Chapter VI
of the book. These letters, enclosed in square brackets, have been restored.
An expression such as A^{B} is used in this text to represent A followed by B as a superscript. For example, Xⁿ could be represented by X^{n}. (The only letters that can be used as superscripts in UTF-8 are lower-case i and n.)
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THE EXPOSITOR’S BIBLE
EDITED BY THE REV.
W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D.
_Editor of “The Expositor”_
THE BOOK OF THE TWELVE PROPHETS
VOL. II.—ZEPHANIAH, NAHUM, HABAKKUK, OBADIAH, HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH I.—VIII., “MALACHI,” JOEL, “ZECHARIAH” IX.—XIV. AND JONAH
BY
GEORGE ADAM SMITH, D.D., LL.D.
NEW YORK A. C. ARMSTRONG AND SON 51 EAST TENTH STREET 1898
THE EXPOSITOR’S BIBLE.
_Crown 8vo, cloth, price $1.50 each vol._
FIRST SERIES, 1887-8.
Colossians. By A. MACLAREN, D.D.
St. Mark. By Very Rev. the Bishop of Derry.
Genesis. By Prof. MARCUS DODS, D.D.
1 Samuel. By Prof. W. G. BLAIKIE, D.D.
2 Samuel. By the same Author.
Hebrews. By Principal T. C. EDWARDS, D.D.
SECOND SERIES, 1888-9.
Galatians. By Prof. G. G. FINDLAY, B.A.
The Pastoral Epistles. By Rev A. PLUMMER, D.D.
Isaiah I.—XXXIX. By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Vol. I.
The Book of Revelation. By Prof. W. MILLIGAN, D.D.
1 Corinthians By Prof. MARCUS DODS, D.D.
The Epistles of St. John. By Most Rev. the Archbishop of Armagh.
THIRD SERIES, 1889-90.
Judges and Ruth. By R. A. WATSON, M.A., D.D.
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Isaiah XL.—LXVI. By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Vol. II.
St. Matthew. By Rev. J. MONRO GIBSON, D.D.
Exodus. By Right Rev. the Bishop of Derry.
St. Luke. By Rev. H. BURTON, M.A.
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Leviticus. By Rev. S. H. KELLOGG, D.D.
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Joshua. By Prof. W. G. BLAIKIE, D.D.
The Psalms. By A. MACLAREN, D.D. Vol. II.
The Epistles of St. Peter. By Prof. RAWSON LUMBY, D.D.
SEVENTH SERIES, 1893-4.
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Ezekiel. By Prof. JOHN SKINNER, M.A.
The Book of the Twelve Prophets. By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Two Vols
THE BOOK
OF
THE TWELVE PROPHETS
COMMONLY CALLED THE MINOR
BY
GEORGE ADAM SMITH, D.D., LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT EXEGESIS FREE CHURCH COLLEGE, GLASGOW
_IN TWO VOLUMES_
VOL. II.—ZEPHANIAH, NAHUM, HABAKKUK, OBADIAH, HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH I.—VIII., “MALACHI,” JOEL, “ZECHARIAH” IX.—XIV. AND JONAH
_WITH HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL INTRODUCTIONS_
NEW YORK A. C. ARMSTRONG AND SON 51 EAST TENTH STREET 1898
PREFACE
The first volume on the Twelve Prophets dealt with the three who belonged to the Eighth Century: Amos, Hosea and Micah. This second volume includes the other nine books arranged in chronological order: Zephaniah, Nahum and Habakkuk, of the Seventh Century; Obadiah, of the Exile; Haggai, Zechariah i.—viii., “Malachi” and Joel, of the Persian Period, 538—331; “Zechariah” ix.—xiv. and the Book of Jonah, of the Greek Period, which began in 332, the date of Alexander’s Syrian campaign.
The same plan has been followed as in Volume I. A historical introduction is offered to each period. To each prophet are given, first a chapter of critical introduction, and then one or more chapters of exposition. A complete translation has been furnished, with critical and explanatory notes. All questions of date and of text, and nearly all of interpretation, have been confined to the introductions and the notes, so that those who consult the volume only for expository purposes will find the exposition unencumbered by the discussion of technical points.
The necessity of including within one volume so many prophets, scattered over more than three centuries, and each of them requiring a separate introduction, has reduced the space available for the practical application of their teaching to modern life. But this is the less to be regretted, that the contents of the nine books before us are not so applicable to our own day, as we have found their greater predecessors to be. On the other hand, however, they form a more varied introduction to Old Testament Criticism, while, by the long range of time which they cover, and the many stages of religion to which they belong, they afford a wider view of the development of prophecy. Let us look for a little at these two points.
1. To Old Testament Criticism these books furnish valuable introduction—some of them, like Obadiah, Joel and “Zechariah” ix.—xiv., by the great variety of opinion that has prevailed as to their dates or their relation to other prophets with whom they have passages in common; some, like Zechariah and “Malachi,” by their relation to the Law, in the light of modern theories of the origin of the latter; and some, like Joel and Jonah, by the question whether we are to read them as history, or as allegories of history, or as apocalypse. That is to say, these nine books raise, besides the usual questions of genuineness and integrity, every other possible problem of Old Testament Criticism. It has, therefore, been necessary to make the critical introductions full and detailed. The enormous differences of opinion as to the dates of some must start the suspicion of arbitrariness, unless there be included in each case a history of the development of criticism, so as to exhibit to the English reader the principles and the evidence of fact upon which that criticism is based. I am convinced that what is chiefly required just now by the devout student of the Bible is the opportunity to judge for himself how far Old Testament Criticism is an adult science; with what amount of reasonableness it has been prosecuted; how gradually its conclusions have been reached, how jealously they have been contested; and how far, amid the many varieties of opinion which must always exist with reference to facts so ancient and questions so obscure, there has been progress towards agreement upon the leading problems. But, besides the accounts of past criticism given in this volume, the reader will find in each case an independent attempt to arrive at a conclusion. This has not always been successful. A number of points have been left in doubt; and even where results have been stated with some degree of positiveness, the reader need scarcely be warned (after what was said in the Preface to Vol. I.) that many of these must necessarily be provisional. But, in looking back from the close of this work upon the discussions which it contains, I am more than ever convinced of the extreme probability of most of the conclusions. Among these are the following: that the correct interpretation of Habakkuk is to be found in the direction of the position to which Budde’s ingenious proposal has been carried on pages 123 ff. with reference to Egypt; that the most of Obadiah is to be dated from the sixth century; that “Malachi” is an anonymous work from the eve of Ezra’s reforms; that Joel follows “Malachi”; and that “Zechariah” ix.—xiv. has been rightly assigned by Stade to the early years of the Greek Period. I have ventured to contest Kosters’ theory that there was no return of Jewish exiles under Cyrus, and am the more disposed to believe his strong argument inconclusive, not only upon a review of the reasons I have stated in Chap. XVI., but on this ground also, that many of its chief adherents in this country and Germany have so modified it as virtually to give up its main contention. I think, too, there can be little doubt as to the substantial authenticity of Zephaniah ii. (except the verses on Moab and Ammon) and iii. 1-13, of Habakkuk ii. 5 ff., and of the whole of Haggai; or as to the ungenuine character of the lyric piece in Zechariah ii. and the intrusion of “Malachi” ii. 11-13_a_. On these and smaller points the reader will find full discussion at the proper places.
[I may here add a word or two upon some of the critical conclusions reached in Vol. I., which have been recently contested. The student will find strong grounds offered by Canon Driver in his _Joel and Amos_[1] for the authenticity of those passages in Amos which, following other critics, I regarded or suspected as not authentic. It makes one diffident in one’s opinions when Canon Driver supports Professors Kuenen and Robertson Smith on the other side. But on a survey of the case I am unable to feel that even they have removed what they admit to be “forcible” objections to the authorship by Amos of the passages in question. They seem to me to have established not more than a possibility that the passages are authentic; and on the whole I still feel that the probability is in the other direction. If I am right, then I think that the date of the apostrophes to Jehovah’s creative power which occur in the Book of Amos, and the reference to astral deities in chap. v. 27, may be that which I have suggested on pages 8 and 9 of this volume. Some critics have charged me with inconsistency in denying the authenticity of the epilogue to Amos while defending that of the epilogue to Hosea. The two cases, as my arguments proved, are entirely different. Nor do I see any reason to change the conclusions of Vol. I. upon the questions of the authenticity of various parts of Micah.]
The text of the nine prophets treated in this volume has presented even more difficulties than that of the three treated in Vol. I. And these difficulties must be my apology for the delay of this volume.
2. But the critical and textual value of our nine books is far exceeded by the historical. Each exhibits a development of Hebrew prophecy of the greatest interest. From this point of view, indeed, the volume might be entitled “The Passing of the Prophet.” For throughout our nine books we see the spirit and the style of the classic prophecy of Israel gradually dissolving into other forms of religious thought and feeling. The clear start from the facts of the prophet’s day, the ancient truths about Jehovah and Israel, and the direct appeal to the conscience of the prophet’s contemporaries, are not always given, or when given are mingled, coloured and warped by other religious interests, both present and future, which are even powerful enough to shake the ethical absolutism of the older prophets. With Nahum and Obadiah the ethical is entirely missed in the presence of the claims—and we cannot deny that they were natural claims—of the long-suffering nation’s hour of revenge upon her heathen tyrants. With Zephaniah prophecy, still austerely ethical, passes under the shadow of apocalypse; and the future is solved, not upon purely historical lines, but by the intervention of “supernatural” elements. With Habakkuk the ideals of the older prophets encounter the shock of the facts of experience: we have the prophet as sceptic. Upon the other margin of the Exile, Haggai and Zechariah (i.—viii.), although they are as practical as any of their predecessors, exhibit the influence of the exilic developments of ritual, angelology and apocalypse. God appears further off from Zechariah than from the prophets of the eighth century, and in need of mediators, human and superhuman. With Zechariah the priest has displaced the prophet, and it is very remarkable that no place is found for the latter beside _the two sons of oil_, the political and priestly heads of the community, who, according to the Fifth Vision, stand in the presence of God and between them feed the religious life of Israel. Nearly sixty years later “Malachi” exhibits the working of Prophecy within the Law, and begins to employ the didactic style of the later Rabbinism. Joel starts, like any older prophet, from the facts of his own day, but these hurry him at once into apocalypse; he calls, as thoroughly as any of his predecessors, to repentance, but under the imminence of the Day of the Lord, with its “supernatural” terrors, he mentions no special sin and enforces no single virtue. The civic and personal ethics of the earlier prophets are absent. In the Greek Period, the oracles now numbered from the ninth to the fourteenth chapters of the Book of Zechariah repeat to aggravation the exulting revenge of Nahum and Obadiah, without the strong style or the hold upon history which the former exhibits, and show us prophecy still further enwrapped in apocalypse. But in the Book of Jonah, though it is parable and not history, we see a great recovery and expansion of the best elements of prophecy. God’s character and Israel’s true mission to the world are revealed in the spirit of Hosea and of the Seer of the Exile, with much of the tenderness, the insight, the analysis of character and even the humour of classic prophecy. These qualities raise the Book of Jonah, though it is probably the latest of our Twelve, to the highest rank among them. No book is more worthy to stand by the side of Isaiah xl.—lv.; none is nearer in spirit to the New Testament.
All this gives unity to the study of prophets so far separate in time, and so very distinct in character, from each other. From Zephaniah to Jonah, or over a period of three centuries, they illustrate the dissolution of Prophecy and its passage into other forms of religion.
The scholars, to whom every worker in this field is indebted, are named throughout the volume. I regret that Nowack’s recent commentary on the Minor Prophets (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) reached me too late for use (except in footnotes) upon the earlier of the nine prophets.
GEORGE ADAM SMITH.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Cambridge Bible for Schools, 1897
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
PAGE
PREFACE v
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES _Facing p. 1_ in Volume I
_INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPHETS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY_
CHAP.
I. THE SEVENTH CENTURY BEFORE CHRIST 3
1. REACTION UNDER MANASSEH AND AMON (695?—639).
2. THE EARLY YEARS OF JOSIAH (639—625): JEREMIAH AND ZEPHANIAH.
3. THE REST OF THE CENTURY (625—586): THE FALL OF NINIVEH; NAHUM AND HABAKKUK.
_ZEPHANIAH_
II. THE BOOK OF ZEPHANIAH 35
III. THE PROPHET AND THE REFORMERS 46
ZEPHANIAH i.—ii. 3.
IV. NINIVE DELENDA 61
ZEPHANIAH ii. 4-15.
V. SO AS BY FIRE 67
ZEPHANIAH iii.
_NAHUM_
VI. THE BOOK OF NAHUM 77
1. THE POSITION OF ELḲÔSH.
2. THE AUTHENTICITY OF CHAP. i.
3. THE DATE OF CHAPS. ii. AND iii.
VII. THE VENGEANCE OF THE LORD 90
NAHUM i.
VIII. THE SIEGE AND FALL OF NINIVEH 96
NAHUM ii. AND iii.
_HABAḲḲUḲ_
IX. THE BOOK OF HABAKKUK 115
1. CHAP. i. 2—ii. 4 (OR 8).
2. CHAP. ii. 5-20.
3. CHAP. iii.
X. THE PROPHET AS SCEPTIC 129
HABAKKUK i.—ii. 4.
XI. TYRANNY IS SUICIDE 143
HABAKKUK ii. 5-20.
XII. “IN THE MIDST OF THE YEARS” 149
HABAKKUK iii.
_OBADIAH_
XIII. THE BOOK OF OBADIAH 163
XIV. EDOM AND ISRAEL 177
OBADIAH 1-21.
_INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPHETS OF THE PERSIAN PERIOD_ (539—331 B.C.)
XV. ISRAEL UNDER THE PERSIANS 187
XVI. FROM THE RETURN FROM BABYLON TO THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE (536—516 B.C.) 198
WITH A DISCUSSION OF PROFESSOR KOSTERS’ THEORY.
_HAGGAI_
XVII. THE BOOK OF HAGGAI 225
XVIII. HAGGAI AND THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE 234
Haggai i., ii.
1. THE CALL TO BUILD (CHAP. i.).
2. COURAGE, ZERUBBABEL! COURAGE, JEHOSHUA AND ALL THE PEOPLE! (CHAP. ii. 1-9).
3. THE POWER OF THE UNCLEAN (CHAP. ii. 10-19).
4. THE REINVESTMENT OF ISRAEL’S HOPE (CHAP. ii. 20-23).
_ZECHARIAH_ (_I.—VIII._)
XIX. THE BOOK OF ZECHARIAH (I.—VIII.) 255
XX. ZECHARIAH THE PROPHET 264
ZECHARIAH i. 1-6, ETC.; EZRA v. 1, vi. 14.
XXI. THE VISIONS OF ZECHARIAH 273
ZECHARIAH i. 7—vi.
1. THE INFLUENCES WHICH MOULDED THE VISIONS.
2. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE VISIONS.
3. EXPOSITION OF THE SEVERAL VISIONS:
THE FIRST: THE ANGEL-HORSEMEN (i. 7-17).
THE SECOND: THE FOUR HORNS AND THE FOUR SMITHS (i. 18-21 ENG.).
THE THIRD: THE CITY OF PEACE (ii. 1-5 ENG.).
THE FOURTH: THE HIGH PRIEST AND THE SATAN (iii.).
THE FIFTH: THE TEMPLE CANDLESTICK AND THE TWO OLIVE-TREES (iv.).
THE SIXTH: THE WINGED VOLUME (v. 1-4).
THE SEVENTH: THE WOMAN IN THE BARREL (v. 5-11).
THE EIGHTH: THE CHARIOTS OF THE FOUR WINDS (vi. 1-8).
THE RESULT OF THE VISIONS (vi. 9-15).
XXII. THE ANGELS OF THE VISIONS 310
ZECHARIAH i. 7—vi. 8.
XXIII. “THE SEED OF PEACE” 320
ZECHARIAH vii., viii.
“_MALACHI_”
XXIV. THE BOOK OF “MALACHI” 331
XXV. FROM ZECHARIAH TO “MALACHI” 341
XXVI. PROPHECY WITHIN THE LAW 348
“MALACHI” i.—iv. (ENG.).
1. GOD’S LOVE FOR ISRAEL AND HATRED OF EDOM (i. 2-5).
2. “HONOUR THY FATHER” (i. 6-14).
3. THE PRIESTHOOD OF KNOWLEDGE (ii. 1-9).
4. THE CRUELTY OF DIVORCE (ii. 10-16).
5. “WHERE IS THE GOD OF JUDGMENT?” (ii. 17—iii. 5).
6. REPENTANCE BY TITHES (iii. 6-12).
7. THE JUDGMENT TO COME (iii. 13—iv. 2 ENG.).
8. THE RETURN OF ELIJAH (iv. 3-5 ENG.).
_JOEL_
XXVII. THE BOOK OF JOEL 375
1. THE DATE OF THE BOOK.
2. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BOOK.
3. STATE OF THE TEXT AND THE STYLE OF THE BOOK.
XXVIII. THE LOCUSTS AND THE DAY OF THE LORD 398
JOEL i.—ii. 17.
XXIX. PROSPERITY AND THE SPIRIT 418
JOEL ii. 18-32 (ENG.).
1. THE RETURN OF PROSPERITY (ii. 19-27).
2. THE OUTPOURING OF THE SPIRIT (ii. 28-32).
XXX. THE JUDGMENT OF THE HEATHEN 431
JOEL iii. (ENG.).
_INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPHETS OF THE GRECIAN PERIOD_ (FROM 331 ONWARDS)
XXXI. ISRAEL AND THE GREEKS 439
“_ZECHARIAH_” (_IX.—XIV._)
XXXII. “ZECHARIAH” IX.—XIV. 449
XXXIII. THE CONTENTS OF “ZECHARIAH” IX.—XIV. 463
1. THE COMING OF THE GREEKS (ix. 1-8).
2. THE PRINCE OF PEACE (ix. 9-12).
3. THE SLAUGHTER OF THE GREEKS (ix. 13-17).
4. AGAINST THE TERAPHIM AND SORCERERS (x. 1, 2).
5. AGAINST EVIL SHEPHERDS (x. 3-12).
6. WAR UPON THE SYRIAN TYRANTS (xi. 1-3).
7. THE REJECTION AND MURDER OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD (xi. 4-17, xiii. 7-9).
8. JUDAH _versus_ JERUSALEM (xii. 1-7).
9. FOUR RESULTS OF JERUSALEM’S DELIVERANCE (xii. 8—xiii. 6).
10. JUDGMENT OF THE HEATHEN AND SANCTIFICATION OF JERUSALEM (xiv.).
_JONAH_
XXXIV. THE BOOK OF JONAH 493
1. THE DATE OF THE BOOK.
2. THE CHARACTER OF THE BOOK.
3. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK.
4. OUR LORD’S USE OF THE BOOK.
5. THE UNITY OF THE BOOK.
XXXV. THE GREAT REFUSAL 514
JONAH i.
XXXVI. THE GREAT FISH AND WHAT IT MEANS—THE PSALM 523
JONAH ii.
XXXVII. THE REPENTANCE OF THE CITY 529
JONAH iii.
XXXVIII. ISRAEL’S JEALOUSY OF JEHOVAH 536
JONAH iv.
INDEX OF PROPHETS 543
_INTRODUCTION TO THE PROPHETS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY_
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