Chapter X

., p. 193.

[12] This requisite for protection is extremely doubtful. Probably there is no restriction as to nationality of the author. See _infra_, Section III., p. 42.

[13] _Infra_, Section IV., p. 46.

[14] _Infra_, Section V., p. 46.

[15] _Infra_, Section VII., p. 56.

[16] _Clementi_ v. _Golding_ (1809), 2 Camp., 25; _Storace_ v. _Longman_ (1788), 2 Camp., 26 _n._; _Hime_ v. _Dale_ (1803), 2 Camp., 27 _n._; _White_ v. _Geroch_ (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298.

[17] _Southern_ v. _Bailes_ (1894), 38 Sol. J., 681.

[18] _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R. 9 Eq. 324.

[19] _Walter_ v. _Howe_ (1881), 17 Ch. D., 708; and see _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T., 157.

[20] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; _Cate_ v. _Devon_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[21] _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1900], 1 Ch., 122.

[22] _Nicols_ v. _Pitman_ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374. Both this case and _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ are cases of infringement, but they would seem equally to apply to a question whether a certain scroll or document would be a "book" entitled to copyright under the Acts.

[23] See Stirling, J., in _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1899], 1 Ch., at p. 842.

[24] See Stirling, J., in _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1899], 1 Ch., at p. 842.

[25] _White_ v. _Geroch_ (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298. See p. 38.

[26] (1801), 1 East., 358; and see _White_ v. _Geroch_ (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298; _Tonson_ v. _Walker_ (1752), 3 Swanst., 672.

[27] _Black_ v. _Murray_ (1870), 9 M., 341; _Sweet_ v. _Benning_ (1855), 16 C. B., 459.

[28] _Bogue_ v. _Houlston_ (1852), 5 De Gex and Smale, 267.

[29] _Low_ v. _Ward_ (1868), L. R., 6 Eq., 415.

[30] _Leslie_ v. _Young_ [1894], A. C., 335.

[31] Lindley, L. J., in _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., at p. 223.

[32] [1894], 3 Ch., 663.

[33] [1900], A. C., 539.

[34] [1900], A. C., p. 548.

[35] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[36] 21 Ch. D., at p. 378.

[37] _Infra_, p. 16.

[38] _Infra_, p. 16.

[39] _Infra_, p. 18.

[40] _Infra_, p. 20.

[41] _Infra_, p. 20.

[42] _Infra_, p. 22.

[43] _Infra_, p. 29.

[44] _Infra_, p. 225.

[45] _Infra_, p. 19.

[46] _Kenrick_ v. _Danube Collieries_ (1891), 39 W. R., 473.

[47] _Hollinrake_ v. _Truswell_ [1894], 3 Ch., 420.

[48] _Chilton_ v. _Progress_ [1895], 2 Ch., 29; _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., at p. 318.

[49] _Hollinrake_ v. _Truswell_ [1894], 3 Ch., 420.

[50] _Davis_ v. _Comitti_ (1885), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 539.

[51] _Fourmat_ v. _Pearson_ (1897), 14 T. L. R., 82.

[52] _Infra_, p. 34.

[53] _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[54] _Stannard_ v. _Lee_ (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346; see _infra_, p. 148.

[55] _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539.

[56] Ibid.

[57] Ibid.

[58] _Wyatt_ v. _Barnard_ (1814), 3 V. and B., 77.

[59] _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 Tamlyn, at p. 299 _n._

[60] _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 12 Ves., 270.

[61] _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539.

[62] _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539. See Brougham, L., in _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 965.

[63] _Infra_, p. 26.

[64] _Infra_, p. 25.

[65] _Infra_, p. 25.

[66] _Infra_, p. 24.

[67] _Infra_, p. 23.

[68] _Taylor_ v. _Bayne_ (1776), Mor. Dic., 8308; _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 2 Bro. C. C., 80; _Cary_ v. _Faden_ (1799), 5 Ves., 24; _Cary_ v. _Longman_ (1801), 1 East., 358; _Cary_ v. _Kearsley_ (1802), 4 Esp., 168.

[69] _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 2 Bro. C. C., 80; 1 Cox. Ch. Cas., 283.

[70] _Taylor_ v. _Bayne_ (1776), Mor. Dic., 8308.

[71] _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697; Page Wood, V. C., at p. 701.

[72] _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 12 Ves., 270; _Longman_ v. _Winchester_ (1809), 16 Ves., 269; _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697; _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34; _Morris_ v. _Wright_ (1870), L. R., 5 Ch., 279; _Kelly's Directories_ v. _Gavin & Lloyds_ [1901], 1 Ch., 374; _Garland_ v. _Gemmill_ (1887), 14 S. C. R. (Canada), 321.

[73] _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 12 Ves. 270.

[74] _Longman_ v. _Winchester_ (1809), 16 Ves., 269.

[75] _Cornish_ v. _Upton_ (1861), 4 L. T. (N. S.), 862.

[76] _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[77] _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34.

[78] [1893], 1 Ch., 218.

[79] Bowen, L. J. [1893], 1 Ch., at p. 227.

[80] Lindley, L. J. [1893], 1 Ch., at p. 222; and see _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34.

[81] (1863), H. and M., 603.

[82] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[83] L. R., 14 Eq., at p. 414.

[84] (1875), L. R., 19 Eq., 623.

[85] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[86] (1863), 1 H. and M., 603.

[87] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[88] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[89] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[90] Ibid.

[91] 21 Ch. D., at p. 379; and see _Church_ v. _Linton_ (1894), 25 Ont. Rep., 131.

[92] (1898), 78 L. T. (N. S.), 613.

[93] (1863), 1 H. and M., 603.

[94] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 637.

[95] (1886), 2 T. L. R., 291.

[96] _Walford_ v. _Johnston_, 20 D., 1160.

[97] _Maclean_ v. _Moody_, 20 D., 1154; and see _Kelly's Directories_ v. _Gavin & Lloyds_ [1901], 1 Ch., 374.

[98] _Scott_ v. _Stanford_ (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718.

[99] L. R., 3 Eq., at p. 723.

[100] _Wyatt_ v. _Barnard_ (1814), 3 V. and B., 77; _Trade Auxiliary Co._ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[101] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; and see _Hall_ v. _Whittington_ (1892), 15 Vic. L. R., 525.

[102] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[103] (1814), 3 V. and B., 77.

[104] (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324.

[105] [1894], A. C., 335.

[106] (1829) 1 R. and M., 73; see also _King_ v. _Reed_ (1804), 8 Ves., 223.

[107] (1847), 11 Jur., 344.

[108] (1732), cited 2 Bro. P. C. 138; and Ambl., 694.

[109] (1847), 9 D., 748.

[110] _Southern_ v. _Bailes_ (1894), 38 Sol. J., 681; see _Church_ v. _Linton_ (1894), 25 Ont. Rep., 131.

[111] See _Longman_ v. _Winchester_ (1809), 16 Ves., at p. 271.

[112] (1821), Jac., 311; and see _Marzials_ v. _Gibbons_ (1874), L. R., 9 Ch., 518.

[113] (1839), 2 Beav., 6.

[114] (1843), 5 D., 416.

[115] (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[116] (1858), 31 L. T. (O. S.), 18; 6 W. R., 352.

[117] _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951; see _Moffat and Paige_ v. _Gill_ [1902], C. A., April 25.

[118] _Gyles_ v. _Wilcox_ (1740), 2 Alk., 142.

[119] _Wyatt_ v. _Barnard_ (1814), 3 V. and B., 77; _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_ (1875), 10 C. P., 572; (1878), 3 A. C., 483.

[120] _Tree_ v. _Bowkett_ (1896), 74 L. T., 77; _Hatton_ v. _Kean_ (1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268; _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_ (1875), L. R., 10 C. P., 572; (1878), 3 A. C., 483.

[121] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1867), 7 B. and S., 869; _Boosey_ v. _Fairlie_ (1877), 7 Ch. D., 301; (1868), 9 B. and S., 175.

[122] _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182; _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4.

[123] _Tonson_ v. _Walker_ (1753), 3 Swanst., 672.

[124] (1801), 1 East., 358; and see _Mason_ v. _Murray_ cited, 1 East, 360 (Gray's Poems).

[125] (1852), 1 Drew, 353.

[126] 1 Drew, at p. 365.

[127] (1787), Mor. Dic., 8310.

[128] (1870), 9 M., 341; and see _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369, at p. 373; _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418; _Moffat & Paige_ v. _Gill_ [1902], C. A., April 25.

[129] _Thomas_ v. _Turner_ (1886), 33 Ch. D., 292.

[130] (1841), 3 D., 383.

[131] 3 D., at p. 387.

[132] _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 2 Bro. C. C., 80, per L. C., at p. 83.

[133] (1870), 9 M., at p. 352.

[134] (1801), 5 Ves., 709.

[135] (1839), 3 Jur., 217.

[136] (1840), 11 Sim., 51.

[137] (1838), 3 My. and Cr., 711.

[138] (1855), 16 C. B., 459; see _Hodges_ v. _Welsh_ (1840), 2 Ir. Eq. R., 266.

[139] 16 C. B., Crowder, J., at p. 491.

[140] See _infra_, p. 240.

[141] [1900], A. C., 539.

[142] Ibid.

[143] [1900], A. C., at p. 545.

[144] [1900], A. C., 539.

[145] See p. 15.

[146] See pp. 37, 223.

[147] 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 65.

[148] [1900], A. C., 539.

[149] Ibid.

[150] See _infra_, p. 240.

[151] (1869), 20 L. T. (N. S.), 435.

[152] Such an article as this, a mere scheme or plan for arranging material, would not be protected under the law of patents; _in re Cooper_ (1902), 19 Pat. Des. and Trade Mark Cases, 53; _in re Johnson_ (1902), 19 Pat. Des. and Trade Mark Cases, 56.

[153] (1882), 47 L. T. (N. S.), 432.

[154] (1885), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 539.

[155] [1894], 3 Ch., 420; see American Law, p. 242, _infra_, where a similar article was protected. It has also been protected in Victoria, _Hanbury_ v. _Dumsday_ (1884), 10 Vic. L. R., Eq., 272.

[156] Lord Herschell, L. C. [1894], 3 Ch., 420, at p. 424.

[157] _Griffin_ v. _Kingston_ (1889), 17 Ont. Rep., 660; see _Church_ v. _Linton_ (1894), 25 Ont. Rep., 131, where some of the dicta in the above case were disapproved.

[158] [1900], 1 Ch., 122.

[159] _Chilton_ v. _Progress Printing and Publishing Co._ [1895], 2 Ch., 29.

[160] Lindley, L. J. [1895], 2 Ch., at p. 34.

[161] (1852), 5 De Gex and Smale, 267; see _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94; _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234.

[162] See 21 Ch. D., 380.

[163] Parker, V. C., 5 De Gex and Smale, at p. 274.

[164] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369; and see _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567; _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501.

[165] At p. 377

[166] (1981), 64 L. T. (N. S.), 452.

[167] (1895), 43 W. R., 266; and see _Guggenheim_ v. _Leng_ (1896), 12 T. L. R., 491.

[168] _Strong_ v. _Worskett_ (1896), 12 T. L. R., 532; _Fisher_ v. _Folds_ (1834), 1 Jones, Ir. Ex., 12.

[169] (1896), 12 T. L. R., 532.

[170] _Beckford_ v. _Hood_ (1798), 7 T. R., 620.

[171] _Hollinrake_ v. _Truswell_ [1894], 3 Ch., at p. 427.

[172] _Bach_ v. _Longman_ (1777), 2 Camp., 623; _Clementi_ v. _Golding_ (1809), 2 Camp., 25; _White_ v. _Geroch_ (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298; _D'Almaine_ v. _Boosey_ (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288; _Jeffreys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854). 4 H. L. C., 815.

[173] _Coleman_ v. _Wathen_ (1793), 5 T. R., 245; _Macklin_ v. _Richardson_ (1770), Amb., 694; _D'Almaine_ v. _Boosey_ (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288.

[174] _Caird_ v. _Sime_ (1887), 12 A. C., 326; _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 309. See p. 222, _infra_.

[175] _Nicols_ v. _Pitman_ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[176] See _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], H. C., 539.

[177] _Kenrick_ v. _Danube Collieries_ (1891), 39 W. R., 473; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; _Exchange Telegraph_ v. _Gregory_ [1896], 1 Q. B., 147; _Exchange Telegraph_ v. _Central News_ [1897], 2 Ch., 48; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., at p. 2417; _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch. R., 121, 510.

[178] _Blanchett_ v. _Ingram_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 687.

[179] (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298.

[180] (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[181] _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch. R., 121, 510.

[182] _Clementi_ v. _Walker_ (1824), 2 Bar and Cres., 861.

[183] _Routledge_ v. _Low_ (1868), L. R., 3 H. L., 100; _Jeffreys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; _Boosey_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 4 Ex., 145; _Chappell_ v. _Purday_ (1845), 14 M. and W., 303; _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860.

[184] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1).

[185] _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860; _Buxton_ v. _James_ (1851), 5 De G. and S., 80.

[186] _Reid_ v. _Maxwell_ (1886), 2 T. L. R., 790.

[187] _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182.

[188] _Buxton_ v. _James_ (1851), 5 De. G. and S., 80; as to author's nationality or residence, see p. 42.

[189] (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 983.

[190] (1824), 2 B. and C., 861, at p. 867.

[191] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[192] See p. 193.

[193] _Boucicault_ v. _Delafield_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 597; _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_ (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[194] _Boucicault_ v. _Delafield_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 597; _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_ (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267; _Ex p. Dobson_ (1892), 12 N. Z. L. R., 171.

[195] _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_ (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[196] (1849), 13 Q. B., 257.

[197] _D'Almaine_ v. _Boosey_ (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288; see Willes, J., in _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., at p. 2310; _Delondre_ v. _Shaw_ (1828), 2 Sim., 240.

[198] (1839), 10 Sim., 329.

[199] _Chappell_ v. _Purday_ (1845), 14 M. and W., 303; _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860; _Boosey_ v. _Davidson_ (1849), 13 Q. B., 257; _Boosey_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 4 Ex., 145; _Ollendorff_ v. _Black_ (1850), 20 L. T., 165; _Boosey_ v. _Jefferys_ (1851), 6 Ex., 580; _Buxton_ v. _James_ (1851), 5 De G. and Sm., 80.

[200] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[201] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[202] (1868), L. R., 3 H. L., 100.

[203] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[204] Ibid.

[205] The Fine Arts Act, 1862, is expressly confined to the works of authors who are British subjects or resident within the Dominions of the Crown; 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68.

[206] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[207] Ibid.

[208] (1868), L. R., 3 H. L., 100.

[209] (1868), L. R., 6 Eq., 415.

[210] (1868), L. R., 3 H. L., 100.

[211] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[212] Art. 6, "Report Copyright Commission," 1878, p. lxix.

[213] Scrutton on "Copyright," 3rd ed., p. 121.

[214] Chamier on "Literary Copyright," p. 13.

[215] _Lawrence_ v. _Smith_ (1822), Jac., 471; _Murray_ v. _Benbow_ (1822), Jac., 474 _n._; _Cowan_ v. _Milbourn_ (1867), L. R., 2 Exch., 230; _Burnett_ v. _Chetwood_ (1720), 2 Mer., 441; see 9 Will. III. c. 35 (1698).

[216] _Stockdale_ v. _Onwhyn_ (1826), 5 B. and Cr., 173; _Dodson_ v. _Martin_ (1880), 24 Sol. J., 572.

[217] _Hime_ v. _Dale_ (1803), 2 Camp., 27 _n._; _Dr. Priestley's case_, cited 2 Mer., 437.

[218] _Hime_ v. _Dale_ (1803), 2 Camp., 27 _n._; _Walcot_ v. _Walker_ (1802), 7 Ves., 1.

[219] _Wright_ v. _Tallis_ (1845), 1 C. B., 893; _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215; _MacFarlane_ v. _Oak Foundry_ (1883), 10 R., 801; _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418; _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207; _Metzler_ v. _Wood_ (1878), 8 Ch. D., 606; _Chappell_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 123.

[220] _Wright_ v. _Tallis_ (1845), 1 C. B., 893.

[221] _Cary_ v. _Faden_ (1799), 5 Ves., 24; _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1862), 11 C. B. (N. S.), at p. 492.

[222] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418.

[223] See point suggested, 1 C. B., 902.

[224] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Newman_ v. _Pinto_ (1887), L. T. (N. S.), 31.

[225] _Dodson_ v. _Martin_ (1880), 24 Sol. J., 572.

[226] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 11, 13, 24.

[227] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 24.

[228] _Beckford_ v. _Hood_ (1798), 7 T. R., 620; _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94.

[229] _Low_ v. _Routledge_ (1864), L. R., 1 Ch., 42; _Stannard_ v. _Lee_ (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346; _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 444.

[230] _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217; _Lacy_ v. _Rhys_ (1864), 4 B. and S., 873; _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418; _Clark_ v. _Bishop_ (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[231] _Goubaud_ v. _Wallace_ (1877), 36 L. T. (N. S.), 704; _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951.

[232] _Warne_ v. _Lawrence_ (1886), 34 W. R., 452.

[233] (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[234] (1880), 49 L. J. Ch., 412.

[235] _Henderson_ v. _Maxwell_ (1877). 5 Ch. D., 892; _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[236] _Hogg_ v. _Maxwell_ (1866), L. R., 2 Ch., 307; _Correspondent_ v. _Saunders_ (1865), 11 Jur. (N. S.), 540; _Primrose Press_ v. _Knowles_ (1886), 2 T. L. R., 404.

[237] _Talbot_ v. _Judges_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 398; _Schove_ v. _Schmincké_ (1886), 33 Ch. D., 546.

[238] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[239] _Walter_ v. _Howe_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 708; _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; _Cate_ v. _Devon_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[240] _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324.

[241] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[242] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500; see also _Prowett_ v. _Mortimer_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 414.

[243] _Chappell_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 18 C. B., 194. See 32 & 33 Vict. c. 24.

[244] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 11.

[245] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[246] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 19.

[247] (1889), 5 T. L. R., 594.

[248] _Per_ Coleridge, L. C. J., in _Harris_ v. _Smart_ (1889), 5 T. L. R., 594.

[249] (1887), 57 L. T. (N. S.), 864.

[250] _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B., (N. S.), 182; _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 7 C. B., 4; _Chappell_ v. _Sheard_ (1855), 2 K. and J., 117.

[251] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500

[252] 40 Ch. D., at p. 506.

[253] (1864), 10 L. T. (N. S.), 838.

[254] As to what is publication, see p. 38.

[255] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1867), L. R., 3 Q. B., 223.

[256] _Mathieson_ v. _Harrod_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 270; _Collingridge_ v. _Emmott_ (1887), 57 L. T. (N. S.), 864; and see _Page_ v. _Wisden_ (1869), 20 L. T. (N. S.), 435; _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[257] _Thomas_ v. _Turner_ (1886), 33 Ch. D., 292.

[258] _Murray_ v. _Bogue_ (1852), 1 Drew, 353; _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418.

[259] _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[260] _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951.

[261] _Henderson_ v. _Maxwell_ (1876), 4 Ch. D., 163.

[262] _Johnson_ v. _Newnes_ [1894], 3 Ch., 663.

[263] _Mayhew_ v. _Maxwell_ (1860), 1 J. and H., 312.

[264] _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76; _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., at p. 434.

[265] Bacon, V. C., in _Coote_ v. _Judd_ (1883), 23 Ch. D., 727.

[266] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[267] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247; _Rock_ v. _Lazarus_ (1872), L. R., 15 Eq. 104; _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951.

[268] _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; 49 L. T. (N. S.), 339.

[269] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[270] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[271] _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465.

[272] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., _per_ Lindley, L. J., at pp. 301 and 302.

[273] _Liverpool General Brokers_ v. _Commercial Press_ [1897], 2 Q. B., 1; _Morang_ v. _Publishers_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 393.

[274] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[275] _Low_ v. _Routledge_ (1864), 33 L. J. Ch., 717; 10 L. T. (N. S.), 838.

[276] _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182.

[277] _Cassell_ v. _Stiff_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 279.

[278] _Fairlie_ v. _Boosey_ (1879), 4 A. C., 711.

[279] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 11; _Hildesheimer & Faulkner_ v. _Dunn_ (1891), 64 L. T. (N.S.), 452.

[280] _Lucas_ v. _Cooke_ (1880), 13 Ch. D., 872.

[281] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 12.

[282] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 14.

[283] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; 48 L. J. Ch., 673.

[284] _In re The Young Duchess_ (1891), 8 T. L. R., 41.

[285] _Ex parte Poulton_ (1884), 53 L. J., Q. B., 320; _in re Hall_ (1899), 24 Vict. L. R., 702.

[286] _Ex parte Davidson_ (1856), 18 C. B., 296; see _in re Martin_ (1884), 10 Vict. L. R., Law., 196.

[287] Blackburn, J., _Graves'_ case, 10 B. and S., at p. 688.

[288] _Ex parte Bastow_ (1854), 14 C. B., 631.

[289] _Ex parte Davidson_ (1856), 18 C. B., 296; _Chappell_ v. _Purday_ (1843), 12 M. and W., 303.

[290] _Graves'_ case (1869), 4 Q. B., 715.

[291] _Graves'_ case (1869), 4 Q. B., 715.

[292] _Chappell_ v. _Purday_ (1843), 12 M. and W., 303; _ex parte Davidson_ (1856), 18 C. B., at p. 309.

[293] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 10.

[294] Ibid.

[295] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 6.

[296] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 7.

[297] Ibid.

[298] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 8.

[299] (1828), 4 Bing.. 540.

[300] Cf. _Cambridge University_ v. _Bryce_ (1812), 16 East., 317; _Routledge_ v. _Low_ (1868), L. R., 3 H. L., 100.

[301] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 3.

[302] Ibid.

[303] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 3, 18.

[304] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 3, 18.

[305] See _supra_, p. 26.

[306] See _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627.

[307] _Caird_ v. _Sime_ (1887), 12 A. C., 326; _Nicols_ v. _Pitman_ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374; _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. Ch., 209.

[308] 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 65, sec. 5.

[309] _Caird_ v. _Sime_ (1887), 12 A. C., 326.

[310] See _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303, and cases there cited.

[311] _Baskett_ v. _University of Cambridge_ (1758), 2 Burr. 661; _Baskett_ v. _Cunningham_ (1762), Black. Rep., 370.

[312] See _Grierson_ v. _Jackson_ (1794), Ridg. Ir., T. R., 304; _Nicol_ v. _Stockdale_ (1785), 3 Swanst., 687.

[313] _Universities_ v. _Richardson_ (1802), 6 Ves., 689; _Manners_ v. _Blair_ (1828), 3 Bligh (N. S.), 391; _Grierson_ v. _Jackson_ (1794), Ridg. Ir., T. R., 304.

[314] _Universities_ v. _Richardson_ (1802), 6 Ves., 689; _Eyre_ v. _Carnan_ (1781), 6 Bac. Abr., 509; _Manners_ v. _Blair_ (1828), 3 Bligh (N. S.), 391.

[315] _Baskett_ v. _Cunningham_ (1762), Black. Rep., 370.

[316] See Appendix.

[317] 15 Geo. III. c. 53; 41 Geo. III. c. 107, extending the privilege to Dublin; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 27.

[318] (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129.

[319] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 3.

[320] This reservation is made necessary by the decision in _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539, that the author is not necessarily the composer of the literary matter; see _infra_, p. 65.

[321] (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718; see also _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; _Stannard_ v. _Harrison_ (1871), 24 L. T. (N. S.), 570.

[322] (1824), 2 L. J. Ch., 90, at p. 102; and see _Maclean_ v. _Moody_ (1858), 20 D., 1154.

[323] (1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268.

[324] 7 C. B. (N. S.), at p. 280.

[325] (1867), 16 L. T. (N. S.), 453.

[326] (1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268.

[327] (1859) 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268. The decision in this case was no doubt right, but it should have been on the ground that the plaintiff was the employer or assignee of the defendant and not that he was the author.

[328] See _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465; Kekewich, J., at p. 475.

[329] _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627.

[330] (1856), 17 C. B., 427.

[331] On the facts of this case the work of the servant ought to have become vested in the employer.

[332] (1871), L. R., 6 C. P., 523; and see _Tree_ v. _Bowkett_ (1896), 74 L. T. (N. S.), 77.

[333] (1874), L. R., 9 Ch., 518; and see Bowen, L. J., in _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627.

[334] _Powell_ v. _Head_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 686; _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ (1892), 3 Ch., 402.

[335] Ibid.

[336] [1900], A. C., 539.

[337] Ibid.

[338] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 18.

[339] Chitty, J., in _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., at p. 430.

[340] And in one case it was even doubted whether it applied to newspapers, _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T. (N. S.), 157.

[341] _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., 218; _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[342] (1856), 17 C. B., 427

[343] _Brown_ v. _Cooke_ (1846), 16 L. J. Ch., 140.

[344] As to whether a written assignment of the copyright from the author would be necessary in such a case, see _infra_, at p. 74.

[345] (1895), 11 T. L. R., 507.

[346] _Brown_ v. _Cooke_ (1846), 16 L. J. Ch., 140.

[347] (1855), 16 C. B.,459.

[348] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; and see _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Jackson_ (1887), 4 T. L. R., 130.

[349] [1893], 1 Ch., 218; and see _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[350] (1855), 16 C. B., at p. 484.

[351] (1881), 17 Ch. D., 708; and see _Bishop of Hereford_ v. _Griffin_ (1848), 16 Sim., 190.

[352] [1894], 3 Ch., 663.

[353] And see _Coote_ v. _Judd_ (1883), 23 Ch. D., 727.

[354] [1902], 1 Ch., 264.

[355] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[356] Chitty, J., 40 Ch. D., at p. 431.

[357] _Brown_ v. _Cooke_ (1846), 16 L. J. Ch., 140; _Richardson_ v. _Gilbert_ (1851), 1 Sim. (N. S.), 336; _Collingridge_ v. _Emmott_ (1888), 57 L. T. (N. S.), 864; _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Jackson_ (1887), 4 T. L. R., 130.

[358] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., at p. 430.

[359] See cases cited, p. 79, footnote 4.

[360] See Chitty, J., _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., at p. 430.

[361] See _Johnson_ v. _Newnes_ [1894], 3 Ch., 663.

[362] _Mayhew_ v. _Maxwell_ (1860), 1 J. and H., 312.

[363] _Smith_ v. _Johnson_ (1863), 4 Giff., 632.

[364] _Mayhew_ v. _Maxwell_ (1860), 1 J. and H., 312.

[365] Ibid.

[366] _Hereford_ v. _Griffin_ (1848), 16 Sim., 190.

[367] (1855), 16 C. B., 459.

[368] (1891), 64 L. T., 452.

[369] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45.

[370] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 15.

[371] See p. 77, _infra_.

[372] (1824), 2 B. and Cr., 861; see _Cary_ v. _Kearsley_ (1802), 4 Esp., 168; _Storace_ v. _Longman_ (1788), 2 Camp., 26 _n._

[373] (1814), 3 M. and S., 7.

[374] (1838), 9 Sim., 151.

[375] (1839), 8 L. J. Ch., 216; see _Hodges_ v. _Welsh_ (1840), 2 Ir. Eq. R., 266.

[376] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; see _M'Lean_ v. _Moody_ (1858), 20 D., 1154; _Jefferys_ v. _Kyle_ (1856), 18 D., 906; _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860.

[377] 4 H. L. C., at p. 880.

[378] 4 H. L. C., at p. 907.

[379] _Hazlitt_ v. _Templeman_ (1866), 13 L. T. (N. S.), 593; _Grace_ v. _Newman_ (1875), L. R., 19 Eq., 623; _Cox_ v. _Cox_ (1853), 11 Hare, 118.

[380] See _Frowde_ v. _Parish_ (1896), 27 Ont Rep., 526; _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951.

[381] See p. 128.

[382] See _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; _Eaton_ v. _Lake_ (1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378.

[383] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 15; _Leyland_ v. _Stewart_ (1876), 4 Ch. D., 419; _Power_ v. _Walker_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 7; _Davidson_ v. _Bohn_ (1848), 6 C. B., 456; _Clementi_ v. _Walker_ (1824), 2 Bar. and Cres., 861; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; [See the judgment of Lord St. Leonards at p. 944; but note also that Coleridge, J., at p. 906, expressed his disapproval of the reasoning in _Power_ v. _Walker_ and _Davidson_ v. _Bohn_]; _Kyle_ v. _Jefferys_ (1859), 3 Macq., 611, 617, 18 D., 906; _Cumberland_ v. _Copeland_ (1862), 1 H. and C., 194; _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860; see Drone on "Copyright," pp. 304-316, where the soundness of the case law that assignment must be in writing is doubted.

[384] _Kyle_ v. _Jefferys_ (1859), 3 Macq., 611; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[385] _Morton_ v. _Copeland_ (1855), 16 C. B., 517.

[386] _Liverpool General Brokers_ v. _Commercial Press_ [1897], 2 Q. B., 1; see _contra_ opinion of Lord Cockburn in _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1867), 7 B. and S., at p. 897; _Morang_ v. _Publishers_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 393.

[387] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[388] _Stevens_ v. _Wildy_ (1850), 19 L. J. Ch., 190.

[389] Ibid.

[390] _Liverpool General Brokers_ v. _Commercial Press_ [1897], 2 Q. B., 1.

[391] _Levy_ v. _Rutley_ (1871), L. R., 6 C. P., 523; _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4; _Colburn_ v. _Duncombe_ (1838), 9 Sim., 151; _London Printing and Publishing Co_. v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[392] _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4.

[393] _Lacy_ v. _Toole_ (1867), 15 L. T. (N. S.), 512.

[394] _Tree_ v. _Bowkett_ (1895), 74 L. T. (N. S.), 77; _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182; _Latour_ v. _Bland_ (1818), 2 Stark, 382; _Levy_ v. _Rutley_ (1871), L. R., 6 C. P., 523; _Colburn_ v. _Duncombe_ (1838), 9 Sim., 151; but see _Kyle_ v. _Jefferys_ (1859), 3 Macq., 611, 18 D., 911.

[395] _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567; _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501.

[396] _Morris_ v. _Kelly_ (1820), 1 Jac. and W., 481.

[397] _Dennison_ v. _Ashdown_ (1897), 13 T. L. R., 226.

[398] _Sweet_ v. _Cater_ (1841), 11 Sim., 572; _Sweet_ v. _Shaw_ (1839), 8 L. J. Ch., 216; _Sims_ v. _Marryat_ (1851), 17 Q. B., 281; _Strahan_ v. _Graham_ (1867), 16 L. T. (N. S.), 87; _Thombleson_ v. _Black_ (1837), 1 Jur., 198.

[399] _Dupuy_ v. _Dilkes_ (1879), 48 L. J. Ch., 682; _Chappell_ v. _Purday_ (1843), 12 M. and W., 303.

[400] _Taylor_ v. _Pillow_ (1869), L. R., 7 Eq., 418; _Howitt_ v. _Hall_ (1862), 6 L. T. (N. S.), 348.

[401] _Sims_ v. _Marryat_ (1851), 17 Q. B., 281; _Queensberry_ v. _Shebbeare_ (1758), 2 Eden Cha. Cas., 330; Williams' "Law of Personal Property," 15th edition, p. 523.

[402] _Powell_ v. _Head_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 686.

[403] _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ [1892], 3 Ch., 402.

[404] _Powell_ v. _Head_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 686.

[405] (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 940; and see _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860.

[406] (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[407] _Taylor_ v. _Neville_ (1878), 26 W. R., 299; _Tree_ v. _Bowkett_ (1895), 74 L. T. (N. S.), 77; see doubt expressed in _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., at p. 436.

[408] _Lucas_ v. _Cooke_ (1880), 13 Ch. D., 872.

[409] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[410] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 434, 435.

[411] _Holt_ v. _Woods_ (1896), 17 N. S. W. R., Eq., 36.

[412] See _ex parte Dobson_ (1892), 12 N. Z. L. R., 171.

[413] See _contra Howitt_ v. _Hall_ (1862), 6 L. T. (N. S.), 348; _Sweet_ v. _Cater_ (1840), 11 Sim., 572; _Davidson_ v. _Bohn_ (1848), 6 C. B., 458.

[414] _Rippon_ v. _Norton_(1839), 2 Beav., 63.

[415] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ [1879], 12 Ch. D., 886; _Stevens_ v. _Bradbury_ [1854], 1 K. and J., 168; _Reade_ v. _Bentley_(1857), 3 K. and J., 271; _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567; _ex parte Bastow_ [1854], 14 C. B., 631.

[416] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425, _per_ Cotton, L. J.; _Tuck and Sons_ v. _Canton_ (1882), 51 L. J., Q. B., 363; _Sweet_ v. _Cater_ (1841), 11 Sim., 572.

[417] _Taylor_ v. _Neville_ (1878), 26 W. R., 299; _Tree_ v. _Bowkett_ (1895), 74 L. T., 77.

[418] (1878), 26 W. R., 297.

[419] _Warne_ v. _Routledge_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 497; see _Sweet_ v. _Cater_ (1841), 11 Sim., 572; _Stevens_ v. _Benning_ (1855), 1 K. and J., 168.

[420] _Latour_ v. _Bland_ (1818), 2 Stark, 382.

[421] _Willis_ v. _Curtois_ (1838), 1 Beav., 189.

[422] See _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., at p. 392.

[423] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 15 and 2.

[424] See _Butterworth_ v. _Kelly_ (1888), 4 T. L. R., 430; _Leader_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 Car. and K., 1010.

[425] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 15 and 23. The remedies given by these two sections are cumulative, and may be recovered by one action; _Muddock_ v. _Blackwood_ [1898], 1 Ch., 58.

[426] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17; 39 and 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 42.

[427] Ignorance will not excuse in the case of importing, but contra in the case of selling or hiring, _Cooper_ v. _Whittingham_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 501.

[428] _Cooper_ v. _Whittingham_ (1880). 15 Ch. D., 501.

[429] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17; and see 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 42.

[430] £5 to the use of the officer of customs, remainder to the use of the proprietor of copyright.

[431] Ibid.

[432] _Cooper v. Whittingham_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 501.

[433] [1901], 1 Ch., 374.

[434] Cf. _Colburn_ v. _Simms_ (1843), 2 Hare, 543.

[435] [1901], 1 Ch., 374.

[436] _Novella_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177; and see _Beckford_ v. _Hood_ (1798), 7 T. R., 620; _Cambridge University_ v. _Bryer_ (1812), 16 East, at p. 322.

[437] _Muddock_ v. _Blackwood_ [1898], 1 Ch., 58; _Pike_ v. _Nicholas_ (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251, at pp. 255 and 260.

[438] _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215, at p. 223; _Grimson_ v. _Eyre_ (1804), 9 Ves., 341, at p. 346; _Kelly_ v. _Hooper_ (1841), 1 Y. and C., 197, at p. 199; _Colburn_ v. _Simms_ (1843), 2 Hare, 543.

[439] _Delfe_ v. _Delamotte_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 581; but see _Pike_ v. _Nicholas_ (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251.

[440] _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 R. and M., 73; _Price's Patent Candles_ v. _Bauwen_ (1858), 4 K. and J., 727; _Delondre_ v. _Shaw_ (1828), 2 Sim., 240; _Sweet_ v. _Maughan_ (1840), 11 Sim., 51.

[441] Eldon, L. C., in _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., at p. 400.

[442] _Cooper_ v. _Whittingham_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 501.

[443] _M'Neill_ v. _Williams_ (1847), 11 Jur., 344; _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[444] Hall, V. C., in _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., at p. 372.

[445] _Chappell_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 8 De G. M. and G., 1.

[446] _Novella_ v. _James_ (1854), 24 L. J. Ch., 111.

[447] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435; _Platt_ v. _Button_ (1815), 19 Ves., 447; _Saunders_ v. _Smith_ (1838), 3 My. and C., 711; _Lewis_ v. _Chapman_ (1840), 3 Beav., 133; _Assignees of Robinson_ v. _Wilkins_ (1805), 8 Ves., 224, n; _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 Russ. and My., 73; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311; and see _Buxton_ v. _James_ (1851), 5 De G. and Sm., 80.

[448] _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34.

[449] _Per_ Gifford, V. C., L. R., 7 Eq., at p. 39.

[450] _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 444.

[451] _Per_ Turner, L. J., in _Johnson_ v. _Wyatt_ (1863), 2 De G., J. and S., at p. 25.

[452] _Lewis_ v. _Fullarton_ (1839), 2 Beav., 6; _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697; _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., 385.

[453] _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708; _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1892], 3 Ch., 462.

[454] [1892], 3 Ch., 462.

[455] _Campbell_ v. _Scott_ (1842), 11 Sim., 31; _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747.

[456] _Borthwick_ v. _Evening Post_ (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449.

[457] 37 Ch. D., at p. 462.

[458] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[459] 40 Ch. D., at p. 507; and see _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425.

[460] _Bradbury_ v. _Sharp_ (1891), W. N., 143.

[461] _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324; _Southern_ v. _Bailes_ (1829), 38 S. J., 681.

[462] _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324; _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 R. and M., 73.

[463] _Lewis_ v. _Fullarton_ (1839), 2 Beav., 6, Langdale, M. R., at p. 11.

[464] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 23. To be safe the demand in writing should be made before the writ is issued.

[465] 8 Anne c. 19, sec. 1; 54 Geo. III. c. 156, sec. 4.

[466] _Colburn_ v. _Simms_ (1843), 2 Hare, 543.

[467] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652; _Kelly_ v. _Hodge_(1873), 29 L. T. (N. S.), 387; _Emperor of Austria_ v. _Day_ (1861), 3 D. F. and J., 217.

[468] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; but see _Delfe_ v. _Delamotte_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 581; _Stannard_ v. _Harrison_ (1871), 19 W. R., 811.

[469] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; cf. _Colburn_ v. _Simms_ (1843), 2 Hare, 543.

[470] _Isaacs_ v. _Fiddemann_ (1880), 49 L. J. Ch., 412.

[471] _Rooney_ v. _Kelly_ (1861), 14 Ir. C. L. R., _per_ O'Brien, J., at p. 171.

[472] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[473] Ibid.

[474] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., at p. 83.

[475] _Colburn_ v. _Simms_ (1843), 2 Hare, 543; _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_( 1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[476] 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 42.

[477] 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 44.

[478] _Brooke_ v. _Milliken_ (1789), 3 T. R., 509.

[479] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387.

[480] _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 444; see _Macmillan_ v. _Suresh Chunder Deb_ (1850), Ind. L. R., 17 Calc., 951.

[481] (1846), 9 D., 1026; and see _Clark_ v. _Bell_ (1804), Mor. Dic., Literary Property, App., 9.

[482] (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247, at p. 262.

[483] 56 & 57 Vict. c. 61; _Muddock_ v. _Blackwood_ [1898], 1 Ch., at p. 64.

[484] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 16; _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[485] _Boosey_ v. _Davidson_ (1846), 4 Dow. and Low, at p. 155.

[486] _Collette_ v. _Goode_ (1878), 7 Ch. D., 842; _Boosey_ v. _Purday_ (1846), 10 Jur., 1038; _Boosey_ v. _Davidson_ (1846), 4 D. and L., 147; _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4; _Barnett_ v. _Glossop_ (1835), 1 Bing. N. C., 633; 1 Scott's Rep., 621.

[487] _Chappell_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 18 C. B., 194.

[488] _Collette_ v. _Goode_ (1878), 7 Ch. D., 842.

[489] _Boosey_ v. _Davidson_ (1846), 4 D. and L., 147; _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[490] Ibid.

[491] _Collette_ v. _Goode_ (1878), 7 Ch. D., 842.

[492] _Sweet_ v. _Benning_ (1855), 16 C. B., 459; _Cocks_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 5 C. B., 860.

[493] _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418.

[494] _Coote_ v. _Judd_ (1883), 23 Ch. D., 736; _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; _Collette_ v. _Goode_ (1878), 7 Ch. D., 842; but see _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1848), 6 Dow. and Low, 408.

[495] _Collette_ v. _Goode_ (1878), 7 Ch. D., 842.

[496] Ibid.

[497] _Hayward_ v. _Lely_ (1887), 56 L. T. (N. S.), 418.

[498] _Harris_ v. _Smart_ (1889), W. N., 92, 5 T. L. R. 594.

[499] But see _Sweet_ v. _Maughan_ (1840), 11 Sim., 51.

[500] Eldon, L. C., in _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., at p. 394.

[501] _Hotten_ v. _Arthur_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 603; _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[502] Ibid.

[503] _Boosey_ v. _Davidson_ (1849), 13 Q. B., 257.

[504] _Wright_ v. _Goodlake_ (1865), 3 H. and C., 540.

[505] _Kelly_ v. _Wyman_ (1869), 17 W. R. 399; _Stevens_ v. _Brett_ (1864), 10 L. T. (N. S.), 231.

[506] _Coote_ v. _Ingram_ (1887), 35 Ch. D., 117.

[507] _Maxwell_ v. _Somerton_ (1874), 22 W. R., 313.

[508] _Walter_ v. _Steinkopff_ [1892], 3 Ch., 189.

[509] _Wall_ v. _Taylor_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[510] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22.

[511] _Metzler_ v. _Wood_ (1878), 8 Ch. D., 606.

[512] Lord Romilly, M. R., in _Cobbett_ v. _Woodward_ (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., at p. 414; Hall, V. C., in _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_, 21 Ch. D., at p. 373.

[513] _Piddington_ v. _Philip_ (1893), 14 N. S. W. R., Eq., 159.

[514] _Kelly's Directories_ v. _Gavin & Lloyds_ [1901], 1 Ch., 374; affirmed in the Court of Appeal.

[515] _Pike_ v. _Nicholas_ (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251; _Cobbett_ v. _Woodward_ (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[516] _Liverpool General Brokers_ v. _Commercial Press_ [1897], 2 Q. B., 1.

[517] _Page_ v. _Wisden_ (1869), 20 L. T., 435.

[518] James, L. J., in _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[519] Jessel, M. R., in _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_, 21 Ch. D., at p. 378.

[520] Lord Ellenborough in _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., at p. 97.

[521] _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177.

[522] _White_ v. _Geroch_ (1819), 2 B. and Ald., 298; Lindley, M. R., in _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1900], 1 Ch., at p. 123.

[523] _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177.

[524] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[525] See Lindley, M. R., in _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1900], 1 Ch., at p. 123.

[526] _Bach_ v. _Longman_(1777), 2 Cowp., 623; _D'Almaine_ v. _Boosey_(1835), 1 Y. and C., Ex., 288.

[527] _Nicols_ v. _Pitman_ [1884], 26 Ch. D., 374.

[528] _Boosey_ v. _Whight_ [1900], 1 Ch., 122.

[529] Lord O'Hagan in _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_ (1878), 3 A. C., at p. 498.

[530] (1855), 16 C. B., at p. 481.

[531] (1875), L. R., 10 C. P., at p. 575.

[532] See also _Bohn_ v. _Bogue_ (1846), 10 Jur., 420; _Jarrold_ v. _Heywood_ (1870), 18 W. R., 279; _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 R. and M., 73.

[533] (1878). 3 A. C., 483.

[534] (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251.

[535] _Leslie_ v. _Young_ [1894], A. C., at p. 342.

[536] _Cary_ v. _Kearsley_ (1802), 4 Esp., 168; _Lennie_ v. _Pillans_ (1843), 5 D., 416; _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567.

[537] _Per_ Page Wood, V. C., in _Tinsley_ v. _Lacey_ (1863), 1 H. and M., at p. 752.

[538] _Per_ L. C. Herschell in _Leslie_ v. _Young_ [1894], A. C., at p. 341.

[539] See _Murray_ v. _Bogue_(1852), 1 Drew, at p. 369.

[540] _Per_ Cottenham, L. C., in _Bramwell_ v. _Halcomb_ (1836), 3 My. and Cr., at p. 738; see _Scott_ v. _Stanford_ (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718.

[541] _Bradbury_ v. _Hotten_ (1872), L. R., 8 Ex., 1; see also _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567.

[542] (1826), 2 Russ., at p. 394.

[543] (1897), 13 T. L. R., 209; and see _Kelly_ v. _Hooper_ (1841), 1 Y. and C. Ch. C., 197; _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567.

[544] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; _Cate_ v. _Devon_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[545] _Trade Auxiliary_ v. _Middlesborough_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 425; _Cate_ v. _Devon_ (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500.

[546] 40 Ch. D., at p. 507.

[547] _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[548] (1802), 4 Esp., 168.

[549] _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[550] _Per_ Lord Ellenborough in _Cary_ v. _Kearsley_ (1802), 4 Esp., at p. 170.

[551] _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 97.

[552] _Per_ Shadwell, V. C., in _Campbell_ v. _Scott_ (1842), 11 Sim., 31; _Clement_ v. _Maddick_ (1859), 1 Giff., 98; _Reade_ v. _Lacy_ (1861), 1 J. and H., 524; _Scott_ v. _Stanford_ (1867), L. R., 3 Eq.,718.

[553] (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718.

[554] (1802), 4 Esp., 168.

[555] See also _Bohn_ v. _Bogue_ (1846), 10 Jur., 420.

[556] _Per_ Sir W. Page Wood, V. C., in _Scott_ v. _Stanford_ (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718, at p. 723; and see _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[557] _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708; _Reade_ v. _Lacey_ (1861), 1 J. and H., 524; _Spiers_ v. _Brown_ (1858), 31 L. T. (O. S.), 18; 6 W. R., 352.

[558] (1847), 9 D., 748.

[559] _Hotten_ v. _Arthur_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 603.

[560] _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177.

[561] _Ager_ v. _The P. & O._ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 637; and see _Oxford and Cambridge_ v. _Gill_ (1899), 43 S. J., 570.

[562] _Murray_ v. _Bogue_ (1852), 1 Drew, 353.

[563] _Reade_ v. _Lacey_ (1861), 1 J. and H., 524; _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1862), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 479.

[564] (1889), 40 Ch. D., 500; _Cooper_ v. _Whittingham_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 501.

[565] See Lord Blackburn in _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_, 3 A. C., at p. 501; _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177; _Rock_ v. _Lazarus_ (1872), L. R. 15 Eq., 104; _Lee_ v. _Simpson_ (1847), 3 C. B., 871.

[566] _Maxwell_ v. _Somerton_ (1874), 22 W. R., 313.

[567] _Wyatt_ v. _Barnard_ (1814), 3 V. and B., 77.

[568] [1892], 3 Ch., 489.

[569] [1892], 3 Ch., 489, _per_ North, J., at p. 499.

[570] This summary of "fair use" is taken from Stephen's Digest "Report of Copyright Commission," 1878, p. lxx.

[571] _Sayre_ v. _Moore_ (1785), 1 East., 361, _n._; _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215; _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 12 Ves., 270; _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., 385; _Pike_ v. _Nicholas_ (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251; _Alexander_ v. _Mackenzie_ (1847), 9 D., 748 at p. 761; _Longman_ v. _Winchester_ (1809), 16 Ves., 269; _Wilkins_ v. _Aikin_ (1810), 17 Ves., 422; _Weekes_ v. _Williamson_ (1886), 12 Vict., L. R., 483.

[572] Lindley, L. J., _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., at p. 224.

[573] _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[574] _Per_ Lord Chancellor Erskine in _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 12 Ves., at p. 273.

[575] _Wilson_ v. _Lake_ (1875), 1 Vict. L. R., Eq., 127.

[576] Lindley., L. J., in _Hollinrake_ v. _Truswell_ [1894], 3 Ch., at p. 427.

[577] _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[578] _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34; _Lennie_ v. _Pillans_ (1843), 5 D., 416; _Mawman_ v. _Tegg_ (1826), 2 Russ., 385; Lindley, L. J., in _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., at p. 224.

[579] _Pike_ v. _Nicholas_ (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251, at p. 260.

[580] (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[581] (1809), 16 Ves., 269; and see _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 1 J. and H., 312; _Baily_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 Russ. and Mylne, 73; _Wilkins_ v. _Aikin_ (1810), 17 Ves., at p. 424.

[582] (1839), 2 Beav., 6., at p. 8.

[583] And see _Garland_ v. _Gemmill_ (1887), 14 S. C. R. (Canada), 321.

[584] _Jarrold v. Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[585] 3 K. and J., at p. 715.

[586] 1 H. and M., 603.

[587] (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[588] See _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 444.

[589] (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718.

[590] (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34.

[591] (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[592] (1839), 2 Beav., 6.

[593] See _Garland_ v. _Gemmill_ (1887), 14 S. C. R. (Canada), 321.

[594] _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34, _per_ Giffard, V. C., at pp. 40, 41.

[595] (1870), L. R., 5 Ch., 279.

[596] (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[597] (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34.

[598] (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697.

[599] _Per_ Giffard, L. J., L. R., 5 Ch., at p. 285.

[600] (1869), L. R., 5 Ch., 251.

[601] Hatherley, L. C., L. R., 5 Ch., at p. 263; and see _Longman_ v. _Winchester_(1809), 16 Ves., at p. 271; _Moffat & Paige_ v. _Gill_ (1902), C. A., April 25.

[602] _Per_ Giffard, L. J., L. R., 5 Ch., at p. 268.

[603] _Matthewson_ v. _Stockdale_ (1806), 1 J. and H., 312; _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539; _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697; _Morris_ v. _Wright_ (1870), L. R., 5 Ch., 279; _Batty_ v. _Taylor_ (1829), 1 Russ. and Mylne, 73.

[604] _Wilkins_ v. _Aikin_ (1810), 17 Ves., 422.

[605] (1872), L. R., 8 Ex., 1.

[606] _Per_ Kelly, C. B., L. R. 8 Ex., 1, at p. 5.

[607] (1872), L. R., 8 Ex., 1.

[608] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[609] _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94; _Murray_ v. _MacFarquhar_ (1785), M., 8309.

[610] _Sweet_ v. _Shaw_ (1839), 3 Jur., 217.

[611] _Hodges_ v. _Welsh_ (1840), 2 Ir. Eq. Rep., 266.

[612] _Sweet_ v. _Shaw_ (1839), 3 Jur., 217.

[613] (1855), 16 C. B., 459.

[614] (1838), 3 Myl. and Cr., 711.

[615] (1840), 2 Ir. Eq. R., 266.

[616] (1826), 2 Russ., 385, at p. 393; see Lord Kinloch in _Black_ v. _Murray_ (1870), 9 M., at p. 356.

[617] _Whittingham_ v. _Wooler_ (1817), 2 Swanst, 428; _Wilkins_ v. _Aikin_ (1810), 17 Ves., 422.

[618] _Bell_ v. _Whitehead_(1839), 8 L. J. Ch., 141.

[619] _Per_ Lord Ellenborough in _Roworth_. v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94, at p. 97.

[620] (1842), 11 Sim., 31.

[621] (1874), 31 L. T. (N. S.), 775.

[622] (1785), 1 East., 361, _n._

[623] (1802), 4 Esp., 168; and see _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 1 Cox, Eq. Cas., 283.

[624] (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[625] (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288.

[626] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 223, 9 B. and S., 175.

[627] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73; _Oxford and Cambridge_ v. _Gill_ (1899), 43, S. J., 570; _Jarrold_ v. _Houlston_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 708; _Kelly_ v. _Morris_ (1866), L. R., 1 Eq., 697; _Scott_ v. _Stanford_ (1867), L. R., 3 Eq., 718.

[628] _Leslie_ v. _Young_ [1894], A. C., Lord Herschell, at p. 341.

[629] See p. 97, _supra_.

[630] _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747; _Murray_ v. _Elliston_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 657; _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., 523.

[631] _Tinsley_ v._Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747.

[632] (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[633] _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747.

[634] See Stephen's "Digest," Art. 9 ("Report Copyright Commission," 1878, p. lxx.).

[635] _Gyles_ v. _Wilcox_ (1740), 2 Atk., 142.

[636] Ibid.

[637] _Tonson_ v. _Walker_ (1752), 3 Swans., 672, at p. 681; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., Willes, J., at p. 2311; _Bell_ v. _Walker_ (1785), 1 Bro. Ch. C., 450; _Murray_ v. _Elliston_ (1822), 1 Dow and Ry., 299; _Butterworth_ v. _Robinson_ (1801), 5 Ves., 709.

[638] (1761), Amb., 402; and see _Anonymous Case_ (1774), Lofft., 775.

[639] (1835), 1 Y. and C., Ex., 288.

[640] _Per_ Lord Lyndhurst, L. C. B., at p. 301.

[641] (1761), Amb., 402.

[642] _Dickens_ v. _Lee_ (1844), 8 Jur., 183, at p. 184.

[643] _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747, at p. 754; and see the observations of the same judge in _Spiers_ v. _Brown_ (1858), 6 W. R., 352.

[644] _Munshi_ v. _Mirza_ (1890), Ind. L. R., 14 Bomb., 586; _Macmillan_ v. _Shamsal_ (1894), Ind. L. R., 19 Bomb., 557.

[645] (1720), 2 Meriv., at p. 441.

[646] (1769), 4 Burr., Yates J., at p. 2348.

[647] (1849), 2 De G. and M., at p. 693.

[648] (1814), 3 V. and B., 77.

[649] (1852), 1 Drew, 353.

[650] _Nicols_ v. _Pitman_ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[651] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 15.

[652] _Morton_ v. _Copeland_ (1855), 16 C. B., 517.

[653] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[654] _Morton_ v. _Copeland_ (1855), 16 C. B., 517.

[655] Ibid.

[656] _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567; _Allen_ v. _Lyon_(1884), 5 Out. Rep., 615; but see _Eaton_ v. _Lake_ (1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378; _Strahan_ v. _Graham_ (1867), 16 L. T. (N. S.), 87.

[657] _Ager_ v. _P. & O._ (1884), 26 Ch. D., 637.

[658] Coleridge, J., in _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 906.

[659] But see Willes, J., at pp. 2311 and 2332, and Aston, J., at p. 2346, in _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303.

[660] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311.

[661] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[662] _Hogg_ v. _Scott_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., at p. 455; _Morris_ v. _Ashbee_ (1868), L. R., 7 Eq., 34; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311; _Saunders_ v. _Smith_ (1838), 3 My. and Cr., 711; _Platt_ v. _Button_ (1815), 19 Ves., 447; _Latour_ v. _Bland_ (1818), 2 Stark, 382; _Pitman_ v. _Hine_ (1884), 1 T. L. R., 39; _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[663] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 5.

[664] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747.

[665] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1863), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 479. _Schlesinger_ v. _Turner_ (1890), 63 L. T., 764.

[666] _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., 523.

[667] _Schlesinger_ v. _Bedford_ (1890), 63 L. T., 762.

[668] _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[669] See _Clark_ v. _Bishop_ (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[670] _Macklin_ v. _Richardson_ (1770), Amb., 694.

[671] See p. 215.

[672] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 232.

[673] _Macklin_ v. _Richardson_ (1770), Amb., 694.

[674] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 1; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 15, 2.

[675] (1820), 1 Jac. and W., 481.

[676] (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418, at p. 426.

[677] (1822) 5 B. and Ald., 657.

[678] (1774), 4 Burr., 2408.

[679] (1793), 5 T. R., 245; and see _dictum_ of Cockburn, C. J., in _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., at p. 527.

[680] See _supra_, p. 13.

[681] _Chatterton_ v. _Cave_ (1875), L. R., 10 C. P., 572; _Hatton_ v. _Kean_ (1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), 268.

[682] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Tinsley_ v. _Lacy_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 747; _Toole_ v. _Young_ (1874), L. R., 9 Q. B., 523; _Warne_ v. _Seebohm_ (1888), 39 Ch. D., 73.

[683] (1847), 3 C. B., 871.

[684] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[685] (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[686] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[687] (1887), 3 T. L. R., 552.

[688] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[689] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[690] (1874). L. R., 9 Q. B., 523.

[691] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[692] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[693] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[694] [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[695] See cases under the Dramatic Licensing Acts; _Day_ v. _Simpson_ (1865), 18 C. B. (N. S.), 680.

[696] See Stephen's "Digest," Art. 13 ("Report Copyright Commission," p. lxxii.).

[697] See _supra_, p. 121.

[698] The printing and publication of a dramatic piece as a book before public representation does not destroy the performing right as suggested in Stephen's "Digest," Art. 14 ("Report Copyright Commission," p. lxxiii.); _Chappell_ v. _Boosey_(1882), 21 Ch. D., 232.

[699] See _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_(1876), 5 Ch. D. 267.

[700] [1893], 2 Q. B., 308; and see also _Boucicault_ v. _Chatterton_(1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[701] _i. e._ the statute of Victoria.

[702] _i. e._ The International Copyright Acts.

[703] (1863), 1 H. and M., 597.

[704] (1876), 5 Ch. D., 267.

[705] Ibid.

[706] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1867), L. R., 2 Q. B., 340.

[707] _Leader_ v. _Purday_ (1849), 7 C. B., 4; _Lover_ v. _Davidson_ (1856), 1 C. B. (N. S.), 182.

[708] _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217; in _Hatton_ v. _Kean_(1859), 7 C. B. (N. S.), at p. 273, the plaintiff began to argue the question whether a non-dramatic musical composition was within the Act; but counsel for the defendant intimated that he would not rely on that point.

[709] _Wall_ v. _Taylor_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[710] See A. L. Smith, L. J., in _Fuller_ v. _Blackpool Winter Gardens_ [1895], 2 Q. B., 429.

[711] Ibid.

[712] Ibid.

[713] Ibid.

[714] Note that the form in the schedule provides for "name of publisher and place of publication."

[715] _i. e._ of the copyright and performing right if in the same hands. If in different hands the respective proprietors should be specified.

[716] _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217; _Lacy_ v. _Rhys_ (1864), 33 L. J., Q. B., 157; _Clark_ v. _Bishop_ (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[717] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 11.

[718] Ibid.

[719] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 12.

[720] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[721] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 20.

[722] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[723] (1872), 25 L. T., 908.

[724] (1864), 33 L. J., Q. B., 157.

[725] See _Fairlie_ v. _Boosey_ (1879), 4 A. C., 711.

[726] _Wood_ v. _Boosey_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 223.

[727] _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; see _Cumberland_ v. _Copeland_ (1861), 7 H. and N., 118; (1862), 1 H. and C., 194.

[728] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, secs. 22, 20, 13.

[729] _Supra_, p. 77.

[730] _Shepherd_ v. _Conquest_ (1856), 17 C. B., 427; _Eaton_ v. _Lake_ (1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378.

[731] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[732] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 22.

[733] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2; _Power_ v. _Walker_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 7; _Leyland_ v. _Stewart_ (1876), 4 Ch. D., 419.

[734] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[735] _Marsh_ v. _Conquest_ (1864), 17 C. B. (M. S.), 418; _Lacy_ v. _Rhys_ (1864), 4 B. and S., 873.

[736] Ibid.

[737] _Ex parte Hutchins_ (1879), L. R., 4 Q. B. D., 483.

[738] L. R., 4 Q. B. D., 483.

[739] (1834), 1 Ad. and E., 580.

[740] See p. 128.

[741] See p. 74.

[742] _Holt_ v. _Woods_ (1896), 17 New South Wales R., Eq., 36; and see p. 81.

[743] (1847), 3 C. B., 871.

[744] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[745] See _Shelly_ v. _Bethell_ (1883), 12 Q. B. D., 11.

[746] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., at p. 108.

[747] (1884), 13 Q. B. D., 843.

[748] And see _Novello_ v. _Sudlow_ (1852), 12 C. B., 177.

[749] Denman, C. J., in _Russell_ v. _Smith_ (1848), 12 Q. B., 217, at p. 236.

[750] (1878), 3 A. C., 483.

[751] (1837), 8 C. and P., 68.

[752] (1837), 4 Bing., N. C, 17.

[753] (1889), 5 T. L. R., 330.

[754] _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1862), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 479; _Schlesinger_ v. _Turner_ (1890), 63 L. T. (N. S.), 764.

[755] _Reichardt_ v. _Sapte_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 308; and see _Walter_ v. _Lane_ [1900], A. C., 539.

[756] _Supra_, p. 104.

[757] (1878), 3 A. C., at p. 501.

[758] (1831), 5 C. and P., 33.

[759] (1849), 8 C. B., 836.

[760] (1848), 12 Q. B., 217.

[761] (1863), 3 B. and S., 556; see this case and _Russell_ v. _Briant_, _supra_, approved by Byrne, J., in _Kelly's Directories_ v. _Gavin & Lloyds_ [1901], 1 Ch., 374:

[762] (1864), 17 C. B. (N. S.), 418.

[763] (1886), 2 T. L. R., 685; but see _Cole_ v. _Gear_(1888), 4 T. L. R., 246.

[764] (1831), 5 C. and P., 33.

[765] (1893), 9 T. L. R., 548.

[766] _Lee_ v. _Simpson_(1847), 3 C. B., 871, at p. 883.

[767] _Duck_ v. _Mayen_(1892), 8 T. L. R., 339.

[768] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2.

[769] _Supra_, p. 118.

[770] _Roberts_ v. _Bignell_(1887), 3 T. L. R., 552; _Eaton_ v. _Lake_(1888), 20 Q. B. D., 378.

[771] _Morton_ v. _Copeland_(1855), 16 C. B., 517.

[772] Ibid.

[773] _Powell_ v. _Head_(1879), 12 Ch. D., 686.

[774] (1835), 1 Y. and C. Ex., 288.

[775] (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 102.

[776] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 3. Wright, J., has held that a knowledge that the music contained the statutory notice reserving performing rights is not of itself sufficient evidence that the proprietor knew the performance to be unauthorised. _Moul_ v. _Coronet_, Nov. 30, 1901.

[777] Not a true "penalty," but in the nature of liquidated damages, _Adams_ v. _Batley_ (1887), 18 Q. B. D., 625; _Saunders_ v. _Will_ [1892], 2 Q. B., 18; see _Fitzbull_ v. _Brooke_ (1844), 2 D. and L., 477.

[778] See p. 86.

[779] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2, provided "double costs of suit." This was amended by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2, to a "full and reasonable indemnity as to all costs, charges, and expenses." This probably means nothing more than ordinary party and party costs, _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652; _Avery_ v. _Wood_ [1891], 3 Ch., 115; but it would seem that as the costs are given by statute they are not in the discretion of the Court, and must be awarded to a successful plaintiff, _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652; _Hasker_ v. _Wood_ [1885], 54 L. J. Q. B., 419; Judicature Act, 1890, sec. 5. Sec. 2 of 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97 is repealed by the Public Authorities Protection Act in so far as that Act applies.

[780] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 3.

[781] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 1; and see p. 86 as to mode of assessing.

[782] See p. 86.

[783] 51 & 52 Vict. c. 17, sec. 2; 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 2; 5 & 6 Vict. c. 96, sec. 2.

[784] 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 15, sec. 3.

[785] See _infra_.

[786] See p. 150. This is doubtful.

[787] See p. 150.

[788] See p. 151.

[789] See p. 152.

[790] See p. 152.

[791] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[792] 2 Atk., 93.

[793] Amb., 264.

[794] 15 & 16 Vict. c. 12, sec. 14.

[795] _Per_ Best, C. J., in _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., at p. 246.

[796] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 1.

[797] _Stannard_ v. _Lee_ (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346; 24 L. T. (N. S.), 459.

[798] 24 L. T. (N. S.), at p. 460.

[799] 19 W. R., at p. 617.

[800] (1871), 24 L. T. (N. S.), 570.

[801] (1871), L. R., 6 Ch., 346.

[802] _Bogue_ v. _Houlston_ (1852), 5 De G. and Sm., 267; _Maple_ v. _Junior Army and Navy Stores_ (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369; _Comyns_ v. _Hyde_ (1895), 43 W. R., 266; _Hildesheimer_ v. _Dunn_ (1891), 64 L. T. (N. S.), 452.

[803] _Page_ v. _Townsend_ (1832), 5 Sim., 395.

[804] Ibid.

[805] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1); and see 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[806] 7 Geo. II. c. 38.

[807] See p. 36.

[808] See p. 169.

[809] 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 59, sec. 2; _Page_ v. _Townsend_ (1832), 5 Sim., 395.

[810] 7 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1).

[811] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[812] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Brooks_ v. _Cock_ (1835), 3 Ad. and E., 138.

[813] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41; _Harrison_ v. _Hogg_ (1794), 2 Ves., 322; _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Brooks_ v. _Cock_ (1835), 3 Ad. and E., 138; _Mackmurdo_ v. _Smith_ (1798), 7 T. R., 518.

[814] _Blackwell_ v. _Harper_ (1740), 2 Atk., 93; and see _Roworth_ v. _Wilkes_ (1807), 1 Camp., 94.

[815] (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[816] _Blackwell_ v. _Harper_ (1740), 2 Atk., 93; _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[817] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing., 234; _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[818] Ibid.

[819] _Rock_ v. _Lazarus_ (1872), L. R., 15 Eq., 104.

[820] _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[821] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated Standard_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Fores_ v. _Johnes_ (1802), 4 Esp., 97.

[822] 7 Geo. III. c. 38, sec. 7.

[823] _Donaldson_ v. _Beckett_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129.

[824] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[825] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[826] _Stannard_ v. _Harrison_ (1871), 24 L. T. (N. S.), 570.

[827] See as to books, p. 73.

[828] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[829] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[830] _Thompson_ v. _Symonds_ (1792), 5 T. R., 41.

[831] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[832] See Assignment of Books, p. 77.

[833] Cf. _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567, a decision under the Copyright Act, 1842.

[834] _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501; 8 Geo. II. c. 13, sec. 2.

[835] See as to books, p. 74.

[836] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57. The above summary is the result of a careful comparison of these two Acts. As Sir James Stephen says in his "Digest": "They are inexpressibly puzzling and very cumbrous.... The sense escapes in a cloud of words." It is submitted, however, that there are more important distinctions between the two Acts than those noticed in the "Digest," and the above is an attempt to make them as clear as possible.

[837] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[838] Ibid.

[839] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[840] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 8 and 9.

[841] Ibid.

[842] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[843] 17 Geo. III. c. 57; but see _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297, contra.

[844] 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[845] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 8 and 9.

[846] Ibid.

[847] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 8.

[848] _Gambart_ v. _Sumner_ (1859), 8 W. R., 27; 5 H. and N., 5; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[849] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[850] 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[851] _Graves_ v. _Mercer_ (1868), 16 W. R., 790.

[852] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 7 Geo. III. c. 38.

[853] _Avery_ v. _Wood_ [1891], 3 Ch., 115.

[854] _Hasker_ v. _Wood_ (1885), 54 L. J., Q. B., 419; _Reeve_ v. _Gibson_ [1891], 1 Q. B., 652.

[855] But see _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[856] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[857] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[858] _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737; _Moore_ v. _Clarke_ (1842), 9 M. and W., 692.

[859] _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[860] _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[861] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[862] _Newton_ v. _Cowie_ (1827), 4 Bing. at p. 246; _De Berenger_ v. _Wheble_ (1819), 2 Stark., 548.

[863] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306.

[864] (1807), 1 Camp., at p. 98.

[865] (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[866] No such statement could now be accepted as sound. See p. 112.

[867] (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22.

[868] 15 Ch. D., at p. 34.

[869] 15 Ch. D., at p. 37.

[870] See as to literary copyright, p. 112.

[871] _Murray_ v. _Heath_ (1831), 1 B. and Ad., 804.

[872] 8 Geo. II. c. 13; 17 Geo. III. c. 57.

[873] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[874] Cf. _Cooper_ v. _Stephens_ [1895], 1 Ch., 567, which is under 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, but on a claim for damages an injunction only would seem to be analogous; _Marshall_ v. _Petty_ (1900), 17 T. L. R., 501.

[875] See _infra_.

[876] See p. 162.

[877] See p. 162. This is doubtful.

[878] See p. 162.

[879] See p. 163.

[880] See p. 163.

[881] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[882] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[883] _Caproni_ v. _Alberti_ (1892), 40 W. R., 235.

[884] _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, Wright, J., April 15, 1902.

[885] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[886] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (1).

[887] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[888] 10 Ir. R. Ch., at p. 516, per Brady, L. Ch. I.

[889] _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. R. Ch., 121, 510.

[890] See _supra_, p. 42.

[891] 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[892] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45.

[893] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 1.

[894] As to work done by partner of a firm, see _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, April 15, 1902.

[895] See p. 151.

[896] 38 Geo. III. c. 71.

[897] Viz., 38 Geo. III. c. 71, and 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[898] _Britain_ v. _Hanks_, April 15, 1902.

[899] See p. 46.

[900] See p. 174.

[901] See p. 152.

[902] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, secs. 1 and 2.

[903] Ibid.

[904] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 6; cf. _Carnan_ v. _Bowles_ (1786), 2 Bro. C. C., 8o; _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 311.

[905] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 4; cf. 8 Anne c. 19, sec. 1, and _Davidson_ v. _Bohn_ (1848), 6 C. B., 456; _Power_ v. _Walker_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 7; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. Cas., 815.

[906] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 4.

[907] Ibid.

[908] The Sculpture Act gives "double costs," but 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2, substitutes "a full and reasonable indemnity." See p. 144, _note_ 4. This probably means costs in the ordinary sense; but the plaintiff is entitled to them as of right and not as a matter of discretion under the Rules of the Supreme Court.

[909] 54 Geo. III. c. 56, sec. 3.

[910] See _infra_.

[911] See p. 168.

[912] See p. 170.

[913] See p. 171.

[914] See p. 174.

[915] See p. 174.

[916] See chapter on Colonial Copyright, p. 186.

[917] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[918] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 2 Ch., 1.

[919] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[920] See the cases as to new editions of books.

[921] _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ (1890), 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[922] _Farina_ v. _Silverlock_ (1858), 4 K. and J., 650. This case is hardly an authority, as it was decided when published paintings and drawings were unprotected; but it is submitted that even under the Act of 1862 a label of this kind would not be protected.

[923] (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510.

[924] (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121.

[925] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1; see _Geissendorfer_ v. _Mendelssohn_ (1896), 13 T. L. R., 91.

[926] See _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627.

[927] _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465.

[928] Ibid.

[929] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 4.

[930] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 40 Ch. D., 345.

[931] _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., at p. 42; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[932] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Tuck_ v. _Continental_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 826.

[933] Ibid.

[934] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291; _Dupuy_ v. _Dilkes_ (1879), W. N., 145; 48 L. J. Ch., 682.

[935] _London Printing_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[936] _Dupuy_ v. _Dilkes_ (1879), W. N., 145; 48 L. J. Ch., 682.

[937] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[938] _Ex parte Walker_ (1869), 17 W. R., 1018; 10 B. and S., 680.

[939] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 4.

[940] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; 9 B. and G., 395.

[941] Blackburn, J., 9 B. and S., at p. 398. The headnote in _ex parte Walker_ (1869), 10 B. and S., 680, "That the description 'A Piper and a Pair of Nut-crackers' was sufficient for the purpose of sec. 6," is erroneous, the point being left undecided.

[942] _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated Standard_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Fores_ v. _Johnes_ (1802), 4 Esp., 97; see _Du Bost_ v. _Beresford_ (1810), 2 Camp., 511.

[943] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[944] Ibid.

[945] 7 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[946] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1.

[947] _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; _Wooderson_ v. _Tuck_ (1887), 4. T. L. R., 57; _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ [1890], 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[948] _Nottage_ v. _Jackson_ (1883), 11 Q. B. D., 627; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ [1890], 25 Q. B. D., 99.

[949] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 1; _Kenrick_ v. _Lawrence_ (1890), 25 Q. B. D., 99; _Levi_ v. _Champion_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 286.

[950] _Wooderson_ v. _Tuck_ (1887), 4 T. L. R., 57.

[951] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895), 11 T. L. R., 522; _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_(1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[952] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895] 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895), 11 T. L. R., 522.

[953] _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_ (1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[954] _Melville_ v. _Mirror of Life_ [1895], 2 Ch., 531; _Ellis_ v. _Ogden_ (1894), 11 T. L. R., 50.

[955] _Petty_ v. _Taylor_ [1897], 1 Ch., 465.

[956] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 3.

[957] _Troitzsch_ v. _Rees_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 773; and see _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715.

[958] See p. 172 as to registration.

[959] _London Printing and Publishing Alliance_ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[960] See assignment of literary copyright, p. 78.

[961] See as to partial assignment of literary copyright, p. 80.

[962] (1880), 13 Ch. D., 872.

[963] _Tuck_ v. _Canton_ (1882), 51 L. J., Q. B., 363.

[964] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 2.

[965] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[966] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, secs. 6, 8, 9, 11.

[967] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6. These penalties are not a civil debt, but in the nature of a fine for a criminal offence; _ex parte Graves_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 642.

[968] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[969] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[970] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[971] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[972] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 8.

[973] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[974] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 9.

[975] Ibid.

[976] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 10.

[977] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 11.

[978] (1898), 14 T. L. R.

[979] [1900], 1 Ch., 73.

[980] _Tuck_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 14 Q. B. D., 629.

[981] Ibid.

[982] Ibid.

[983] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; _Hildesheimer_ v. _Faulkner_ [1901], 2 Ch., 552.

[984] (1868), 9 B. and S., 395.

[985] 9 B. and S., at p. 402.

[986] _Ellis_ v. _Marshall_ (1895),64 L. J., Q. B., 757; _Baschet_ v. _London Illustrated_ [1900], 1 Ch., 73; _Nicholls_ v. _Parker_ (1901), 17 T. L. R., 482; _Green_ v. _Irish Independent_ [1899], 1 I. R., 386.

[987] [1901], 2 Ch., 552.

[988] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 6.

[989] _Tuck_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Murray_ v. _Heath_ (1831), 1 B. and Ad., 804; _Mayall_ v. _Higbey_ (1862), 1 H. and C, 148.

[990] _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 4 Ch. D., 345.

[991] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 7.

[992] This offence does not constitute forgery, because a forgery must be a document, and a picture is not a document; _Reg_ v. _Closs_ (1857), 6 W. R., 109.

[993] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 7.

[994] 16 Jac. 1., c. 16, sec. 3.

[995] _Lucas_ v. _Williams_ [1892], 2 Q. B., 113.

[996] 25 & 26 Vict. c. 68, sec. 2.

[997] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), 3 Q. B., 387.

[998] _Bolton_ v. _Aldin_ (1895), 65 L. J., Q. B., 120.

[999] But see _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Baines_ [1895], A. C., 20; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 2 Ch., 1; [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1000] _Graves'_ case (1869), L. R., 4 Q. B., 715; cf. the case of the photograph of an engraving, _Gambart_ v. _Ball_ (1863), 14 C. B. (N. S.), 306; _Graves_ v. _Ashford_ (1867), L. R., 2 C. P., 410.

[1001] [1894], 2 Ch. 1.

[1002] [1895], A. C., 20.

[1003] (1896), 12 T. L. R., 491.

[1004] (1842), 9 M. & W., 692.

[1005] (1897), 45 W. R., 476; see also _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737; _London Stereo_ v. _Kelly_ (1888), 5 T. L. R., 169; _Bolton_ v. _London Exhibitions_ (1898), 14 T. L. R., 550.

[1006] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Baines_ [1895], A. C., 20; _ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387; _Turner_ v. _Robinson_ (1860), 10 Ir. Ch., 121, 510.

[1007] _Ex parte Beal_ (1868), L. R., 3 Q. B., 387.

[1008] _Brooks_ v. _Religious Tract Society_ (1897), 45 W. R., 476; _West_ v. _Francis_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 737.

[1009] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1010] 25 & 26 Vict., sec. 3.

[1011] 25 & 26 Vict., sec. 6.

[1012] _London Printing and Pub. All._ v. _Cox_ [1891], 3 Ch., 291.

[1013] _Nicholls_ v. _Parker_ (1901), 17 T. L. R., 482; and see _Guggenheim_ v. _Leng_ (1896), 12 T. L. R., 491.

[1014] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8 (4).

[1015] The following colonies have local legislation: India, Ceylon, Canada, the Australian Colonies, New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Hong Kong, Tasmania, Newfoundland.

[1016] Australian Colonies, Tasmania, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ceylon. The period of protection in foreign telegrams varies from 24 to 120 hours in the respective colonies.

[1017] 10 & 11 Vict. c. 95, usually known as the Foreign Reprints Act.

[1018] The following are the colonies now under the provisions of the Foreign Reprints Act, 1847. The dates are of the respective Orders in Council. Bermuda, February 13, 1849; Bahamas, May 21, 1849; Newfoundland, July 30, 1849; St. Christopher, November 6, 1849; Antigua, June 19, 1850; St. Lucia, November 13, 1850; British Guiana, October 23, 1851; Mauritius, April 1, 1853; Grenada, December 29, 1853; Nevis, March 10, 1855; Cape of Good Hope, March 10, 1855; Natal, May 16, 1857; Jamaica, April 23, 1859; Trinidad, March 17, 1875; Barbados, August 15, 1890; St. Vincent, August 26, 1881.

[1019] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 8.

[1020] The following colonies have provided a system of registration: Canada, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, Natal, Cape of Good Hope.

[1021] Printed as a schedule to 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53.

[1022] 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 152.

[1023] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53.

[1024] 10 & 11 Vict. c. 95.

[1025] 57 & 58 Vict. (Canada), c. 33.

[1026] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17.

[1027] _Morang_ v. _Publishers_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 393.

[1028] 63 & 64 Vict. (Canada), c. 25, known as the Fisher Act.

[1029] (1876), 1 Tupp. App. Rep., 436.

[1030] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17; 39 & 40 Vict. c. 36, sec. 152.

[1031] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53, sec. 4.

[1032] The type need not be set in Canada; _Frowde_ v. _Parish_ (1896), 27 Ont. Rep., 526.

[1033] 38 & 39 Vict. c. 53, schedule, sec. 15.

[1034] _Anglo-Canadian_ v. _Suckling_ (1889), 17 Ont. Rep., 239.

[1035] 63 & 64 Vict. (Canada), c. 25.

[1036] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 17.

[1037] See p. 146, _supra_.

[1038] See p. 167, _supra_.

[1039] See p. 161, _supra_.

[1040] _Graves_ v. _Gorrie_ (1900), 32 Ont. Rep., 266.

[1041] See p. 194, _infra_.

[1042] _Morocco Bound Syndicate_ v. _Harris_ [1895], 1 Ch., 534.

[1043] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19; _Boucicault_ v. _Delafield_ (1863), 1 H. and M., 597.

[1044] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 11.

[1045] See p. 129.

[1046] Berne Convention, Arts. 2, 14; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3); Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 3.

[1047] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_ [1894], 3 Ch., 109.

[1048] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1; Berne Convention, Art. 13.

[1049] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Empire Palace_, _ubi supra._

[1050] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1.

[1051] Berne Convention, Art. 13.

[1052] Additional Act of Paris, I. 1.

[1053] Berne Convention, Art. 6; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (3).

[1054] Additional Act of Paris, II. 1.

[1055] _i. e._ works delineating the steps in a dance or ballet. Berne Convention, Final Protocol (2).

[1056] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 6.

[1057] See also Berne Convention, Final Protocol (4); Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 3; Additional Act of Paris, Art. II. 2.

[1058] _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ [1892], 3 Ch., 402.

[1059] _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1060] [1892], 3 Ch., 402.

[1061] Berne Convention, Art. 2; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3).

[1062] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 4; Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _American Tobacco Co._ [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1063] Berne Convention, Art. 9.

[1064] 8 Geo. II. c. 13.

[1065] 54 Geo. III. c. 56.

[1066] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6.

[1067] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 4.

[1068] November 28, 1887.

[1069] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1070] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6.

[1071] Berne Convention, Art. 1.

[1072] 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, secs. 3, 4, 5.

[1073] [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1074] [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1075] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1076] [1895], 1 Q. B., 347.

[1077] [1891], 2 Ch., 371.

[1078] (1854), 10 Ex., 203; and see _Cassell_ v. _Stiff_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 279.

[1079] Scrutton on "Copyright," 3rd ed., p. 213.

[1080] Additional Act of Paris, 1896, Art. II.

[1081] Berne Convention, Art. 11.

[1082] Ibid.

[1083] 49 & 50 Vict. sec. 7.

[1084] Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 1; Order in Council, November 28, 1887, sec. 3; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, secs, 2, 3, 4; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 9.

[1085] Berne Convention, Art. 2; Order in Council, November 28, 1887, sec. 3; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2 (3).

[1086] See also Revenue Act, 1887.

[1087] _Pitt Pitts_ v. _George_ [1896], 2 Ch., 866.

[1088] [1900], 1 Ch., 73.

[1089] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 9.

[1090] See _Cassell_ v. _Stiff_ (1856), 2 K. and J., 279.

[1091] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443.

[1092] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443.

[1093] _Schauer_ v. _Field_ [1893], 1 Ch., 35; _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1094] _Schauer_ v. _Field_ [1893], 1 Ch., 35.

[1095] _Per_ A. L. Smith, J., in _Moul_ v. _Groenings_ [1891], 2 Q. B., 443; but see _Hanfstaengl_ v. _Holloway_ [1893], 2 Q. B., 1.

[1096] 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (1); Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 3.

[1097] Berne Convention, Art. 5; _cf._ 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 2.

[1098] Berne Convention, Art. 5.

[1099] _Wood_ v. _Chart_ (1870), 10 Eq., 193; _Lauri_ v. _Renad_ [1892], 3 Ch., Kekewich, J., at p. 414.

[1100] _Per_ Sir W. M. James, V. C., in _Wood_ v. _Chart_.

[1101] 15 Vict. c. 12, sec. 7; 49 & 50 Vict. c. 33, sec. 5 (4); Additional Act of Paris, Art. I. 4.

[1102] Additional Act of Paris, II. 1.

[1103] Berne Convention, Art. 9.

[1104] 15 Vict. c. 12, sec. 6; 38 and 39 Vict. c. 12, sec. 1; Order in Council, Nov. 28, 1887, sec. 6.

[1105] _Donaldson_ v. _Becket_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129; and see _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; _Tonson_ v. _Collins_ (1760), 1 W. Black., 301, 321.

[1106] See _Cox_ v. _Land and Water_ (1869), L. R., 9 Eq., 324; _Reade_ v. _Conquest_ (1861), 9 C. B. (N. S.), 755; _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815.

[1107] _Beckford_ v. _Hood_ (1798), 7 T. R., 620.

[1108] _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T. (N. S.), 157.

[1109] See cases cited in arguments in _Tonson_ v. _Collins_ (1760), 1 W. Black., 301, 321; _Donaldson_ v. _Beckett_ (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., p. 138; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; Lord St. Leonards in _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., at p. 979.

[1110] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1111] _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703.

[1112] _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1113] _Licensed Victuallers_ v. _Bingham_ (1888), 38 Ch. D., 139.

[1114] _Kelly_ v. _Byles_ (1879), 40 L. T. (N. S.), 623.

[1115] _Mack_ v. _Petter_ (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 431.

[1116] _Weldon_ v. _Dicks_ (1878), 10 Ch. D., 247.

[1117] _Dicks_ v. _Yates_ (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1118] 18 Ch. D., at p. 89.

[1119] _Borthwick_ v. _The Evening Post_ (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449; _Bradbury_ v. _Beeton_ (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57; _Clement_ v. _Maddick_ (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1120] _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703; _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207.

[1121] _Bradbury_ v. _Dickens_ (1859), 27 Beav., 53.

[1122] (1885), 54 L. J. Ch., 1059.

[1123] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307; _Licensed Victuallers_ v. _Bingham_ (1888), 38 Ch. D.; _Correspondent News_ v. _Saunders_ (1865), 11 Jur. (N. S.), 540.

[1124] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1125] _Schove_ v. _Schmincké_ (1886), 33 Ch. D., 546.

[1126] _Talbot_ v. _Judges_ (1887), 3 T. L. R., 398.

[1127] _Maxwell_ v. _Hogg_ (1867), L. R., 2 Ch., 307.

[1128] _Prowett_ v. _Mortimer_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 414.

[1129] _Borthwick_ v. _Evening Post_ (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449; _Clement_ v. _Maddick_ (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1130] _Bradbury_ v. _Beeton_ (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57.

[1131] (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[1132] (1824), 3 Sh., 215.

[1133] (1855), 2 K. and J., 117.

[1134] (1855), 2 K. and J., 123.

[1135] (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 414.

[1136] (1859), 1 Giff., 98.

[1137] (1859), 5 Jur. (N. S.), 947.

[1138] (1870), W. N., 268.

[1139] (1873), W. N., 93.

[1140] (1878), 8 Ch. D., 606.

[1141] (1846), 2 Phillips, 154.

[1142] (1857), 3 K. and J., 708.

[1143] (1869), 39 L. J. Ch., 57.

[1144] (1879), 40 L. T. (N. S.), 623.

[1145] (1881), 18 Ch. D., 76.

[1146] (1882), 46 L. T. (N. S.), 897.

[1147] (1885), 54 L. J. Ch., 1059.

[1148] (1888), 37 Ch. D., 449.

[1149] _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215.

[1150] _Seeley_ v. _Fisher_ (1841), 11 Sim., 581.

[1151] _Carr_ v. _Hood_ (1808), 1 Camp., 354 _n._

[1152] _Martin_ v. _Wright_ (1833), 6 Sim., 297.

[1153] _Dicks_ v. _Brooks_ (1880), 15 Ch. D., 22; _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207; _Seeley_ v. _Fisher_ (1841), 11 Sim., 581.

[1154] _Archbold_ v. _Sweet_ (1832), 5 C. and P., 219.

[1155] (1853), 1 W. R., 345, 11 Hare, 118.

[1156] _Clark_ v. _Freeman_ (1848), 11 Beav., 112.

[1157] (1832), 5 C. and P., 219.

[1158] _The Law Times_, September 28, 1889.

[1159] (1892), 8 T. L. R., 773.

[1160] _Byron_ v. _Johnston_ (1816), 2 Meriv., 29.

[1161] (1820), 1 Jac. and W., 394.

[1162] (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652.

[1163] (1874), 43 L. J. Ch., 661.

[1164] _Lamb_ v. _Evans_ [1893], 1 Ch., 218.

[1165] [1892], 2 Ch., 518.

[1166] (1895), 11 T. L. R., 515.

[1167] [1895], 2 Q. B., 315.

[1168] (1894), 11 T. L. R., 4.

[1169] See _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815, _per_ Lord Brougham.

[1170] (1843), 2 Hare, 383, at p. 393.

[1171] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.) Ch., 209.

[1172] (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652.

[1173] [1897], 2 Ch., 48. _Exchange Telegraph_ v. _Gregory_ [1896], 1 Q. B., 147.

[1174] _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., at p. 45.

[1175] _Bridgman_ v. _Green_ (1755), 2 Ves. Sen., 627, Wilmot's cases, 58.

[1176] _Morison_ v. _Moat_ (1851), 9 Hare, 241.

[1177] _Barfield_ v. _Nicholson_ (1824), 2 Sim. and Stu., 1.

[1178] _Tuck & Sons_ v. _Priester_ (1887), 19 Q. B. D., 629; _Pollard_ v. _Photo. Co._ (1888), 40 Ch. D., 345.

[1179] (1887), 12 A. C., at p. 337.

[1180] (1774), 2 Bro. P. C., 129; 4 Burr., 2408; _Millar_ v. _Taylor_ (1769), 4 Burr., 2303; _Forrester_ v. _Walker_ (1741), 4 Burr., 2331; _Duke of Queensberry_ v. _Shebbeare_ (1758), 2 Ed., Cha. Cas., 329; 4 Burr., 2330; _Webb_ v. _Rose_ (1732), Amb. 694; _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342.

[1181] (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25.

[1182] _Millar_ v. _Taylor_, Yates, J., 4 Burr, at p. 2379; and see _Tonson_ v. _Walker_ (1752), 3 Swanst., 672; _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., 652, at p. 691, 3.

[1183] 2 De G. and Sm., p. 693.

[1184] 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 697.

[1185] (1769), 4 Burr., 2303, at p. 2379.

[1186] _Jefferys_ v. _Boosey_ (1854), 4 H. L. C., 815; _Caird_ v. _Sime_ (1887), 12 A. C., at p. 343.

[1187] _Abernethy_ v. _Hutchinson_ (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209. See p. 37, _supra_.

[1188] (1770), Amb., 694.

[1189] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209.

[1190] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[1191] (1887), 12 A. C., 326.

[1192] See _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342.

[1193] 12 A. C., at p. 338.

[1194] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 1 M'N. and G., 25; and see _Mayall_ v. _Higbey_ (1862), 1 H. and C., 148.

[1195] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435.

[1196] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435; and see cases as to publication of private letters, p. 225.

[1197] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 697.

[1198] _Southey_ v. _Sherwood_ (1817), 2 Mer., 435.

[1199] _Prince Albert_ v. _Strange_ (1849), 2 De G. and Sm., at p. 688.

[1200] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.). Ch., 209.

[1201] (1884), 26 Ch. D., 374.

[1202] (1825), 3 L. J. (O. S.), Ch., 209.

[1203] See p. 57, _supra_.

[1204] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19.

[1205] _Pope_ v. _Curl_ (1741), 2 Atk., 342; _Thompson_ v. _Stanhope_ (1774), Amb., 737; _Granard_ v. _Dunkin_ (1809), 1 Ball and B., 207; _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402; _Palin_ v. _Gathercole_ (1844), 1 Coll., 565.

[1206] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1207] _Howard_ v. _Gunn_ (1863), 32 Beav., 462.

[1208] _Oliver_ v. _Oliver_ (1861), 11 C. B. (N. S.), 139.

[1209] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1210] _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1211] _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swanst., 402.

[1212] _Thompson_ v. _Stanhope_ (1774), Amb., 737; _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1213] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19.

[1214] _Perceval_ v. _Phipps_ (1813), 2 V. and B., 19; _Gee_ v. _Pritchard_ (1818), 2 Swan., 402; _Palin_ v. _Gathercole_ (1844), 1 Coll., 565; _Lytton_ v. _Devey_ (1884), 52 L. T. (N. S.), 121.

[1215] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886; _Stevens_ v. _Beaming_ (1855), 1 K. and J., 168; _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1216] _Hole_ v. _Bradbury_ (1879), 12 Ch. D., 886.

[1217] _Griffith_ v. _Tower Publishing_ [1897], 1 Ch., 21.

[1218] _Gibson_ v. _Carruthers_ (1841), 8 M. and W., 321, at pp. 343, 4.

[1219] _Gale_ v. _Leckie_ (1817), 2 Stark, N. P., 107.

[1220] _Gibson_ v. _Carruthers_ (1841), 8 M. and W., 321, at pp. 343, 4.

[1221] _Marshall_ v. _Broadhurst_ (1831), 1 Tyr., 348, at p. 349.

[1222] _Clarke_ v. _Price_ (1819), 2 Wills, C. C., 157; and see _Whitwood_ v. _Hardman_ [1891], 2 Ch., 416.

[1223] _Gale_ v. _Leckie_ (1817), 2 Stark, 107.

[1224] _Morris_ v. _Colman_ (1812), 18 Ves., 437; _Stiff_ v. _Cassell_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 348.

[1225] _Thombleson_ v. _Black_ (1837), 1 Jur., 198.

[1226] _Paton_ v. _Duncan_ (1828), 3 C. and P., 336.

[1227] _Planché_ v. _Colburn_ (1831), 5 C. and P., 58.

[1228] _Warne_ v. _Routledge_ (1874), L. R., 18 Eq., 497.

[1229] Ibid.

[1230] _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1231] _Morris_ v. _Colman_ (1812), 18 Ves., 437; _Stiff_ v. _Cassell_ (1856), 2 Jur. (N. S.), 348.

[1232] _Anstruther_ v. _Bentley_ (1866), 14 W. R., 630.

[1233] _Ward_ v. _Beeton_ (1874), L. R., 19 Eq., 207.

[1234] _Rooney_ v. _Kelly_ (1861), 14 Ir. C. L. R., 158, at p. 178.

[1235] _Barfield_ v. _Nicholson_ (1824), 2 Sim. and Stu., 2; see _Brooke_ v. _Chitty_ (1831), 2 Coop. Cas., 216; _Blackie_ v. _Aikman_ (1827), 5 S., 719.

[1236] See _Hogg_ v. _Kirby_ (1803), 8 Ves., 215, at p. 222.

[1237] _Reade_ v. _Bentley_ (1857), 3 K. and J., 271.

[1238] Ibid.

[1239] See _Constable_ v. _Brewster_ (1824), 3 S., 215; _Kelly_ v. _Hutton_ (1868), L. R., 3 Ch., 703; _Platt_ v. _Walter_ (1867), 17 L. T. (N. S.), 157.

[1240] _Johnson_ v. _Egan_ (1880), 24 Sol. J., 572.

[1241] _Shackell_ v. _Rosier_ (1836), 2 Bing., N. C., 634.

[1242] _Sweet_ v. _Lee_ (1841), 3 Man. and Gr., 452; see _Mavor_ v. _Pyne_ (1825), 3 Bing., 285; _Boydell_ v. _Drummond_ (1809), 11 East., 142.

[1243] 54 & 55 Vict. c. 39.

[1244] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45, sec. 13.

[1245] _Blake_ v. _Nicholson_ (1814), 3 M. and S., 167.

[1246] _Bleaden_ v. _Hancock_ (1829), 4 C. and P., 152.

[1247] 2 & 3 Vict. c. 12, sec. 2; and Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act, 1869; 32 & 33 Vict. c. 24.

[1248] _Bensley_ v. _Bignold_ (1822), 5 B. and Ald., 335; _Marchant_ v. _Evans_ (1818), 2 Moore, 14; see _Houston_ v. _Mills_ (1834), 1 M. and Rob., 325.

[1249] _Gillett_ v. _Mawman_ (1808), 1 Taunt., 140.

[1250] _Gillett_ v. _Mawman_ (1808), 1 Taunt., 140; _Mawman_ v. _Gillett_ (1809), 2 Taunt., 325.

[1251] _Poplett_ v. _Stockdale_ (1825), Ry. and M., 337.

[1252] _Clay_ v. _Yates_ (1856), 1 H. and N., 73.

[1253] See p. 247.

[1254] See pp. 250-264.

[1255] See p. 266.

[1256] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550; _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1257] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Baker_ v. _Selden_ (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591.

[1258] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1259] (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1260] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1261] [1893], 1 Ch., 218 (headings in trades directory).

[1262] [1894], A. C., 335 (circular tours in time-tables).

[1263] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1264] [1900], A. C., 539.

[1265] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1266] (1882), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[1267] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1268] (1872), L. R., 14 Eq., 407.

[1269] (1883), 21 Ch. D., 369.

[1270] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1271] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1272] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1273] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1274] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550.

[1275] _Chils_ v. _Gronland_ (1890), 41 Fed. Rep., 145.

[1276] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1277] (1828), 2 Paine, 382.

[1278] _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1279] _Egbert_ v. _Greenberg_ (1900), 100 Fed. Rep., 447.

[1280] _American Trotting_ v. _Gocher_ (1895), 70 Fed. Rep., 237.

[1281] (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103.

[1282] (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 979.

[1283] _Mutual Advertising Co._ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1284] 76 Fed. Rep., at p. 963.

[1285] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75; _Daly_ v. _Webster_ (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573; _Henderson_ v. _Tompkins_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 758.

[1286] (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 758.

[1287] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Little_ v. _Hall_ (1855), 18 How., 165; _Gould_ v. _Banks_ (1832), 8 Wend., 562; _Heine_ v. _Appleton_ (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125; _Cowen_ v. _Banks_ (1862), 24 How. Pr., 72.

[1288] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1289] _Connecticut_ v. _Gould_ (1888), 34 Fed. Rep., 319; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 51 U. S. App., 216, 64 Fed. Rep., 360.

[1290] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Nash_ v. _Lathrop_ (1886), 142 Mass., 29.

[1291] _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 244; _Chase_ v. _Sanborn_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306.

[1292] _Davidson_ v. _Wheelock_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 61; _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163; _Howell_ v. _Miller_ (1898), 91 Fed. Rep., 129.

[1293] Ibid.

[1294] Ibid.

[1295] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep. 764.

[1296] _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., at p. 79; _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380.

[1297] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768.

[1298] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, at p. 780; _Shook_ v. _Rankin_ (1875), 6 Biss., 477.

[1299] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75.

[1300] _Boucicault_ v. _Fox_ (1862), 5 Blatchf., 87, at p. 100.

[1301] _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618. See _Reed_ v. _Carusi_ (1845), 8 L. R., 411; 72 Fed. Cas., No. 11,642.

[1302] (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 849.

[1303] (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861.

[1304] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11.

[1305] _Snow_ v. _Laird_ (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 813.

[1306] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1307] _Clayton_ v. _Stone_ (1828), 2 Paine, 382; _Drury_ v. _Ewing_ (1862), 1 Bond, 541.

[1308] (1897), 53 U. S. App., 449.

[1309] (1879), 101 U. S. Rep., 99.

[1310] 101 U. S. Rep., at p. 105.

[1311] (1862), 1 Bond, 541.

[1312] _Coffeen_ v. _Brunton_ (1849), 4 M'Lean, 516; _Scoville_ v. _Toland_ (1848), 6 West Law, J., 84.

[1313] Rev. St., sec. 4952.

[1314] _Greene_ v. _Bishop_ (1858), 1 Cliff., 186; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768.

[1315] _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Johnson_ v. _Donaldson_ (1880), 3 Fed. Rep., 22.

[1316] (1841), 2 Story, 100.

[1317] _Isaacs_ v. _Daly_ (1875), 39 N. Y., 511; _Osgood_ v. _Allen_ (1872), 1 Holmes, 185; _Corbett_ v. _Purday_ (1897), 80 Fed. Rep., 901; _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618.

[1318] _Osgood_ v. _Allen_ (1872), 1 Holmes, 185; see _Roberts_ v. _Myers_ (1860), 13 L. R. (Mass.), 398; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1319] _Isaacs_ v. _Daly_ (1875), 39 N. Y., 511.

[1320] Rev. St., secs. 4937-4947.

[1321] _Wood_ v. _Abbott_ (1866), 5 Blatchf., 325.

[1322] _Schreiber_ v. _Thornton_ (1883), 17 Fed. Rep., 603; _Burrow-Giles_ v. _Sarony_ (1884), 111 U. S. Rep., 53; _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Brett_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 678; _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1323] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1324] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Brett_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 678; _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32.

[1325] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262; 77 Fed. Rep., 966.

[1326] _Snow_ v. _Laird_ (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 813.

[1327] _Binns_ v. _Woodruff_ (1821), 4 Wash. C. Ct., 48; _Ehret_ v. _Pierce_ (1880), 18 Blatchf. 302.

[1328] _Mott_ v. _Clow_ (1897), 53 U. S. App., 461.

[1329] _Collender_ v. _Griffith_ (1878), 11 Blatchf., 212.

[1330] _Ehret_ v. _Pierce_ (1880), 18 Blatchf., 302.

[1331] _Courier_ v. _Donaldson_ (1900), 104 Fed. Rep., 993; _Bleistein_ v. _Donaldson_ (1899), 98 Fed. Rep., 608.

[1332] _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97.

[1333] _Richardson_ v. _Miller_ (1877), 3 L. and Eq. Rep. (Am.), 614.

[1334] (1888), 35 Fed. Rep., 210.

[1335] _Coffeen_ v. _Brunton_ (1849), 4 M'L., 516; _Higgins_ v. _Keuffel_ (1891), 140 U. S. Rep., 428.

[1336] _Schumacher_ v. _Schwencke_ (1885), 23 Blatchf., 373; 25 Fed. Rep., 466.

[1337] _Rosenbach_ v. _Dreyfuss_ (1880), 2 Fed. Rep., 217.

[1338] _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97, 102.

[1339] See _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., at p. 102.

[1340] _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34.

[1341] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 3, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4956.

[1342] Ibid.

[1343] Act of March 3, 1891, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4959.

[1344] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 11.

[1345] _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618; _Struve_ v. _Schwedler_ (1857), 4 Blatchf., 23; _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Chase_ v. _Sanborne_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Baker_ v. _Taylor_ (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82; _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861; _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123; _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Parkinson_ v. _Lascelle_ (1875), 3 Sawyer, 330; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Ewer_ v. _Coxe_ (1824), 4 Wash. C. Ct., 487.

[1346] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S., 244; _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 64 Fed. Rep., 360.

[1347] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1348] _Chicago_ v. _Butler_ (1884), 19 Fed. Rep., 758; _Parkinson_ v. _Lascelle_ (1875), 3 Sawyer, 330; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S., Rep., 557.

[1349] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1350] _Chase_ v. _Sanborne_ (1874), 4 Cliff., 306.

[1351] _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1883), 18 Fed. Rep., 539.

[1352] _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 84 Hun., 12; 155 N. Y., 241; see _Scribner_ v. _Allen_ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 854; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47.

[1353] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262.

[1354] (1882), 20 Blatchf., 381.

[1355] _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 681.

[1356] (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1357] (1889), 39 Fed. Rep., 265.

[1358] (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573.

[1359] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1360] _Bennett_ v. _Carr_ (1899), 96 Fed. Rep., 213.

[1361] _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1883), 18 Fed. Rep., 539; _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32.

[1362] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 72 Off. Gaz., 418.

[1363] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., at p. 655; _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Blume_ v. _Spear_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 629.

[1364] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1365] Ibid.

[1366] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 3, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4956.

[1367] _Littleton_ v. _Oliver_ (1894), 62 Fed. Rep., 597.

[1368] Ibid.

[1369] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1. This section supersedes the Revised Statutes, sec. 4962.

[1370] Ibid.

[1371] Act of August 1, 1882.

[1372] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1.

[1373] _Jackson_ v. _Walkie_ (1886), 29 Fed. Rep., 15.

[1374] _Falk_ v. _Schumacher_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 222.

[1375] _Hefel_ v. _Whitely_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 179; and see _Garland_ v. _Gemmill_ (1887), 14 S. C. R., 321.

[1376] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470.

[1377] _Scribner_ v. _Allen & Co._ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 854; _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1378] _The Illustrated American_ v. _New York Press_ (1892), cited in argument, 1 U. S. Rep., 594.

[1379] _Burrow-Giles_ v. _Sarony_ (1884), 111 U. S. Rep., 53.

[1380] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 77 Fed. Rep., 966; 175 U. S. Rep., 262.

[1381] Ibid.

[1382] _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1383] (1901), 107 Fed. Rep., 708.

[1384] (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82.

[1385] (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1386] (1888), 35 Fed. Rep., 210.

[1387] _Snow_ v. _Mast_ (1895), 65 Fed. Rep., 995; _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 262.

[1388] (1869), 4 Cliff. 1, at p. 61.

[1389] Ibid.

[1390] (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163.

[1391] Act of June 18, 1874, sec. 1; _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123.

[1392] _Thompson_ v. _Hubbard_ (1888), 131 U. S. Rep., 123.

[1393] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 262; _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 890.

[1394] _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1395] _Dewight_ v. _Appleton_ (1842), 1 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 195.

[1396] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 11.

[1397] _Pierce_ v. _Werckmeister_ (1896), 72 Fed. Rep. 57.

[1398] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1890), 42 Fed. Rep., 168.

[1399] _Pulte_ v. _Derby_ (1852), 5 M'L., 328; M'Lean, J., at p. 332.

[1400] See _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34.

[1401] (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47.

[1402] (1896), 84 Hun., 12.

[1403] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1404] (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1405] (1898), 155 N. Y., 241.

[1406] _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1895), 84 Hun., 12.

[1407] _Osgood_ v. _Aloe_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 470; _Gottsberger_ v. _Aldine_ (1887), 33 Fed. Rep., 381; _Baker_ v. _Taylor_ (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82.

[1408] _Per_ Parker, Ch. J., in _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 155 N. Y., at p. 251.

[1409] _D'Ole_ v. _Kansas_ (1899), 94 Fed. Rep., 840.

[1410] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764; see _Baker_ v. _Taylor_ (1848), 2 Blatchf., 82; _Wall_ v. _Gordon_ (1872), 12 Abb. Pr. N. S. (N. Y.), 349.

[1411] _Press Publishing Co._ v. _Monroe_ (1896), 73 Fed. Rep., 196; and see _Blunt_ v. _Patten_ (1828), 2 Paine, 397; _Keene_ v. _Wheatley_ (1860), 9 Am. L. Reg., 45.

[1412] _Bartlett_ v. _Crittenden_ (1847), 4 M'L., 301.

[1413] _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 890.

[1414] _French_ v. _Kreling_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 621.

[1415] _Kiernan_ v. _Manhattan_ (1876), 50 How. Prac., 194.

[1416] _Rigney_ v. _Dalton_ (1896), 77 Fed. Rep., 176.

[1417] _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 155 N. Y., 241.

[1418] _Larrowe_ v. _O'Loughlin_ (1898), 88 Fed. Rep., 896.

[1419] _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 155 N. Y., 241; _Ladd_ v. _Oxnard_ (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1420] _Holmes_ v. _Hurst_ (1898), 174 U. S. Rep. 82; _Holmes_ v. _Donohue_ (1896), 77 Fed. Rep., 179; _Mifflin_ v. _Dutton_ (1901), 107 Fed. Rep., 708.

[1421] See _Bartlett_ v. _Crittenden_ (1847), 4 M. L., 301; _Rees_ v. _Peltzer_ (1874), 75 Ill., 475; _Keene_ v. _Wheatley_ (1860), 9 Am. L. Rep., 45; _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532.

[1422] _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532; _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75; _Bartlett_ v. _Crittenden_ (1847), 4 M'L., 301; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47; _Tompkins_ v. _Halleck_ (1882), 133 Mass., 32; _Keene_ v. _Wheatley_ (1860), 4 Phil., 157; _Keene_ v. _Kimball_ (1860), 16 Gray, 549; _Boucicault_ v. _Fox_ (1862), 5 Blatchf., 87; _Crowe_ v. _Aiken_ (1870), 2 Biss., 208; _Thomas_ v. _Lennox_ (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 849; _Keene_ v. _Clarke_ (1867), 5 Rob. (N. Y.), 38; _Shook_ v. _Rankin_ (1875), 6 Biss., 477; _French_ v. _Maguire_ (1867), 55 How. (N. Y.) Prac., 471.

[1423] _Pierce_ v. _Werckmeister_ (1896), 72 Fed. Rep., 57.

[1424] _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1425] _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532; _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34; _Crowe_ v. _Aiken_ (1870), 2 Biss., 208.

[1426] _Daly_ v. _Walrath_ (1899), 40 App. Div., N. Y., 220.

[1427] Ibid.

[1428] _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., at p. 39.

[1429] Act of 1891, sec. 4, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4958; and see Act, June 18, 1874, sec. 2.

[1430] Act of 1891, sec. 4.

[1431] Ibid.

[1432] Revised Statutes, sec. 4961.

[1433] Revised Statutes, sec. 4960.

[1434] _Martinetti_ v. _Maguire_ (1867), 1 Abb. U. S., 356; _Shook_ v. _Daly_ (1875), 49 How. Prac., 366; _Keene_ v. _Kimball_ (1860), 16 Gray, 549.

[1435] _Broder_ v. _Zeno_ (1898), 88 Fed. Rep., 74.

[1436] Ibid.

[1437] _Richardson_ v. _Miller_ (1877), 3 L. and Eq. Rep. (Am.), 614.

[1438] _Egbert_ v. _Greenberg_ (1900), 100 Fed. Rep., 447.

[1439] _American Trotting Register_ v. _Gocker_ (1895), 70 Fed. Rep., 237.

[1440] Revised Statutes, sec. 4953.

[1441] Act of 1891, sec. 2.

[1442] (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1443] _Pierpont_ v. _Fowle_ (1846), 2 Wood, and Min., 23, 44; _Cowen_ v. _Banks_ (1862), 24 How. Prac., 72; see _Rundell_ v. _Murray_ (1821), Jac., 315.

[1444] _Paige_ v. _Banks_ (1871), 13 Wall, 608; (1871), 7 Blatchf., 152.

[1445] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591, 654.

[1446] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1.

[1447] _Koppel_ v. _Downing_, 24 Wash. L. R., 342.

[1448] _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165; _Green_ v. _Bishop_ (1858), 1 Cliff., 186, 198; _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97, 100.

[1449] _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., at p. 106.

[1450] _Heine_ v. _Appleton_ (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125.

[1451] _Press_ v. _Munroe_ (1896), 73 Fed. Rep., 196; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1452] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1453] _Burrow-Giles_ v. _Sarony_ (1884), 111 U. S., 53.

[1454] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550.

[1455] _Atwill_ v. _Ferrett_ (1846), 2 Blatchf., 39; _Roberts_ v. _Myers_ (1860), 13 L. R. Mass., 396.

[1456] _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; Betts, J., in _Atwill_ v. _Ferrett_ (1846), 2 Blatchf., at p. 46.

[1457] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75.

[1458] _Carte_ v. _Bailey_ (1874), 64 Maine, 458.

[1459] _Colliery_ v. _Schools_ (1899), 94 Fed. Rep., 152; _Schumacher_ v. _Schwencke_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 466; _Mutual Advertising_ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1; _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165; _Heine_ v. _Appleton_ (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125; but see _Pierpont_ v. _Fowle_ (1846), 2 Woodb. and M., 23; _Atwill_ v. _Ferrett_ (1846), 2 Blatchf., 39.

[1460] _Dielman_ v. _White_ (1900), 102 Fed. Rep., 892.

[1461] _Boucicault_ v. _Fox_ (1862), 5 Blatchf., 87.

[1462] _Press_ v. _Munroe_ (1896), 73 Fed. Rep., 196; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1463] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, at pp. 59, 66.

[1464] _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., at p. 253.

[1465] Ibid.

[1466] _Schumacher_ v. _Schwencke_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 466; _Mutual Advertising_ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1467] (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125

[1468] _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165.

[1469] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1890), 42 Fed. Rep., 618; _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, at p. 59; _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165.

[1470] _Pulte_ v. _Derby_ (1852), 5 M'L., 328; _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1.

[1471] Act of February 3, 1831, sec. 9; _Parton_ v. _Prang_ (1872), 3 Cliff., at p. 549; but see _contra_, _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, at p. 59; _Pulte_ v. _Derby_ (1852), 5 M'L., 328.

[1472] _Parton_ v. _Prang_ (1872), 3 Cliff., 537; _Yuengling_ v. _Schile_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 97; _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808; _Stevens_ v. _Gladding_ (1854), 17 How., 447; _Stephens_ v. _Cady_ (1852), 14 How., 528; _Carte_ v. _Bailey_ (1874), 64 Maine, 458; see _MacKaye_ v. _Mallory_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 328.

[1473] _Webb_ v. _Powers_ (1847), 2 Woodb. and Min., 497; see _Gould_ v. _Banks_, _Stephens_ v. _Cady_, _Little_ v. _Hall_, _ubi supra_.

[1474] _Gould_ v. _Banks_ (1832), 8 Wend., 562.

[1475] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764; _Carte_ v. _Evans_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 861.

[1476] _Gilmore_ v. _Anderson_ (1889), 38 Fed. Rep., 846.

[1477] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764; _Carte_ v. _Bailey_ (1874), 64 Maine, 458.

[1478] _Werckmeister_ v. _Springer_ (1894), 63 Fed. Rep., 808.

[1479] _Publishing Co._ v. _Munroe_ (1896), 73 Fed. Rep., 196.

[1480] _Davies_ v. _Vories_, 42 S. W., 707.

[1481] _Keene_ v. _Wheatley_ (1860), 9 Am. L. Reg., 45.

[1482] But see _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., 165.

[1483] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75.

[1484] Revised Statutes, sec. 4952.

[1485] _Stephens_ v. _Cady_ (1852), 14 How., 528; _Stevens_ v. _Gladding_ (1854), 17 How., 451.

[1486] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 1.

[1487] _Harper_ v. _Shoppell_ (1886), 23 Blatchf., 431.

[1488] _Morrison_ v. _Pettibone_ (1897), 87 Fed. Rep., 330.

[1489] _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32; _Fishel_ v. _Lueckel_ (1892), 53 Fed. Rep., 499; _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1490] _Falk_ v. _Howell_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 202.

[1491] _Kennedy_ v. _McTammany_ (1888), 33 Fed. Rep., 584.

[1492] _Ladd_ v. _Oxnard_ (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703.

[1493] _Schumacher_ v. _Schwencke_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 690.

[1494] _Maloney_ v. _Foote_ (1900), 101 Fed. Rep., 264.

[1495] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, 81; _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, 118; _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 310; _Reed_ v. _Holliday_ (1884), 19 Fed. Rep., 323; _Brady_ v. _Daly_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 1007; _M'Lean_ v. _Flemming_ (1877), 96 U. S. Rep., 245; _Fishel_ v. _Lueckel_ (1892), 53 Fed. Rep., 499; _Morrison_ v. _Pettibone_ (1897), 87 Fed. Rep., 330; _Millet_ v. _Snowden_ (1843), 1 West L. J., 240; _Parker_ v. _Hulme_ (1849), 7 West L. J., 426.

[1496] _Morrison_ v. _Pettibone_ (1897), 87 Fed. Rep., 330.

[1497] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, 81; _Webb_ v. _Powers_ (1847), 2 Wood and Min., 497.

[1498] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, p. 73.

[1499] _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380.

[1500] _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 51 U. S. App., 216.

[1501] _Bullinger_ v. _MacKay_ (1879), 15 Blatchf. C. C., 550.

[1502] _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, 768.

[1503] Ibid.

[1504] _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11.

[1505] _Blunt_ v. _Patten_ (1828), 2 Paine, 397.

[1506] _Gilmore_ v. _Anderson_ (1889), 38 Fed. Rep., 846.

[1507] _Johnson_ v. _Donaldson_ (1880), 3 Fed. Rep., 22.

[1508] _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., p. 163; _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380.

[1509] _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., at pp. 165, 6.

[1510] _Gilmore_ v. _Anderson_ (1889), 38 Fed. Rep., 846.

[1511] _Thomas_ v. _Lennox_ (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 849.

[1512] See _Carte_ v. _Duff_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 183.

[1513] Clifford, J., in _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., at p. 80; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, 100; _Farmer_ v. _Elstner_ (1888), 33 Fed. Rep., 494; _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 315; _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, at p. 795; _Reed_ v. _Holliday_ (1884), 19 Fed. Rep., 325; _Greene_ v. _Bishop_ (1858), 1 Cliff., 186.

[1514] Story, J., in _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, at p. 115.

[1515] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 1, 81, 83; _Perris_ v. _Hexamer_ (1878), 99 U. S. Rep., 674; _Morrison_ v. _Pettibone_ (1897), 87 Fed. Rep., 330.

[1516] Although this is an element in the question of substantiality, it is no answer to a charge of infringement to say that the infringing composition would have been equally valuable without the borrowed matter. _Brady_ v. _Daly_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 1007.

[1517] (1897), 87 Fed. Rep., 330.

[1518] _Howell_ v. _Miller_ (1898), 91 Fed. Rep., 129.

[1519] _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296; _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32; _Fishel_ v. _Lueckel_ (1892), 53 Fed. Rep., 499.

[1520] _Farmer_ v. _Culvert_ (1872), 5 Am. L. T. R., 168; see _Sanborn_ v. _Dakin_ (1889), 39 Fed. Rep., 266.

[1521] _Daly_ v. _Palmer_ (1868), 6 Blatchf., 256; _Daly_ v. _Webster_ (1892), 1 U. S. App., 611; _Brady_ v. _Daly_ (1897), 83 Fed. Rep., 1007.

[1522] _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32; _Falk_ v. _Howell_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 202.

[1523] _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380; _List_ v. _Keller_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 772.

[1524] Ibid.

[1525] _List_ v. _Keller_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 772.

[1526] (1875), 13 Blatchf., at p. 166.

[1527] Story, J., in _Emerson_ v. _Davis_ (1845), 3 Story, at p. 793.

[1528] _Daly_ v. _Palmer_ (1868), 6 Blatchf., 256; _Daly_ v. _Webster_ (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573; _Goldmark_ v. _Kreling_ (1888), 35 Fed. Rep., 661.

[1529] _Broder_ v. _Zeno_ (1898), 88 Fed. Rep., 74; _Blume_ v. _Spear_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 629; _Jollie_ v. _Jacques_ (1850), 1 Blatchf., 618.

[1530] _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1894), 64 Fed. Rep., 361.

[1531] _List Publishing Co._ v. _Keller_ (1887), 30 Fed. Rep., 772.

[1532] _Sanborn_ v. _Dakin_ (1889), 39 Fed. Rep., 266; _Farmer_ v. _Culvert_ (1872), 5 Am. L. T. R., 168.

[1533] _Chils_ v. _Gronland_ (1890), 41 Fed. Rep., 145; _Webb_ v. _Powers_ (1847), 2 Wood. and Min., 497.

[1534] _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163; _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380; _Howell_ v. _Miller_ (1898), 91 Fed. Rep., 129.

[1535] _Banks_ v. _M'Divitt_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 163.

[1536] _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380.

[1537] _Burnell_ v. _Chown_ (1895), 69 Fed. Rep., 993.

[1538] _Munro_ v. _Smith_ (1890), 42 Fed. Rep., 266.

[1539] _Ehret_ v. _Pierce_ (1880), 18 Blatchf., 302; _Mutual Advertising Co._ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1540] _Mutual Advertising Co._ v. _Refo_ (1896), 76 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1541] _Serrana_ v. _Jefferson_ (1888), 33 Fed. Rep., 347.

[1542] (1879), 15 Blatchf., 550.

[1543] _Ladd_ v. _Oxnard_ (1896), 75 Fed. Rep., 703; _Brightley_ v. _Littleton_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 103; _Mead_ v. _West_ (1896), 80 Fed. Rep., 380; _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1544] _Drury_ v. _Ewing_ (1862), 1 Bond., 549.

[1545] _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 306; _Webb_ v. _Powers_ (1847), 2 Wood. and Min., 497, 512.

[1546] _Falk_ v. _Donaldson_ (1893), 57 Fed. Rep., 32.

[1547] _Falk_ v. _Howell_ (1888), 37 Fed. Rep., 202.

[1548] _Gilmore_ v. _Anderson_ (1889), 38 Fed. Rep., 846.

[1549] (1839), 1 Story, 11; see _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 306; _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, 100, 116.

[1550] Gifford, J., in _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Giff., 82; see Story, J., in _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, p. 106; _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., at p. 309.

[1551] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., p. 78; _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 309; _Folsom_ v. _Marsh_ (1841), 2 Story, 106; _Gray_ v. _Russell_ (1839), 1 Story, 11; _Stowe_ v. _Thomas_ (1853), 2 Wall. Jr., p. 547; _Keene_ v. _Wheatley_ (1860), 9 Am. L. R., 45.

[1552] (1847), 4 M'L., 306.

[1553] _Story_ v. _Holcombe_ (1847), 4 M'L., 308, 309.

[1554] (1869), 4 Cliff., 78.

[1555] _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., pp. 78, 79.

[1556] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 1.

[1557] Act of July 18, 1870; Revised Statutes, 1874, sec. 4952.

[1558] _Stowe_ v. _Thomas_ (1853), 2 Wall. Jr., 547.

[1559] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 1.

[1560] Act of Congress, Aug. 18, 1856.

[1561] (1868), 6 Blatchf., 256, at p. 264.

[1562] (1868), 6 Blatchf., at p. 264.

[1563] _Brady_ v. _Daly_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., 148; _Daly_ v. _Webster_ (1892), 1 U. S. App., 573.

[1564] See _Carte_ v. _Duff_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 183.

[1565] Act of 1891, sec. 7, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4964.

[1566] Act of March 2, 1895, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4965, and Act of 1891, sec. 8.

[1567] It has been suggested that this division of penalties applies only to "paintings, statues, and statuary." _Thornton_ v. _Schreiber_ (1887), 7 How., 8 Sup. Ct., 618.

[1568] _Taylor_ v. _Gilman_ (1885), 24 Fed. Rep., 632.

[1569] _Bennett_ v. _Boston_ (1900), 101 Fed., Rep., 445.

[1570] Act of Jan. 6, 1897, amending Revised Statutes, sec. 4966.

[1571] _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 693.

[1572] _Stevens_ v. _Gladding_ (1854), 17 How., 447; _Falk_ v. _Gast_ (1893), 54 Fed. Rep., 890; _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 693.

[1573] _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1894), 64 Fed. Rep., 360; _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488; _Farmer_ v. _Elstner_ (1888), 33 Fed. Rep., 494.

[1574] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 85; _Elizabeth_ v. _Pavement Co._ (1877), 97 U. S. Rep., 126, 139.

[1575] _Callaghan_ v. _Myers_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 617.

[1576] Ibid.

[1577] _Gilmore_ v. _Anderson_ (1890), 42 Fed. Rep., 267.

[1578] _Daly_ v. _Brady_ (1895), 69 Fed. Rep., 285; _Atwill_ v. _Ferrett_ (1846), 2 Blatchf., 39; Revised Statutes, sec. 860.

[1579] _Taylor_ v. _Gilman_ (1885), 24 Fed. Rep., 632; _Johnson_ v. _Donaldson_ (1880), 3 Fed. Rep., 22; _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 693.

[1580] _Thornton_ v. _Schreiber_ (1887), 7 How., at p. 614; _Springer_ v. _Falk_ (1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1581] _Falk_ v. _Heffron_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 299.

[1582] Ibid.

[1583] Revised Statutes, sec. 4965.

[1584] _Bolles_ v. _Outing_ (1899), 77 Fed. Rep., 966; _Reed_ v. _Carusi_ (1845), 72 Fed. Cas., No. 11, 642; _Backus_ v. _Gould_ (1849), 7 How., 798; _Thornton_ v. _Schreiber_ (1887), 124 U. S. Rep., 612; _Falk_ v. _Curtis_ (1901), 107 Fed. Rep., 126; (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 989; _Child_ v. _New York Times_ (1901), 110 Fed. Rep., 527.

[1585] _Falk_ v. _Curtis_ (1900), 100 Fed. Rep., 77.

[1586] _Thornton_ v. _Schreiber_ (1887), 124 U. S. Rep., 612.

[1587] _Chapman_ v. _Ferry_ (1882), 12 Fed. Rep., 693.

[1588] Previous demand is not a condition precedent; _Hegemen_ v. _Springer_ (1901), 110 Fed. Rep., 374.

[1589] _Rogers_ v. _Jewett_ (1858), 12 L. R., 339.

[1590] _Sarony_ v. _Ehrich_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 79.

[1591] See _Williams_ v. _Smythe_ (1901), 110 Fed. Rep., 961.

[1592] _Harper_ v. _Holman_ (1897), 84 Fed. Rep., 224; _Colliery_ v. _Schools_ (1899), 24 Fed. Rep., 152; _Little_ v. _Gould_ (1851), 2 Blatchf., at p. 184.

[1593] _Hubbard_ v. _Thompson_ (1882), 14 Fed. Rep., 689; _Trow_ v. _Boyd_ (1899), 97 Fed. Rep., 586.

[1594] _Reed_ v. _Holliday_ (1884), 19 Fed. Rep., 325; _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1595] _Daly_ v. _Palmer_ (1868), 6 Blatchf., 256.

[1596] _Stuart_ v. _Smith_ (1895), 68 Fed. Rep., 189.

[1597] _Falk_ v. _Curtis_ (1900), 98 Fed. Rep., 989.

[1598] _Belford_ v. _Scribner_ (1892), 144 U. S. Rep., 488.

[1599] _Fishel_ v. _Lueckel_ (1892), 53 Fed. Rep., 499.

[1600] _Trow_ v. _Boyd_ (1899), 97 Fed. Rep., 586.

[1601] _Taylor_ v. _Gilman_ (1885), 24 Fed. Rep., 632.

[1602] _McDonald_ v. _Hearst_ (1899), 95 Fed. Rep., 656.

[1603] _Thornton_ v. _Schreiber_ (1887), 7 How., at p. 614; _Springer_ v. _Falk_(1894), 20 U. S. App., 296.

[1604] Revised Statutes, sec. 4968.

[1605] _Wheeler_ v. _Cobbey_ (1895), 70 Fed. Rep., 487; _Daly_ v. _Brady_ (1895), 69 Fed. Rep., 285; see _Brady_ v. _Daly_ (1899), 175 U. S. Rep., at p. 158.

[1606] _Black_ v. _Allen_ (1893), 56 Fed. Rep., 764.

[1607] _Hill_ v. _Epley_ (1858), 31 Perm. St., 331; _Lawrence_ v. _Dana_ (1869), 4 Cliff., 83; _Heine_ v. _Appleton_ (1853), 4 Blatchf., 125; _Menendez_ v. _Holt_ (1888), 128 U. S., 514; _Keene_ v. _Clarke_ (1867), 5 Robertson, N. Y., 38, 66, 67.

[1608] _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 2 Biss., 34.

[1609] _Falk_ v. _Schumacher_ (1891), 48 Fed. Rep., 232.

[1610] Ibid.

[1611] _Scribner_ v. _Allen_ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 854.

[1612] Revised Statutes, sec. 4969; sec. 914; see _Johnston_ v. _Klopsch_ (1898), 88 Fed. Rep., 692.

[1613] Revised Statutes, sec. 4963, amended Act, March 3, 1897.

[1614] _Ross_ v. _Raphael Tuck_ (1898), 91 Fed. Rep., 128.

[1615] _Rosenbach_ v. _Dreyfus_ (1880), 2 Fed. Rep., 217.

[1616] _Taft_ v. _Stephens_ (1889), 39 Fed. Rep., 781.

[1617] _Rigney_ v. _Raphael Tuck_ (1896), 77 Fed. Rep., 173.

[1618] _Rigney_ v. _Dalton_ (1896), 77 Fed. Rep., 176.

[1619] Ibid.

[1620] _Hoertel_ v. _Raphael Tuck_ (1899), 94 Fed. Rep., 844.

[1621] _Rigney_ v. _Dalton_ (1896), 77 Fed. Rep., 176.

[1622] Revised Statutes, sec. 4956, amended March 3, 1891, 26 S. L., 1107.

[1623] 26 S. L., 604.

[1624] 26 S. L., 604.

[1625] Ibid.

[1626] Ibid.

[1627] Ibid.

[1628] Revised Statute, sec. 4956, amended March 3, 1891, 26 S. L., 694.

[1629] Ibid.

[1630] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Banks_ v. _Manchester_ (1888), 128 U. S. Rep., 244; _Jewellers'_ v. _Jewellers'_ (1898), 155 N. Y., 241; _Holmes_ v. _Hurst_ (1898), 174 U. S. Rep., 82; _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532; _West_ v. _Lawyers_ (1896), 64 Fed. Rep., 360; _Parton_ v. _Prang_ (1872), 3 Cliff., 537; _Merrell_ v. _Tice_ (1881), 104 U. S. Rep., 557; _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47; _Boucicault_ v. _Fox_ (1862), 5 Blatchf., 87; _Boucicault_ v. _Wood_ (1867), 7 Am. L. R., 550; 2 Bis., 34; _Daly_ v. _Walrath_ (1899), 40 App. Div. N. Y., 220; _Carte_ v. _Ford_ (1883), 15 Fed. Rep., 439; _Carte_ v. _Duff_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 183; _Rees_ v. _Peltzer_ (1874), 75 Ill., 475; _Ewer_ v. _Coxe_ (1824), 4 Wash. C. C., 487.

[1631] _Boucicault_ v. _Hart_ (1875), 13 Blatchf., 47; _Daly_ v. _Walrath_ (1899), 40 App. Div. N. Y., 220; _Carte_ v. _Ford_ (1883), 15 Fed. Rep., 439; _Carte_ v. _Duff_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 183.

[1632] _M'Lean_ v. _Fleming_ (1877), 96 U. S. Rep., 245; _Estes_ v. _Williams_ (1884), 21 Fed. Rep., 189; _Social Register_ v. _Howard_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 270.

[1633] _Harper_ v. _Holman_ (1897), 84 Fed. Rep., 224.

[1634] _Social Register_ v. _Howard_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 270.

[1635] _Estes_ v. _Williams_ (1884), 21 Fed. Rep., 189; _Estes_ v. _Leslie_ (1886), 27 Fed. Rep., 22.

[1636] _Aronson_ v. _Fleckenstein_ (1886), 28 Fed. Rep., 75.

[1637] _Merriam_ v. _Holloway_ (1890), 43 Fed. Rep., 450; _Merriam_ v. _Famous Shoe_ (1891), 47 Fed. Rep., 411.

[1638] Ibid.

[1639] _Clemens_ v. _Belford_ (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 728.

[1640] _Clemens_ v. _Belford_ (1883), 14 Fed. Rep., 728; _Drummond_ v. _Altemus_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 338.

[1641] _Drummond_ v. _Altemus_ (1894), 60 Fed. Rep., 338.

[1642] _Kipling_ v. _Fenno_ (1900), 106 Fed. Rep., 692.

[1643] _Doan_ v. _American Book Co._ (1901), 105 Fed. Rep., 772.

[1644] _Merriam_ v. _Famous Shoe_ (1891), 47 Fed. Rep., 411; _Merriam_ v. _Texas Siftings_ (1892), 49 Fed. Rep., 944.

[1645] _Dodd_ v. _Smith_ (1891), 144 Pa., 340.

[1646] _Black_ v. _Ehrich_ (1891), 44 Fed. Rep., 793.

[1647] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Little_ v. _Hall_ (1855), 18 How., 165; _Bartlett_ v. _Crittenden_ (1847), 4 M'L., 301; _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532.

[1648] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Jones_ v. _Thoms_ (1843), 1 N. Y. Leg. Obs., 408; _French_ v. _Maguire_ (1878), 55 How. (N. Y.) Pr., 471; _Oertel_ v. _Wood_ (1870), 40 How. Pr., 10; _Oertel_ v. _Jacoby_ (1872), 44 How., 179; _Rees_ v. _Peltzer_ (1874), 75 Ill., 475; _Crowe_ v. _Aiken_ (1870), 2 Biss., 208; _Carte_ v. _Bailey_ (1874), 64 Maine, 458.

[1649] _Wheaton_ v. _Peters_ (1834), 8 Pet., 591; _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532; _Goldmark_ v. _Kreling_ (1885), 25 Fed. Rep., 349; _Daly_ v. _Walrath_ (1899), 40 App. Div. N. Y., 220; 28 Chic. Leg. News, 49.

[1650] See p. 262, _supra_.

[1651] _Parton_ v. _Prang_ (1872), 3 Cliff., 537.

[1652] See p. 263, _supra_.

[1653] _Oertel_ v. _Wood_ (1870), 40 How. Pr., 10; _Oertel_ v. _Jacoby_ (1872), 44 How. Pr., 179.

[1654] _Tompkins_ v. _Halleck_ (1882), 133 Mass., 32; overruling _Keene_ v. _Kimball_ (1860), 16 Gray, 549; see _French_ v. _Maguire_ (1878), 55 How. (N. Y.) Pr., 471; _Crowe_ v. _Aiken_ (1870), 2 Biss., 208.

[1655] _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532.

[1656] Act of March 3, 1891, sec. 9, amending Revised Statutes, 4967.

[1657] _Press_ v. _Munroe_ (1896), 73 Fed. Rep., 196.

[1658] _Palmer_ v. _De Witt_ (1872), 47 N. Y., 532.

[1659] Ibid.

[1660] _Parton_ v. _Prang_ (1872), 3 Cliff., 537.

[1661] See pp. 152-4.

[1662] Repealed by the Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 61).

[1663] Repealed by Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1867.

[1664] Repealed by Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1887.

[1665] Ibid.

[1666] Repealed by Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1867.

[1667] Ibid.

[1668] Repealed by The Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893.

[1669] See p. 61.

[1670] 41 Geo. III., c. 107, extends the privileges of this Act to Dublin.

[1671] See p. 61.

[1672] See p. 61.

[1673] This section is repealed by the Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893, and the provisions of that Act substituted therefor in so far as they may be held to apply.

[1674] A "full and reasonable indemnity" is substituted by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2. These words in the above section printed in italics were subsequently repealed by Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1861.

[1675] See p. 161.

[1676] See p. 162.

[1677] A "full and reasonable indemnity" is substituted by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2.

[1678] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1873 (1).

[1679] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1890 (2).

[1680] See p. 123.

[1681] See p. 139.

[1682] See p. 135.

[1683] See p. 126.

[1684] See p. 142.

[1685] A "full and reasonable indemnity" substituted by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2. See p. 144.

[1686] See p. 57.

[1687] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1890.

[1688] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1888 (2).

[1689] 5 & 6 Vict. c. 97, sec. 2, substitutes "a full and reasonable indemnity."

[1690] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act 1890 (2). See p. 13.

[1691] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1874 (2).

[1692] See p. 10.

[1693] See pp. 36, 148.

[1694] See p. 12.

[1695] See p. 123.

[1696] See p. 74.

[1697] See p. 38.

[1698] See pp. 42, 62.

[1699] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1890 (2).

[1700] See p. 119.

[1701] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1890 (2).

[1702] See p. 55.

[1703] See p. 56.

[1704] See pp. 47, 49-53.

[1705] See p. 53.

[1706] See p. 46.

[1707] See p. 78.

[1708] See p. 54.

[1709] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1893 (1).

[1710] Ibid.

[1711] Ibid.

[1712] Ibid.

[1713] See p. 85.

[1714] See pp. 75, 77, 118.

[1715] See p. 92.

[1716] See p. 91.

[1717] Ibid.

[1718] See p. 66.

[1719] See p. 67.

[1720] See p. 68.

[1721] Ibid.

[1722] There may be joint employers. See p. 71.

[1723] See p. 71.

[1724] See p. 72.

[1725] See pp. 49-53.

[1726] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1890 (2).

[1727] See p. 131.

[1728] See p. 67.

[1729] See p. 131.

[1730] See p. 135.

[1731] See p. 89.

[1732] See p. 47.

[1733] See p. 133.

[1734] The whole of section 26 is repealed by the Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893, in so far as that Act applies. The result is probably that the first part of the section, printed in italics, is entirely repealed. The second part of the section is probably not repealed except in respect of actions against a person or body for acts done in performance of a public duty.

[1735] See p. 91.

[1736] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1874.

[1737] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1891.

[1738] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1874 (2).

[1739] Repealed International Copyright Act, 1886, sec. 12.

[1740] Ibid.

[1741] Ibid.

[1742] See pp. 41, 128, 151, 162, 168.

[1743] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1874 (2).

[1744] Usually known as The Foreign Reprints Act. See p. 187.

[1745] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1891.

[1746] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1875.

[1747] Repealed; Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks Act, 1883.

[1748] Ibid.

[1749] Works produced in the following countries received protection under this Act. The dates appended are the dates of the respective Orders in Council: France, Order in Council, dispensed with; Prussia, Oct. 19, 1855; Belgium, Feb. 8, 1855; Italy, Sept. 9, 1865; Sardinia, Feb. 4, 1861; Spain, Sept. 24, 1857; Nov. 20, 1880.

[1750] Secs. I.-V. repealed; Int. Copyright Act, 1886, sec. 12.

[1751] Sec. VIII. is repealed: Int. Cop. Act, 1886, sec. 12.

[1752] See p. 170.

[1753] See p. 167.

[1754] See p. 181.

[1755] See p. 174.

[1756] See p. 175.

[1757] See p. 171.

[1758] See p. 179.

[1759] Ibid.

[1760] See p. 180.

[1761] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1893 (1).

[1762] Ibid.

[1763] See p. 178.

[1764] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1893 (2).

[1765] See p. 188.

[1766] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1893 (2).

[1767] See p. 91.

[1768] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1898.

[1769] See p. 131.

[1770] Repealed Copyright (Musical Compositions) Act, 1888.

[1771] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1898.

[1772] See p. 197.

[1773] See pp. 40, 187, 191; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, sec. 19.

[1774] See p. 186.

[1775] Repealed Stat. Law Rev. Act, 1898.

[1776] See p. 144.

[1777] See p. 201.

[1778] Those portions of the Convention printed in italics have been altered by the Additional Act of Paris, 1896. Norway, although a signatory of the Convention, has not acceded to the Additional Act.

[1779] See paragraph 2 of Final Protocol.

[1780] See paragraph 4 of Final Protocol.

[1781] See paragraph 5 of Final Protocol.

[1782] The following countries subsequently acceded to the Berne Convention and joined the Copyright Union. By various Orders in Council of the respective dates given hereunder the provisions of the International Copyright Acts and of the above Order in Council were extended to the acceding countries, viz.:

Luxembourg, August 10, 1888; Monaco, October 15, 1889; Montenegro, May 11, 1893; Norway, August 1, 1896; Japan, August 8, 1899.

Montenegro subsequently seceded August 9, 1899.

[1783] All the Orders in Council under the International Copyright Acts, 1844 and 1852.

[1784] The following countries subsequently acceded to the Additional Act of Paris. By Orders in Council of the respective dates given hereunder the provisions of the above Order in Council are extended to the acceding countries, viz.:

Haiti, May 19, 1898; Japan, August 8, 1899. Montenegro subsequently seceded August 9, 1899.

[1785] See p. 60.

[1786] Not to include labels. Act of Congress, June 18, 1874, sec. 3.

[1787] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 1.

[1788] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 2.

[1789] Omission to deposit copies, description, or photographs within the prescribed time could have been rectified by deposit before March 1, 1893: Act of Congress, March 3, 1893.

[1790] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 3.

[1791] _Amended Act of Congress, June_ 18, 1874, _sec. 2._

[1792] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 4.

[1793] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 5.

[1794] Act of Congress, June 18, 1874, substitutes "upon some visible portion thereof, or of the substance upon which the same shall be mounted." Act of Congress, August 1, 1882, provides that in the case of designs for decorative articles the notice may be put on the back or bottom, &c.

[1795] Act of Congress, June 18, 1874, provides an alternative form of notice.

[1796] _Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 6._ Further amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1897.

[1797] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 7.

[1798] _Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 8._ Further amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 2, 1895.

[1799] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, January 6, 1897.

[1800] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 9.

[1801] Repealed by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 10.

[1802] Superseded by Act of Congress, March 3, 1891, sec. 4.

[1803] Omission to deposit copies, description, or photographs within the prescribed time could have been rectified by deposit before March 1, 1893: Act of Congress, March 3, 1893.

[1804] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1897.

[1805] Amended section substituted by Act of Congress, March 2, 1895.

[Transcriber's Note:

Inconsistent spelling as in the original.

Punctuation normalised throughout.]