chapter i
.; Pitkin's _History of the United States_, 2 vols., New Haven, 1828, vol. ii.; Marshall's _Life of Washington_, 5 vols., Phila., 1805-07; _Journals of Congress_, 13 vols., Phila., 1800; _Secret Journals of Congress_, 4 vols., Boston, 1820-21.
On the loyalists and their treatment, the able essay by Rev. G.E. Ellis, in Winsor's seventh volume, is especially rich in bibliographical references. See also Sabine's _Loyalists of the American Revolution_, 2 vols., Boston, 1864; Ryerson's _Loyalists of America_, 2 vols., Toronto, 1880; Jones's _New York during the Revolution_, 2 vols., N.Y., 1879. Although chiefly concerned with events earlier than 1780, the _Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwen_, 4th ed., Boston, 1864, and especially the _Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson_, 2 vols., Boston, 1884-86, are valuable in this connection.
For the financial troubles the most convenient general survey is to be found in A.S. Bolles's _Financial History of the United States_, 1774-1789, N.Y., 1879; Sparks's _Life of Gouverneur Morris_, 3 vols., Boston, 1832; Pelatiah Webster's _Political Essays_, Phila., 1791; Phillips's _Colonial and Continental Paper Currency_, 2 vols., Roxbury, 1865-66; Varnum's _Case of Trevett v. Weeden_, Providence, 1787; Arnold's _History of Rhode Island_, 2 vols., N.Y., 1859-60. The best account of the Shays rebellion is G.R. Minot's _History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts_, Worcester, 1788; see also Barry's _History of Massachusetts_, 3 vols., Boston, 1855-57; Austin's _Life of Gerry_, 2 vols., Boston, 1828-29. A new and interesting account of the northwestern cessions and the Ordinance of 1787 is B.A. Hinsdale's _Old Northwest_, N.Y., 1888; see also Dunn's _Indiana_, Boston, 1888; Cutler's _Life, Journal, and Correspondence of Manasseh Cutler_, 2 vols., Cincinnati, 1887.
In the _Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science_, the following articles bear especially upon subjects here treated and are worthy of careful study: II., v., vi., H.C. Adams, _Taxation in the United States_, 1789-1816; III., i., H.B. Adams, _Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States_; III., ix., x., Davis, _American Constitutions_; IV., v., Jameson's _Introduction to the Constitutional and Political History of the Individual States_; IV., vii.-ix., Shoshuke Sato's _History of the Land Question in the United States_.
For the proceedings of the Federal Convention in framing the Constitution, and of the several state conventions in ratifying it, the great treasure-house of authoritative information is Elliot's _Debates in the Conventions_, 5 vols., originally published under the sanction of Congress in 1830-45; new reprint, Phila., 1888. The contents of the volumes are as follows:--
I. Sundry preliminary papers, relating to the ante-revolutionary period, and the period of the Confederation; journal of the Federal Convention; Yates's minutes of the proceedings; the official letters of Martin, Yates, Lansing, Randolph, Mason, and Gerry, in explanation of their several courses; Jay's address to the people of New York; and other illustrative papers.
II, III., IV. Proceedings of the several state conventions; with other documents, including the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798, and data relating thereto.
V. Madison's journal of debates in the Congress of the Confederation, Nov. 4, 1782-June 21, 1783, and Feb. 19-April 25, 1787; Madison's journal of the Federal Convention; letters from Madison to Washington, Jefferson, and Randolph, Sept. 1787-Nov. 1788; and other papers.
The best edition of the "Federalist" is by H.C. Lodge, N.Y., 1888. See also Story's _Commentaries on the Constitution_, 4th ed., 3 vols., Boston, 1873; the works of Daniel Webster, 6 vols., Boston, 1851; Hurd's _Theory of our National Existence_, Boston, 1881. The above works expound the Constitution as not a league between sovereign states but a fundamental law ordained by the people of the United States. The opposite view is presented in _The Republic of Republics_, by P.C. Centz [Plain Common Sense, pseudonym of B.J. Sage of New Orleans], Boston, 1881; the works of Calhoun, 6 vols., N.Y., 1853-55; A.H. Stephens's _War between the States_, 2 vols., Phila., 1868; Jefferson Davis's _Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government_, 2 vols., N.Y., 1881.
Several volumes of the "American Statesmen" contain interesting accounts of discussions in the various conventions, as Tyler's _Patrick Henry_, Hosmer's _Samuel Adams_, Lodge's _Hamilton_, Magruder's _Marshall_, Roosevelt's _Morris_. Gay's _Madison_ falls far below the general standard of this excellent and popular series. No satisfactory biography of Madison has yet been written, though the voluminous work of W.C. Rives contains much good material. For judicial interpretations of the Constitution one may consult B.R. Curtis's _Digest of Decisions_, 1790-1854; Flanders's _Lives of the Chief Justices_, Phila., 1858; Marshall's _Writings on the Federal Constitution_, ed. Perkins, Boston, 1839; see also Pomeroy's _Constitutional Law_, N.Y., 1868; Wharton's _Commentaries_, Phila., 1884; Von Holst's _Calhoun_, Boston, 1882; Tyler's _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, 2 vols., Richmond, 1884-85. Among critical and theoretical works, Fisher's _Trial of the Constitution_, Phila., 1862, and Lockwood's _Abolition of the Presidency_, N.Y., 1884, are variously suggestive; Woodrow Wilson's _Congressional Government_, Boston, 1885, is a work of rare ability, pointing out the divergence which has arisen between the literary theory of our government and its practical working. Walter Bagehot's _English Constitution_, revised ed., Boston, 1873, had already, in a most profound and masterly fashion, exhibited the divergence between the literary theory and the actual working of the British government. Some points of weakness in the British system are touched in Albert Stickney's _True Republic_, N.Y., 1879; see also his _Democratic Government_, N.Y., 1885. The constitutional history of England is presented, in its earlier stages, with prodigious learning, by Dr. Stubbs, 3 vols., London, 1873-78, and in its later stages by Hallam, 2 vols., London, 1842, and Sir Erskine May, 2 vols., Boston, 1862-63; see also Freeman's _Growth of the English Constitution_, London, 1872; _Comparative Politics_, London, 1873; _Some Impressions of the United States_, London, 1883; Rudolph Gneist, _History of the English Constitution_, 2 vols., London, 1886; J.S. Mill, _Representative Government_, N.Y., 1862; Sir H. Maine, _Popular Government_, N.Y., 1886; S.R. Gardiner's _Introduction to the Study of English History_, London, 1881. In this connection I may refer to my own book, _American Political Ideas_, N.Y., 1885; and my articles, "Great Britain," "House of Lords," and "House of Commons," in Lalor's _Cyclopædia of Political Science_, 3 vols., Chicago, 1882-84. It is always pleasant to refer to that cyclopædia, because it contains the numerous articles on American history by Prof. Alexander Johnston. One must stop somewhere, and I will conclude by saying that I do not know where one can find anything more richly suggestive than Professor Johnston's articles.
MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION.
The names of those who for various reasons were absent when the Constitution was signed are given in italics; the names of those who were present, but refused to sign, are given in small capitals.
New Hampshire John Langdon. Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts ELBRIDGE GERRY. Nathaniel Gorham. Rufus King. _Caleb Strong._ Connecticut William Samuel Johnson. Roger Sherman. _Oliver Ellsworth._ New York _Robert Yates._ Alexander Hamilton. _John Lansing._ New Jersey William Livingston. David Brearley. _William Churchill Houston._ William Paterson. Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Mifflin. Robert Morris. George Clymer. Thomas Fitzsimmons. Jared Ingersoll. James Wilson. Gouverneur Morris.
Delaware George Read. Gunning Bedford. John Dickinson. Richard Bassett. Jacob Broom. Maryland James McHenry. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer. Daniel Carroll. _John Francis Mercer._ _Luther Martin._ Virginia George Washington. EDMUND RANDOLPH. John Blair. James Madison. GEORGE MASON. _George Wythe._ _James McClurg._ North Carolina _Alexander Martin._ _William Richardson Davie._ William Blount. Richard Dobbs Spaight. Hugh Williamson. South Carolina John Rutledge. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Charles Pinckney. Pierce Butler. Georgia William Few. Abraham Baldwin. _William Pierce._ _William Houstoun._
Of those who signed their names to the Federal Constitution, the six following were signers of the Declaration of Independence:--
Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, James Wilson, George Read.
The ten following were appointed as delegates to the Federal Convention, but never took their seats:--
New Hampshire John Pickering. Benjamin West. Massachusetts Francis Dana. New Jersey John Nelson. Abraham Clark. Virginia Patrick Henry (declined). North Carolina Richard Caswell (resigned). Willie Jones (declined). Georgia George Walton. Nathaniel Pendleton.
No delegates were appointed by Rhode Island. In a letter addressed to "the Honourable the Chairman of the General Convention," and dated "Providence, May 11, 1787," several leading citizens of Rhode Island expressed their regret that their state should not be represented on so momentous an occasion. At the same time, says the letter, "the result of your deliberations ... we still hope may finally be approved and adopted by this state, for which we pledge our influence and best exertions." The letter was signed by John Brown, Joseph Nightingale, Levi Hall, Philip Allen, Paul Allen, Jabez Bowen, Nicholas Brown, John Jinkes, Welcome Arnold, William Russell, Jeremiah Olney, William Barton, and Thomas Lloyd Halsey. The letter was presented to the Convention on May 28th by Gouverneur Morris, and, "being read, was ordered to lie on the table for further consideration." See Elliot's _Debates_, v. 125.
The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen states, as follows:--
1. Delaware Dec. 6, 1787. 2. Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787. 3. New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787. 4. Georgia Jan. 2, 1788. 5. Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788. 6. Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788. 7. Maryland April 28, 1788. 8. South Carolina May 23, 1788. 9. New Hampshire June 21, 1788. 10. Virginia June 25, 1788. 11. New York July 26, 1788. 12. North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789. 13. Rhode Island May 29, 1790.
PRESIDENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.
1. Peyton Randolph of Virginia Sept. 5, 1774. 2. Henry Middleton of South Carolina Oct. 22, 1774. Peyton Randolph May 10, 1775. 3. John Hancock of Massachusetts May 24, 1775. 4. Henry Laurens of South Carolina Nov. 1, 1777. 5. John Jay of New York Dec. 10, 1778. 6. Samuel Huntington of Connecticut Sept. 28, 1779. 7. Thomas McKean of Delaware July 10, 1781. 8. John Hanson of Maryland Nov. 5, 1781. 9. Elias Boudinot of New Jersey Nov. 4, 1782. 10. Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania Nov. 3, 1783. 11. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia Nov. 30, 1784. 12. Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts June 6, 1786. 13. Arthur St. Clair of Pennsylvania Feb. 2, 1787. 14. Cyrus Griffin of Virginia Jan. 22, 1788.
INDEX.
Acadians, 205.
Adams, Herbert B., 192.
Adams, John, arrives in Paris, 22; his indignation at the pusillanimous instructions from Congress, 36; condemns the Cincinnati, 116; tries in vain to negotiate commercial treaty with Great Britain, 139-141; negotiates a treaty with Holland, 155; obtains a loan there, 156, 157; his interview with the envoy from Tripoli, 161; absent from the United States at the time of the Federal Convention, 223; elected vice-president of the United States, 348.
Adams, Samuel, his devotion to local self-government, 57, 318; his committees of correspondence, 92; opposes Washington's proposal for pensioning officers, 106; but at length supports the Commutation Act, 114; condemns the Cincinnati, 116, 118; approves the conduct of the Massachusetts delegates, 143; opposes pardoning the ringleaders in the Shays insurrection, 184; not a delegate to the Federal Convention, 225; "the man of the town meeting," 318; in the Massachusetts convention, 324, 326-328; why not selected for the vice-presidency, 347.
Albany, riot in, 339.
Amendments to Constitution, 302, 330, 338.
Ames, Fisher, 319, 326, 348.
Amis, North Carolinian trader, 210.
Amphiktyonic council, 249.
Annapolis convention, 216.
Antagonisms between large and small states, 244-252; between east and west, 255; between north and south, 256-267.
Antifederalist party, 309; in Pennsylvania, 310; in Massachusetts, 317, 324; in South Carolina, 334; in Virginia, 335-337; in New York, 340, 341, 346.
Antipathies between states, 62.
Aranda, Count, his prophecy, 19.
Aristides, pseudonym, 312.
Aristocracy, 283.
Aristotle, 225.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, 267.
Armada, the Invincible, 235.
Armstrong, John, 109, 150.
Army, dread of, 105, 321.
Arnold, Benedict, 28, 106, 151.
Asbury, Francis, 85.
Ashburton, Lord, 5.
Ashburton treaty, 26.
Assemblies, 65.
Assunpink Creek, 349.
Augustine, 158.
Backus, Rev. Isaac, 322.
Bagehot, Walter, 291.
Baldwin, Abraham, 251.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 213.
Baptists persecuted in Virginia, 80.
Barbary pirates, 157-161.
Barré, Isaac, 41.
Bedford, Gunning, 249.
Bennington, 321.
Bernard, Sir Francis, 298.
Biennial elections, 327.
Bill of rights demanded, 329.
Blackstone, Sir William, 290, 291, 297.
Bossuet on slavery, 72.
Boston Gazette, quoted, 328.
Boundaries of United States as settled by the treaty, 25.
Bowdoin, James, 143, 180-184, 319, 324.
Boyd, Lieutenant, 122.
Braddock, Edward, 305.
Bradshaw's Railway Guide, 171.
Brearley, David, 229, 246.
Bribery, charges of, 328.
British army departs, 51.
British Constitution compared with American, 290-298.
Buff and blue colours, 2.
Burgesses, House of, in Virginia, 65.
Burke, Ædanus, 116.
Burke, Edmund, his sympathy with the Americans, 2; could not see the need for parliamentary reform, 6; his invective against Shelburne, 17; on the slave-trade, 72.
Butler, Pierce, 258.
Cabinet, the president's, 299.
Cabinet government, growth of, in England, 296.
Camden, Lord, 5.
Canada, Franklin suggests that it should be ceded to the United States, 9, 14.
Carleton, Sir Guy, 50, 131.
Carlisle, Pa., disturbances at, 315.
Carpet-bag governments, 270.
Carr, Dabney, 92.
Carrington, Edward, 204, 307.
Carroll, Daniel, 228.
Carrying trade, 163, 263.
Cartwright, Edmund, 267.
Catalonian rebels indemnified, 29.
Catholics in the United States, 87.
Cato, pseudonym, 312.
Cavendish, Lord John, 5, 16.
Censors, council of, in Pennsylvania, 150.
Centinel, pseudonym, 313.
Cervantes, Miguel de, 159.
Charles II., 29.
Chase, Samuel, 322.
Chatham, Lord, 188.
Cherry Valley, 122.
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 213.
Chittenden, Thomas, 121.
Cincinnati, order of the, 114-118.
Cincinnati, the city, original name of, 197.
Cincinnatus, pseudonym, 312.
Clan system, 62.
Clergymen in the Massachusetts convention, 319; their liberal spirit, 322.
Cleveland, Grover, his tariff message, 294.
Clinton, George, favours persecution of Tories, 123; an enemy to closer union of the states, 145; defeats impost amendment, 220; opposes the Constitution, 340; entertains President Washington at dinner, 350.
Clinton, Sir Henry, 322.
Clymer, George, 311.
Coalition ministry, 38-46.
Coeur-de-Lion and Saladin, 161.
Coinage, 165.
Coke, Thomas, 86.
Columbia College, 125.
Commerce, control of, given to Congress, 263.
Common law in the United States, 69.
Commons, House of, in England, 68, 290-298; in North Carolina, 65.
Compromises of the Federal Constitution, 250-267.
Confederation, articles of, 92-98.
Congress, Continental, its instructions to the commissioners at Paris, 35; its weakness, 56, 98, 102-113, 234; its anomalous character, 92; its presidents, 96; driven from Philadelphia by drunken soldiers, 112; flees to Princeton, 113; unable to enforce the provisions of the treaty, 119-131, 154; unable to regulate commerce, 140-144; afraid to interfere openly in the Shays rebellion, 185; passes ordinance for government of northwestern territory, 203-206; refuses to recommend a convention for reforming the government, 218; reconsiders its refusal, 221; in some respects a diplomatic rather than a legislative body, 237; its migrations, 271, 306; debates on the Constitution, 307; submits it to the states, 308; comes to an end, 345.
Congress, Federal, powers granted to, 270; choice of president by, 282-284; counting electoral votes in, 284, 285, 289.
Connecticut, government of, 65; quarrels with New York and Pennsylvania, 146-151; keeps almost entirely clear of paper money, 172; western claims of, 189, 194; ratifies the Constitution, 316.
Connecticut compromise, the, 250-255.
Conservative character of the American Revolution, 64.
Constitution, emblematic federal ship, 339, 344.
Convention, the Federal, 154, 222-305.
Conway, Gen. Henry, 5.
Cooper, Dr. Myles, 126.
Cornwallis, Lord, 22, 51, 349.
Council, privy, 299.
Cowardice of American politicians, 231.
Crawford, William, 51.
Curtis, B.R., 276.
Cutler, Manasseh, 203.
Dane, Nathan, 204, 217, 307.
Dayton, Jonathan, 225, 229.
Debt, imprisonment for, 173.
Debts to British creditors, 27, 131.
Delaware, government of, 65; ratifies the Constitution, 314.
Democratic-Republican party, 309.
Dickinson, John, 93, 112, 228, 242, 243, 281, 283, 299, 312.
Dissolution of Parliament, 298.
Dollar, the Spanish, 165.
Dunmore, Lord, 298.
Election by lot, 281; first presidential, 346-348.
Electoral college in Maryland, 66; device adopted for choosing the president, 281-287; its practical working, 288.
Elliot, Sir Gilbert, 3.
Ellsworth, Oliver, 228, 249, 250, 267, 269, 274, 276, 280, 300.
Embargo acts, 142.
Eminent domain, 194.
Episcopal church, 77-85.
Erie Canal, 212, 228.
Executive, federal, 241, 277; length of term, 279; how elected, 279-285; corresponds to sovereign, not to prime minister, 290, 299.
Exports not to be taxed, 264, 270.
"Federal," the word preferred to "national," 254.
Federal city under federal jurisdiction, 271, 320.
"Federal Farmer" (letters by R.H. Lee), 314.
Federal Street in Boston, 331.
"Federalist," the, 235, 341-343.
Federalist party, 238, 309.
Field, S.J., 275.
Fisheries, question of, 20, 26, 37, 139, 163.
Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 22, 45.
Florida surrendered by Great Britain to Spain, 37; disputes about boundary of, 208.
Folkland, 187, 207.
Fox, C.J., his sympathy with the Americans, 2; quarrels with Shelburne, 6, 14; resigns, 15; waywardness of his early career, 16; coalition with North, 38-42; mistake in opposing a dissolution, 48.
France, treaty of 1783 with Great Britain, 37.
Franklin, Benjamin, negotiates with Oswald, 9; overruled by Jay and Adams, 23; his arguments against compensating the loyalists, 30; ridicules the Cincinnati, 116; returns from France, 138; in the Federal Convention, 225, 250, 277, 299, 303, 305; lays the Constitution before the Pennsylvania legislature, 306; called a dotard by the Antifederalists, 313.
Franklin, state of, 200, 209.
Frederick the Great, on republics, 58.
Free trade, 4, 134-139.
French army embarks at Boston, 51.
Froissart, 153.
Frontier posts to be surrendered by Great Britain, 51; why not surrendered, 152.
Fugitive slaves, 206, 267, 333.
Fur trade, 132, 164.
Gadsden, C., 122, 334.
Gallatin, A., 125, 134.
Galloway, Joseph, 248.
Gardoqui, Diego, 209.
Gates, Horatio, 108-111, 180.
George III. threatens to abdicate, 3; his disgust at the coalition, 44; rebuked by House of Commons, 46; his personal government overthrown, 48; hopes the Americans will repent of their folly, 58, 141; resists the movement for abolishing slave-trade, 72; his personal government, 297.
Georgia takes the lead in making the judiciary elective, 69; abandons that evil practice, 69; issues paper money, 169; ratifies the Constitution, 316.
Germaine, Lord George, 39.
Gerry, Elbridge, 118, 229, 243, 251, 252, 256, 269, 279, 282, 298, 303, 304, 328, 347.
Gibbon, Edward, 38, 39.
Gibraltar, 17, 36.
Gladstone, W.E., 223, 292, 294.
Gorham, Nathaniel, 252, 253, 319.
Governors, colonial, unpopularity of, 67.
Gower, Lord, 44.
Grafton, Duke of, 5.
Grantham, Lord, 17.
Granville, Lord, 293.
Grasse, Count, defeated by Rodney, 12, 13.
Grayson, William, 162, 205, 337.
Green Dragon tavern, 327.
Greene, Nathanael, 94, 102, 108, 116, 122, 225.
Grenville, Thomas, 11.
Guadaloupe, 36.
Guilford, Earl of, 44.
Half-pay controversy, 106.
Hamilton, Alexander, his early life, 124-126; attacks the Trespass Act, 128; calls for a federal convention, 217; advocates the impost amendment, 220; in the Federal Convention, 225, 226, 243, 244, 246, 249, 254, 279, 303, 304; on inconvertible paper, 274; on the electoral college, 287; called a boy by the Antifederalists, 313; authorship of the "Federalist," 341-343; supports the Constitution in the New York convention, 343, 344; his financial measures, 349.
Hancock, John, 104, 184, 318, 319, 330.
Hannibal, 158.
Hargreaves, James, 267.
Harrington, James, 64.
Harrison, Benjamin, 337.
Hartington, Lord, 293.
Hartley, David, 45.
Hawks, F.L., 82.
Heath, Gen. William, 319.
Henry, Patrick, 80, 225, 331, 335, 336, 347.
Hint Club, 169.
Impost amendment, 218-240.
India bill, 46.
Insurrections, suppression of, 269.
Intercitizenship, 94.
Iroquois league, 190.
Irreconcilables in the Federal Convention, 225, 242, 244, 246, 254.
Isolation of states a century ago, 62.
Jay, John, thwarts Vergennes, 21, 35; tries to establish free trade between United States and Great Britain, 26; condemns persecution of Tories, 122; on compensation for slaves, 132; consents to the closing of the Mississippi River for twenty-five years, 210; why not sent as delegate to Federal Convention, 225; supports the Constitution in New York convention, 340; contributes articles to the "Federalist," 341; receives nine electoral votes for the vice-presidency, 348.
Jefferson, Thomas, opposed to slavery, 72; favours religious freedom, 81; minister to France, 138, 155; assists Gouverneur Morris in arranging our decimal currency, 166; his plan for the government of the northwestern territory, 196; wishes to prohibit slavery in the national domain, 198, 205; his purchase of Louisiana, 207; absent from United States at the time of the Federal Convention, 225; his faith in the people, 226, 337; his opinion of the Constitution, 309; approves the action of the Massachusetts convention, 331.
Johnson, W.S., 229.
Johnston, Alexander, 223.
Jones, Paul, 339.
Jonesborough, convention at, 200.
Judiciary, elective, 69; federal, 242, 300, 301.
Juilliard _vs._ Greenman, 275.
Kentucky, 18, 189, 199, 202, 209, 210.
Keppel, Lord, 5, 16, 45.
King, Rufus, 217, 221, 228, 246, 249, 250, 256, 261, 276, 279, 282, 324, 326.
King's Mountain, 28, 200, 321.
Kings, election of, in Poland, 279.
Know Ye men and Know Ye measures, 177, 243.
Knox, Henry, 114.
Lafayette, 50, 54.
Langdon, John, 229, 269, 274, 276, 283, 346.
Lansing, John, 225, 242, 244, 246, 254, 340, 341.
Laurens, Henry, 2, 22.
Lecky, W., 103.
Ledyard, Isaac, 128.
Lee, Henry, 307, 337.
Lee, Richard Henry, 57, 143, 204, 205, 225, 307, 313, 318, 328, 336, 337, 347.
"Letters from a Federal Farmer," by R.H. Lee, 314.
Lexington, 50, 321.
Lincoln, Abraham, 72, 198, 207.
Lincoln, Benjamin, 181-183, 319, 332.
Livingston, Robert, 36, 340, 350.
Livingston, William, 171, 229.
Locke, John, 64, 225.
Long Lane becomes Federal Street, 331.
Long Parliament, 92, 235.
Lords, House of, 66, 68; contrasted with Senate, 295.
Lowndes, Rawlins, 332-334.
Loyalists, compensation of, 28-33; persecution of, 120-130; did not form, in any proper sense of the word, an opposition party, 308.
Luzerne, Chevalier de, 35, 54.
Lykian League, 249.
Macdougall, Alexander, 107.
McDuffle, George, 60.
McKean, Thomas, 316.
McMaster, J.B., 151.
Madison, James, and the Religious Freedom Act, 81; on right of coercion, 100; advocates five per cent. impost, 104; on the ordinance of 1787, 206; moves that a convention be held to secure a uniform commercial policy, 214; succeeds in getting delegates appointed, 220; his character and appearance, 226, 227; his journal of the proceedings, 229; chief author of the Virginia plan, 233, 267; one of the first to arrive at the fundamental conception of our partly federal and partly national government, 239; approves at first of giving Congress the power to annul state laws, 241; opposes the New Jersey plan, 246; declares that the real antagonism is between slave states and free states, 249, 256; author of the three fifths compromise, 260, 261; condemns paper money, 275; disapproves of election of the executive by the legislature, 279; approves of a privy council, 299; supports the Constitution in Congress, 307; called a boy by the Antifederalists, 313; supports the Constitution in the Virginia convention, 337; part author of the "Federalist," 341, 342; denies that there can be a constitutional right of secession, 344.
Maine as part of Massachusetts, 317.
Manchester, Duke of, 45.
Marbois, François de Barbé, 22, 35.
Marion, Francis, 122.
Marshall, John, 82, 276, 301, 337.
Martin, Luther, 229, 242-244, 246, 249, 250, 254, 275, 322.
Maryland, government of, 65; insists upon cession of northwestern lands, 93, 192, 195; paper money in, 170; message to Virginia, 215; ratifies the Constitution, 332.
Mason, George, 229, 243, 252, 264, 265, 275, 276, 277, 279, 281, 282, 283, 299, 303, 304, 335, 337.
Massachusetts, government of, 67; abolishes slavery, 75; religious bigotry, 76; on the five per cent. duty, 104; tries to propose a convention for increasing the powers of Congress, 142; lays claim to a small part of Vermont, 152; paper money in, 172-179; western claims of, 189; changes her attitude, 221; local self-government in, 317; debates on the Constitution, 320-330; ratifies it, suggesting amendments, 331.
Massachusetts Chronicle, quoted, 120.
Massacre, Boston, 321.
Mayhew, Jonathan, 92.
Meade, William, 79, 83.
Mentor and Phocion, 128.
Mercer, J.F., 274.
Methodists, 85.
Middletown convention, 113.
Mifflin, Thomas, 52.
Minisink, 122.
Mirabeau, Count de, 116.
Mississippi River, attempt to close it, 209-211, 335; valley of the, 18, 188.
Monroe, James, 216.
Montesquieu, C., 225, 291.
Moonshiners, 334.
Morris, Gouverneur, 108, 166, 228, 242, 251, 261, 264, 269, 273, 276, 279, 282, 303.
Morris, Robert, 108, 167, 228, 312.
Moultrie, William, 143, 334.
Muley Abdallah, 158.
Mutiny act, 321.
Names of persons and places, fashions in, 197.
Nantucket, 163.
Nason, Samuel, 321.
Naval eminence of New England, 20, 139.
Navigation acts, 138-143, 164.
Negroes carried away by British fleet, 131.
Nelson, Samuel, 276.
New Connecticut, 152.
New Hampshire lays claim to Vermont, 151-153; riots in, 183; hesitates to ratify the Constitution, 331; ratifies it, 338.
New Jersey quarrels with New York, 146; paper money in, 171; opposes the attempt to close the Mississippi, 211; instructs her delegates to the Annapolis convention, 217; her plan for amending the articles of confederation, 245; ratifies the Constitution, 315.
New Roof, 338.
New York passes navigation and tariff acts directed against neighbouring states, 146; lays claim to Vermont, 151-153; paper money in, 170; western claims of, 190, 193; defeats the impost amendment, 218-220; debates on the Constitution, 340-344; ratifies it, 344; asks for a second convention, 344; fails to choose electors, 346.
New York Central Railroad, 212.
Newburgh address, 108-112, 118.
Nicola, Louis, his letter to Washington, 107, 118.
Non-importation agreement, 142.
North, Frederick, Lord, fall of his ministry, 1; coalition with Fox, 38-42; his blindness, 41; his proposals after Saratoga, 91; his subservience to the king, 297.
North Carolina issues paper money, 169; cedes her western lands to the United States, 199; repeals the act of cession, 201; delays her ratification of the Constitution, 345.
Ohio, 203-206.
Old Sarum, 249.
Old South Church, 321.
Onslow, George, 2.
Ordinance of 1787, 199, 203-206.
Oregon, 60.
Oswald, Richard, 9-14, 22-26, 32, 45.
Paine, Thomas, 50, 55, 191.
Paper currency, 163-179, 205, 218, 273-276.
Parker, Theodore, 264.
Parsons, Samuel Holden, 203.
Parsons, Theophilus, 319, 324.
## Parties, formation of, 308.
Paterson, William, 229, 245-248, 255, 258, 274.
Patterson, militia officer in Wyoming, 149.
Payson, Rev. Philip, 322.
Pendleton, Edmund, 336.
Pennsylvania, government of, 65; first tariff act, 142; quarrels with Connecticut, 148-150; paper money in, 170; opposes the closing of the Mississippi, 211; contest over the Constitution, 309-314; ratifies it, 315.
Petersham, scene of Shays's defeat, 182, 319.
Philadelphia, Congress driven from, 112; Federal Convention meets at, 222; unparliamentary proceedings in legislature, 311; celebrates ratification by ten states, 339.
Phocion and Mentor, 128.
Pinckney, Charles, 228, 243, 261, 265, 266, 269, 276, 277, 334.
Pinckney, Cotesworth, 228, 243, 258, 261, 263, 265, 266, 276, 333, 334.
Pitt, Thomas, 44.
Pitt, William, chancellor of exchequer, 16; denounces the coalition, 39; defends the treaty, 43; refuses to form a ministry, 44; character, 47; prime minister, 47; wins a great political victory, 48; favours free trade with the United States, 136.
Polish kings, election of, 279.
Population as an index of wealth, 257.
Portland, Duke of, 16, 45.
Potomac, navigation of, 213-216.
Poughkeepsie, convention at, 340-344.
Powers granted to federal government, 268.
Presbyterians, 81, 86.
Presidents of Continental Congress, 96.
Prevost's march against Charleston, 27.
Prime minister contrasted with president, 292-294.
Primogeniture, abolition of, 71.
Proprietary governments, 65, 71.
Providence, R.I., barbecue and mob at, 339.
Public lands, 188.
Putnam, Israel, 151.
Putnam, Rufus, 203.
Quebec act, 18.
Quesnay, François, 141.
Quorum, how to make a, 311.
Railroads, political influence of, 60.
Randolph, Edmund, 229, 233, 235, 239, 242, 246, 265, 269, 275, 276, 277, 282, 300, 303, 335, 337.
Rayneval, Gérard de, 21.
Read, George, 242, 274.
Reform, parliamentary, 6.
Religious freedom, progress in, 76-87.
Religious tests opposed by Massachusetts clergymen, 322.
Representation of slaves, 258-262.
Representatives, House of, 236, 252.
Republican party, 238.
Republics, old notion that they must be small in area, 59.
Reserve, Connecticut's western, 194.
Revenue bills, 270.
Revere, Paul, 327.
Revolution, American, its conservative character, 64; the French, 64, 118.
Rhode Island, government of, 65; extends franchise to Catholics, 77; on the five per cent. duty, 104; paper money in, 172-177; opposes the closing of the Mississippi, 211; does not send delegates to Philadelphia, 222; delays her ratification of the Constitution, 345.
Richmond, Duke of, 2, 16.
Rittenhouse, David, 111.
Rockingham, Marquis of, 4; instability of his ministry, 5; its excellent work, 7; his death, 15.
Rodney's victory over Grasse, 12, 13.
Roman republic not like the United States, 59.
Rousseau, J.J., 64, 117.
Rutgers, Elizabeth, 127.
Rutledge, John, 228, 243, 261, 265, 278, 279, 281, 300, 334.
St. Clair, Arthur, 197, 206.
Saladin and Coeur-de-Lion, 161.
Sandy Hook light-house, 147.
Sargent, Winthrop, 203.
Schuyler, Philip, 126, 146, 151, 193.
Scott, Sir Walter, 153.
Scottish representation in Parliament, 249.
Seabury, Samuel, 84.
Secession, threats of, 211, 218; no constitutional right of, 344.
Secrecy of the debates in Federal Convention, 230.
Sedgwick, Theodore, 122, 319.
Self-government, 57, 63, 88.
Senate, federal, made independent of lower house, 253; contrasted with House of Lords, 295.
Senates, origin of, 66.
Seven Years' War, 13, 188.
Sevier, John, 200.
Shattuck, Job, 180.
Shays rebellion, 180-182, 218, 243, 316, 319, 325.
Sheffield, Lord, protectionist, 137; on the Barbary pirates, 160.
Shelburne, William, Earl of, his character, 4; his memorandum on proposed cession of Canada, 11; prime minister, 16; approached by Rayneval and Vaughan, 22; misjudged by Fox, 40; defends the treaty, 43; resigns, 44; his conduct justified by his enemies, 45; understood the principles of free trade, 4, 134.
Shepard, William, 180, 181.
Sherman, Roger, 229, 243, 250, 255, 267, 274, 276, 279, 283, 299, 313; his suggestion as to relations of the executive to the legislature, 278, 280, 298.
Shillings, 165.
Ship-building in New England, 137-139.
Shute, Rev. Daniel, 322.
Sidney, Algernon, 64.
Singletary, Amos, 322, 324, 325.
Six Nations, 190, 203.
Slave-trade, foreign, permitted for twenty years, 264, 323, 333.
Slavery in the several states, 72-75, 266; prohibited in northwestern territory, 205; discussions about it in Federal Convention, 257-267; condemned by George Mason, 264.
Slaves, representation of, 258-262; numbers of, in the several states, 266.
Small states converted to federalism by the Connecticut compromise, 255, 315.
Smith, Adam, 125, 134, 135.
Smith, Capt. John, 191.
Smith, Jonathan, 324-326.
Smith, Melanchthon, 340, 343, 344.
Smugglers, 135.
South Carolina, Episcopal church in, 78, 82; revokes five per cent. impost, 108; issues paper money, 169; absolute need of conciliating her, 259, 260; makes bargain with New England states, 262-267; debates on the Constitution, 332-334; ratifies it, 334.
Sovereignty never belonged to separate states, 90.
Spain, treaty of 1783 with Great Britain, 36; attempts to close Mississippi River, 208-211, 218, 335.
Spanish dollar, why it superseded English pound as unit of value in America, 166.
Spermaceti oil, 139, 163.
Springfield arsenal, 181, 185.
States, powers denied to, 272.
Stormont, Lord, 45.
Story, Joseph, 276.
Strachey, Sir Henry, 22.
Strong, Caleb, 228, 252, 279, 324, 327.
Succession disputed, 289.
Suffrage, limitations upon, 70.
Sugar trade, 138.
Temple, Lord, 44, 46.
Tennessee, 18, 189, 199.
Thayendanegea, 50.
Thomas, Isaiah, 165.
Thompson, Gen., in Massachusetts convention, 324.
Thurlow, Lord, 5.
Thurston, member of Virginia legislature, 144.
Tithing-men in New England, 76.
Tobacco as currency in Virginia, 165.
Tories, American; see Loyalists.
Tories, British, 42.
Townshend, Thomas, 17.
Trade, barbarous superstitions about, 134.
Travelling, difficulties of, a century ago, 61.
Treaty of 1783, difficulties in the way of, 8; strange character of, 24; provisions of, 25-33; a great diplomatic victory for the Americans, 34, 189; secret article relating to Florida boundary, 33, 208; adopted, 45; news arrives in America, 50; Congress unable to carry out its provisions, 119-132, 154.
Trespass Act in New York. 123-128.
Trevett _vs._ Weeden, 176.
Tucker, Josiah, 58, 141.
Tyler, John, the elder, 214, 337.
Union, sentiment of, 55.
Unitarianism, 86.
University men in Federal Convention, 224.
Vaughan, Benjamin, 22, 35.
Vergennes, Count de, 12; wishes to satisfy Spain at the expense of the United States, 18-21; thwarted by Jay, 22; accuses the Americans of bad faith, 33; tired of sending loans, 104.
Vermont, troubles in, 151-153; riots in connection with the Shays rebellion, 183.
Vice-presidency, 282.
Victoria, Queen, 293.
Vincennes, riot in, 210.
Violence of political invective, 39.
Virginia, church and state in, 78-85; on five per cent. impost, 104; paper money in, 170; takes possession of northwestern territory, 188-191; cedes it to the United States, 194; plan for new federal government, 233-242; its reception by the convention, 242; compromise as to representation of slaves, 259-262; resents the compromise between South Carolina and the New England states, 265; debates on the Constitution, 335-337; ratifies it, 337.
"Visionary young men," i.e., Hamilton, Madison, Gouverneur Morris, etc., 318.
Waddington, Joshua, 127.
Walpole, Horace, 16.
Walpole, Sir Robert, 296.
War, the Civil, 55, 256, 262; contrast with Revolutionary, 101-103; cost of Revolutionary, 166.
Washington, George, marches from Yorktown to the Hudson River, 51; disbands the army, 51; resigns his command, 52; goes home to Mount Vernon, 53; his "legacy" to the American people, 54; on the right of coercion, 100; urges half-pay for retired officers, 106; supposed scheme for making him king, 107; his masterly speech at Newburgh, 110; president of the Cincinnati, 115; on the weakness of the confederation, 162; wishes to hang speculators in bread-stuffs, 164; disapproves of Connecticut's reservation of a tract of western land, 193; approves of Ohio Company, 203; his views on the need for canals between east and west, 212; important meeting held at his house, 214; is chosen delegate to the Federal Convention, 221; president of the convention, 229; his solemn warning, 231, 303; his suggestion as to the basis of representation, 252; asks if he shall put the question on the motion of Wilson and Pinckney, 277; disapproves of electing executive by the legislature, 279; sends draft of the Constitution to Congress, 307; called a fool by the Antifederalists, 313; approves of amendments, but opposes a second convention, 329; unanimously chosen president of the United States, 346; his journey to New York, 349; his inauguration, 350.
Washington, William, 334.
Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, 83.
Watt, James, 60, 267.
Wayne, Anthony, 50.
Wealth as a basis of representation, 257.
Webster, Daniel, 56, 206, 276.
Webster, Pelatiah, 101, 222.
Weems, Mason, 83.
Wesley, John, 85.
West, Rev. Samuel, 322.
West India trade, 138, 164.
Whigs, British, sympathize with revolutionary party in America, 2.
Whiskey as currency in North Carolina, 165.
White, Abraham, 324.
Whitefield, George, 85.
Whitehill, Robert, 313.
Whitney, Eli, 267.
William the Silent, 55.
Wilson, James, 228, 243, 246, 248, 251, 261, 274, 277, 279, 281, 282, 299, 300, 312, 313, 316.
Witenagemot, 66.
Worcester Spy, 165.
Wraxall's Memoirs, 2.
Wyoming, troubles in, 148-150.
Wythe, George, 228.
Yates, Robert, 225, 242, 244, 246, 254, 340, 341.
Yazoo boundary, 33, 208.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] In recent years Georgia has been one of the first states to abandon this bad practice.
[2] I suppose it was this same Mason Weems that was afterward known in Virginia as Parson Weems, of Pohick parish, near Mount Vernon. See _Magazine of American History_, iii. 465-472; v. 85-90. At first an eccentric preacher, Parson Weems became an itinerant violin-player and book-peddler, and author of that edifying work, _The Life of George Washington, with Curious Anecdotes equally Honourable to Himself and Exemplary to his Young Countrymen_. On the title-page the author describes himself as "formerly rector of Mount Vernon Parish,"--which Bishop Meade calls preposterous. The book is a farrago of absurdities, reminding one, alike in its text and its illustrations, of an overgrown English chap-book of the olden time. It has had an enormous sale, and has very likely contributed more than any other single book toward forming the popular notion of Washington. It seems to have been this fiddling parson that first gave currency to the everlasting story of the cherry-tree and the little hatchet.
[3] _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, iii. 447.
[4] A very interesting account of these troubles may be found in the first volume of Professor McMaster's _History of the People of the United States_.
[5] This subject has been treated in a masterly manner by Mr. H.B. Adams, in an essay on Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States, published in the Third Series of the admirable _Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Politics_. I am indebted to Mr. Adams for many valuable suggestions.
[6] It would be in the highest degree erroneous, however, to suppose that the Constitution of the United States is not, as much as any other, an instance of evolution from precedents. See, in this connection, the very able article by Prof. Alexander Johnston, _New Princeton Review_, Sept., 1887, pp. 175-190.
[7] The slave-population of the United States, according to the census of 1700, was thus distributed among the states:--
_North._
New Hampshire 158 Vermont 17 Massachusetts -- Rhode Island 952 Connecticut 2,759 New York 21,324 New Jersey 11,423 Pennsylvania 3,737 ------ 40,370
_South._
Delaware 8,887 Maryland 103,036 Virginia 293,427 North Carolina 100,572 South Carolina 107,094 Georgia 29,264 Kentucky 11,830 Tennessee 3,417 ------- 657,527
Total 697,897.
[8] Since this was written, this last and most serious danger would seem to have been removed by the acts of 1886 and 1887 regulating the presidential succession and the counting of electoral votes.
[9] The history of President Cleveland's tariff message of 1887, however, shows that, where a wise and courageous president calls attention to a living issue, his party, alike in Congress and in the country, is in a measure compelled to follow his lead.