Part 8

The long residence in Padua of Donatello (1386-1466), the great Florentine sculptor, and the erection of his famous equestrian statue of Gattamelata initiated in Padua the Renaissance movement, which soon took deep root in this ancient city. The example of Donatello in sculpture before long brought about the foundation of a local school of painting which was rapidly developed through the shrewd commonsense rather than the artistic achievements of Francesco Squarcione (1394-1474). It is noteworthy that Squarcione had travelled in the East, and had there formed a collection of antique works of plastic art which became the basis of his art-teaching.

One of the numerous pupils of Squarcione was Gregorio Schiavone (“The Slavonian”) (fl. 1440-1470), a native of Dalmatia, who in the studio of his Paduan master met Andrea Mantegna. The Louvre authorities with some hesitancy attribute to Schiavone a _Madonna and Child_ (No. 1523). Although it is hardly by him, it exhibits some of the characteristics of Schiavone, who was fond of decorating his pictures with festoons of flowers and fruit in much the same way that his Venetian contemporary, Carlo Crivelli, delighted to adorn his large panel pictures.

ANDREA MANTEGNA

Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506) was adopted at the age of ten by Squarcione, and so naturally became his pupil. No better training could have been chosen for the boy, who had a natural taste for the classics, proof of which is further afforded by the Latin inscriptions on his pictures. Andrea seems to have quickly realised the connection between the traditions of Paduan antiquities and the classical models of ancient Greece which his adoptive father Squarcione had brought home with him from his travels. Andrea in time became deeply impressed with the methods of Jacopo Bellini, whose daughter Niccolosia he married in 1453, to the great displeasure of Squarcione. Another powerful influence on Mantegna may be traced to the bronzes which Donatello executed for the Church of Sant’ Antonio of Padua in that city.

[Illustration: PLATE XIV.—ANDREA MANTEGNA

(1431-1506)

PADUAN SCHOOL

No. 1375.—PARNASSUS

(Le Parnasse)

On the summit of an arched rock stand Mars and Venus before a draped bed backed by orange trees. To the left is Cupid, while Vulcan stands before his forge. Below, to the extreme left, Apollo plays his lyre to the strains of which the Muses dance. To the right Mercury, wearing the _petasus_ and _talaria_ and carrying the _caduceus_, leans against Pegasus. Landscape background.

Painted in tempera on canvas.

5 ft. 3 in. × 6 ft. 3½ in. (1·60 × 1·92.)]

After painting the frescoes in the Church of the Eremitani at Padua, Andrea in 1457 executed a large and striking altarpiece for the Church of San Zeno in Verona. It was removed by Napoleon’s agents to France in 1797, but only the principal panel was returned to that church in 1815. The three predella panels were retained in France. The centre one of these, depicting the _Calvary_, is now in the Louvre (No. 1373); the other two, representing the _Agony in the Garden_ and the _Resurrection_, have long hung in the Museum at Tours. The severity of the statuesque figures and the certainty of the drawing seen in the _Calvary_ are characteristic of the early period of the master.

Mantegna now removed to Mantua, where he entered the service of Lodovico II., Marquis of Mantua, as his Court Painter, remaining there for the rest of his life. The _Madonna of Victory_ (No. 1374) was painted to commemorate the victory gained at the Pass of Fornovo on the Taro on July 6, 1495, by Giovanni Francesco III., Marquis of Mantua, over Charles VIII. of France. In the centre of the picture the Madonna and Child are enthroned. On the left kneels the Marquis, and on the right is St. Elizabeth, the patron saint of Gonzaga’s wife, Isabella d’Este, “at the sound of whose name all the Muses rise and do reverence.” St. Michael standing behind the Duke, and St. George behind St. Elizabeth, hold the robe of the Madonna, who is thus represented as taking under her protection the two principal figures. In the background on the left is St. Andrew, name-saint of the painter and one of the patrons of Mantua. On the right is St. Longinus with the spear with which he pierced the side of Christ. His relics were preserved in the Church of St. Andrea in Mantua. The garlands of flowers and festoons of fruit are a well-known device in Mantegna’s pictures.

Mantegna’s _Parnassus_ (No. 1375, Plate XIV.) illustrates the _amours_ of Mars and Venus, which were discovered by her husband, Vulcan. In the foreground the Muses are dancing. The group of the Muses was afterwards appropriated by Giulio Romano for his _Dance of Apollo and the Muses_ in the Pitti Palace at Florence. This painting was executed in 1497, just before the coming of the Renaissance feeling into Venetian art and the representation of classical myth. Notice the excellently drawn and highly characteristic shells and stones placed in the foreground. In the same year Mantegna painted the _Triumph of Wisdom and Virtue over the Vices_ (No. 1376), the last of the four pictures by him in this Gallery. In the corner to the extreme left is Virtus Deserta, who appears under the guise of a laurel tree with a woman’s head; about the stem is wound a scroll with inscriptions in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. The Latin inscription reads:

AGITE PELLITE SEDIBUS NOSTRIS FAEDA HAEC VICIORV̄ MONSTRA VIRTUTVM COELITVS AD NOS REDEV̄TIVM

and on the inside of the scroll:

DIVAE COMITES.

This painting formerly decorated the _camerino_ of Isabella d’Este at Mantua. It was seized at the sack of Mantua by Cardinal Richelieu in 1630, together with the _Parnassus_ (No. 1375), Perugino’s _Combat of Love and Chastity_ (No. 1567), and Lorenzo Costa’s _Court of Isabella d’Este_ (No. 1261). _The Mythological Scene_ (No. 1262), which is not now exhibited, represents the _Realm of Erotic Love_; it was begun by Mantegna the year he died, and was gone over and completed by Lorenzo Costa.

Mantegna became involved financially towards the end of his life, and the collection he had formed was sold. His last years were clouded by pecuniary embarrassment. His compositions are essentially classic in spirit, his figures noble and painted in imitation of the antique, while his pagan conceptions prepared the way for those of a later generation in the art of Venice. By this process of gradual evolution the school of Padua came to be distinguished among the other local schools of Northern Italy in the lifetime of Mantegna, whose example gave a new impulse to contemporary art.

A small _Adoration of the Magi_ (No. 1678), which is officially unattributed, is regarded by Mr. Berenson as the work of Bernardo Parenzano (1437-1531), who was influenced by Mantegna, and imitated the methods of his contemporaries.

Many other artists bore their part in the work of this school, and so contributed to the development of this movement which spread to Veronese and Venetian territory. They are, however, unrepresented in the Louvre.

THE SCHOOL OF VERONA

The foundations of the art of Verona were laid in Paduan soil by Altichieri, who initiated the school of Verona. Veronese art early found expression in the naive pictorial and mediæval style practised by the medallist-painter Antonio Pisanello (1397-1455), whose name appears to have been an endearing diminutive. He was a follower, if not a pupil, of Altichieri. The frequency with which he signed himself “PICTOR” on his medals leads one to suppose that he looked upon himself as a painter first and foremost, and contemporary records seem to confirm this. His art was so highly reputed in Northern Italy that the Venetians thought it advisable to invite him to Venice in 1421 to assist Gentile da Fabriano in painting frescoes, now destroyed, in the Doge’s Palace.

Jacopo Bellini also worked at Verona. He is known to have painted a picture of the _Crucifixion_ for the Chapel of S. Niccolò in the Cathedral at Verona in 1436, but, after exercising considerable influence on the art of Northern Italy, it was in 1759 hewn down by a Canon with a view to beautifying the chapel!

Unfortunately, there are only two frescoes from the hand of Pisanello at Verona, while no more than four authentic easel paintings by him are known to exist, two of them being in the National Gallery. He is known to have travelled extensively in Italy, and to have worked also at Mantua, Ferrara, and Rimini. The traditions of mediæval chivalry and the pictorial parade of pomp and mundane realism which are reflected in his work show that his contemporaries were justified in the high esteem in which they held him.

Pisanello’s love of depicting birds and animals is shown in his two pictures in the National Gallery, but in the _Portrait of a Princess of the Este Family_ (No. 1422A, or No. 1422 _Bis_) he is shown to have been a lover of flowers also. This small panel was formerly attributed to Piero dei Franceschi, the Umbrian artist. For many years it hung among the Drawings, being apparently considered unworthy of a place in its proper environment, among the Italian primitive paintings, where it is now hung. It was purchased in 1893 out of the Felix Bamberg collection. The lady is seen in profile to the left. Her hair is dressed according to the fashion of the period, the front hair being plucked out to render the forehead round and high, while the nape of her neck for the same reason is hairless. She wears a white dress with loose-falling red sleeves; a sprig of juniper (_ginevra_) is let into her dress just above the left shoulder. It has been assumed from this that we here have a _Portrait of Ginevra d’Este_. She was the daughter of Niccolò II. d’Este by his second wife, the infamous and ill-treated Parisina Malatesta, who was decapitated in 1425. Ginevra (1419-1440) became the wife of Sigismondo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, in 1433, and died three years later. The background is composed of pinks and columbines, among which fly four highly decorative butterflies. The embroidery on the left sleeve of the dress is patterned with the _impresa_ of a crystal vase set round with pearls. It is interesting to note that Ginevra’s husband, Sigismondo, is probably the Donor in the _Madonna and Child and a Kneeling Donor_ (No. 1159A or No. 1279) by Jacopo Bellini which hangs next to it on the left. The only other painted portrait by Pisanello known is the later, and larger, one of Leonello d’Este in the Bergamo Gallery.

Bono da Ferrara (fl. 1450-1461) was a pupil of Pisanello, and Oriolo (fl. 1450) was a follower of his; their pictures are extremely rare. The Louvre contains no picture by Liberale da Verona (1451-1536), a master who had many pupils, among whom may be included Girolamo dai Libri (1474-1556) and Francesco Caroto (1470-1546). The _Madonna and Child and St. John the Baptist_ (No. 1318), which is officially catalogued under the name of Girolamo, has long been held to be by Caroto.

Domenico Brusasorci (“The Rat-burner”) (1494-1567) was the father of Felice Riccio and a pupil of Caroto. He has been claimed as the author of the _Madonna and St. Martina_ (No. 1163), which passes in the Catalogue as being by the very late Roman painter Pietro Berretini da Cortona (1596-1669). Other versions of this composition, representing St. Martina triumphing over the Idols, are known. A large number of the prominent Veronese painters are unrepresented in this collection, but the influence of Liberale is frequently seen. The _Council of Trent_ (No. 1586) may be assigned to Paolo Farinati, although it is regarded by the authorities as coming from the hand of Titian. By the time that Farinati died, art in Verona had passed into decline.

One of the most decorative painters in Italy in the sixteenth century was Paolo Veronese, who although a native of Verona spent the best years of his life in Venice. He is usually included among the artists of Venice.

THE SCHOOL OF FERRARA

According to tradition the most famous artist in the school of Ferrara before Tura was Ettore de’ Bonacossi, of whom little is known.

At Ferrara, the city of the Este family, as at all the Italian courts, the art of painting was liberally patronised. All Ferrarese art was more or less Paduan both in origin and style, Cosimo Tura (1430?-1495), the founder of this school, having worked at Padua as a pupil of Squarcione.

The seriousness of Cosimo Tura’s realism was unyielding to those intellectual qualities that dominated the art of Florence in his day; but, in spite of a certain harshness of effect, the vigour of his design and the dignity of his conception give permanent value to the work of this master. Tura is represented in the Louvre by two pictures; the figures seen in his large lunette of the _Pietà_ (No. 1556) are admirably designed to fill up the space they occupy. This panel is a dismembered part of an altarpiece which was painted for the Roverella family, and was formerly in its entirety in the Church of S. Giorgio fuori le Mura at Ferrara. The _Pietà_ eventually passed to the Campana collection, and so to the Louvre. The drapery in this panel, which is cracked horizontally, is tinny, and the flesh is metallic with its white and purple lights, while the bones in the faces being over-prominent create an unpleasant effect. The centre panel of the original altarpiece represents the _Madonna and Child Enthroned_. It passed in time into the Frizzoni collection at Bergamo, and was subsequently purchased in 1867 from Sir Charles Eastlake for the National Gallery (No. 772). The sinister wing of the original altarpiece depicts the _Bishop Lorenzo Roverella presented to the Virgin by St. Maurelius and St. Paul_, and is now in the private rooms of the Colonna Palace in Rome.

The Church of S. Giorgio fuori le Mura at Ferrara also at one time contained another altarpiece painted by Cosimo Tura. It was placed over the altar of St. Maurelius, but has long ago been dismembered. One of its panels is the _Flight into Egypt_, in the collection of Mr. R. H. Benson; two others, representing a _Scene from the Life of St. Maurelius_ and _The Martyrdom of St. Maurelius_, are in the Ferrara Gallery; another is the _Adoration of the Magi_, in the possession of the Contessa di Santa Fiora, in Rome; while a fifth, the _Circumcision_, belongs to the Marchesa Passeri, in Rome.

The Louvre possesses an arched panel of _A Monk_ (No. 1557) by Tura. The panel is split and the cheek of the saint injured.

The seriousness of purpose which inspired Cosimo Tura was absorbed by his pupil Francesco Cossa (1435-1477), whose art is not seen at the Louvre. One of Cossa’s pupils was Lorenzo Costa, who in 1483 passed from Ferrara to Bologna, to which city he carried the principles of Tura’s training. Francesco Bianchi (1460-1510) was another of Tura’s pupils, but he belongs more strictly to the school of Modena. Another pupil in the studio of the _chef d’ecole_ of Ferrarese painting was Ercole Roberti (1430?-1496), who also worked at Padua. This painter, whose full name was Ercole de’ Roberti Grandi, has been justly claimed as the author of the two small panels representing _St. Apollonia_ (No. 1677A), holding in her hand the pincers, the symbol of her martyrdom, and _St. Michael_ (No. 1677B). These companion pictures are officially described under the ambiguous designation of “Ferrarese School, XVI century.” They, however, clearly belong to the earlier century, and are probably by Roberti.

The Louvre contains nothing by Ercole Roberti’s pupil, Ercole di Giulio Cesare Grandi (1465?-1531). Ercole Grandi’s influence is sometimes seen in the exceedingly rare pictures of Giovanni Battista Benvenuto, who is better known under the name of Ortolano (“the gardener”), and takes his name from the occupation of his father. The art of Ortolano (1460-1529) is seen to the greatest advantage in the _St. Sebastian, St. Roch, and St. Demetrius_, in the National Gallery (No. 669). An immature work by him is apparently the _Nativity_ in this Gallery (No. 1401), which in the opinion of the compilers of the Catalogue is by Domenico Panetti (1450?-1512?), a pupil of Lorenzo Costa. Panetti’s works are rarely met with out of Italy.

Among the pictures of this school, those of Lodovico Mazzolino (1478?-1528) are perhaps the easiest to recognise. His _Holy Family_ (No. 1387) is not now exhibited, but the _Christ preaching to the Multitude on the Sea of Galilee_ (No. 1388) is evidently by him, although it has been ranked by one critic as a Flemish picture painted under the inspiration of Mazzolino and Dosso Dossi.

Panetti was the master of Benvenuto Tisi, a very prolific painter who is better known by the name of Garofalo (1481?-1559), owing to his occasionally painting a gillyflower into his pictures as a signature. Although the Catalogue includes four small works by this artist, a _Circumcision_ (No. 1550), a _Holy Family_ (No. 1552), a _Madonna and Child_ (No. 1554), and a _Sleeping Child Jesus_ (No. 1553), only the last of them is now exhibited.

Another artist in this school who signed his pictures with a _rebus_ was Giovanni Lutero (1479?-1542), who is better known under the name of Dosso Dossi. A typical instance of this punning use of his name is the _Money Changers driven out of the Temple_, in the Doria Gallery at Rome; it is signed with a “D” traversed by a bone (_osso_), obviously a play on his name of Dosso or D OSSO. No picture by Dosso Dossi is now exhibited.

Francesco Bonsignori (1455-1519), Marco Zoppo (fl. 1471-1498), Michele Coltellini (1480-1542), Ippolito Scarsellino (1551-1620), Girolamo da Carpi, and other Ferrarese painters are unrepresented in this collection.

THE SCHOOL OF MILAN

The painters who practised in Milan in the fourteenth century were little better than provincial craftsmen who had come within the range of the Giottesque tradition without grasping the more vital of its principles. Those who worked in Milanese territory in the first half of the fifteenth century acquired some of the reflected influences which passed from the work of Pisanello and Jacopo Bellini in Verona, and from the more striking achievements of the Paduan and early Venetian schools, but their work lacked all trace of originality.

A painter of the name of Michelino Molinari da Besozzo (fl. 1394-1442), or Michele da Pavia, was painting at Milan about 1420. However, there cannot be said to have been a school of painting, but only an aggregation of painters in Milanese territory, prior to the arrival at Pavia and Milan of the Brescian-born master, Vicenzo Foppa, about 1458. Previous to that important event, if not throughout the whole range of its activity, Milanese art lacked the higher elements of genius in all matters æsthetic. As a school it was to the end too inclined to mere prettiness and superficial sweetness.

The Umbrian-born architect and painter, Bramante (1444-1514), who had received his education in Florence, painted in Lombardy from 1472-1474, as his Panigarola frescoes now in the Brera testify. Bramante also influenced Foppa, whose work is well defined and whose colouring is subdued.

Side by side with Foppa at the head of the Milanese school comes Bernardino Butinone (fl. 1450-1507), a great deal of whose work may still be seen at Milan. A _Madonna and Child_ (No. 1523), which is doubtfully ascribed in the Catalogue to Gregorio Schiavone, a pupil of Squarcione at Padua, may possibly be by Butinone, whose art is marked by an austerity and dryness which are absent from the paintings of Zenale, who was the partner and perhaps a pupil of Butinone.

The _Circumcision, with the Portrait of the Donor_ (No. 1545), although catalogued under the name of Bramantino, may be by Zenale (1436-1526). This panel is inscribed “XL. ANNO 1491. F͞R] I͞A LAPUGNANVS P͞P HVMIL CAN̄.” Bramantino (1455?-1536?), whose name was Bartolommeo Suardi, came under the influence of Foppa and Bramante, and from the latter acquired his _sobriquet_.

The pictures of Borgognone (1455?-1522?) are easily recognised by the ashen grey pallor of his faces, relieved occasionally by eyelids reddened by grief. He was a prolific painter of religious pictures which show simple pathos. With the possible exception of the _Family Portraits_ in the National Gallery (Nos. 779-780), which are indeed fragments of a standard, and may have been painted by Zenale, Borgognone, whose name was Ambrogio da Fossano, is not known to have painted a secular subject. This typical Milanese painter was another of the pupils of Foppa. Being an architect as well as a painter, Borgognone delighted in giving an architectural setting to his compositions. He also loved to introduce brightly coloured carpets and draperies, and minutely painted jewellery into his pictures. These characteristics are seen in his companion pictures of _St. Peter Martyr and a Donoress_ (No. 1182), and _St. Augustine and a kneeling Donor_ (No. 1182A). The latter of this pair of panels of his early period was purchased from Lord Aldenham in 1899 for 1000 guineas. They originally formed part of a dismembered altarpiece, the centre panel of which is now lost or unidentified. His _Presentation of Christ in the Temple_ (No. 1181), although originally painted on panel, was transferred to canvas in 1885. Borgognone might almost be termed the Perugino of the Milanese school.

ANDREA SOLARIO

Andrea Solario (1460?-1515?), who was perhaps the pupil of his brother Cristoforo a sculptor and architect, went with him to Venice in 1490 and remained there at least three years. During this time he came under the influence of Alvise Vivarini and Giovanni Bellini. Earlier in his career he was impressed by the pictures of Antonello da Messina, who was in Venice and Milan in 1475-1476. Solario can hardly have become Antonello’s pupil at that early age. He must also have come within the sphere of Leonardo da Vinci’s influence. Leonardo, who worked in Milan between 1482 and 1500 and from 1506 to 1513, was asked by the Cardinal George of Amboise to decorate a chapel in the Château at Gaillon in Normandy. He, however, advised the Cardinal to employ Solario. Solario in consequence went to France in August 1507 to undertake the work. The Louvre is rich in his pictures. His charming _Madonna of the Green Cushion_ (No. 1530) is inscribed:

_Andreas de Solario fa._

This small panel was once the property of Marie de Médicis. The _Crucifixion_ (No. 1532) was formerly catalogued under the name of Andrea de Milan, which led some to confuse Andrea Solario with the much less efficient painter, Andrea Salaino. This picture is inscribed:

ANDREAS MEDIOLANENSIS FA 1503,

a form of signature which is said to have been employed by Solario only for such of his pictures as were destined for other towns than Milan. The _Head of St. John the Baptist on a Charger_ (No. 1533) is said to be signed and dated

ANDREAS DE SOLARIO, FAT, 1507.

The _Portrait of Charles d’Amboise, Seigneur of Chaumont and Governor of Milan_ (No. 1531), like many other of Solario’s pictures, has in the past, when the range of his art was not so well understood, been attributed to other artists.

BERNARDINO LUINI