41-3/4 (12.75) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 247 (23) | 263 (24.5) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 948 (430) | 1212 (550) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | 70 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 75 (120) ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 4 Number built during 1912 | 3 | 1 -----------------------------+--------------------+--------------------

OTTO. Gustav Otto, Flugmaschinenwerke, Schleissheimer Str. 135, Munich. Started building in 1911. Present max. capacity about 30 machines a year.

[Illustration]

------------------------------+----------------- | ~M 1912.~ | Biplane. ------------------------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 A. G. Otto. {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-8 Number built during 1912 | 6 ------------------------------+------------------

Remarks.--All 1912 machines purchased for German Army.

~P~

PEGA-EMICH. Flugtechnische und mechanische Werke vorm. Pega & Emich, Falterstrasse 13-15, Griesheim, Frankurt-a-M. Commenced building with a 6-decker in 1910. Capacity: small.

[Illustration]

----------------------------+-------------------- | ~1913.~ | Buteno monoplane. ----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 39-1/4 (12) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 355 (33) {total lbs. (kg.)| 838 (380) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kg.)| 1102 (500) ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 Number built during 1912. | ... ----------------------------+--------------------

PIPPART-NOLL. Pippart-Noll-Flugzeugbau, Mannheim.

[Illustration]

------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- | P. N. 1 | P. N. 2. | P. N. 3. Type. | Sporting. | "Uberland" | Military. | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.50) | 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50 also 7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 39-1/3 (12) | 45 (13.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 215 (20) | 280 (26) | 300 (28) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | 838 (380) | 1234 (560) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 330 (150) | 463 (210) | 441 (200) ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Argus | 70 Argus | 70 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 59 (95) | 62 (100) | 68 (110) ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | 50 (80) ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | 1 | 1 ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------

~R~

RUMPLER. E. Rumpler, Luftfahrzeugbau G. m. b. H., Siegfriedstrasse 202, Berlin-Lichtenberg, also Johannisthal b. Berlin. Established 1909 by E. Rumpler and R. Haessner for the construction in Germany of _Etrich_ (see Austria) monoplanes. These now vary considerably from the original _Etrich_. Capacity at present about 200 to 300 machines a year. Standard models are as follows:--

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | "Taube." | Hydro. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-3/4 (9.50) | 34 (10.30) | 33 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41-1/2 (12.65) | 46 (14) | 49-1/4 (15) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 247 (23) | 336 (32) | 387 (36) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1398 (630) | 1190 (540) | 1328 (600) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 771 (350) | 551 (230) | 485 (220) ~Motor~ h.p.| 95 Mercedes | 100 Argus | 100 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 81 (130) | 59 (95) | 56 (90) ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-7 | 4-6 | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | 60 | 3 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

[Illustration: Rumpler. Hydro-aeroplane.]

[Illustration: Rumpler. Monoplane.]

[Illustration: Rumpler. "Taube." With limousine body.]

RUTH-ROHDE. Ruth-Rohde, Motorgleitflieger, G. m. b. H., Wandsbeck. Established 1912. Capacity: small.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | Biplane I. | Biplane II. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 36 (11) | 45 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 590 (55) | 700 (65) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1653 (750) | 1764 (800) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 75 Argus | 75 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 55 (90) | 55 (90) ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h.(km.)| ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 3-4 Number built during 1912. | 1 | 1 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

~S~

SCHELIES. Richard Schelies, Conventstrasse 5 und 5b, Hamburg 23. Flying Station, etc.: Dockenhuden a/Elbe.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+-------------------- | ~1913.~ | Hydro-monoplane. -----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 705 (320) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 220 (100) ~Motor~ h.p.| Rheinische Aero 35 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... -----------------------------+--------------------

SCHULZE. Gustav Schulze, Flugzeug Werke, Burg b. Magdeburg. Schulze began to build in 1910 light monoplanes, generally along _Santos-Dumont_ lines. Maximum present capacity about 12 machines a year.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | I. | II. | III (2-seater). | I (2-seater). -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 19-3/4 (6) | 26-1/4 (8) | 21-1/3 (6.50) | 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 34-1/2 (10.50) | 28 (8.50) | 29-1/2 (9) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 215 (20) | 172 (16) | 194 (18) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 330 (150) | 441 (200) | 441 (200) | 551 (250) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 24-30 Hilz | 24-30 Hilz | 35 Haacke | 35 Haacke {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 48 (77) | 53 (85) | 56 (90) | 53 (85) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 43 (70) | 50 (80) | 46 (75) Number built during 1912. | 1 | 3 | 1 | _Building._ -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

SIGISMUND. Prinz Sigismund von Preussen, Berlin.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ Model and date. | Monoplane. | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 950 (430) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 395 (180) | ~Motor~ | Argus, 100 | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | Number built during 1912 | 2 | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

~U~

UNION FLUGZEUGWERKE. Union Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H. Elsenstrasse 106 & 107, Berlin s. o. 36. Established 1913. Capital 500,000 marks. Capacity of works: 20 machines a year.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------+ | ~Bomhard.~ | Model and date. | Pfeilflieger, | | ~1913.~ | -----------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 32-3/4 (10) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 59 (18) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 450 (42) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1235 (560) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | ~Motor~ | 100 Argus | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | Number built during 1912 | New firm | -----------------------------+------------------+

~W~

WRIGHT. Flugmaschine Wright, G. m. b. H., Adlershof, bei Berlin. Company formed to trade in German rights for the Wright Bros.' patents. Considerable departures have been made from the U.S. pattern, and some have been built with a single propeller only. Capacity of works 100-150 a year.

[Illustration: Armoured war aeroplane.]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | Military. | Sporting. | Military. | Military. | | | | 4-seater. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 26-1/2 (8.20) | 31-1/2 (9.65) | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/2 (12.20) | 31 (9.60) | 40-1/2 (12.50) | 44-1/4 (13.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 452 (42) | 323 (30) | 463 (43) | 463 (43) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) | 837 (380) | 1433 (650) | 1653 (750) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 882 (400) ~Motor~ h.p.| 55 N.A.G. | 55 N.A.G. | 100 Argus or | 100 | | | Mercedes | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) | 60 (95) | 60 (95) | 60 (95) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | 10 | ? | ... | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~Z~

ZIEGLER. Ziegler, Potsdam. Established late in 1912.

[Illustration]

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~1912-13.~ | Monoplane. -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/3 (12) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 344 (32) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 881 (400) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 N.A.G. {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (90) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 Number built in 1912 | 1 -----------------------------+------------------

GERMAN DIRIGIBLES.

(Approximately 1000 m cubed=35,000 c. feet.)

~Military.~

----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed. | Remarks. | | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (km.)| ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- 1908 | ~Z I~ | Zeppelin 3b | r. | 12100 | 190 | 29 (46) | as _rebuilt_ | | | | | | | 1910 | ~Z II~ | Zeppelin 9b | r. | 18000 | 345 | 35 (56) | as _rebuilt_ " | ~L. S I~ |Schuette Lanz 1| r. | 20000 | 540 | 40 (62) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~Z III~ | Zeppelin 12 | r. | 17800 | 450 | 49 (79) |was _Schwaben L. Z 10_ " | ~L I~ | Zeppelin 14 | r. | 22000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: 1 gun | | | | | | | 1913 | ~Z IV~ (Z I _Ersatz_) | Zeppelin 15 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | 4 guns Building. | ~L II~ | Zeppelin 16 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: _bldg._ 4 guns | ~S. L II~ |Schuette Lanz 2| r. | 26000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building_ | | | | | | | ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- | | | | | | | 1908 | ~P I~ | Parseval 2 | n.r. | 3800 | 85 | 33-1/2 (54) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~P III~ | Parseval 11 | n.r. | 11000 | 400 | 42-1/2 (67) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~M I~ | Gross-Bas 2 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1908 _rebuilt_ " | ~M II~ | Gross-Bas 3 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1909 _rebuilt_ " | ~M III~ | Gross-Bas 4 | s.r. | 9000 | 300 | 42-1/2 (67) | old 1910 _rebuilt_ | | | | | | | 1913 | ~M IV~ | Gross-Bas 5 | s.r. | 12000 | 400 | 44-1/2 (70) | old 1911 _rebuilt_ " | ~P II~ ersatz | Parseval 8 | n.r. | 8250 | 300 | 41 (66) | _Building_ " | ~P IV~ | Parseval 16 | n.r. | 10000 | 360 | 45 (72) | _Building_ ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Private.~[D]

------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed | Remarks. | | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h (km.) | ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- 1910 | ~DEUTCHLAND 2~ | Zeppelin 6a | r. | 15000 | 345 | 36 (58) | Deutschland _Ersatz_ | | | | | | | Delag | | | | | | | 1912 | ~V. LUISE~ | Zeppelin 11 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag " | ~HANSA~ | Zeppelin 13 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag | | | | | | | 1913 | ~SACHSEN~ | Zeppelin 17 | r. | 21000 | | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building._ Delag _Bldg._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- | | | | | | | 1908 | ~P. L 1~ | Parseval 1 | n.r. | 3200 | 185 | 20 (32) | | | | | | | | 1910 | ~STOLLWERCK~ | Parseval 6 | n.r. | 9000 | 220 | 31 (50) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~P. L 9~ | Parseval 9 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | Sporting[E] " | ~R 2~ | Ruthenberg 2| n.r. | 1700 | | | Experimental | | | | | | | 1912 | ~SUCHARD~ |Suchard reb'lt| n.r. | 6730 | 200 | 17 (28) | to be _rebuilt_ 1913 " | ~P. L XII~ | Parseval 12 | n.r. | 8800 | 220 | 33-1/2 (54) | | | | | | | | 1913 | ~P. L 10~ | Parseval 10 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | _Building_: delayed " | ~R 3~ | Ruthenberg 3 | n.r. | 2700 | | | _Building_ ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Dirigible Sheds.~ (_See Note._)

Bickendorf bei Koeln. Biesdorf bei Berlin. *Bitterfeld (_Parseval Co._) Breslau. Cuxhaven. Duesseldorf (_Delag_) Frankfurt a/m. Friedrichshafen (_Zeppelin Co._) Gotha. Hamburg (_Delag_). *Johannisthal (_L.V.G._) Kiel (_private_). Koeln. Koenigsberg i/Pr. Leichlingen. Manzell (_Zeppelin Co._) Metz. *Muenchen (_private_). Oos bei Baden-Baden (_Delag_). Potsdam (_Delag_) Reinickendorf bei Berlin. Rheinau. Strassburg. Stuttgart. Thorn.

Note.--Unless otherwise stated the above are military sheds. All private ones capable of holding _Zeppelins_ are subsidised. *=not large enough for _Zeppelins_.

~Dirigible Pilots.~ For M. dirigibles.

Geerdtz, Oblt. George, Hptm. v. Jena, Hptm. Kirchner, Oberltn. Lohmuller, Hptm. Masius, Oberltn. v. Muller, Hptm. Nichisch v. Rosenegk, Oberltn. Schlutter, Obltn. Sperling, Major. von Zech, Obltn.

~Dirigible Pilots.~

Z=Zeppelin. S=Schutte-Lanz. P=Parseval _pilot_.

(The number after each name is the Imperial Ae. C. certificate number.)

Z Abercron, H. v. Major (1) Z Bassus, K. v. (28) Z Bentheim, Kapt. Lt. a. D. v. (34) Z Blew (25) Clouth, R. (8) P Dinglinger, F. (2) Z Dorr, W. E. (21) Z Durr (9) Z Eckener, Dr. (10) P Forsbeck, Ob. Lt. A. D. (11) Z Glund, F. (23) Z Hacker, (12) P Hackstetter, Reg. B. a. D. (13) Z Hanne, G. (32) Z Heinen, A. (22) Z Holzmann, Ob. Lt. A. (26) S Honold, R. (29) P Hormel, Kap. Lt. (14) P Jordens, W. (19) P Kehler, R. v. (6) P Kiefer, T. (5) Kleist, Hptm. a. D. v. (15) PZ Krogh, Hptm. a. D. v. (16) Z Lange, K. (30) Z Lau (17) Z Lempertz, E. (33) Z Mechlenburg, W. C. (35) Z Meyer, Ob. Lt. E. (27) P Parseval, A. v. (4) Z Stahl, K. (31) P Stelling, A. (3) Z Sticker, J. (24) P Thewaldt, C. H. (20) Z Zeppelin, Graf. v. (7) Z Zeppelin, Graf. F. v. junr. (18)

=GERMAN MILITARY CLASS--GROSS-BASENACH. (Semi-rigid)=

Up to date, these vessels have been designed by Major Gross and Oberingenieur Basenach.

The utmost secrecy is observed as to their details.

The system of employing 2 ballonets has been borrowed from the _Parseval_ type, and presumably the _Parseval_ system of working the automatic valves has also been adopted.

In all other features, these ships appear to resemble the French _Lebaudy_ type, the shape of the hulls being rather better.

List of ships built, re-built and re-building of this type:--

1 = Aeronautical Society. (1,800 m cubed) _non-effective._ 2 (reconstructed) = M 1, Military. (6,000 m cubed) 3 " = M 2 " (6,000 m cubed) 4 " = M 3 " (9,000 m cubed) 5 " = M 4 " (12,000 m cubed)

M I (re-built 1912), & M II (re-built 1912). Military.

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 242-3/4 feet} ~maximum diameter,~ 36 feet (11 m.) ~capacity~, 212,000 c. feet (6,050 kg.) ~total lift~, 13,338 lbs. (6,000 m cubed) _about_ 6 tons

~Useful lift.~--2,756 lbs. (1,250 kgs.)=about 1-1/4 tons.

~Gas bag.~--Continental rubber cloth, diagonal thread. Tapering shape.

~Ballonet.~--One-fifth of total volume.

~Motors.~--2-75 h.p. Daimler. 2 propellers, with 3 aluminium blades.

~Speed.~--About 28 m.p.h. (45 km.).

_Remarks.--M I_ was originally built in 1908, re-built and enlarged 1910 and again in 1912. _M II_ built 1909, re-constructed 1912.

[Illustration]

M III (re-built 1912). Military.

[Illustration]

~Length~, 295-1/4 feet (90 m.) ~diameter~, 39-1/3 feet (12 m.) ~volume~, 317,800 c. feet (9,000 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--4 Koerting of 75 h.p. each = 300 h.p. total.

~Speed.~--19 metres per second = 42 m.p.h. (68-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--2, on outriggers from car, chain-driven.

Remarks.--Built 1910. Burned 13th September, 1911. Rebuilt 1912.

M IV (re-built 1913). Military.

+---------------------+ | | +---------------------+

~Maximum length~, 334-3/4 feet (102 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 44-1/2 feet (13.5 m.) ~volume~, 423,800 c. feet (12,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- lbs. ( kgs.) ~Useful lift~, lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Continental.

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, 100 h.p. each = total 200 h.p.

~Speed.~--44-1/2 m.p.h. (70-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--4 (two for each motor.) Carried on outriggers projecting from the car.

Remarks.--Departs from previous practice in having two separate cars, each of which contains one motor. Originally built in 1911 of 7,500 m cubed. Re-built 1912-1913 to details as above.

=PARSEVAL CLASS (Non-rigid).=

Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H, Berlin, W. 62.

When the "Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft" was formed at the instigation of the German Emperor, a committee was formed to acquire an experimental airship of the most promising type. Major Von Parseval's first airship was selected, and since that time the above company has confined itself to improving this type, and to making exhaustive and costly researches, all of which have been embodied in successive ships.

The characteristic feature of every one of these craft is its unequalled portability. Almost all other so-called Non-rigid vessels distribute the load by means of a long girder which also serves as a car. This girder is awkward to pack up and transport. Parseval uses a comparatively small car, and distributes the weight by hanging it further below the balloon than usual, and also by using 2 ballonets which are placed one near each end of the gas bag.

These 2 ballonets enable the ship to be trimmed by merely pumping air into either at the expense of the other.

Another essential feature of the type is the system by which the valves are worked automatically. At the present time there is no other system of valve working so reliable as this.

A third essential feature of the class is the use of a swinging car, in such a manner that pitching, due to alterations of propeller thrust, is automatically checked by an alteration of the position of the centre of gravity.

A fourth feature is the use of limp propeller blades. A propeller of this type is very easily packed up.

The shape of these vessels is in accordance with the experiments of Professor Prandtl.

Ships of this class built or building (figures supplied by the Parseval Co.):--

EXPERIMENTAL PARSEVAL 2,300 m cubed. P. L. 1 Kals. Ae. C 3,200 m cubed. MILITARY P I 4,000 m cubed. MILITARY P II 6,600 m cubed. P. L. 4 Austrian Military 2,300 m cubed. P. L. 5 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 1,450 m cubed. P. L. 6 " " 9,000 m cubed. P. L. 7 Russian Army 7,600 m cubed. P. L. 8 MILITARY P II Ersatz 8,250 m cubed. P. L. 9 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed. P. L. 10 Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed. MILITARY P III 11,000 m cubed. P. L. 12 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 8,800 m cubed. P. L. 13 Japanese Army 8,500 m cubed. P. L. 14 Russian Army 9,500 m cubed. P. L. 15 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 16 MILITARY P IV, Prussian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 17 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 18 British Navy 8,800 m cubed.

(Of the above, the Experimental is no longer in existence, _P. 2_ is out of service, and _P. L. 3_ has been burned and destroyed).

PARSEVAL (P.L. 1). (1908.) (Belongs to the Kaiserl. Aero Club.) (Parseval class.)

[Illustration]

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~max. diam.~ 31 feet (9.4 m) ~capacity,~ 113,000 c. feet (3,200m cubed) ~lifting power,~ 7,800 lbs. (3,583 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Cylindrical, with semi-conical front. Of rubber-proofed material in longitudinal strips. Pressure in ballonets and gas bag, 30 mm. of water.

~Motor.~--One 85 h.p. Daimler.

~Fuel.~--700 lbs. (325 kg.) 88 gallons (400 litres)

~Speed.~--20 m.p.h. (32 k.p.h.)

~Propeller.~--One 4-bladed. Semi-rigid Parseval.

This vessel was somewhat altered on being bought by the Society. Her essential principle is that she can be taken to pieces in a few minutes, and carried in a truck. Her main feature is that she has a ballonet at each end. This is described in the case of type A (_P.L. 2_). This class rise with the forward ballonet empty, and inclined up by the bow. The propeller is similar to that of _P.L. 2_. The car also is mounted on wire runners. She was originally 4,000 m cubed. capacity. Built 1908. Station: Bitterfeld. The car is at present in Deutsches Museum, Munich.

PARSEVAL P.L. 2 = P. I. Military. (1908.)

[Illustration]

Built by the "Society for the Study of Motor Air Ships," and taken over by the German War Office.

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~capacity,~ 111,270 cubic feet (4,000 cubic m.) ~lifting power,~ 9,200 lbs. (4,180 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Front end semi-ellipsoidal with semi-axes 15.4 feet (4.7 m.) and 11.8 feet (3.6 m.), from which it increases to its maximum diameter. This is maintained for about two-thirds of its length, when it begins to taper to a point at the stern. Made of 2 layers of transverse strips of rubber proofed material, crossing each other diagonally. Fitted with a tearing strip.

~Ballonets.~--One at each end, together amounting to about one-quarter of the total capacity. Owing to this disposition, the trim can be altered, and steering effected in the vertical plane by filling either more than the other. Pressure in the ballonets and gas bag, 20 mm. of water pressure.

~Motor.~--4-cylinder 85 h.p. Daimler placed at one side of the car to give more room. 1,000 to 1,200 r.p.m.

~Propellers.~--12-1/3 feet (3.75 m.) diameter, 250 to 300 r.p.m. 4-bladed, the blades being of peculiar construction. When stopped, the fabric of which they are made hangs down limply; when running, these flaps fly out under centrifugal force.

~Speed.~--27 miles per hour. 43 kilometers per hour.

~Car.--Length~, 22-1/3 feet (6.8 m.) Width 4.1 feet (1.22 m.) Made of nickel steel, U bars, screwed together so as to take the pieces rapidly. The sides are lattice girders. The whole is boat shaped and covered with canvas. Contains motor, chart table; trail rope 480 feet (146 m.) long, weighing 220 lbs. (100 kg.)

Wheel for horizontal steering at the bow.

110 gal. (500 litre) cask of petrol on the girders at the after point.

41 feet (12-1/2 m.) below the gas bag. It is capable of swinging horizontally on wires running over rollers.

Whereas without this device a forward swing of the car would lift the nose to a possibly dangerous extent, the free motion of the car shifts the centre of the gravity forward and so preserves stability.

~Steering.~--In vertical plane, by altering the trim. In horizontal plane, by a rudder of 80.7 sq. feet (7-1/2 m squared) immediately behind the vertical plane. Two fixed horizontal planes are placed at the rear end of the gas bag above the central line.

[Illustration: PARSEVAL II.]

~Table of weights~:--

Gas bag 1,653 lbs. Cordage 220.5 " Trail rope 220 " Car and motor 529 " Fuel 770 " Oil 160 " Oil and fuel tanks, instruments, miscellaneous 1,637 " Crew, passengers, ballast 1,654 " --------- Total 6,834 lbs.

Note.--This remarkably successful ship has performed a continuous flight of 11-1/2 hours. She also remained at a height of 4,800 feet (1,500 m.) for 1 hour. She can be transported in 1 railway truck or 2 pair horse wagons, and be assembled and filled ready for ascent within 3 hours of arrival by train.

Built 1908. Station: Metz.

PARSEVAL P.L. 6. "Stollwerck." (1910.)

[Illustration]

~Length~, 229-3/4 feet (70 m.) ~Diameter~, 49-1/4 feet (15 m.) ~Volume~, 318,000 c. feet (9,000 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--Riedinger.

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each = 220 h.p.

~Speed.~--31 m.p.h. (50 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Semi-rigid material.

Remarks.--Station, Johannisthal.

PARSEVAL P.L. 8. = P II. Ersatz. Military. (1913.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 252-3/4 feet (77 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 50-3/4 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 290,000 c. feet (8,250 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--5-1/2 tons=12,125 lbs. (5,500 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--2 ballonets, usual arrangement.

~Motors.~--300 h.p. made up of two 150 h.p. Daimler motors, placed one behind the other.

~Speed.~--41 m.p.h. (66 km.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval, 4-bladed, semi-rigid steel.

~Steering.~--As in others.

Remarks.--Station, Cologne, (Coeln).

PARSEVAL P.L. 9 (1910), & 10. (Building 1913.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 164 feet (50m.) ~maximum diameter~, 26-1/4 feet (8m.) ~volume~, 77,700 c. feet (2,200m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--2,910 lbs. (1,320 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Continental fabric. One central ballonet instead of the usual two.

~Motors.~--1 N.A.G. of 50 h.p.

~Speed.~--25 m.p.h. (40 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--One 2-bladed, wooden. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.)

~Steering.~--Differs from other standard types, in that only one ballonet being fitted, an elevator is introduced under the bow.

Remarks.--Small ships for sporting purposes. A remarkably successful type of small dirigible. A small _P.L. 5_, burned 1912. _P.L. 10_ delayed owing to press of other work.

[Illustration: PARSEVAL TYPE D.]

PARSEVAL P.L. 11. = P. III. Military. (1911.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 272-1/3 feet (83 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 53 feet (16.20 m.) ~volume~, 388,450 c. feet (11,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, each of 200 h.p.=400 total.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (67 k.p.h.) (18.3 metres p. sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed Parseval.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station, Koenigsberg.

PARSEVAL P.L. 12. "Charlotte." (1912.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 259 feet (79 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 49-3/4 feet (15.20 m.) ~volume~, 300,750 c. feet (8,800 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each=220 total.

~Speed.~--33-1/2 m.p.h.=54 k.p.h. (15 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station: Wanne.

PARSEVAL P.L. 16 = P. IV. Military. (1913.)

+---------------+ | | | _Completing._ | | | +---------------+

~Maximum length~, 308-1/2 feet (94 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 51-1/2 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 353,000 c. feet (10,000 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzler.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach, of 180 each=360 h.p.

~Speed.~--45 m.p.h.=72 k.p.h. (20 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed, wooden (on trial).

Remarks.--For the Prussian Army. Station: Berlin.

RUTHENBERG II. (1911). H. Ruthenberg, Lehderstrasse 16/19, Weissensee bei Berlin: also Luftfahrzeug-Ges, Ruthenberg, Krefeld.

+-----------------------------------+ | | | _Small ships on Parseval lines. | | Still existing, but stored away._ | | | +-----------------------------------+

~Maximum length,~ 151 feet (46 m.) ~diameter~, 24-1/4 feet 7.40 (m.) ~volume~, 60,000 c. feet (1,700 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--2 Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

RUTHENBERG III. (1913).

+---------------+ | | | _Building._ | | | +---------------+

~Length~, feet (m.) ~diameter~, feet (m.) ~volume~, 95,000 c. feet (2,700 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

SUCHARD. Non-rigid (Trans-Atlantic). (Re-constructed 1912).

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 198-1/2 feet (60/5 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 56-1/4 feet (17.11 m.) ~volume~, 237,681 cubic feet (6,730 m cubed.)

~Total weight.~--About 2 tons (2,130 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzeler fabric. One ballonet.

~Motors.~--2 of 100 h.p. (one a N.A.G., the other an Escher). Placed one behind the other. A 4 h.p. motor carried for auxiliary purposes. Petrol carried, (1700 kil.) Oil, (300 kil.)

~Speed.~--17 m.p.h. (28 k.p.h).

~Propellers.~--Two 2-bladed Zeise. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.) Chain driven.

~Steering.~--Elevation by moving weight slung on cable under body. Rudder aft.

Remarks.--Built March, 1911, with a view to crossing the Atlantic from the Canaries to the Antilles. Re-constructed 1912. Proposed further re-construction in 1913.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 1. Military. S.L. I. (1911.) H. Heinrich Lanz, Rheinau bei Mannheim.

[Illustration]

~Maximum length,~ 426 feet (130 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 60-1/2 feet (18.40 m.) ~volume~, 706,000 c. feet (20,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--About 20 tons (20,000 kgs.) ~Useful lift.~--About 5 tons (5,000 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--These are of great strength and of unusual shapes, made to fit the interior, which is encumbered with cross stays. All but two of the bags are always full, and when the gas expands it flows into the remaining two, which are nearly empty at sea level, and full at 6500 feet (2,000 m.) A centrifugal pump is used for distributing the gas. There are 14 gas bags.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach of 270 h.p. each. The propellers are at the ends of the car, driven through 1 set of reduction gear. ~Speed.~--38-43 m.p.h. About 59-64 k.p.h.

~Propellers.~--2 aft. Also 1 with its axis vertical.

~Steering.~--Vertical and horizontal rudders at both ends of the ship. Also see Propellers.

Remarks.--Two of these ships were under construction, and one was to be presented and one sold to the German government. The hull is built of special 3-ply wood made of Russian white fir; this wood is pressed into channel bars, angle bars, and all other requisite shapes. The strength of the hull is such that it can be supported at the ends without damage; its lightness is such that although the ship is nearly half as large again as _Zeppelin II_, yet the hull weighs about 3 tons less. Designed by Prof. Schuette.

In 1910, structural defects were found in _Schuette I_ when the loads were applied. This has necessitated extensive alterations and much delay. In 1911 it was completed, and sold for L25,000 to the German Army.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 2. Military. S.L. II. (1913.)

ZEPPELIN type. Rigid. Graf von Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen.

The features of this type are--A rigid framework of aluminium, a number of drum-shaped gas bags, and a thin outer cover.

[Illustration]

At the end of March, 1913, the total of _Zeppelins_, limit and building was 16, including one (number 18) for Austria. Of these several had come to grief in various ways, and the actual total at the date mentioned, was:--

~8 effective~ = 4 Army (of which one _Z4_ was still on trials), 1 naval and 3 private.

3 completing or building = 1 naval, 1 private and 1 for Austria.

Others projected but not actually in hand.

All are on the lines of the above plan, differing only in minor details, such as the provision of a cabin amidships, etc., and in dimensions.

Details see the following pages.

----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------ | | _Ersatz._ | | | ~Z III.~ | | | _(Ersatz Z I.)_ | | Name | ~Z I.~ | ~DEUTSCHLAND.~ | ~Z II.~ | ~VICT. LUISE.~ | _(ex Schwaben)_ | ~HANSA.~ | ~L I.~ | ~Z IV.~ | ~L II.~ | ~SACHSEN.~ ~Zeppelin~ No. | ~3b.~ | ~6a.~ | ~9b.~ | ~11.~ | ~12.~ | ~13.~ | ~14.~ | ~15.~ | ~16.~ | ~17.~ Date | ~1908.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ Service | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Navy.~ | ~Army.~ | ~Navy.~ | "Delag." ----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------ {c. feet| 424,000 | 682,000 | 635,000 | 667,000 | 629,000 | 660,000 | 776,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 ~Volume~ { | | | | | | | | | | { (m cubed.)| ~12,000~ | ~19,000~ | ~18,000~ | ~18,700~ | ~17,800~ | ~18,700~ | ~22,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 446 (136) | 479 (136) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 518 (158) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38-1/2 (11.66) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) ~Envelope~ | Pegamoid | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... {fabric| Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Gas Bags~ { | | | | | | | | | | {number| 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | ... | 18 | ... | ... {total tons| 12-1/2 | 16-1/2 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 ~Lift~ { | | | | | | | | | | {useful tons| 3-1/2 | 5 | 4-1/2 | ... | 4-1/2 | ... | 6 | ... | ... | ... ~Motors~ h.p.| 2--85 Daimler | 3--115 Daimler | 3--120 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | | | (= 170) | (= 345) | (= 360) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) {number | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ... ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 2 forward} | 2 forward} | ... | ... { | | | | | | | 4 aft } | 4 aft } | | {diam feet (m.)| ... | 12 (3.60) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Max. Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 29 (46) | 36 (57.5) | 35 (56) | 40 (62) | 49 (79) | 40 (62) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| 15 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 35 | ... | ... | ... ~Complement~ | ... | ... | ... |{8 crew | ... | ... | 21 | ... | ... | ... | | | |{25 passengers | | | | | | ~Station~ | Metz | Oos | Cologne | Wechselnd | Cologne | Weschselnd | Hamburg | ... | Johannisthal | Leipsig ----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------

[Illustration: Z1 Military. (1908.) _Obsolete._ Shortly to be struck off list.]

[Illustration: ERSATZ DEUTSCHLAND. (Private.) (1910.)]

[Illustration: Z II. Military. (1911.)]

[Illustration: VIKTORIA LUISE. (Private.) (1912).]

[Illustration: Z III. Military. (1912.)]

[Illustration: Zeppelin dirigible. Sachsen.]

[Illustration: HANSA. (Private). (1912.)]

L I. Naval. (1912.) Armament: 1 gun on top.

+-----------------------------+ | | | No photo procurable. | | Generally resembles _Z IV._ | | | +-----------------------------+

[Illustration: _Photo. Deliius._

Z IV. Military. (1913). Armament: 1 gun on top, 1 in each gondola, 1 can be lowered from central cabin]

GREEK.

~Aerial Societies:~--

_None._

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Military Aeroplanes:~--

At end of March, 1913, these included:--1 _Astra_ hydro. (fitted with Scott's bomb dropper), 2 or 3 _Nieuports_, 1--100 h.p. _M. Farman_, and probably some others. Owing to the war, details are unobtainable. 3 _Bleriots_ reported captured from the Turks, and 15 _Farmans_ on order.

~Military Aviators:~--

Adamis (824 Ae. C. F.) Kamberos (744 Ae. C. F.) Montoussis (839 Ae. C. F.) Mutassas, Sub-lt., naval. Savoff, Lt.

~Flying Grounds~:--

~Phaleron.~

+------------------+ | Killed 1913. | | Argyropulus, Lt. | | | | | +------------------+

ITALIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. d'Italia (Ae.C.I.), 62 via Colonna, Rome.

Ae. Club di Roma (Ae.C.I.), 183, via del Triton, Rome.

Circolo, Aeronautico Napoletano, 295 v. Roma, Naples.

Lega Aerea Nazionale (L.A.N.), 6 via della Signora, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 4 via Boccaccio, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 6, via Cernaia, Turin.

Societa Aviazone, di Torino (S.A.T.), 28 via Roma, Turin.

Societa Ital. di Aviazone, (S.I.A.), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan.

~Aerial Journals:~--

(3 times a week.)

_Gazzetta dello Sport_, 15 v. della Signora, Milan. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

(Weekly):

_Italia Sportiva_, Rome. L--.05 per no. (=1/2d.)

_Lettura Sportiva_, 17 corso Porta Romana, Milan. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Sports (Gli)._ 46 and dei Prefretti, Rome. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

_Stampa Sportiva_, 3 v. Davide Bertolotti, Turin. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Tribuna Sport_, 22 via S. Giacomo, Naples. L--.10 (=1d.)

(Monthly):

_Rivista della L.A.N._ (Lega Aerea Nazionale), Milan.

_Rivista del T.C.I._ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan. L--.40 (=4d.)

_La Navigazione Aerea_ (Bolletino dell' Ae. C. d'Italia). L--1.80 (=1/6.)

(Annual):

_Annuario dell' Aeronautica_ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan. L--6.00 (=5/-)

~Flying Grounds~ (Military see next page):--

~Cameri~, Novara.--15 hangars (Thouvenot school).

~Mirafiore~, Turin.--17 hangars (Asteria and Chiribiri schools).

~S. Giusto~, Pisa.--4 hangars (Antoni school).

~Taliedo~, Milan.--26 hangars.

~Vizzola Ticino.~--7 hangars (Caproni school).

~Dirigible Headquarters~ (with hangars, etc., etc.):--

Bracciano. Milan. Rome. Venice. Verona.

~ITALIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~ORGANISATION, etc.~

The _Battaglione Aviatori_ has its headquarters at Turin. In July, 1912, it was re-organised along the following lines:--

1 command at Turin. 1 flying work. 1 technical work. 2 troop duty. 6 at the aviation schools, with a certain number of mobile squadrillos.

The recognised grades are:--

_a.a.p._ aspirante allievo (learners). _a.p._ allievo pilota (certificated pilots). _p._ pilota militare (superior military brevet).

In flying work the superior pilots are mostly using _Bleriots_; the ordinary pilots _Bleriot-Caproni_, _Bristol_, _Antonis_, _Deperdussins_ and _Voisins_.

The technical section chiefly supervises the theoretical instruction of the _a.a.p._

The 2 companies on troop duty practical work, preparation for the schools.

~FLYING SCHOOLS.~

The military schools are:--

~Aviano.~--Central school. Size about 5x2 kilometres. Sheltered from all winds except westerly, by banks of trees. Numerous hangers.

~Mirafiori (Turin).~--Mixed military and civil school. Hangers. School machines confined to _Asteria_, _Bleriot_, _Nieuport_ and _Savary_ types.

~Pordenone.~--School for superior brevets. Treeless plain. Principal school machines _Breguets_ and _Farmans_; but some _Bleriots_ and _Caproni_.

~S. Francesco al Campo.~--_M. Farman_ machines. At present for officers trained in France.

~Somma Lombarda.~--Camp school for _Nieuports_.

~Venaria Reale.~--Formed late in 1912. _Bristol_ monos for certificated pilots.

~GENERAL TRAINING.~

50 officers in training during the first quarter of 1913.

Aspirants commence with instruction in the theory of heavier than air machines, resistance of material and particular instruction in the various type of aero motors in use. They are taken for flights as passengers.

All then go to the training camp about 80% for monoplane work, the remainder for biplanes.

Monoplanes. Special attention paid to teaching _Gauchis Dessent_.

Biplanes. Much shorter course. Principal feature: _Vol Plane_.

For the _military brevet_ the examination is most comprehensive, special attention is paid to flying in wind, manoeuvring, climbing, good landings without inconvenience to passengers, cross country flights, etc. The course is generally modelled on war experiences.

~TOTAL FLYING STRENGTH.~

No particular distinction between naval and military aviators.

Total by end of June, 1913, to be about 225 certificated aviators of whom a fair percentage hold the superior brevet. In addition all the best civilian aviators are held at disposal.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1911 there were about 20 machines, mostly _Bleriots_ and _Farmans_. The majority of these are still in use for school purposes.

At the end of March, 1913, the machines effective for war purposes were roughly as follows:--

_Bleriot._ } _Bristol_ (mono.) } _Caproni._ } _Deperdussin._ } Total _about_ 50, plus a number _Farman._ } of school machines. _Hanriot._ } _Nieuport._ } _Savary._ }

About 40 machines were on order, including 12 _Bristol-Capronies_.

~Naval Aeroplanes.~

Effective at end of March, 1913.

1 _Calderara_. 1 _Guidoni-Farman_. 4 or 5 others.

~ITALIAN AVIATORS.~

Military.

Agostoni, Capt. V. (45) Bailo, Lieut. (71) *Bolla, Capt. (89) Cannonieri, Lieut. (22) +Cammarotta, Lieut. (15F) De Filippi, Com. (5) *De Rada, Lieut. (38) *Falchi, Capt. (55) Garassini. (29) *Gavotti, Lieut. (25) Gazzera, Lieut. (20) Guidoni, Capt. (58) *Lampugnani, Lieut. (33) +Manazini, Lieut. (98) Moizo, Capt. (40) Neri, Lieut. (345-Ae. C. F.) (106) *Palmadi, Cesnola Lieut. (75) *Piazza, Major (44) Pizzagalli, Capt. (49) Poggi, Lieut. (82) Prandoni, Capt. (69) *Pulvirenti, Lieut. (50) Raffaelli, Lieut. A. (108) Ravelli (453, Ae. C. F.) Roberti, Lieut. (47) Rossi, Capt. (27) +Saghetti, Lieut. (16) Savoia, Lieut. T. U. (4) Surdi, Lieut. (32) *Vece, Lieut. F. (74) +Vivaldi, Lieut. (31)

_Brevets in 1912._

Andriani, Capt. O. (137) Antonini, Capt. L. (91) Almerigi, F. (159) Alvisi, Lieut. A. (172) Baglione, Lieut. A. (129) Baracca, F. (167) Bonamici, L. (101) Bongiovanni, Lieut. E. (115) Bongiovanni, c. L. (124) Bonuti, R. (135) Brach, Lieut. F. (146) Buzzi, Lieut. M. (156) Calderara, Lieut. A. (134) Calori, S. (136) Capuzzo (143) Casabella, Lieut, G. (121) Clerici, Lieut. U. (110) Cuzzo, Capt. A. (166) De Giovanni, Lieut. G. (101) De Riso, Lieut. G. (153) Della Chiesaconte, Lieut. A. (109) Ercole, Lieut. E. (117) Franceschini, Lieut. E. (112) Gallotti, Lieut. A. (150) Garino ing. G. (134) Girotti, Lieut. M. (100) Gordesco, Lieut. M. (151) *Graziani, Lieut, C. (92) Jacoponi, Lieut. A. (171) Kerbaker, Lieut. E. (99) Laureati, Lieut. G. Leffi dott. sott. med. A. (169) *Mareno, M. A. (90) Moreno, Capt. G. (78) Nosari, G. (142) *Novellis di Coarazze, Capt. A. (94) Oddo, A. (147) Pagano, P. (158) Palpacelli, A. (164) Perrucca, D. (162) Poggioli, Q. (107) Pongelli, R. (60) Porta, Capt. E. (145) Prandoni, Capt. E. (69) Resio, Lieut. (120) Rosetti, A. (157) Russi, Lieut. S. (152) Suglia, Lieut. C. (118) Torelli, F. (165) Valdimiro, Lieut. F. (170) Venanzi, U. (155) Zanuso, Lieut. G. (149)

Naval.

(_To end of 1911_).

Calderara, Lieut. (1) Ginnochio, Lieut. (18) *Rossi, Sub. Lieut. (31) Strobin, Lieut. (39)

(_During 1912_).

De Muro, Lieut. (119) Frigerio, Lieut. (154) Scelsi, Capt. difreg. G.

Private.

(_To end of 1911_).

Akachew, C. (61) Amerigo (3) Barigiola, G. (51) Battagli, B. (34) Bianchi, P. (6) Biego, C. (56) Bigliani, A. (63) Borgotti, G. (43) Brilli, D. G. (48) Brociner, M. (87) Cagno, U. (10) Cagliani, A. (23) Cannoniere, Umberto (22) Cattaneo, Bartelomo (2) Cavaglia, Pietro (30) Cavalieri, Alfredo (17) Cei, J. (53, Ae. C. F.) Casaroni, A. (77) +Cirri, Ciro (11) Cobianchi, Mariot (24) Darioli, Ernesto (9) Da Zara, Leonino (7) De Agostina, A. (53) De Antonis, A. (67) Faccioli, Mario (21) Franzoni, R. (62) Garassini, G. G. (29) Gianfelice (59) Ginnochio, T. (18) Graziani, nob. Ettere (28) Lusetti, A. (19) Maffeis, C. (36) Maggiora, C. (72) Manissero, R. (37) +Marra, R. (35) Marro, E. (52) Mogafico, Mario (26) Mosca, Francesco (47) Pasquali, R. (66) Picollo, G. (32) Poggioli, Quinto (117) Porro, A. (113) Ramasotto, M. M. (148) Ravetto, Clemento (12) Re, Umberto (86) Ruggerone, G. (14) Sabelli, G. (93) Santoni, L. (114) Stucchi, Federico (8) Verona, A. (54)

(_Brevets in 1912_).

Amour, ing. E. Arista, A. (131) Ballerini, M. (132) Bergonzi, P. C. (78) Berni, L. (95) +Bertoletti, R. (79) Borsalino, G. M. (102) Brunetta D'Usseaux, G. (125) Carabelli, C. (104) +Caramanlaki, A. (97) Caramanlaki, G. (168) Carminati di, B. N. (163) Colucci, G. (80) Corsini, J. C. (133) Corsini, A. E. (85) Dalla, N. C. (126) Dal Mistro, C. A. (127) De Campo conte, S. (103) Fabri, A. (165) Facchini, E. (141) Garino, G. (134) Gelmetti, A. (83) Grassi, conte A. (88) Leonardi, G. (122) Mandelli, P. (96) Marazzi, E. (140) Nardini, G. (128) Paolucci, G. (144) Piceller, G. (105) Sacerdoti, C. (116) Salengo, R. (138) Vallet, C. (86) Zorra, L. (84)

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were about 45 machines in use at the various private schools, and about 6 privately owned aeroplanes.

ITALIAN AEROPLANES

~A~

ANTONI. Soc. di aviazione Antoni, via Vitt. Emanuele, 46, Pisa. School: S. Guisto, Pisa. Output capacity: about 20 machines a year.

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | Single seat mono. | 2-seater military | | | mono. | ----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 36 (11) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 237 (22) | {machine lbs. (kg.)| 660 (300) | 770 (350) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kg.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome or Anzani | Gnome and Anzani | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

ASTERIA. Fabbr. Ital. Aeroplani ing. Darbesio e. C., via Salbertrand, 12, Torino (Turin). School: Mirafiori. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | Monoplane. | Biplane. | -----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-3/4 (6.50) | 29-1/2 (9) | {| 26-1/2 (8.10) | 44 (13.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.){| | | {| ... | 24-1/2 (7.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 431 (40) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 530 (240) | 110 (500) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Renault | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | -----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

~C~

CALDERARA. Navy hydro-monoplane.

----------------------------+-------------------- Model ~1912-13.~ | "Hydro vol." ----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 54 (16.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 61 (18.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 753 (70) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2644 (1200) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.{| 150 (formerly 100 {| Gnome) {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-1/2 Number Built during 1912 | 1 ----------------------------+--------------------

Lieut. Calderara's floats consist of a plurality of w.t. compartments with internal lattice frame, well braced. Hull is formed of three skins of wood, sail-cloth between each. Distance between outer floats, 21 feet (6.30 m.) Centre of gravity is only 4-1/2 feet (1.40 m.) above water. If necessary wings can be cut away and the central hull used as a boat with emergency sail.

[Illustration: CALDERARA. UAS.]

CAPRONI. Soc. di Aviazione Ingg, Caproni e Faccanoni, Vizzola Ticino. School: Vizzola Ticino.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Models ~1912-13.~ | Single Seat | Single Seat | 2-seater mono. | 3-seater mono. | mono. A. | mono. B. | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | 29 (8.80) | ... | ... ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 162 (15) | 172 (16) | 226 (21) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 485 (220) | 660 (300) | 750 (340) | 760 (345) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome | 60 Anzani | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 75 (120) | 75 (120) | 87 (140) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-1/2 | ... | ... | 4 Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--At the end of 1912, held Italian record for speed, 200-300 k.m. Flown by Cobioni.

CAPRONI-BRISTOL. Caproni also builds under Bristol license.

CHIRIBIRI. A Chiribiri e. C, via Lamarmora 28, and via Don Bosco 68-73. Torino (Turin).

[Illustration: CHIRIBIRI.]

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Models ~1912-13.~ | 45 h.p. mono. | 50 h.p. mono. | Racing mono. | 80 h.p. mono. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 23 (7) | 24-3/4 (7.50) | 25-3/4 (7.80) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.30) | 39-2/3 (12.10) ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 204 (19) | 204 (19) | 226 (21) | 258 (24) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 683 (310) | 772 (350) | 595 (270) ~Weight~{ | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 45 Chiribiri | 50 Chiribiri | 60 Chiribiri | 80 Chiribiri {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 44 (70) | 56 (90) | 103 (165) | 65 (105) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | 2 | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~F~

FRIULI. E. Pensuti e E. Calligaro, Pordenone. School: Pordenone. A 30-35 h.p. Anzani motor monoplane. Area, 150 sq. feet. (14 m squared). Generally of _Bleriot_ type, but _Hanriot_ type landing carriage.

~G~

GUIDONI. Naval Hydroavions. Either a _Farman_ biplane or a _Nieuport_ mono. is used, mounted on special floats designed by Capitano del Genio navale Guidoni. There are two long floats, each of which is fitted with parallel fins.

~FOREIGN AGENCIES.~

Foreign types of machines are constructed in Italy under licenses as follows:--

BLERIOT. Soc. Ital. Transaerea, corso Peschiera 25, Torino (Turin).

BRISTOL. (British), by Caproni.

DEPERDUSSIN. Soc. Ital. degli Aeroplani, via Giulini 7b, Milan.

NIEUPORT. Carrozzeria Macchi. Varese.

ITALIAN DIRIGIBLES.

~ITALIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

~Army.~ ~Navy.~ /----------------------------------------------^--------------------------------------------------\ /-----------------^-----------------\ --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Name and Date. | ~P1.~ | ~P2 & P3.~ | ~P4 & P5.~ | ~Citta di Milano~ | ~Parseval.~ | ~M1.~ | ~M2 & M3.~ | 1909. | 1910 & 1911. | both 1912. | 1912. | (P.L. 17). | 1912. | 1912 & 1913. | | | | | 1912-13. | | --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ { c. feet| 148,000 | 155,000 | 166,000 | 424,000 | 353,000 | 424,000 | 424,000 ~Volume~ { | | | | | | | { (m cubed.)| (~4200~) | (~4400~) | (~4700~) | (~12000~) | (~10000~) | (~12000~) | (~12000~) ~Length~ feet (m.)| 197 (60) | 207 (63) | 207 (63) | 233 (72) | 279 (85) | 272-1/3 (83) | 272-1/3 (83) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 39-1/3 (12) | 59 (18) | 52-1/2 (16) | 56 (17) | 56 (17) {fabric | Silk | Continental | Continental | ... | Riedinger | Metzeler | Metzeler ~Gas bags~ {compartments | 7 | 8 | 8 | ... | 0 | ... | ... {ballonets | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | ... {total tons | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.75 | ... | ... | 9.50 | 9.50 ~Lift~ {useful tons | 1.10 | 1.35 | 1.50 | ... | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.80 ~Motor~ h.p. {| 1-100 C. Bayard | 1-120 C. Bayard | 2-80 Fiat | 2-85/100 Isotta | 2-170 Maybach | 2-250 Fiat | 4-125 Wolseley {| (=100) | (=120) | (=160) | (=170/200) | (=340) | (=500) | (=500) {number | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 Parseval | 2 | 2 ~Propellers~{blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 {diameter feet (m.)| 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 14 (4.20) | ... | 12-1/2 (3.80) | 12-1/2 (3.80) ~Max. speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 32 (52) | 35 (56) | 37 (60) | 45 (72) | 40 (65) | 44 (70) | 44 (70) ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 20 | 12 | 12 ~Max. complement~ | 5 | 5 | 5 | ... | ... | 14 | 14 ~Station~ | Bracciano | Tripoli | Vigna di Valle | Baggio | Venice | Bracciano | --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes: All the above are semi-rigid. The _P_ and _M_ are all of the same general type. Principal features of these ships, which were designed by Captains Crocci and Ricaldoni, are the shape of the envelope, (maximum diameter very far forward), keel and the box kite tail. The _Citta di Milano_ (semi-rigid) is an enlarged _Leonardo da Vinci_ (which see). _Special feature_ is the keel built into the envelope. This serves as a nacelle.

Building.--One _Parseval_ (P.L. 15) about the same size as the other (P.L. 17), which was completed first.

~Army Dirigible Pilots.~

Agostoni, Capt. Biffi, Ten. Bosio, Ten. Crocco, Capt. G. Dal Fabbro, Capt. C. Denti di Piraino, March, Capt. Gallotti, Ten. Longo, Ten. Manni, Ten. Menenti, S. Ten. Merzari, Capt. Messina, Ten. Munari, Capt. E. Pastina, Capt. Ricaldoni, Capt. A. Scelso, Ten L. Seymandi, Capt. G. Stabarin, Ten. Tagliasacchi, Ten.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Carniglia, Ten. d. vas. Gravina, Ten. d. v. Conte M. Penco, Ten. d. v., A. Ponzio, Ten. d. v., E. Scelsi, Capt. di f., G. Valerio, Sot. V. Valli, Ten. d. v., G.

[Illustration: P.I.]

Elevation of P. I. The later ships only differ in dimensions, and the fact that the middle rudder is done away with.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: Dirigibles M1 & M2.]

[Illustration: Citta di Milano.]

[Illustration: Parseval (P.L. 17). First Italian _Parseval_.]

~ITALIAN PRIVATE DIRIGIBLES.~

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+ Name and date. | ~Ausonia bis.~ | ~Italia I.~ | ~Italia II.~ | ~Leonardo da Vinci.~ | ~Usuelli.~ | | Reconstructed 1910.| 1905. | 1913. | 1909. | 1909. | ----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+ ~Volume~ (m cubed.)| (~1500~) | (~1500~) | (~2600~) | (~3265~) | (~3870~) | ~Length~ feet (m.)| 121 (37) | 128 (39) | 164 (50) | 131-1/4 (40) | 167-1/3 (51) | ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 19-3/4 (6) | 32-3/4 (10) | 46 (14) | 32 (9.80) | {fabric | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Gas bags~ {compartments | nil. | nil. | nil. | 7 | 6 | {ballonets | 1 | nil. | nil. | 1 | 1 | {total tons| ... | 1.35 | 2.20 | 3.00 | ... | ~Lift~ { | | | | | | {useful tons| 0.80 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 1-55 h.p. S.P.A. |1-40/50 Antoinette| 1-50 h.p. | 1-40 Antoinette | 1-80 h.p. S.P.A. | {number | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | {diameter, feet (m.)| 10-3/4 (3.20) | 15 (4.50) | 10 (3) | 9 (2.70) | ... | ~Max. speed~ m.p.h (k.m.)| 25 (40) | 25 (40) | ... | ... | 30 (50) | ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 | ~Max. complement~ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Station~ | Bosco Mantico | Schio | building | Laid up at Baggio | Turin | | | | | near Milan | | ----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

Notes:

~Ausonia.~ Nico Piccoli, via Accademia 12, Padova (Padua). Works: Magre, Vicenza (Schio). Semi-rigid.

~Italia.~ Cont Almerico da Schio, Schio. Non-rigid. _Special features_ is a "belly" of Para rubber in lieu of a ballonet.

~Leonardo da Vinci.~ Ing. Enrico Forlanini, via Boccaccio 21, Milan. Works: Baggio. Semi-rigid, keel and nacelle, incorporated in envelope.

~Usuelli.~ Usuelli and Borsalini, Torino (Turin). Non-rigid.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Forlanini, ing. E. Piccoli, D. Usuelli, C.

[Illustration: Italia.]

[Illustration: Usuelli.]

[Illustration: ~FORLANINI.~ UDS.]

[Illustration: Leonardo da Vinci.]

JAPANESE.

(Naval Aviation data. Official).

~Aerial Societies~:--

Tokio, Ae. Co.

Aeroplane Assoc., 1, Yayesu Cho, I-Chome, Kojimachi, Tokio. (Sec.: Dr. Fujioka).

Kikyu Kinkyu Kai (connected with War Office).

~Flying Grounds~:--

Near ~Yokohama~.

~Saitama~, Tokorozawa (Government).--Dirigible shed and hangars.

~Port Arthur~, (Government).

~General Military Aviation.~

This was originally formed as one body without distinction between army and navy. It was subsequently re-modelled on lines somewhat similar to the British Royal Flying Corps with naval and military wings.

~Navy.~

The naval section is superintended by Capt. K. Yamaji, I.J.N.

The naval headquarters are at Oihama (near Yokosuka).

The naval force at the end of 1912 consisted of 4 hydro-aeroplanes (2 _Curtiss_ and 2 _Farman_). The available total of qualified naval aviators was 5.

~Finance.~

The total amount granted for aviation of the navy in 1912 (fiscal year) was 100,000 yen (L10,000).

For the year 1913 the estimates amount was 100,000 yen (but not approved yet).

~Pay of Flying Officers.~

The special pay for officers employed in aerial work is undecided.

~Army.~

The army wing is responsible for the dirigible. Aeroplanes are one or two _Bleriots_, a _Grade_, 2 _Tokogawa_, and a _Farman_.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Hino, Major Saigom, Capt. Tokogawa, Capt. Tokogama, Lieut.

Naval.

Narahara, Naval Constr. Kaneko, Lieut. Kono, Lieut. Obama, Eng. Lieut. Umikita, Lieut. Usuioku, Naval Constr.

Private.

Doig, S. Iga, Baron Shigeno, Baron Tsuzuki, Yamada, Isaburo

The following have been killed:--

+----------------+ | 1912. | | Aibata, Lieut. | | | | 1913. | | Kimura, Lieut. | | Tokuda, Lieut. | | Takeishi. | +----------------+

~Private Aviation.~

There are some private aeroplanes being regularly flown in Japan. A number of aeroplanes have from time to time been invented by naval and military officers and private individuals, and some of them are in use. Inventors include Major Hino, naval constructor Narahara and Ushioki, Baron Iga, Baron Shigeno and Mr. Tsuzuki.

JAPANESE AEROPLANES.

[Illustration: Bleriot (since wrecked). Tokogawa. Wright. Grade. Army Flying School ground.]

[Illustration: Narahara.]

[Illustration: Tokogawa II. Type I the same except for minor details.]

JAPANESE DIRIGIBLES.

PARSEVAL type. Military. (P.L. 13.)

[Illustration]

~Length~ 259 feet (19 m.) ~maximum diameter~ 47-3/4 feet (14.50 m.) ~capacity,~ 8,500 m cubed.

~Gas bag.~--2 ballonets. Usual Parseval.

~Motors.~--Total, 300 h.p., made up of two 150 h.p. Maybach.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (65 km.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual Parseval (see German).

Remarks.--Of _Parseval P.L. 12_ type (see German). Built 1911.

YAMADA. Non-rigid. (Private.)

[Illustration: _Photo by favour of M. Samuro Kuki._]

~Maximum length~, feet ( m.) ~maximum diameter~, feet ( m.) ~volume,~ 700 m cubed. (_about_)

~Gas bag.~--

~Motor.~--American make.

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--One.

~Steering.~--Biplane elevator forward. Triangular rudder in rear under gas bag.

Remarks.--Generally of American type.

MEXICAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 2 old pattern _H. Farman_; also one or more _Curtiss_ and _Wright_ machines. Nothing seems doing with them.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Martinez, N. (Ae. C. F. 462) Mendia, (Ae. C. F. 680)

Private.

Duval, Raoul Lebrija, Miguel Morales Noriega Ramsey, E. L. Saavedra, Alfonso

Probably 2 others

(The above are mostly amateur builders.)

NORWEGIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club, Norsk Flyveselskad (Christiana). Secretary, D. Barth.

Norsk Luftseilads Forening (Christiana). President, H. Mohn.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Military Aviation.~

At the end of 1912 the Army possessed two 70 h.p. _M. Farmans_ (Renault motors), and the Navy a 100 h.p. N.A.G. _Rumpler_.

For 1913 the purchase of further machines is contemplated for both arms.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1911~ 1

At end of 1912 there were in existence 2--a _Grade_ and a _Deperdussin_.

~AVIATORS.~

~Military.~

Dichi, Lieut. Jacobsen, Lieut.

~Private.~

Hansen. St. Dons.

PERUVIAN.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

The Peruvian Government has made a special grant for aviation students, and war machines are projected. Actual order to end of 1912 was one _Avro_ mono.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 3 " ~1911~ 2 " ~1912~ _none_ probably.

~AVIATORS.~

Bielovucic, J. Chavez, J. Monterc (766 A. C. F.)

Peruvian aviators killed:

+------------+ | 1910. | | Chavez, G. | | | | 1911. | | Tenaud, C. | | | +------------+

PORTUGUESE.

(Revised by J. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. de Portugal (R. Nova docklaemada d. ISL.)

~Aerial Journals:~--

Rivista Aeronautica (Ae. C. Journal.)

~Flying Grounds:~--

Campo do Seigcal.

Mounchavo da Povoa.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 1 " ~1911~ 2 " ~1912~ 2

~Private Aviators.~

De Castro, Sanchez De Silva, Gomez

~Military Aviation.~

In 1912 a military corps was formed. At the end of 1912 it possessed _Avro_ (1--50 h.p.), _Voisin_ (1--80 h.p.), and _M. Farman_ (1--80 h.p.) (since wrecked). 1 _Deperdussin_.

~Private Aviation.~

In 1911 the _Gouveia_ mono. was built, span 9 metres, but it failed to fly. Also the _Avante_ biplane, which also failed. First flight in Portugal by a Portuguese was De Castro in September, 1912, with an old _Bleriot_.

ROUMANIAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At end of March, 1913, there were several 80 h.p. _Bristol_ monos., 2 _Bleriots_, 1 _Nieuport_, 1 _Morane_, 2 _Vlaiclu_, and several _H. Farman_ biplanes.

Government school is at Bucharest.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Capsa, Lieut. Negrescu, Lieut. Protpopscu, Lieut. Vacas, Lieut. Poly Zorileann, Lieut. (Ae. F. 587)

Private.

Bibesco, Prince (Ae. C. F. 20) Oznoth

VLAICLU Monoplane. Designed by Ouvret Vlaiclu. First shewn at the Vienna Exhibition, 1911. Modified; it flew very well indeed at Aspern, June, 1912. The 1912 model is of entirely novel type, a tail first monoplane with a propeller either end of the main planes, and a triangular tail aft. Principal details are:--~Length~, 34-2/3 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span~, 30 feet (9.15 m.) ~Height~, 12 feet (3.65 m.) Wing frame in three sections with gap between. ~Motor~, 50 h.p., Gnome chain driven. ~Fuselage~, old style; landing chassis on three wheels only, with a single ash skid in front. Covered in engine driving the 31 foot propeller shaft for the 2 propellers. Rear tail consists of 2 fixed planes, a triangular damping plane and a triangular keel plane. Forward, an elevator and two semi-circular rudders (double faced). From this combination remarkable results are achieved, and all gyrostatic effect from the propellers eliminated. _Control_, horizontal wheel on column. Elevator depressed or otherwise by action on column. Note.--At Vienna, 1912, this machine took first prize for the smallest circle and also for accurate bomb-dropping. The original machine was purchased by the Roumanian Army.

RUSSIAN.

~General Note.~--In the number of military machines and general attention to aviation Russia is only second to France. There are no effective machines of Russian design, but the Aviataka, Dux & Lomatuk firms build at home under foreign license, and there is also the Kennedy school (Anglo-Russian).

~Aerial Societies:~--

(Imperial) Aero Club. 1. Odessa branch. 2. Rostow and Don branch. 3. St. Petersburg "

Finland Ae. C., Helsingfors.

Kieff University Ae. C., Kieff.

Moscow Ae. C., Moscow.

Moscow Imp. Tech. College (Aviation Section).

Riga Ae. C., Riga.

Russian Aeronautical Society, St. Petersburg.

Sevastopol Ae. C.

Students' Aviation Club.

Tomsk Ae. C., Tomsk.

Volunteer Aerial Fleet.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Aeronautical Journal of St. Petersburg._

_Aero_ (6, Liteiny, St. Petersburg). Weekly.

_Dans l'Empire des Airs_ (7, Rota 26, Petersburg). Fortnightly.

_Revue de Navigation Aerienne_ (7 rue Stremmiannaya, Petersburg). Weekly.

_Sport_ (25, Ekaterineska, Odessa).

_Wozdookhoplavatel_ (St. Petersburg). Monthly.

_Wosduchoplawanie y Sport_ (Moscow). Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Gatchina Park.~-- Flying here under restrictions. V.F. school.

~Kieff.~--School for pilots.

~Kolomiaggi.~--Racecourse.

~Novo Therkask.~

~Odessa.~

~St. Petersburg.~--Kennedy school.

~Sevastopol.~--Volunteer Fleet school.

~Warsaw.~

~RUSSIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Army Aviation.~

Early in 1912, under the presidency of the Grand Duke Alexander, the special school of the Volunteer Aerial Association was finally formed at Sevastopol for the winter and Gatchina for the summer.

June 1912. Vote for 150 aeroplanes (140 to be built at home). Vote 1,050,000 roubles for new school at Tauride.

November, 1912. Military trials results. (1) Sikorsky in a _Sikorsky_. (2) Haber in a _M. Farman_. (3) Boutmy in a _Nieuport_.

December, 1912. Aeronautical school re-organised. Put under control of one commandant, one assistant, and four juniors. Course made seven months--15 pupils per school at a time. A one month course in aeroplanes, aerial motors, etc. Of the pupils, 10 will be selected for aeroplanes. New flying school established at Taskend in Turkestan.

March, 1913. New schools established at Moscow, Odessa and Omsk.

At the end of 1911 the total number of military aeroplanes was about 100. At the end of March, 1913, the total number was about 250, of which about 150 were modern. Principal types: _Albatross_, _Aviatik_, _Bristol_, _Deperdussin_, _Farman_, _Nieuport_, _Rumpler_, there being an average of 20 of each. The majority built under Russian license in Russia. The number of actual military pilots was 72. There is, however, a special volunteer corps of about 36 private aviators, bringing the available total to 108 or thereabouts.

~Navy Aviation.~

July, 1912. Lieut. Andreadi, 50 h.p. _Nieuport_, did a flight with stops from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg.

September, 1912. Special naval aerodrome for hydro-avions ordered for Golodai Island, near Petersburg, bringing total of military and naval aerodromes to 6. _Sikorsky_ hydro-avion acquired. Also an _M. Farman_ ditto. New naval station projected at Libau.

October, 1912. Naval purchase of several _Curtiss_ hydro-avions after trials at Sevastopol.

At the end of March, 1913, the approximate effective force was as follows (all hydros, or capable of being so fitted): 1 _Astra_, 1 _Breguet_, 2 _Donnet-Leveque_, 1 _Farman_, 4 _Paulhan Curtiss_, 2 _Nieuport_ (50 h.p.), 1 _Sikorsky_. (A number of others on order.)

Early in 1913 experiments were carried out with a combination of floats and skids, invented by M. Lobanoff, of Moscow. This proved equally effective on land or water.

~AVIATORS.~

The following are army, navy or volunteer aviators. The number is the Russian Ae. C., unless otherwise stated. F = French. Prefix + = killed. n = navy.

Abramowitch Wissewold (14) Agababa, N. (668 F.) Agofonoff (20) Aleknovitch, G. (29) Alexandroff, D. (472 F.) n Andreadi, Lt. Artsgouloff (44) Avinass, J. (60) Badowski, L. Bakhmoutoff, N. (6) Berdchenko, V. (7) Bistritsky, V. (8) Boukshevden, Bar. G. (10) Boutmy (de), E. Campo, Scipio (211 F.) Childovski (67) Chioni, B. (250) Chimansky (27) Choudinoff (46) Dmitrieff, J. (9) Dorogouski (125 F.) Dougowezky, A. (1) n Dybovski, V. (12) Efimoff, M. (31 F.) Efimoff, T. Erdeli, G. (45) Eristov, Prince (524 F.) Evsukoff, P. (21) Firstemberg Flegfier, von. Gelgar (33) Glouchenko, S. (48) Godoulsky, A. (59) Gorghkoff, G. (626 F.) Goumberto-Dros, B. (58) Grekoff G. (5.) Grigoraschirilly (577 F.) Houeninsey, A. (227 F.) Husarenko (22) Illin, A. (16) Iougmeister (52) Jankovsky, G. (24) Joukoff (37) Kaidenoff (42) Kamensky, V. (66) Katzian, A. + Kauzminski (228 F.) Kebouroff, V. (210 F.) Kirchstern Kolchin, F. (28) Komaroff, M. (245 F.) Kostine, N. (223 F.) Kauznezoff, P. Kreiner, E. Kroumm, A. Lachtionoff, G. (57) Lambert (de) C. (8 F.) Lebedeff, V. (98 F.) Lerche, M. (25) Lewkowicz, H. (327 F.) Linno, G. (15) Lipowski, H. (330 F.) Kokteff (61) Makaroff, D. (13) Makeef, P. (5) Matyevitch, Matzevitch (152 F.) n+Matyevitch, Capt. (178 F.) Meybaum, T. Miller (35) Monakoff, (565 F.) Naidenoff, G. Naslennikoff, B. Nikiforoff (18) Nikolaieff (49) Nikolsky, P. (17) Oulianine, S. (181 F.) Pehanovsky, B. (401 F.) + Pietrowsky, G. (195 F.) Porcheron, J. (640 F.) Popoff, N. (50 F.) Poliakoff, A. (50) Poplavko (34) Pongolowski, W. (4) Pristchepoff (38) Raevsky, A. (F.) Raygorodsky, A. (207 F.) Rossinsky (68) n Rouaroff, M. (245 F.) Rynin, N. (23) Sakoff, N. de (627 F.) Salesky (41) Samoilo (11) Samouiloff, P. (51) Semeniovitch (226 F.) Semenko-Slavorossoff, H. (40) Semitan (36) Seversky-Prokofieff, N. (47) Sewkowicz, L. Shidloovsky, M. Shimansky, K. Shimkevitch, V. Sikorsky, I. (63) Skarginsky, A. (43) Slusarenko, W. + Smith, V. (231 F.) Sobansky Graf. (3) Soechnikoff, A. Soupnevsky, C. (26) Springuefeld Sredinsky, A. Strelmkoff (71) Tchemiakoff (72) Tkatcheff, V. (64) Tounochensky (32) Tselary, I. (54) Wassilieff, A. (225 F.) Zaikine (191 F.) Zelinsky, Col. (273 F.) + Zolotouchin, M. (31)

~CIVILIAN AVIATORS.~

There are very few purely civilian aviators in Russia. Russians who have obtained brevets include Mdlles Anarta (52), Golantchikova (55), Zvereva (30), Count de Lambert, (8 F.) and Count Malynski (209 F.) and one or two others. Few or none do any flying now.

RUSSIAN AEROPLANES.

~A-Z~

AVIATIK. St. Petersburger Aviatik Gesellschaft, Petersburg. Construct Aviatiks. (See Germany.)

BRONISLAWSKI. Experimental biplane with special stabilising features.

DUX. Fabrica Moscovita Tneerskaja "Dux," Lastawa, Moscow. Construct under license.

GELTOUCHOW. W. G. Geltouchow and A. W. Preiss, 4 Piasnitzkajai, Moscow. Constructs.

GILBERT. C. Gilbert, 195 Twerskaja, Moscow. Constructs.

KENNEDY. Soc. d. Dirigibles and Aeroplanes Kennedy, St. Petersburg.

MOTOR. Riga-Sassenhof.

RODJESTVEISKY. Built a triplane in 1911.

RUSSIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES (13).

-----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | (1) | (2) | (3 & 4) | (5, 6, 7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) Name | ~LEBEDJ.~ | ~KOMMISSIONY.~ | ~JASTREB~ and | ~ZODIAC VII,~ | ~PARSEVAL.~ | ~FORSZMANN I.~ | ~FORSZMANN II.~ | ~ASTRA 13.~ | ~PARSEVAL 14.~ | ~C. BAYARD 6,~ | | | ~GOLOUBJ.~ | ~VIII & IX.~ | | | | | | _bis._ Make | Lebaudy. | C. Bayard I. | Outchebny I & II. | | Parseval 7. | Forszmann. | Forszmann. | | | Date | ~1910.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ System | Semi-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Semi-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed.)| ~3700~ | ~3000~ | ~1500~ | ~2140~ | ~7600~ | ~800~ | ~600~ | ~9800~ | ~10,000~ | ~6200~ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 200 (61) | 184 (56.25) | ... | 164 (50) | 236 (72) | 121-1/2 (37) | ... | 259 (77.80) | 279 (85) | 250 (77.60) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | 34-3/4 (10.58) | ... | 29-1/2 (9) | 46 (14) | 19-3/4 (6) | ... | 49 (14.90) | 52-1/2 (16) | 42-3/4 (13) {fabric | Continental | Continental | ... | Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | Reidinger | Continental ~Gas Bags~{ballonets | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | 2 (3100 m cubed.) | 2 | 2 {compartments| 3 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Lift~ {total tons | 4 | 3-3/4 | ... | 2 | 7 | 1/2 | 1/3 | ... | ... | 7-1/2 {useful tons | 1-1/4 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | nearly 4 | about 3-1/2 | 2-3/4 ~Motor~ h.p.| 1-70 Panhard | 1-105 Clement B. | 1-75 E.N.V. | 1-60 Labor | 2-110 N.A.G. | 1-24 (=24) | ... | 2-150 Chenu | 2-180 Maybach | 2-130 Clement B. | (=70) | (=105) | (=75) | (=60) | (=220) | | | (=300) | (=360) | (=260) ~Propellers~ number| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | two 4-bladed | 1 | 1 | 3 | two 4-bladed | 2 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 30 (49) | 33-1/2 (54) | 13 (21) | 33-1/2 (54) | 37 (59) | 23 (37) | ... | 36 (60) | 43 (68) | ... -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- _Notes_ | _ex La Russie._ | _Jastreb_ reported | | | Carries 500 | | One-man | Carries 740 litres | | Special 2 speed | | wrecked, March, | | | litres of petrol. | | dirigible. | petrol. Crew 6. | | gear to propellers. | | 1913. | | | Has done 6-1/3 | | | Weights: | | | | | | | hours at 1500 | | |Crew: 1044 lbs. | | | | | | | metres, with 9 | | |Tools, &c. 220 " | | | | | | | on board. | | |Petrol, oil, &c. | | | | | | | | | | 7307 " | | | | | | | | | | ---- | | | | | | | | | | 8541 " | | | | | | | | | | ---- | | | | | | | | | |Forward propeller | | | | | | | | | |6m. diameter; the | | | | | | | | | |two after ones 3 m. | | | | | | | | | | each. | | -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Note.--Illustrations see next page.

[Illustration: Lebedj. UDS.]

[Illustration: Jastreb (Outchebny).]

[Illustration: Kommissiony. UDS.]

[Illustration: FURSZMANN.]

Note.--The other dirigibles are of usual type. See France and Germany.

SERVIA.

~Military Aviation.~

At end of March, 1913, there were 7 aeroplanes, and 3 more (_Bleriots_) on order.

SPANISH.

~Aerial Societies:~--

El Real Aero Club de Espana (70 rue Alcala, Madrid).

La Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea (20 Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona).

Real Aero Club d'Espana.

Cataluna Ae. C.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Boletin Oficial de la Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea_, 20, Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona (monthly).

_Espana Automovil_, 5, plaza de Isabel II, Madrid. Official organ, Spanish R. Ae. C.

_Revista de Locomotion Aerea_, 20, Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona (monthly).

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Carbouchelle~ Military School.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 9 old _Farmans_ (1910-11 model), and one or two more modern monoplanes: but little is doing.

Some hydro-aeroplanes are on order for the Navy.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Adaro, Lt. J. Alfaro, Lt. H. Arridaga, Capt. Berron, Lt. E. Echevarria, J. Gonzales, Capt. C. J. Granche Kindelan, Capt. A. Menendez, M. Ortiz, So. Lt. J. Penas, M. de las Pujo, Capt. (467 F)

Private.

Campano Dras, J. F. Jezzi, R. G. L. (British Ae. C. 44)[F] Lailhacar, de Pascal, Ferdinand Pimentel, B. L. Prince Alphonse d'Orleans (1)

The following Spanish aviators have been killed:--

+---------------+ | 1909. | | Fernandez, A. | | | | 1911. | | Pola, M. | | Mauvais | | | | 1912. | | Bayo, Capt. | +---------------+

~Military Dirigible Pilots.~

Herrera, Lt. E. Kindelan y Duany, Capt. A. Vives y Vich, Col.

SPANISH DIRIGIBLES (Non-rigid).

ESPANA. Military. (ASTRA class.)

[Illustration]

~Maximum length~, 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 35-1/3 feet (10.75 m.) ~volume,~ 43,057 c. feet4,000 m cubed.

~Total lift.~--9,700 lbs. (4,400 kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Yellow coloured rubber proofed Continental fabric.

~Motor.~--One 100 h.p. 4-cylinder Panhard.

~Speed.~--29 m.p.h.

~Propellers.~--1, at the front end of the car, of wood, "Integrale" type.

~Steering.~--As in _Clement Bayard I_ and _Ville de Nancy_.

Remarks.--The two side stabilising shapes are duplicated, as they are in the _Ville de Paris_. A webbing stretched on steel tubes is introduced between the inner edges of the 4 main stabilising shapes to provide extra stabilising surface.

TORRES-QUEVEDO II. Military.

+------------------+ | | | | +------------------+

~Maximum length~, 147-3/4 feet (45 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~volume,~ 56,700 c. feet (1,600 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- ? lbs. ( ? kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--60 h.p. Chenu.

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--

~Steering.~--

Remarks.--Designed by Captain Kindelan and Engineer Torres Quevedo.

SWEDISH.

~(Revised by Lieut. DAHLBECK, R. Swedish Navy.)~

~Aerial Societies:~--

Svenska Aeronautiska Saellskapet (Stockholm).

Kungl. Automobil klubben: (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm).

Svenska Motor-klubben: Aero sektion (Stockholm).

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Svensk Motor-Tidning_ (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm) Fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Ljungbyhed~ (Skane), sheds.

~Malmsl[~a]tt~, sheds.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, the Army possessed 1 monoplane, 1 biplane, and 2 biplanes building.

The Navy had 1 _Bleriot_ type monoplane and 3 building.

At the end of 1912 there were 9 privately owned aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. Swedish pilot certificate.)

Military.

von Porat, Lieut. (6) Ljungner, Lieut. (7) Hamilton, Capt. (2)

Naval.

Dahlbeck, Lieut. (3) (British Ae. C. 120) Werner, Lieut. (9)

Private.

Cedarstr[~o]m, Baron C. (1) Fj[~a]llb[~a]ck (4) Angstr[~o]m (5) Sundstedt (8) Thulin, M.A. (10)

SWEDISH AEROPLANES.

ASK. Monoplane.

[Illustration: _Harlan_ type. Built by Ask, 1911.]

NYROP. Naval Monoplane.

[Illustration: _Bleriot_ 2-seater. Built in Sweden by Nyrop, 1911. ~Motor~, 50 h.p. Gnome.]

DAHLBECK.

[Illustration: _Farman_ type. Built by Lieut. Dahlbeck. 1913.]

SWISS.

(By our special Swiss editor.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club Suisse (3, Hirschengraben, Berne). Sec.: F. Filliot.

a Ostschweizerischer V. fuer L. (Zuerich).

b Sektion Mittelschwerz (Bern).

c Sektion Westschweiz (Romande) (Lausanne).

d Club Suisse d'Aviation (Geneva).

Club Genevois d'Aviation (Geneva). Sec.: P. Brasier.

Fluegsport Klub (Rorschach). Sec.: A. Zuern.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Bulletin de l'Aero Club Suisse_ (Berne). Monthly.

_La Suisse Sportive_ (16, Rue de Hesse, Geneva). Weekly.

_Sport_ (35, Boulevard Exterieur, Berne).

_Automobil Revue_ (Berne). Weekly.

_Le Sport Suisse_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_L'Auto Sport_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_A.C.S._ (Swiss Aut. Clubs) (Geneva). Fortnightly.

_Das Illustrierte Programm_ (Zurich). Fortnightly.

_Revue Weinfelden._ Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Avenches.~

~Collex-Versoix.~ (Club Suisse d'Aviation).

~Lucerne.~--60 acre park. Sheds.

~Petit Lancy.~ Geneva (Geneva Club).

~Duebendorf bei Zurich.~

~Dirigible Station~ (with hangars):--

~Lucerne.~

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were no army aeroplanes, a _Farman_ bought in 1911 having ceased to exist.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ _about_ 10 " ~1911~ " 15

At the end of March, 1913, there were about ~15~ privately owned aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. Suisse pilot certificate number.) + = killed.

Military.

Real, Lieut. T. (4) + Schmidt, Capt. J.

Private.

Audemars, E. (7) Bianchi, P. (6) Bider, O. (32) + Blane, M. (17) Bucher, M. (11) Burkard, H. (20) Burri, E. (24) Casser, E. (28) + Cobioni, E. (15) Domenjoz, J. (10) Durafour, F. (3) Failloubaz, E. (1) Grandjean, R. (2l) Gsell, R. (12) + Hoesli, G. (25) Hug, M. (18) Ingold, K. E. (35) Jucker, A. (13) Kramer, H. (31) Mallei, A. (23) Parmelin, A. (22) + Primavesi, E. (34) Rech, E. (29) Rettig, J. J. (27) Reynold, M. (19) Ruchonnet, E. (5) Rupp, A. (9) Salvioni, C. (16) + Schmid, H. (14) Schumacher, J. (26) Taddoli, E. (2) Trepp, M. (30) Wyss P. A. (8) Zuest, B. (33)

SWISS AEROPLANES.

[Illustration: Grandjean.]

[Illustration: Taddeoli.]

[Illustration: Wetterwald.]

-----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+ | ~GRANDJEAN.~ | ~TADDEOLI.~ | ~WETTERWALD.~ | Model and date. | Hydro-monoplane. | Monoplane. | Monoplane. | | ~1911-12.~ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1912.~ | -----------------------------+------------------ +-----------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 19-3/4 (6) | 24-1/2 (7.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 29-1/2 (9) | 33 (10) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 191 (18) | 151 (14) | 215 (20) | { total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | 880 (400) | 705 (320) | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful, lbs. (kgs.)| 310 (140) | 330 (150) | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Oerlikon | 50 Gnome | 40 E.N.V. | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 69 (110) | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+

TURKISH.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There is a military aerodrome at S. Stefano, with Amerigo, Renzel and Thanlau as instructors.

In March, 1913, there were about 12 monoplanes (_Harlans & Reps_), and one or two biplanes. Only one seems actually to have been used. Several other aeroplanes were captured during the war--generally in their packing cases unopened. In April, 50 machines were reported ordered in Germany.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Fessa, Bey (780, F.) Kienan, Lt. (797, F.) Nouri, Lt. Ratzian Refik, Capt. Sismanoglou, J.

URUGUAY.

~Aeroplanes in the country.~

_None._

~AVIATOR:~ Cameo, M. Garcia

U.S.A.

(Edited by E. L. JONES, Editor of "Aeronautics," U.S.A.)

~General Note.~--In the early nineties, Professor Langley and the Bros. Wright were experimenting with heavier-than-air machines, but general interest in the subject is quite recent. Though some small dirigibles exist, American attention is mainly devoted to aeroplanes. Ballooning was quite the thing in 1907-11, but has languished.

It is stated that there are certainly no less than _two thousand_ people in the U. S. A. who have built flying machines. The greater percentage of these have been home-made copies of standard machines. Individual builders of copies and freaks have diminished greatly in numbers, and there remains a few well-established manufacturers.

Although inventors are still prolific in the Patent Office and clubs numerous, the general public takes very slight intelligent interest in aviation. The majority of clubs are inactive.

In the year 1912 commercial development seemed to have great possibilities. The copyists were being weeded out and competent aeronautical constructors financed by adequate means began operations on systematic business lines. The latter half of the year saw a great slump. In the spring of 1913 prospects looked greatly improved, and there was generally increased activity.

~Aerial Journals:~--

~Aeronautics.~--122, East 25th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Aircraft.~--37, East 28th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Fly.~--1701, Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pa. Monthly.

~Aero.~--Chicago, Ills. Weekly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Belmont Park, N.Y.~--Old race track. Not very good. Scene of 1910 meet. 30 sheds occupied by few experimenters.

~Dayton.~--_Wright_ school private field.

~Chicago, Ills.~--Two fine fields.

~Fort Myer, Va.~--Government and private sheds.

~Hammondsport, N.Y.~--_Curtiss_ factory. Field (small) and lake for water planes.

~Los Angeles, Calif.~--Several fields in vicinity. Used for _Eaton_ school and private flyers.

~Marblehead, Mass.~--Poor field. Home of Burgess C. Fine for hydro-aeroplanes.

~Mineola, N.Y.~--_Moisant, Sloane_ and another school, and individuals. About 1 by 10 miles level field, without obstructions.

~Oakwood Heights, Staten I., N.Y.~--The Aeronautical Soc. grounds, on bay for use of hydro-aeroplanes.

~San Diego, Calif.~--Winter quarters _Curtiss_ camp; also used by army flyers.

~San Francisco~ (near).--Good.

~St. Louis, Mo.~--Kinloch Park. _Benoist_ school and private owners.

~U. S. A. AERO CLUBS.~

An attempt has been made here to give the name of every aero club that has been formed recently in the United States, or has been in existence for a long time. It is believed this list covers every club in the United States.

Many of these clubs are nothing but a name. They were formed to conduct meets or exhibitions, given by the various aeroplane concerns engaged in this business. Many clubs are not incorporated. Others have no organisation, being run by principals of boys' schools or classes.

Clubs even affiliated with the Aero Club of America have no members' meetings, nor have they in many cases even meeting rooms. There are but a half-dozen live aero clubs worthy the name in America. Three clubs own balloons, which are rented to members for ascensions. Little attempt is made by more than one or two associations to popularise aeronautics, to encourage experimenters, or to indulge in scientific work.

The Aero Club of America, the Aeronautical Society and Aero Club of Illinois, are the principal organisations. The Ae. C. represents the F.A.I., and has a beautiful club house. The Aeronautical Society has rooms in the United Engineering Building, conducts well-attended lectures twice a month, and has grounds on Straten Island (for hydro-aeroplanes and aeroplanes).

Clubs affiliated with the Ae. C. of America are marked *

~CALIFORNIA.~

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

*Aero Club of California, Prof. H. La V. Twining, Pres., 1308 Calumet St. Los Angeles.

*Pacific Aero Club, Pacific Buildings, 331 Octavia Street, San Francisco

Postal Aero Club, 305 W. Santa Clara Street, San Jose

University of California Aero Club, T. W. Veitch, Sec., Berkeley

Oakland Aero Club, Oakland

*Aero Club of Colorado, 36 West Colfax Avenue, Denver, Col.

Aero Club of Blackstonehill, Oakland, Calif, c/o W. R. Davis, Jr., 474 Prospect Street

Curtiss Amateur Aviation Club, Harold Scott, Secretary, Los Angeles

Santa Clara Valley Aero Club, Chamber of Commerce, San Jose

Aero Club of San Diego, San Diego, Colonel C. C. Collier, Pres.

Aero Club of Pasedena, W. J. Hogan, Pres., 635 Chamber of Commerce, Box 1054

~CONNECTICUT.~

*Aero Club of Connecticut, Pres., A. Holland Forbes, at Fairfield

Yale University Aero Club, New Haven

Aero Club of Hartford, Hiram Percy Maxim, Pres., Hartford

~CUBA.~

*Aero Club de Cuba, Ignario 5, Havana

~DELAWARE.~

Aero Club of Delaware, Wilmington

~DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.~

Washington Aero Scientific Club, F. L. Rice, Sec., c/o Y.M.C.A., Washington

*Aero Club of Washington, Dr. Albert F. Zahm, Sec., Cosmos Club, Washington

~FLORIDA.~

Aeronautic Society of Florida, Davenport and Kerrison, Secs., 2014 Main Street, Jacksonville

~ILLINOIS.~

*Aero Club of Illinois, F. McCormick, Pres., 240 Michigan Avenue, Chicago

Aeroplane and Kite Club, E. E. Harbert, Pres., 2852 N. Clark Street, Chicago

University of Chicago Aero Club, Chicago

*Aircraft Club of Peoria, c/o Leslie Lord, 505 E. Armstrong Street, Peoria

Aeronautical Society of the University of Illinois, Urbana, R. Watts, Sec., 507 E. John Street, Champaigne

~INDIANA.~

Purdue Aero Club, Purdue University, Lafayette

South Bend Aero Club, South Bend.

*Aero Club of Indiana, Indianapolis

~KANSAS.~

Aero Club of Topeka, Topeka

*Western Aero Association, E. S. Cole, Sec., Topeka

Kansas State Aero Club, C. H. Lyons, Sec., Overland Park

~KENTUCKY.~

Continental Aero Club, Richmond

~LOUISIANA.~

Southern Aero Club, 809 Canal Street, New Orleans

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

~MARYLAND.~

*Aero Club of Baltimore, Col. Jerome H. Joyce, Pres., Baltimore

~MASSACHUSETTS.~

Aero Club of North Adams, North Adams

*Aero Club of New England, A. R. Shrigley, Sec., 26 Trement St., Boston

Amherst Aero Club, Amherst

*Pittsfield Aero Club, L. J. Minahan, Pres., Pittsfield

Springfield Aero Club, c/o Charles T. Shean, Pres., 3 John Street, Springfield

Tufts College Aero Club, Tufts College

*Harvard Aeronautical Society, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch, Pres., Blue Hill Observatory

Mass. Inst. of Technology Aero Club, John S. Selfridgem, Sec., Inst. of Technology, Boston

Dartmouth Aero Club, Richard F. Paul, Sec., Dartmouth

First Assn. of Licensed Pilots, Chas. J. Glidden, Pres., Hotel Somerset, Boston

Williams Aeronautical Society, Williams College, Robert O. Starret, Sec., Williamstown

~MICHIGAN.~

*Aero Club of Michigan, C. B. du Charme, Sec., Detroit

University of Michigan Aero Club, Ann Arbor

~MINNESOTA.~

Minneapolis Junior Aero Club, Stillman Chase, Sec., 3047 5th Avenue, S., Minneapolis

St. Louis Experimental Ass'n., 5346 Zealand Street, St. Louis

*Kansas City Aero Club, George M. Myers, Pres., Convention Hall, Kansas City

~MISSOURI.~

*Aero Club of St. Louis, 1429 Pine Street, St. Louis

~MONTANA.~

Aero Club of St. Charles College, Helena

~NEBRASKA.~

Aero Club of Nebraska, Col. Wm. H. Glassford, Pres., Fort Omaha

Junior Aero Club or the Y.M.C.A., c/o Y.M.C.A., Omaha

Lincoln Aero Club, Lincoln, c/o G. R. Brownfield, 1234 "O" Street

Aviation Club of Nebraska, Arthur Frenzer, Sec., 2778 California Street, Omaha

~NEW JERSEY.~

Princeton University Aero Club, Princeton

Aeronautic Society of New Jersey, c/o N.J. Automobile & Motor Club, Broad Street, Newark

Aero Club of New Jersey, c/o James K. Duffy, Sec., 315 Madison Avenue, New York

New Jersey Aeronautical League, W. A. Kraus, Sec., Guttenberg

Aero and Motor Club, Asbury Park

Atlantic City Aero Club, Col. Walter E. Edge, Sec., Atlantic City

Model School Aero Club, Trenton, R. G. Teavitt, Sec.

Trenton Aero Club, James Fenton, Sec., Trenton

~NEW YORK.~

*Aero Club of America, 297 Madison Avenue, Chas. Walsh, Sec.

The Aeronautical Society, 250 W. 54th Street, Arnold Kruckman, Gen. Sec.

Aeronautic Alumni Ass'n., c/o West Side Y.M.C.A., West 57th Street

New York Model Aero Club, Adrien Lacroix, Sec., 141 Lexington Avenue

National Model Aero Club, c/o A. Leo Stevens, 282 9th Avenue

Stuyvesant Aeronautic Society, 345 East 15th Street, Percey W. Pierce, Sec.

Columbia Aero Club, Columbia University, 116th Street

Dewitt Clinton High School Aero Club, 58th Street and 10th Avenue

*Aero Club of Buffalo, Lafayette Hotel, Buffalo, N.Y.

Thousand Islands Aero Club, c/o Dr. J. M. Gibbons, 168 Montague Street, Ithaca

Aeronautic Section, Technology Club, Syracuse

Boys' High School Aero Club, Henry St. Pieless, Sec., 815 Avenue, J., Brooklyn

*Rochester Aero Club, c/o L. J. Seely, 10 Culver Road, Rochester

Aero Club of the Y.M.C.A., Harold C. Carpenter, Pres., White Plains

Aero Club, Haliano, U.S.A., 135, West 12th Street, N.Y. Seventy-two members. C. Chiantelli, Sec.

Junior Aero Club, c/o A. E. Horn, Public School, 77 Park Avenue and 84th Street

Aero Club of Long Island, c/o Hohn H. Lisle, Alen Cove

Commerce Aero Club, 65 West 117th Street

*Aero Club of New York, Garden City.

Mechanics Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o H. H. Simms, 304 Cutler Building, Rochester

Aeronautical Research Club of the Y.M.C.A., H. C. Myers, Sec., Buffalo

Aero Club Italiano, Saverio A. Mascia, 403 Park Avenue

Aeronautical Society of Women, Miss Dorothy E. Ball, Sec., 250 West 54th Street

~OHIO.~

*Aero Club of Ohio, Canton

*Aero Club of Dayton, Dayton

International Aeroplane Club, Dayton

Cleveland Aero Club, C. J. Forbes, Sec., Hollanden Hotel, Cleveland

*Aero Club of Cincinnati, c/o P. L. Mitchell, Traction Buildings, Cincinnati

~OREGON.~

Portland Aero Club, E. Henry Wemme, Pres., Portland

~PENNSYLVANIA.~

Aviation Section, Professional Chauffeurs Ass'n. of America, 1933 Spring Gardens, Phil.

*Aero Club of Pennsylvania, Rev. Geo. S. Gassner, Sec., Betz Buildings, Phil.

Ben Franklin Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o Dr. T. Chalmers Fulton, 6th and Diamond Street, Phil.

Philadelphia Aeronautical Recreation Society, Dr. Thos. E. Eldridge, Pres., 1639 N. Broad Street, Phil.

Haverford College Aero Club, Haverford, Pa.

Swartmore College Aero Club, Swartmore, Pa.

Univ. of Penn. Aero Club, Univ. of Penn., Phil., Pa.

Aero Club of Carnegie, Tech. Schools, Pittsburg, Pa.

Intercollegiate Aeronautical Ass'n., Geo. A. Richardson, Pres., Univ. of Penn., Phil.

Pittsburg Aero Club, H. P. Haas, Sec., Magel Buildings, Pittsburg, Pa.

~RHODE ISLAND.~

Pawtucket Aero Club, Pawtucket

Rhode Island Aeronautical Society, Providence, John J. Long, Sec., c/o Brown University

~TENNESSE.~

Nashville Aero Club, Nashville, E. Fisher Coles, Sec.

~TEXAS.~

Dallas Aero Club, c/o Chamber of Commerce

San Antonio Aero Club, c/o Dr. Fred J. Fielding, 423 Hick's Buildings, San Antonio

South Western Aero Club, P.O. Box 821, Fort Worth

Texas Junior Aeronautical Ass'n., Hugh Dumas, Pres., Fort Worth

~UTAH.~

Aero Club of Utah, c/o L. R. Culver, 11 Eagle Block, Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City Aero Club, c/o Mr. Campbell, Walker Bank Buildings, Salt Lake City

~VERMONT.~

Aero Club of Vermont, Chas. T. Fairfield, Pres., c/o Rutland News, Rutland

~VIRGINIA.~

University of Virginia Aero Club, Stanford Swin, Sec., University of Virginia

Virginia-Tennesse Aero Club, Bristol, Va-Tenn, C. W. Morey, Sec.

~WASHINGTON.~

Aero Club of Washington, 415 Union Trust Buildings, Washington, D.C.

Aero Club of Seattle, c/o M. Robert Guggenheim, 511 Lonan Buildings, Seattle

Walla Walla Aero Club, Walla Walla

~WISCONSIN.~

*Milwaukee Aero Club, Milwaukee, c/o Major Henry B. Hersey, Chief of the Weather Bureau, Milwaukee

Milwaukee Aeronautic Society, Pres., Sherman Brown, Manager of Davidson Theatre, Milwaukee

~U.S.A. MILITARY AVIATION.~

~U. S. ARMY AEROPLANE SPECIFICATIONS. (1912).~

~SPEED SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) Carry one person with the seat located to permit of the largest possible field of observation. (2) Ascend at the rate of 1500 feet in three minutes, while carrying fuel for one hour's flight. (3) Carry fuel for a three hours' flight. (4) Must be easily transportable by road, rail, etc., and easily and rapidly assembled and adjusted. (5) The starting and landing devices must be part of the machine itself, and it must be able to start without outside assistance. (6) The engine must be capable of throttling. (7) The engine will be subject to endurance test in the air of two hours' continuous flight. (8) Speed in the air of at least 65 miles an hour. (9) Capable of landing on and arising from ploughed fields. (10) The supporting surfaces must be of sufficient size to insure safe gliding in case the engine stops. (11) The efficiency and reliability of the system of control must have been demonstrated before the purchase order is placed. The aeroplane must be capable of executing a figure eight within a rectangle 500 yards by 250 yards, and without decreasing its altitude more than 100 feet at the completion of the figure eight. This test to be made by aviator alone without carrying extra weight. (12) The extreme width of the aeroplane supporting surfaces must not exceed 40 feet.

~SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) The aeroplane must carry two persons with seats located to permit of the largest possible field of observation for both. (2) The control must be capable of use by either operator from either seat. (3) The machine must be able to ascend at least 2000 feet in ten minutes while carrying a weight of 600 lbs. including the aviator and passenger, 150 lbs. of gasoline, and extra weight to make 600 lbs. All of the extra weight must be carried on the engine section and not distributed over the wings. (4) The fuel and oil capacity must be sufficient for at least four hours continuous flight. This will be determined by a trial flight of at least one half-hour, measuring the consumption of gasoline while carrying the passenger and weight stated in paragraph 3. (5) Same as No. 4 above. (6) Same as No. 5 above. (7) The engine must be of American manufacture and capable of throttling to run at reduced speed. (8) Same as No. 7 above. This test will be made with aviator and passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. (9) The aeroplane must develop a speed in the air of at least forty miles an hour. This test will be made with aviator and passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. The maximum speed must not exceed sixty-five miles per hour. (10) Same as No. 9 above. This test will be made with aviator, passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. (11) Same as No. 10 above. (12) Same as No. 11 above. (13) Same as No. 12 above.

In ~1913~ additional requirements specified enclosed body, bullet-proof armour, .75 chrome steel, for engine and aviator, provision of necessary instruments and wireless, with, as desirable features, silencer and cut-out, self-starter and an efficient stabilising device.

At end of March, 1913, the effective Army aeroplanes consisted of three 50 h.p. _Wrights_, one _Wright-Burgess_, several old machines.

The Navy had two _Wright-Burgess_ hydros and a few nondescripts. A _Burgess_ flying boat since added.

The estimate for Army effectives at end of the present year (1913) is 21 (5 _Burgess_, 6 _Curtiss_, 10 _Wright_).

~AVIATORS.~

(The numbers after any name is the number of the U. S. Aero Club certificate.)

Army.

Arnold, Lieut. H. H. (29) Beck, P. Capt. (39) Brereton, Lt. L. H. (211) Burge, Corp. V. S. (154) Chandler, C. de F. Capt. (59) Foulois, Lieut. (140) Geiger, Lieut. H. (166) Goodier, Lt. L. E. (200) Graham, Lieut. H. (152) Hennessy, Capt. F. B. (153) Humphreys, Lieut. Kirtland, Lieut. R.C. (45) Lahm, Lieut. F. P. (2) Love, Lieut. M. L. (155) McClaskey, Lieut. J. W. (90) McKay, Capt. G. W. (67) McLeary, Lieut. S. H. (210) McManus, Lieut. Milling, Lieut. (30) Rodgers, J. Lieut. (48) Sherman, Lieut. W. C. (151) Winder, Lieut.-Col. C.B. (130)

Navy.

Herbster, Ens. (103) Ellyson, Lieut. T. G. (28) Rodgers, John, Lieut. Towers, Lieut. J. H. (62)

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS (to end of 1911).~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. America pilot certificate number. Only a few American aviators have bothered to obtain the Ae. Certificate. America produces a large number of aviators who fly for pleasure or exhibitions only and have not gone into competitions under International Rules. These consequently do not bother about certificates; but most of those recorded could easily obtain them, if they cared to try.)

Adams, Clarence Adams, A. S. (215) Alvarez, F. Ambrose, Charles Andrews, Thornwell Apto, H. J. Arndt, Edw. F. Atwater, Mrs. L. J. Atwater, W. B. (98) Atwood, H. N. (33) Baker, G. H. Baldwin, Ivy Baldwin, Capt. T. S. (7) Barnett, A. E. Barton, Sam Bates, M. F. (66) Beachey, Hillery (89) Beachey, Lincoln (27) Beatty, G. W. (41) Beckly, Wm. A. Beers, W. C. (40) Benoist, T. W. Bergdoll, Louis, J. Betton, Kaid Bishop, Cortland Bleakley, W. H. Boandette, A. B. Bonner, G. T. Bonette, C. C. Bonney, L. W. (47) Brackett, A. J. Brewer, Roy Brindley, O. A. (46) Brinker, H. S. Brodie, O. W. (135) Brookins, W. R. (19) Brown, H. H. (58) Bumbaugh, Capt. G. L. Burgess, W. Starling (136) Burligh, Chas. Bush, J. F. Butler, P. J. Callon, J. L. (102) Champion, Frank (86) Christmas, Wm. Cannon, Jack Cline, W. F. Coffyn, F. C. (26) Cole, R. Coleman, R. F. Cook, W. B. (95) Cooke, Henry C. Cooke, F. G. (26) Cooper, John D. (60) Costello, A. B. Coutourier, C. (79) Crewelson, W. H. Cross, Redmond W. (35) Crosby, R. W. Cummings, J. A. Curtiss, Glenn H. (1) & (Ae. C. F. 1) Curzon, J. W. DeGiers, C. De Hart, D. C. De Kor, F. (72) Dennis, D. L. Dixon, S. D. Dougherty, E. S. (87) Doyle, H. Drew, A. (50) Drexel, J. A. (8) Durgan, W. E. Dyott, G. M. Eaton, Warren Ecot, Robert G. Eells, Fred. Elton, Albert (75) Engel, A. J. Erickson, Louis, G. Eshoo, D. Evans, W. Ey, G. Fish, Farnam (85) Fortney, Lewis Fowler, R. G. Freeman, A. (84) Fuchs, Joseph Funk, T. B. Gallaudet, E. F. (32) Games, A. B. Gantz, Saxe P. Gardener, Hubbard G. Garner, R. W. Gaskell, Bud Gratz, H. F. Gray, George Green, William, Dr. Gregory, Donald Greider, C. Greider, J. Gressier, Romaine Guey, Fung Joe Hadley, C. O. Hall, Hamilton, C. K. (12) Hamilton, J. W. Hamilton, Thos. W. Hammond, Lee (34) Harper Harkness, H. S. (16) Harmon, C. B. (6) Hartman, A. Haupt, Willie Havens, Beckwith (127) Hendrian, A. Henning, J. C. Henningsen, Fred Heth, Eugene Henry, R. St. Hilliard, W. M. (Brit. Ae. C. 102) Hills, H. V. Hofer, W. Hoff, Wm. H. (91) Hoflake, Charles Holden, J. J. Holt, L. E. (63) Hoover, Fred. (100) Hoover, H. H. Huddleston, E. D. James, Stanley Janicke, W. Jannus, Anthony (80) Jennings, J. C. Jerwan, S. S. (54) Johnson, Frank H. Johnson, Walter E. (164) Jumel, August Kantner, H. (65) Kellrey, H. Kemmerle, Horace Kennedy, F. M. (97) Kiley, J. E. Kimball, Wilbur R. Klein, H. H. Klockles, J. G. Korn, Edward Krasting, Theodore La Chapelle, Duval Lambert, A. B. (61) Lambreath, C. E. Lapadat, N. Laser, G. F. Le Van, Howard Lewis, S. C. (92) Lewkowicz, Ladis Lidstone, Ed. S. Lillie, M. T. (73) Lockwood, Chas. Longfellow, H. W. Loose, Geo. H. Lougheed, A. Longo, T. Ludwig, Vandy Maier Manners, George Mars, J. C. (11) Martin, J. B. Martin, G. L. (56) Martin, J. V. Massar, A. M. Masson Matalach, S. H. Mattingley, O. A. Maynard, Arthur Mayo, Albert (99) McCally, J. B. (94) McCarty, James McClellam McCollum, W. C. McCurdy, J. A. D. (18) McGoey, Thomas McNamara, Geo. E. McManus, L. McMahon, A. J. Medrick, F. H. Meyerhoffer, Orvar Miller, Clinton R. Moisant, Miss M. E. (44) Morok, Chas. B. Mourfield, Carl Murias, De E. F. (38) Murphy, T. Murphy, Wm. Neidmiller, Ed. Nelson, N. B. Nelson, Nels. T. Ovington, E. L. Page, P. W. (68) Paine, N. B. Paridon, Michael Park, Henry Paulding, Dwight Paulhan, L. (3) Pfiel, P. Post, Augustus Powers, H. W. Prince, Norman (55) Prentice, Prospect, Louis Prowse, C. O. Raiche, Mrs. F. Ragot, Louis Reichert, H. D. W. (82) Remington, Earle Reynolds, Dr. Percy, L. Richter, J. (81) Riggs, E. Roat, Arthur R. Robinson, H. (42) Roehrig, B. F. Rowe, F. E. Russell, Geo. Sackett, Harry Sands, H. Hayden (Ae. C. F. 70) Schafer, G. E. Schmidt, G. S. Schneider, Fred, P. Schulz, G. C. Schwartz, A. Schwister, John Scott, Miss B. Seeman, J. R. Seignor, H. A. Seligman, J. (64) Seymour, Joseph Sellers, M. B. Shelton, T. Sherwood, Oliver, B. Shneider, Fred. Shoemaker, Chas. W. (93) Sill, F. Simmonds, O. G. (145) Skinner, S. R. Slaik, E. Slavin, J. J. Smith, A. Smith, Kyle Smith, R. M. Sommerville, W. E. Soreusen, Prof. Sparling, J. N. Steitz, F. M. (88) Stewart, J. G. Stone, A. (Ae. C. F. 15) Summer, Gill. Suppe, Talmage, M. P. Takisow, Tarbox, J. Thomas, W. T. Thomas, O. W. Thompson, George Tickell, Sam Timothy, S. R. Troxey Turpin, J. C. (22) Tuttle, T. T. Vanderbilt, W. K. Vaughan, Stanley Vogt, Jesse S. Walden, Dr. H. W. (74) Walker, Clarence Ward, J. J. (52) Warner, A. P. Webster, C. L. (69) Weeks, F. W. Wells, G. Wetzig, H. H. Weymann, Charles (14) Wilcox Wildman, Dock Willard, C. F. (10) Williams, Beryl (71) Williams, B. J. Willoughby, Capt. Hugh L. Wilson, Edward Wiseman, Fred. E. Witmer, C. C. (53) Worden, John H. (76) Wright, Orville (4) (Ae. C. F. 14) Wright, Wilbur (5) (Ae. C. F. 15) Young, C. M. Yan, J.

The following American aviators have been killed:--

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS. (Brevets, 1912.)~

Aldasoro, J. P. (217) Aldasaro, E. A. (218) Andrews, W. D. (124) Arnold, G. (198) Barlow, F. E. (139) Beckwith, S. F. (137) Beech, A. C. (168) Belcher, O. T. (158) Bell, Dr. F. J. (196) Bell, G. E. (201) Bergdoll, G. C. (169) Berlin, C. A. (109) Bleakley, W. H. (206) Bouldin, W. (157) Boysdorfer, C. (193) Brown, R. M. (185) Bryant, G. M. (208) Burnside, F. H. (212) Carlstrom, O. G. (145) Colovon, P. (160) Crossley, S. J. (187) Dalwigk, G. B. (190) De Hart, D. C. (129) Eaton, W. S. (128) Edelman, D. (191) Elliott, R. (178) Figyelmessy, H. (203) Fritts, E. V. (213) Gilpatric, J. G. (171) Gray, G. A. (142) Gray, J. F. (150) Gunn, T. (131) Hattemer, H. L. (147) Hemstraught, W. H. (146) Hetlick, W. A., jr. (197) Hild, F. C. (216) Hunt, E. N. (163) Holmes, H. (204) Johnson, R. R. (205) Kabitzke, W. (126) Kammski, J. G. (121) Kemper, F. W. (119) Klockler, J. G. (125) Korn, E. (171) Lamkey, W. A. (183) Law, R. B. (188) Maroney, T. T. (106) Masson, D. (202) McMillen, R. E. (111) Meyer, C. (176) Miller, B. A. (173) Niles, C. F. (181) Park, H. (113) Peoli, C. (141) Piceller, W. (116) Prodgers, C. B. (159) Reid, M. E. (114) Reid, P. H. (179) Remer, L. H., de (115) Richardson, R. H. C. (174) Robinson, R. W. C. (162) Ruiz, H. (182) Russell, R. B. (132) Salinas, A. (170) Salinas, G. (172) Schaeffer, J. S. (177) Scholovinck, E. (195) Schuman, F. J. (143) Singh, M. M. (123) Sjolander, C. T. (138) Smith, J. F. (207) Spaulding, J. D. (107) Stark, W. M. (110) Stinson, K. (148) Sverkerson, J. S. (180) Tait, G. M. (184) Takeiski, K. (122) Terrill, F. J. (108) Thomson, C. (112) Thompson, De L. (134) Twombly, W. I. (149) Vought, C. M. (156) Waite, H. R. (186) Weeks, E. O. (214) Weiner, T. (167) Wiggins, C. L. (175) Wood, C. M. (209)

U.S. Aviators killed: _Continued._

U.S.A. AEROPLANES.

~A~

AERIAL EXHIBITION Co. (Biplane), 1777, Broadway, New York. Built a _Curtiss_ type with Kirkham motor, 1911. 2 skids, with wheel between, and usual _Farman_ rubber shock absorbers.

AERIAL YACHT CO., San Francisco. Inc. 1913. Capital, $25,000.

AERONAUTICAL SUPPLY CO. See _Cordeaux-Etter_.

AMERICAN AEROPLANE SUPPLY HOUSE (Monoplane), 266, Main Street, Hempstead, N.Y. Builders of monoplanes after the _Bleriot_ type. Half-a-dozen machines were built and sold during 1911. Fitted with Gnomes or American engines.

~B~

BALDWIN Biplanes. Captain Thos. S. Baldwin, PO Box, 78, Madison Square, N.Y. About half-a-dozen steel biplanes have been produced in 1911 by Captain Baldwin, and he and other aviators, Badger, Hammond, Miss Scott Mass, etc., have flown these at various exhibitions and meets, and are classed with well-known successful American biplanes.

[Illustration: _Photo, Edwin Levick, N.Y._]

Details of _Baldwin_ ("Red Devil").

~Length.~--28-1/4 feet (8.60 m.) ~Span.~--28-3/4 feet (8.75 m.)

~Motor.~--50-60 h.p. Hall-Scott ~Propeller.~--One Requa-Gibson in rear of main planes. Diameter, 7 feet (2.13 m.) Pitch, 6 feet (1.82 m.)

~Speed.~--60 m.p.h. (97 k.p.h.)

[Illustration: BALDWIN. RED DEVIL. UAS.]

BENOIST. Benoist Aircraft Co., 6628, Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. (formerly Aeronautic Supply Co.)

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | Model and date. | "Headless." | Flying boat. | | | Tandem biplane. | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 22-1/2 (6.85) | 27 | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 30 (9.15) | 42-1/6 (12.80) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1004 (455) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| ... | 75 Roberts | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 68 (110) | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 31 (50) | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--The boat of the flying boat is 23-5/6 feet long, by 2 feet 2-1/2 inches wide. Shipable wheels. See _Aeronautics_, January, 1913.

[Illustration: BENOIST. Flying boat. UAS.]

BOLAND. Boland Aeroplane & Motor Co., 1821, Broadway, New York. Works: Ft. Center St. Newark, N.J.

[Illustration]

----------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1913.~ | | "Tailless." | ----------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-1/6 (6.45) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 60 Boland | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (95) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ----------------------------+------------------+

A refinement of the original machine of the late F. E. Boland, which first flew in 1911. _Control_ by two special jibs which work inward. Designed to be used also as a hydro, with three step floats. No rudder or ailerons. Full details, etc., see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913, and _Aircraft_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

BURGESS. Burgess Co. & Curtis, Marblehead, Mass. Built _Wright_ types under license, also machines of their own.

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- Model and date. | Military tractor. | Coast defence hydro. | Naval flying boat. | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (8.50) | 33-1/3 (9.55) | 31 (9.45) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 37-3/4 (12) | 43 (13.10) | | | -- ----- | | | 36 (10.97) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | 397 (37) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 775 (352) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 60 Sturtevant | 70 Renault | | _muffled_ | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (70) | 59 (95) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4-1/2 | 4-1/2 | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- Remarks.-- | Lumina fabric. | Special clear view | Boat 29-1/2 feet long. | Single screw. | for observation. | 2--2 step floats. | Details, _Aeronautics_, | 2--1 step mahogany | Petrol, 48 gallons. | (U.S.A.), May-June, | and copper floats. | Details, _Aeronautics_, | 1912. | Useful weight | (U.S.A.), May, 1913. | | includes floats. | | | Details, _Aeronautics_, | | | (U.S.A.), Feb., 1913. | ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

[Illustration: Burgess-Wright.]

[Illustration: Burgess-Wright as a hydro (the U.S. Navy has two of these).]

[Illustration: Military tractor. _By favour of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS.]

[Illustration: "Coast defense" hydro. _From "Aeronautics."_]

[Illustration: Burgess-Curtis. 1913 Naval flying boat.]

~C~

CHRISTMAS. Durham Christmas Aeroplane Sales & Exhibition Corporation, Inc. 1913. Capital: $10,000 to $50,000. Claims for it are that it is "automatically balanced." This is attained by the shape of the machine, not through the agency of any auxiliary apparatus.

[Illustration]

CORDEAUX-ETTER. Cordeaux-Etter Mfg. Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y. Capital: $10,000. Took over, 1913, the Aeronautical Supply Co., of N.Y.

COOKE. Weldon B. Cooke Aeroplane Co., Sandusky, Ohio. Founded 1913 by the well-known aviator, W. B. Cooke.

[Illustration]

---------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1913.~ | ---------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.60) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 24 (7.30) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 240 (22) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | ~Weight~ { | | {usefullbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.{|75 Roberts 2 cycle| {| _upside down_ | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | Number built during 1912 | new firm | ---------------------------+------------------+

Details, _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February, 1913.

[Illustration: COOKE. UAS]

CURTISS. Curtiss Aeroplane Co., Hammondsport, N.Y. Glenn H. Curtiss in 1907 and 1908 was a member of the Aerial Experiment Association, formed by Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell. This Association built four machines, each along the lines of one of the four engineers belong to the Association, F. W. Baldwin, Lieut. T. E. Selfridge, G. H. Curtiss and J. A. D. McCurdy. The last built was the _June Bug_, designed by Curtiss and was the most successful. In the spring of 1908, the Association was disbanded and The Aeronautical Society gave Curtiss an order for an aeroplane with _carte blanche_ as to design. He produced a 4 cyl. machine, Curtiss engine, and flew it. A duplicate was hurriedly built, 8 cyl. engine installed, and taken to Europe for the first Gordon Bennett, which he won. Returning, the same type was continued with minor improvements. Later the front elevator was brought closer in, finally discarded, and the fan tail adopted and this remains the standard land machine to-day. In April, a military tractor was built and flown.

On January 26th, 1911, first successful flights were made with a hydroaeroplane, at the Winter camp at San Diego, Calif. This had two floats tandem. One was finally adopted and great success was achieved, and remains standard at the present time. With this machine various experiments were made. It was altered in a tractor for one occasion, it was lifted on board warships; made into triplane, etc.

In 1912 he brought out his present type of flying boat. This is being rapidly developed and minor changes in details are made in practically every machine put out.

In May, 1913, he produced a special 4-passenger flying boat for a customer on special order.

Note.--In addition to those tabulated, special small racing machines have been built, as well as similar machines with extra sections simply added either side for Army use.

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- Model and date. | ~Type D.~ | ~Type E.~ | ~Type F.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-2/3 (8.10) | 27-1/3 (8.33) | 27-1/3 (8.33) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 31-1/4 (9.50) | 38-1/3 (11.70) ~Overall~ feet (m.)| 33-1/12 (10) | 36-1/4 (11) | 41-2/3 (12.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 214 (19-1/2) | 288 (26-1/4) | 421-1/2 (39) {total lbs. (kgs)| ... | 1700 (771) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs)| ... | 500 (227) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| Curtiss | 80 Curtiss | Curtiss ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 59 (95) | ... ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- Remarks.-- | Land service, but | Fitted either with |Used to date only |is also made fitted | wheels, pontons, or |as military tractor | with floats. | boat. |or heavy flying boat. | Panels. | _Vilas boat._ | _McCormick boat._ | | Boat 24 ft. long. |Boat 25 ft. long 4 ft. | |Beam 54-1/2 ft. long. |wide. Freeboard 46 | |Height 41 ins. long. |ins. Cockpit 84 ins. | |Cockpit 3 ft. long by |long by 46 ins. wide. | | 4 ft. 2 ins. wide. |Length of tail, incl. | | | elevator 12 feet. ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+------------------

For full details of the tractor (F) see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February, 1913.

[Illustration: 1913 Tractor. Type F.]

[Illustration: 1912 flying boat. _By favor of "Aeronautics," U.S.A._]

[Illustration: Curtiss. 1913 flying boat. UAS.]

~G~

GALLAUDET. Gallaudet Eng. Co., Norwich Ct.

[Illustration]

In 1912 produced a special racer as above. ~Span~, 32 feet (9.75 m.) ~Area~, 200 sq. feet (18-1/2 m squared.) ~Speed~, 100 m.p.h. (160 k.p.h.) ~Motor~, 100 Gnome.

~K~

KIRKHAM Biplanes. Chas. B. Kirkham, Motor Manufacturers, Savona, N.Y. Began to manufacture aeroplanes in 1912, after previous experiments and flights near his factory.

~Length~, ? feet ( ? m.) ~span~, 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~surface~, ? sq. feet ( ? m squared.)

~Weight.~--Complete, _without pilot_, 980 lbs. (445 kgs.)

~Motor.~--50 h.p. Kirkham, located in front under bonnet. 70 h.p. also fitted.

~Speed.~--56-62 m.p.h. (90-100 k.p.h.)

Remarks.--Rises easily at under 35 m.p.h., and has a full speed radius of 5-1/2 hours. Full details in _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., January, 1912. 1913, no changes.

[Illustration]

~L-S~

LOENING. Monoplane aero boat, with one very deep step. See _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May-June, 1912.

SELLERS. Quadruplane. Matthew B. Sellers, R.F., D2, Norwood, Ga. Has been successfully experimenting for a number of years with a staggered quadruplane, and has given the aviation world a number of valuable papers. His aim is to fly successfully with the least possible horse power. For several years he has been making flights with various engines delivering from 5 to 6 h.p. on careful test. The actual thrust has been measured and recorded in late 1911 experiments. Details in _Aeronautics_, June, 1909; October, 1909; November, 1910; January, 1911; January, 1912. No actual details of the machine are available, but it follows closely the patent drawings (see references). He is one of the few real scientific flying men in the U.S.A. The original machine with slight changes was still flying at end of 1912 with only 5 h.p. B.H.P. The flying speed is 20 m.p.h.

[Illustration]

SLOANE. Sloane Aeroplane Co., 1733, Broadway, New York. Established 1911. Agents for _Caudrons_ and _Deperdussins_. Run a school for these.

~T-V~

THOMAS Biplanes. Thomas Bros., Bath, N.Y., O.W., and W.T. Thomas began experimenting and flying in 1908 with a machine on the order of a _Curtiss_. In the winter of 1909-10, a type of their own was produced and was flown during 1911 by Walter Johnson in exhibitions. In 1912 they continued the same type, with refinements. In 1913 they adopted the overhanging top plane type, but of the same general high order of construction.

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ Model and date. | Tractor | ~1913.~ | Standard | Special | Flying boat. | biplane. | Monoplane. | biplane. | biplane. | ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- ~Length~ ft.(m.)| ... | 30 (9.15) | ... | 25 (7.62) | ... ~Span~ ft.(m.)| 37 (11.27) | 32 (9.75) | 37 (11.27) | 33 (10) | 33 (10) | 27 (8.23) | ... | 27 (8.23) | 23 (7) | 23 (7) ~Area~ sq. ft.(m squared.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) | 750 (340) | 900 (408) | 850 (385) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 400 (181) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 65 Kirkham | 70 Kirkham | 65 Kirkham | 65 Kirkham | 100 | | _muffled_ | | | Maximotor ~Speed~ m.p.h.(km)| 58 (94) | ... | 58 (94) | 60 (97) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 | ... | 2 | 2-1/4 | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | _building_ | ... | ... | _building_ ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------

Remarks. Control in all: Ailerons, 4 rudders. Elevator operated by rocking post on which wheel is mounted. The 1912 tractor was given up as less efficient than the Standard 1913. Special: full description _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

The move was evolved 1912, but not built till well into 1913.

[Illustration: 1913 Standard biplane. UAS.]

~W~

WASHINGTON. Washington Aeroplane Co., Washington, D.C. In 1913 built a flying boat to private order. ~Length~, 29 feet (8.83 m.) ~Maximum span~, 38 feet (11.85 m.) ~Motor~, 80 h.p. Gyro. Boat with eight compartments and one 3 inch step.

[Illustration: Miss Columbia. UAS.]

[Illustration: Latest Thomas.]

WITTEMAN. Witteman Bros., 17, Ocean Terrace and Little Clare Road, Staton Island, N.Y. These people do a considerable business building Curtiss type machines or machines to special designs for others. They built the _Baldwin_ biplanes for Captain Baldwin, to his design, using steel tubing throughout. See _Aeronautics_, December, 1911, for a _Witteman_ of special design shown by them at the Aero Show.

[Illustration: Witteman. 1912-13.]

WRIGHT BROS. Biplanes. The Wright Co., Dayton, Ohio. The original type of _Wright_ machine was mounted on skids only, and started along a rail. Its special features were a biplane elevator forward, main planes with warpable tips to trailing edge, small keel in gap, 2 propellers, chain driven in rear of planes, double rudder in rear and no tail. Wilbur Wright flew a machine of this type for 2 h. 20 m. 23-1/2 s. in 1908. (Details of early _Wrights_ see previous editions of this book.)

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Model and date. | ~B.~ | ~C.~ | ~EX.~ | ~E.~ ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.45) | 29-3/4 (9) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39 (11.90) | 38 (11.58) | 32 (9.75) | 32 (9.75) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 500 (47) | 500 (47) | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1250 (567) | ... | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 30-35 Wright | 30-35 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (75) | 45 (75) | ... | ... ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | | 1913 standard. | For exhibition | 1913 | | This machine as | work only. | for exhibition | | a hydro is fitted| Single seater | work only. | | with two 3 step | small duplicate | Single seater | | floats. | of B. | duplicate of EX | | Mea magneto. | |except fitted with | | | |a single propeller | | | | only. ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

[Illustration: Wright. Model B. UAS]

[Illustration: Wright. Model C. _From "Aeronautics," U.S.A._ UAS.]

U.S.A. DIRIGIBLES.

There are a few small dirigibles in the U.S.A., but they are in no way to be compared to French and German productions. Up-to-date, they have only been used as attractions at fairs about the country. In the past several larger ones of poor design have been built and found failures.

~Military.~

BALDWIN (1908) 20,000 c. feet (560 m cubed)

Part B.

HISTORICAL AIRCRAFT.

In the following pages an attempt has been made to include photographs of all aeroplanes of the past six years, which, for one reason or another, "made history" in their own day.

While many are merely freak machines, which in the light of present knowledge seem ridiculous, the germ of modern practice is to be found in many other aircraft illustrated in this cemetery of dead ideals; and it is worth noting that at least one constructor, who is one of the first in the field to-day, commenced operations with machines which were entirely "freaks."

~AUSTRIAN.~

[Illustration: WELS & ETRICH (1908). Original form of the modern _Etrich_ (q.v.).]

[Illustration: HIPSSICH (1908). Tandem mono. with one propeller before and another in rear of rear plane.]

[Illustration: NEMETHY (1908). The first "Aviette."]

[Illustration: SOLTAU (1910). An ornithopter based on the earlier ideas of _Adehmar de la Hault_ (see Belgium).]

~BELGIAN.~

[Illustration: DE LA HAULT (1907). One of the earliest attempts at an ornithopter. No flights.]

[Illustration: DE LA HAULT II. (1910-11). The ornithopter principle applied to a monoplane. No success met with.]

[Illustration: D'HESPEL (1909-10). Single plane and suspended body. Early example of enclosed body. No flights.]

~BRAZIL.~

[Illustration: SANTOS-DUMONT XIX. This little machine, surface only 9 m squared. made an extraordinary sensation in France in 1909. It flew at the then incredible speed of 65 m.p.h. (100 k.p.h.) Santos-Dumont presented all rights to the world soon afterwards, and a large number were built before it was realised that only an extremely light weight pilot could fly in one. Few of the copies ever left the ground.]

~BRITISH.~

[Illustration: AVRO (1906). This 24 h.p. biplane, designed by A. V. Roe, was the first British machine to leave the ground.]

[Illustration: AVRO (1907). Tractor triplane of only 9 h.p. This flew in Lea Marshes--the lowest horse power yet flown in Europe to the present day.]

[Illustration: CODY (1909). Development of a much earlier machine. This one was a general laughing stock for a long time; but it was the direct predecessor of the machine (not very materially different) which was an easy first in the British Army aeroplane trials, 1912.]

[Illustration: DE HAVILLAND (1909). The performances of this machine secured a Government appointment for its aviator-designer.]

[Illustration: HOWARD WRIGHT (1908-09). The first machine in the world in which special attention was paid to securing a stream line body and minimised wind resistance.]

[Illustration: HUMPHREY (1908-09). Earliest British attempt at a hydro-aeroplane; possibly the earliest design ever produced anywhere.]

[Illustration: HUNTINGDON (DUNNE II) (1910). One of the earliest aeroplanes in existence--designed by Captain Dunne about 1905-06, previous to the secret experiments of the British War Office in Scotland, on the Duke of Atholl's estate. Assigned to Prof. Huntingdon in 1910. Made a few short flights.]

[Illustration: PORTE (1908). Designed by Lieut. Porte, R.N., in conjunction with Lieut. Pirrie, R.N. This machine, on which the former well known aviator commenced his flying career, was smashed up in preliminary trials as a glider on Portsdown Hill, Portsmouth. Its design apparently preceded the _Goupy_ in the use of staggered planes.]

[Illustration: "SAFETY" (1909-10).]

[Illustration: SEDDON. (1910). Designed by Lieut. Seddon, R.N.]

[Illustration: SHORT (1910). The first machine to Short's own design. (The tail here shown is a specially large one fitted by Moore-Brabazon).]

[Illustration: VALKYRIE (1910). This was one of the first "tail first" machines to be designed. The experimental machine (also known as the _A.S.L._), was completed in Feb., 1910.]

~DANISH.~

[Illustration: ELLEHAMMER (1905). On 12th September, 1906, this machine made the first free flight in Europe. On 28th June, 1908, it won the prize at Kiel for the first flight in Germany (distance, 47 m.) It was a tractor biplane with a revolving Ellehammer motor. It also had a pendulum seat as a stabilising device.]

~FRENCH.~

[Illustration: ANTOINETTE IV (1909). In this machine Latham made the first attempt to fly the Channel, 19th July, 1909.]

[Illustration: BLERIOT IV (1907-8).]

In 1909 the famous _Bleriot XI_ was built. This did very well at Reims, 1909. On 25th July, 1909, Bleriot made the first Cross-Channel flight in the machine illustrated below.

[Illustration: Bleriot XI.]

This machine had ~length~, 23 feet (7 m.) ~Span~, 25-3/4 feet (7.80 m.) ~Area~, 167 sq. feet (15-1/2 m squared.) Aspect ratio 4-1/2 to 1. ~Motor~, 22-25, 3 cylinder Anzani. ~Speed~, _about_ 45 m.p.h. (73 k.m.) _Special features_: Fixed wings with rounded edges. Twin elevator and fixed surface tail.

[Illustration: BOUSSON-BORGNIS (1907-08).]

[Illustration: BREGUET (1906). The first Breguet, known as _Breguet Gyroplane I_. Made a flight in October, 1906, being the first helicopter to leave the ground.]

[Illustration: BREGUET-RICHET II bis. (1909). A large and unsuccessful development of the gyroplane.]

[Illustration: BREGUET IV (1910). On its appearance, this machine was generally laughed at and nicknamed the "Coffee Pot," till in Aug., 1910, it made a world's record by carrying six, and later proved itself superior in stability to anything then existing.]

[Illustration: CHAUVIERE (1909-10). Attempt to develop a monoplane with propellers in rear. The idea has been resuscitated for some 1913 military monoplanes.]

[Illustration: COLLOMB (1907-09). Ornithopter, from which great things were once expected.]

[Illustration: CORNU (1908). An early helicopter for which flights were claimed, but have also been denied.]

[Illustration: D'EQUIVELLY (1907-08). Interesting example of the strange machines devised by pioneers.]

[Illustration: H. FARMAN (1907). This famous machine is the first _Voisin_, and the one on which H. Farman taught himself to fly. It was the first machine to make a turn in the air. Won the Deutsh-Archdeacon Grand Prix, 13th January, 1908, with a flight of 1 minute, 28 seconds. The extra third plane was added later. An Austrian Syndicate subsequently bought the machine.]

[Illustration: H. FARMAN (1908). Farman's first idea of a monoplane. It proved too heavy to fly with the power provided. Was eventually sold to a German officer. Three sets of wings and entirely enclosed body.]

[Illustration: GABARDINI (1909-10). Very early hydro-aeroplane, antedating the _Fabre_.]

[Illustration: GIVAUDIN (1908-09). Built by the Vermorel Co. The first conception of an idea which has since attracted a certain class of inventor in Germany, Italy and the U.S.A.]

[Illustration: MILITARY (1909). The first special military aeroplane ever built. It was specially designed by Capt. Dorand, for what were then held to be the aerial necessities of the French Army. The planes were placed well above the body, giving the pilot a very clear uninterrupted view.]

[Illustration: PISCHOFF-KOECHLIN (1906 or earlier). Dates from the days when a box-kite was the elementary idea in design, and the accepted position of the aviator lying prone.]

[Illustration: PISCHOFF-KOECHLIN (1908). Very early example of a tractor biplane. The extra span of the upper plane is also of interest. The machine had twin mono-elevators aft and also twin rudders.]

[Illustration: R.E.P. (1908). Early example of enclosed stream line body. Apparently the first machine in which steel construction appeared.]

[Illustration: VOISIN (1908). The first European aeroplanes to fly with any real success.]

[Illustration: VUITTON-HUBER (1908). Early helicopter.]

[Illustration: VUIA (1908). Earliest known machine with folding wings.]

[Illustration: WITZIG-LIORE-DUTILLUEL (1908-09). First or one of the first appearances of the idea of a series of staggered planes, with which Sellers has ever since experimented in the U.S.A.]

~GERMAN.~

[Illustration: BEILHARZ. (1909). First design in which a completely closed in body figured.]

[Illustration: GEISLER (1908).]

[Illustration: GRADE (1908). The first German built machine to fly.]

[Illustration: LORENZEN (1908-09).]

[Illustration: PARSEVAL (1909). Early hydro-aeroplane. Specially designed for military purposes by Major Parseval.]

[Illustration: SCHOLTZ (1908). Never left the ground.]

~ITALIAN.~

[Illustration: MILLER (1908-09). First aeroplane to be designed and constructed by Italians.]

~SWISS.~

[Illustration: DUFAUX (1908-09). First Swiss machine.]

~U.S.A.~

[Illustration: BOKOR (1909). The third American machine to leave the ground; the second purely U.S. one.]

[Illustration: CALL II (1909).]

[Illustration: CYGNET II (1908). Designed by Dr. Graham Bell, of the Aeronautical Society of America. Bell (Canadian), Glen Curtis (U.S.), Herring (U.S.), and Burgess (Canadian). It made short flights.]

[Illustration: ENGLISH (1909). In 1909 extraordinary claims were made for this machine and great things expected. On a full power trial in its shed it broke loose, and smashed itself against the roof. No recorded outdoor results.]

[Illustration: HERRING-BURGESS (1910).]

[Illustration: HULBERT (1910). This strange machine built in Switzerland by Dr. Dane Hulbert, achieved several flights. The planes were placed longitudinally instead of in the usual way.]

[Illustration: JUNE BUG (1908-09). Famous machine of its era. Built by the Aeronautical Society of America (see _Cygnet II_). Second machine to fly in the U.S.A. Did 2000 miles before being broken up.]

[Illustration: KIMBALL (1909). First machine in which a large number of propellers was attempted. Failed.]

[Illustration: LOOSE (1910).]

[Illustration: LUYTIES OTTO (1908).]

[Illustration: MOISSANT (1910). Built entirely of aluminium. Designed by the late John Moissant. Failed.]

[Illustration: RICKMAN (1908).]

[Illustration: ROSHON (1908).]

[Illustration: WILLIAMS (1908).]

[Illustration: ZERBE (1909).]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: WRIGHT (1908). Two views of the machine with which Wilbur Wright startled all Europe from August, 1908 to April, 1909. First U.S. machine to fly.]